In some militaries, foot guards are senior infantry regiments. Foot guards are commonly responsible for guarding royal families or other state leaders, and they also often perform ceremonial duties accordingly, but at the same time are combat soldiers.

Foot Guards by country

Canada

Two regiments of foot guards exist in the Canadian Army's Primary Reserve, the Governor General's Foot Guards (GGFG) and the Canadian Grenadier Guards (CGG). The two foot guards, along with the Governor General's Horse Guards, form Canada's Household Division. Although the GGFG has its buttons in pairs, compared to the single buttons of the CGG, it is the more senior regiment. The paired buttons on the GGFG's scarlet tunic is a result of its historical alliance to the British Coldstream Guards, whose tunics are styled similarly.

The Canadian Guards was another regiment of foot guards from the Canadian Army's Regular Force, although it was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle in 1970. Its colours are deposited at Rideau Hall should it be desired to stand up the regiment again.

The Royal Regiment of Canada, despite being a line infantry regiment, wears foot guards full-dress uniform. This is in token of the alliance its predecessor The Royal Grenadiers had with the Grenadier Guards. The full-dress uniform has a scarlet-over-white plume, and buttons are worn singly in like manner.

Denmark
The foot guards of Denmark consists of the Royal Life Guards (Den Kongelige Livgarde). It is primarily a mechanized infantry regiment in the Danish Army, with the Guard Company of the regiment performing guard/ceremonial public duties for the Danish monarchy. They provide a permanent guard at the Amalienborg Palace, as well as mount at guard at Fredensborg Palace, Marselisborg Palace, Gråsten Palace, and Christiansborg Palace on occasion.

The regiment is currently composed of 4 active duty units:

  1st Battalion
  2nd Battalion
  Guard Company
  Royal Life Guard Music Band

Finland

The Guard Jaeger Regiment (Finnish: Kaartin Jääkärirykmentti, Swedish: Gardesjägarregementet) is a Finnish Army unit located in Santahamina, an island district of Helsinki. The regiment trains Guard jaegers for fighting in an urban environment. The Nyland Guard Battalion's two Military Police companies of the Guard Jaeger Regiment provide the ceremonial guard of honour for the President of Finland.

France
The first infantry regiment of the Republican Guard is responsible for protecting the President of France and for ceremonial duties. Other historical French foot guard regiments include:
 Garde du Corps (1419–1791; 1815–1830)
 Gardes Françaises (1563–1789)
 Swiss Guards (1616–1792)
 Imperial Guard (1804–1815)
 Old Guard
 Middle Guard
 Young Guard
 Imperial Guard Corps (1854–1870)

Germany

The Wachbataillon perform ceremonial guard duty for various branches of the German government. It is currently the largest battalion in the Bundeswehr, having up to 1,000 soldiers based in Berlin.
The battalion follows the tradition of the 1. Foot Guard Regiment (1. Garde-Rgt. z.F.).

India
The President's Bodyguard regiment of the Indian Army the Republican Guard responsible for protecting the President of India on ceremonial occasions.

Italy

The foot guards functions in the Italian Army are held by the Granatieri di Sardegna Brigade, direct heir of the original Guards' Regiment founded on April 18, 1659. The brigade's two regiments of guards infantry have a highly distinguished combat history and are still employed both in ceremonial and combat roles. The 3rd regiment serves as combat support.

The Carabinieri (the militarised gendarmerie-type law enforcement agency of Italy) also fields a ceremonial guards unit – the Reggimento Corazzieri ("Cuirassiers Regiment"), based in Rome, which carries its ceremonial role both on foot and on horseback at the Quirinal Palace – the official residence of the President of Italy. It is more compatible to a dragoons regiment while being more of a cuirassier unit due to its uniform.

Russia
Russia's Presidential Regiment (also known as the Kremlin Regiment), although not a part of the Russian Armed Forces but part of the Russian Federal Protective Service, which directly reports to the President of Russia, is the elite unit that provides the guard of honor at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Moscow's Alexander Garden and is tasked with the protection of the President, his family and the Kremlin complex. When in the Kremlin itself (at Cathedral Square) or at Red Square, during important occasions and weekends, it maintains certain traditions of the Russian Imperial Guard through its uniforms and rifle and cavalry drills during the weekly Changing of the Guard ceremony together with the regimental band, Infantry units and the Cavalry Escort Squadron. The regiment, since the mid-2010s, has also provided sentries at the Spasskaya Tower entrance facing Red Square. In the future, the regiment will be reinforced by the Semyonovsky Regiment (reestablished in 2013), which falls under the Armed Forces and is currently the sole independent regiment of infantry in the Russian Ground Forces. The 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, being a part of the Armed Forces, thus only performs honor guard duties only during state visits to Russia, wreath laying ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the major parades in Moscow (May 9 and November 7, respectively), as well as in major anniversary parades all over Russia if needed.

Spain

Spain's  is one of the oldest bodyguard units in the world. On top of protecting the king and deploying overseas, they also perform ceremonial duties. The regiment primarily provide protection to members of Spanish royal family, as well as royal households such as the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Palace of El Pardo and the Palace of Zarzuela. Its origins come from the , which is the oldest royal bodyguard unit on the European continent. Its organizational structure is based around five battalion-sized units including the High Command Group, Escorts Group, Honors Group, Logistics Group, and the Musical Unit of the Spanish Royal Guard

The Royal Guard Honors Group is the principal foot guards unit of the Armed Forces, which provides ceremonial and actual security to the royal family. Permanently garrisoned in Madrid, the capital city, the battalion-sized formation is organized into:

Group HQ
Army Company ""
1st Platoon
2nd Platoon
3rd Platoon
Drill Team Platoon
Navy and Marine Composite Company ""
1st Platoon
2nd Platoon
3rd Platoon
Air Force Squadron ""
1st Flight
2nd Flight
3rd Flight
 Mountaineering Group
 Royal Guard Diving Unit

The other foot guards regiment of the armed forces is the Spanish Army's Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 stationed in the Army Headquarters, Buenavista Palace, Madrid. It is one of the oldest standing guards units in the world, raised by King Ferdinand III of Castile in 1248. Traditionally, as the regiment is linked to the Spanish royal family and to the sovereign in his/her duty as Captain General and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, all the princes of Asturias since 1862 are enrolled as honorary soldiers in the 1st Guards Company.  The duty of Foot Guards is the responsibility of the Honor Guard Battalion "Old Guard of Castille", which is part of the regiment and organized into:

 Battalion HQ
 1st Guards Company
 2nd Guards Company
 Artillery Honors Section
 Battalion Corps of Drums
 Drum and Bugle Section
 Fife and Drum section

Sweden

The Royal Guards is responsible for protection of the Swedish Royal Family. They are made up of the Life Guards. The Royal Guard has been responsible for providing security to Stockholm Palace since 1523. It is the primary honour guard detail for the king as well as an emergency unit for the capital. The guard is split up into two sections, the guard  at Stockholm Palace, and a smaller detachment stationed at Drottningholm Palace. The Royal Guards are most visible at state arrival ceremonies for visiting heads of state visiting Sweden, where it mounts the guard of honour. It performs the changing of the guard ceremony at the Outer Courtyard of the palace, drawing approximately 800,000 tourists per year. The foot guards component is made up of three foot guards companies that fall under the King's Guards Battalion, all performing public duties alongside their combat and security roles. In addition, the 12th Motorized Infantry Battalion (raised 2016) is also designated foot guards, but only performs combat operations.

Ukraine
The Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky Independent Presidential Brigade is a special military unit of Ukrainian Armed Forces which is mandated to defend the President of Ukraine in his duty as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, the First Family, and the presidential residences and facilities assigned to the presidential office. With its Honor Guard Battalion providing ceremonial guard duty for official events.

The brigade was raised in 1992 as a National Guard infantry regiment and was transferred to the AFU in 2000.

United Kingdom

The Foot Guards are the Regular Infantry regiments of the Household Division of the British Army. There have been six active regiments of foot guards and one reserve regiment, five of which still exist. The Royal Guards Reserve Regiment was a reserve formation of the Household Brigade in existence from 1900 to 1901. The Machine Gun Guards, which was formed during the First World War, was disbanded in 1920.

Grenadier Guards
Coldstream Guards
Scots Guards
Irish Guards
Welsh Guards
London Guards (reserve)
Guards Machine Gun Regiment (disbanded)
Royal Guards Reserve Regiment (disbanded)

While these regiments have other distinguishing features, a simple method of distinguishing members of the different Guards units by their appearance is by the spacing of buttons on the tunic.  The ascending number of buttons also indicates the order in which the regiments were formed, although the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards, an ancestor of the Grenadier Guards, is younger than the regiment that now takes the name of the Coldstream Guards, the oldest continuously serving regiment in the regular British Army (there are older regiments in the Army Reserve). There are various other distinguishing features of the uniforms of the regiments, such as the colour of the plume, which side it is worn on the bearskin, the collar badge and the shoulder badge. When all five regiments parade together, they are in the order of Grenadier Guards on the right flank, then Scots Guards, Welsh Guards, Irish Guards and Coldstream Guards on the left flank. This is because although the Coldstream are ranked second in seniority, their motto is "Nulli Secundus" ('Second to None').

The five regiments of Foot Guards, lined up as they parade:

Units of the Foot Guards

Grenadier Guards
1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards
Nijmegen Company, Grenadier Guards
Ypres Company, Grenadier Guards, Kingston upon Thames
Coldstream Guards
1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
No. 7 Company, Coldstream Guards
No. 17 Company, Coldstream Guards, Hammersmith
Scots Guards
1st Battalion, Scots Guards
F Company, Scots Guards
G (Messines) Company, Scots Guards, Westminster
Irish Guards
1st Battalion, Irish Guards
No. 9 Company, Irish Guards
 No. 12 Company, Irish Guards
No. 15 (Loos) Company, Irish Guards, Camberwell
Welsh Guards
1st Battalion, Welsh Guards

The first four regiments each have separate incremental companies, which keep custody of the colours and maintain the customs and traditions of the currently dormant 2nd Battalions. These companies perform ceremonial and security duties in London.

One battalion is appointed for public duties, along with the incremental companies, it provides the King's Guard, the Tower of London Guard and the Windsor Castle Guard. The Guards Battalions on Public Duties are located in barracks close to Buckingham Palace for them to be able to reach the Palace very quickly in an emergency. The independent incremental companies of the Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards and Scots Guards are permanently based at Wellington Barracks, Westminster, which is located just 300 yards from Buckingham Palace. A battalion is based at Victoria Barracks, Windsor, a quarter of a mile south of the Castle.

The Guards Division received a new battalion following the restructuring of the army in 2004, when the London Regiment became the first reserve army unit in this division. The regiment was subsequently disbanded, and its personnel moved to reserve companies of the four senior foot guards regiments.

The Royal Guards Reserve Regiment was in existence during the Second Boer War from 1900 to 1901.  The Guards Machine Gun Regiment was raised for service during the First World War. Initially, each brigade of the Guards Division had a machine gun company attached. In 1917, these companies were regimented to form a battalion. Further battalions (the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions) were formed by conversion of the Household Cavalry regiments. King George V ordered that the regiment be classified as the Sixth Regiment of Foot Guards, or Machine Gun Guards. However, it was disbanded in 1920.

Before the Second World War, Guards recruits were required to be at least  tall. They initially enlisted for seven years with the colours and a further five years with the reserve or four years and eight years. They trained at the Guards' Depot in Caterham, Surrey.

United States
The United States has ceremonial units for each of the six branches of the Armed Forces with one unit serving two branches. They form honor guards for the President, foreign heads of state, and other military and civilian dignitaries. They form the core military element of state-level ceremonies including the Inauguration of the President and state funerals. The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment, also known as "The Old Guard", is the Army's escort/ceremonial guard to the President, and their units include the Tomb Guards for the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington national cemetery.

