رعد-1 هو جهاز إطلاق صواريخ يمتلكه حزب الله يتم الآن المطالبة باستخدامه بدلا من جهاز كاتيوشا. يقول حزب الله أن جهاز رعد-1 قد يتميز بأنه أكثر دقة ومدى أبعد وقد تم استخدامه للهجوم على مدن شمال إسرائيل صفد، نهاريا وغيرها في يوليو 2006 في أثناء حرب لبنان 2006 بعد هجوم إسرائيل على لبنان يعتقد أن رعد-1 يمتلك مدى يزيد عن 60 ميل مما يجعله يمتلك القدرة على الوصول إلى أكبر مدن إسرائيل تل أبيب من معاقل حزب الله في جنوب لبنان.

نشر تقرير دولي ان حزب الله استخدم هذا النوع من الصواريخ في العديد من معاركه في سوريا، و آشهرها معركة القصير.
 هذا الصروخ من صنعة أيران و هذا الصروخ طوله 100م

أنظمة صواريخ حزب الله
الحرب الإسرائيلية على لبنان 2006
قاذفات الصواريخ

رعد-1


الدوري الإسباني لكرة القدم 1929  هو الموسم الأول من مواسم الدوري الإسباني. انطلقت المسابقة في 10 فبراير 1929 وإنتهت في 23 يونيو.

فاز برشلونة بأول نسخ البطولة؛ ليصبح أول نادي يحقق لقب الدوري الإسباني.

معلومات
شارك في النسخة الأولى عشرة فرق من بينها برشلونة وريال مدريد وأتلتيك بيلباو وهي الفرق الثلاثة في كرة القدم الإسبانية التي لم تهبط إطلاقاً لمصاف الدرجة الثانية، أقيمت البطولة على نظام مجموعة واحدة من مرحلتي ذهاب وإياب خاض كل فريق 18 مباراة نصفها على أرضه والنصف الآخر في ملعب المنافس، حقق برشلونة اللقب بعد أن حقق 25 نقطة بفارق نقطتين عن كل من ريال مدريد الوصيف وخمسة نقاط عن أتلتيك بيلباو صاحب المركز الثالث.

جدول الدوري

(ب) البطل؛ (ف) الفائز بالمباراة الفاصلة.

انظر أيضًا

 نهائي كأس ملك إسبانيا 1929

المراجع

دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 1928–29
كرة القدم في 1929
مواسم الدوري الإسباني
دوريات كرة قدم إسبانية في 1928-29

الدوري الإسباني 1929


Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome is a 1985 Australian post-apocalyptic dystopian action film directed by George Miller and George Ogilvie and written by Miller and Terry Hayes. It stars Mel Gibson and Tina Turner in a story of a lone roving warrior who is exiled into the desert, and there encounters an isolated child cargo cult, centered on a crashed Boeing 747 and its deceased captain.

Preceded by Mad Max in 1979 and Mad Max 2 in 1981, the film is the third installment in the Mad Max franchise, and is the third and last film to feature Mel Gibson as Max Rockatansky. A fourth installment, Mad Max: Fury Road, was released in 2015, starring Tom Hardy as Max Rockatansky.

Plot
The world is a post-apocalyptic wasteland caused by ecocide and a nuclear war over resources. In Australia Max Rockatansky is crossing the desert in a motor vehicle pulled by camels. The airborne bandit Jedediah and his young son attack him and steal his vehicle, and Max follows Jedediah's trail to a trading post called "Bartertown". Initially refused entry because he has nothing to trade, he impresses the local officials with his toughness, and the founder and ruler of the town, Aunty Entity (Tina Turner), offers to resupply him if he completes a task.

Aunty explains that Bartertown's precious energy comes from a subterranean refinery, called "Underworld", that turns pig feces into methane. The refinery is run by a resourceful dwarf called Master, who rides around on Blaster, his giant bodyguard. "Master Blaster" has begun to challenge Aunty for control of Bartertown, and she wants Max to kill Blaster so she can more easily subvert Master to her will.

Max infiltrates Underworld to size up Master Blaster and befriends Pig Killer, a convict sentenced to work there for slaughtering a pig to feed his children. When Master Blaster learns his newly-acquired vehicle belonged to Max, he forces Max to disarm a booby-trap. In doing so, Max sets off his alarm and discovers that Blaster is hypersensitive to high-pitched noises.

Back on the surface, Aunty tells Max that, by law, conflicts in Bartertown are resolved by a fight to the death in a gladiatorial arena called Thunderdome. Max publicly accuses Master of stealing his vehicle, and a battle is scheduled against Blaster. The giant dominates until Max blows a bosun's whistle, which makes Blaster grab his head in pain. Max knocks Blaster's helmet off and prepares to kill him, but relents upon seeing that Blaster has an intellectual disability. Max reveals Aunty's plot and Master threatens to shut down the refinery, so Aunty has Blaster killed. She is then able to terrorize Master into keeping the refinery running.

For breaking a deal, Max is bound, placed on a horse, and sent into the Wasteland (Gulag), his punishment determined by the spin of a wheel. When the horse collapses from exhaustion, Max frees himself and continues on foot until he also collapses.

A warrior girl called Savannah Nix finds Max near death and hauls him back to her home, an oasis called "Planet Erf", populated by a primitive tribe of teenagers and children. The children are descended from survivors of a crashed Boeing 747, some of whom left to seek help and never returned. They believe Max is the pilot, "Captain Walker", come to fix the aeroplane and fly them to the fabled "Tomorrow-morrow Land". Max denies he is Walker and insists there is no longer any civilisation like that in their stories. Disillusioned, a group of teenagers and children led by Savannah wants to attempt the journey to Bartertown, but Max stops them and has them tied up, saying everyone should go on living in the oasis.

During the night, the separatists escape. Max agrees to bring them back, taking a few members of the tribe along, but both parties are in bad shape by the time he catches up. Out of supplies, Max is forced to lead the contingent back to Bartertown.

The combined group sneaks into Underworld and, with Pig Killer's help, frees Master and escapes in a modified truck down some train tracks, destroying the refinery and most of Bartertown in the process. Aunty orders her forces to pursue and retrieve Master, and Max and his group do their best to fight off the attackers. They come across Jedediah and his son, whom Max coerces into providing a ride in their aeroplane. With the approach of Aunty's army shortening the runway, Max gets in his vehicle, which a child stole from one of Aunty's men, and crashes an opening so the plane can take off. Injured and alone, Max is spared by an impressed Aunty, who leaves to rebuild Bartertown.

Jedediah flies Master, Pig Killer, and the separatists to the ruins of Sydney. Years later, they have established a small community with other wanderers. While they attempt to rediscover the knowledge of the pre-apocalyptic world, each night Savannah recites the story of their journey, and they light up the city as a beacon for Max or any other travelers to follow. Max wanders in the Wasteland, alone.

Cast

 Mel Gibson as "Mad" Max Rockatansky, a lone warrior who was an MFP (Main Force Patrol) officer before the collapse of society. Aided by his small pet monkey, he roves the desert Wasteland aimlessly, his existence entirely based around self-sufficient survival.
 The Flying Jalopy
 Bruce Spence as Jedediah, the marauding pilot of a small plane, who trades stolen goods in Bartertown. Spence previously played "The Gyro Captain" in Mad Max 2, and said about his casting in this film: "They were well into the shoot when they offered me a part described as 'not the Gyro Captain but kind of like the Gyro Captain!'... they said there's kind of a reflection of him and that they were having difficulty casting the role so they thought to themselves, 'Why not Bruce!'"
 Adam Cockburn as Jedediah Jr., who often helps his father steal supplies and flies his father's aeroplane while Jedediah Sr. procures the goods.
 The People of Bartertown
 Tina Turner as Aunty Entity, the ruthless, determined ruler of Bartertown. Aunty is a glamorous, Amazon-like figure who recognises the strength of character in Max and hopes to exploit his physical power to bring Master under her control. Despite her brutality and Bartertown's chaos, Aunty is an intelligent, cultured woman, who holds a hope of one day rebuilding society to its former glory. Regarding the character, Miller said: "We needed someone whose vitality and intelligence would make her control over Bartertown credible. She had to be a positive character rather than a conventional evil 'bad guy.' We had worked on the script with [Turner] in mind. But we had no idea if she'd be interested."
 Frank Thring as The Collector, who runs Bartertown's trade and exchange network.
 Angelo Rossitto as The Master, a diminutive former-engineer who used his technical expertise to build the methane extractor responsible for Bartertown's electricity. At some point, he began riding around on the shoulders of Blaster for protection, and he has grown power-crazed, frequently humiliating Aunty by forcing her to publicly state that "Master Blaster runs Bartertown." After Blaster is killed, Master becomes a far more subdued, humble character, and eventually escapes with the help of Max, Pig Killer, and the children.
 Paul Larsson as The Blaster, Master's enormous, silent bodyguard, who is revealed to have an intellectual disability. He keeps his face covered by a helmet and carries Master around on his shoulders. Max fights him in Thunderdome as part of Aunty's plot against Master.
 Angry Anderson as Ironbar Bassey, the head of Bartertown's security and Aunty's top henchman, who comes to dislike Max progressively more as the film proceeds. He is a fierce warrior despite his short height, and his outfit includes a white mask on a pole strapped to his back, at about the level of the faces of the other male characters. His biggest ability is physical resilience. After suffering much abuse and surviving several nearly-fatal encounters with the heroes, he is last seen giving the finger from the wreck of the brutal climactic crash.
 Robert Grubb as Pig Killer, a convict in Bartertown sentenced to shovel pig feces in the methane refinery for the crime of killing a pig to feed his children. He befriends Max when Max goes to Underworld to size up Blaster before their fight, and when Max and the children return to rescue Master, Pig Killer escapes with them.
 George Spartels as Blackfinger, the head mechanic in Underworld.
 Edwin Hodgeman as Dr. Dealgood, Bartertown's flamboyant auctioneer and judge.
 Bob Hornery as Waterseller, a man who tries to sell Max radioactive water.
 Andrew Oh as Ton Ton Tattoo, Aunty's saxophone player.
 The Tribe Who Left
 Helen Buday as Savannah Nix, one of the oldest members of an isolated primitive tribe of teenager/child survivors of a plane crash (or the children of those survivors). She and Slake ensure the tribe remembers its oral tradition through "Tells" (recitations of their mythical origin and salvation narrative). After Max denies he is the fabled Captain Walker, she leads a contingent of the tribe out into the Wasteland to try to reach Bartertown.
 Mark Spain as Mr. Skyfish, a child who flies a feathered kite and has matted hair that sticks out to the sides
 Mark Kounnas as Gekko, a child with an injured leg who wears a headset and carries a stick with a record attached to the end. In a deleted scene, Gekko dies in the desert before the group reaches Bartertown, which is why he is absent from the rest of the film.
 Rod Zuanic as Scrooloose, a mute and alienated teenager who paints his face white with black around the eyes. He's the outcast of the Planet Erf tribe. Scrooloose is capable to replicate anyone else's skills, including driving a vehicle.
 Justine Clarke as Anna Goanna, the child who first tells Max that Savannah and the others have escaped into the Wasteland to try to make it to Bartertown.
 Shane Tickner as Eddie, the smallest child who later catches up and joins the rescue party. He carries around a koala plush toy.
 Toni Allaylis as "Cusha... the pregnant girl".
 James Wingrove as Tubba Tintye, the hunter sent with Max and Anna Goanna, as a rescue party, when they go after Savannah and the others.
 Adam Scougall as Finn McCoo, the child who is the first to hear Savannah when she initially returns with Max and later is swallowed by a sinkhole in the desert.
 The Tribe Who Stayed
 Tom Jennings as Slake M'Thirst, the leader of the Planet Erf tribe.

Production
Beyond Thunderdome was the first Mad Max film made without producer Byron Kennedy, who was killed in a helicopter crash in 1983. Director George Miller was hesitant to continue without his producing partner, saying later: "I was reluctant to go ahead. And then there was a sort of need to – let's do something just to get over the shock and grief of all of that." There is a title card at the end of film before the credits roll that reads: "...for Byron".

Miller co-directed the film with George Ogilvie, with whom he had worked on the 1983 television miniseries The Dismissal. About this decision, he said: "I had a lot on my plate. I asked my friend George Ogilvie, who was working on the mini-series, 'Could you come and help me?' But I don't remember the experience because I was doing it to just... You know, I was grieving." For the film, Miller and Ogilvie employed a group workshopping rehearsal technique that they had developed.

