The tanpura () (also referred to as tambura, tanpuri, tamboura, or tanpoura) is a long-necked, plucked, four-stringed instrument originating in India, found in various forms in Indian music. Visually, the tanpura resembles a simplified sitar or similar lute-like instrument, and is likewise crafted out of a gourd or pumpkin.

The tanpura does not play a melody, but rather creates a meditative ambience, supporting and sustaining the performance of another musician or vocalist, as well as for musicians accompanying a dance performance. The instrument features four strings which are tuned to specific notes of a given scale or musical key, normally the fifth (Pa; Solfège, "So") and the root tonic (Sa; "Do"). The strings are generally tuned 5-8-8-1. One of the three strings tuned to the tonic is thus an octave below the others, adding greater resonance and depth to the ambient drone.

Through continuous, rhythmic plucking of its strings, the tanpura creates a constant harmonic bourdon or drone effect. Uniquely, the tanpura is not played in specific rhythm with the soloist, percussionist, or any other featured musician; the precise timing of plucking a cycle of four strings in a continuous loop is a determinant factor in the resultant sound, and it is played, unchangingly, throughout the whole performance. The tanpurist must keep true to their own rhythm for the duration of the composition, which may be over an hour in some cases, as their drone is critical to the entire musical foundation of the performance. The repeated cycle of plucking the strings in succession creates a sonic canvas on which the melody of the raga (or other composition) is drawn. The sequence of string-plucking is generally (according to pitch) 5-8-8-1, with the fourth and final string plucked being given a slight "rest", usually two to three seconds, before repeating the cycle. The combined sound of all strings–each string a fundamental tone with its own spectrum of overtones–supports and blends with the external tones sung or played by the soloist.

Northern and central-Indian Hindustani musicians favour the term tanpura (often used within the context of languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Punjabi, etc), whereas southern and Carnatic musicians normally prefer tambura (for example, in Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, or Telugu); tanpuri is a smaller variant of the instrument, sometimes used for accompanying instrumental soloists.

History
Tanpuras form the root of the ensemble and indeed of the music itself, as the tanpura creates an acoustic dynamic reference chord from which the ragas (melodic modes) derive their distinctive character, color, and flavour. Stephen Slawek notes that by the end of the 16th century, the tanpura had "fully developed in its modern form", and was seen in the miniature paintings of the Mughals. Slawek further suggests that due to structural similarity the sitar and tanpura share a related history.

An electronic tanpura, a small box that imitates the sound of a tanpura, is sometimes used in contemporary Indian classical music performances instead of a tanpura, though this practice is controversial.

Tanpura makers
The Sitarmaker family of Miraj is regarded as the finest producers of tanpuras in the world. The family has been making tanpuras for over seven generations from 1850.

Construction
The body shape of the tanpura somewhat resembles that of the sitar, but it has no frets – as the strings are always plucked at their full lengths. One or more tanpuras may be used to accompany vocalists or instrumentalists. It has four or five (rarely six) metal strings, which are plucked one after another in a regular pattern to create a harmonic resonance on the basic notes of a key. Yes 2 stringed tamburu is also called 2 stringed tanpura

Bridge and strings
The overtone-rich sound and the audible movement in the inner resonances of tone is achieved by applying the principle of jivari which creates a sustained "buzzing" sound in which particular harmonics will resonate with focused clarity. To achieve this effect, the strings pass over a table-shaped, curved-top bridge, the front of which slopes gently away from the surface of the strings. When a string is plucked, it has an intermittent periodical grazing contact with the bridge. When the string moves up and down, the downward wave will touch a far point on the curve of the bridge, and as the energy of motion of the string gradually diminishes, these points of contact of the string on the bridge will gradually shift as well, being a compound function of amplitude, the curvature of the bridge, pitch, string tension and time. When the string is plucked, it has a large amplitude. As the energy of the string's movement gradually diminishes, the contact point of the string with the bridge slowly creeps up the slope of the bridge. Depending on scale, tension and pitch, this can take between three and ten seconds.

This dynamic process can be fine-tuned using a cotton thread between string and bridge: by shifting the thread, the grazing contact sequence is shifted to a different position on the bridge, changing the harmonic content. Every single string produces its own cascading range of harmonics and, at the same time, builds up a particular resonance. According to this principle, tanpuras are attentively tuned to achieve a particular tonal shade relative to the tonal characteristics of the raga. These more delicate aspects of tuning are directly related to what Indian musicians call raga svaroop, which is about how characteristic intonations are important defining aspects of a particular raga. The tanpura's particular setup, with the cotton thread as a variable focus-point, made it possible to explore a multitude of harmonic relations produced by the subtle harmonic interplay in time of its four strings.

Sizes and tunings
Tanpuras come in different sizes and pitches: larger "males", smaller "females" for vocalists, and a yet smaller version is used for accompanying sitar or sarod, called tanpuri. These play at the octave so as not to drown out the soloist's lower registers. Male vocalists use the biggest instruments and pitch their tonic note (Sa), often at D, C or lower, some go down to B-flat; female singers usually a fifth higher, though these tonic notes may vary according to the preference of the singer, as there is no absolute and fixed pitch-reference in the Indian Classical music systems. One female singer may take her 'sa' at F, another at A, sitaras tune mostly around C, sarodiyas around C, sarangiyas vary more between D and F, and bansuriyas mostly play from E. The male tanpura has an open string length of approximately one metre; the female is three-fourths of the male. The standard tuning is 5-8-8-1 (so do′ do′ do) or, in Indian sargam, Pa-sa-sa-Sa. For ragas that omit the fifth tone, pa, the first string is tuned down to the natural fourth: 4-8-8-1 or Ma-sa-sa-Sa. Some ragas that omit Pa and shuddha Ma, such as Marwa or Hindol, require a less common tuning with shuddha Dha (major 6th), DHA-sa-sa-SA or 6-8-8-1, or with the 7th, NI-s-s-S. With a five-string instrument, the seventh or NI (major or minor 7th) can be added: PA-NI-sa-sa-SA (5-7-8-8-1)or MA-NI-sa-sa-SA (4-7-8-8-1). Both minor and major 7th harmonics are clearly distinguishable in the harmonic texture of the overall sound, so when the Ni - strings are tuned into these harmonics, the resultant sound will be perfectly harmonious. Usually the octave strings are in steel wire, and the tonic, 4th or 5th strings in brass or bronze wire. If a string will be tuned to the 6th or 7th, a steel string is advised instead.

Variants
Tanpuras are designed in two different styles:
Miraj style: the favourite form of tanpura for Hindustani performers. It is usually between three and five feet in length, with a carved, rounded resonator plate (tabli) and a long, hollow straight neck, in section resembling a rounded capital D. The round lower chamber to which the tabli, the connecting heel-piece and the neck (dandh) are fixed is cut from a selected and dried gourd (tumba). Wood used is either tun or teak; bridges are usually cut from one piece of bone.
Tanjore style: this is a south Indian style of tambura, used widely by Carnatic performers. It has a somewhat different shape and style of decoration from that of the miraj, but is otherwise much the same size. Typically, no gourd is used, but the spherical part is gouged out of a solid block of wood. The neck is somewhat smaller in diameter. Jackwood is used throughout; bridges are usually cut from one piece of rosewood. Often, two rosettes are drilled out and ornamented with inlay work.

References

Sources
 source for Sangit Parijat is Ahobal Pandit, translated by Kalind-Hatvas, Sangeet Karyalaya 1971
 Wim van der Meer - Joep Bor: De roep van de Kokila, historische en hedendaagse aspekten van de Indiase muziek; Martinus Nijhoff / 's-Gravenhage 1982,
 Hindustani Music, 13th to 20th centuries, editors: Joep Bor, Françoise Delvoye, Jane Harvey & Emmy te Nijenhuis; Codarts, Manohar 2010

 On some Indian string instruments (1921) Sir C V Raman, FRS, M.A., D.Sc. (Hon), Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta, Nobel Prize, 1930
 Beyond Swayambhu Gandhar: an analysis of perceived tanpura notes. Paritosh K. Pandya. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
  Audio samples of tanpura of various pitch, Glorian.bandcamp.com

Further reading
Some reflections on the use of Electronic Tanpura and the intricacies of tanpura tuning. Medieval.org, Martin Spaink, 2003.

Indian musical instruments
Hindustani musical instruments
Carnatic music instruments
Necked bowl lutes
Tanbur

Tanpura


Diego Ioverno é um engenheiro automotivo italiano que atualmente é o diretor esportivo da equipe de Fórmula 1 da Ferrari.

