Ocean Avenue is the fourth studio album by American rock band Yellowcard. It was released on July 22, 2003, through Capitol Records. After touring to promote their third album One for the Kids in 2001, the band signed to the label in early 2002. Following this, bassist Warren Cooke left the band in mid-2002, and was replaced by Inspection 12 guitarist Peter Mosely. In February and March 2003, the band recorded at Sunset Sound in Hollywood, California, with Neal Avron. Ocean Avenue is a pop-punk and punk rock album, which was compared to Blink-182 and Simple Plan.

Before Yellowcard's promotional tour of Ocean Avenue, Mosely was replaced by Alex Lewis. Yellowcard appeared on the Warped Tour, during which "Way Away" was released as the album's lead single on July 22, 2003. The band went on a club tour of the United States, before going on tour with Less Than Jake and Fall Out Boy. "Ocean Avenue" was released as the second single on December 16, 2003. Lewis departed from the band and was replaced by Mosely before a co-headlining tour with Something Corporate and a stint in Europe. "Only One" was released as the third single in June 2004; they toured Europe, Australia, and Japan. "Believe" was released as the fourth single in September 2004, which was followed by a US tour.

Ocean Avenue received mostly positive reviews from music critics, some of whom commented on Sean Mackin's violin playing and songwriting quality. The album peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard 200, as well as number 8 in New Zealand, and number 149 in the UK. The album was certified platinum in the US by the RIAA, gold in Canada by Music Canada, and silver in the UK by the BPI. "Way Away" and "Only One" appeared high on the US Alternative Airplay chart; "Ocean Avenue" peaked at number 37 on the US Hot 100, and within the top 100 in Scotland and the UK alongside "Way Away". "Ocean Avenue" was certified double platinum by the RIAA and silver by the BPI. "Only One" was certified gold in the US.

In the years following its release, the album has received retrospective acclaim and is widely viewed as one of the greatest pop-punk albums of all time.

Background and production
In April 2001, Yellowcard released their third studio album One for the Kids through Lobster Records. It was promoted with a tour of the southern United States with Inspection 12, and a two-week tour of the US West Coast with Bordem. Yellowcard had moved from Florida to California, with the hopes of someone from a label would be attached to them. Harper said their manager was adamant about finding them a different label, and made pitches to a number of labels. By April 2002, it was reported that the band had signed to Capitol Records, one of a few major labels who showed interest. Harper said the interest came from a friend of their booking agent, who in turn was friends with an A&R representative at Capitol. This person had seen the band live at six-to-seven of their gigs and won over others at the label. The band subsequently met with Capitol and two other labels, ultimately picking Capitol. Harper explained that Capitol were "just the coolest people. Their president, their vibe, and everything - they have a big catalogue" of acts such as the Beatles, Megadeth, and Pink Floyd. Frontman Ryan Key also reasoned that listeners were unable to purchase One for the Kids in stores due to a lack of distribution and wanted a label that could rectify that.

In June and July 2002, the band appeared on Warped Tour, which coincided with the release of the band's second EP The Underdog EP on July 2, through Fueled by Ramen. Capitol Records had licensed the EP to Fueled by Ramen as not to lose the band punk credibility. Two days after its release, bassist Warren Cooke left the band, citing personal reasons; violinist Sean Mackin said there was in-fighting between them up to eight months before this occurred. Cooke spot was temporarily filled by members of other acts on the tour, Home Grown and the Starting Line. On July 21, 2002, Inspection 12 guitarist Peter Mosely joined Yellowcard as their bassist. In October and November 2002, the band supported No Use for a Name on their headlining US tour, and played a few shows with the Starting Line and Park. In February 2003, Yellowcard played a handful of West Coast shows with Park and Stole Your Woman.

Between signing to Capitol and recording, Yellowcard spent a period of time writing new material in several studios. They spent around four months writing material, before going into pre-production. The band had one song, "Boxing Me", that their A&R person felt sounded like a single, but the members considered the track "too poppy" and dropped it. Sessions for Ocean Avenue were held at Sunset Sound in Hollywood, California, in February and March 2003. Neal Avron produced and recorded the album with assistance from engineers Ryan Castle and Travis Huff. Harper knew of Avron through his work with Everclear, New Found Glory, and the Wallflowers. He praised Avron for helping to achieve the "right kind of guitar tone, or master the violin, or help out with drum" sounds. Tom Lord-Alge mixed the recordings at South Beach Studios in Miami Beach, Florida, with assistance from Femio Hernandez, before the album was mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound in New York City.