The State Defense Force of Connecticut has a battalion of the Governor's Foot Guard, a part-time unit that provides ceremonial functions organized into two guards infantry companies. It consists of four different units of an organized militia in the Connecticut State Militia, two of which are foot guards and the other two being horse guard units.

The Royal Guards of Hawaii is a ceremonial foot guard unit of the Hawaii Air National Guard which acts as the honour guard for the Governor of Hawaii. It re-enacts 19th century royal bodyguards of King Kalakaua in the Kingdom of Hawaii. Their uniform includes a pith Helmet, and white dress pants. When on parade, the 50-member royal guard carries the Springfield 45-70 rifle.

The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment, inheritor of the traditions and lineage of the legendary 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, is a foot guards regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard that serves as the official ceremonial guards of honor for the Governor of Massachusetts.

Other nations
Many other nations have regiments of foot guards in their armies, as the term 'guards' is an honorific to distinguish elite soldiers. Most monarchies have at least one regiment of guards, part of whose duties is to guard the Royal Family.The same goes for most republics; for instance:
 the Počasno-zaštitna bojna (Honor Guard Battalion), the elite ceremonial unit of Croatian Armed Forces.
 the Presidential Guard, formerly known as Palace and then Royal Guard, is the guard unit for the President of Greece and provide an honor guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
 The Presidential Security Group of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine National Police, the Philippine Coast Guard and the Bureau of Fire Protection is the combined escort and security brigade for the President of the Philippines and wear on ceremony and parade the rayadillo uniforms of the Philippine Army during the Philippine Revolution, adapted for the unit due to its importance, with the dress being dark blue instead of light blue. This unique formation is the only one of its kind, with its members coming from the armed and police services, the coast guard and the fire services.
 Brazil has the Presidential Guard Battalion in Brasília, as the primary foot guards unit of the Brazilian Army, tasked with the protection of the President of Brazil and his residence, the National Congress of Brazil, and all other government buildings in the Brazilian Federal District. It has the lineage of the Imperial Guards Battalion formed by Emperor Dom Pedro I in 1822 and as such wears its uniform in all ceremonies.
 Brazil also has the 1st Foot Guards Battalion within the Eastern Military Command, and Foot Guards companies in the other military regions within the Brazilian Army. Their role is the defense of military installations and to reinforce the Army Police during contingencies and major events.
 The 37th Infantry Presidential Guard Battalion is the primary guards unit of the National Army of Colombia and as such is the unit mandated for the security of the President of Colombia, the House of Narino, the presidential palace, and all other important government buildings in Bogota, the capital city.
 The Presidential Honor Guard is Venezuela's guard unit, but its sports a cavalry styled uniform, as the Brigade carries the traditions of Simon Bolivar's Hussar Guards Troop, part of a larger guard formation raised in the midst of the Venezuelan War of Independence in 1815. As it reports directly to the President of Venezuela, and to the Ministry of Defense, it is a separate service branch of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela.
 Bolivia's guard unit is the Bolivian Colorados Regiment of the Bolivian Army.
 In Poland, honor guards duties are performed by the 1st Guards Battalion, Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and during state visits at the Presidential Palace, Warsaw.
 The President's Own Guard Regiment (POGR) is foot guard regiment in the Ghana Army which serves as a light infantry unit and a Guard of honour for the President of Ghana.
 The President's Guard of the Sri Lanka Army served as a foot guard unit until 2015.

Other countries that have Guards Units
 Russia and Belarus, as well as the former Soviet Union republics in the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Baltic (except Lithuania) have Guards units in their own respective armed forces units. A historical extension of the Russian Imperial Guard, these Guards units represent the elite troops of these nations and in the Russian and Belarusian units, remind everyone of these units' contribution to the Second World War and the war's Allied victory in the eastern parts of Europe and eastern Asia.
 Romania's guard unit is the 30th Guards Brigade "Michael the Brave" of the Romanian Land Forces Logistics Command.
 Bulgaria's guard formation is the National Guard Unit. According to the country's Armed Forces Law it forms an integral part of the Armed Forces of Bulgaria, but is outside Defence Staff subordination and falls under the direct authority of the Ministry of Defense. It is a regimental equivalent, but with units at reduced strength. The National Guards Unit is based in the capital Sofia, numbers up to 1 000 officers, NCOs, guardsmen and civilian staff and has its own band. The National Guard Unit's sole function is purely ceremonial and according to the Constitution of Bulgaria it is a symbol of the Bulgarian State, next to the national flag, coat of arms and the national anthem. Throughout most of the time of its existence during the monarchy the Bulgarian Guard has been a cavalry unit, which is the reason why today's infantry ceremonial unit sports a cavalry style uniform, but nowadays, like cavalry dragoons of the past, carry only rifles (SKS, the color guard included) while only the officers carry sabres.
 The Guard's Brigade is the security unit is the Nigerian Army.
 Serbia has the Serbian Guards Unit headquartered in Belgrade and serves as the guards unit of the Serbian Armed Forces. Being a full-time regiment it serves as the honor guard to the President of Serbia and comes under the command of the Serbian General Staff.
 Turkey has the Presidential Guard Regiment stationed in Çankaya Köşkü, the official residence of the President of the Republic of Turkey. Unlike the rest of Turkish Armed Forces, especially the Turkish Land Forces, they wear Blue-White Ceremonial Dress Uniforms full-time and serve as an honorific unit to the President of Turkey, with TLF personnel forming the majority of serving personnel.
 The National Ceremonial Guard in South Africa performs honor guard duties as part of the South African National Defence Force to the President of South Africa.
 The Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers & Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene are the two foot guard regiments in the Netherlands.
 The foot guards of Norway consists of the Hans Majestet Kongens Garde (lit., His Majesty The King's Guard; the Royal Guards).

Guards Bands
The unit military bands of these guards hold senior positions within the armed forces of their home country. These bands, often internationally known informally as Guards Bands have included the following:

The Guards Brass Band (Bulgaria)
Kaartin Soittokunta (Finland)
Band of the Guards Brigade (Nigeria)
Band of the Brigade of The Guards Training Centre (India)
Bands of the Household Division (UK)

See also

 Guard Mounting
 Household Cavalry (Horse Guards)
 King's Guard
 Household Division

Footnotes

External links

British and Commonwealth
 Grenadier Guards
 Coldstream Guards
 Scots Guards
 Irish Guards
 Welsh Guards
 Governor General's Foot Guards
 The Canadian Grenadier Guards
 Federation Guard
 Brigade of the Guards

Other nations
 Den Kongelige Livgarde
 Högvakten
 Hans Majestet Kongens Garde
 and  – Governor's Guards

Guards regiments
Infantry

Foot guards


Les personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles et transgenres (LGBT) en Somalie font face à des difficultés légales que ne connaissent pas les résidents non-LGBT.

Législation sur l'homosexualité
Les « activités homosexuelles » sont passibles de la peine de mort.

Reconnaissance légale des couples homosexuels

Adoption homoparentale

Tableau récapitulatif

Références

Annexes

Article connexe
 Droit somalien

Liens externes

LGBT
Somalie
LGBT en Somalie

Droits LGBT en Somalie


Constancio (s. VI) fue un eclesiástico hispano, obispo católico de Oporto.

Biografía
La única noticia conocida sobre su persona es su asistencia al concilio de Toledo del año 589, en cuyas actas consta su firma.  Por el orden que esta ocupa entre las de los demás prelados asistentes, que firmaban por orden de antigüedad, se supone que fue consagrado a principios de la década de 580. La diócesis de Oporto era sufragánea de la de Braga, encabezada por el metropolitano Pantardo, y ambas se encontraban en el reino suevo, en aquella época bajo el reinado de Miro. Constancio fue el primer obispo en titularse "portucalense", pues en el concilio de Braga del 572 su antecesor Viator firmaba como "magnetense".

En el año 585 el rey visigodo Leovigildo conquistó el reino suevo y tras anexionarlo al reino visigodo decretó el destierro para todos los obispos católicos que se negaran a convertirse al arrianismo; Constancio debió salir de su diócesis, que fue ocupada por el arriano Argiovito, hasta que al año siguiente Leovigildo murió, y su hijo Recaredo restableció el catolicismo, restituyendo en sus sedes a los obispos desterrados por su padre.

Constancio y Argiovito tomaron parte en el III Concilio de Toledo celebrado el año 589; el segundo abjuró de su fe arriana para abrazar el catolicismo y a partir de ese momento ambos prelados convivieron en la sede, aunque se supone que si bien ambos mantenían el título episcopal, sólo el primero tenía la jurisdicción eclesiástica.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Obispos de Oporto
Obispos del siglo VI

Constancio de Oporto


An Pothos oxyphyllus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel. An Pothos oxyphyllus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pothos, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pothos

Pothos oxyphyllus


In the Catholic Church, the Council of Siena (1423–1424) marked a somewhat inconclusive stage in the Conciliar movement that was attempting reforms in the Church. If it had continued, it would have qualified as an ecumenical council. In the official List of ecumenical councils, the Council of Siena is no longer listed, as the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy.

History
According to the terms of the Council of Constance calling for periodic ecumenical councils to discuss church policies, Pope Martin V convened a council at Pavia, which was hardly inaugurated on 23 April 1423, when plague broke out at Pavia and the council was hastily adjourned to Siena.

At Siena, the procedure of the Council followed that established at Constance.  Right at the start, certain formalities of the safe conducts issued by the city for the members of the Council were the cause of jurisdictional friction with papal prerogatives. Attendance to the Council was sparse, specially for high ranking prelates from transalpine regions; at the opening session of November 6, the Council only counted with two cardinals and twenty-five mitred prelates (bishops), as representatives of the higher clergy. Nevertheless, on the eighth of November four decrees were published, all of them directed against easy targets: against the followers of the heretical reformers, Jan Hus, recently burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance despite a promise of safe conduct, and against the English followers of John Wycliffe, who claimed that the highest authority was the Bible; against the followers of the schismatic Antipope Benedict XIII; a decree postponing the negotiations with the Greeks and other Eastern Orthodox churches (which were later worked into acceptable compromises in the long working sessions of the Council of Florence, 1438 to 1445); and a decree advising greater vigilance against heresy, the easiest target of all.

The formal proceedings of the council were held in the Cathedral of Siena, while the sessions that did not require a liturgical celebration were held in its sacristy.

Proposals for genuine institutional reform within the Catholic Church hung fire ominously. French proposals for more local control ("Gallican" proposals, generally speaking) produced resistance from the loyalists of the Papal Curia.  Nothing was accomplished at Siena in that area.

On 19 February 1424, Basel was selected as the place of the next Council and the Council dissolved itself the following day (the decree published 7 March).  The French members would have preferred to continue the Council until a thorough reform of the church had been accomplished, both "in capite et in membris" ("in its head and its members"), but whether in order to avoid a new schism, or whether on account of fear of the Pope (since Siena in southern Tuscany was near the Papal States), they departed. The selection of the venue for the next council, far from the armed temporal authority of the Papacy, is significant.

The magistrates of Siena took care not to let anyone depart until he had paid his debts.

References

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia, "Siena"

Further reading
 Walter Brandmüller, Das Konzil von Pavia-Siena 1423–1424, Paderborn: Verlag Schöningh, 2002.

1420s
Siena
Siena
1423 in Europe
1424 in Europe
Pavia
15th century in the Republic of Siena

Council of Siena


Ölümün Tam Zamanı (orijinal adı: The Mysterious Mr. Quin), Agatha Christie tarafından yazılmış 12 bölümlük hikâyeler derlemesidir.