Carreira
Ioverno começou sua carreira no automobilismo como técnico de montagem de caixas de câmbio da Scuderia Ferrari, liderando o departamento de montagem de caixas de câmbio durante o período dominante da equipe no início dos anos 2000. Ele se tornou chefe de montagem de carros em 2008, onde foi responsável pela construção do carro durante todos os testes e sessões de Fórmula 1. Ioverno recebeu a função adicional de chefe de operações de corrida em 2010, onde também liderou as operações de garagem da equipe e fez a ligação com mecânicos e técnicos e foi responsável pelos pit stops. Após a saída de Massimo Rivola no final de 2015, Ioverno tornou-se gerente esportivo, associando sua função anterior à representação da Ferrari em discussões com a Federação Internacional de Automobilismo (FIA) e o Grupo de Trabalho Esportivo. Ele mudou para um emprego na fábrica em 2018, mas recebeu um convite para retornar à pista em 2021 como engenheiro-chefe de operações de veículos. Em 27 de julho de 2023, a Ferrari confirmou a saída de Laurent Mekies e anunciou Ioverno como seu novo diretor esportivo.

Engenheiros automotivos da Itália
Pessoas da Ferrari

Diego Ioverno


Michael Bryce Giles () é um matemático e cientista da computação britânico. É professor de computação científica e chefe de departamento do Instituto de matemática da Universidade de Oxford e fellow do St Hugh's College, Oxford. É conhecido por desenvolver métodos de Monte Carlo Multinível.

Formação
Giles estudou matemática na Universidade de Cambridge, graduando-se em 1981 como Senior Wrangler. Foi então para o Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT) como Kennedy Scholar, onde obteve um Ph.D. em aeronáutica em 1985.

Carreira e pesquisa
Depois de obter um Ph.D. foi professor no Departamento de Aeronáutica e Astronáutica do MIT. Em 1992 ingressou no Departamento de Ciência da Computação da Universidade de Oxford, antes de se mudar para o Instituto de matemática em 2008. Tornou-se chefe do departamento do Instituto de matemática em 2018.

No início de sua carreira trabalhou em dinâmica de fluidos computacional aplicada à análise e projeto de turbinas a gás. Mais recentemente, concentrou-se em finanças computacionais e no desenvolvimento de métodos de Monte Carlo Multinível.

Foi palestrante convidado do Congresso Internacional de Matemáticos no Rio de Janeiro (2018: An introduction to multilevel Monte Carlo methods).

Professores do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts
Professores da Universidade de Oxford
Matemáticos do Reino Unido do século XX
Matemáticos do Reino Unido do século XXI
Cientistas da computação do Reino Unido
Alunos do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts
Alunos da Universidade de Cambridge
Pessoas vivas

Mike Giles


The City of Maroondah is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Maroondah had a population of 115,043 in August 2021.

The City of Maroondah was created through the amalgamation the former Cities of Ringwood and Croydon on 15 December 1994. The name 'Maroondah' was taken from two Aboriginal words - meaning "throwing" and "leaf" - symbolising the green environment.

Suburbs located in the City include Ringwood, Croydon, Heathmont, Ringwood East, Ringwood North, Warranwood, Croydon North, Croydon South, Croydon Hills, Bayswater North and parts of Kilsyth South, Vermont and Park Orchards.

The Lilydale and Belgrave railway lines run through the City of Maroondah, with stations at Heatherdale, Ringwood, Ringwood East, Croydon, and Heathmont. The Maroondah City Council is served by many buses operated by Ventura, Kinetic, McKenzies and V/Line.

Maroondah Hospital, a large public hospital located in Ringwood East serves Maroondah and the surrounding areas.

Maroondah contracts JJ Richards for their garbage collection and have 3 bins: A 240-litre blue-lidded bin for recycling, a 240-litre lime green-lidded bin for food organics and garden organics (FOGO) and a 120-litre red-lidded bin for waste/landfill collection (an 80-litre bin is also available). Prior to 2023, the bin lids were maroon for garden organics (only) and green for waste/landfill and food organics.

Education
Maroondah residents have a wide selection of excellent state and private schools that attract students from across the eastern suburbs of Melbourne.

Primary schools

 Ainslie Parklands Primary School
 Bayswater North Primary School
 Croydon Hills Primary School
 Croydon Primary School
 Dorset Primary School
 Eastwood Primary School
 Good Shepherd Lutheran Primary School
 Great Ryrie Primary School
 Heathmont East Primary School
 Holy Spirit Community School
 Kalinda Primary School
 Marlborough Primary School
 Mullum Primary School
 Our Lady of Perpetual Help Primary School
 Ringwood Heights Primary School
 Ringwood North Primary School
 Ruskin Park Primary School
 Sacred Heart Primary School
 Tinternvale Primary School
 Village School
 Warranwood Primary School
 Yarra Road Primary School

Secondary schools

 Aquinas College
 Croydon Community School
 Heathmont College
 Luther College
 Melba College
 Norwood Secondary College
 Ringwood Secondary College

Combined schools

 Melbourne Rudolf Steiner School
 Tintern Grammar
 Yarra Valley Grammar

Special schools

 Croydon Special Developmental School

Universities

 Swinburne University of Technology - Croydon Campus

Ayrton Research & Technology - Ringwood Campus

Townships and localities
The  city had a population of 115,043 at the 2021 census, up from 110,376 at the 2016 census.

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

Libraries
There are two libraries located in the Maroondah region, both managed by Eastern Regional Libraries.

 Realm - Ringwood Town Square, 179 Maroondah Highway, Ringwood (opposite Ringwood Station)
 Croydon Library - Civic Square, Mount Dandenong Road, Croydon

Councillors and wards
The City of Maroondah has nine wards, each electing a single member:

Shopping Centres
There are two main shopping precincts in Maroondah.

 Eastland Shopping Centre - Maroondah Highway, Ringwood
 Croydon Central - Kent Avenue, Croydon

See also
 List of places on the Victorian Heritage Register in the City of Maroondah

References

External links

Official Maroondah City Council website
Public Transport Victoria local public transport map
Ringwood Community Garden - Selkirk Avenue, Wantirna
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas in Melbourne

Populated places established in 1994
1994 establishments in Australia

City of Maroondah


La línea de alta velocidad León-Asturias, anteriormente denominada línea de alta velocidad León-Gijón, es una línea ferroviaria de alta velocidad en construcción que comunicará la estación de León con las estaciones asturianas de Oviedo y Gijón, atravesando la cordillera Cantábrica mediante la variante de Pajares, sustituyendo el actual acceso a Asturias por la rampa de Pajares.

Constituirá parte del ramal norte/noroeste del corredor Atlántico y se prevé que el tramo central de esta línea, la variante de Pajares, estará operativa en ancho estándar y a 25 kV de tensión el 29 de noviembre de 2023. Dentro de la nueva línea destaca el túnel de Pajares, cuya construcción ha sufrido numerosos problemas de filtraciones producidos por acuíferos atravesados por el nuevo túnel.

El trazado está diseñado de acuerdo con las especificaciones técnicas de interoperabilidad de la Unión Europea para líneas ferroviarias de alta velocidad.

El Ministerio de Fomento finalizó las obras de la variante de Pajares en 2021. Esta actuación vendrá acompañada de la instalación de triple carril entre León y La Robla, donde empieza la variante de Pajares, y la instalación de un cambiador de ancho en el entorno de la estación de Campomanes para permitir a los trenes seguir su trayecto en ancho ibérico por la línea convencional León-Gijón, ya que el tramo entre Lena y Gijón no tiene aún ni estudio informativo y está prácticamente descartada su construcción.

Tramos de la línea

El Plan Estratégico de Infraestructuras y Transporte 2012-24 preveía un nuevo trazado exclusivo para servicios de alta velocidad entre Pola de Lena, Oviedo y Gijón. El Ministerio de Fomento sometió el 9 de abril de 2015 a información pública el estudio informativo del tramo Oviedo-Gijón/Avilés aprobado por la Dirección General de Ferrocarriles el 27 de marzo de 2015, y el 9 de julio del mismo año el del tramo Pola de Lena-Oviedo, pero ambas actuaciones fueron archivadas en 2018, aunque el gobierno de Asturias no renuncia a su futura construcción. Mientras tanto, tras la apertura de la variante de Pajares, los trenes circularán en ancho internacional hasta el cambiador de ancho de Campomanes y se incorporarán a la línea de ancho ibérico hasta las estaciones de Oviedo y Gijón. Esta línea convencional necesitaría una serie de reformas y mejoras para recortar los tiempos de viaje. Se ha propuesto la construcción de una nueva Y ferroviaria para evitar el cuello de botella de Villabona, que se encuentra prácticamente saturado. Sin embargo, esta actuación está actualmente paralizada debido a su afección a más de 300 viviendas, entre otros factores.