Composition and lyrics

The sound of Ocean Avenue has been described musically as pop-punk and punk rock, and has drawn comparisons to Blink-182 and Simple Plan. The album's title refers to a street in the band's hometown of Jacksonville, Florida, where they had they spent some of their childhood. Key typically comes up with a melody line and a chord progression, which he then shows to the rest of the band, who build upon it from this bare form.  Key and drummer Longineu W. Parsons III wrote together and would often jam material. The band experimented with country and folk-stylized rock in songs like "Empty Apartment", "View from Heaven", and "One Year, Six Months". When asked about a metal influence throughout the album, Key attributed this to Parsons, who was a metalhead. Mosely played bass on every track, except for "Only One", which was done by Key. Mosely also played piano on "Empty Apartment" and "Only One", and added vocals. Christine Choi and Rodney Wirtz played cello and viola, respectively, on "Way Away", "Breathing", "Empty Apartment", "Only One", and "Believe"; Mackin and Avron wrote the string arrangement.

The opening track "Way Away" is about a person leaving their home and finding their own way in life. Key said he had had re-written the verse music, melody and lyrics 30 minutes prior to a show. "Breathing" was a reaction to the end of Key's first post-high school relationship. He had written the guitar riff to it in a dressing room at the Glass House venue in Pomona, California while on a tour. "Ocean Avenue" is anchored around a distorted staccato punk rock guitar riff; in the song's lyrics, Key uses the person he is singing to as a metaphor for Jacksonville. The song was inspired by Ocean Boulevard, a road in Jacksonville. Key said the sign on that road lacked the word boulevard, only being named as such on a map. As he was trying to find a rhyme for the lyrics, he used the word avenue instead. It was nearly left off the album as Key was unable to come up with a chorus that he was satisfied with, until settling on the lyric "Finding out things would get better". Discussing "Empty Apartment", he mentioned the various line-up changes the band had gone through, and "sometimes you're faced with a decision of: Do you quit? Do we break up and just call it? Or do we move on without this person?" In "Life of a Salesman", Key talks about how he will act as a father by following his own father's example. He said his relationship with his father was strained during the making of the album, and used the song as a way to remind him of his importance.

"Only One" was written partway through the recording sessions, and Key said the lyrics were influenced by "a weird breakup". He explained it was "one of those where I felt like I had to do it, even though she didn't do anything wrong". The music came about from Key using different amplifiers to achieve a different sound, utilizing a tremolo effect played through a Fender Twin amp. "Miles Apart" was written in the basement of The Nile venue in Phoenix, Arizona; Key thought the riff progression was very simplistic that he referred to it as "my first guitar riff dot com". "Twentythree" is about growing up, while the country-influenced song "View from Heaven", with additional vocals from Alieka Wijnveldt, discusses the death of a girlfriend. Key explained that it was about a friend of his who had died of juvenile diabetes at age 18. "Inside Out" is a mid-tempo rock track that is followed by "Believe", a homage to emergency service members who died in the September 11 attacks. In the context of the latter song, Key said that early on in their career, they would attract a fanbase from the tri-state area. The penultimate track, "One Year, Six Months", is an acoustic ballad;  the band said they wanted something with a heavy amount of reverb as Sunset Sound had one of the earliest-built reverb chambers.The album ends with "Back Home", which is about the things a person leaves behind in "Way Away". Key had the clean intro and outro guitar riff for a period of time until it ended up in "Back Home".

Release
In March 2003, Mosely left Yellowcard citing personal reasons and was replaced by Alex Lewis, who was best friends with Harper and Mackin. Following this, they went on tour with the Ataris; during the last night of the trek, Key had injured his jaw from messing around with Mackin. After seeing a doctor, Key stayed with his parents in Jacksonville and had surgery. The rest of the band went on tour with Lagwagon while Peter Munters from Over It temporarily filled in for Key. On May 4, 2003, Ocean Avenue was announced for release in two months' time. Later that month, the band went on a brief tour of Japan, followed by headlining shows in California throughout June 2003. They took a week-long break before starting press and in-store in events in the lead up to the album's release. Between mid-July and early August 2003, the group appeared on the Warped Tour, and then toured with Don't Look Down. Ocean Avenue was eventually released on July 22, 2003, through Capitol Records after it was originally scheduled to be released on July 8. The artwork features a blurry photo of a high school girl in front of a setting sun in California. The model is Brittany Nash, who was photographed by Sasha Eisenman. The album was released as an enhanced CD in some countries, which included a video entitled "The Making of Ocean Avenue" and a music video for The Underdog EP track "Powder". The Japanese edition included "Firewater", "Hey Mike", and the acoustic versions of "Way Away" and "Avondale" as bonus tracks; "Way Away" was released on radio the same day. The CD version included "Hey Mike" and an acoustic version of "Avondale". Key felt it was a "little more tough, a little more edgy" choice as the album's first single, wanting to avoid being seen as a poppy band.

