WRAL-TV (channel 5) is a television station licensed to Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, serving as the NBC affiliate for the Research Triangle area. It is the flagship station of the locally based Capitol Broadcasting Company, which has owned the station since its inception.

WRAL-TV is a sister station to Fox affiliate WRAZ (channel 50, also licensed to Raleigh), Class A Catchy Comedy affiliate WNGT-CD (channel 34, licensed to both Smithfield and Selma), and radio stations WRAL (101.5 FM), WCMC-FM (99.9), WDNC (620 AM), and WCLY (1550 AM). The television stations share studios at Capitol Broadcasting Company headquarters on Western Boulevard in west Raleigh, while WRAL-TV's transmitter is located in Auburn, North Carolina.

WRAL-TV has been affiliated with NBC since February 29, 2016, when it ended a 30-year affiliation with CBS (with CBS going to Goldsboro-licensed WNCN (channel 17) on that date). This is channel 5's second stint with NBC; it was a primary affiliate with that network for six years at the station's inception, after which it took on a secondary affiliation with NBC for the next nine years.

History

Early years
WRAL-TV began broadcasting on December 15, 1956. Among the first programs aired was the movie Miracle on 34th Street. A. J. Fletcher's Capitol Broadcasting Company, which first licensed WRAL Radio (AM 1240, now WPJL) in 1938, won the TV license in an upset over the much larger Durham Life Insurance Company, then-owners of radio station WPTF.

WRAL was originally an NBC affiliate, taking that network from Durham-based WTVD (channel 11, which included Fletcher's son, Floyd, among its founders). When WNAO-TV (channel 28), the Triangle's CBS affiliate, went dark at the end of 1957 and the affiliation moved to WTVD (which was an ABC affiliate at that point) in the process, WRAL shared ABC with WTVD until August 1, 1962, when channel 5 took the ABC affiliation full-time. This was unusual for a two-station market. ABC was at the time the smallest and weakest of the three major networks; it would not be on par with NBC and CBS in terms of ratings or affiliated stations until the early 1970s. WRAL did, however, continue to carry The Huntley-Brinkley Report until January 3, 1967, when ABC's own evening newscasts expanded to 30 minutes. WRAL also continued to carry My Three Sons for several years after that show switched networks, from ABC to CBS.

From 1960 until his election to the United States Senate in 1972, Jesse Helms was an editorialist on WRAL-TV's news broadcasts; by the early 1970s, the editorials were running for 10 minutes every weeknight. Helms' conservative commentaries were both controversial and popular with many viewers.

Switch to CBS
In March 1985, WTVD's owner, Capital Cities Communications, purchased ABC, resulting in WTVD becoming an owned-and-operated station of that network. The CBS affiliation moved to WRAL-TV on August 4, 1985. Within six months of the switch, WRAL-TV had become one of the strongest CBS affiliates in the country. It is one of the few stations in the country to have been a primary affiliate of all of the "Big Three" networks.

In December 1989, WRAL was knocked off the air when a severe ice storm caused the collapse of the station's  transmitter tower. Within hours, channel 5 cut a deal with the then-struggling Fayetteville independent station WKFT-TV (channel 40, now Univision O&O WUVC-DT), allowing WRAL to return to the air in only three hours. WKFT ran the entire WRAL schedule during this time. The station's new, stronger tower was activated on October 25, 1990, at which point WKFT reverted to broadcasting its own programming.

In the early 1990s, WRAL distributed its programming via C-Band satellite as part of the Primetime 24 package, reaching viewers in the Caribbean and Latin America, as well as the few rural areas of the United States and Canada where local over-the-air broadcast signals were not available. It was replaced in the late 1990s with fellow CBS affiliate WSEE-TV from Erie, Pennsylvania, primarily because of WRAL's preemptions of network programming due to ACC basketball games, which were (and still are) a highly-popular audience draw in North Carolina.

Return to NBC
On January 15, 2016, WRAL-TV announced that it would switch to NBC on February 29, 2016. Concurrently, CBS announced that the existing NBC station, Media General-owned and Goldsboro-licensed WNCN (channel 17), would replace WRAL-TV as the Triangle's CBS affiliate the same day. Capitol Broadcasting president and CEO Jim Goodmon stated that CBS would only renew its affiliation with WRAL if it entered into a reverse compensation agreement—under which Capitol would be required to pay the network for the local rights to air its programming, the complete opposite of traditional commercial television practices. NBC, on the other hand, took the line that an affiliation deal was a partnership.  Goodmon saw the switch to NBC as "a business decision for the future." The last CBS program to air on WRAL was a showing of the movie Last Vegas at 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

WRAL officially rejoined NBC at 7 a.m. on February 29. In a ceremony at the end of the morning newscast, Goodmon pressed a button decorated with the NBC peacock to switch to Today.

Meredith College professor Doug Spero suggested that WRAL's overall dominance in the Triangle was so absolute that it was in a position to become one of NBC's strongest affiliates, much as it was one of CBS' strongest affiliates. The feeling was mutual; according to NBC News correspondent Harry Smith, NBC officials felt like they had "just won the lottery" when they learned WRAL was rejoining NBC. Indeed, on the first day of WRAL's return to NBC, several dayparts saw NBC jump from third to first in the Triangle ratings at one stroke.  Notably, Today, the NBC Nightly News, and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon immediately saw major ratings gains in the market after their move to WRAL.  The former two shows tallied their highest ratings on record in the Triangle on the day channel 5 officially returned to NBC, showing gains of well over 200 percent compared to their previous showings on WNCN. By contrast, CBS' competing programs lost more than half their audience share, falling from first to third in one stroke. NBC had struggled in the Triangle ratings for more than 40 years, dating to when it was all but forced to move its programming full-time to WRDU-TV (channel 28, later WPTF-TV and now WRDC) in 1971. While NBC's performance in the area improved somewhat after it moved to WNCN in 1995, that station had remained stubbornly in third place for most of its 20-year run with the network.

The delay in the affiliation switch kept CBS's coverage of Super Bowl 50, which featured the Carolina Panthers (based in nearby Charlotte) as champions of the National Football Conference, on WRAL-TV. As an NBC station, channel 5 carried the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, making it the only television station in the United States to air all three events from different networks in the same year.

Programming
WRAL clears most of the NBC schedule in pattern, except for one hour of The More You Know (NBC's E/I-compliant block), which it preempts in favor of paid programming in the noon hour on Saturdays (as a CBS affiliate, it cleared the network's entire schedule from the late 1990s until it rejoined NBC). The only exceptions involved ACC football and basketball from Raycom Sports, both of which aired on the station from 1982, when they moved from WTVD, until the end of the syndication package in 2019. ACC-preempted NBC programming aired either as originally scheduled on digital subchannel 5.2 (which is otherwise an affiliate of Cozi TV) or overnights on the main signal. The More You Know is split over two days; the first hour airs on Saturdays from 10 to 11 a.m., with Brain Game and Smart Start Kids (both of which count toward WRAL's E/I commitments) airing from 11 a.m. to noon, and the second hour airs on Sundays from 11 a.m. to noon.