Servicios
En principio la línea será operada únicamente por Renfe, con servicios Renfe Alvia y Renfe Intercity, utilizando trenes de ancho mixto, probablemente los nuevos trenes Avril, que podrán realizar el cambio de ancho en Campomanes (Lena), permitiendo un servicio continuado y sin transbordos. Los Alvia harán el recorrido Gijón-Madrid en tiempos de entre 3:47 y 3:58 horas, según las paradas, y el Intercity en 3:40, mientras que el recorrido Oviedo-Madrid tardará entre 3:19 y 3:30 en Alvia y 3:12 en Intercity, lo que supone una mejora de tiempos de viaje de entre 1:03 y 1:19 horas con respecto a los que había antes de la apertura de la variante.

Referencias

Véase también
L.A.V. Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid
L.A.V. Valladolid-Palencia-León
L.A.V Venta de Baños-Burgos-Vitoria
Túneles de Pajares
Variante de Pajares
Rampa de Pajares
Historia del ferrocarril en Asturias

Enlaces externos
 Información de la LAV Valladolid-León en la página web de ADIF
 Información de la LAV León-Asturias en la página web de ADIF
 Información sobre el tramo Venta de Baños-León de la línea en la página web de la Federación Castellano-Manchega de Amigos del Ferrocarril
 Mapa del tramo Venta de Baños-León en la página web de la Federación Castellano-Manchega Amigos del Ferrocarril
 Información sobre el tramo León-Asturias de la línea en la página web de la Federación Castellano-Manchega Amigos del Ferrocarril
 Mapa del tramo León-Asturias en la página web de la Federación Castellano-Manchega de Amigos del Ferrocarril

Edificios y estructuras en construcción en España
Líneas de alta velocidad de España
Nuevo acceso ferroviario a Asturias

Línea de alta velocidad León-Asturias


Amnon Wolman (; * 20. April 1955 in Jerusalem) ist ein israelischer Komponist.

Amnon Wolman ist ein Sohn des Mediziners Moshe Wolman (1914–2009). Der Filmregisseur Dan Wolman (* 1941) ist sein Bruder. Nach dem Militärdienst 1973–1976 arbeitete Wolman beim Fernsehen und begann dann ein Musikstudium an der Universität Tel Aviv. 1982 setzte er seine Ausbildung am Institut für Sonologie des Königlichen Konservatoriums Den Haag fort, 1983–84 studierte er Komposition und Computermusik an der Stanford University bei John Chowning und Leland Smith.

Ab 1989 unterrichtete Wolman an der Northwestern University in Chicago und leitete dort das Studio für Computermusik. 1990 nahm er mit seiner ersten elektroakustischen Komposition Man-Bridge an der Veranstaltung New Music America in Montreal teil. 1993 wurde Don Giovanni Revisited in Chicago uraufgeführt. Die Produktion tourte durch die USA und wurde auch in Israel aufgeführt. 1994 entstand das elfstündige Werk Andy Warhol's Diaries, das unter Einbeziehung von Eingaben aus dem Internet aufgeführt wurde.

Wolman hatte Lehraufträge als Professor für Komposition u. a. am Center for Computer Music des Brooklyn College, am Graduate Center der  City University of New York, an der Stanford University, an der University of California, Berkeley, und an der Universität Tel Aviv. Seit 2006 lebt er wieder in Israel und leitet dort das Ensemble Musica Nova in Tel Aviv. 2007 wurde er Direktor der Schule für Musikerziehung des Levinsky College. 2012 war er Gastprofessor an der Harvard University, derzeit lehrt er als Professor an der Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance. Neben elektroakustischen Werken komponierte Wolman auch Film- und Ballettmusiken und schuf Klanginstallationen.

Weblinks
Amnon Wolmans Homepage
Computer Music Journal – Amnon Wolman: The Marilyn Series

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Israel)
Komponist (elektronische Musik)
Musikpädagoge
Mann
Geboren 1955
Israeli

Amnon Wolman


USS Fletcher (DD/DDE-445), named for Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, was the lead , and served in the Pacific during World War II. She received fifteen battle stars for World War II service, and five for Korean War service.

Fletcher was laid down by the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Kearny, New Jersey, on 2 October 1941. She was launched on 3 May 1942; sponsored by Mrs. F. F. Fletcher, widow of Admiral Fletcher; and commissioned on 30 June 1942.

Service history

World War II

1942
Fletcher arrived at Nouméa, New Caledonia on 5 October 1942 from the east coast, and at once began escort and patrol duty in the Guadalcanal operation, bombarding Lunga Point on 30 October. Sailing from Espiritu Santo 9 November to cover the landing of reinforcements on the island, she joined in driving off an enemy air attack on the transports 12 November, claiming several enemy aircraft shot down. This was the opening phase of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, a 3-day air and surface action. Fletcher  played an important part in the surface action off Guadalcanal 13 November, firing guns and torpedoes in the general melee which sank two Japanese destroyers and damaged the fast battleship , later sunk by carrier and Marine aircraft.

Fletcher retired to replenish at Espiritu Santo, arriving the day after the battle, and after patrolling against submarines off Nouméa, sortied on 30 November 1942, with a force of cruisers and destroyers, to intercept a force of enemy transports and destroyers expected to attempt a reinforcement of Guadalcanal that night. Fletcher led the force through Lengo Channel, and made the first radar contact with the enemy off Tassafaronga Point just before midnight. The resulting Battle of Tassafaronga saw one Japanese destroyer sunk, and one slightly damaged, and four American cruisers badly damaged, though all but one were saved by prompt damage control. Fletcher rescued survivors of , using cork-floated cargo nets to take great groups of them from the water.

1943
 The destroyer continued to operate in the Solomon Islands, patrolling, shelling shore targets, driving off Japanese air attacks, rescuing downed aviators, sinking Japanese landing barges, and covering new landings on the northern coast of Guadalcanal. Out on patrol on 11 February 1943, Fletcher was alerted by a smoke float dropped by a plane from , and sped to attack and sink . She supported the landings on the Russell Islands on 21 February, bombarded Munda airfield on New Georgia during the night of 5/6 March, and then continued to guard the movement of transports in the Solomons.

From 23 April to 4 May 1943, Fletcher was in Sydney, Australia, for a refit before another month of general duty in the Solomons. She left Espiritu Santo on 19 June for a Stateside overhaul, returning to Nouméa on 27 September to resume her former activities until 31 October. Then she sortied with an aircraft carrier task force to provide air support for the invasion of the Gilbert Islands, fighting off a Japanese counterattack from the air 26 November. Again, Fletcher fired on Japanese aircraft on 4 December, when the task force came under an air attack after it had made a strike on Kwajalein island.

1944

Fletcher returned to Pearl Harbor on 9 December 1943, and after a brief overhaul and training on the west coast, was ready for the attack on the Marshall Islands. She screened a force of troop transports from San Diego to Lahaina Roads from 13 to 21 January 1944, then joined a bombardment group to fire on Wotje Atoll 30 January. The next day, she rendezvoused with the main attack force for the landings on Kwajalein, screening the transports and patrolling off the atoll until 4 February. After escorting empty transports to Funafuti, Fletcher reported at Majuro 15 February for duty screening battleships in bombardments of Taroa and Wotje on 20 February and 21 February, then patrolled off Eniwetok.

After joining in training exercises off Port Purvis on Florida Island, in the Solomons, Fletcher arrived at Cape Sudest, New Guinea, 18 April 1944. This was her base during the next month as she supported the Humboldt Bay landings, and by covering reinforcement landings on 30 April. After escorting a convoy to Nouméa, out of which she patrolled against submarines in late May, Fletcher arrived at Humboldt Bay on 5 June. She made one patrol against any attempt of the Japanese to reinforce their Biak garrison, then covered and provided shore bombardment for the invasions of Noemfoor, Sansapor, and Morotai, as well as patrolling and escorting reinforcements for these various operations through the summer.

Fletcher reached Manus on 9 October 1944 from Humboldt Bay to prepare for the invasion of Leyte, for which she sortied 12 October screening transports. She covered them while they sent their boats ashore in the initial landings 20 October, and next day departed for New Guinea, thus clearing Leyte Gulf before the great battle for its control broke out. She returned to Leyte with transports carrying reinforcements 23 November, and through the next month, continued her support of the first phase of the liberation of the Philippines, escorting convoys, firing prelanding bombardments at Ormoc Bay and Mindoro, and firing on Japanese aircraft in several attacks.