After Yellowcard finished performing on the Warped Tour in August, it went on a club tour in the US that was followed by a few radio show appearances. The music video for "Way Away" premiered on The O.C. on September 2, 2003. In October 2003, Yellowcard appeared at Shocktoberfest and on IMX before playing a handful of shows later that month. In November, the band went on a US tour with Less Than Jake and Fall Out Boy, and performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live! "Ocean Avenue" was released to radio on December 16, 2003. They opened 2004 with a Canadian tour with Eve 6 and Jersey. On March 3, 2004, the band appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Around this time, Lewis was kicked out of the band and replaced by Mosely. In March and April 2004, the band went on a co-headlined a US tour with Something Corporate, and was supported by Steriogram and the Format. The band later toured Europe in May 2004 with Less Than Jake and the A.K.A.s. On May 18, 2004, Yellowcard appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. "Way Away" was released as a single in the UK on May 31, 2004.

In June 2004, "Only One" was released as a single; the CD version included an AOL Session version of "View from Heaven" and a live version of "Miles Apart". The music video for "Only One" was directed by Phil Harder and was filmed prior to the European tour. According to Key, the video was "a love story that is surrounded by a lot of chaos and confusion". After appearing at the main stage on Warped Tour, the band performed at the MTV Video Music Awards. They played a few European shows with New Found Glory before embarking on tours in Australia and Japan. "Ocean Avenue" was released as a single in the UK on September 6, 2004; the CD version included "Firewater", an acoustic version of "Way Away", and the music video for "Ocean Avenue". The video sees a woman steal something from Key, who then proceeds to chase her; he is in turn being chased by two villains, played by Mackin and Parsons. Around this time, "Believe" was released as a single to honor the anniversary of the September 11 attacks. In October and November 2004, the band went on a six-week tour of the US.

Reissues and related releases
In November 2004, the live/video album Beyond Ocean Avenue: Live at the Electric Factory was released. It featured footage from a show earlier in the year, as well as a documentary on the history of the band. Ocean Avenue was pressed on vinyl for the first time in 2011 through Hopeless Records, individually and as part of the box set 2002–2011 Collection. It was re-pressed by Hopeless Records in 2014, and by Field Day Records in 2021. In 2013, the band released an acoustic version of the album, Ocean Avenue Acoustic, in honor of the album's tenth anniversary. The band toured the acoustic album later in 2013 and again in early 2014. "Way Away", "Ocean Avenue", "Empty Apartment", "Life of a Salesman", "Only One", and "Believe" were included on the band's first compilation album Greatest Hits (2011).

Critical reception

Ocean Avenue received mixed reviews from music critics, many of which commented on the songwriting quality. Entertainment Weekly writer Joe Caramanica said the band laid "somewhere between A Simple Plan and blink-182, which is to say they're resilient enough not to whine, but too young to have a reason to anyhow". He added that Key "wails every song without a hint of stylistic variation, subject matter be damned." Elizabeth Bromstein of Now wrote that there was "a certain amount of drive" to the album, which offered "some neat guitar sounds as well as some nice arrangements". IGN's Nick Madsen called the album a "solid and consistent record that has made a believer out of [him]". PopMatters contributor Stephen Haag said the album "arrives at a time when pop punk's audience is maturing beyond the typical puerile fare that too many bands offer." The staff at DIY said that the opening track could lead the listener to think of the album as "just another punk rock CD." In spite of Mackin's violin giving the band some diversity from their peers, there was "still a fair share of bog standard punk rock, run of the mill stuff". Drowned in Sound reviewer Nick Lancaster dismissed Yellowcard as "merely the latest band to hop off the boy-band-punk conveyor belt for their fifteen minutes of minor fame", though he wrote that it was "[n]ever actively bad, but offensive in its lack of imagination and drive".