However, the 2003 reality show Cupid did not air on the station, as have some controversial shows on sister station WRAZ, and WRAL was one of a few CBS affiliates in the nation that did not carry an hour of CBS' weekend morning children's programming block (in favor of Brain Game and Smart Start Kids). WRAL was also one of the few CBS affiliates that aired The Young and the Restless at 4 p.m. as a lead-in to its 5 p.m. newscast. Most CBS stations in the Eastern Time Zone air Y&R at 12:30 p.m. (CBS' recommended time for the show), but in the case of WRAL, the timeslot switch occurred in January 1993. This happened because the station's sitcom reruns (the show being run at the time was an hour-long block of The Golden Girls, making it ironic that during their ABC affiliation they were one of 13 affiliates not to carry the original network run of Soap, another Witt/Thomas/Harris Production) were having no luck against The Oprah Winfrey Show on WTVD. (The second half of their noon newscast and Right This Minute aired in Y&Rs recommended time slot.) Following WRAL-TV rejoining NBC on February 29, 2016, Y&R continued to air at 4 p.m. on WNCN while WRAL-TV carried local news at the time slot until January 17, 2022, when WNCN moved it to its traditional 12:30 p.m. timeslot and introduced its own 4 p.m. newscast.

When WRAL joined CBS in 1985, it became the Triangle's home for the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, which has aired on CBS since 1981. Due to the Triangle's (and North Carolina's) longstanding status as a college basketball hotbed and local teams North Carolina and Duke being fixtures in the tournament, NCAA Tournament games on WRAL were consistently among the highest-rated programs in the Triangle during tournament season. WRAL aired the Tar Heels' national championship wins in 1993, 2005, and 2009; all five of the Blue Devils' national championship victories in 1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, and 2015; and two of the Blue Devils' other national championship appearances in 1994 and 1999. Despite the NCAA Tournament moving with the rest of the CBS schedule to WNCN, WRAL-TV continued to air ACC football and/or basketball.

WRAL has broadcast memorable locally produced children's programming throughout its storied history. Its most famous and longest-running is Time for Uncle Paul, which ran from 1961 to 1981, and starred Paul Montgomery. He had played various other characters on other local shows before getting his own program. He voluntarily ended his program after station management suggested a change to an educational format.

Soon after, WRAL continued to produce acclaimed educational children's shows such as Frog Hollow, Sparks, and The Androgena Show. Today, WRAL continues to produce educational programs with such shows as Smart Start Kids and Brain Game. In recent years, WRAL and UNC-TV have co-produced programming, such as the 2009 Gubernatorial Inauguration and the 2006 Parade of Sail Tall Ship Show in Beaufort. UNC-TV has, also, begun carrying WRAL's award-winning Focal Point documentaries. WRAL has long been a corporate supporter of UNC-TV, often assisting them financially and occasionally with on-air talent during UNC-TV's pledge drives.

WRAL announced on February 1, 2006, that it would begin to stream all of its programming live on the internet. This signified the latest advances in technology-driven delivery of product by a local television station. A few months later, WRAL was selected to be the flagship station for North Carolina Education Lottery drawings (twice daily for certain games, with the multi-jurisdictional Mega Millions Tuesday and Friday nights, and Powerball Wednesdays and Saturdays). On December 3, 2007, WRAL became the first local television station to stream live video to mobile phones.

Football Friday
Debuting in 1981, each Friday evening following the 11:00 p.m. news, Tom Suiter hosts Football Friday covering all high school football games throughout Wake and Durham counties along with a dozen or more counties. WRAL crews spread out across the area providing not just scores but video coverage of each of 25 to as many as 35 games in the area. The show is an extension of the expansion throughout the 1980s of high school football coverage on the 11:00 p.m. newscast. Each Friday, video crews are sent to cover two games each. WRAL videographers and sports reporters capture highlights of the first quarter of one game and second quarter of the other game. Editors have little more than an hour to prepare highlights. From 1995 through 2002, Football Friday was broadcast from WRAL's Studio A with an audience of cheerleaders, bands, players and fans. The arrival of the North Carolina Education Lottery moved the show to the newsroom.

News operation
WRAL-TV presently broadcasts 42 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday, three hours on Saturdays and four hours on Sundays). WRAL has the highest rated television news organization in the Triangle winning numerous regional Emmys. Most recently, WRAL and wral.com were nominated 29 times for Mid-South Regional Emmys.

Until his retirement on July 1, 1994, Charlie Gaddy co-anchored newscasts alongside Bobbie Battista, Adele Arakawa (now with KUSA-TV in Denver), Donna Gregory (who now works for WWAY in Wilmington), and Pam Saulsby (formerly of WTVJ in Miami). From 1994 to 2022, David Crabtree (formerly of KCNC-TV and KMGH-TV in Denver, WITN-TV in Washington, North Carolina, and WKRN-TV in Nashville) and Debra Morgan were part of the longest-running on-air news team (news, weather, and sports) in the Triangle and one of the longest-running news teams in the state. Long time sports anchor Tom Suiter retired on December 18, 2008, and was replaced by Jeff Gravely, also a sports reporter and anchor for the 10 p.m. news on WRAZ. Jeff Gravely retired from WRAL, and Chris Lea (formerly of WXII in Winston-Salem) became the sports anchor in 2020.

In September 1995, WRAL began to produce newscasts for WRAZ. That station usually simulcasts local breaking news coverage from WRAL. For national breaking news events, WRAZ carries Fox News coverage, while WRAL carries coverage from NBC News. Otherwise, WRAZ may broadcast NBC programming in case WRAL cannot do so as in news-related emergencies. The WRAZ broadcasts include a three-hour newscast at 7 a.m. weekday mornings and a weeknight hour-long, weekend half-hour newscast at 10 p.m., seven nights a week. WRAZ previously aired a 4 p.m. newscast on weekdays; however that newscast moved to WRAL on February 29, 2016, replacing The Young and the Restless.

WRAL was the first commercial station to provide high definition programming when it obtained an experimental HD transmission license from the FCC in 1996. On October 13, 2000, WRAL aired the world's first all-HD newscast. On January 28, 2001, WRAL converted all of its newsgathering and broadcasts to all digital high definition (the WRAZ newscasts are broadcast in high definition as well). On November 17, 2006, WRAL had a special "reunion" newscast during the 6 p.m. broadcast with Gaddy, Battista and DeBardelaben reprising their roles once again in commemoration of the station's 50th anniversary alongside Suiter. On October 10, 2007, the WRAL sports department launched a sports talk radio station, WCMC-FM (which switched from a country music format); it is now the only FM sports talk station in the area and broadcasts in HD Radio. WRAL's newscasts are simulcast with local weather inserts on another sister station, WILM-LD in Wilmington.

The station moved newscasts out of the newsroom into Studio A in 2019 and upgraded to 4K cameras. A new set debuted with the noon newscast on October 31, 2019. The set, designed by Florida based FX Design Group, features a  LED video wall, the largest installation in a local news operation, and a smaller curved LED wall near the anchor desk.