1945
On 4 January 1945, Fletcher sortied from San Pedro Bay to provide close cover for the Luzon Attack Force as it sailed toward its objective. She splashed at least one of the many Japanese aircraft which attacked on 8 January, and during the landings in Lingayen Gulf the next day, patrolled the Gulf. After supporting the landings on San Antonio Beach, Luzon, on 29 January, she entered Subic Bay to cover minesweeping, then on 31 January provided fire support to the landings in Nasugbu Bay. Fletcher began four days of operations in the occupation of Bataan and Corregidor on 13 February, firing a preliminary bombardment, giving fire support on call, and covering minesweepers opening Manila Bay. On 14 February, while firing on Japanese batteries at Los Cochinos Point, Fletcher took a hit which killed eight and wounded three of her crew. She continued to fire as she controlled damage, and a half-hour later added rescue operations to her activities as she took the survivors off YMS-48, also hit by Japanese fire. Water Tender Second Class Elmer C. Bigelow was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity" while fighting the fire on board the destroyer. Fletchers firing in Manila Bay continued until the 17th.

Fletcher took part in the landings at Puerto Princesa, Palawan, and Zamboanga, covered minesweeping and landings at Tarakan, and gave local patrol and escort service in the Philippines until 13 May 1945, when she sailed for a West Coast overhaul.  After exercises off San Diego and in Hawaii, she was docked at San Diego until placed in commission in reserve 7 August 1946, and out of commission in reserve 15 January 1947.

1949–1969
Recommissioned 3 October 1949 as a specialist in antisubmarine warfare (ASW) after conversion to an escort destroyer (DDE-445), Fletcher sailed for San Diego 1 May 1950 for a tour of duty with the 7th Fleet in the western Pacific. At the outbreak of the Korean War, she lay at Hong Kong with , and on 3 July arrived off Korea with the Valley Forge group, augmented by , to begin launching airstrikes on North Korea. Through the summer, she sailed off Korea on this duty, replenishing when necessary at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, or Sasebo, Japan. She also participated in the Battle of Inchon from 13 to 17 September, and returned to Pearl Harbor, her home port, on 11 November.

On 19 November 1951, Fletcher cleared Pearl Harbor for another tour of duty screening the carriers of the 7th Fleet in Korean operations.  She also fired shore bombardment on two occasions, participated in antisubmarine training off Okinawa, and patrolled in the Taiwan Straits.  Returning to Pearl Harbor on 20 June 1952, she was at sea again from 5 September to 24 November for Operation Ivy, then completed another tour of Far Eastern duty from 14 May to 30 November 1953.

Annually from 1954 to 1962, Fletcher sailed to the Far East for duty with the 7th Fleet, in 1955 providing antisubmarine screening for the evacuation of the Tachen Islands. In both 1957 and 1958, she made her outward bound passage by way of Samoa and Australia. Intensive antisubmarine training was her major occupation during periods between deployment.

Fletcher was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 August 1969, and sold for scrap on 22 February 1972.

Awards
Fletcher received fifteen battle stars for World War II service, and five for Korean War service, making her one of the most decorated US ships of World War II.

 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with fifteen battle stars
 World War II Victory Medal
 China Service Medal
 National Defense Service Medal with star
 Korean Service Medal with five battle stars
 Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
 Korean Presidential Unit Citation
 Philippine Liberation Medal with two stars
 United Nations Service Medal
 Korean War Service Medal

On film
Fletcher appears in the 1960 comedy film The Wackiest Ship in the Army, starring Jack Lemmon (appears in the harbor when the USS Echo is first visited), and also in the film Down Periscope in stock footage as the ship that is targeted and sunk to end the film's war games.

References

External links

USS Fletchers entry in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships at Naval History and Heritage Command
USS Fletcher Reunion Page
USS Fletcher website at Destroyer History Foundation
Photos of USS Fletcher
Destroyers Online page for USS Fletcher

World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Korean War destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Kearny, New Jersey
1942 ships
Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy

USS Fletcher (DD-445)


Šibenska nogometna liga (također i kao Prvenstvo NSO Šibenik) je bila liga četvrtog ranga natjecanja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1970./71.
Sudjelovalo je 8 klubova, a prvak su bile "Vodice".

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Zapadna skupina 1970./71.
 Prvenstvo NSO Split 1970./71.
 Prvenstvo Nogometnog saveza općine Zadar 1970./71.

Izvori
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", br. 8165, god XXIX, izdanje od 9. lipnja 1971., str. 8, preuzeto 3. srpnja 2018.

1970-71 Šibenik
1970-71 Šibenik
Šibenik

Šibenska nogometna liga 1970./71.


An Aloe turkanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hugh Basil Christian. An Aloe turkanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe turkanensis


محمد جميل ولد منصور (من مواليد 31 ديسمبر 1967) قيادي إسلامي بارز من موريتانيا وهو نائب سابق في البرلمان الموريتاني والرئيس السابق لحزب التجمع الوطني للإصلاح والتنمية "تواصل".

المولد والنشاة
ولد في نواكشوط سنة 1967 وحصل فيها على الشهادة الابتدائية والاعدادية والثانوية والجامعية قبل أن يحصل على شهادة الدراسات المعمقة من جامعة الملك محمد الخامس ويحضر الآن للدكتوراه في الفقه الإسلامي المقارن برسالة بعنوان (الديمقراطية والشورى: الاتفاق والاختلاف)

التوجه الفكري
يعد ولد منصور أحد رموز التيار الإسلامي بموريتانيا، ويعرف عنه انتماؤه للمدرسة الفكرية الوسطية في الساحة الإسلامية القريبة من فكر ورؤى حركة الإخوان المسلمين.

ويشكل في توجهاته أحد نماذج جيل الشباب الإسلامي بموريتانيا الذين يحكم فكرَهم التمسك بالإسلام عقيدة ومنهج حياة، وقراءة التراث الفقهي في ضوء الواقع والمصلحة العامة للأمة، بعيدا عن أي تطرف أو إقصاء أو ادعاء امتلاك الحقيقة والصواب.

وبحكم قراءاته الفكرية تميزت رؤاه بالانفتاح، واعتبره كثيرون أقرب إلى مدرسة راشد الغنوشي، كما تميز بالمرونة في المجال السياسي، وظل يتصرف انطلاقا من قاعدة حسن البنا الشهيرة: «نتعاون فيما اتفقنا عليه ويعذر بعضنا بعضا فيما اختلفنا فيه».

الحياة السياسية
 بدأ نشاطه السياسي والنقابي مبكرا من خلال النوادي والاتحادات الطلابية في ثمانينيات القرن العشرين الميلادي أيام الحكم العسكري، حيث كانت تلك النوادي هي النافذة المتاحة وقتها للممارسة السياسية.
 نشط مع شباب الحركة الإسلامية في موريتانيا من خلال بعض الواجهات الثقافية في الساحة، وأثمر هذا النشاط تأسيس بعض التنظيمات ذات الطابع الحركي، لكن أجهزة الأمن في عهد الرئيس معاوية ولد سيد أحمد الطايع ظلت تترصد هذا النشاط، فمنعت تأسيس أي إطار تنظيمي علني للتيار الإسلامي.
 واستمر ذلك الحظر حتى بعد إعلان التعددية السياسية بموريتانيا سنة 1991، فمنع الترخيص لحزب الأمة الذي كان ولد منصور أحد الناشطين في تأسيسه، فانخرط مع قيادات من الحزب في حزب المعارضة الرئيسي آنذاك اتحاد القوى الديمقراطية (عهد جديد) بزعامة أحمد ولد داداه.
 تمسك بالنهج المعارض وترشح في الانتخابات المحلية سنة 2001 ففاز بأكبر بلديات العاصمة، رغم ما بذلته الدولة وأجهزتها من جهود لمنع نجاحه، وتمسكت الأجهزة الحكومية بموقفها منه، وعزلته من البلدية سنة 2003 بقرار إداري من سلطة الوصاية (وزارة الداخلية).
 لاحقته أجهزة الأمن في أكثر من مناسبة، فاعتقلته سنة 1994، ضمن حملة اعتقالات واسعة في صفوف التيار الإسلامي، ثم في سنة 2003 في أوج مواجهة الإسلاميين لنظام الرئيس ولد الطايع على خلفية علاقاته مع إسرائيل. وإثر موجة الاعتقالات والسجن التي طالته سنة 2003 مع رموز وعلماء من التيار الإسلامي، حصل على اللجوء السياسي في بلجيكا، لكنه عاد سنة 2004 مفضلا المواجهة في الداخل، وفقا لما صرح به عند عوته. وحين عاد اعتقلته الشرطة وأبقته رهن الاعتقال فترة قصيرة ثم أخلت سبيله فعاد للمعترك السياسي، وعمل مع شخصيات مستقلة على تأسيس حزب الملتقى الديمقراطي (حمد)، لكن الداخلية رفضت الترخيص للحزب بسبب وجود إسلاميين فيه.
 وبعد الإطاحة بنظام ولد الطايع سنة 2005، أسس ولد منصور ما عرف بـ«مبادرة الإصلاحيين الوسطيين» ليمارس هو وزملاؤه السياسة تحت اسمها، بعد أن رفض العسكريون الذين أطاحوا بولد الطايع السماح لهم بتأسيس حزب سياسي. وتحت رايتها ترشح للانتخابات البرلمانية فنجح هو وستة من زملائه في دخول البرلمان لأول مرة، ثم دعم صالح ولد حننا في الانتخابات الرئاسية التي أجريت سنة 2007، والتحقا معا بالمرشح أحمد ولد داداه الذي تأهل للشوط الثاني في مواجهة سيد محمد ولد الشيخ عبد الله.
 وبعد فوز الأخير بالرئاسة سمح للإسلاميين بتأسيس حزبهم السياسي التجمع الوطني للإصلاح والتنمية (تواصل) الذي انتخب ولد منصور رئيسا له، وانتظم في قوى المعارضة داخل البرلمان قبل أن يصبح (الحزب) جزءا من الحكومة الموسعة التي شكلها ولد الشيخ عبد الله منتصف 2008.
 لكن العسكريين لم يلبثوا أن أطاحوا بولد الشيخ عبد الله، فواجهت الأحزاب الداعمة له الانقلابيين من خلال «الجبهة الوطنية للتغيير» وبعد مفاوضات برعاية إقليمية ودولية، أجريت انتخابات رئاسية فترشح جميل للرئاسة سنة 2009.
 وبعد خسارة الانتخابات انخرط حزب التجمع في تنسيقية المعارضة الديمقراطية التي ظلت تطالب بابتعاد الجيش عن السلطة ورحيل ولد عبد العزيز.
 في نهاية سنة 2012 انتخب ولد منصور رئيسا لحزب تواصل للمرة الثانية والأخيرة في أعقاب المؤتمر الثاني لحزب التجمع الوطني للإصلاح والتنمية.
 وفي نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2013 دخل الحزب الانتخابات البرلمانية والمحلية فحل في المرتبة الثانية ليصبح القوة الأولى في المعارضة، لكن رئيسه رفض الترشح معتبرا أنه من غير اللائق أن يجمع رئاسة الحزب وعضوية البرلمان في الوقت الذي يوجد أعضاء حزبيون يمكنهم القيام بالوظيفة البرلمانية.