Reviewers were largely positive about the inclusion of Mackin's violin skills. The Spokesman-Review writer Cameron Adamson was initially sceptical of the use of violin, but "was pleasantly surprised"; as he listened to more of the album, he noted that the "energy that is felt from the start never dies". AllMusic reviewer MacKenzie Wilson wrote that the album "delivers despite of its catchy recipe", with Mackin's "impressively skilled" violin playing that helped Yellowcard "in making something sound original and fresh". Brad Maybe of CMJ New Music Report noted that the band set themselves apart with Mackin's violin; the album had "giant hooks and undeniably catchy choruses", which were "propelled to monstrous levels" by the violin. Madsen wrote that as integral was Key's vocals and Harper's guitar were to the band, Mackin's violin was "more than just a gimmick and absolutely should not be written off as one". Haag said the band with their violin parts "aren't entirely the answer to what is ailing pop punk, but they're not part of the problem either".

Commercial performance and accolades
Ocean Avenue peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard 200, and has sold 1.8 million copies in the US. It also charted at number 8 in New Zealand, and number 149 in the UK. It reached number 52 on the year-end Billboard 200 for 2004. The album was certified platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), gold in Canada by Music Canada, and silver in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

"Way Away" charted at number 25 on Alternative Airplay. Outside of the US, it reached number 63 in the UK and number 66 in Scotland. "Ocean Avenue" charted at number 13 on Mainstream Top 40, number 21 on Adult Top 40 and Alternative Airplay, number 37 on Hot 100, and number 38 on Radio Songs. Outside of the US, the song charted at number 34 in New Zealand, number 61 in Australia, and number 65 in Scotland and the UK. It was certified double platinum by the RIAA and silver by the BPI. "Only One" charted at number 15 on Alternative Airplay, number 22 on Bubbling Under Hot 100, and number 28 on Mainstream Top 40. It was certified gold in the US by the RIAA.

The music video for "Ocean Avenue" was nominated for Best New Artist in a Video and MTV2 Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. It has appeared on various best-of pop-punk album lists, being featured on lists by A.Side TV, BuzzFeed, Kerrang!, Loudwire, Rock Sound, and Rolling Stone. "Ocean Avenue" is featured on Billboard's list of the "100 Greatest Choruses of the 21st Century" and Cleveland.com's list of the top 100 pop-punk songs. Alternative Press ranked "Ocean Avenue" at number 42 on their list of the best 100 singles from the 2000s. Author Leslie Simon in her book Wish You Were Here: An Essential Guide to Your Favorite Music Scenes―from Punk to Indie and Everything in Between (2009) wrote that the album not only launched Key as an "unexpected emo sex symbol but proved that violins are actually more punk rock than you think".

Track listing
All songs are written by Yellowcard and Mosely.

"Way Away" – 3:22
"Breathing" – 3:39
"Ocean Avenue" – 3:18
"Empty Apartment" – 3:37
"Life of a Salesman" – 3:19
"Only One" – 4:18
"Miles Apart" – 3:32
"Twentythree" – 3:28
"View from Heaven" – 3:22
"Inside Out" – 3:40
"Believe" – 4:31
"One Year, Six Months" – 3:29
"Back Home" – 3:56

Personnel
Adapted credits from the liner notes of Ocean Avenue.

Yellowcard
 Ryan Key – lead vocals, guitar, bass (track 6)
 Sean Mackin – violin, backing vocals
 Ben Harper – lead guitar
 Longineu W. Parsons III – drums

Additional musicians
 Peter Mosely – bass (all except track 6), piano (tracks 4 and 6), vocals
 Christine Choi – cello (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 11)
 Rodney Wirtz – viola (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 11)
 Sean Mackin – string arrangement
 Neal Avron – string arrangement
 Alieka Wijnveldt – additional vocals (track 9)

Production and design
 Neal Avron – producer, recording
 Ryan Castle – assistant engineer
 Travis Huff – assistant engineer
 Tom Lord-Alge – mixing
 Femio Hernandez – assistant
 Ted Jensen – mastering
 Sasha Eisenman – photography
 Brittany Nash – model
 Tait Hawes – design

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References
Citations

Sources

External links

Ocean Avenue at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

Yellowcard albums
2003 albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums produced by Neal Avron
Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders
Punk rock albums by American artists

Ocean Avenue (album)


Sitnoglavičasti stričak ()  je vrsta čička. Porijeklom je iz Sredozemnog područja u južnoj Europi (Sjeverne Afrike i Zapadne Azije, Istočne Europe i Kavkaza) te Indijskog potkontinenta.