Agricultural coverage
WRAL was one of the first stations in North Carolina to cover agricultural markets and farm news in its regular newscasts. During 1953, Farm Program aired from 6:00 to 6:15 a.m. and Regional and Farm News aired between 12:45 and 12:55 p.m. from Fayetteville.

WRAL's noon newscasts included a farm segment featuring each day's farm commodity prices, followed by a feature agricultural story from somewhere in the viewing area or around North Carolina. This grew WRAL's popularity in rural areas and with farmers, especially in Eastern North Carolina. The segments were anchored by veteran farm reporter Ray Wilkinson and were dropped in the late 1990s, but were continued on the evening news broadcasts by Ray's son Dan Wilkinson. After the sudden unexpected death of Dan Wilkinson in October 2003, it was decided that the station would no longer have a full-time farm reporter and frequent agricultural coverage came to an end.

Sky 5
In 1979, WRAL became the state's first television station to begin using a news helicopter, known as "Sky 5". The Hughes 500 helicopter  was painted in the livery of the Saudi Arabian Air Force with "Sky 5" graphics added, reflecting the original customer before the sale fell through and WRAL purchased it for newsgathering.

The current Bell 407 helicopter was purchased for $2 million in 2000. The  tail number represents the station's channel, that this is the third news gathering helicopter for the station and WRAL's role in pioneering high definition broadcasting. The aircraft was piloted by Steve Wiley, who had flown for the station from 1987 until his death on February 3, 2021. As of 2022 the helicopter is flown by two pilots that Wiley himself hired and trained to take over Sky 5 operations. Today, the aircraft is normally stored at the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, but a helipad is available on the roof above the Capitol Broadcasting President's office in the WRAL buildings near downtown Raleigh. The helicopter is equipped with $600,000 worth of video equipment including cameras installed on the tail, two in the cabin and a gyroscope controlled high definition camera under the nose, all of which can be controlled from the rear of the aircraft by a videographer. WRAL modified the helicopter to reach speeds of 130 miles per hour providing access to anywhere in the Triangle within seven minutes.

In over 30 years of electronic news gathering using helicopters, WRAL has had no significant incidents and remains one of the few stations to own rather than lease their helicopter. "Sky 5" has also participated in numerous search and rescue operations over the years at the request of local emergency officials before returning to newsgathering duties.

Awards

WRAL has received award nominations for news 32 times, tying Nashville station WTVF in the 2012 Mid-South Regional Emmy Awards and won 11. WRAL took home the Emmy for News Excellence, Evening Newscast, Breaking News, Serious Feature News Report, Light Feature News Report, Light Feature News Series, Interactivity, Promo Spot News Same Day, Promo Spot News Image, Graphics Arts, and News Writing. Several of the 2012 Emmys came from coverage of the April 2011 tornadoes that ripped through the area. Parent company Capitol Broadcasting along with the A.J. Fletcher Foundation were awarded the Governor's Award, the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' highest honor in 2012 as well.

In 1997, WRAL received eight Mid-South Regional Emmy Awards including those for news excellence, best newscast, best hard news series and investigative reporting. In 1998, WRAL received seven Mid-South Regional Emmy Awards including those for best daytime newscast, special event coverage, news magazine, news promotion, public service announcement, and best children's entertainment program.

WRAL was awarded nine Mid-South Regional Emmy Awards in 2000 including for documentaries on the Cape Light and coverage of the Special Olympics World Games. Jim Goodmon, president and CEO of WRAL parent company Capitol Broadcasting Company, Inc., was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award as well.

In 2008, among the nine Emmy awards received by WRAL and WRAL.com received the inaugural award in Advanced Media for Interactivity for the video player used throughout the website. The station also won a bronze Horizon Interactive Award for their online hurricane tracker.  Geoff Levine won the National Press Photographer of the Year award and the station received 6 awards from the North Carolina Associated Press Broadcasters.

WRAL has consistently swept television media categories in the Independent Weekly and Cary News annual "Best Of" awards voted by readers.

Notable current on-air staff
Scott Mason – Tar Heel Traveler anchor/producer

Notable former on-air staff

Adele Arakawa – anchor (1983–1989, later at KUSA in Denver, now retired)
Jim Axelrod – political reporter (1993–1996, now with CBS News)
Bret Baier – reporter (mid-1990s, now with Fox News Channel)
Bobbie Battista – former co-anchor (1976–1981, joined CNN in 1982), later at The Onion News Network; deceased)
Sandra Bookman – weekend anchor/reporter (1985–1989, now at WABC-TV in New York)
Rich Brenner – sports anchor (1978–1981; deceased)
Dale Cardwell – reporter (1985–1991, later at WSB-TV in Atlanta. Democratic candidate for US Senate, 2008)
Bob Caudle – news and weather anchor/wrestling announcer
David Crabtree – evening anchor (1994–2022)
Greg Fishel (AMS Certified Broadcast Meteorologist Seal of Approval) – chief meteorologist (1981–2019)
Charlie Gaddy – anchorman (1970–1994)
Jesse Helms – general manager,  commentator (1960–1972, later U.S. Senator, deceased)
Brad Johansen – anchor (2018–2019, now at WCMH-TV in Columbus)
Nate Johnson (AMS Certified Broadcast Meteorologist and NWA Seals of Approval) – meteorologist (now Director of Weather Operations at NBC Owned Television Stations)
Bill Leslie – anchor (now retired)
Ray Reeve – WRAL's first sportscaster (1956–1973, deceased)
Stuart Scott – reporter (1988–1990, deceased)
Tom Suiter – sports anchor, Football Friday anchor/producer and reporter for "The Extra Effort Award" (1981–2008; continued hosting the Football Friday program until the end of the 2015–16 football season; is currently retired)
Mikaya Thurmond – journalist (2015–2022)
Ray Wilkinson – farm news (1963–1995, deceased)
Kelly Wright – reporter and weekend anchor (mid-1990s, now with Fox News Channel)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

On June 19, 1996, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) awarded WRAL-TV the first experimental high-definition television license in the United States. The station, identified as "WRAL-HD", began digital television operations on UHF channel 32 over a month later, on July 23, 1996. The station's digital signal moved to channel 53 in March 2000.

WRAL-TV was the first in the U.S. to broadcast a live sports program in high definition (on September 6, 1997), as well as the first HD newscast (on October 13, 2000). CBS utilized WRAL-HD in testing its own high-definition programming, and in 1999, began providing the station with a regular schedule of prime time programs in HD. HD sports programming recorded by WRAL was provided to other model stations as well. WRAL-TV's pioneering efforts in digital television have won wide recognition from within the television industry.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WRAL-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, at 12:55 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 48. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers continues to display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5.1.