Exterior location filming took place primarily in the mining town of Coober Pedy, though the set for Bartertown was built at an old brickworks (the Brickpit) at Homebush Bay in Sydney's western suburbs, and the children's camp was in the Blue Mountains. According to cinematographer Dean Semler, "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome proved far more challenging than Mad Max 2. We were dealing with more varied environments than before and it was essential that each of the worlds created for the film have a distinctly different look."

Music

The musical score for Beyond Thunderdome was composed by Maurice Jarre, replacing Brian May, who composed the music for the first two films in the series. The film also contains two songs performed by Tina Turner: "One of the Living", which plays over the opening titles, and "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)", which plays over the end credits.

"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" reached #1 in Canada, #2 in the US, and #3 on the British single charts. "One of the Living" was rerecorded for single release, and it reached #15 in both Canada and the US, but only #55 in Britain. At the 28th Annual Grammy Awards, "One of the Living" won the award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.

A soundtrack album was released by Capitol Records in 1985. It included Turner's songs alongside an instrumental version of "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" on Side 1, and some of Jarre's music on Side 2. A double CD containing only Jarre's original music was issued in 2010 on Tadlow Music/Silva Screen Records.

Reception

Box office
Although the film's budget was larger than that of its predecessors, its box office yield was only moderate in comparison. It grossed A$4,272,802 at the Australian box office, less than what Mad Max made and less than half of what Mad Max 2 made.

In the United States and Canada, the film grossed $36 million, generating theatrical rentals of $18 million. Outside of the U.S. (including Australia), it earned a similar amount, giving it worldwide rentals of $36 million.

Critical response
Critical reaction to the film was generally positive, although reviewers disagreed over whether they considered the film to be the highest or lowest point of the Mad Max trilogy. Most of the negative criticism focused on the children in the second half of the film, whom many found too similar to the Lost Boys from the story of Peter Pan. Robert C. Cumbow of Slant Magazine identified "whole ideas, themes and characterizations" adopted from Riddley Walker, a 1980 post-apocalyptic novel by Russell Hoban. On the other hand, there was much praise for the scene in the Thunderdome, which Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called "the first really original movie idea about how to stage a fight since we got the first karate movies" and "one of the great creative action scenes in the movies". Ebert awarded the film four out of four stars and later placed it on his list of the ten best films of 1985. Variety wrote that the film "opens strong" and has good acting from Gibson, Turner, and the children.

Some fans of the series have criticised the film for being "Hollywood-ized" and having a lighter tone than its predecessors.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 81% approval rating based on 54 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10; the website's "critics consensus" reads: "Beyond Thunderdome deepens the Mad Max character without sacrificing the amazing vehicle choreography and stunts that made the originals memorable".

Legacy

As with the previous installments of the Mad Max series, Beyond Thunderdome has influenced popular culture in numerous ways. Of particular note is the widespread use of the term "thunderdome" to describe a contest in which the loser suffers a great hardship.

American filmmaker Chris Weitz has cited the film as an influence.

References

External links

1985 films
1985 independent films
1980s road movies
1980s science fiction action films
Australian independent films
Australian science fiction action films
Australian fantasy action films
Australian sequel films
Mad Max films
Films about automobiles
Films about death games
Films set in deserts
Films set in New South Wales
Films shot in South Australia
Films shot in New South Wales
Kennedy Miller Mitchell films
Peak oil films
Dystopian films
Australian post-apocalyptic films
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by Maurice Jarre
Films directed by George Miller
Films produced by George Miller
Films set in Australia
Australian action adventure films
Films with screenplays by George Miller
1980s English-language films

Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome


A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on the species; it is valued by animal trappers for the fur trade. Martens are slender, agile animals, adapted to living in the taiga, which inhabit coniferous and northern deciduous forests across the Northern Hemisphere.

Classification
Results of DNA research indicate that the genus Martes is paraphyletic, with some studies placing Martes americana outside the genus and allying it with Eira and Gulo, to form a new New World clade. The genus first evolved up to seven million years ago during the Miocene epoch.

Fossils
Several fossil martens have been described, including:
†Martes campestris (Pliocene)
†Martes wenzensis (Pliocene)
†Martes vetus (Pleistocene)

Another described fossil species, Martes nobilis from the Holocene, is now considered synonymous with the American marten.

Etymology
The Modern English "marten" comes from the Middle English 'Mearth' or  in turn borrowed from the Anglo-French  and Old French  (Latin ), itself from a Germanic source; cf. Old English , Old Norse , and Old High German and Yiddish  .

Ecology and behaviour

Martens are solitary animals, meeting only to breed in late spring or early summer. Litters of up to five blind and nearly hairless kits are born in early spring. They are weaned after around two months, and leave the mother to fend for themselves at about three to four months of age.
They are omnivorous.

Spatial niche segregation
It can be seen that there is a spatial niche segregation between certain species of marten such as the stone marten and the pine marten, however, we cannot credit this segregation to competition between the two species. It is more so due to the disparities in the two species' food preferences, avoidance of heavy predator pressure, and adaptability to cold climates that the spatial niche segregation occurs.

Cultural references

Canada
The marten is populous in the northern Ontario community of Big Trout Lake. During the fur trade, commissioned by the Hudson Bay Company in the 18th and 19th centuries, the marten pelt was typically fashioned into mittens. The marten is still traded locally. The locals place a high value on this pelt, typically trading it for  consumable goods.

Croatia
In the Middle Ages, marten pelts were highly valued goods used as a form of payment in Slavonia, the Croatian Littoral, and Dalmatia. The marturina was a form of tax named after this. The banovac, a coin struck and used between 1235 and 1384, included the image of a marten. This is one of the reasons why the Croatian word for marten, kuna, was the name of the former Croatian currency. A marten is depicted on the obverse of the 1-, 2-, and 5-kuna coins, minted since 1993, and on the reverse of the 25-kuna commemorative coins. With adoption of euro as the national currency in 2023, a marten continues to be depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 1 euro coin.

A running marten is shown on the coat of arms of Slavonia and subsequently on the modern design of the coat of arms of Croatia. The official seal of the Croatian Parliament from 1497 until the late 18th century had a similar design.

Finland
The Finnish communications company Nokia derives its name, via the river Nokianvirta, from a type of marten locally known as the nokia.

Greece
In the Illiad, the fleet-footed spy Dolon wore a marten-pelt cap.

Italy
The Latin word for helmet, galea, originally meant "marten pelt," although it is unclear whether early Romans wore these helmets for symbolical reasons or for their fine fur.

References

External links

Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Canada
Carnivorans of Europe
Mammals of North America
Extant Miocene first appearances

Marten


Werner Jungbluth (* 6. Mai 1906; † 26. Dezember 1989) war ein deutscher Jurist.

Werdegang
Jungbluth war Richter am Bundesgerichtshof. Von 19. Juni 1967 bis 31. Mai 1971 war er Präsident des Bundespatentgerichtes in München.

Einzelnachweise

Präsident (Bundespatentgericht)
Richter (Bundespatentgericht)
Richter (Bundesgerichtshof)
Person (München)
Deutscher
Geboren 1906
Gestorben 1989
Mann

Werner Jungbluth


César Gerardo Elizondo Quesada (San Isidro de El General, Pérez Zeledón, 10 de febrero de 1988) es un futbolista costarricense. Actualmente se encuentra sin equipo.

Selección nacional
Hizo su debut el 9 de febrero del 2011 en un partido amistoso ante Venezuela. Ha jugado con las selecciones Sub-17 y Sub-20 de Costa Rica. En la Copa Mundial de Fútbol Sub-17 de 2005 de Perú, anotó el segundo gol en la victoria frente a los locales.

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Participaciones en Copa América

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas de Costa Rica
Futbolistas del Deportivo Saprissa
Futbolistas del Municipal Pérez Zeledón
Futbolistas del Municipal Pérez Zeledón en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Buriram United Football Club
Futbolistas del San Antonio Scorpions
Futbolistas del North Carolina Football Club
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Costa Rica en los años 2010
Futbolistas de Costa Rica en la Copa América de 2011

César Elizondo


is a shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Ai Yazawa. It was serialized in Ribon and later in eight volumes of graphic novels.

An OVA adaptation was produced by Shueisha and Group TAC and directed by Hiroko Tokita, with Tomoko Konparu writing the script, Yasuomi Umetsu designing the characters and Fujio Takano composing the music. The OVA covers the formation of the first student council up to the first holy festival.

Synopsis
Midori Saejima is a first-year student at the newly established Hijiri Gakuen. Midori is persuaded by her classmates to run for student council. Midori is reluctant but realizes that Akira Sudou is also running for student council, she becomes eager to win the election. Ever since Midori had seen Akira during the beginning of the school year, she had felt an intense attraction to him. Akira and Midori are elected president and vice-president respectively for the student council. Thus begins their story that centers on their relationship and the many adventures of high school with their friends.

Midori and Akira quickly become close, and Midori eagerly seeks the opportunity to become Akira's girlfriend. Although Akira seems to have similar feelings for Midori, Midori eventually finds out about Akira's feelings toward Hiroko, who is Midori's favorite art teacher at their school. Akira explains his past with Hiroko and how he considers her to be an important person in his life. Midori is somewhat comforted by Akira's honesty and his explanation that his relationship with Hiroko is strictly platonic. Akira eventually comes to reciprocate Midori's feelings.

However, their relationship is troubled by Midori's increasing jealousy toward Hiroko and Akira's strong connection. They break up after months of awkwardness. Midori finds comfort in her long-time friend Ken Nakagawa, who has secretly loved Midori for years. Once Akira abruptly leaves the country to find Masashi Sakamoto, Hiroko's lover and Akira's half-brother, Midori realizes that she cannot be with anyone except Akira.

Midori and Akira rekindle their relationship after Akira comes back. The story ends with their graduation from high school.

Characters

The protagonist of the story.  She is always happy and has many friends at school. Likes to draw and sing. She falls in love with Akira.

A main character in the story. The guy who Midori falls in love with. He has a troubled past with an unhappy childhood, but eventually opens up to Midori. He always wears the ducktail hairstyle, and we can rarely see him without it.

Midori's friend from junior-high. Ken is a musician who dreams of becoming a star. He first appears in volume 3, when Midori meets up with some of her old friends on her birthday.  He is often mentioned in another of Yazawa's works, Gokinjo Monogatari, as the character Tsutomu bears an uncanny resemblance to him.

The secretary of the student council. His nickname is . He is from class D.

A student of class A. Her nickname is .

A student of class A. She is calm and takes pride in her soft skin.

Art teacher at Midori's school. She is popular among her students due to her beauty and kind personality. She is in a long-distance relationship with Masashi Sakamoto. Not seeing the love of her life makes her reach her limit but the couple finally gets married in the 4th volume.

Akira's tutor before high school. An avid artist, he leaves Hiroko in Japan and travels around the world (mostly France) for his art. It is revealed in the story that Masashi is Akira's half-brother.

She joined student council and was elected secretary with Bunta Kouno. She became Midori's best friend. She longs to be Shuuichi's girlfriend ever since they went to junior high together. At first glance she looks like a stuck up or cold person because of her attitude. But she really is nice. Midori likes to call her "Mamirin". The nickname sounds like "Marilyn" because Mamiya is pretty and has mole that looks like Marilyn Monroe's.

He joined the student council at the beginning of the manga and was elected treasurer. He became Akira's best friend. He is very popular among the girls in his school because of his good looks.

She was Shuuichi's girlfriend and Mamiya's rival. She's a very cute girl, seen as an idol by the boys in Hijiri. She is jealous of Mamiya and doubts about Shuuchi's fidelity. This will cause them to break up.

External links

1991 manga
1994 anime OVAs
Ai Yazawa
Group TAC
Shōjo manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga

Tenshi Nanka Ja Nai


Henry Harland (født 1. marts 1861 i New York, død 20. december 1905 i Sanremo, Italien) var en amerikansk romanforfatter.

Han gjorde sig under pseudonymet Sydney Luska kendt ved et par romaner Mrs. Peixada og The Yoke of the Thorah, der indvandt et nyt område for den amerikanse litteratur ved at skildre jødiskt liv i New York. Han fortsatte senere med en række skitser og mindre fortællinger fra det samme område. I 1890 rejste han til England, hvor han 1893 gjorde lykke med en samling skitser: Mademoiselle Miss and other Stories. Hans mest læste bog The Cardinals Snuff-box udkom 1900. Den er oversat til dansk.

Kilder

Romanforfattere fra USA
Engelsksprogede forfattere
Amerikanere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra New York City

Henry Harland


Cupa Ligii 1998 este o competiție de fotbal din România ce a debutat pe 10 mai 1998 și s-a încheiat pe 28 mai 1998, finala având loc pe Stadionul Rocar din București. Aceasta a fost a doua ediție a Cupei Ligii. Câștigătoarea trofeului nu a avut un loc asigurat în Cupa UEFA.