Ova biljka je postala uvedena vrsta u drugim regijama i na drugim kontinentima, često postajući štetni korov ili invazivna vrsta.

Opis

Stabljike Carduus pycnocephalus, zimske jednogodišnje biljke, kreću se od 20 cm do 2.0 m i goli su do blago vunasti. Višestruke stabljike okružene su bodljama.

Biljka raste u rozetama od 25–36 cm u promjeru, s četiri do deset režnjevitih bazalnih listova koji su dugi 10–15 cm. Listovi stabljike su s donje strane tomentozni i sadrže bodlje na vrhovima režnjeva.

Cvjetnih glavica je 2-5 po grozdu, gusto su prošarane paučinastim dlačicama pri dnu listova i bodljikave prema vrhovima. Vjenčići su ružičasti do ljubičasti, cca. 1-1.4 cm, a plodovi su smeđi do zlatni, s čekinjastim, sitnim bodljikavim papusom

Štetni korov

Carduus pycnocephalus postao je štetan korov u Australiji, Novom Zelandu, Makaroneziji, Južnoj Africi, Arapskom poluotoku, Južnoj Americi, Havajima i Sjevernoj Americi, posebno u većem dijelu Kalifornije. Najviše voli travnjake i šume. Nalazi se u poremećenim područjima, često s bazaltnim tlima, plodnim tlima ili tlima s relativno visokim pH (> 6,5).

Utjecaji
Sitnoglavičasti stričak može rasti gusto, istiskujući drugu vegetaciju gustim rozetastim 'kolonijama' zimi, čime se sprječava uspostava autohtonih biljaka. Njegovi bodljikavi listovi, stabljike i listovi sprječavaju životinje da pasu na njemu i u blizini krme. Njegova tendencija da raste ispod krošnje hrasta povećava rizik od oštećenja stabala šumskim požarom jer se vatra lakše može proširiti na krošnje.

Kontrola

 Mehanička

Mehaničke metode mogu biti učinkovite, ali moraju se provesti prije nego što biljka osjemeni. Osim toga, korijen mora biti odsječen najmanje 10 cm ispod zemlje kako bi se spriječilo obnavljanje biljke. Košnja i rezanje nisu pouzdani jer biljka može ponovno izrasti i proizvesti sjeme čak i na visini od 7 cm.

 Biološka

Sredstva za biološko suzbijanje imaju ograničen uspjeh kod Carduus pycnocephalus. Kukci koje je kalifornijsko ministarstvo poljoprivrede testiralo specifično za domaćina i koji su uzrokovali značajnu štetu reproduktivnim strukturama talijanskog čička nisu korišteni zbog zabrinutosti o mogućem predatorstvu kalifornijskih autohtonih vrsta čička. Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali je vrsta hrđe (gljive) koja je očito ekskluzivna za Carduus pycnocephalus. Na ovoj vrsti pronađene su i druge vrste hrđe.

Kontrola ispašom ovaca ili koza (ne goveda) u Australiji također je dala neke rezultate.

 Kemijska

Kemijska kontrola može se postići različitim proizvodima uključujući: Klopiralid, glifosat, Dikvat, Picloram i 2,4-D ester. Međutim, pri uporabi ovih proizvoda potreban je oprez, a njihova uporaba nije uvijek primjerena, osobito u blizini vodenih površina i drugih osjetljivih prirodnih staništa. Provjerite lokalne, regionalne i nacionalne propise koji određuju uporabu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cardueae
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Ukrajine
Flora Švicarske
Flora Španjolske
Flora Palestine (regija)
Flora Maroka
Flora Libije
Flora Jordana
Flora Italije
Flora Izraela
Flora Iraka
Flora Irana
Flora Indijskog potkontinenta
Flora Grčke
Flora Egipta
Flora Afganistana
Flora Europe
Flora Zapadne Azije
Flora Sjeverne Afrike

Sitnoglavičasti stričak


Johann Gerhard Helmcke oder Johann-Gerhard Helmcke ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Johann Gerhard Helmcke (Bäcker) (1750–1824), deutscher Bäcker und Getreidehändler
 Johann-Gerhard Helmcke (Biologe) (1908–1993), deutscher Biologe und Hochschullehrer

Johann Gerhard Helmcke


La maison d'arrêt de Strasbourg est une maison d'arrêt française située dans la commune de Strasbourg, dans le département du Bas-Rhin et dans la région Grand-Est.