ATSC 3.0

On June 29, 2016, WRAL became the first U.S. television station to begin broadcasting a full-time service using ATSC 3.0 digital television standards, operating under an experimental license from the FCC on UHF channel 39 as WRAL-EX. The service broadcast two subchannels, including a simulcast of WRAL's main programming in 1080p high definition, and a demo loop of content in 4K ultra high-definition television, along with testing for NBC involving the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2018 Winter Olympics. The station produced episodes of its series Out & About in 4K. However, WRAL-EX left the air in 2018 as a consequence of the FCC's repacking process as a result of a spectrum auction and has not returned. On September 11, 2020, Capitol Broadcasting bought then-WARZ-CD for $725,000, and since then has used the station, now WNGT-CD,  as an ATSC 3.0 multiplex for the region.  Like WRAL-EX, WNGT-CD has since simulcast WRAL in 1080p as well.

Mobile Emergency Alert System
WRAL-TV debuted the first Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS) in the United States on September 13, 2012. The system allows emergency information including text, web pages and video to be distributed to compatible receivers using existing digital television signals.

Station coverage
WRAL's signal can be viewed across much of Central and Eastern North Carolina. The official eastern fringe of the Raleigh market is Halifax County and the western fringe is Orange County. The Virginia and South Carolina state lines make up the northern and southern fringe respectively, with the exception of Mecklenburg County, Virginia. WRAL can be seen well outside of the Raleigh market, with the signal penetrating parts of the Greenville, Greensboro, Wilmington, Charlotte, Roanoke–Lynchburg, Richmond, Norfolk and Florence–Myrtle Beach markets. WRAL's signal reaches as far east as U.S. Highway 17 in the Greenville-Washington-New Bern market, including the city of Greenville. The fringe area of WRAL's digital signal runs as far east as the western side of Beaufort County.

WRAL-TV is still viewed and is quite popular with many outside of the Triangle, mainly in portions of the Piedmont Triad, Eastern North Carolina, and even into parts of Southside Virginia and the Pee Dee region of South Carolina. It has long been available on cable as far east as Wilmington. The station is also known for its award-winning documentaries, children's shows and news staff, which has attracted viewers from outside of the Raleigh market. Halifax County in Southside Virginia is frequently mentioned by WRAL, although it is located in the Roanoke–Lynchburg market.

Significantly-viewed status
In addition to the 23 counties in the Raleigh–Durham–Fayetteville market, the FCC lists WRAL as significantly viewed in Alamance, Caswell, Duplin, Greene, Robeson, and Scotland counties in North Carolina.

Out-of-market cable carriage
For decades, WRAL has been available on cable in much of the eastern portion of North Carolina, as far east as Wilmington. It is also available on cable systems in portions of the Charlotte and Triad media markets, as well as the North Carolina portions of the Hampton Roads and Florence–Myrtle Beach markets. In recent years, it has also been picked up by cable systems on the fringes of the Richmond and Roanoke markets.

During the 1970s and 1980s through CATV, WRAL was once carried in even more places. In North Carolina, it was once carried in Burlington, Greenville, Wadesboro, Wilmington, Williamston, and Yanceyville. In Virginia, it was once carried in Buena Vista, Danville, and Emporia.

Amenities
The station building, shared by WRAL-TV and WRAZ, and located at 2619 Western Boulevard in Raleigh, adjacent to the North Carolina State University campus, is a modern and open-designed structure and grounds. The property features a fountain visible from the roadway near the building entrance, a helipad on top of the building for the landing of Sky 5, and a large garden in the back of the property, including many varieties of azaleas and other flowering plants including several types of dogwoods. The garden is a popular public attraction, especially during April when the flowers are at the peak of blooming.

References

External links

 WRAL2 website
 WRAZ website
 Gardens website
 Guide to the WRAL Farm Program Films 1970-1978

NBC network affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Start TV affiliates
Capitol Broadcasting Company
Television channels and stations established in 1956
1956 establishments in North Carolina
RAL-TV

WRAL-TV


An Spodiopogon sagittifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alfred Barton Rendle. An Spodiopogon sagittifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spodiopogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Spodiopogon

Spodiopogon sagittifolius


Fork Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Fork Township (Michigan)
 Fork Township (Minnesota)
 Fork Township (Warren County, North Carolina)
 Fork Township (Wayne County, North Carolina)

Siehe auch:
 Forks Township

Fork Township


"Return of the Shirt" (o traducido como "El regreso de la camisa") es el cuarto episodio de la serie de televisión How I Met Your Mother. Se emitió por primera vez el 10 de octubre de 2005. El episodio fue escrito por Chris Miller & Phil Lord y fue dirigido por Pamela Fryman.

Reparto

Principal
 Josh Radnor como Ted Mosby.
 Jason Segel como Marshall Eriksen.
 Cobie Smulders como Robin Scherbatsky.
 Neil Patrick Harris como Barney Stinson.
 Alyson Hannigan como Lily Aldrin.
 Bob Saget como Futuro Ted Mosby. (Voz, No acreditado)

Recurrente
 Lyndsy Fonseca como Penny Mosby. (la futura hija de Ted)
 David Henrie como Luke Mosby. (el futuro hijo de Ted)
 Charlene Amoia como Wendy la camarera.

Estrellas Invitadas
 Anne Dudek como Natalie
 Deanna Russo como Brooke
 Monique Edwards como Productor
 Michael Kagan como Joel Adams
 Jackie Geary como Jackie
 Ange Billman como Steph
 Buck Kartalian como Henry
 Katelin Chesna como Invitado
 Choice Skinner como Chico con sombrero #1
 John Henry Canavan como Chico con sombrero #2

Trama
Ted viste una camisa que le perteneció durante seis años pero que nunca antes le había gustado. Se encuentra con sus amigos en el bar, y descubre que le gusta el whiskey, lo que él pensaba que odiaba. Dándose cuenta de que sus gustos han cambiado, decide reconsiderar chicas con las que anteriormente salió pero no parecían indicadas en el momento. Barney dice que solo hay "dos razones" para salir con una chica que ya anteriormente se salió: implantes mamarios. Ted piensa en algunas de las mujeres que salió anteriormente y piensa con cariño los momentos con Natalie pero él no había estado buscando una relación en el momento. Ted no está seguro sí ella lo recordaría al principio, pero ella no lo ha olvidado y le cuelga el teléfono abruptamente cuando él llama. Cuando Lily enfrenta a Ted sobre el por qué Natalie está enojada con él, él admite que rompió con ella en su cumpleaños, y para peor lo hizo dejando un mensaje de voz en su contestador automático. Lily comienza a golpearlo, diciendo que él no debería haber roto con ella en su cumpleaños, o romper en el teléfono. Los chicos señalan que no hay una buena manera de terminar con una chica. Ted luego visita a Natalie, disculpándose por su comportamiento en el pasado, ofreciéndole un gran muñeco como regalo de cumpleaños atrasado. Natalie explica que tiene más razones para estar enojada; sus amigos estaban esperando para darle una fiesta sorpresa y escucharon el mensaje que él dejó. Ted le ruega para que le de una oportunidad, incluso solo una taza de café. Pronto terminan en la cama.