في المعتقل
 دخل السجن عدة مرات بتهم مختلفة كان أولها عام 1994.
 كان آخر مرة يعتقل فيها صحبة القياديين الإسلاميين الشيخ العلامة محمد الحسن ولد الددو والسفير السابق المختار ولد محمد موسى وكان ذلك في السنوات 2003 و2004 و2005م

انظر أيضاً
 محمد سالم بن المختار المحبوبي

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 (إخوان أون لاين) يحاور رئيس حزب «تواصل» الموريتاني، إخوان أون لاين، 31 يوليو 2008
 محمد جميل ولد منصور، الجزيرة نت، 14 يوليو 2009

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من نواكشوط
إخوان مسلمون موريتانيون
خريجو جامعة محمد الخامس
سياسيون موريتانيون
سياسة موريتانيا
شنقيطيون
مواليد 1387 هـ
مواليد 1967
مواليد في نواكشوط

محمد جميل ولد منصور


Narodna Vlada Federalne Hrvatske, Vlade Federalne Hrvatske, prve u nizu realsocijalističkih vlada u Hrvatskoj u Jugoslaviji. Mandat Vladi počeo je 14. travnja, a završio 21. srpnja 1945. godine.

Ključna sjednica na kojoj se raspravljalo o sastavu buduće Vlade održala se je 10. travnja 1945. godine. Sjednici su od komunista nazočili Vladimir Bakarić, Marko Belinić, Bude Grahovac, Dušan Calić, Vicko Krstulović, Maca Gržetić, Milka Kufrin i Karlo Mrazović. Ostali funkcioneri JNOF-a na sjednici bili su: Franjo Gaži, dr Aleksandar Koharović, msgr dr Svetozar Rittig, dr Stanko Silović, Stanko Škare i Ante Vrkljan. Ukupno je bilo na sjednici prisutno 14 članova Izvršnog odbora JNOF-a Hrvatske.

HSS-ovci Gaži i Rittig su predlagali da bi predsjednik Vlade trebao biti iz HSS-a, jer je velik broj pristaša HSS-a bio u predraću i mnogo je HSS-ovaca sudjelovalo u NOB-u. Argumentirali su to time što je već jedan komunist ministar za Hrvatsku u saveznoj vladi (Pajo Gregorić) pa bi u slučaju da i predsjednik vlade bude komunist Hrvati rekli da su komunisti sve uzeli. Predložili iz HSS-a mogućnost ako predsjednik vlade bude komunist, onda neka ministar za Hrvatsku u Saveznoj vladi bude iz HSS.

Komunisti su izložili svoj stav da oni moraju imati predsjednika, istaknuvši da je KP organizirala i vodila NOB čije je terete snosila. Nisu htjeli pristati na promjenu političkih odnosa, jer se su smatrali "da bi reakcija pomislila da komunisti moraju činiti ustupke". Držali su da "Ako je narod do sada imao povjerenje u rad komunista, imat će ga sigurno i ubuduće." Željeli su poslati poruku da nema povratka na staro. Obrazlagali su da i kad bi se dalo mjesto predsjednika Vlade HSS-ovom čovjeku, da bi se reklo "da se komunisti kamufliraju i da je član Izvršnog odbora HSS marioneta u rukama komunista" te je Bakarić zaključio "bolje da kod naših neprijatelja ostane strah, da naša Vlada bude »pesnica za reakciju«". Karlo Mrazović i Marko Belinić dali su izjave u duhu da su prošla vremena kad se baukom komunizma plašilo "narod Hrvatske" te da "Narod više ne dijeli komunistu od Hrvata, jer komunisti nisu anacionalni."

HSS-u su dani visoki položaji, "da se vidi da HSS sudjeluje u borbi i da su pravi pristaše HSS-a prvi suradnici komunista". HSS-ovi predstavnici su pristali da predsjednik bude komunist.

Raspravu je potaknulo pitanje o nadležnosti ministarstva za pomorstvo i ribarstvo Vlade Federalne Hrvatske, jer je i Savezna vlada imala važne nadležnosti u toj oblasti. Ante Vrkljan iz IO HSS zastupao je gledište da bi ministarstvo pomorstva Federalne Hrvatske trebalo imati u svojoj nadležnosti obalnu plovidbu i ribarstvo, kao i pomorsku lokalnu upravu i brodogradnju, budući da Hrvatska ima četiri petine jadranske obale, s čime su se složili Rittig i Šilović. Bakarić je predložio da se hitno konzultira Savezna vlada u svezi s razgraničenjima nadležnosti u poslovima pomorstva.

Mandatar Bakarić je predložio sastav Vlade po ključu:
 Predsjednik vlade treba biti Hrvat i komunist.
 Prvi potpredsjednik je isto Hrvat, a drugi Srbin. Daljnji je sastav u pitanju osnovnih razmjera.
 Prvi potpredsjednik je član HSS. Drugi potpredsjednik je Srbin.
 Unutarnje poslove preuzima komunist iz razloga da odgovornost pada i dalje na komuniste.
 Ministarstvo pravosuđa preuzimlje Srbin, "radi bratstva i jedinstva.
 Ministarstvo proisvjete preuzimlje član HSS-a.
 Čitava vlada bila bi vlada fronte i tako bi je mogli nazvati.
 Jedan vanstranački rodoljub bi ušao isto u vladu«.

Na kraju sjednice od 10. travnja Izvršnog odbora JNOF-a Vladimir Bakarić predložio je i konkretnu podjelu resora, a budući da je već bila postignuta načelna i konkretna suglasnost o sastavu Vlade, uskoro je izašao na govornicu i izjavio točno u 20 sati da je nakon konzultiranja s predstavnicima JNOF-a Hrvatske sastavio listu od 14 ministara koju podnosi na odobrenje Predsjedništvu ZAVNOH-a. Predsjedništvo je jednoglasno usvojilo predloženu listu mandatara i predsjednik Nazor je nakon toga proglasio listu ministara prve Narodne vlade Federalne Hrvatske.