Programul competiției

 Grupe: 10 - 22 mai 1998
 Semifinale: 25 mai 1998
 Finala: 28 mai 1998

Echipe participante

Competiție

Faza Grupelor

Semifinale

Finala

Note

Cupa Ligii
1998 în fotbal

Cupa Ligii 1998


Sun tanning or tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp found in indoor tanning beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products which can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as sunless tanning.

Impact on skin health

Moderate exposure

Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of melanin and vitamin D by the body.

Excessive exposure
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including sunburn. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural skin color, and these may be a result of genetics. The term "tanning" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of Europe when it became fashionable for young women to seek a less pale complexion (see Cultural history below).

Long-term

Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of skin cancer, as well as depressed immune system function and accelerated aging of the skin.

Tanning process
Melanin is a natural pigment produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis. Melanocytes produce two types of melanin: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both. The intensity is commonly measured by the UV Index.

There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn. In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis), which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of pyrimidine dimers) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure. The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and sunburn, rather than simply cosmetic. Typically, it can provide a modest Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to 3 times the UV exposure as pale skin. However, in order to cause true melanogenesis-tanning by means of UV exposure, some direct DNA photodamage must first be produced, and this requires UVB exposure (as present in natural sunlight, or sunlamps that produce UVB). The ultraviolet frequencies responsible for tanning are often divided into the UVA and UVB ranges.

UVA
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is in the wavelength range 320 to 400 nm. It is present more uniformly throughout the day, and throughout the year, than UVB. Most UVA is not blocked by the atmosphere's ozone layer. UVA causes the release of existing melanin from the melanocytes to combine with oxygen (oxidize) to create the actual tan color in the skin. UVA is blocked less than UVB by many sunscreens, but is blocked to some degree by clothing. UVA is known both to cause DNA damage and to be carcinogenic. However, it operates not by inducing direct DNA damage, but by producing reactive oxygen species which damage DNA indirectly. UVA (see above) induces a cosmetic tan but little extra melanin protection against sun damage, sun burn, or cancer.

UVB
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is in the wavelength range 280 to 320 nm. Much of this band is blocked by the Earth's ozone layer, but some penetrates. UVB:

 triggers the formation of CPD-DNA damage (direct DNA damage), which in turn induces an increased melanin production.
 is more likely to cause a sunburn than UVA as a result of overexposure. The mechanism for sunburn and increased melanogenesis is identical. Both are caused by the direct DNA damage (formation of CPDs).
 produces Vitamin D in human skin.
 is reduced by virtually all sunscreens in accordance with their SPF.
 is thought, but not proven, to cause the formation of moles and some types of skin cancer.
 causes skin aging (but at a slower rate than UVA).
 stimulates the production of new melanin, which leads to an increase in the dark-colored pigment within a few days.

Tanning behavior of different skin colors
A person's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to sunlight. An individual's natural skin color can vary from a dark brown to a nearly colorless pigmentation, which may appear white. In 1975, Harvard dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick devised the Fitzpatrick scale which described the common tanning behavior of various skin types, as follows:

Health aspects

The most common risk of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is sunburn, the speed and severity of which vary among individuals. This can be alleviated at least to some extent by the prior application of a suitable-strength sunscreen, which will also hinder the tanning process due to the blocking of UV light. Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer, make skin age and wrinkle faster, mutate DNA, and impair the immune system. Frequent tanning bed use triples the risk of developing melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, according to a 2010 study. The study suggests that the melanoma risk is linked more closely to total exposure than it is to the age at which an individual first uses a tanning bed. The International Agency for Research on Cancer places the use of tanning beds in the highest cancer risk category, describing them as carcinogenic to humans even if used as recommended. Frequent tanning also has behavioural reinforcing effects, following UVA radiation epidermal keratinocytes synthesize POMC inducing the production of β-Endorphins which are opioid agonists. An opioid blockade will also then cause withdrawal signs after habitual UV exposure leading to many tanners meeting the DSM-IV criteria for addiction. Several organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Cancer Society and the US Surgeon General have issued guidelines warning about sun tanning and UV radiation exposure, either from the sun or from indoor tanning. Production of vitamin D is essential for human health. Moderate exposure (avoiding sunburn) to UV radiation provides benefits such as increased vitamin D, as well as other possible benefits that are still being studied. Several tanning activators have used different forms of psoralen, which are known to be photocarcinogenic. Health authorities have banned psoralen since July 1996.

Cultural history

In the United States and Western Europe before the 1920s, tanned skin was associated with the lower classes because they worked outdoors and were exposed to the sunlight. Parasols and long sleeves were typically worn, even at beaches. By the 1920s, however, a cultural transformation took place, and tan skin became the ideal.

By the early 20th century, therapeutic benefits of sunlight were advertised to the public. In 1903, Niels Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his "Finsen Light Therapy". The therapy was a cure for diseases such as lupus vulgaris and rickets. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be a cause of rickets, and exposure to sunlight would allow vitamin D to be produced in a person. Therefore, sunlight exposure was a remedy to curing several diseases, especially rickets.

In 1910 a scientific expedition went to the island of Tenerife to test the wider health benefits of "heliotherapy", and by 1913 "sunbathing" was referred to as a desirable activity for the leisured class. Shortly thereafter, in the 1920s, fashion-designer Coco Chanel accidentally got sunburnt while visiting the French Riviera. When she arrived home, she arrived with a sun tan and her fans apparently liked the look and started to adopt darker skin tones themselves. Tanned skin became a trend partly because of Coco's status and the longing for her lifestyle by other members of society. In addition, Parisians fell in love with Josephine Baker, a "caramel-skinned" singer in Paris, and idolized her darker skin. These two women were leading figures of the transformation that tan skin underwent, in which it became perceived as fashionable, healthy, and luxurious. Jean Patou capitalized on the new tanning fad, launching the first sun tan oil "Huile de Chaldee" in 1927. Just before the 1930s, sunlight therapy became a popularly subscribed cure for almost every ailment from simple fatigue to tuberculosis. In the 1940s, advertisements started appearing in women's magazines which encouraged sunbathing. At the same time, swimsuits' skin coverage began decreasing, with the bikini radically changing swimsuit style after it made its appearance in 1946. In the 1950s, many people used baby oil as a method to increase tanning.

Coppertone, in 1953, marketed its sunscreen with a drawing of a young girl and her cocker spaniel tugging on her bathing suit bottom, revealing her bare bottom and tan line; this advertisement was modified around the turn of the 21st century and now shows a little girl wearing a one-piece bathing suit or shorts. In the latter part of the 1950s, silver metallic reflectors were common to enhance one's tan.  In 1962, sunscreen commenced to be SPF rated, although SPF labeling in the US was not standardized by the FDA until 1978. In the 1970s, Mattel introduced Malibu Barbie, which had tanned skin and further popularized sun tanning among women.

In 1978, both sunscreen with an SPF 15 rating as well as tanning beds first appeared. In 2007, there were an estimated 50,000 outlets for indoor tanning; it was a five-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and had spawned an auxiliary industry for indoor tanning lotions including bronzers, intensifiers, and accelerators. Since then, the indoor tanning industry has become more constrained by health regulations. In China, darker skin is still considered by many to be the mark of the lower classes. As recently as 2012, in some parts of China, ski masks were becoming popular items to wear at the beach in order to protect the wearer's face from the effects of sunlight.  A 1969 innovation is tan-through swimwear, which uses fabric perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which transmit enough sunlight to approach an all-over tan, especially if the fabric is stretched taut. Tan-through swimwear typically allows more than one-third of UV rays to pass through (equivalent to SPF 3 or less), and an application of sunscreen even to the covered area is recommended.

Sunless tanning

To avoid exposure to UVB and UVA rays, or in seasons without strong sunshine, some people take alternative steps to appear with darkened skin. They may use sunless tanning (also known as self-tanners); stainers which are based on dihydroxyacetone (DHA); or cosmetics such as bronzers. Many sunless tanning products are available in the form of darkening creams, gels, lotions, and sprays that are self-applied on the skin. There is also a professional spray-on tanning option or "tanning booth" that is offered by spas, salons, and tanning businesses. Spray tanning does not involve a color being sprayed on the body, instead it uses a colorless chemical which reacts with proteins in the top layer of the skin, resulting in a brown color.

See also
 Sunburn
 Sunning
 Indoor tanning
 Perineum sunning
 Skin whitening

References

External links

Aim at Melanoma
Information on tanning from The Skin Cancer Foundation
Research on the benefits of UV exposure
Melanoma Research Alliance

Sun tanning

Sun tanning


Policijska akademija 2: Na prvom zadatku (engleski izvornik: Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment), američka filmska komedija iz 1985. godine. Drugi iz franšize Policijske akademije.

Sažetak
Pitomci iz prvog nastavka idu na svoju prvu zadaću. Jednu gradsku četvrt terorizira ulična banda koju predvodi ekscentrični i histerični Zed.

Američki filmovi 1980-ih
Filmske komedije


Hipantiul (din greaca hypo = dedesubt + anthos = floare) este porțiunea în formă de potir (cupă)  sau tubuliformă a axei florale (receptacul) dintre ovar și restul pieselor florale, la care participă bazele periantului și ale staminelor, rezultată din lărgirea receptaculului. Se găsește la toate speciile din familia rozacee și la multe specii din familia timeleacee.

Note

Morfologia plantelor

Hipantiu


The commissioner of the Northwest Territories () is the Government of Canada's representative in the Northwest Territories. Similar in certain functions to a lieutenant governor, the commissioner swears in the members of the legislative assembly, swears in members of the executive council, assents to bills, opens sessions of the legislative assembly, and signs other government documents such as Orders in Council.

Earlier commissioners were mostly deputy ministers in various ministries (Minister of the Interior, Mines, Mines and Resources).

As commissioners are appointed by the Government of Canada, they are not a vice-regal representative in the territory—that is, unlike in Canada's provinces, there is no such thing as a "territorial Crown" analogous to the provincial Crowns. The commissioner represents the federal government and must follow any instructions of the Cabinet or the relevant federal minister, currently the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs.

Since 1980, the territories have had self-government, with the legislature choosing a government leader or premier, in addition to electing members of parliament to the Parliament of Canada.

Commissioners of the NWT

Deputy commissioners

On 24 October 2011 Gerald W. Kisoun was appointed deputy commissioner and his term was originally for three years. It was extended for a second three years and is due to expire 10 December 2017.

See also
 Lieutenant-Governors of Northwest Territories (1869-1905)

References

External links
Office of the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories (NWT)
Official Handbook for Commissioners of the Territories (Canada)

Northwest Territories Commissioners


رايتشل راي  (مواليد 25 أغسطس 1968) مقدمة برامج تلفزيونية أمريكية تم ترشيحها لجائزة الإيمي مرتين. تقدم برنامج رايتشل راي بالإضافة إلى برنامجين للطبخ. تبث قناة MBC4 برنامجها.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك قامت بتأليف سلسلة كتب طبخ.

الهوامش

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من غلينز فولز
أشخاص من ليك جورج (نيويورك)
أشخاص من مقاطعة بارنستابل (ماساتشوستس)
أصحاب مطاعم أمريكيون
أمريكيات في القرن 21
أمريكيون صقليون
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
أمريكيون من أصل فرنسي
أمريكيون من أصل ويلزي
طباخات
طباخات أمريكيات
طباخون في التلفزة الأمريكية
كاتبات غير روائيات أمريكيات
كتاب أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
كتاب طبخ أمريكيون
كتاب طعام أمريكيون
كتاب من ولاية نيويورك
مقدمو برامج
مقدمو برامج تلفزيونية حوارية أمريكيون
مواليد 1968
مواليد في غلينز فولز
مؤلفات كتب طهي

رايتشل راي


İzlanda tarihi, Norveç ve Büyük Britanya'dan gelen Viking yerleşimcilerle başlamıştır.

Eski tarih
İzlanda, jeolojik anlamda, yaklaşık olarak 20 milyon yıl önce başlayan Mid-Atlantik bölgedeki volkanik patlamalarla oluştuğundan genç bir adadır. Adada bulunan en eski taşların tarihleri ancak 16 milyon yıl öncesine kadar gider. İzlanda adasını oluşmasına da neden olan volkanizma hareketi bugün de aktifliğini korumaktadır.

İzlanda, yerleşimin olmadığı son büyük adalardan biri olarak kalmıştır. Piteas tarafından "Thule" olarak adlandırılan adanın İzlanda olduğu önerilmiş olsa da bu olasılık çok düşüktür; çünkü Piteas, adayı tarım bakımından oldukça zengin ve fazla sayıda süt, bal ve meyvenin olduğu bir ada olarak betimlemiştir. İnsanoğlunun bu adaya ayak bastığı ilk tarih bilinmemektedir. Adada 3. yüzyıl Roma madeni paraları bulunmuş olsa da bu paraların adaya o zamanda mı yoksa daha sonra Vikinglerle beraber mi geldiği bilinmemektedir.