Ted y Natalie comienzan a salir de nuevo, y después de tres semanas las cosas parecen ir bien. Sus amigos le agradan a Natalie y están de acuerdo que es la mejor chica que ha salido en años. Ted dice que tiene que terminar con ella, porque no sabe sí es la "indicada". A la noche siguiente, Ted lleva a Natalie a cenar para hacer maduro y terminar con ella cara a cara. Ella le dice que es su cumpleaños pero no hay necesidad de un regalo desde que ya tiene el mejor regalo: ella "puede confiar de nuevo". Ella dice que su madre no puede esperar para conocerlo, y sin poder esperar mucho más Ted le dice que quiere terminar. Natalie queda furiosa y los intentos de Ted en ser honesto solo la hacen enojar aún más. Ella demanda una buena explicación, y cuando Ted no le puede dar una respuesta satisfactoria, ella utiliza lo que aprendió en Krav Maga para golpear a Ted. Ted regresa al bar con la camisa rota y él con dolor, y decide que no hay una buena manera de terminar con alguien. El Ted del futuro le dice a sus hijos que como resultado, todos de sus momentos felices con Natalie fueron reemplazados con los recuerdos de ser golpeado. Sin embargo, también le cuenta a sus hijos que aunque Natalie quedó dolida, en un año se casó y tuvo tres hijos y al final, el dolor ayudó a Natalie a encontrar al hombre perfecto. Junto con esta lección de vida, lo que el hijo de Ted también aprende de la historia de su padre es que su padre fue golpeado por una chica.

Barney atreve a Robin a decir o hacer cosas cuestionables en las noticias por dinero. Robin se niega al principio, pero actúa lo que le pidió Barney. Cuando se atreve por segunda vez, diciendo "Soy una chica muy sucia," al final de una historia y se golpea en el trasero. Cuando descubre que nadie, ni siquiera su jefe, miran el canal de las noticias, ella decide que hará lo que le pida Barney. En su tercera broma, ella hace sonar sus propios pechos en un informe. Barney, como cuarta broma, quiere que Robin haga el "Ickey Shuffle" al final de un informe en tributo a Ickey Woods, un famoso jugador de fútbol para los Cincinnati Bengals. Barney mira la televisión en el bar para mostrarles a todos los que están allí el informe de Robin y les dice a todos que esperen por algo asombroso. Robin planea hacer su cuarta broma, pero cambia de opinión. Mientras entrevista al más antiguo taxista de Nueva York, ella se da cuenta de que su trabajo es importante para las personas que está entrevistando incluso si nadie está mirando. Ella se levanta y accidentalmente se resbala y cae en una pila de excrementos de caballo con la televisión en vivo. Barney piensa que es mejor que cualquier cosa que hubiera planeado y todos en el bar lo estaban mirando con él. Robin está avergonzada, especialmente cuando Ted revela que también vio el incidente en internet.

Continuidad
 Es mencionado de nuevo el programa de Robin, Metro News 1, como fue mencionado en el episodio Purple Giraffe.

Notas, Errores y Trivia
 Este episodio marca la primera aparición del personaje recurrente Wendy, la camarera.

Alusiones y Referencias fuera de la serie
 Marshall menciona "The Goonies", un éxito de culto de cine familiar realizado en 1985.
 David Shula también es mencionado. Shula fue el entrenador en jefe de los Bengals de Cincinnati 1992-1996.

Música
 "We Rule the School" - Belle & Sebastian
 "Wonder" - John Swihart

Audiencias y Críticas
En su estreno original estadounidense, "Return of the Shirt" fue visto por 9.840.000 espectadores.

Referencias

Episodios de How I Met Your Mother

Return of the Shirt


Crank Yankers eru bandarískir teiknimyndaþættir. Þættirnir eru sköpunarverk Adam Carolla, Jimmy Kimmel, og Daniel Kellison og byrjaði framleiðsla á þáttunum árið 2002. Þeir eru gerðir fyrir Comedy Central sjónvarpsstöðina.

Teiknimyndir
Bandarískir grínþættir

Crank Yankers


HMS Glasgow was a Type 42 destroyer of the Royal Navy. The last of the Batch 1 Type 42 destroyers, Glasgow was commissioned in 1979. The destroyer fought during the Falklands War, and on 12 May 1982 was damaged by a bomb from an Argentine A-4 Skyhawk. Glasgow was part of the Royal Navy's 3rd Destroyer Squadron along with HMS York (Captain D3), HMS Edinburgh and . The 3rd Destroyer Squadron was based in Rosyth during the 1980s and early 1990s before being moved to Portsmouth when Rosyth Dockyard was privatised and re-purposed. The destroyer was decommissioned in 2005 and was broken up for scrap in 2009.

Design and construction

She was built at Swan Hunter Shipyard in Wallsend, Tyneside, and launched on 14 April 1976 by Lady Kirstie Treacher, wife of Admiral Sir John Treacher. With a displacement of 4,820 tonnes, Glasgow was the sixth and last Batch 1 Type 42 destroyer in the fleet. Named after the Scottish city of Glasgow, she was the eighth ship to bear the name. On 23 September 1976, while being fitted out, a fire on board killed eight men and injured a further six. The ship was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 25 May 1979.

See below design drawings of HMS Glasgow in 1982 and 1992, the latter showing weapons and sensor upgrades following a major refit in Rosyth 1988-89.

Operational history
The ship was rammed by the Soviet cruiser Admiral Isakov on 27 May 1981, while in the Barents Sea collecting information on new Soviet equipment.

Falklands War

Glasgow was among the five Type 42 destroyers which were part of the task force sent to retake the Falkland Islands after invasion by Argentina on 2 April 1982. Armed with the Sea Dart long range anti-aircraft missile system, Glasgow along with her sister ships,  and  were among the first ships to arrive in a  exclusion zone imposed by the British around the islands.

Glasgow was deployed towards the South Atlantic direct from Gibraltar, where 18 Royal Navy frigates and destroyers were taking part in "Exercise Spring Train". On Friday 2 April 1982, 8 of the frigates and destroyers (, , , , , Glasgow, Plymouth and Sheffield) were ordered by CINCFLEET (Commander-in-Chief Fleet) to "store ship" ready to sail south. The stores, fuel and ammunition required for full operational readiness came from a combination of sources, but mostly from the other ships already in Gibraltar at that time. Using a 'buddy ship' replenishment approach, the ships with less suitable sensor and weapon suites went alongside the deploying ships to transfer stores and ammunition, either by hand or using helicopter vertical replenishment (VERTREP). There were also a number of crew exchanges between the ships deploying and ships returning to the UK i.e. juniors under 17.5 years or crew with other compassionate and operational situations.

Glasgow saw action early in the war when, on 2 May, her Lynx helicopter severely damaged the Argentine naval vessel . On 4 May, Glasgow detected an Exocet missile fired at the task force and warned the fleet. However Sheffield failed to receive the warning and was hit, later sinking. Down to two Type 42s ( and  would not arrive until the end of May), Glasgow and Coventry were left as the long-range defence of the fleet.