Sastav vlade po resorima bio je:
 predsjednik Vlade: Vladimir Bakarić
 potpredsjednici Vlade: Franjo Gaži i Rade Pribićević
 ministar unutrašnjih poslova: Vicko Krstulović
 ministar pravosuđa: Duško Brkić
 ministar prosvjete: Ante Vrkljan
 ministrica financija: Anka Berus
 ministar industrije i rudarstva: Mladen Iveković
 ministar trgovine i opskrbe: Dušan Čalić
 ministar poljoprivrede i šumarstva: Tomo Čiković
 ministar narodnog zdravlja: dr Aleksandar Koharović
 ministar socijalne politike: Jurica Draušnik
 ministar građevina: Stanko Ćanica-Opačić;

Po stranačkom i nacionalnom ključu članovi su bili:
 predstavnici Komunističke partije: Vlado Bakarić, Vicko Krstulović, Anka Berus i Mladen Iveković
 predstavnici HSS-a: Franjo Gaži, Tomo Ciković, Aleksandar Koharović, Ante Vrkljan i Jurica Draušnik.
 predstavnici Srpskog kluba vijećnika ZAVNOH-a: Rade Pribićević, Duško Brkić, Dušan Čalić i Stanko Ćanica-Opačić.
 vanstranački rodoljub: Uliks Stanger

Vlada je službeno osnovana u Splitu 14. travnja 1945. godine.

Poveznice
Vlada Republike Hrvatske
Izvršno vijeće Sabora SR Hrvatske
Popis hrvatskih predsjednika Vlade
Predsjednik Vlade Republike Hrvatske

Izvori

 01

Narodna vlada Federalne Hrvatske


Rudnik smeđeg ugljena Zenica je rudnik smeđeg ugljena u Zenici. Otvorila ga je Zemaljska uprava za BiH svibnja 1880. godine. Prvi je suvremeni rudokop ugljena u BiH.

Izvori

Zenica
Zenica

Rudnik smeđeg ugljena Zenica


Lecția (franceză: La Leçon) este o piesă de teatru absurd într-un singur act scrisă în limba franceză de Eugen Ionescu.  Piesa a fost compusă în iunie 1950. Prima reprezentație  a avut loc 20 februarie 1951 la Théâtre de Poche Montparnasse din Paris sub conducerea regizorului Marcel Cuvelier (care a interpretat și rolul profesorului).

Prezentare

Piesa are loc în biroul și în bucătăria unui mic apartament francez. Profesorul, un om de 50-60 de ani, așteaptă o nouă elevă (de 18 ani). Servitoarea Profesorului,  o femeie roșcată plinuță de 40-50 de ani, își face griji în privința sănătății profesorului. Pe măsură ce lecția absurdă și fără sens progresează, profesorul devine din ce în ce mai supărat pe ceea ce crede el a fi ignoranța elevei, iar eleva devine tot mai liniștită și mai blândă. Chiar și sănătatea ei începe să se deterioreze și ceea ce începe ca o banală durere de dinți se dezvoltă ca o durere puternică în întregul ei corp. În punctul culminant al piesei, după un șir lung de argumente non sequitur (care sunt folosite frecvent în piesele lui Ionesco), profesorul o înjunghie mortal pe elevă (aceasta fiind a 40-a victimă a sa).  Piesa se încheie cu servitoarea care salută o nouă elevă, o viitoare victimă, cercul fiind complet.

Personaje
 Eleva
 Profesorul
  Marie, Servitoarea Profesorului
 O altă elevă

Adaptări
1961 Die Unterrichtsstunde, film german, regia Sylvain Dhomme, cu Krista Keller, Robert Freitag, Therese Giehse
1963 Lektionen, film danez, cu Josette Amiel, Tsilla Chelton, Flemming Flindt
1966 The Lesson, episoade în serialul american New York Television Theatre, regia Glenn Jordan, cu Penny Fuller, Fred Gwynne, Elsa Raven
1968 Lecția este prima piesă de teatru a lui Ionescu care a fost montată la Teatrul Național Radiofonic. A fost radiodifuzată prima dată la 19 martie 1968. Regia Lucian Giurchescu, traducere Elena Vianu, cu actorii Octavian Cotescu, Rodica Tapalagă și Dodi Caian.

Traduceri în limba română
 în Teatru, Vol. I, Editura pentru literatură universală, 1968
 în Cântăreața cheală, Vol. I,  Ediția a II-a, Editura Minerva, 1970

Vezi și
 Listă de piese de teatru românești
 Listă de piese de teatru franceze

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 http://www.tnb.ro/ro/lectia
 http://www.tnrs.ro/spectacole/lectia

Piese de teatru franceze
Eugen Ionescu
Teatru absurd
Piese de teatru într-un singur act

Lecția


Lady Iris Mountbatten ( - ) est une actrice et mannequin anglaise et membre de la famille Battenberg / Mountbatten. Elle est la plus jeune arrière-petite-fille de la reine Victoria. Elle est également une nièce de la reine Victoria Eugénie d'Espagne.

Famille et jeunesse
Lady Iris Mountbatten est née au palais de Kensington, à Londres, le 13 janvier 1920, fille unique d'Alexander Mountbatten,  marquis de Carisbrooke, aîné de trois fils et d'une fille de la princesse Beatrice et d'Henri de Battenberg . Sa mère, la marquise de Carisbrooke est née Lady Irene Frances Adza Denison (4 juillet 1890 - 16 juillet 1956), fille unique de William Francis Henry Denison,  comte de Londesborough et Lady Grace Adelaide Fane (3 octobre 1860 - 13 juin 1933), fille de Francis Fane (12e comte de Westmorland).

La seule sœur de Lord Carisbrooke, Victoire-Eugénie de Battenberg, est la reine consort du roi Alphonse XIII d'Espagne, faisant ainsi de Lady Iris une cousine germaine de l'infant Juan, comte de Barcelone, grand-père de l'actuel roi Felipe VI. Lady Carisbrooke a deux frères dont un seul, Hugo William Cecil Denison,  et dernier comte de Londesborough, est marié. Lui et sa femme ont un enfant, la seule cousine germaine maternelle d'Iris, Lady Zinnia Rosemary Denison (25 novembre 1937 - 13 juillet 1997), passionnée d'équitation et maître de la Whaddon Chase Hunt 1982–84. 'The Lady Zinnia Judd Challenge Trophy' nommé en sa mémoire, est présenté dans le championnat Hunter pour le 'Best Hunter in Show' au .

Le 29 novembre 1934, Iris est demoiselle d'honneur au mariage de ses cousins, la princesse Marina de Grèce et du Danemark et le prince George, duc de Kent. Le 4 septembre 1935, à l'église St. Oswald, Blankney, Lincolnshire, elle est demoiselle d'honneur au mariage de son oncle Lord Londesborough avec Marigold Rosemary Joyce Lubbock (15 mai 1903 - 15 mai 1976). Le 12 mai 1937, lors de leur couronnement, Iris est l'une des six porteurs de traine de la reine Elizabeth, épouse de son cousin le roi George VI .

Elle assiste à une variété d'événements royaux et aristocratiques dans sa jeunesse, étant une débutante bien connue et très photographiée. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale elle travaille comme aide-soignante, puis déménage aux États-Unis, où elle enseigne la danse . Elle devient actrice et mannequin, apparaissant comme hôtesse pour une émission télévisée en direct pour enfants Versatile Varieties (CBS Television, 1951), qui met en vedette les actrices Eva Marie Saint et Edie Adams . Elle est également apparue approuvant Pond's Creams  et Warrens Mint Cocktail Gum.

Mariages
Lady Iris se marie trois fois. Le 29 janvier 1941, Lady Iris reçoit l'autorisation du roi George VI pour épouser le capitaine (plus tard major) Hamilton Joseph Keyes O'Malley (après des fiancailles officiellement annoncées dans le Times le 18 janvier 1941). Ils se marient le 15 février 1941 (en privé, pour satisfaire la foi du marié) à l'église St Paul's RC, Haywards Heath, Sussex de l'Ouest, mais se marient ensuite dans les rites de l'Église d'Angleterre à la paroisse St. Mary's CE à Balcombe, Sussex de l'Ouest. Ils divorcent le 24 septembre 1946. Lady Iris revient officiellement à son nom de jeune fille de Mountbatten le 7 janvier 1949. Ils n'ont pas d'enfants.

Le 5 mai 1957, à Pound Ridge, New York, elle épouse Michael Neely Bryan (9 août 1916 - 20 août 1972), fils de James R. Bryan et Laura A. Neely, un musicien de jazz américain. Ils divorcent quelques mois plus tard, en 1957. Lady Iris a un enfant, Robin Alexander Bryan (né en 1957), de son deuxième mariage.

Le 11 décembre 1965, elle épouse William Alexander Kemp (10 juillet 1921 - 12 décembre 1991), fils de Clarence Arthur Kemp et Helen Janet Ballantyne, acteur et présentateur canadien .

Lady Iris est décédée le  septembre 1982 à l'hôpital Wellesley, Toronto, Ontario, Canada  d'une tumeur au cerveau. Ses cendres sont transportées sur l'île de Wight pour être enterrées dans la chapelle Battenberg, à l'église St. Mildred, Whippingham.