Agatha Christie romanları
Polisiye romanlar
Hikâye kitapları
1930 romanları
İngilizce romanlar

Ölümün Tam Zamanı


Never more roman je hrvatskoga književnika Ranka Marinkovića.

Povijest
Roman je objavljen 1993. godine u Zagrebu u nakladi Izdanja Antibarbarus. Drugo izdanje objavljeno je 2008. godine u nakladi Školske knjige kao drugi svezak Sabranih djela Ranka Marinkovića. Godine 1994. roman je osvojio Nagradu Ivan Goran Kovačić.

Sadržaj

Glavni lik romana je Mateo Bartol Svilić, otočanin, student povijesti u Zagrebu u razdoblju neposredno prije početka Drugog svjetskog rata. Stanuje i prijateljuje sa svojim zemljakom, propalim studentom Longinom. Zaljubljuje se u Itu, čiji je brat Mateo pripadnik ilegalne organizacije. Njega vlast uhićuje i pogubljuje, kao i Itu.

Počinje rat i Bartol se odlučuje vratiti u rodno mjesto jer smatra da će tako izbjeći mobilizaciju i upletenost u trenutna društvena zbivanja. Tijekom putovanja vlakom do obale susreće bivšeg žandara Marka "Bezuhova", koji tijekom putovanja biva uhićen od nove vlasti. Bartol uspijeva doći do otoka, ali shvaća da su društvena zbivanja od kojih pokušava pobjeći i ovdje prisutna, čak i u njegovoj obitelji. Longo također pokušava izbjeći vlastima i glumi luđaka, ali biva zatvoren.

Bartola, unatoč njegovim pokušajima da ostane neupadljiv pokret otpora novoj vlasti pokušava vrbovati preko svog pripadnika Maće. Bartol se tome pokušava othrvati, ali i Maća i on u tom sukobu smrtno stradavaju.

Svi likovi u romanu tjeskobni su i zabrinuti jer se osjećaju uhvaćenima društenim zbivanjima koja ih uništavaju, a ne vide izlaz. Naslov romana je stih pjesme Edgara Allana Poea Gavran. Podnaslovom djela roman fuga Marinković pokušava reći kako je Bartolov život, ali i život svakoga čovjeka poput fuge, glazbenog oblika u kojem se neprestano ponavljaju isti motivi i iz kojeg je bijeg nemoguć. Odabirom vremena radnje romana autor također pokušava pobjeći iz svakodnevice u kojoj živi, kao što i samim stvaranjem pokušava izbjeći vlastito nestajanje.

Izvori
 Ranko Marinkvić, Never more : roman fuga, Izdanja Antibarbarus, Zagreb, 1993. (277 str.), ISBN 9536160056
 Ranko Marinkvić, Never more : roman fuga (Sabrana djela Ranka Marinkovića, sv. 2), Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2008. (328 str.), ISBN 9789530607279
 Pavao Pavličić, Fuga ili bijeg, Dani Hvarskoga kazališta 36/2010.

Hrvatska književnost
Knjige

Never more


An Sesleria in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Sesleria in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sesleria

Sesleria


Das Droher Holz ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Gemeinde Wrestedt in der Samtgemeinde Aue im Landkreis Uelzen.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG LÜ 143 ist 18 Hektar groß. Es liegt nordöstlich von Wieren am Rande der Niederung der Esterau und stellt ein von Ackerflächen umgebenes Waldgebiet unter Schutz. Das Waldgebiet wird von naturnahen Eichen-Hainbuchenwald mit Rotbuche und gut ausgeprägter Strauchschicht geprägt. In Niederungsnähe kommen auch Erle und Esche vor. Im Waldgebiet sind verhältnismäßig viele alte Bäume und dickstämmiges Totholz zu finden.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 16. Mai 1986 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Uelzen.

Weblinks

NABU Uelzen Droher Holz

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Uelzen
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Waldschutzgebiet in Niedersachsen
Geographie (Wrestedt)
Waldgebiet in Europa

Droher Holz


Træk vejret er en propagandafilm instrueret af Theodor Christensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Realoptagelser og tegnefilm forklarer lungernes funktion og fortæller om de følger tobaksrygning, infektioner og indånding af forurenet luft kan have, samt om hvordan man kan beskytte lungerne mod disse farer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1958

Propagandafilm fra Danmark

Træk vejret


An Cryptocoryne wendtii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni De Wit. An Cryptocoryne wendtii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptocoryne, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cryptocoryne

Cryptocoryne wendtii


The Battle of Landeshut was an engagement fought on 23 June 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War).

A Prussian army of 12,000 men under General Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué fought an Austrian army of over 28,000 men under Ernst Gideon von Laudon and suffered a defeat, with its commander wounded and taken prisoner. The Prussians lost 10,242 men including 1,927 killed along with 8,315 prisoners as well as 68 guns captured. The Austrians lost 774 killed and 2,195 wounded. The Prussians fought with resolution, surrendering after running out of ammunition.

References

External links
 Bitwa pod Kamienną Górą (1760 r.) - Schlacht bei Landeshut na portalu polska-org.pl

Bibliography
 Szabo, Franz A.J. The Seven Years War in Europe, 1757-1763. Pearson, 2008.

Battle of Landeshut (1760)
Battles of the Seven Years' War
Battles involving Prussia
Battles involving Austria
1760 in the Habsburg monarchy
Battles of the Silesian Wars

Battle of Landeshut (1760)


Fata din Far-West este un film românesc din 1970 regizat de Olimp Vărășteanu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1970 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1970
Filme de animație

Fata din Far-West


A title sequence (also called an opening sequence or intro) is the method by which films or television programmes present their title and key production and cast members, utilizing conceptual visuals and sound (often an opening theme song with visuals, akin to a brief music video). It typically includes (or begins) the text of the opening credits, and helps establish the setting and tone of the program. It may consist of live action, animation, music, still images, and/or graphics. In some films, the title sequence is preceded by a cold open.

History

Since the invention of the cinematograph, simple title cards were used to begin and end silent film presentations in order to identify both the film and the production company involved, and to act as a signal to viewers that the film had started and then finished. In silent cinema, title cards or intertitles were used throughout to convey dialogue and plot, and it is in some of these early short films that we see the first examples of title sequences themselves, being quite literally a series of title cards shown at the beginning of a film. With the arrival of sound, the sequence was usually accompanied by a musical prelude or overture.

Slowly, title sequences evolved to become more elaborate pieces of film. The advent of television was a pivotal moment for title design because it forced the major film studios to invest in making cinema more attractive in order to win back a diminishing audience. The "cast of thousands" epics shot on various patent widescreen formats were a direct response to television's successful invasion of the leisure marketplace. Part of cinema's new prestigious and expansive quality were orchestral overtures before the curtains opened and long title sequences — all designed to convey a sense of gravitas it was hoped television would be unable to compete with. As cinema's title sequences grew longer and more elaborate, the involvement of prominent graphic designers including Saul Bass and Maurice Binder became more common. The title sequence for Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest is generally cited as the first to feature extended use of kinetic typography. This innovation, in turn, influenced the 1960s television predilection for title design, resulting in the creation of strong graphics-led sequences for many television shows. Since then, the mediums of film and television have engaged in a kind of push and pull behavior, inspiring and spurring each other in different directions.

There have been several such pivotal moments in title design history. The introduction of digital technologies in the late 1980s and early 1990s to film and television changed both industries, and accordingly the 1990s saw a resurgence in title design. Ironically, a key sequence in this resurgence was the main title to David Fincher's Se7en, designed by Kyle Cooper while at R/GA, which was created using primarily analogue means. The title opticals for Se7en were created by Cinema Research Corporation, the leading title company in the 1990s. Soon thereafter, television followed suit and networks like HBO began to develop more cinematic experiences for television, including more elaborate and considered title sequences. For example, when The Sopranos first aired in 1999, it was only the second hour-long television drama that HBO had ever produced. Its title sequence "helped lend the show a credibility and gravitas normally reserved for cinema, giving it a stronger foothold in the mind and memory of the audience."

As of the beginning of the 21st century, title sequences can be found bookending a variety of media besides film and television including video games, conferences, and even music videos.

Films
Some films have employed unusual and fairly elaborate title sequences since the late 1910s; in America this practice became more common in the 1930s. In the 1936 film Show Boat, cut-out figures on a revolving turntable carried overhead banners which displayed the opening credits. This opening sequence was designed by John Harkrider, who created the costumes for the original 1927 Broadway production of the musical.

In several films, the opening credits have appeared against a background of (sometimes moving) clouds. These include The Wizard of Oz (1939), Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), the David Lean Oliver Twist (1948), and the 1961 King of Kings.

In 1947, the Technicolor film Sinbad the Sailor, the letters of the opening credits seem to form from colored water gushing into a fountain.

Film titles and credits usually appear in written form, but occasionally they are spoken instead. The first example of this in American cinema was The Terror (1928). There are also a few cases in which titles and credits are sung, including the musicals Sweet Rosie O'Grady (1943) and Meet Me After the Show (1951).

Since the late 1950s, film title sequences have been a showcase for contemporary design and illustration. The title sequences of Saul Bass and Maurice Binder are among the best examples of this. They also inspired many imitators both in cinema and on television.

In the 1959 film Ben-Hur, the opening credits were set against the background of the "Creation of Man" in Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling. As the credits progressed, the camera slowly zoomed in on the Hand of God outstretched toward Adam.

In 1976, Saul Bass designed a title sequence for That's Entertainment, Part II in which he paid homage to a range of title sequences from earlier Hollywood films and replicated several novelty title sequences from the 1930s including Maytime (1937).

Kyle Cooper's title sequence for David Fincher's Seven (1995) influenced a whole host of designers in the late 1990s. Its aesthetic has "been co-opted almost wholesale by the horror genre as a house style".

Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet (1996) actually has no opening title sequence. The only credits seen at the beginning are the name of the production company, Shakespeare's name, and the title of the film. However, the title is shown by means of the camera slowly panning across the base of the statue of the dead king Hamlet, whose ghost will appear in three scenes of the film, and who will play a crucial role in the story.

Television

Title sequences for television series have routinely played a central role in establishing the show's identity. Repeated at the beginning of every new and rebroadcast episode, usually with limited changes over the course of the series' run, they can become highly memorable. Theme music played during the sequence may be remembered clearly by viewers decades later.

Title sequences can take a variety of forms, incorporating different elements. A song may summarize the backstory or premise of the series, such as for The Brady Bunch, The Beverly Hillbillies, or Mister Ed. Less commonly, a voice-over may serve the same function, as for Star Trek, Quantum Leap, or The Twilight Zone. Often a song will more generally set the theme of the series, such as for WKRP in Cincinnati, Cheers, or All in the Family. An instrumental piece may be used the same way, as for Taxi, The Bob Newhart Show, or Dallas. A title sequence will at some point badge the show with a typographic logo. Visuals may be used to quickly present the backstory, as in I Dream of Jeannie or Gilligan's Island. Because it is produced at the outset of a series, the sequence will usually include visuals taken from early episodes already shot when it was prepared. Short clips of key characters may be used to introduce them and to credit the actors playing them, as with The Love Boat. In and around these elements may be other footage depicting the setting, or examples of scenes common to the show (e.g. car chases for a police drama, household activities for a sitcom, singing and dancing for a variety show).

Although a title sequence may be modified during a series to update cast changes or incorporate new "highlight" shots from later episodes, it will tend to remain largely the same for an entire season. Some shows have had several quite different title sequences and theme music throughout their runs, while in contrast some ever-popular shows have retained their original title sequences for decades with only minor alterations. Conversely, retaining a series' original title sequence can allow a producer to change many key elements within a programme itself, without losing the show's on-screen identity. Other variations include changing only the theme music whilst keeping the visuals or vice versa.