Edebiyat bakımından incelendiğinde bazı İrlanda keşişlerinin adaya Norslardan önce ayak bastığı önerilmiştir. Ancak bu tezi savunacak hiçbir arkeolojik kanıt yoktur. 12. yüzyıl bilgini Ari Þorgilsson, kitabı Íslendingabók'''ta yazdığına göre, adaya ilk yerleşenler, adada, İrlanda keşişleri tarafından kullanılanlara benzer küçük çanlar bulmuşlardır. Ancak böyle kalıntılar arkeologlar tarafından bulunulamamıştır. Landnámabók adı verilen, İzlandalıların İzlanda'ya yerleşişini anlatan eski yazıtın zamanlarında bazı İrlandalılar, efsanevi kral Kjarvalr Írakonungr'un soyundan geldiğini savunmuştur.

 Yerleşim Çağı (874-930) Landnámabóka göre, İzlanda, Norveç'ten Faroe Adalarına giden Naddoddr adı verilen İskandinav bir denizci tarafından keşfediliştir. Kitaba göre Naddoddr, seyahatinde yolundan sapmıştır ve de adayı bulmuştur. Adayı keşfettiğinde adaya "Snæland" (Kar Toprakları) adını verdi. İsveçli denizci Garðar Svavarsson da adayı yanlışlıkla keşfetmiştir. Geldiği toprakların bir ada olduğunu fark edince adaya "Garðarshólmi" (Garðar'ın Adası) adını verip kış boyunca Húsavík'te kalmıştır. Adaya bilinçli olarak yelken açan ilk İskandinav denizci Hrafna-Flóki (Kunduz Flóki) olarak da bilinen Flóki Vilgerðarson'dır. Flóki, Barðaströnd'ta bir kış boyunca kalmıştır. Kışın soğuk geçtiğinden akarsu üzerinden oluşmuş buzulları fark edip adaya hala kullanımda olan adını, yani "Ísland"yı (İzlanda) vermiştir.

İzlanda'daki ilk sürekli olarak yaşamış insan Norveç'li şef Ingólfur Arnarson olarak kabul edilir. Rivayete göre, Ingólfur kıyıya yaklaşırken karaya iki yontulmuş taş atıp onların indiği yere yerleşeceğine söz vermiştir. Karaya vardığında ise Reykjanesskagi adı verilen güneybatı yarımadasında taşları bulunca 874 yılında, ailesiyle birlikte İzlanda'ya yerleşmiştir. Bu yerleştiği yere, yerden yükselen jeotermal buharlar nedeniyle Reykjavík (Duman Körfezi) adını vermiştir. Burası bugüne kadar İzlanda'nın başkenti ve en gelişmiş yeri olarak kalmıştır. Ancak Ingólfur Arnarson'un ilk yerleşik yaşama geçen insan olmaması olasıdır. Bu insan, Garðar Svavarsson'un kölesi olan Náttfari olabilir. Náttfari, efendisi İskandinavya'ya dönünce geride kalmıştır.

Yukarıda belirtilen tüm bilgilerin çoğu bilginin çelişkileri nedeniyle bir kaynak olarak kullanmayı reddettiği Landnámabók'''tan (Yerleşme Kitabı) geldiğini belirtmek gerekir. Ancak yine de bu kitap, bu konudaki tek kaynaktır. Ayrıca arkeolojik buluntular, 870 yıllarında, Reykjavík çevresinde gerçekten de bir yerleşme olduğunu göstermektedir.

Ingólfur'dan sonra birçok Nors şefi onu takip etmiştir. Bu şefler, adaya, aileleri ve köleleriyle gelmişlerdir. Birçok kaynağa göre bu insanların çoğu Norveçli, İrlandalı ve İskoç'tur. İrlanda ve İskoçluların çoğu ise adaya Norveçli şeflerin köle ve uşakları olarak gelmiştir. Norveç'ten bu göç genellikle, Norveç kralı Haraldur Harfagri'nin (Güzel Saçlı Harald), Norveç'teki küçük krallıkları birleştirirken uyguladığı yıkımla açıklanır. Aynı zamanda Norveç'in batıdaki bölgelerin çok kalabalık olması da bu göçün sebepleri arasında sayılmıştır. İzlanda'ya yerleşim detaylarla Landnámabók'ta açıklanmıştır. Ancak bunun 12. yüzyılda, yani bu dönemden en azından 200 yıl sonra yazıya geçirildiği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Ari Þorgilsson'un Íslendingabókı genellikle daha güvenilir olarak kabul edilse de buradaki detaylar daha azdır. Bu kitaba göre İzlanda'nın yerleşimi 60 yılda tamamlanmıştır ve bu bilgi büyük bir olasılıkla İzlanda'nın bu süre zarfında tüm bölgelerinin alındığını gösteriyor.

İzlanda Birliği (930-1262)
930 yılında, şefler, "Alþingi" (İngilizce: the Althing) adı verilen bir birlik kurmuşlardır. Bu topluluk, her yaz, Þingvellir'de toplanıp hem yasaları hem de adli bazı konuları tartışmışlardır. Ancak kanunlar yazılmamış, bunun yerine bir "lögsögumaður" (kanun sözcüsü) seçmişlerdir. Bu birlik, bazen dünyanın en eski parlamentosu olarak da gösterilir. En önemlisi, bu toplantılarda tek bir kuvvet yoktu ve bu nedenle de yasalar ancak halk tarafından koyuluyordu. Böylesi bir durum birçok kan davasına yol açıyordu. Bu tip olaylar da dönemin saga yazarlarına birçok konu vermiştir.

İzlanda, genellikle bozulmamış gelişmesini bu birlik dönemine borçludur. Bu döneme ait yerleşimler güneybatı Grönland ve doğu Kanada'da dahi bulunmuştur. Eiríks saga Rauða ve Grænlendinga saga bu genişlemelerden bahsetmektedir.

İzlanda yerleşenleri genellikle pagandı ve 1000 yılında Hristiyanlıka dönmeden önce Odin, Thor ve Frejya gibi tanrılara tapıyorlardı. 1000 yılında, Alþing, şeflerden biri olan Þorgeirr Ljósvetningagoði'i İzlanda'nın yeni dine geçip geçmemelerine karar verilmesi için seçildi. Seçilen şef, İzlanda'nın ismen Hristiyan olmasına ancak isteyenlerin pagan ritüellerine devam edebileceğine karar vermiştir. İlk İzlandalı peder, Ísleifr Gizurarson, 1056 yılında Bremen'li Adalbert tarafından kutsanmıştır.

İç Savaş ve Birlik Dönemi'nin sonu
11. ve 12. yüzyıla gelindiğinde güç Birlik yasalarının elinden az sayıdaki ailelerin ve onların liderlerinin eline geçmiştir. Yaklaşık olarak 1200-1262 arası, "Sturlungaöld" (Sturlunglar Çağı) olarak bilinir. Bu isim, Sturla Þórðarson ve onların çocukları Þórður, Sighvatur ve Snorri'den gelmektedir. Bu aile, İzlanda'daki güç için savaşan iki büyük klandan biridir. Bu savaş sırasında, klanların destekçileri olan çiftçiler liderleri için savaşmaya gittiklerinde tarım yapılamamış ve bu büyük bir zarar neden olmuştur. 1220'de Snorri Sturluson, Norveç kralı Hákon'un bir beyi olmasının ardından, onun yeğeni, Sturla Sighvatsson da 1235'te Norveç kralına bağlandı. Strula, Strunlungar ailesini, güç ve etkisiyle İzlanda'nın diğer klanlarına karşı savaşmaya ikna etti.

İzlanda Birliği 1262'ye kadar, yani Strunlungar Çağı'nın sonuna kadar, bağımsız kalmıştır. Ancak bunun ardından, Gamli sáttmáli (Eski Anlaşma) adı verilen bir anlaşmayı imzalayarak Norveç monarşisiyle birlikte bir birlik oluşturdu.

Bir Norveç-Danimarka derebeyliği olarak İzlanda
Anlaşmanın yapılmasının ardından geçen yıllar boyunca çok az şey değişti. Norveç'in yönetme gücünün yüksek olmasının yanında Alþingi yönetme ve yargılama gücünü kendi elinde tutmaya çalıştı. Ancak, İzlanda'nın Skálholt ve Hólaryine'deki iki papazı adada yerler almaya başlayınca, güç yavaşçana kilisenin eline geçmeye başladı. Norveç ve Danimarka 14. yüyzılın sonunda birleşince İzlanda'nın hakimiyeti Norveç-Danimarka'ya geçti. İki ülke 1814'te Kiel Antlaşması'yla ayrılınca, Danimarka adayı kendi elinde tuttu.
İzlanda, coğrafi olarak Avrupa'dan dışlanmış gibi görünse de, İzlanda hiçbir zaman izole kalmamıştır. Belki Christopher Columbus'un bile geldiği bu adada, Orta Çağ ve erken modern dönem boyunca ticaret canlı bir şekilde yapılmıştır.

18. ve 19. yüzyıl ile 20. yüzyılın başı
1783'te, İzlanda'daki Laki volkanının patlamasıyla, adada üç mil küp kadar lav yayıldı. Seller, küller ve tütmeler 9,000 kişinin ve de depolanan erzakların %80'inin sonunu getirdi. Bunun sonucunda oluşan açlıkla da İzlanda nüfusunun çeyreği öldü. 1

19. yüzyılda görülen adadaki iklim değişikliği nüfusun durumunu daha da kötüye götürdü ve özellikle de Manitaba, Kanada'ya toplu göçler gerçekleşti. Ancak bunun başka bir sonucu olarak da Avrupa'daki 18. yüzyıl romantizm ve milliyetçiliğinden etkilenen yeni bir milliyetçilik anlayışı ortaya çıktı. Jón Sigurðsson'un liderliğinden bir özgürlük savaşı başladı. Alþingi, yüzyıllar boyunca bir yargı organı olarak kaldı ancak 1800 yılında, sonunda sona erdirildi. 1843'te aynı adda başka bir birlik kuruldu ve bazıları bunun eski birliğin devamı niteliğinde olduğunu savunmuştur. İzlanda'daki ilk yerleşimden 1000 yıl sonra, 1874'te, Danimarka, İzlanda'ya iç işlerinde serbestlik tanıdı. Bu hak 1904'te daha da genişletildi. 1874'te yazılan anayasa ise 1903'te geliştirildi ve Reykjavík'ta kurulan İzlanda İç İşleri Alþingi'den sorumlu tutuldu. Danimarka'yla 1 Aralık, 1918'de imzalanan Birleşme Yasası'na göre, İzlanda, Danimarka'yla birlikte, aynı kral altında yönetilen özerk bir devlet olarak tanındı. İzlanda, bununla birlikte kendi bayrağını yarattı ve Danimarka'dan dış işleri ve savunma konularında İzlanda'yı temsil etmesini istedi. Yasa 1940'a kadar geçerli olacaktı ve anlaşmazlık durumunda üç yıl içerisinde fesh edilebilecekti.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda İzlanda
9 Nisan 1940'ta Danimarka'nın Almanlar tarafından işgaliyle birlikte İzlanda ve Danimarka arasındaki ilişkiler gerginleşti. Bunun sonucunda 10 Nisan'da İzlanda Parlamentosu, Alþingi, daha sonra İzlanda'nın ilk başbakanı olacak Sveinn Björnsson'u, görevli seçerek dış işlerini kendi eline almaya karar verdi. Savaşın ilk yılında İzlanda, hem İngiliz hem de Alman kuvvetlerine karşı gelerek, nötrlük politikası izlemiştir. 10 Mayıs 1940'ta İngiliz ordusu, Reykjavík limanına Barışçıl Kuvvetler tarafından yürütülen istilayı gerçekleşmek için gelince, hükûmet protesto kararını yayınladı. Ancak herhangi bir karşı saldırı düşüncesi ülkenin polislerinin çoğunun başkentten uzak bir kampta eğitim görmesinden dolayı ortadan kalktı. İstilanın ilk gününde, başbakan Hermann Jónasson bir radyo duyurusu yaparak İzlandalılara yabancıları konuklarıymış gibi karşılamaları konusunda çağrı yaptı. Hükûmet, kısa bir sürede, Danimarka'nınkine benzer bir işbirliği yasası çıkardı.