Following the loss of Sheffield, a new air defence tactic was devised to try to maximise the task group's remaining assets; the two remaining Type 42 destroyers paired up with the two Type 22 frigates. The pairs were then deployed much further ahead of the main force in an effort to draw attacking aircraft away from the carrier groups. The idea was that if Sea Dart was unable to neutralise the threat, the short-range Sea Wolf advanced point-defence missile fitted to the frigates could be used. Coventry was paired with Broadsword and Glasgow paired with Brilliant. This combination of ships created a long-range (30 nmi), short-range guided missile capability along with shore bombardment or naval gunfire support (NGS) using the Type 42's 4.5-inch guns (range 12 nmi).

This picketing tactic was effective in drawing Argentine aircraft attacks away from the carrier groups and moderately effective in drawing them away from San Carlos Bay. The pairs would take turns positioning themselves closer to the islands, shelling Argentinean positions and then waiting for the aircraft to come.

On 12 May, Glasgow and the Type 22 frigate Brilliant were on a "42-22" combo around 15 miles south west of Port Stanley. At 11:00 Glasgow was carrying out shore bombardment of Argentinean positions. Then later in the afternoon a wave of four A-4B Skyhawk jets of Grupo 5 attacked. Glasgows Sea Dart system and 4.5 inch Mk.8 gun both failed, but Brilliants Sea Wolf shot down 1st Lt Oscar Bustos (C-246) and Lt Jorge Ibarlucea (C-208), whilst Lt Mario Nivoli (C-206) crashed into the sea evading debris. All three pilots died in the action but were posthumously promoted.

Despite the losses in the first wave, a second wave of Grupo 5 Skyhawks attacked, but Brilliants Sea Wolf failed and the jets each released three bombs. One bomb from Skyhawk (C-248) piloted by Lt Fausto Gavazzi damaged Glasgow, passing clean through the aft engine room without exploding. It damaged fuel systems and disabled the two Tyne cruising engines. A third wave of aircraft was detected but they did not engage the ships. On his return flight, Lt Gavazzi was shot down by friendly fire over Goose Green and killed. Gavazzi was posthumously promoted to Capitan for his bravery.

Lt Gavazzi's bomb had hit Glasgow 3 feet above the waterline on the starboard side where damage control teams quickly plugged the hole. The exit hole was much more difficult to access behind machinery and closer to the waterline, so the ship was temporarily patched until it could reach calmer waters. The Glasgow was no longer fully operationally effective due to a limited speed of 10 knots and returned to the main group. Glasgow eventually returned home to be repaired in Portsmouth Dockyard. Glasgow then returned to the South Atlantic after the end of the war (August 1982) on routine Atlantic Patrol South.

Post-war

In later years, Glasgow served on a variety of missions including acting as the West Indies Guard Ship (WIGS) in 1987. Glasgow had a major refit in Rosyth during 1988–89 which included major machinery replacements, weapons and sensor upgrades including replacing her dated 30 mm Oerlikons with 20mm Phalanx. While performing sea trials, issues with the new propulsion system and new radar meant she had to keep returning to port. 1990 saw her calling at New York and Toronto. In 1991, the destroyer deployed to the Persian Gulf on ARMILLA Patrol just after the Gulf War. In 1992, the warship was sent to the Mediterranean for the first time as part of the NATO naval force, STANAVFORMED. Glasgow was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping task force from 19 to 29 September 1999. In early 2004, the ship was deployed on the Atlantic Patrol South tasking. Like most Royal Navy Ships, HMS Glasgow maintained a proud and productive relationship with her namesake city of Glasgow; visiting Yorkhill Quay on the River Clyde on several occasions during her commission.

Decommissioning and fate

It was announced in July 2004, as part of the Delivering Security in a Changing World review, that Glasgow would be decommissioned in January 2005. Glasgow was formally decommissioned on 1 February 2005. On 7 January 2009 she was towed from Portsmouth to Turkey for breaking up.

References

Publications

External links
 There are more information and stories about HMS Glasgow

Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1976 ships
Type 42 destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built by Swan Hunter
Ships built on the River Tyne

HMS Glasgow (D88)


Academy of Country Music-verðlaunin (einnig þekkt sem ACM Awards) eru verðlaun veitt fyrir árangur og afrek í kántrí tónlistariðnaðinum. Þau voru fyrstu kántríverðlaunin til að vera í umsjón stórra samtaka þegar þau voru stofnuð árið 1966. Árið 1972 voru þau sýnd í sjónvarpi í fyrsta sinn og hafa þau verið framleidd af Dick Clark Production síðan 1979. Atkvæðagreiðsla fór fram á netinu fyrir meðlimi samtakanna og fyrir áhorfendur í sérstökum flokkum.

Sjá einnig
 Country Music Association Awards

Tenglar
 Opinber vefsíða

Tónlistarverðlaun
Kántrítónlist

Academy of Country Music-verðlaunin


Robert Pryor Henry (* 24. November 1788 in Henry Mills, Scott County, Virginia; † 25. August 1826 in Hopkinsville, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1823 und 1826 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Robert Henry wurde 1788 in Henry Mills im heutigen Kentucky geboren. Nach der Grundschule studierte er an der Transylvania University in Lexington. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium bei Henry Clay und seiner 1809 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Georgetown in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Während des Britisch-Amerikanischen Kriegs von 1812 diente er zunächst im Stab seines Vaters, des Generals William Henry. Im Jahr 1813 nahm er an dem erfolgreichen Feldzug von Isaac Shelby gegen die Briten teil. Dabei erreichte er den Rang eines Majors. Nach dem Krieg zog Robert Henry nach Hopkinsville, wo er als Anwalt arbeitete. Im Jahr 1819 wurde er Staatsanwalt.

Henry war Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei. In den 1820er Jahren schloss er sich der Fraktion um den späteren Präsidenten Andrew Jackson an. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1822 wurde er im damals neu geschaffenen zwölften Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1823 sein neues Mandat antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl ohne Gegenkandidaten im Jahr 1824 konnte er bis zu seinem Tod am 25. August 1826 im Kongress verbleiben. Henry war als guter Redner in seinem Wahlbezirk sehr beliebt. Er starb überraschend an einem plötzlich aufgetretenen Fieber. Sein Mandat fiel nach einer Nachwahl an John Flournoy Henry. Trotz desselben Nachnamens und desselben Geburtsortes gibt es keinen Hinweis auf eine Verwandtschaft der beiden Männer.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1788
Gestorben 1826
Mann

Robert Pryor Henry


Die Liste von Radrennbahnen in Europa führt bestehende Radrennbahnen in Europa auf, die vom Weltradsportverband Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) für offizielle internationale Bahnrennen abgenommen wurden und/oder auf denen schon internationale offizielle Wettbewerbe in olympischen Disziplinen stattgefunden haben oder die dafür geeignet wären. Unter die Wettbewerbe fallen Olympische Spiele, UCI-Bahn-Weltmeisterschaften (Elite, Junioren, Masters), Bahnrad-Weltcups, UEC-Bahn-Europameisterschaften (Elite, Nachwuchs) und Bahnrad-Europacups.

Die Liste erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit.