Some series make minor changes to the title sequence of each episode, such as superimposing a different episode title on each one. Others make minor alterations to the content of the sequence itself, to keep them from being completely repetitive each episode and to reward attentive viewers. For example, The Rockford Files would feature a different message left on the title character's answering machine, and The Simpsons features several unique elements in the title sequence of each episode (e.g. the couch gag).

In anime series, opening and ending title sequences have evolved into a distinct art form in their own right: due to the running length of a half-hour block of programming on Japanese television providing more time for the actual episode as opposed to commercials, an episode is able to budget one-and-one-half minutes each for an OP opening sequence) and ED (ending sequence). These will invariably feature pieces of vocal music, sometimes sung by members of the voice cast for the program, and will have unique animation that thematically serves to open and close the episode; often, guest animators will be brought in to direct and provide key animation for these sequences. The OP credits will usually include director, producer, animation director, studio, music, and OP animation credits: detailed staff and voice cast is almost always reserved for the ED. In anime produced primarily for an audience of young children, karaoke lyrics to the song will sometimes be provided at the bottom of the opening and ending sequences. For further information on anime openings, see Music in Japanese animation.

Television specials, especially of classic works, sometimes contain unusual opening credit sequences. In the title sequence of Mikhail Baryshnikov's 1977 version of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker, for example, we see closeups, freeze-frame and slow-motion shots of Baryshnikov and female lead Gelsey Kirkland "warming up" for the ballet. When the actual title appears on the screen we see Baryshnikov in his nutcracker costume and mask leaping into the air in slow motion and freeze frame. The "Overture Miniature" is heard during the opening credits.

In contemporary television news a title sequence can be changed every day, by including footage of that day's news with a presenter's voice "teasing" the items. This ensures that the title sequence appears fresh but still identifies the news program by its music and visual style.

In 2010, TV Guide published a list of American TV's top 10 credits sequences, as selected by readers. The series, in order of first to tenth, were: The Simpsons, Get Smart, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the original Hawaii Five-O, True Blood, The Big Bang Theory, Dexter, The Brady Bunch, Mad Men, and The Sopranos.

Video games

The animated introduction, attract mode, title screen, and title sequence have been a major part of video games for decades. However, it is only recently that game title sequences have been able to match the quality and fidelity of film and television titles.

Deus Ex: Human Revolution by Eidos Montréal and The Last of Us by Naughty Dog are two recent examples of Triple-A games that have employed film-style opening title sequences. Professor Layton and the Lost Future had the title following some gameplay setting up the story.

See also
 Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)
 Billing (filmmaking)
 Character generator
 Cinema Research Corporation
 Closing credits
 Credit (creative arts)
 Digital on-screen graphic (BUG)
 Lower third
 Montage (filmmaking)
 Opening credits
 Production logo
 Theme music
 WGA screenwriting credit system

References

External links
 Art of the Title – A compendium and leading web resource of film and television title design from around the world
 Forget the Film, Watch the Titles – A collection of title sequences and interviews with their creators
 Detailed dissection of the title sequence for Space: 1999
 Real "Ends" Final
 Original Doctor Who opening credits
 The Morrison Studio – Title sequence company, led by Richard Morrison and Dean Wares

Film and television opening sequences
Articles containing video clips
Film and video terminology
Television terminology

Title sequence


Fritz Vahrenholt (, Gelsenkirchen-Buer) es un industrial de la energía, político, y químico alemán.

Biografía
Vahrenholt sirvió como Umweltsenator (senador para el ambiente) en Hamburgo, de 1991 a 1997. En 1998 ingresó a la industria enerética, y hasta 2001 estuvo en el Directorio de la Deutsche Shell AG, una subsidiaria de Shell. En 2001, asume el puesto de CEO de la compañía de turbinas eólicas REpower Systems AG, permaneciedno allí hasta 2007. De febrero de 2008 es CEO de la Cía. de energía eléctrica RWE, subsidiaria de la RWE Innogy, puesto que mantiene hasta mediados del 2012. El Prof. Dr. Varenholt posee un doctorado en química por la Universidad de Münster. En 1999, fue hecho Profesor Honorario de química en la Universidad de Hamburgo.

Escepticismo acerca del Calentamiento Global antropogénico
Vahrenholt es escéptico acerca del calentamiento global inducido por humanos. En 2012, Vahrenholt en conjunto con el geólogo Sebastian Lüning publicaron Die kalte Sonne: warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet (El Sol Frío: ¿Por qué no sucede una Crisis del Clima?), un libro que asevera que los cambios climáticos son conducidos por variaciones en la actividad solar. Ellos están prediciendo que la Tierra está entrando en una fase de enfriamiento debido a los ciclos solares periódicos, llegando a una disminución de 0,2 - 0,3 °C hacia 2035. Varhenholt es también profesor invitado de la organización climática escéptica Europäisches Institut für Klima und Energie (EIKE)

Otros honores
Miembro de
 supervisory board Aurubis AG , Hamburgo
 supervisory board Mateco AG, Stuttgart
 Gerente supervisory board Rheinkraftwerk Albbruck-Dogern AG, Laufenburg
 board del New York Green Exchange
 "Körber-Stiftung", Hamburgo
 e Senado "Frauenhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V."
 advisory committee "Wildtier Stiftung"
 supervisory board "Putz & Partner Unternehmensberatungs AG", Hamburgo

Otras publicaciones
 Entwicklung eines SCF-Störungsverfahrens zur Behandlung von Geometrieänderungen in Molekülen. Dissertation. Universität Münster, 1974
 con Detlev Albers, Christoph Butterwegge. Perspektiven der Jungsozialisten nach dem 2. Münchener Bundeskongreß: Sonderdr. aus "Blatter fur dt. u. internat. Politik", v. 4. Editor Pahl-Rugenstein, 1974, 20 p.
 con Egmont R. Koch. Seveso ist überall. Die tödlichen Risiken der Chemie. Mit einem Vorwort von Erhard Eppler. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Colonia 1978, ISBN 3-462-01290-8; Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt 1980, ISBN 3-596-23804-8
 con Egmont R. Koch. Die Lage der Nation. Umwelt-Atlas der Bundesrepublik. Daten, Analysen, Konsequenzen. Gruner & Jahr, Hamburgo 1983, ISBN 3-570-03870-X
 con Rainer Grießhammer & Frank Claus. Formaldehyd. Eine Nation wird geleimt. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1984, ISBN 3-499-15543-5
 Konzepte und Methoden der Sonderabfallbeseitigung: Protokoll des Wiesbadener Sonderabfall. Seminarios del 23.6.1984. Editor Die Grünen im Hessischen Landtag, 1984, 35 p.
 (ed.) Tempo 100. Soforthilfe für den Wald? Rowohlt, Reinbek 1984, ISBN 3-499-33058-X
 Globale Marktpotentiale für erneuerbare Energien. Deutsche Shell AG, Hamburgo 1998
 Die Zeit des billigen Öls ist vorbei. Endliche Ressourcen erfordern neuen Energiemix. In: Internationale Politik. 56 (1), 2001, p. 11–16
 Erneuerbare Energien: Strategische Entwicklung eines neuen Kerngeschäfts. En: Klaus Fichter & Uwe Schneidewind (eds.) Umweltschutz im globalen Wettbewerb. Neue Spielregeln für das grenzenlose Unternehmen. Springer, Berlín [u.a.] 2000, ISBN 3-540-67468-3, p. 223–228
 Profite und Prinzipien. En: Thomas Bausch, Annette Kleinfeld & Horst Steinmann (eds.) Unternehmensethik in der Wirtschaftspraxis. Hampp, München/Mering 2000, ISBN 3-87988-458-7, p. 33ff.
 con Sebastian Lüning: Die kalte Sonne. Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburgo 2012, ISBN 3-455-50250-4, 416 p.

Véase también
 Controversia sobre el calentamiento global
 Científicos opuestos a las aseveraciones sobre calentamiento global
 Una verdad incómoda

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Políticos de Alemania
Ingenieros industriales de Alemania
Climatólogos de Alemania
Escépticos ambientales
Profesores de la Universidad de Hamburgo

Fritz Vahrenholt


Ultimatumul lui Bourne (titlu original: The Bourne Ultimatum) este un film american din 2007 regizat de Paul Greengrass. Este vag bazat pe  romanul omonim scris de Robert Ludlum. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Matt Damon ca Bourneși Julia Stiles ca Nicolette Parsons.

Ultimatumul lui Bourne este al treilea film din seria de filme Bourne, fiind precedat de The Bourne Identity (2002) și The Bourne Supremacy (2004). Al patrulea film, The Bourne Legacy, a fost lansat în august 2012, fără Matt Damon, iar al cincilea film (o continuare directă a 'Ultimatumului lui Bourne), Jason Bourne, a fost lansată în iulie 2016.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Matt Damon - Jason Bourne/David Webb
 Julia Stiles - Nicolette "Nicky" Parsons
 David Strathairn - Noah Vosen
 Scott Glenn - Ezra Kramer, Director CIA.
 Paddy Considine - Simon Ross, reporter The Guardian
 Édgar Ramírez - Paz,  asasin Blackbriar.
 Albert Finney - Dr. Albert Hirsch, psiholog
 Joan Allen - Pamela "Pam" Landy,
 Daniel Brühl - Martin Kreutz, fratele Mariei

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme de acțiune din 2007
Listă de filme produse de Universal Pictures
Listă de filme thriller din anii 2000

Filme din 2007
Filme americane
Filme germane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Paul Greengrass
Filme cu spioni
Filme Ludlum Entertainment
Filme Universal Pictures
Jason Bourne
Filme bazate pe opera lui Robert Ludlum
Filme thriller din anii 2000
Filme de acțiune din anii 2000
Scenarii de Tony Gilroy

Ultimatumul lui Bourne (film)


Niall Ferguson (født 18. april 1964 i Glasgow) er tidligere professor ved Harvard University, en skotsk historiker og forfatter, som i 1997 udgav Virtual History. En kontrafaktisk historisk bog, som kendetegner begyndelsen på den seriøse kontrafaktiske historiske genre.

Han er kendt for sine provokerende udtalelser indenfor økonomi- og finansielle emner. Han har haft tv-progammer på bl.a. Channel 4 og skrevet klummer i Time Magazine og Newsweek.

Personer fra Glasgow
Historikere fra Skotland

Niall Ferguson


Carnot çevrimi, Sadi Carnot tarafından 1820'lerde ortaya konmuş özel bir termodinamik çevrimdir ve Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron tarafından 1830 ve 1840'lı yıllarda geliştirilmiştir.

Her termodinamik sistem özel bir durum içinde varolmuştur. Sistem, farklı durumları sırası ile takip ediyor ve en sonunda önceki haline geri dönüyorsa termodinamik bir çevrim oluşur. Bu çevrim boyunca işlem içinde, sistem çevresine iş yapabilir, bu yolla bir ısı makinesi olarak rol oynayabilir.

Bir ısı makinesi enerjinin sıcak bölgeden, soğuk bölgeye aktarılmasını sağlar, bu işlem içinde enerjinin bir kısmı mekanik işe dönüşür. Çevrim tersinirdir (yani tersine de gerçekleşebilir). Sistem bir dış kuvvet ile çalışabilir ve işlem içinde soğuk sistemden, sıcak sisteme ısı aktarılabilir, bu şekilde bir ısı makinesinden çok bir soğutucu olarak çalışır.

Carnot çevrimi, termodinamik çevrimin özel bir tipidir. Özeldir çünkü, verilen ısı enerjisinin işe çevrilme miktarı ya da tersi için (verilen işin soğutma amaçları için kullanımı) mümkün olan en verimli çevrimdir.