Adanın istilalarının en kuvvetli olduğu noktada İzlanda'da 25,000 İngiliz askeri bulunuyordu. Bu durum, özellikle de Reykjavík çevresindeki işsizlik sorununu ortadan kaldırdı. 1941'in Temmuz'unda, İzlanda'nın savunma sorumluluğu, bir İzlanda-ABD savunma anlaşmasıyla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne geçti. İngiltere toplayabildiği tüm askerlerini kendi topraklarına daha yakın yerlerde tutmaya çalıştığı için, Alþingi'yi bir Amerikan himayesine ikna etmeye çalıştı. Bu zamanda İzlanda'da, 40,000 asker vardı.

Bir halk oylamasıyla, İzlanda, 17 Haziran 1944'te yasal olarak bağımsız bir ülke oldu. Danimarkalılar, bu olayın Danimarka'nın Nazi istilası altında olduğu bir zamanda olmasından rahatsız olmalarına rağmen, Danimarka kralı, Christian X, İzlandalılara bir kutlama mesajı yollamıştır.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası İzlanda
İzlanda, savaş esnasında, yabancı bankaların hesaplarında hatırı sayılır miktarda para biriktirdi. Alışılmadık bir biçimde, bir üç-partili çoğunluk kabinesiyle yönetilen hükûmet, muhafazakârlar (Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn), sosyal demokratlar (Alþýðuflokkurinn) ve sosyalistlerden (Sósíalistaflokkurinn) oluşmaktaydı. Bu hükûmet, biriktirilen paranın balıkçılık ve tarımda yapılacak olan yeniliklere yatırılmasında karar kıldı. Bu kararlar İzlanda'nın savaş zamanında sahip olduğu iyi yaşam şartlarını sürdürmek için alınmıştı. Hükûmetin Keynesiyan ekonomik politikaları, ülkeyi gelişmiş bir endüstri ülkesi hâline getirmeyi amaçlıyordu. Kurla oynama gibi yollarla, işsizliğin en düşük seviyede olması ve balıkçılık gibi ihracatların artmasının şart olduğu düşünülüyordu. Hem düzenli olmayan balık avlarına hem de balık ürünlerine dış ülkelerinin ilgisine bağlı olan İzlanda ekonomisi, 1990'ların başına kadar oldukça belirsiz kaldı.

1946'nın Ekim'inde, İzlanda ve ABD hükûmeti, İzlanda'nın savunma hakkının İzlanda'ya geri verilmesine karar verdi. Ancak, ABD, herhangi bir savaşın kızışması durumunda ordu kurma gibi haklarını, Keflavík'te korudu.

İzlanda Parlamento Binası'nın önündeki ayaklanma ve iç tartışmalara rağmen, İzlanda 30 Mart 1940'ta NATO üyesi oldu. Ancak yaptığı anlaşmaya göre, ülke, hiçbir saldırgan harekette yer almayacaktı. 1950'de, Kore'deki anlaşmazlıklar ve NATO'nun isteklerinin etkisiyle, Alþingi ve ABD, Birleşik Devletler'in tekrar İzlanda'nın savunmasını ele alması gerektiğine karar verdi. 5 Mart 1951'de imzalanan anlaşma, 2006'ya kadar süren Amerikan ordusunun İzlanda'daki varlığının kaynağı oldu.

Soğuk Savaş sonrası İzlanda
1991'de Özgürlük Partisi'nin başkanı Davíð Oddsson, sosyal demokratlarla birleşip bir koalisyon hükûmeti kurdu. Bu hükûmet, liberal market poliçelerini uygulayarak bazı küçük ve bazı büyük şirketleri özelleştirdiler. Bu zaman zarfında ekonomik sabitlik artarken kronik enflasyon da büyük ölçüde düşürüldü. 1994'te de ise İzlanda Avrupa Ekonomik Alanı'nın bir üyesi oldu.

1995'te Davíð Oddsson Kalkınma Partisi'yle bir kualisyon hükûmeti kurdu. Bu hükûmet ise serbest piyasa stratejilerini uygulamaya sokarak iki ticari bankayı ve hükûmetin Siminn şirketini özelleştirdi. Bu hükûmet zamanında ekonomik ilerleme büyük ölçüde devam etti.

2004'te, Davíð Oddsson, 13 yıl görev yaptıktan sonra başbakanlığı bıraktı ve Kalkınma Partisi lideri Halldór Ásgrímsson bu görevi 2004 ile 2006 arasında yaptı. Onun ardından da Geir H. Haarde başbakanlığa getirildi.

2006 Mart'ında, ABD, İzlanda Savundma Kuvvetleri'nin büyük bir bölümünü çekmeye karar verdiğini açıkladı. 12 Ağustos, 2006'da son dört F-15 uçağı İzlanda hava sahasını terk etti. ABD, aynı yılın Eylül'ünde Keflavík üssünü kapayacağını resmi olarak açıkladı.

İzlanda, kendi ordusu olmayan tek NATO ülkesidir. Ancak yine de özel silahlar ünitesi, ufak bir filosu olan sahil güvenliği ve barış kuvvetleri olan bir polis kuvveti ülkede mevcuttur.

Kaynakça
 Eski Tarih

İzlanda tarihi


Eje veje væk er en dansk kortfilm fra 2001, der er instrueret af Linda Krogsøe Holmberg efter manuskript af Teis Beyer.

Handling
Den 30-årige kejtede ungkarl Peter sejler flygtninge i land fra et fragtskib i Østersøen på onkel Finns lille fiskerbåd. Nemt job - gode penge. Peter har svært ved at sige til og fra. Han er verdens mest ubeslutsomme mand. Af samme grund har han også lidt svært med det der med piger. Han bor stadig i kælderen under sin mors hus, og da han vil skjule en ung kvinde på flugt fra et arrangeret ægteskab kommer problemerne. Nu må Peter vælge - og det er ikke så let.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Eje veje væk


Secvențierea Ion Torrent este o metodă de  secvențiere ADN bazată pe detectarea ionilor de hidrogen degajați în timpul reacției de  polimerizare a ADN-ului. Aceasta este o metodă de secvențiere prin sinteză, în timpul cărui un strand complementar de ADN este construit pe baza unui alt strand șablon.

În cavitatea care conține strandul de ADN șablon ce urmează să fie secvențiat se adaugă un singur tip de deoxiribonucleotidă trifosfată (dNTP). Dacă dNTP-ul introdus este complementar cu prima nucleotidă din strandul ADN, atunci aceasta este incorporată în strandul complementar. Acest eveniment duce la degajarea unui ion de hidrogen care declanșează la rândul său un senzor ISFET, care indică prezența reacției. Mai multe molecule dNTP sunt incorporate într-un singur ciclu în cazul în care există baze care se repetă în strandul șablon.

Această tehnologie diferă de alte tehnici de secvențiere ADN prin faptul că nu folosește nucleotide modificate (precum ddNTP, in secvențierea Sanger) sau metode optice.

Performanța metodei de secvențiere

Acuratețea per bază obținută de mașina de secvențiere Ion Torrent în februarie 2011 a fost de 99.6%, în cazul citirilor de lungime 50, cu 100Mb pe tură.
Acuratețea secvențelor care au repetiții de 5 baze a fost de 98%.
Modelele mai noi au prezentat citiri de lungimea a 400 de baze. Aceste măsurători nu au fost validate independent de compania producătoare.

Avantaje
Metoda de secvențiere este rapidă și ieftină în prima fază.
Tehnologia înregistrează încorporarea nucleotidelor de către enzima ADN polimerază, ceea ce înseamnă că secvențierea (citirea șirului de nucleotide) are loc în timp real. În realitate însă, viteza de secvențiere este limitată de viteza de deplasare a nucleotidelor substrat prin sistem.

La timpul lansării, o mașină de secvențiere Ion Torrent costa $50,000 USD și nu includea echipamentul de preparare a mostrelor.

Dezavantaje
Repetițiile unei singure baze (de ex. GGGGG) pe strandul șablon duc la declanșarea mai multor ioni de hidrogen într-un singur ciclu. Acest fenomen duce la schimbarea pH-ului și la intensificarea semnalului electronic.
Un dezavantaj al acestei tehnologii constă în faptul că mașina de secvențiere nu poate estima corect numărul nucleotidelor care se repetă într-un strand șablon. De exemplu, mașina nu poate distinge dacă pe strandul șablon există 7, sau 8 nucleotide de același fel, una după cealaltă.
Acest dezavantaj apare și la alte tehnologii de secvențiere, precum pirosecvențierea.

Vezi si
Secvențierea Sanger

Secvențierea nanopore

Secvențiere în timp real a unei singure molecule

Secvențierea shotgun

Referințe

ADN

Secvențierea Ion Torrent


An Paspalum crispatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Paspalum crispatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum crispatum


Sylvain Pilewski, né le , est un joueur de pétanque français.

Biographie

Il est gaucher et peut jouer aux trois postes (tireur, milieu ou pointeur).

Clubs
 ?-? : PM Verneuil-l'Étang (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-? : Melun (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-? : Grandpuits (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-? : Meaux (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-? : PC Gretz Pontcarré (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-? : Star Master's Barbizon (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-? : Meaux (Seine-et-Marne)
 ?-2001 : AAS Fresnes (Val-de-Marne)
 2002 : PC Claye-Souilly (Seine-et-Marne)
 2004-2006 : PM Verneuil-l'Étang (Seine-et-Marne)
 2007 : AAS Fresnes (Val-de-Marne)
 2008 : Ponthierry (Seine-et-Marne)
 2009-2015 : Ozoir-la-Ferrière Pétanque (Seine-et-Marne)
 2016- : L'Académie des Petits Bouchons Itteville (Essonne)

Palmarès

Séniors

Jeux mondiaux
 Vainqueur
 Triplette 2005 (avec Simon Cortes et Sylvain Dubreuil) :  Équipe de France

Championnats de France
 Champion de France
 Tête à tête 2004 : PM Verneuil-l'Étang

Références

Liens externes

Joueur français de pétanque
Médaillé d'or aux Jeux mondiaux
Champion de France de pétanque
Naissance en août 1975
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Article à illustrer Pétanque

Sylvain Pilewski


LM386 este un circuit integrat care conține un amplificator audio de joasă tensiune. Este potrivit pentru dispozitive cu baterie, cum ar fi radioul, amplificatoare de chitară și proiecte de hobby-uri electronice. Circuitul este format dintr-un pachet dual-line de 8 pini (DIP-8) și poate produce 0,25 până la 1 wați de putere, în funcție de model, folosind o sursă de 9 volți.

Note

Vezi și

 Amplificator operațional
 Componentă electronică
 Computer
 Circuit integrat analogic
 Circuit integrat hibrid
 Circuit logic CMOS
 Diodă
 Electronică
 EPROM
 EEPROM
 EEPROM Serial
 FPGA
 LM358
 Memorie ROM
 NE5532
 NVRAM
 Pastilă (semiconductor)
 Televiziunea analogică terestră în România
 Tranzistor
 Tranzistor bipolar
 Tranzistor IGBT
 Tranzistor MOSFET
 Tranzistor unipolar
 Uzinele Electronica

Legături externe

Historical Data Books
 Linear Databook (1980, 1376 pages), National Semiconductor, includes LM386 datasheet

Circuite integrate
Amplificatoare

LM386


An Lepidosperma bungalbin in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Russell Lindsay Barrett. An Lepidosperma bungalbin in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepidosperma, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepidosperma

Lepidosperma bungalbin


Die Gutenberg-Reichsausstellung (GRA) war eine für 1940 in Leipzig geplante Ausstellung als 500-Jahr-Feier zur europäischen Erfindung des Buchdrucks mit beweglichen Lettern durch Johannes Gutenberg. Sie sollte die führende Rolle Deutschlands in diesem Bereich darstellen. Wegen des Ausbruchs des Zweiten Weltkriegs fand die Ausstellung nicht statt.

Die Gutenberg-Reichsausstellung wurde spätestens ab 1936 geplant und vorbereitet. Sie sollte auf einem Gelände in Leipzig-Lindenau stattfinden. Um eine ausreichend freie Fläche zu schaffen, wurde die dort befindliche Radrennbahn abgetragen und 1939 der aus dem 16. Jahrhundert stammende Kuhturm sowie angrenzende architektonisch herausragende Gebäude des Palmengartens gesprengt.

In Vorbereitung der Ausstellung erhielt 1938 das Deutsche Buchgewerbehaus einen Anbau, der später wesentlicher Teil des Bugra-Messehauses war.