L'établissement dépend du ressort de la direction interrégionale des services pénitentiaires de Strasbourg. Au niveau judiciaire, l'établissement relève du tribunal judiciaire de Strasbourg et de la cour d'appel de Colmar.

Histoire

siècle
Le projet de la maison d'arrêt de Strasbourg est envisagé dès les années 1960 mais est initié en  par Robert Badinter. Les travaux durent de  à . L'établissement ouvre en  et est destiné à remplacer les deux anciennes prisons strasbourgeoises, la prison Sainte Marguerite et celle de la Rue du Fil. La maison d'arrêt de Strasbourg remplace également la prison de Haguenau, fermée en .

À partir de , l'établissement accueille désormais les détenus issus de la prison de Saverne, à la suite de la fermeture de cet établissement.

siècle
En , l'établissement a été récompensé par le prix anti-gaspillage du ministère de l'agriculture et par le prix de la semaine européenne de réduction des déchets (EWWR) remis à Budapest au mois de mai 2015.

En , la maison d'arrêt est le deuxième établissement du pays à ouvrir une unité pour détenus violents, nouveau type d'unité de très haute sécurité destiné à mieux prendre en charge la violence dans les prisons.

En , lors de la crise du COVID-19, l'établissement est identifié comme cluster.

Description
Située au 6 Rue Engelmann à Strasbourg, dans le quartier de l'Elsau, la maison d'arrêt est l'un des trois établissements pénitentiaires du département. Elle dépend du ressort de la direction interrégionale des services pénitentiaires de Strasbourg et, au niveau judiciaire, relève du tribunal judiciaire de Strasbourg et de la cour d'appel de Colmar.

L'établissement a une capacité d'accueil de 424 places pour des détenus majeurs hommes et femmes, majeurs et mineurs, prévenus ou condamnés à des peines de moins d'un an. Il comprend quatre bâtiments de détention qui ont répartis entre un quartier "Maison d'arrêt Hommes" de 386 places composé de deux bâtiments, un quartier "Maison d'arrêt Femmes" de 19 places et un quartier "Maison d'arrêt Mineurs Hommes" de 19 places composés chacun d'un bâtiment.

L'établissement accueille également un quartier SMPR qui est une antenne de l'hôpital de Brumath et qui héberge les détenus de la collectivité européenne d'Alsace, souffrant de troubles psychologiques graves.

L'établissement est le plus gros établissement pénitentiaire de la direction interrégionale des services pénitentiaires de Strasbourg après la maison d'arrêt de Nancy-Maxéville.

La surpopulation de l'établissement est régulièrement constatée et fait parfois l'objet de mouvements de contestation de la part du personnel. En conséquence de ces constats, le vieillissement prématuré et la dégradation de la structure de l'établissement sont également régulièrement signalés.

Au , l'établissement accueillait 657 détenus, soit un taux d'occupation de 155%.

Actions environnementales et de réinsertion
En , l'établissement est le premier établissement en France à lancer son site Internet et, en , il lance un nouveau site permettant aux internautes de poser des questions sur l'univers carcéral. Ce site est initié dans le cadre d'un projet pédagogique à destination des détenus, pour les détenus illettrés ou à des fins d'apprentissage des outils informatiques, les détenus n'accédant cependant pas directement à Internet.

L'établissement expérimente depuis , dans les quartiers d'isolement, des activités d'art-thérapie et de médiation animale où le détenu apprend à gérer sa violence en s'occupant d'un animal, le plus souvent un chien un cochon d'Inde.

La maison d'arrêt est l'un des signataires de la charte "tous unis pour plus de biodiversité" de la Eurométropole de Strasbourg. Elle est engagée dans une politique de développement durable déclinant des actions dans différentes directions : lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire, tri et réduction des déchets, jardin partagé, maîtrise des fluides, promotion de la biodiversité, compostage (composteur d'une capacité de 50 ).

Depuis , une activité de jardin partagé est également mise en place au quartier femmes qui permet à un groupe de détenues de pratiquer le jardinage et qui s'accompagne d'une formation professionnelle horticulture.