Carnot çevrimi ısı makinesi olarak şu adımları takip eder :

 TH sıcaklığındaki ''sıcak'' gazın tersinir izotermal genişlemesi (İzotermal ısı ilavesi): Bu adım esnasında, genişleyen (hacmi artan) gaz pistonun iş yapmasına neden olur. Gaz genişlemesi, yüksek sıcaklıktan ısının emilmesi ile ilerler. (A-B arası)
 Gazın tersinir adyabatik genişlemesi: Bu adımda piston ve silindirin ısıl olarak yalıtılmış olduğu kabul edilir, bu nedenle ısı kaybı yoktur. Gaz genişlemeye ve iş yapmaya devam eder. Gaz genişleme nedeni ile TC sıcaklığına soğur. (B-C arası)
 TC sıcaklığındaki ''soğuk'' gazın tersinir izotermal sıkıştırılması (İzotermal ısı atılması): Bu anda çevresine iş vermiş durumdaki gaz, düşük sıcaklığa doğru ısı çıkışına neden olur. (C-D arası)
 Gazın tersinir adyabatik olarak sıkıştırılması:Yine piston ve silindir ısıl olarak yalıtılmış kabul edilir. Bu adımda yapılan iş gaz üzerinde sıkıştırılmaya ve sıcaklığının TH sıcaklığına yükselmesine sebep olur. Bu noktada gaz ilk basamaktaki başlangıç haline dönmüştür. (D-A arası)

Carnot çevriminin mümkün olan en verimli çevrim olmasının sebebi, tamamen tersinir adımlardan oluşmasıdır. Adımların hiçbirinde, aralarında sıcaklık farkı bulunan iki sistem arasında ısı alış-verişi gerçekleşmez. Dolayısıyla, toplamdaki entropi değişimi sıfırdır.

Termodinamik çevrimler
Otomobil teknolojisinin temel ilkeleri
Fizik terimleri

Carnot çevrimi


Verpoorten GmbH & Co. KG Alman likör üreticisi. Eugen Verpoorten tarafından 1876 yılında Heinsberg'de temeli atılmıştır. 1952'de firmanın merkezi Bonn kentine nakledilmiştir. Beş kuşaktır Verpoorten ailesi tarafından yönetilen firma, yumurta likörü olarak bilinen likör türü üzerinde uzmanlaşmıştır. Yaklaşık 100 kişinin çalıştığı firmanın tesislerinde günde 130.000 şişenin dolumu yapılmakta ve toplam 30 ülkeye ihracat gerçekleştirilmektedir. Ciro, firmanın açıklamasına göre 50 milyon Euro dolayındadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 verpoorten.de - Offizielle Website von Verpoorten.

Bonn merkezli şirketler
Nordstadt-Bonn
Alman mutfağındaki içecekler
Damıtılmış içkiler
1876'da Avrupa'da kurulan oluşumlar

Verpoorten


Jizan Region also spelled Jazan () is the second smallest (after Al Bahah) region of Saudi Arabia.  It stretches  along the southern Red Sea coast, just north of Yemen. It covers an area of 11,671 km2 and had a population of 1,404,997 at the 2022 census. The region has the highest population density in the Kingdom. The capital is the city of Jazan; Prince Muhammad bin Nasser has been the Governor since April 2001.

The region includes over 100 islands in the Red Sea. Jazan Economic City is a mega project that is planned to boost the economy of the region and make it part of the Saudi economic growth. The Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia's first conservation protected area, is home to migratory birds from Europe in winter.

Geography
The region divides into three parts.
 The Al-Sarawat mountains inland, which rise to about 3,000 metres.
 The Alhazoun forest district consists of forest broken by some areas of rich pasture.
 The plains are noted for the production of coffee beans, cereal grain crops (barley, millet and wheat) and fruit (apples, bananas, grapes, mangoes, papayas, plums and citrus varieties).

Though the climate on the highlands is similar to the relatively wetter climate of 'Asir, the coastal regions of Jizan province are part of Tihamah, probably the hottest place in the country, with mean maximum temperatures ranging from 40 °C (104 °F) in July to 31 °C (88 °F) in January. High humidity from coastal lagoons makes the climate even less bearable than it would be otherwise. Rainfall is extremely low at less than 75 millimetres (3 inches) per year.
Sabya is located in the center between the mountain and the beach.

Population

Sub-divisions

The region is now sub-divided into 17 governorates (following the creation of the governorates of At-Tuwal from part of Samtah, Fayfa from part of Jizan, and Harub from part of Al-Aydabi) as follows:

Ethnography

The Arabic language is spoken by over 90% of the inhabitants. Parts of Jizan was claimed to be part of Yemen by many Yemen. It was annexed by Saudi Arabia during the Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) and Imam Yahya suspended Yemen's claim to the region in the treaty of Taif. Though many Yemenis continued to claim Jizan until the issue was settled formally and finally in the Saudi-Yemeni border agreement of 2000.

Environmental projects

In 2019, the Saudi Government allocated $213 million to implement water and environmental projects in the region. Such projects include, installing a sewage treatment line, sewage network, sewage connections for households, and a station for pumping.

Mass shootings of Ethiopian refugees
Since 2014, refugees have been killed after crossing the Saudi border by the Saudi Border Guard. Since 2023, at least several hundred Ethiopian refugees have been killed at the border between Yemen and the provinces Jazan, Asir and Najran. The Saudis also used explosive weapons.

References

Further reading
 S.I. Bruk, Narody Peredney Azii (1960).
 S.I. Bruk, and V. S. Apenchenko, Atlas Narodov Mira (Moscow: Academy of Science, 1964).
 A. Gabriel, Religionsgeographie von Persien (Vienna, 1971).

External links

 Official website
 A travel through the province of Jizan, Splendid Arabia: A travel site with photos and routes

Provinces of Saudi Arabia

Jazan Province


«المطاردة»  هي الحلقة الثالثة والعشرون من المسلسل التلفزيوني الأمريكي بريزون بريك وهي أول حلقة في الموسم الثاني منه. بُثّت الحلقة لأول مرة في 21 أغسطس 2006. كتبها منشئ المسلسل بول شويرينغ، وأخرجها مخرج الحلقة الأخيرة من الموسم الأول «الطيران» كيفين هوكس. انضم إلى طاقم الممثلين ويليام فيشتنر الذي تمثل شخصيته دور تعقب الهاربين من إصلاحية نهر فوكس. أيضا هذه هي الحلقة الوحيدة التي يشار إليه باسم بيل فيشتنر. مثّل دور تيرينس ستيدمان (أخو كارولين رينولدز) جيف بيري بدلا من جون بيلينغسلي.

يشير اسم الحلقة إلى الأحداث التي تمت في هذه الحلقة وطوال الموسم الثاني: مطاردة الهاربين الثمانية في كافة أنحاء ولاية إلينوي، التي سرعان ما تحولت إلى مطاردة في كافة أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. في هذه الحلقة لم يظهر اثنان من الممثلين الرئيسيين وهو بول ادلستين (الذي لعب دور يول كيليرمان) ومارشال ألمان (الذي لعب دور إل جي بوروز). أيضا لم يظهر اثنان من الهاربين الثمانية وهما توينر (الذي مثله لين غاريسون على الرغم من أنهما ظهرا في استرجاع للقطات ماضية في بداية الحلقة.

القصة
بعد ثمان ساعات من الهرب، استطاع مايكل ولينكون وجون وسي-نوت وفرناندو أخيرا النجاة من القائد بيليك وفريقه بسبب قطار شحن طويل تمكنوا من العبور من خلاله قبل أن يتمكن فريق بيليك منهم. في هذه الأثناء، انتدب عميل المباحث الفيدرالية ألسكندر ماهون لقيادة حملة بحث في كل أرجاء البلاد للبحث عن الهاربين، الأمر الذي جعل الإفلات صعبا ولاسيما بعد أن خرج ماهون في مؤتمر صحفي وطلب من جميع من يشاهد التلفاز أن يجد «ثمانية نهر فوكس». قام ماهون أيضا بجمع كل ما يملك من معلومات عن سكوفيلد. يجد صياد الهاربين الثمانية فيهددهم بالسلاح، إلا أن جون يمسك ابنته كرهينة، ويأمر الصياد بأن يلقي بسلاحه، وأن يعطي مايكل مفاتيح سيارته. يركب الخمسة السيارة ويتجهون إلى غرفة تخزين جهّز فيها مايكل بعض الأغراض.

في هذه الأثناء يستخدم ماهون وبيليك فواتير بطاقة ائتمان مايكل ليجدا أنه اشترى غرفة تخزين في أوسويغو، فيصلان إليها في وقتين مختلفين. يتضح أنها كانت حيلة من مايكل. يذهب مايكل إلى غرفة تخزين في إحدى المقابر ويحفر بجوار قبر «أي تشانس وودز». في هذه الأثناء كان العميل ماهون قد اكتشف معنى عبارة («مرقد تشانس وودز»)  على وشم مايكل ووصل بعد لحظات من فرار الخمسة بعد أن استخرجوا ملابسًا جديدة ولبسوها. يأخذ لينكون حقيبة مايكل ليجد أنه زوّر جوازين لهما. استطاع الخمسة الفرار إلى أوسويغو سرا، غير أن العميل ماهون تتبعهم.

في مكان آخر وجد تي-باغ عيادة بيطرية، فأجبر طبيبها على ربط يده اليسرى بدون استخدام مخدر. تعافت الدكتورة سارا تانكريدي من آثار المخدرات، واستجوبتها المباحث الفيدرالية وأخبرتها أن 8 سجناء هربوا. بعد أن زارتها الممرضة كايتي لتعطيها حقيبتها، وجدت سارا فيها أوريغامي على شكل بطة في داخلها رسالة تقول «يوجد خطة لجعل كل ذلك صحيحا»، وبجانبها كود من النقاط. اكتشفت فيرونيكا سرا آخرا عن ترينس ستيدمان: أنه محبوس -لكن إلى حد ما بإرادته- داخل مبنى يمكن فتح بابه من الخارج فقط ونوافذه مضادة للرصاص. تتلقى فيرونيكا مكالمة هاتفية من لينكون بعد أن اتصلت بالأمن، فتخبره بما اكتشفت. بينما كانت على الهاتف مع لينكون، وصل عملاء الشركة وقتلوا فيرونيكا، استطاع لينكون سماع إطلاق النار، فانهار. يواصل ماهون دراسته لوشم مايكل بالإضافة إلى بعض أجزاء خطة هروبه، قائلا أنها ستدلهم على مكان مايكل وأين سيتجه، وأن عليهم بعد أن يدرسوها أن ينتظروا حتى يأتيهم مايكل في المكان المحدد.

الإنتاج
كانت حلقة «المطاردة» هي أول حلقة تصوّر في تكساس بعد أن انتقل الطاقم إليها نظرا لملاءمتها جو القصة. مشهد المقبرة وما تبعه من أحداث يفترض أن يكون في أوسويغو في إلينوي لكنه صوّر في الحقيقة في ماكيني في ولاية تكساس لكن المشاهد التي تليتها صُوّرت في ضواحي ماكيني.

الاستقبال
نالت الحلقة الأولى من الموسم الثاني من بريزون بريك ما يقارب 9.4 مليون مشاهد في الولايات المتحدة، بعد أن نالت الحلقة الأولى من الموسم الأول في أغسطس 2005 ما يقارب 10.5 مليون مشاهد. ولكن نسبة المشاهدة الأسرية ارتفعت من 3.6 إلى 3.9 في النصف ساعة الأخيرة.

في المملكة المتحدة شاهد الحلقة ما يقارب 2.29 مليون مشاهد.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 الملخص الرسمي للحلقة الأولى من الموسم الثاني من قناة فوكس.