Maßgeblicher Initiator der Ausstellung war der Leipziger Zeitungswissenschaftler Walter Schöne. Er wurde bei der Organisation unter anderen unterstützt von dem Frankfurter Buchexperten Georg Kurt Schauer und dem Schriftsteller Erhart Kästner. Die Dauer der Ausstellung war vom 10. Mai bis 20. Oktober 1940 geplant. Es war bereits eine gusseiserne Medaille zur Ausstellung erschienen.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Hainer Michalske: Die Gutenberg-Reichsausstellung 1940. Steiner-Verlag Stuttgart, 2007

NS-Ausstellung
Geschichte des Buchdrucks
Veranstaltung in Leipzig
Nicht realisiertes Projekt
Veranstaltung (Buchwesen)

Gutenberg-Reichsausstellung


Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten var en traktat af 9. juli 1924 mellem Danmark og Norge om adgangen til Østgrønland.

Baggrund
Frem til omkring århundredeskiftet (1900) var spørgsmålet om suveræniteten ret ukontroversielt. Ingen andre lande havde gjort krav på nogen del af området. I 1880-erne blev den danske regering opmærksom på, at andre lande udviste en vis aktivitet ved den grønlandske østkyst, og dette gav anledning til en debat i rigsdagen. I forbindelse hermed erklærede marineministeren, at han ønskede området underlagt dansk overherredømme, men nogen konkrete tiltag fandt ikke sted. Først i 1916 blev spørgsmålet atter rejst, og der blev af daværende indenrigsminister Ove Rode tilkendegivet et ønske om, at Østgrønland skulle underlægges Danmark. Spørgsmålet blev taget op i forbindelse med salget af Dansk Vestindien, idet amerikanerne i et udkast til traktaten erklærede at ville acceptere dansk suverænitet. Den danske regering ønskede ikke spørgsmålet optaget i selve traktaten, så det endte med, at den amerikanske udenrigsminister Robert Lansing på USAs vegne den 4. august 1916 udstedte en erklæring om ikke at modsætte sig dansk suverænitet over hele Grønland. I den forbindelse blev der lagt vægt på, at dansk suverænitet ikke blev anset som værende i strid med Monroedoktrinen og at heller ikke Robert Pearys ekspidition i 1909 ville give anledning til hævdelse af amerikanske krav på Grønland.

Efter salget af Dansk Vestindien i 1917 og afslutningen af 1. verdenskrig i 1918 fortsatte den danske regering bestræbelserne på at opnå international anerkendelse af dansk suverænitet over hele Grønland. Den 14. juli 1919 rettede den daværende danske ambassadør i Oslo, kammerherre Krag, en henvendelse til den norske udenrigsminister Ihlen med ønske om, at Norge ikke ville modsætte sig danske herredømme over hele Grønland (Danmarks suverænitet var på daværende tidspunkt kun anerkendt for vestkysten fra Kap Farvel til 74° 30' n. br.  og over Angmagssalik på den grønlandske østkyst). Den 22. juli erklærede Ihlen "at den norske regjering ikke vilde gjøre vanskeligheter ved denne saks ordning". Den danske regering ønskede imidlertid tilsagnet givet skriftligt og rettede i noter af 18. januar og 29. april 1921 anmodninger herom. I Norge var man imidlertid begyndt at blive betænkelig ved det tidligere tilsagn. Den norske udenrigsminister Michelet, som i mellemtiden havde afløst Ihlen, erklærede den 7. maj, at Norge ikke ville opgive sine hidtidige rettigheter til fangst og fiskeri på Grønland og i de grønlandske farvande.

Den danske regering valgte at tolke udtalelsen således, at Norge ikke ville modsætte sig dansk suverænitet mod visse indrømmelser, og den 10. maj 1921 bekendtgjorde indenrigsministeriet derfor, "at hele landet herefter er inddraget under de danske kolonier og stationer og den danske styrelse af Grønland". Den 16. juni samme år blev bekendtgørelsen fulgt op med udstedelsen af en "Underretning for Søfarende i Havet omkring Grønland", ifølge hvilken "samtlige de til Grønland hørende kyster og øer er lukkede for besejling af fremmede nationers skibe (lige saavel som de er lukkede for besejling af danske skibe), med mindre den danske regering, der driver monopolhandel paa Grønland, har givet tilladelse til besejlingen." Den norske udenrigsminister Ræstad gjorde imidlertid indsigelse mod den danske underretning, og dette gav anledning til en langvarig strid mellem Danmark og Norge.

Forhandlinger og aftale

For at løse striden foreslog det norske stortings konstitusjonskomité den 1. juli 1923 at optage forhandlinger med Danmark om Grønlandsspørsmålet "på fritt grunnlag". Stortinget vedtog forslaget, og det blev efterfølgende også accepteret fra dansk side. Den 21. august 1923 udpegede Stortinget en norsk delegation, der kom til at bestå af Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, C.J. Hambroe, Halvdan Koht og Kr. Høgset, som mødtes med den danske delegation, som bestod af J.C. Christensen, Tage Reedtz-Thott, Th. Stauning og Jens Hassing-Jørgensen i København, første gang den 25. september 1923. Forhandlingerne varede til 4. oktober uden, at man var nået til enighed.

Nye forhandlinger blev indledt i Oslo fra den 14. januar 1924. De varede til den 28. januar og endte med en overenskomst, som skulle gælde for den del af Grønlands østkyst, som strakte sig fra Lindenowsfjord (60° 27' n. br.\ til Nordostrundingen (81 ° n. br.), idet området omkring Angmagssalik var undtaget som anerkendt dansk område. Overenskomsten blev efterfølgende godkendt både af Rigsdagen og Stortinget og der efter underskrevet i København den 9. juli 1924 med ikrafttræden dagen efter. I begge lande gav den anledning til stærke folkelige protester, således underskrev i Danmark omkring 70.000 mennesker en protestadresse.

Overenskomstens vilkår

Overenskomsten indebar, at det skulle være tilladt begge landes statsborgere at gå i land, overvintre og under visse betingelser drive jagt, fangst og fiskeri på Grønlands østkyst, fraset Ammassalik, der var blevet lukket for besejling allerede i 1894, og Scoresbysund-området, som blev reserveret en eskimoisk kolonisation, der på Ejnar Mikkelsens initiativ fandt sted i 1925. Både for Scoresbysund og for den sydlige del af østkysten havde Danmark forbeholdt sig ret til at fastlægge sådanne særbestemmelser, som hensynet til den indfødte grønlandske befolknings livsvilkår måtte betinge. Overenskomsten gav desuden mulighed for, at der i de ubeboede egne af Østgrønland på visse betingelser måtte oprettes stationer for vejrvarsling, telegraf og telefon og at indrette andre anlæg med videnskabelige eller humanitære formål. Hvis der opstod uenighed om fortolkningen af  Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten, skulle uenigheden afgøres af Den Internationale Domstol i Haag, og afgørelsen skulle være bindende for begge parter.

Overenskomsten skulle være gældende i 20 år, og det blev forudsat, at gyldighedsperioden stiltiende skulle forlænges for lignende tidsrum, med mindre den blev opsagt med to års varsel før udløbet af en 20-årsperiode, men den kunne altid ændres forinden, hvis parterne kunne blive enige om en sådan ændring.

De adgangsrettigheder, som overenskomsten gav indbyggere fra Norge, var allerede ved kundgørelse af 5. juli 1924 blevet tildelt danske og islandske statsborgere, og lignende rettigheder blev senere, i 1925, også indrømmet britiske og franske indbyggere.

Uafklaret overhøjhedsret

Ved noter, der udveksledes samtidig med Østgrønlandsoverenskomstens underskrivelse, forbeholdt Danmark og Norge sig hver især "sit principielle Syn paa de Spørgsmaal vedrørende Grønland, som ikke er omhandlet i Overenskomsten, saaledes at ved den intet er præjudiceret og intet opgivet eller forspildt". Bag denne formulering lå den kendsgerning, at ingen af de to lande havde givet sig i suverænitetsspørgsmålet. Danmark hævdede fortsat at have den fulde suverænitet over hele Grønland, mens Norge på sin side mente, at de områder, som lå uden for de anerkendte danske kolonier, var en form for ingenmandsland. Dermed var det egentlige stridsspørgsmål i virkeligheden forblevet uafklaret, og uenigheden ulmede fortsat under overfladen. Noterne indeholdt ikke nogen løfter eller tilsagn, og de betød heller ikke, at hver af parterne forpligtede sig fra at foretage tiltag, der kunne stride imod den anden parts principielle synspunkt. Noterne havde ikke nogen praktisk betydning for selve tolkningen af Overenskomsten, idet de drejede sig om de holdninger, som overenskomsten netop ikke omfattede. Derimod lå noternes betydning i at fastslå, at formålet med overenskomsten var at sikre en semipermanent løsning af visse praktiske spørgsmål, især vedrørende jagt- og fiskeri-interesser, og at sikre det venskabelige forhold mellem landene. Det gode forhold varede dog mindre end ti år.

Betydning

Ved Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten var der opnået et kompromis, idet norske fangere i et ubeboet østgrønlandsk område fik adgang til en vis, hidtil kun ringe udnyttet fangst og jagt, hvis økonomiske værdi blev anslået til 60.000 kr. årligt, mens Danmark efter egen opfattelse fuldt ud havde sikret grønlændernes interesser i de områder, hvor dette var af betydning. Overenskomsten betød en midlertidig afslutning på de foregående års skarpe strid mellem Danmark og Norge om Grønlands østkyst og forbedrede forholdet mellem landene, idet ingen af parterne følte, at de havde lidt noget udtrykkeligt nederlag.

En endelig afklaring af spørgsmålet om overhøjhed skete først ved Konflikten om Østgrønland 1931-1933, hvor den internationale domstol i Haag tilkendte Danmark fuld overhøjhed over hele Grønland.

Noter

Litteratur
 Anonym: "Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten" (i: Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon, 2. utgave: Supplementsbind (Oslo 1932); sp. 981-982)
 Eske Brun: "Østgrønlands-overenskomsten" (i: Tidsskriftet Grønland 1966; s. 127-136)
 Finn H. Eriksen: Grønlandssaken. Suverenitetsdiskurs. Dansk Grønlandspolitikk og norske reaksjoner 1909-1933; Universitetet i Oslo 2010
 Gustav Rasmussen: "Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten" (i: Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2. udgave, bind XXV, s. 907-908)

Grønlands historie
Danmark i 1920'erne
Norges historie

Østgrønlandsoverenskomsten


Baranya; Macaristan'ın güney bölümünde, Hırvatistan sınırında bulunan bir ildir. Merkezi Pécs şehridir.

Şehirleri

 Komló
 Mohács
 Szigetvár
 Siklós
 Szentlőrinc
 Kozármisleny
 Pécsvárad
 Bóly
 Sásd
 Harkány
 Sellye
 Villány
 Mágocs

Köyleri

Baranya (il)


Brille ist das Debütalbum des deutschen Rappers DCVDNS. Es erschien am 24. Februar 2012 über das Hip-Hop-Label Dunkle Materie und wird über Distributionz vertrieben. Brille erreichte Platz 57 der deutschen Album-Charts.

Hintergrund
Nachdem DCVDNS einige Videos auf der Video-Plattform YouTube veröffentlicht hatte, wurde der Berliner MC Basstard auf den Rapper aufmerksam. Die beiden Hip-Hop-Musiker drehten daraufhin das Video Mörderfurz, das Ende Mai 2011 erschien. Zeitgleich kündigte der Osnabrücker Vertrieb Distributionz an, das Debütalbum DCVDNS' zu vertreiben. Im Sommer 2011 nahm MC Basstard DCVDNS auf seinem neu gegründeten Label Dunkle Materie unter Vertrag. In Basstards Studio in Berlin nahm DCVDNS das Album innerhalb von zwei Wochen auf. Anfang 2012 wurde das Debütalbum des Rappers unter dem Titel Brille für den 10. Februar 2012 angekündigt. Bereits am 8. Februar 2012 feierte DCVDNS die Album-Veröffentlichung im Rahmen einer sogenannten "Release-Party" in Kleiner Klub in Saarbrücken. Die Veröffentlichung wurde kurzfristig um zwei Wochen auf den 24. Februar 2012 verschoben. DCVDNS begründete die Verschiebung mit der Veröffentlichung des Albums Kanackiş von Haftbefehl am ursprünglich anvisierten Veröffentlichungsdatum.

Die Texte des Albums zeichnen sich laut Aussage des Rappers durch seinen Humor aus. Dabei sei unabhängig davon "wie ernst der jeweilige Song" sei, "auf jeden Fall immer […] Humor dabei." Einige Lieder sind stilistisch und textlich an andere Hip-Hop-Stücke angelehnt. So ähnelt Mein Mercedes dem Lied My Adidas von Run-D.M.C. und ZDS dem Song LMS von Kool Savas. Des Weiteren handelt es sich bei What's Tweef? um eine Hommage an What's Beef von The Notorious B.I.G. sowie bei Pullunder & Brille an T-Shirt & Jeans des Rappers Frauenarzt.