Ehemalige Radrennbahnen

Radrennbahnen in Europa
Radrennbahnen in Europa
!Europa

Liste von Radrennbahnen in Europa


Etela Karpickienė (* 5. Juni 1966 in Labūnava, Rajongemeinde Kėdainiai, Litauische SSR) ist eine litauische Politikerin.

Leben

Nach dem Abitur 1984 an der Mittelschule Kėdainiai absolvierte sie das Diplomstudium 1989 an der Handelsfakultät der Vilniaus universitetas. Von 1988 bis 1992 arbeitete sie an der Vilnius-Fakultät des Kauno politechnikos institutas  (ab 1990  Vilniaus technikos universitetas) als Oberlaborantin. Von 1992 bis 1994 war sie Oberbuchhalterin der Vilniaus technikos universitetas. Von 2003 bis 2006 war sie Direktorin der Wirtschaftsdirektion.

Ab 2003 ist sie Mitglied von Darbo partija. Von 2006 bis 2008 war sie Mitglied des Seimas.

Sie ist verheiratet und mit dem Mann Arūnas hat die Söhne Aistis und Jorigis.

Nuorodos
2008 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo rinkimai - Koalicija Darbo partija + jaunimas - Iškelti kandidatai
2008 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo rinkimai - Leiboristų partija - Iškelti kandidatai.

Mitglied des Finanzausschusses (Litauen)
Frau
Person (Rajongemeinde Kėdainiai)
Geboren 1966
Litauer
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Person (Technische Universität Kaunas)

Etela Karpickienė


An Puya venezuelana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Puya venezuelana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya venezuelana


Bezirk Wiener Neustadt steht für:

 Wiener Neustadt, Statutarstadt mit Bezirksrang
 Bezirk Wiener Neustadt-Land, amtlich Bezirk Wiener Neustadt

Bezirk Wiener Neustadt


L ancienne prison de Saint-Louis est une prison situé à Saint-Louis sur l'île de Marie-Galante dans le département de la Guadeloupe en France.

Elle est inscrite aux monuments historiques depuis le 9 octobre 2009 : .

Historique

L'ancienne prison de Saint-Louis est située rue Hégésippe-Légitimus. Elle a été construite au milieu du  siècle. Elle comporte deux bâtiments rectangulaires parallèles, fermés par une enceinte en pierre. Sa maçonnerie est faite de pierres calcaires enduites.

Galerie

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Guadeloupe

Liens externes

Saint-Louis
Monument historique à Marie-Galante
Monument historique inscrit en 2009

Ancienne prison de Saint-Louis


لولان قرية في منطقة برادوست (سيدة كان / العراق) وهي مركز الطريقة الصوفية النقشبندية التي تزعمها الشيخ رشيد لولان غريم الشيخ احمد بارزان في سنوات 1925-1964 وكانت فيها خانقاه لأتباع ومريدي الطريقة. توفى الشيخ رشيد لؤلان في مدينة الموصل مركز محافظة نينوى، ودفن في التلة التي تقبع فيها نبى الله يونس (ع) ولا يزال مدفنه شاخصا للابصار هناك.

قرى العراق

لولان (قرية)


Arta este cea mai profundă expresie a creativității și a avut dintodeauna un rol important în istoria fiecărei civilizații. Pentru a înțelege o cultură, trebuie observată arta reprezentativă acesteia, iar spațiul arab este un altfel de caz. La un anumit nivel, se poate spune că arta este ''fereastra către sufletul lumii arabe".

Arta islamică

Arta islamică include toate formele de artă vizuală apărute în spațiul arab, locuit sau condus de civilizații islamice, începând cu secolul al VII-lea. Astfel, cu o istorie de peste 1400 de ani, putem spune că arta a avut dintotdeauna un rol important în civilizația arabă, iar artiștii contemporani găsesc în continuare inspirație în culorile vibrante, formele geometrice deosebite, decorațiile interioare, artizanatul, arta textilă, mozaicurile și caligrafia artei islamice, considerate acum "artă clasică". Arabescul, respectiv formele geometrice florale sau vegetale sunt un element recurent în arta islamică și reprezintă natura transcendentă și invizibilă a lui Dumnezeu. Cu toate acestea, arta islamică nu se rezumă la teme religioase și, cu excepția caligrafiei, pereților moscheilor, paginilor decorate ale Coranului și unele cărți de poezie religia este mai puțin proeminentă în artă decât a fost în civilizația europeană, de exemplu.

În arta islamică se regăsesc influențe din civilizația romană, creștină și bizantină integrate la începutul islamului, precum și influențe puternice preluate de la civilizațiile sasanide și persane. Prin intermediul nomazilor,au fost preluate și elemente din Asia Centrală, în special în domeniul artizanatului.

Reprezentative pentru arta islamică sunt caligrafia, repetiția formelor geometrice sau florale, mozaicurile și mai puțin figurile umane întrucât, în islam, pictarea formelor umane este considerată idolatrie, un păcat menționat în Coran. Această constrângere se numește aniconism și se interzice în Shari'a pictarea lui Dumnezeu, a lui Muhammad și rudele sale, precum și a oricărui profet islamic, dar pictarea oricărei alte figuri umane sau animale este descurajată de hadith-uri. Figuri decorative umane sau animale, în special la vânătoare, se regăsesc în pictura laică, dar potretele au avut o dezvoltare lentă.

Primăvara arabă și influența asupra artei

Primăvara arabă (2010-2011) a adus un suflu nou lumii artistice din spațiul arab, artiștii contemporani găsindu-și inspirația în evenimentele recente și reușind să îmbine în operele lor politica, teme sociale, spiritualitatea și erotismul. A apărut o nouă formă de manifestare a artei, graffiti-urile.

Pictura de șevalet este un fenomen relativ nou în lumea arabă, apărut la sfârșitul secolului al- XIX lea prin intermediul interesului arătat de unii artiști europeni față de spațiul arab, precum David Roberts și Jean-Léon Gérôme, care a introdus acest tip de artă în Egipt. Globalizarea și dezvoltarea comunicării dintre lumea arabă și Occident a condus la preluarea ideilor și curentelor artistice de către lumea arabă , dar totodată păstrând elemente tipice arabe. Până la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, în lumea arabă nu existau cursuri sau facultăți care să permită studierea și dezvoltarea aptitudinilor artistice. În Iraq, de exemplu, bazele picturii de șevalet au fost puse de o echipă de ofițeri întorși acasă de la pregătirea militară din Istanbul. Prin intermediul operelor lor, precum și prin cursuri private au reușit să răspândească conceptul de pictură în Irak.

Artiști arabi contemporani

Dia al-Azzawi

Unul dintre cei mai proeminenți artiști contemporani ai lumii arabe este Dia al-Azzawi (n.1939), care și-a devotat viața artistică răspândirii artei arabe contemporane. El s-a născut în Bagdad, Irak și este pictor, sculptor și grafician. A urmat cursurile Facultății de Arte de la Universitatea din Bagdad începând cu anul 1958,unde a studiat Arheologia, la 9 ani după înființarea aceste secții universitare, astfel, se poate spune că este un pionier al artei în lumea arabă modernă. Încă de la început, a tratat probleme politice și sociale, fiind puternic influențat de situația palestinienilor.