حلقات بريزون بريك
حلقات تلفزيونية أمريكية 2006

المطاردة (بريزون بريك)


Le sceau de Mani est une intaille de cristal de roche où sont gravés les bustes de trois Élus manichéens ainsi qu'une inscription en syriaque faisant le tour de la pierre. D'après l'historienne Zsuzsanna Gulácsi, c'était le sceau personnel utilisé par Mani, le fondateur du manichéisme. C'est la seule pièce d'art manichéen connue de la période sassanide de l'histoire de la Mésopotamie (Asōristān), qui est le berceau de cette religion. Il est conservé au Cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale de France à Paris.

Description
Selon les recherches de , historienne hongroise de l'art religieux asiatique, le sceau a été utilisé du vivant de Mani, entre 240 et 274 ou 277 de notre ère, sous l'empire sassanide. Elle estime que le caractère unique de cette pièce ne tient pas seulement à sa valeur historique, mais aussi à ses caractéristiques artistiques qui sont complètement différentes de celles des autres sceaux de pierres précieuses iraniens anciens. Ce cristal était à l'origine incrusté dans un rebord métallique, et a deux fonctions : d'une part, sa surface concave est utilisée comme sceau ; d'autre part, l'image et l'inscription gravées sur sa surface ronde et convexe apparaissent en relief. Il peut aussi être porté comme un ornement de collier gravé de pierres précieuses.

Le texte de l'inscription en syriaque, , signifie littéralement , ce qui s'interprète par . Ce sceau est donc la première œuvre d'art manichéenne à mentionner Jésus. Dans les premiers écrits manichéens, cette phrase est souvent utilisée comme introduction des lettres religieuses écrites par Mani.

Notes et références

Art manichéen
Sceau

Sceau de Mani


Eddie Howe (f. 29. nóvember 1977 í Amersham, á Englandi) er enskur knattspyrnustjóri og fyrrverandi knattspyrnumaður. Hann spilaði sem varnarmaður og lengst af hjá Bournemouth.

Howe var frá 2012–2020 stjóri AFC Bournemouth og kom þeim upp um tvær deildir á þremur árum þegar liðið komst upp í úrvalsdeild og var þar í 5 ár. Hann sagði af sér árið 2020 þegar liðið féll niður í ensku meistaradeildina.

Frá og með nóvember 2021 hefur hann verið knattspyrnustjóri hjá enska Premier League liðinu Newcastle United F.C..

Heimildir
 Premier League -  Managers (á ensku)
 The Guardian - Eddie Howe tough task... (á ensku)

Viðhengi

Howe Eddie
Enskir knattspyrnustjórar

Eddie Howe


Plasmodium gallinaceum est une espèce d'apicomplexes, un groupe de parasites eucaryotes. C'est l'une des espèces responsables du paludisme aviaire, notamment chez la poule domestique.

Aedes aegypti est un des vecteurs.

L'étude génomique de P. gallinaceum montre la présence de rétrotransposons de type LTR.

Références
 Brumpt É., 1935. Paludisme aviaire: Plasmodium gallinaceum n. sp. de la poule domestique. CR Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci.
  Mehlhorn H., Peters W. & Haberkorn A., 1980. The formation of kinetes and oocysts in Plasmodium gallinaceum and considerations on phylogenetic relationships between Haemosporidia, Piroplasmida, and other Coccidia. Protistologica 16: 135–154.

Liens externes

Plasmodiidae
Espèce de protistes (nom scientifique)
Parasite (nom scientifique)
Parasite d'oiseaux

Plasmodium gallinaceum


Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain. It is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is , and its C:D (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon–carbon double bonds) is 16:0. It is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil), making up to 44% of total fats. Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid, amounting to 50–60% of total fats. Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4). Major sources of C16:0 are palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and milk fat.

Occurrence and production
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil. This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high-temperature water, and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled.

Dietary sources
Palmitic acid is produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% palmitic acid. The cetyl ester of palmitic acid, cetyl palmitate, occurs in spermaceti.

Biochemistry
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.

Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins.

Applications

Surfactant
Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil.  To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.

Foods
Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouthfeel" to processed foods (convenience food), palmitic acid and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs. Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.

Military
Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.

Research
It is well accepted in the medical community that palmitic acid from dietary sources raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol. The World Health Organization have stated there is convincing evidence that palmitic acid increases cardiovascular disease risk.

A 2021 review indicated that replacing dietary palmitic acid and other saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, could reduce several biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

See also
 Retinyl palmitate
 Ascorbyl palmitate
 SN2 Palmitate
 Juniperic acid (16-hydroxypalmitic acid)

References

External links

Aromatase inhibitors
Fatty acids
Palm oil
Alkanoic acids

Palmitic acid


روبرت بيري من مواليد  في مرسيليا) ، وهو لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع .

لعب بيري في أندية أيكس، في فرنسا حتى 1965، وبوردو للأعوام 1965-1969، وميتز في عامي 1969-1970، وأنغوليم في عام 1970، ثم لعب بوردو مجددا في الأعوام 1970-1972، وبعدها في طولون 1972-1975.

وشارك بيري مع منتخب فرنسا في 3 مباريات دولية في الفترة من 1965 إلى 1967.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب روبرت بيري خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 6 أندية في ثمانية عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 35 هدفًا ضمن 376 مباراة. ولم يفز بأي موسم بالكأس أو بالدوري.

خاض روبرت بيري مسيرته مع نادي أيكس في موسم 1959–60 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 106 مباراة سجل خلالها 10 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي فرنسا في موسم 1963–64 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، حيث شارك في 52 مباراة سجل خلالها 7 أهداف. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي جيروندان بوردو في موسم 1965–66 في المرة الأولى ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم ثم في موسم 1971–72 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا طوالها في 106 مباراة سجل خلالها 6 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي ميتز في موسم 1969–70 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 26 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي أنغوليم في موسم 1970–71 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 35 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي تولون في موسم 1972–73 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 51 مباراة سجل خلالها 9 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
فرنسيون من أصل كورسيكي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من مارسيليا
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب كورسيكا لكرة القدم
لاعبو ميتز
لاعبو نادي أنغوليم
لاعبو نادي أيكس
لاعبو نادي تولون
لاعبو نادي فرنسا
مواليد 1941
مواليد في مارسيليا
وفيات 2022

روبرت بيري


Ethem Pertev Paşa (d. 1824, Erzurum - 1872, Kastamonu), Tanzimat devri devlet adamı, şair ve yazarlarından.

Kendisinin rütbe hırsı olmayan, verilen işi dikkatle yerine getiren dürüst bir idareci olarak tanındı.

Gümüşhane, Samsun ve Şebinkarahisar'da eğitim gördü. Trabzon, İzmir, Rodos, Bursa mektupçuluklarında bulundu. Fransızcadan şiir çevirileri yaptı. Yanya, Serez ve Drama'da kaymakamlık, Halep Merkez ve Kandiye'de mutasarrıflık yaptı.

Eserleri
 Itlâkü'l-Efkâr fî Akdi'l-Ebkâr
 Emrü'l-Acîb fî Târih-i Ehl-i Salîb
 Habnâme ve Lâhikası

Kaynakça

1824 doğumlular
1872 yılında ölenler
Erzurum doğumlular
Kastamonu'da ölenler
Osmanlı çevirmenleri
Osmanlı paşaları
Osmanlı şairleri
19. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları

Ethem Pertev Paşa


An Syngonium schottianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hermann Wendland ngan Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Syngonium schottianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Syngonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Syngonium

Syngonium schottianum


Kjenn Station (Kjenn stasjon eller Kjenn holdeplass) var en jernbanestation, der lå i Kjenn i Vestby kommune på Østfoldbanens vestre linje i Norge.

Stationen blev oprettet som trinbræt i 1931. Den blev nedlagt 21. september 1996, da banen blev omlagt mellem Ski og Sandbukta og efterfølgende fjernet. Ved nedlæggelsen bestod stationen af et spor og en perron af træ med et rødmalet læskur af træ.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Østfoldbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1931
Ophørt i 1996
Jernbanestationer i Viken

Kjenn Station


Anna Betulínskaya (Анна Юрьевна Бетулинская), más conocida como Anna Marly, fue una cantante, compositora y guitarrista francesa de origen ruso, nacida el 30 de octubre de 1917 en San Petersburgo y fallecida el 15 de febrero de 2006 en Palmer, Alaska, Estados Unidos.

Biografía

Nacida durante la Revolución rusa en la que su padre fue fusilado, abandonó su país, con su madre y su hermana, para establecerse en Francia, a principios de los años 20.

Algunos años después, adoptó el nombre artístico de Anna Marly para actuar como bailarina y luego como cantante. En 1941 fue a Londres para unirse a la Francia Libre del general Charles de Gaulle. En 1942 creó la melodía y la letra en ruso de «Le Chant des partisans», cuya letra en francés sería escrita al año siguiente por Joseph Kessel y Maurice Druon. Este canto, utilizado como sintonía en el programa de la BBC Honneur et Patrie (honor y patria), se convirtió inmediatamente en el himno de la Resistencia francesa.

Anna Marly compuso unas 300 canciones, y, entre ellas, «La Complainte du partisan», con letra de Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie, que sería interpretada por Joan Baez y Leonard Cohen, entre otros, y Une chanson à trois temps para Édith Piaf.

Después de la guerra, se fue a vivir a Sudamérica y luego a Estados Unidos.

Murió el 15 de febrero de 2006 en Palmer, Alaska, en donde residía.

Autobiografía
Anna Marly, Anna Marly, troubadour de la Résistance : Mémoires, Tallandier, París, 2000, ISBN 2-235-02279-0

Condecoraciones
 Caballero de la Legión de Honor.
 Orden Nacional del Mérito

Discografía
 Anna Marly, Les Chants de la Résistance et de la Libération (en francés)

Enlaces externos
 Anna Marly en Chemins de mémoire (en francés)
 Artículo sobre la muerte de Anna Marly en el New York Times (en inglés)
 Anna Marly - Las canciones y la obra (en ruso)

Marly, Anna
Caballeros de la Legión de Honor
Nacidos en San Petersburgo

Anna Marly


An Oligostachyum yonganense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Y.M.Lin ngan Qing Fang Zheng. An Oligostachyum yonganense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oligostachyum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oligostachyum

Oligostachyum yonganense


Werner Hülle (geboren 30. April 1903 in Stettin; gestorben 16. Januar 1992 in Oldenburg (Oldenburg)) war ein deutscher Militärjurist in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und Richter in der Bundesrepublik.

Leben
Werner Hülle studierte Rechtswissenschaft und wurde an der Universität Marburg im Jahr 1926 promoviert. Zur Zeit der Machtübergabe an die Nationalsozialisten war er im April 1933 Amtsgerichtsrat in Dortmund und wurde im Juli 1934, als in Deutschland die Militärgerichtsbarkeit wieder eingeführt wurde, Kriegsgerichtsrat in Weimar.

In dem gemeinsam mit Heinrich Dietz im Jahre 1935 veröffentlichten Kommentar zur Militärgerichtsordnung begrüßte er die "nationalsozialistische Revolution" und rechtfertigte den Anspruch Adolf Hitlers vom 3. Juli 1934, sich ohne Bindung an Recht und Gesetz zum Herrn über Leben und Tod zu machen. Auch Hülle schwelgte in der Sprache des Nationalsozialismus mit "bluthaften Kräften" und dem "gesunden Volksempfinden".  Im März 1938 wurde Hülle als Oberregierungsrat in die Rechtsabteilung des Reichskriegsministeriums versetzt, später überführt in das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, wurde zum Leiter der Gesetzgebungsabteilung und Stellvertreter des Abteilungsleiters Rudolf Lehmann. Hülle, der noch zum Oberstrichter befördert wurde, war in dieser Dienststellung maßgeblich an allen militärischen Unrechtsgesetzen, Verordnungen und Erlassen beteiligt. Er war ständiger Mitarbeiter der von Heinrich Dietz herausgegebenen Zeitschrift für Wehrrecht.