Références

Liens externes

Décès en septembre 1982
Naissance en janvier 1920
Naissance à Kensington
Décès à Toronto
Maison de Battenberg
Décès à 62 ans

Iris Mountbatten


Des vertus et des vices (en grec ancien : Περὶ Ἀρετῶν καὶ Κακιῶν) est une œuvre philosophique attribuée à Aristote avec incertitude.

Présentation générale
Le Des vertus et des vices est un traité de philosophie morale. Il est attribué à Aristote, bien que cela fasse débat parmi les spécialistes. Certains soutiennent que le traité est trop différent, dans les concepts qu'il met en avant, des précédents traités moraux de l'auteur, et qu'il serait donc apocryphe. Le texte montre qu'il aurait pu être écrit à la fin de l'ère hellénistique, ou au début de l'ère impériale. Arthur Schopenhauer, dans son Essai sur la liberté de la volonté, tient l'ouvrage pour authentique.

Le traité est parfois considéré comme une bonne porte d'entrée vers la philosophie morale aristotélicienne, car il est court et résume en partie sa pensée.

Résumé

Chapitre I : Division générale des vertus et des vices
Aristote soutient pour commencer que , mais que . Les vertus sont, parmi les belles choses, les plus éminentes. Les vices sont les choses les plus vilaines.

Aristote revient sur la tripartition de l'âme que Platon a proposé pour adjoindre à chaque partie de l'âme des vertus et des vices.

Chapitre II : La prudence, la douceur, le courage, ...
La prudence est l'élément nécessaire du bonheur de l'homme. La douceur et le courage permettent de ne pas se laisser entraîner par la colère et de ne pas se laisser émouvoir. La tempérance .

Aristote définit la justice comme . Il définit également la magnanimité, qui est .

Chapitre III : L'imprudence, l'irascibilité, la lâcheté...
Le Stagirite s'attarde sur les vices. La déraison est la cause des malheurs des hommes. L'irascibilité est le fait pour l'homme de se livrer à sa colère, et est ainsi contraire à la tempérance. La lâcheté, elle, .

Chapitre IV : Des caractères propres et des conséquences de chacune des vertus
La prudence (phronesis) consiste à , et ainsi de savoir distinguer, dans le cours de la vie, . La mémoire et l'expérience . Le courage permet , ainsi que .

Chapitre V : Suite
L'auteur revient notamment sur la tempérance, qui permet à chacun d'être toujours maître de soi, de . La justice consiste à .

La grandeur d'âme, enfin, exige de supporter la bonne et la mauvaise fortune, mais aussi de ne pas se perdre ans le luxe et le faste. Il s'agit donc .

Chapitre VI : Des caractères propres et des conséquences des différents vices
La déraison a pour caractère propre de permettre de mal juger les choses, de mal réfléchir, mais aussi de . La déraison a généralement pour compagnes l'inexpérience, l'ignorance, l'absence de mémoire.

Chapitre VII : Suite
Le philosophe se penche ici sur l'injustice et ses espèces, à savoir l'impiété, l'avidité sans bornes, et l'insolence.

Chapitre VIII : Caractères généraux et conséquences de la vertu et du vice
Le chapitre VIII conclut le traité. Aristote soutient que . A l'image de Platon, Aristote écrit qu'.

Notes et références

Œuvre de philosophie morale
Œuvre d'Aristote

Des vertus et des vices


Josip Juranović (Zagreb, 16. kolovoza 1995.) hrvatski je nogometaš i reprezentativac koji igra na poziciji desnog braniča. Trenutačno igra za Union Berlin.

Klupska karijera
Rođen u Zagrebu, Juranović je prošao kroz redove trećeligaša NK Dubrave, uz dvomjesečni boravak na obližnjoj akademiji NK Croatia Sesvete. Debitirajući za seniore u Trećoj HNL u sezoni 2012./13., prvi je put pozornost na sebe skrenuo pobjedom u hrvatskom izdanju "Nike Chance" natjecanja za amaterske igrače početkom 2014. godine, stekavši pravo natjecanja za mjesto u ekipi "Nike Academy". Njegovi klupski nastupi i dalje su bili zapaženi, a neki mediji su ga proglasili i najboljim igračem jesenskog dijela 3. HNL – Zapad 2014./15., što je privuklo pozornost splitskog Hajduka.

Nakon što je početkom 2015. potpisao troipogodišnji ugovor s Hajdukom, u početku se pridružio njihovoj trećeligaškoj B momčadi, ali ga je u prvu momčad u travnju 2015. preselio novi trener kluba Goran Vučević i omogućio mu njegov prvoligaški debi u domaćem porazu od 1:2 od HNK Rijeke.

U lipnju 2018. Juranović je izabran u najbolju momčad Prve HNL za sezonu 2017./18.

Reprezentativna karijera
Zlatko Dalić 6. rujna 2019. aktivirao je Juranovićev pretpoziv za hrvatsku nogometnu reprezentaciju u kvalifikacijskim utakmicama za EURO 2020. protiv Slovačke i Azerbajdžana, nakon ozljede Tina Jedvaja.

Dana 9. studenoga 2022. izbornik Zlatko Dalić uvrstio je Juranovića na popis igrača za Svjetsko prvenstvo 2022.

Osobni život
Juranović dolazi iz zagrebačkog kvarta Dubrave. Oba njegova brata, Dragan i Mihael, također su nogometaši.

Priznanja

Individualna
Član momčadi sezone 1. HNL: 2017./18.
Član momčadi sezone škotskog Premiershipa prema PFA Scotlandu: 2021./22.

Klupska
Legia Varšava
Ekstraklasa: 2020./21.

Celtic
Škotski Premiership: 2021./22.
Škotski Liga kup: 2021./22.

Reprezentativna
Hrvatska
 Svjetsko prvenstvo: 2022. (3. mjesto)
 UEFA Liga nacija (2. mjesto): 2022./23.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil, Transfermarkt

Hrvatski nogometaši
Hrvatski nogometni reprezentativci
Nogometaši Hajduka
Nogometaši varšavske Legije
Nogometaši Celtica
Aktivni nogometaši

Josip Juranović


Cupressus is one of several genera of evergreen conifers within the family Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress; for the others, see cypress. It is considered a polyphyletic group. Based on genetic and morphological analysis, the genus Cupressus is found in the subfamily Cupressoideae.  The common name "cypress" comes via the Old French cipres from the Latin cyparissus,  which is the latinisation of the Greek κυπάρισσος (kypárissos).

Description
Cypress are evergreen trees or large shrubs, growing to 5–40 m tall. The leaves are scale-like, 2–6 mm long, arranged in opposite decussate pairs, and persist for three to five years. On young plants up to two years old, the leaves are needle-like and 5–15 mm long. The cones are 8–40 mm long, globose or ovoid with four to 14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; they are mature in 18–24 months from pollination. The seeds are small, 4–7 mm long, with two narrow wings, one along each side of the seed.

Many of the species are adapted to forest fires, holding their seeds for many years in closed cones until the parent trees are killed by a fire; the seeds are then released to colonise the bare, burnt ground. In other species, the cones open at maturity to release the seeds.

Distribution
As currently treated, these cypresses are native to scattered localities in mainly warm temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, including western North America, Central America, northwest Africa, the Middle East, the Himalayas, southern China and northern Vietnam. As with other conifers, extensive cultivation has led to a wide variety of forms, sizes and colours, that are grown in parks and gardens throughout the world.

Cultivation
Many species of cypress are grown as decorative trees in parks and, in Asia, around temples; in some areas, the native distribution is hard to discern due to extensive cultivation. A few species are grown for their timber, which can be very durable. The fast-growing hybrid Leyland cypress (Cupressus × leylandii), much used in gardens, draws one of its parents from this genus (Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey cypress); the other parent, Callitropsis nootkatensis (Nootka cypress), is also sometimes classified in this genus, or else in the separate genus Xanthocyparis, but in the past more usually in Chamaecyparis.

Cultural references
It was believed in the Hellenic culture that the cypress tree was sacred to the gods and it is now used as an emblem of grief.
The name of the genus comes from Cyparissos,  a young man loved by Apollo, very attached to a deer which he ended up killing by mistake during a hunting trip. To ease the pain Apollo transformed the boy into a plant.
The association with mourning continued in Roman times, up to the present day, also for a practical reason: the roots of the cypress are straight into the ground, and expand slightly laterally, not damaging the burials.

Taxonomy
There has long been significant uncertainty about the New World members of Cupressus, with several studies recovering them as forming a distinct clade from the Old World members. A 2021 molecular study found Cupressus to be the sister genus to Juniperus, whereas the western members (classified in Callitropsis and Hesperocyparis) were found to be sister to Xanthocyparis.