Titelliste

Outro (Intro) – 0:09
Wie Ich – 3:01
Skit 1 – 0:06
Interview mit sich selbst – 3:13
Hier kann ja jeder Tanzen (mit Frauenarzt) – 4:02
Mein Mercedes – 2:29
Die Uhr (mit Hermann Weiss, Wolfgang H. und Smoe83) – 4:34
Skit 2 – 0:07
Brille (mit Basstard, Tamas, Wolfgang H., Boba Fettt, Trip und Justus) – 3:53
What's Tweef? – 2:36
Skit 3 – 0:09
Pullunder & Brille – 3:45
ZDS – 3:38
Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheisse schmeckt – 3:52
Ein wenig Tourette (mit Eric Cartman und Wolfgang H.) – 3:01
Hilfe, ich werde bedroht – 3:09
Meike  – 2:43
Intro (Outro) – 0:08

Produktion
Brille wurde vollständig von Wolfgang H. produziert. Dieser übernahm auch die anschließende Abmischung. Für einige Lieder steuerte Wolfgang H. die für Hip-Hop-Musik charakteristischen Scratches bei. Der letzte Schritt der Produktion, das sogenannte Mastering, wurde von Silver Sound übernommen.

Vermarktung
Vier Lieder des Albums wurden als Videos umgesetzt. Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheiße schmeckt erschien bereits Ende 2010 als Video. Im Zuge der Album-Veröffentlichung folgten Videos zu Mein Mercedes, Hilfe, ich werde bedroht und Brille. Des Weiteren wurde der Song What's Tweef? kostenlos im Internet veröffentlicht.

Rezeption

Charts

Brille stieg auf Platz 57 der deutschen Album-Charts ein. Es verblieb nur eine Woche in den Top 100.

Kritik
Musikalische Bewertung
Brille erhielt in einer Kritik des deutschen Hip-Hop-Magazins Juice vier von möglichen sechs "Kronen". Der Redakteur Jan Wehn erklärte in der Bewertung, dass es sich bei dem Album nicht um eine "plumpe Parodie auf die Aggro-Jahre und das gleichzeitige Dasein als Internet-Rapper" handele. DCVDNS bediene sich etwa "G-Funk und Südstaaten-Rap der ersten Stunde" und adaptiere "Suga-Free- und B.G.-Knocc-Out-Flows." Wehn lobt des Weiteren den Song Mein Mercedes als "wundervolle Run-DMC-Hommage" sowie das Stück Hier kann ja jeder Tanzen als "Miami-Bass-Antwort auf Styles P. und Jadakiss." Als einzige Schwäche des Albums wird die Unentschlossenheit hervorgehoben. Lieder wie Interview mit sich selbst, in denen "Kritik vorweggenommen wird", haben einen "entwaffnenden Charakter." Auf der anderen Seite sei ein tiefgründiges Stück wie Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheisse schmeckt innerhalb des Konzepts "unlogisch". Zusammenfassend sei Brille "zurecht in die Charts eingestiegen."

Das Backspin Hip Hop Magazin bewertete Brille mit drei von möglichen fünf Punkten. Musikalisch sei das Album "keine Offenbarung." DCVDNS lebe von der Ironie seiner Texte. Negativ wird der Rapstil bewertet, der als monoton beschrieben wird und es dem Hörer schwer mache, DCVDNS "auf Albumlänge folgen zu können und wollen." Dagegen werden die Beiträge der Gastrapper gelobt. Das Gesamtbild des Albums erinnere etwa an die ersten Veröffentlichungen von Rhymin Simon. Die besten Stücke des Albums sind aus Sicht der Redaktion Mein Mercedes, What's Tweef? und Brille. Zusammenfassend halte das "sympathische, witzig einnehmende Bild, das DCVDNS von sich geschaffen" habe, auf Albumlänge "seinen Skills […] nicht stand."

Das österreichische Musikmedium The Gap vergab acht von möglichen zehn Punkten an Brille. Die Kunstfigur DCVDNS breche eine "Lanze für die Brillenschlangen und albernen Streber des Deutschrap." Lob findet der Redakteur vor allem für das Spiel mit Klischees sowie die Parodien der "Gesetzmäßigkeiten einer Subkultur, die sich die längste Zeit schon viel zu ernst genommen" habe. Zudem verstehe DCVDNS, ähnlich wie K.I.Z, sein "Rap-Handwerk bestens." Auch die namhaften Gastrapper und die "Synthie-Funk-Beats", die das Album abwechslungsreich machen, werden positiv hervorgehoben.

Die Plattform Rappers.in bewertete das Album mit vier von möglichen sechs Punkten. Aus Sicht der Redaktion handele es sich bei Brille um eine "absolut stilsichere Scheibe mit einer Menge guter Tracks, aber auch ein paar Ausfällen nach unten." Das Lied Ein wenig Tourette wird dabei als das "absolute Highlight" hervorgehoben. Dennoch wird darauf verwiesen, dass der "Vulgärhumor", die "dürftigen Rapskills von Cartman", der "aufgekratzte Stimmeinsatz" von DCVDNS sowie "das Karikieren einer neurologischen Krankheit" nicht "jedermanns Sache" sei. Interview mit sich selbst überzeugt die Redaktion durch den Einsatz von Doubletime. Im Gegensatz dazu falle das Stück Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheisse schmeckt "ungewöhnlich leiernd und belanglos" aus. Ähnlich negativ wird Hier kann ja jeder Tanzen hervorgehoben, dessen Beitrag von Frauenarzt kritisiert wird. Boba Fettt und Justus steuern dagegen "ansprechende Parts" bei. Auch Basstard und Tamas fügen sich "hervorragend ins abgedrehte Gesamtbild der Scheibe" ein.

Bewertungen anderer Künstler
Der Rapper Kool Savas äußerte sich in mehreren Interviews positiv über DCVDNS sowie dessen Lied Brille. Insbesondere das Konzept des Songs Brille, "alle Brillenträgern zusammen zubringen" und über ihre Brillen rappen zu lassen, lobte Savas als "witzig" und "unterhaltsam". Entgegen den Erwartungen vieler Leute, regt er sich nicht über DCVDNS auf, da sich auch seine Vorbilder wie zum Beispiel Biz Markie über bestimmte Aspekte des Hip-Hops lustig gemacht haben.

Einzelnachweise

Album (Hip-Hop)
Album 2012

Brille (Album)


es un manga japonés escrito e ilustrado por Boichi y publicado por la editorial Shōnen Gahōsha. El manga narra la historia de un joven llamado Ken, quien está enamorado de una chica coreana llamada Yumin. Él le declara su amor, pero ella lo rechaza argumentando que quiere irse a Corea para llegar a ser policía. Desesperado, Ken la sigue para convertirse también en agente, pero no lo consigue. En cambio y luego de una serie de infortunios, acaba como jefe de una banda local que con el tiempo se convertirá en el grupo mafioso más poderoso del país. El manga actualmente se encuentra finalizado con un total de 12 millones de copias vendidas para el año de 2020.

Argumento

La historia gira en torno a Ken Kitano, un joven japonés que se traslada a Corea para convertirse en policía al igual que la chica que ama, pero las cosas no salen bien y, transcurrido un año, se encuentra sin dinero y sin un puesto de trabajo en el que conseguirlo. Una noche, ayuda a un anciano al que le atacaban unos tipos y una banda local se fija en él. Le ofrecen convertirse en su jefe y Ken, tras pensarlo varias veces, acepta. Al conocer mejor la forma de ser de Ken, los miembros de la banda le cogen un respeto increíble como jefe, a tal punto de obedecer cualquier orden que dé. A lo largo de la historia, la banda nombrada como "Sun-Ken Rock", se hará con el mando de los territorios de otras bandas, con un gran casino y hasta con la mayor compañía de medios de televisión de Corea, además de ir reclutando a miembros y a otras bandas y obtener numerosas conexiones con grupos asiáticos y hasta con mafia italiana, lo que les convertirá en la mayor organización criminal del país.

Personajes

 Ken Kitano (北野堅)
Es el protagonista principal y el jefe de la banda "Sun-Ken Rock". Sus padres fueron asesinados por Yakuzas cuando tenía 13 años, lo que ocasionó que viviera sólo y que acabara convirtiéndose en un delincuente juvenil. A los 17 años deja Japón para seguir a su amor Yumin y al año siguiente se convierte en líder de la banda "Sun-Ken Rock". A medida que avanza la historia, evoluciona como jefe y esto, unido a su gran sentido de la justicia, hace que se gane la lealtad de toda su banda y de la gente que le rodea. A pesar de su puesto, suele separar su vida personal de la laboral y es normal verle en chándal por la residencia u ocultarle su identidad a Yumin y a las demás personas. El diseño del personaje está muy influenciado en Vash del manga Trigun.

Manga publicado en Young King

Sun-Ken Rock


TotalEnergies  ili Total, je privatna francuska naftna i plinska tvrtka. To je jedno od šest "supervažnijih": peta je od šest najvećih svjetskih tvrtki u ovom sektoru, iza ExxonMobil, Shell, BP i Chevron, te ispred ConocoPhillips. Prva je francuska tvrtka po prometu u 2015. godini, 5. tvrtka u Europi i 24. svjetska, kao i 4. tržišna kapitalizacija u eurozoni 2015. Njene aktivnosti pokrivaju čitav proizvodni lanac, od vađenja sirove nafte nafte i prirodnog plina za stvaranje energije, uključujući posebno rafiniranje i komercijalnu distribuciju.

Total je tvrtka koja je također aktivna u sektorima energije i proizvodnje energije s niskim udjelom ugljika.

Skupina Total prisutna je u više od 130 zemalja i ima više od 100 000 zaposlenika, od kojih je gotovo 25% u Francuskoj. Total je također velika kemijska tvrtka.

Izvori

Francuske energetske tvrtke
Naftne i plinske tvrtke

TotalEnergies


Courson () is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On January 1, 2017, it was merged into the new commune Noues de Sienne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Calvados department

References

Former communes of Calvados (department)
Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2017

Courson


Racial transformation is the process by which a demographic region (e.g., a country, neighborhood, or a school) changes in racial composition.

See also
Them: A Novel
 Transracial (identity)

References

Race and society
Gentrification
Urbanization

Racial transformation


Serabit el-Khadim ( ; also transliterated Serabit al-Khadim, Serabit el-Khadem) is a locality in the southwest Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, where turquoise was mined extensively in antiquity, mainly by the ancient Egyptians. Archaeological excavation, initially by Sir Flinders Petrie, revealed ancient mining camps and a long-lived Temple of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess who was favoured as a protector in desert regions and known locally as the mistress of the turquoise. The temple was first established during the Middle Kingdom in the reign of Sesostris I (reigned 1971 BC to 1926 BC) and was partly reconstructed in the New Kingdom.

Archaeological findings

Thirty incised graffiti in a "Proto-Sinaitic script" shed light on the history of the alphabet. The mines were worked by prisoners of war from southwest Asia who presumably spoke a Northwest Semitic language, such as the Canaanite that was ancestral to Phoenician and Hebrew. The incisions date from the beginning of the 16th century BC.

Romanus François Butin of Catholic University of America published articles in the Harvard Theological Review based on the 1927 Harvard Mission to Serabit and the 1930 Harvard-Catholic University Joint Expedition. His article "The Serabit Inscriptions: II. The Decipherment and Significance of the Inscriptions" provides an early detailed study of the inscriptions and some dozen black and white photographs, hand-drawings and analysis of the previously published inscriptions, #346, 349, 350–354, and three new inscriptions, #355–368. At that time, #355 was still in situ at Serabit but had not been photographed by the previous Harvard Mission. In 1932, he wrote: The present article was begun with the limited purpose of making known the new inscriptions discovered by the Harvard-Catholic University Joint Expedition to Serabit in the spring of 1930. In the course of this study, I perceived that some signs doubtful in the inscriptions already published were made clear by the new slabs, and I decided to go over the entire field again.

Gallery

See also
 Dophkah

References

Sources

External links

 Serabit el-Khadem, Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv

Archaeological sites in Egypt
Egyptian mythology
Egyptology
Open-air museums in Egypt
Proto-Sinaitic script
Hathor

Serabit el-Khadim


Este o boneta mai micuța pentru a acoperi o mică parte a capului.Este folosită de episcopii și cei de rang mai înalt cum ar fi cardinalii și papa.Este un obiect catolic

Veșminte liturgice

Zucchetto


La bibliothèque municipale de Viikki () est une bibliothèque du quartier de Viikki à Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation

Lauréat du concours d'architecture, le Centre d'information  Korona conçu par ARK-House, est au cœur  du campus de Viikki.
Sa façade en poutres d'acier et en verre représente l'architecture de la fin des années 1990.