Der von Lehmann und Hülle mitformulierte Erlass über die Ausübung der Kriegsgerichtsbarkeit im Gebiet "Barbarossa" und über besondere Maßnahmen der Truppe vom 13. Mai 1941, kurz Kriegsgerichtsbarkeitserlass, entzog die Verfolgung von Straftaten der deutschen Truppe gegen sowjetische Zivilisten ebenso wie die Verfolgung der gegen die deutsche Truppe gerichteten Aktionen von Partisanen und anderen Zivilisten der Zuständigkeit der Kriegsgerichte. Mit dieser für die Massenverbrechen vorab gewährten Amnestie machte man große Teile der sowjetischen Zivilbevölkerung, darunter Juden, sowie Zigeuner und psychisch Behinderte zu ungeschützten Opfern des einkalkulierten Massenmordes in der Sowjetunion. Zur Unterdrückung des Widerstandes in Frankreich, Belgien, den Niederlanden und Norwegen wurde mit dem sogenannten Nacht-und-Nebel-Erlass die deutsche Militärgerichtsbarkeit in diesen Staaten umgangen, die Ausformulierung des Erlasses war ebenfalls ein Werk von Lehmann und Hülle.

Nach dem Krieg stellte ihm ein Rechtsanwaltskollege einen Persilschein aus, in dem dieser behauptete, dass Hülle seine juristische Tätigkeit "überparteilich" ausgeübt habe, und Hülle wurde anstandslos entnazifiziert. Hülle wurde 1946 Amtsgerichtsrat in Oldenburg, dort am Oberlandesgericht 1949 Senatspräsident und bereits 1950 Richter am Bundesgerichtshof. Im Jahr 1955 wurde er zum Präsidenten des Oberlandesgerichts Oldenburg ernannt. Hülle kümmerte sich auch um die Geschichtsschreibung der oldenburgischen Gerichtsbarkeit und wurde gesellschaftlich hoch geehrt.

Seine Tätigkeit im nationalsozialistischen Unrechtsstaat führte ihn am 5. Oktober 1957 vor Gericht, als er im Schwurgerichtsverfahren gegen Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner vorgeladen wurde. In den letzten Kriegsmonaten hatte Hülle die rigorosen standrechtlichen Gesetzesnormen entworfen, die zu vielen Erschießungen unter  der zunehmend kriegsmüden Wehrmacht führten. Er blieb als Zeuge unvereidigt, weil "der Beteiligung (an den Erschießungen) selbst verdächtig". Ein Strafverfahren gegen Werner Hülle wurde eingestellt. Hülle wollte am Tage der Herausgabe des in Wochen vorbereiteten Schießbefehls eine fiebrige Grippe gehabt haben. Das Disziplinarverfahren, das daraufhin gegen Hülle eingeleitet werden musste, wurde eingestellt. Ebenfalls eingestellt wurde 1983 ein 1972 eingeleitetes Verfahren der Staatsanwaltschaft Kassel gegen Werner Hülle, Erich Lattmann et al., da Erich Lattmann, inzwischen 88-jährig, verhandlungsunfähig war, Hülle ging 1968 in den Ruhestand.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Der Unterhaltsanspruch der Ehefrau auf Geld, Borna-Leipzig : Noske 1926, Marburg, Jur. Diss., 1926
 Die Militärstrafgerichtsordnung für das Deutsche Reich [mit Kommentar] Neufassg vom 4. Nov. 1933/23. Nov. 1934 mit Einführungsgesetz u. Ausführungsbestimmgn ; [Nebst] Nachtrag und Deckblätter
 Die Militarstrafgerichtsordnung fur das Deutsche Reich mit Kommentar
 Die Militärstrafgerichtsordnung in der Fassung vom 29. Sept. 1936 mit Einführungsgesetz, Ausführungsbestimmgn u. Nebengesetzen
 Die Abfassung der Urteile in Strafsachen Eine Anleitung f.d. Praxis. Mit e. Merkbl. f.d. Protokollführer in Strafsachen u.f.d. Anfertigung der Anklageschrift
 Das rechtsgeschichtliche Erscheinungsbild des preussischen Strafurteils, Aalen : Scientia Verl. 1965
 Das Auditoriat in Brandenburg-Preussen Ein rechtshistor. Beitr. z. Geschichte seines Heerwesens mit e. Exkurs über Österreich, Göttingen : Schwartz 1971
 Geschichte des höchsten Landesgerichts von Oldenburg (1573 - 1935), Göttingen : Musterschmidt, 1974
 Geschichte der oldenburgischen Anwaltschaft, Oldenburg : Holzberg 1977
 mit Josef Wiefels: Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, Heidelberg : Verlagsgesellschaft Recht u. Wirtschaft 1979
 Oldenburgs Weg in den Rechtsstaat aus der Sicht des 20. Jahrhunderts: Festvortrag auf d. Veranst. d. Justizbehörden am 1. Oktober 1979 zur Erinnerung an d. Neugliederung d. Gerichtsbarkeit in Oldenburg vor hundert Jahren, Oldenburg : Holzberg  1979

Literatur
 Helmut Kramer: Karrieren und Selbstrechtfertigungen ehemaliger Wehrmachtsjuristen nach 1945, in: Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): Filbinger : eine deutsche Karriere, Springe : zu Klampen 2006  Auszug
 Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon des Dritten Reiches. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2003. ISBN 3-10-039309-0.
 Manfred Messerschmidt: Die Wehrmachtjustiz 1933–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2005, ISBN 3-506-71349-3.
 Manfred Messerschmidt und Fritz Wüllner: Die Wehrmachtjustiz im Dienste des Nationalsozialismus – Zerstörung einer Legende. Nomos-Verlag, Baden-Baden 1987. ISBN 3-7890-1466-4.

Weblinks
 Karrieren und Selbstrechtfertigungen ehemaliger Wehrmachtsjuristen nach 1945 bei Justizgeschichte Aktuell
 Werner Hülle  bei WorldCat  (Unkorrigierter Bestand zusammen mit Werner Hülle (Historiker))

Einzelnachweise

Militärjurist
Jurist (Nationalsozialismus)
Präsident (Oberlandesgericht)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht Oldenburg)
Richter (Bundesgerichtshof)
Person (Oldenburg (Oldb))
Deutscher
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1992
Mann

Werner Hülle (Richter)


Sulfur hexafluoride or sulphur hexafluoride (British spelling) is an inorganic compound with the formula SF6. It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, and non-toxic gas.  has an octahedral geometry, consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom.  It is a hypervalent molecule.

Typical for a nonpolar gas,  is poorly soluble in water but quite soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It has a density of 6.12 g/L at sea level conditions, considerably higher than the density of air (1.225 g/L). It is generally transported as a liquefied compressed gas.

 is 23,500 times more potent than  as a greenhouse gas but exists in relatively minor concentrations in the atmosphere.  Its concentration in Earth's troposphere reached 10.63 parts per trillion (ppt) in 2021, rising at 0.39 ppt/year.  The increase over the prior 40 years was driven in large part by the expanding electric power sector, including fugitive emissions from banks of  gas contained in its medium- and high-voltage switchgear. Uses in magnesium, aluminium, and electronics manufacturing also hastened atmospheric growth.

Synthesis and reactions

Sulfur hexafluoride on Earth exists primarily as a man-made industrial gas, but has also been found to occur naturally.

 can be prepared from the elements through exposure of  to . This was also the method used by the discoverers Henri Moissan and Paul Lebeau in 1901. Some other sulfur fluorides are cogenerated, but these are removed by heating the mixture to disproportionate any  (which is highly toxic) and then scrubbing the product with NaOH to destroy remaining .

Alternatively, using bromine, sulfur hexafluoride can be synthesized from SF4 and CoF3 at lower temperatures (e.g. 100 °C), as follows:

There is virtually no reaction chemistry for . A main contribution to the inertness of SF6 is the steric hindrance of the sulfur atom, whereas its heavier group 16 counterparts, such as SeF6 are more reactive than SF6 as a result of less steric hindrance (See hydrolysis example). It does not react with molten sodium below its boiling point, but reacts exothermically with lithium.

Applications
The electrical power industry used about 80% of the sulfur hexafluoride produced in 2000, mostly as a gaseous dielectric medium. Other main uses as of 2015 included a silicon etchant for semiconductor manufacturing, and an inert gas for the casting of magnesium.

Dielectric medium
  is used in the electrical industry as a gaseous dielectric medium for high-voltage sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers, switchgear, and other electrical equipment, often replacing oil-filled circuit breakers (OCBs) that can contain harmful polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).  gas under pressure is used as an insulator in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) because it has a much higher dielectric strength than air or dry nitrogen. The high dielectric strength is a result of the gas's high electronegativity and density. This property makes it possible to significantly reduce the size of electrical gear. This makes GIS more suitable for certain purposes such as indoor placement, as opposed to air-insulated electrical gear, which takes up considerably more room.

Gas-insulated electrical gear is also more resistant to the effects of pollution and climate, as well as being more reliable in long-term operation because of its controlled operating environment. Exposure to an arc chemically breaks down  though most of the decomposition products tend to quickly re-form , a process termed "self-healing". Arcing or corona can produce disulfur decafluoride (), a highly toxic gas, with toxicity similar to phosgene.  was considered a potential chemical warfare agent in World War II because it does not produce lacrimation or skin irritation, thus providing little warning of exposure.

 is also commonly encountered as a high voltage dielectric in the high voltage supplies of particle accelerators, such as Van de Graaff generators and Pelletrons and high voltage transmission electron microscopes.

Alternatives to  as a dielectric gas include several fluoroketones.  Compact GIS technology that combines vacuum switching with clean air insulation has been introduced for a subset of applications up to 420 kV.

Medical use
 is used to provide a tamponade or plug of a retinal hole in retinal detachment repair operations in the form of a gas bubble. It is inert in the vitreous chamber. The bubble initially doubles its volume in 36 hours due to oxygen and nitrogen entering it, before being absorbed in the blood in 10–14 days.

 is used as a contrast agent for ultrasound imaging. Sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles are administered in solution through injection into a peripheral vein. These microbubbles enhance the visibility of blood vessels to ultrasound. This application has been used to examine the vascularity of tumours. It remains visible in the blood for 3 to 8 minutes, and is exhaled by the lungs.

Tracer compound
Sulfur hexafluoride was the tracer gas used in the first roadway air dispersion model calibration; this research program was sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and conducted in Sunnyvale, California on U.S. Highway 101. Gaseous  is used as a tracer gas in short-term experiments of ventilation efficiency in buildings and indoor enclosures, and for determining infiltration rates. Two major factors recommend its use: its concentration can be measured with satisfactory accuracy at very low concentrations, and the Earth's atmosphere has a negligible concentration of .

Sulfur hexafluoride was used as a non-toxic test gas in an experiment at St John's Wood tube station in London, United Kingdom on 25 March 2007. The gas was released throughout the station, and monitored as it drifted around. The purpose of the experiment, which had been announced earlier in March by the Secretary of State for Transport Douglas Alexander, was to investigate how toxic gas might spread throughout London Underground stations and buildings during a terrorist attack.

Sulfur hexafluoride is also routinely used as a tracer gas in laboratory fume hood containment testing. The gas is used in the final stage of ASHRAE 110 fume hood qualification.  A plume of gas is generated inside of the fume hood and a battery of tests are performed while a gas analyzer arranged outside of the hood samples for SF6 to verify the containment properties of the fume hood.

It has been used successfully as a tracer in oceanography to study diapycnal mixing and air-sea gas exchange.