Phylogeny

Species
The number of species recognised within this genus varies sharply, from 16 to 25 or more according to the authority followed, because most populations are small and isolated, and whether they should be accorded specific, subspecific or varietal rank is difficult to ascertain. Current tendencies are to reduce the number of recognised species; when a narrow species concept is adopted, the varieties indented in the list below may also be accepted as distinct species. See also the New World species (below) for a likely split in the genus in the future.

Old World species
The Old World cypresses tend to have cones with more scales (8–14 scales, rarely 6 in C. funebris), each scale with a short broad ridge, not a spike. C. sempervirens is the type species of the genus, defining the name Cupressus. They are more closely related to Juniperus than to the New World species, with the exception of the Vietnamese golden cypress, which is more closely related to New World species.

New World species
The New World cypresses tend to have cones with fewer scales (4-8 scales, rarely more in C. macrocarpa), each scale with an often prominent narrow spike. Recent genetic evidence shows they are less closely related to the Old World cypresses than previously thought, being more closely related to Xanthocyparis than to the rest of Cupressus. These species have recently been transferred to Hesperocyparis and Callitropsis. New World species are found in marginal habitats with xeric soils, and therefore exhibit a fragmented allopatric pattern of distribution. This type of distribution results in disproportionate local abundance with most species restricted to small neighboring populations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Cone
! Name
! Common Name
! Distribution
|-
|
|
|Cupressus abramsiana (Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana; Callitropsis abramsiana;)
|Santa Cruz cypress
| Santa Cruz Mountains of Santa Cruz and San Mateo Counties in west-central California
|-
|
|
|Cupressus arizonica (Callitropsis arizonica)
|Arizona cypress
| southwestern United States (Arizona, Utah, southwestern New Mexico, and southern California, with a few populations in southern Nevada and in the Chisos Mountains of western Texas), and in Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Chihuahua, Sonora, Durango, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas and northern Baja California).
|-
|
|
|Cupressus bakeri (Callitropsis bakeri)
|Modoc cypress
| northern California and extreme southwestern Oregon
|-
|
|
|Cupressus forbesii (Callitropsis forbesii)
|Tecate cypress
| Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County and in San Diego County within Southern California, and in northern Baja California state of Mexico.
|-
|
|
|Cupressus glabra (Callitropsis glabra)
|smooth Arizona cypress
|  Sedona, Arizona
|-
|
|
|Cupressus goveniana (Callitropsis goveniana)
|Gowen cypress, Californian cypress
|  Monterey County, California
|-
|
|
|Cupressus guadalupensis (Callitropsis guadalupensis )
|Guadalupe cypress
|  Mexico, found only on Guadalupe Island
|-
|
|
|Cupressus lusitanica (Callitropsis lusitanica )
|Mexican cypress
|   Mexico and Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras)
|-
|
|
|Cupressus macnabiana (Callitropsis macnabiana )
|Macnab cypress
| northern California
|-
|
|
|Cupressus macrocarpa (Callitropsis macrocarpa )
|Monterey cypress
| Cypress Point in Pebble Beach and at Point Lobos near Carmel, California
|-
|
|
|Cupressus nevadensis (Callitropsis nevadensis )
|Piute cypress
|  Southern Sierra Nevada, within Kern County, California and Tulare County.
|-
|
|
|Cupressus nootkatensis (syn: Xanthocyparis nootkatensis)
|Nootka cypress
| Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
|-
|
|
|Cupressus pigmaea (Cupressus goveniana var. pigmaea; Callitropsis pigmaea )
|Mendocino cypress
|  Mendocino and Sonoma Counties in northwestern California
|-
|
|
|Cupressus revealiana
|El Rincon cypress
| Baja California in northwestern Mexico
|-
|
|
|Cupressus sargentii (Callitropsis sargentii)
|Sargent cypress
| Mendocino County southwards to Santa Barbara County California
|-
|
|
|Cupressus stephensonii (Callitropsis stephensonii )
|Cuyamaca cypress
|  San Diego County California
|-
|}

Allergenic potential
All plants in the genus Cupressus, including New World Cupressus (now Callitropsis), are extremely allergenic, and have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10. In warm, Mediterranean climates, these plants release large quantities of pollen for approximately seven months each year.

References

Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. .
Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany'' 87: 1044–1057. Available online .

Conifer genera

Cupressus


Stephan Götzl (* 3. Februar 1960 in Kemnath) ist ein deutscher Manager.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur 1979 in Nürnberg absolvierte Götzl bis 1981 eine kaufmännische Lehre bei der Siemens AG und schloss daran von 1981 bis 1987 ein wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen an.
Anschließend war er in führenden Funktionen bei Siemens und der Kienbaum Unternehmensberatung tätig, bevor Götzl von 1991 bis 1992 zum Staatssekretär für Umwelt und Gesundheit in Rheinland-Pfalz ernannt wurde. 1992 kehrte er zu Siemens zurück und wechselte 1996 als Geschäftsführer zur Pfleiderer Infrastrukturtechnik GmbH & Co. KG.

1999 begann seine Verbandstätigkeit mit der Ernennung zum Hauptgeschäftsführer der Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft sowie des Verbands der Bayerischen Metall- und Elektro-Industrie. Im Jahr 2000 übernahm er das Amt des Hauptgeschäftsführers des Bayerischen Unternehmensverbands Metall und Elektro.
2002 wurde Götzl zum Präsidialmitglied der Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft ernannt. Von 2005 bis 2015 war er Vorstandsvorsitzender und Verbandspräsident des Genossenschaftsverbands Bayern (GVB).

Götzl war Mitglied im Hochschulrat der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Vizepräsident des Wirtschaftsbeirats Bayern und war 2011 als Nachfolger für Georg Fahrenschon im Amt des bayerischen Finanzministers im Gespräch.

Ab Juli 2010 war Götzl Mitglied im Vorstand der Gesellschaft der Freunde von Bayreuth.

Im Juli 2013 verglich Götzl einen Gesetzentwurf der EU-Kommission, nach dem zahlungsunfähige Banken europaweit unter anderem mit Hilfe eines von allen Banken getragenen Fonds gestützt werden und die Kommission bei der Entscheidung über die Schließung das letzte Wort hat, mit Adolf Hitlers Ermächtigungsgesetz.

Götzl ist seit 1982 Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung K.D.St.V. Ostmark Nürnberg im CV.

Am 26. Mai 2015 wurde bekannt, dass gegen Götzl wegen des Verdachts auf Untreue ermittelt wird. Er soll private Rechnungen aus der Kasse des Verbandes bezahlt haben. Die Funktion als Vorstandsvorsitzender des GVB nahm Götzl vorübergehend nicht mehr wahr. Am 23. Juni 2015 gab der GVB bekannt, dass man die Zusammenarbeit beenden werde. Weitere Details ließ der Verband nicht verlauten, auch nicht, ob Götzl eine Abfindung erhalten wird. 2017 erließ das Amtsgericht München gegen ihn einen Strafbefehl wegen Untreue.

Auszeichnungen
 2008: Ehrendoktorwürde der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Passau
 2008: Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande
 2011: Honorarprofessor der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen
 2013: Bayerischer Verdienstorden

Einzelnachweise

Manager
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Träger des Bayerischen Verdienstordens
Ehrendoktor der Universität Passau
Korporierter im CV
Deutscher
Geboren 1960
Mann

Stephan Götzl


Simon Marc Amstell (nacido el 29 de noviembre de 1979, Gants Hill, al noreste de Londres) es un comediante nominado al BAFTA, presentador de televisión, guionista y actor británico, conocido por sus papeles como coanfitrión de Popworld, ex anfitrión de Never Mind the Buzzcocks y coescritor y estrella de Grandma's House.

Biografía
Amstell nació en el este de Londres en 1979 y fue criado en Gants Hill, Londres en una familia judía. Su primera aparición en televisión fue en 1993 cuando apareció como un concursante en GamesMaster. También apareció en Good Morning with Anne and Nick haciendo una impresión de Dame Edna Everage, y en un episodio de 1994, Family Catchphrase.

La cultura en la cual fue criado (judaísmo) y su sexualidad (es abiertamente gay) figuran de vez en cuando en su trabajo.

Escritura y actuación
Amstell coescribió un episodio del drama Skins en 2007, titulado "Maxxie and Anwar."
En 2009, encargó una serie de seis capítulos titulada Grandma's Hosue de Tiger Aspect Productions, escrita y actuada por Amstell, coescrita pro Dan Swimer. La filmación comenzó en febrero de 2010 y la difusión se inició en agosto de 2010.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de Londres
Escritores gais
Actores gais
Comediantes judíos
Escritores judíos
Judíos de Inglaterra
Personas LGBT de Inglaterra
Artistas de comedia en vivo

Simon Amstell


Die Sri-lankische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1988 war die 36. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Sri Lanka.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
 http://www.srilankabadminton.lk/pdf/past_winners.pdf

1988
Badminton 1988