Le bâtiment abrite des services universitaires dédiés aux différents départements et étudiants de Viikki, ainsi que la  et la bibliothèque municipale de Viikki.

La bibliothèque municipale de Viikki est un des établissements de la bibliothèque municipale d'Helsinki.

Transports
La bibliothèque est desservi par les bus: 57, 70, 71B, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 506, 550 et par les bus de Vantaa (700-) qui empruntent la Lahdenväylä.

Groupement Helmet de bibliothèques
La bibliothèque municipale de Viikki fait partie du groupement Helmet, qui est un groupement de bibliothèques municipales d'Espoo, d'Helsinki, de Kauniainen et de Vantaa ayant une liste de collections commune et des règles d'utilisation communes.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Bibliothèques Helmet

Liens internes

Paloheinä
Viikki
Bâtiment à Helsinki

Bibliothèque municipale de Viikki


Cilegon ist eine Stadt und ein selbständiges Munizipium (indonesisch Kota – Stadt) innerhalb der westjavanischen Provinz Banten. Sie belegt 3,77 % der Bevölkerung und 1,74 % der Fläche dieser Provinz.

Lage
Die Industriestadt Cilegon liegt auf 44 m Höhe an der nordwestlichsten Spitze der Insel Java an der Mündung des Cilegon-Flusses in die Bucht von Ciwandan. Cilegon wird im Osten und Süden vom Regierungsbezirk (indones. Kabupaten) Serang begrenzt, die Küstenlinie der Sundastraße (indones. Selat Sunda) bildet die Nordwestgrenze. Das Munizipium dehnt sich zwischen 5°52'24" und 6°04'07" südlicher Breite sowie 105°54'05" und 106°05'11" östlicher Länge aus.

Klima
Cilegon hat heißes und feuchtes tropisches Klima. Die Temperaturen schwanken zwischen 22,2 und 35 °C bei hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit (ca. 80 %). Im Jahr 2020 gab es 220 Regentage, die meisten im Dezember (30). Die monatliche Regenmenge lag zwischen 28,8 mm (August) und 368,1 mm (Januar). Die tägliche Sonnenscheindauer war im August am höchsten.

Bevölkerung
Mit 434.896 Einwohnern lag Cilegon zur Volkszählung 2020 in der Rangliste der bevölkerungsreichsten Städte Indonesiens auf Platz 30. Der Hauptteil der Bevölkerung ist islamischen Glaubens (97,62 %), nur Christen (1,55 %) sind noch nennenswert. Die Wachstumsrate der Bevölkerung betrug zwischen 2010 und 2020 1,49 %. Im Geschlechterverhältnis kommen 103,2 Männer auf 100 Frauen.
Ende 2021 waren 47,34 % der Bevölkerung über 10 Jahren (452.991) ledig, 47,5 % verheiratet, 1,31 % geschieden und 3,85 % verwitwet.

Territorialstruktur
Das Munizipium (Kota) Cilegon wird in 8 Distrikte (indones. Kecamatan) gegliedert, diese wiederum in 43 Dörfer (indon. Kelurahan) als unterste Ebene.

Verwaltungsübersicht der Distrikte

Verkehr, Industrie, Tourismus
Cilegon liegt an der Nationalstraße 1 von Jakarta nach Merak und wird ebenso von der Bahnstrecke Jakarta-Merak tangiert.
Einer der größten Stahlproduzenten des Landes (Krakatau Steel) und Chemiebetriebe konzentrieren die Industrie im Westen der Provinz Banten.
2012 übernachteten in den 27 Hotels der Stadt 135.024 Gäste. Bekannte Tourismusziele sind die Berge (Gunung) Batu Lawang und Batur, der Krakatau Country Club, die Große u. Kleine Pfaueninsel (Pulau Merak Besar dan Merak Kecil) sowie die Strände (Pantai) Kelapa Tujuh, Pulorida und Anyer.

Geschichte
Durch die Regierungsverordnung Nr. 40/1986 wurde das Munizipium (indones. Kota) Cilegon gebildet und durch das Gesetz Nr. 15/1999 neu strukturiert.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Publikationen über die Stadt im PDF-Format (indonesisch/englisch)

Ort in Asien
Ort auf Java

Kota
Geographie (Banten)

Cilegon


දුරාතීතයේ ශත වර්ෂ ගණනාවක් යනතෙක්ම මිනිසුන් ස්වයංපෝෂිත ජීවන ක්‍රමයක වාසය කළහ.තමාට අවශ්‍ය බොහෝ දේ තමා විසින්ම සපුරා ගන්නා ලදී.කිසියම් දෙයක් තමාටම නිපදවා  ගත නොහැකි වුවහොත් එය ඍජු හුවමාරුව මගින් සම්පූර්ණ කර ගත්හ.එනම් වෙනත් කෙනෙකු සමග භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරු කර ගැනීමෙන් අවශ්‍යතා සපුරා ගන්න ලදී.මුදල් නොමැතිව සිදු වූ මෙම ඍජු හුවමාරුව,භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරුව (BATAR) නම් විය.පුද්ගලයන් දෙදෙනෙකුගේ හෙවත් දෙපාර්ශවයක වුවමනා ඍජු හුවමාරුවකින් එකම ස්ථානයකදී එකම වේලාවකදී පහසුවෙන් සපුරා ගත හැකි නම් භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරුව හොඳ ක්‍රමයකි.
එහෙත් එහි දුෂ්කරතා පැන නැගිණ.නිදසුනකින් මෙය පැහැදිලි කරමු.ගොවියෙකුට ඔහු සතු ගවයෙකු වෙනත් පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ වී මල්ලකට  හුවමාරු කර ගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය යැයි සිතමු.මෙහිදී ප්‍රථමයෙන් ගවයා  ලබා ගෙන ඒ වෙනුවට වී  ඇති  පුද්ගලයෙකු සොයා ගත යුතුය.දෙවනුව ගවයා සඳහා වී මලු කීයක් ලබා දිය යුතුද?යන්න තීරණය විය යුතුය.එනම් ගවයා  වී මලු කීයකට සමාන දැයි තීරණය කල යුතුය.
මෙම වටිනාකම තීරණය ගැටළු සහිත විය.සමජයේ ආර්ථික කටයුතු සංකීර්ණවත්ම භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරුව දුෂ්කර විය.එබැවින් භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරුව වෙනුවට හුවමාරුවේදී සැමදෙනම පිළිගන්නා මාධ්‍යයක් අවශ්‍ය විය.එම හුවමාරු මාධ්‍යය  මුදල්   ලෙස හැඳින්වූහ.මුදල් බිහි වීමත් සමඟ භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරු ක්‍රමය ඉවත්විණි.එසේ වුවද ආර්ථික ක්‍රමයන්හි අදත් භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරු ක්‍රමය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අවස්ථා දක්නට ලැබේ.

බාටර් ක්‍රමය


İzar İslam dini terimi. İslam dininde ölen kişinin bedeninin gömülmeden önce sarıldığı bez parçası (kefen) ile ilgilidir.

İslam dininde ve geleneğinde kefenin baştan ayağa kadar olan ve genişliği bir metreyi bulan parçasına verilen isim.

Ayrıca, hacta erkeklerin belden aşağısını örtmek için kullandıkları beze de bu ad verilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Kefen

İslam terimleri

İzar


Van Amersfoort Racing je nizozemska momčad koja se natječe u FIA Formula 2 prvenstvu, FIA Formula 3 prvenstvu, EuroFormula Open prvenstvu ADAC Formuli 4 i Talijanskoj Formuli 4. Momčad je osnovao Frits van Amersfoort 1975. Momčad se u prošlosti natjecala u mnogim automobilističkim prvenstvima, a naslove je osvajala u Nizozemskoj Formuli Ford, Njemačkoj Formuli 3, ADAC Formuli 4 i Talijanskoj Formuli 4.

Naslovi

Vozački

Momčadski

Vanjske poveznice
 Van Amersfoort Racing - Official website

Momčadi Formule 2
Automobilizam u Nizozemskoj

Van Amersfoort Racing


Circe Maia (* 29. Juni 1932 in Montevideo, Uruguay) ist eine uruguayische Schriftstellerin.

Aufgewachsen in den ersten sieben Lebensjahren in Tacuarembó, kehrte die Tochter des 1983 verstorbenen Notars Julio Maia und der María Magdalena Rodríguez anschließend in ihre Geburtsstadt Montevideo zurück. Sie hat eine Schwester namens Isis Abigail und einen bereits im Alter von 24 Jahren infolge eines Unfalls verstorbenen Bruder mit Namen Julio César (Lucho). Bereits im Alter von elf Jahren verfasste Circe Maia 1944 den Gedichtband Plumitas. Maia studierte in den 1950er Jahren am Instituto de Profesores Artigas (IPA) und der FHC der Universidad de la República. 25-jährig heiratete sie Ariel Ferreira. Aus der Ehe gingen sechs Kinder und bislang acht Enkel hervor. 1960 trat sie der von Nancy Barcelo geleiteten Gruppe Siete Poetas Hispanoamericanos (Sieben Lateinamerikanische Dichter) bei. 1962 unterbrach sie ihr Studium, kehrte nach Tacuarembó zurück und nahm eine Tätigkeit als Lehrerin für Philosophie an einer weiterführenden Schule auf. In der Frühphase der beginnenden Diktatur in Uruguay wurde ihr Mann 1972 vom Militär verhaftet und verbrachte zwei Jahre im Gefängnis. 1976 musste sie ihre Lehrtätigkeit aufgeben, die sie 1985 nach Wiederherstellung der Demokratie wieder aufnahm und bis 2001 fortsetzte. Jedoch gibt sie nach wie vor Englischunterricht in einer privaten Bildungseinrichtung. Die ihr oktroyierte berufliche Pause nutzte sie, um ihre Englisch- und Französisch-Kenntnisse auszubauen und auch modernes Griechisch zu erlernen. 1983 verlor sie eines ihrer Kinder 18-jährig bei einem Verkehrsunfall. Maia veröffentlichte überwiegend Gedichte, 1986 erschien dann mit Destrucciones ihr erstes Prosa-Werk. Im darauffolgenden Jahr schloss sich mit Un viaje a Salto ihre zweite Veröffentlichung dieser Art. Letzteres wurde von Stephanie Stewart ins Englische übersetzt und ist 2004 als zweisprachige Ausgabe A Trip to Salto in Chicago bei Swan Isle Press erschienen. 2002 erhielt Circe Maia den Ersten Preis des uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums (MEC) für das 2001 erschienene Breve sol. Maias Werke wurden teils in englisch, italienisch, portugiesisch und schwedisch übersetzt.

Werke
 Plumitas (1944)
 En el tiempo  (1. Auflage 1958, 2. Auflage 1975)
 Presencia diaria (1964)
 El puente (1970)
 Cambio, permanencias (1. Auflage 1978, 2. Auflage 1990)
 Dos voces (1981)
 Destrucciones (1986)
 Un viaje a Salto (1. Auflage 1987, 2. Auflage 1992)
 Superficies (1990)
 Círculo de luz, círculo de sombra (1996), Anthologie ihrer Werke auf Schwedisch
 De lo visible (1998)
 Breve sol (2001)
 Obra poética (2007)

Literatur
Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 200f

Weblinks
 Offizielle Internetpräsenz (spanisch), abgerufen am 2. März 2012

Autor
Uruguayer
Geboren 1932
Frau

Circe Maia


La isla Brazos ()  es una isla barrera en la costa del golfo de México frente al estado de Texas, en los Estados Unidos, al sur de la ciudad de South Padre Island. La isla es también conocida como isla Brazos Santiago, una referencia al puerto de Brazos Santiago, el primer asentamiento de los colonizadores españoles en la isla. Más tarde se convirtió en el puerto de Matamoros.

Posteriormente, en 1846, fue el primer objetivo militar de la Marina de los EE. UU., en apoyo de la invasión de México por el general Zachary Taylor. Durante la década de 1860 los soldados de la Unión ocuparon la isla y su puerto estratégico durante la Guerra Civil y se puso en marcha la expedición de Brazos Santiago donde se llevó a cabo la última batalla de la guerra conocida como la batalla de Palmito Ranch. Actualmente la isla se encuentra deshabitada; existe una playa allí que se conoce como "Boca Chica" que forma parte de una parque estatal.

Véase también
 Geografía de Texas
 Geografía de Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Islas deshabitadas de Estados Unidos
Archipiélagos e islas de Texas
Archipiélagos e islas del golfo de México de Estados Unidos
Condado de Cameron

Isla Brazos