Other uses
 The magnesium industry uses  as an inert "cover gas" to prevent oxidation during casting. Once the largest user, consumption has declined greatly with capture and recycling.
 Insulated glazing windows have used it as a filler to improve their thermal and acoustic insulation performance.
  plasma is used in the semiconductor industry as an etchant in processes such as deep reactive-ion etching. A small fraction of the  breaks down in the plasma into sulfur and fluorine, with the fluorine ions performing a chemical reaction with silicon.
 Tires filled with it take longer to deflate from diffusion through rubber due to the larger molecule size.
 Nike likewise used it to obtain a patent and to fill the cushion bags in all of their "Air"-branded shoes from 1992 to 2006.  277 tons was used during the peak in 1997.
 The United States Navy's Mark 50 torpedo closed Rankine-cycle propulsion system is powered by sulfur hexafluoride in an exothermic reaction with solid lithium.
 Waveguides in high-power microwave systems are pressurized with it. The gas electrically insulates the waveguide, preventing internal arcing.
 Electrostatic loudspeakers have used it because of its high dielectric strength and high molecular weight.
 The chemical weapon disulfur decafluoride is produced with it as a feedstock.
 For entertainment purposes, when breathed,  causes the voice to become significantly deeper, due to its density being so much higher than air. This phenomenon is related to the more well-known effect of breathing low-density helium, which causes someone's voice to become much higher. Both of these effects should only be attempted with caution as these gases displace oxygen that the lungs are attempting to extract from the air. Sulfur hexafluoride is also mildly anesthetic.
 For science demonstrations / magic as "invisible water" since a light foil boat can be floated in a tank, as will an air-filled balloon.
It is used for benchmark and calibration measurements in Associative and Dissociative Electron Attachment (DEA) experiments

Greenhouse gas

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,  is the most potent greenhouse gas.  Its global warming potential of 23,900 times that of  when compared over a 100-year period. Sulfur hexafluoride is inert in the troposphere and stratosphere and is extremely long-lived, with an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3,200 years.

Measurements of SF6 show that its global average mixing ratio has increased from a steady base of about 54 parts per quadrillion prior to industrialization, to over 11 parts per trillion (ppt) as of June 2022, and is increasing by about 0.4 ppt (3.5 percent) per year. Average global SF6 concentrations increased by about seven percent per year during the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as the result of its use in magnesium production, and by electrical utilities and electronics manufacturers. Given the small amounts of SF6 released compared to carbon dioxide, its overall individual contribution to global warming is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent, however the collective contribution of it and similar man-made halogenated gases has reached about 10 percent as of 2020.  Alternatives are being tested.

In Europe,  falls under the F-Gas directive which ban or control its use for several applications. Since 1 January 2006,  is banned as a tracer gas and in all applications except high-voltage switchgear. It was reported in 2013 that a three-year effort by the United States Department of Energy to identify and fix leaks at its laboratories in the United States such as the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, where the gas is used as a high voltage insulator, had been productive, cutting annual leaks by . This was done by comparing purchases with inventory, assuming the difference was leaked, then locating and fixing the leaks.

Physiological effects and precautions
Sulfur hexafluoride is a nontoxic gas, but by displacing oxygen in the lungs, it also carries the risk of asphyxia if too much is inhaled. Since it is more dense than air, a substantial quantity of gas, when released, will settle in low-lying areas and present a significant risk of asphyxiation if the area is entered. That is particularly relevant to its use as an insulator in electrical equipment since workers may be in trenches or pits below equipment containing .

As with all gases, the density of  affects the resonance frequencies of the vocal tract, thus changing drastically the vocal sound qualities, or timbre, of those who inhale it. It does not affect the vibrations of the vocal folds. The density of sulfur hexafluoride is relatively high at room temperature and pressure due to the gas's large molar mass. Unlike helium, which has a molar mass of about 4 g/mol and pitches the voice up,  has a molar mass of about 146 g/mol, and the speed of sound through the gas is about 134 m/s at room temperature, pitching the voice down. For comparison, the molar mass of air, which is about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen, is approximately 30 g/mol which leads to a speed of sound of 343 m/s.

Sulfur hexafluoride has an anesthetic potency slightly lower than nitrous oxide; it is classified as a mild anesthetic.

See also
 Selenium hexafluoride
 Tellurium hexafluoride
 Uranium hexafluoride
 Hypervalent molecule
 Halocarbon—another group of major greenhouse gases
 Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride, a similar gas

References

Further reading

 SF6 Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems

External links

 Fluoride and compounds fact sheet— National Pollutant Inventory
 High GWP Gases and Climate Change from the U.S. EPA website
 International Conference on SF6 and the Environment (related archive)
 CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Sulfur fluorides
Dielectric gases
Greenhouse gases
Octahedral compounds
Hexafluorides
Industrial gases
Refrigerants
Hypervalent molecules
General anesthetics
Ultrasound contrast agents

Sulfur hexafluoride


Sewerby Hall (également connu sous le nom de Sewerby House) est une maison de campagne géorgienne classée Grade I située sur  de jardins paysagers dans le village de Sewerby, à  de la ville balnéaire de Bridlington dans le Yorkshire de l'Est, en Angleterre.

Le bloc principal est construit vers 1714, incorporant des travaux plus anciens, sur 3 étages en brique avec une façade à sept fenêtres. En 1808, des ailes à deux étages et un portique dorique semi-circulaire sont ajoutés et l'ensemble du bâtiment est peint pour ressembler à de la pierre. Les ailes sont ensuite élevées à 3 étages .

Histoire
John Greame, fils de Robert Greame, est le premier de la famille Greame à vivre dans l'ancien manoir de Sewerby. Il devient assez riche à la mort de son père en 1708 et achète le domaine à Elizabeth Carleill, la dernière de la famille précédente à posséder la propriété .

Il construit l'actuel Sewerby Hall entre 1714 et 1720, remplaçant le manoir qui existe sur le site depuis de nombreuses années. John meurt en 1746 à l'âge de 83 ans. Son fils John Greame II meurt sans enfant en 1798 à l'âge de 98 ans, et sa veuve Alicia Maria (née Spencer) reste dans le manoir jusqu'à sa propre mort en 1812. Il passe ensuite à un neveu, un troisième John Greame, qui épouse une héritière, Sarah Yarburgh de Heslington Hall, York. Sarah meurt jeune et John Greame III se remarie et déménage avec sa deuxième femme pour vivre à Sewerby Hall avec sa tante Almary .

Il commande un certain nombre de modifications, notamment l'ajout d'un portique en 1808. À sa mort en 1841, la propriété passe à son fils aîné Yarburgh Greame, qui prend également le nom de famille Yarburgh en héritant du domaine de sa mère à Heslington. Yarburgh apporte de nombreuses améliorations à la maison et aux jardins de Sewerby, notamment une grande véranda appelée l'Orangerie au milieu du , une tour de l'horloge en 1847 et enfin une guérite en 1848. Il construit également une église et une école, conçues par Sir Gilbert Scott, en bordure du domaine. Il meurt en 1876 à l'âge de 70 ans et la succession revient à sa sœur Alicia Maria, l'épouse de George Lloyd de Stockton Hall, à Stockton-on-the-Forest, York, puis à leur fils cadet, le révérend Yarburgh Gamaliel. Lloyd, un vicaire du Lincolnshire. Il change son nom en Lloyd-Greame et son fils, le colonel Yarburgh George Lloyd-Greame, hérite en 1890. Le fils aîné du colonel, également Yarburgh Lloyd-Greame, vend la maison et une partie du domaine à la municipalité de Bridlington en 1934 .

En 1936, le manoir et le parc sont ouverts au public lors d'une cérémonie le  juin par l'aviatrice Amy Johnson . Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Royal Air Force utilisr la maison comme hôpital et maison de convalescence pour les bases de la RAF de la région .

Références

Liens externes

Musée dans le Yorkshire de l'Est
Parc zoologique en Angleterre
Monument classé de Grade I dans le Yorkshire de l'Est

Sewerby Hall


الحقونى بالمأذون فيلم مصري إنتاج 1954 من الأفلام النادرة التي لم تعرض في التلفزيون المصري من قبل ولا على الفضائيات تأليف: أبو السعود الإبياري وإخراج: حلمي رفلة
وبطولة: شادية، كمال الشناوي، إسماعيل ياسين، عبد السلام النابلسي، سليمان نجيب، ميمي شكيب.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول «جميل جمال» (إسماعيل ياسين) الذي يتقدم لخطبه فتاه تعمل في مشغل خياطه (شاديه) من اعلان في الجرائد. ثم تضطرها الظروف للذهاب لفيلا كمال الشناوي لتسليم فستان زفاف عروسته في يوم الزفاف. فيتضح ان العروس نصابه ويضطر العريس وخالته «ميمى شكيب» إلى تقديم «شادية» على أنها العروس إلى عم كمال الشناوى (سليمان نجيب) وتتوالى المواقف الكوميدية.

بطولة
 شادية
 كمال الشناوي
 إسماعيل ياسين
 عبد السلام النابلسي
 زمردة
 ميمي شكيب
 سليمان نجيب
 زينات صدقي
 ثريا سالم
 عفاف شاكر
 سعاد أحمد
 زهير صبري
 حسين عيسى
 أنور زكي

مصادر=

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أبو السعود الإبياري
أفلام إسماعيل ياسين
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1954
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام سليمان نجيب
أفلام شادية
أفلام كمال الشناوي
أفلام عن الزواج
أفلام عبد السلام النابلسي
أفلام ميمي شكيب
أفلام زينات صدقي
أفلام ثريا سالم

إلحقوني بالمأذون (فيلم)


Ungarns Grand Prix 2016 (officielt navn: Formula 1 Magyar Nagydíj 2016) var et Formel 1-løb som blev arrangeret 24. juli 2016 på Hungaroring ved Budapest. Det var den ellevte runde af Formel 1-sæsonen 2016. Løbet blev vundet af Lewis Hamilton i Mercedes, med hans teamkollega Nico Rosberg på andenpladsen, og Red Bulls Daniel Ricciardo på tredjepladsen. Med denne sejr overtog Hamilton føringen i kørermesterskabet fra Rosberg.

Resultater

Kvalifikation

Løbet

Noter til tabellerne:
  - Daniel Ricciardo, Max Verstappen, Nico Hülkenberg, Valtteri Bottas og Sergio Pérez formåede ikke at sætte en tid inden 107% af hurtigste tid i Q1. Men grundet de ekstraordinære forholde under Q1 fik de senere tilladelse til at gå videre til Q2 med tiderne fra Q1 intakt.
  - Jolyon Palmer, Felipe Massa, Kevin Magnussen, Marcus Ericsson, Pascal Wehrlein og Rio Haryanto formåede ikke at sætte en tid inden 107% af hurtigste tid i Q1. De fik senere tilladelse af løbsledelsen til at starte i løbet.
  - Marcus Ericsson startede fra pit lane efter at have skiftet overlevelsescelle og chassis.
  - Rio Haryanto fik en gridstraf på fem placeringer for en ikke-planlagt udskiftning af gearkasse.
  - Esteban Gutiérrez blev efter løbet pålagt en tidsstraf på fem sekunder for at have ignoreret blåt flag, noget som skubbede ham ned fra 12. til 13. pladsen.

Stillingen i mesterskaberne efter løbet

Kørermesterskabet

Konstruktørmesterskabet

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Formel 1 2016
Ungarns Grand Prix

Ungarns Grand Prix 2016


Eric II  may refer to:

Eric II of Denmark (c. 1090–1137)
Eric II of Norway (1268–1299)
Eric II, Duke of Schleswig (c. 1290–1325)
Eric II of Pomerania (between 1418 and 1425–1474)
Eric II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1483–1508)
Eric II, Duke of Calenberg (1528–1584)

Eric II