În 1976 s-a mutat în Londra unde a dezvoltat un nou tip de artă, al qaseeda al-marsumah, sau "poemele desenate", reprezentând astfel vizual Al Mu'allaqāt sau "Cele șapte poeme", prin grafică. Îmbină elemente clasice arabe precum caligrafia și păstrează culorile folosite la scrierea versurilor arabe, alb și negru, rareori roșu, pe un fundal alb, ilustrând impactul vizual și sonor transmis de poem,sub percepția artistului.

Urmărește atingerea unui echilibru între textul scris și imaginea vizuală, dar uneori caută opoziția, tocmai pentru a ilustra sentimentele transmise de odă.  Picturile din această perioadă devin tot mai ermetice, căutând să atingă o simfonie bidimensională, greu de interpretat. Una din figurile preferate în operele sale și pe care a utilizat-o în mod frecvent, este silueta sumeriană, cu trupul tubular și lung, cu ochi goi ca expresie a formei umane.

A înfățișat scene din "O mie și una de nopți", căutând să reprezinte teme și concepte exprimate de poveste, nu doar imagini simple, decorative. S-a preocupat, în principal, de transpunerea ideilor în imagini, unind exprimarea lingvistică cu expresia vizuală, ca și cum mâna nu ar fi "o simplă extensie a trupului, ci un seismograf sensibil al  întregului corp, măsura amintirilor și trăirilor". Una dintre realizările sale cele mai notabile este această contopire dintre literatură și pictură.

Din 1968 până în 1976, a fost directorul Departamentului de Antichități din Bagdad. Între anii 1977 și 1980, a ocupat poziția de director artistic al Centrului Cultural Irakian din Londra, unde a organizat numeroase expoziții, precum "Arta Grafică Contemporană în spațiul arab" (1970), "Influența caligrafiei asupra artei arabe"(1980), "Artiști  arabi contemporani" (1978, 1979, 1983).

Saloua Raouda Choucair

Saloua Raouda Choucair s-a născut la data de 24 iunie 1916 în Beirut, Liban și este pictoriță și sculptoriță. Ea a adus arta abstractă în Orientul Mijlociu prin picturile sale, arta textilă și sculpturi.  Expoziția din 1947 de la Galeria Arabă de Artă din Beirut e considerată a fi prima expoziție de picturi abstracte din lume. Pasiunea pentru arta și arhitectura islamică i-a apărut în urma unei excursii în Egipt în 1943, astfel că în 1948 a părăsit Libanul și a plecat la Paris, unde a studiat la École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts și a asistat la atelierele artistului francez, Fernard  Léger. În 1950 a fost printre primii artiști arabi care au participat  la Salon des Réalités Nouvelles în Paris, și în 1951 a reușit să obțină o expoziție la galeria Colette Allendy, foarte bine primită.

A crezut dintotdeauna în baza matematică a artei islamice și a respins interpretarea metaforică, respingând simbolurile și imagistica convențională. Arta ei nu a fost niciodată descriptivă, evitând tot ceea ce este personal, intim și câutând întotdeauna eternul. Poate de aceea, arta ei nu a fost înțeleasă de la început, iar ea nu a reușit să vândă nicio lucrare până în anul 1962. Iese în evidență prin combinația elementelor abstracte occidentale și formele geometrice specifice artei islamice, precum și îmbinarea și asamblarea unor materiale nu tocmai convenționale în forme  geometrice fine, linii și curburi tipic islamice, într-un  mod elegant și subtil. A devenit faimoasă pentru sculpturile sale compuse din piese individuale, care se pot separa, asemenea versurilor unui poem arab. Pasiunea sa pentru știință reiese și din faptul că a aplicat conceptul sufist în lucrările sale, forma finală a operelor, în viziunea ei, este o formă abstractă cu interacțiuni infinite, un amestec de ecuații existent între elementele componente și mediul care îl înconjoară.

În 1985 a primit premiul de apreciere din partea Uniunii Generale a pictorilor arabi, iar în  2014 a primit diploma onorifică de doctorat de la Universitatea Americană din Beirut. Acum, ajunsă la vârsta de 100 de ani, Saloua nu ma poate călători sau lucra. Încă locuiește în Beirut, unde s-a întors la începutul anilor 50 și este considerată drept unul dintre cei emblematici artiști contemporani ai lumii arabe. Totuși, ea nu a reușit niciodată să vândă foarte multe din lucrările sale, tocmai pentru că nu a părăsit Beirutul, iar faima sa era limitată la comunitatea artistică a orașului.

Bibliografie
 Atil, Esin,Art of the Arab World, 1975. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution
 Morgan, Jessica,Saloua Raouda Choucair,2013. London: Tate Publishing
 Contadini, Anna, Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arab Manuscripts, 2010. Boston: Brill
 Shabout, Nada.  Modern Arab Art: Formation of Arab Aesthetics. Florida: University Press Florida, 2007
 "TateShots: Dia Al-Azzawi – Studio Visit", Youtube Video, 03:59, postat de Tate. Accesat la data de 9 ianuarie 2017.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8LDv2kthzw
 Ali, Wijdan.2003. Modern Art from the Arab World.Catalogue text for the exhibition "Between Legend and reality" http://u-in-u.com/nafas/articles/2003/modern-art-from-the-arab-world/ Accesat la data de 9 ianuarie 2017
 "Saloua Raouda Choucair: From Beirut to Tate Modern", Youtube Video, 8;56, postat de Tate.Accesat la data de 9 ianuarie 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB1K4H0vx0g
 Searle, Adrian. 15 aprilie 2013. "Saloua Raouda Choucair: modernism off the map". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/apr/15/saloua-raouda-choucair-tate-modern Accesat la data de 10 ianuarie 2017
 Jouffroy, Allain.2001. "Dia Azzawi. A positive modernity". Galerie Claude Lemand. http://www.claude-lemand.com/artiste/dia-al-azzawi-4?souspage=bio . Accesat la data de 10 ianuarie 2017
 Amel, Pascal. 2013. "Dia al-Azzawi, painting the rebellion of shapes". Galerie Claude Lemand. http://www.claude-lemand.com/artiste/dia-al-azzawi-4?souspage=bio . Accesat la data de 10 ianuarie 2017

Legături externe
Aniconismul în Islam

Epoca de aur a islamului

Referințe și citate
Citatul: [ca și cum mâna nu ar fi "o simplă extensie a trupului, ci un seismograf sensibil al întregului corp, măsura amintirilor și trăirilor"], tradus din Jouffroy, Allain.2001. "Dia Azzawi. A positive modernity"

Citatul: ''fereastra către sufletul lumii arabe", tradus din articolul "Art is a Window to the Arab Soul", de Kim Ghattas, mai 2016,http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/03/art-is-a-window-to-the-arab-worlds-soul/

Art Revolution Blooms after Arab Spring, http://www.npr.org/2013/11/07/243720260/arab-spring-artists-paint-the-town-rebel

Arta arabă

Arta Contemporană în Spațiul Arab