Rapport critique du CGLPL de  sur les conditions de détention
En , un rapport critique du Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté met en lumière d'importants dysfonctionnements de l'établissement et des dégradations des conditions de détentions.

La situation constatée par le CGLPL est considérée comme suffisamment grave pour nécessiter le recours à une procédure d'urgence pour formuler des recommandations sur un établissement pénitentiaire. C'est la cinquième fois que cette procédure exceptionnelle est mise en œuvre depuis la création du poste de CGLPL en .

Le rapport est cependant contesté par le ministère de la justice et donne lieu à des échanges par médias interposés, qualifiés d'acerbes dans certains médias, entre la contrôleure Adeline Hazan et la ministre de la justice Christiane Taubira.

Détenus notables

Événements notables
Le , deux détenus de l'établissement s'évadent en brisant la fenêtre et leur cellule et en confectionnant une corde avec leurs draps, l'un d'eux s'étant cependant blessé lors de l'évasion et a immédiatement été repris. Les deux détenus s'étaient déjà évadés auparavant de la prison de Colmar mais avaient été repris.

En , un incendie, apparemment provoqué par une détenue placée à l'isolement, entraine l'évacuation de 40 personnes (détenues et personnel), certains étant en outre hospitalisées. Plusieurs incidents sont également déclenchés en août de la même année.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Prison en France
 Administration pénitentiaire en France
 Liste des établissements pénitentiaires en France
 Direction interrégionale des services pénitentiaires de Strasbourg

Liens externes

Strasbourg
Bâtiment à Strasbourg
Prison dans le Bas-Rhin

Maison d'arrêt de Strasbourg


Das Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 war ein Geschwader der deutschen Luftwaffe im Zweiten Weltkrieg, das vor allem für die Nachtjagd aufgestellt und eingesetzt wurde.

Aufstellung
Die IV. Gruppe des künftigen Nachtjagdgeschwaders 6 flog unter dieser Bezeichnung bereits seit Juni 1943 Einsätze in Rumänien. Am 1. August 1943 wurde die I. Gruppe durch Umbenennung der IV. Gruppe aus dem Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 in Mainz gebildet. Am 15. September 1943 erfolgte zeitgleich die Aufstellung des Geschwaderstabes in Schleißheim und die Etablierung der II. Gruppe in Neuburg an der Donau. Am 4. Oktober 1943 wurden sowohl die I. wie auch die II. Gruppe dem Geschwaderstab unterstellt. Am 15. Oktober 1943 wurde das Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 der 7. Jagddivision unterstellt. Diese ging dabei durch Umbenennung aus dem Jagdfliegerführer Süddeutschland hervor. Die Aufstellung der III. Gruppe erfolgte erst am 10. Mai 1944 durch Umbenennung der II. Gruppe des Nachtjagdgeschwaders 5. Die Geschwaderkennung war 2Z.

Einsätze

1943 bis 1944
Die einzelnen Gruppen flogen nach ihrer Aufstellung in der Reichsverteidigung. So lag die I. Gruppe seit ihrer Aufstellung zunächst in Mainz. Später wurde sie nach Illesheim verlegt. Die II. Gruppe hatte ihre Fliegerhorste zunächst in Schleißheim, Neuburg, Echterdingen und Kitzingen. In dieser Zeit flogen diese Gruppen Tagjagdeinsätze bei dem Luftangriff auf Schweinfurt am 14. Oktober 1943 sowie Nachtjagdeinsätze über Berlin. Ab April 1944 lag die II. Gruppe in Hagenau. Am 30. März und am 27. April 1944 schoss das Geschwader 14 Flugzeuge ab.

Nach der Alliierten Invasion in der Normandie im Juni 1944 wurde die I. Gruppe nach Holland verlegt, aber noch im selben Monat zurückverlegt und kam nach Neubiberg südlich München, später wieder nach Echterdingen-Hailfingen-Großsachsenheim-Schleißheim-Neubiberg. Die Stationierungsorte der II. Gruppe waren in der zweiten Jahreshälfte 1944 Echterdingen–Mainz–Schwäbisch Hall–Ingolstadt.

Die III. Gruppe des NJG 6, die erst im Mai 1944 in Hagenau aufgestellt worden war, wurde im Juni 1944 nach Ungarn verlegt, wo sie vor allem zur Abwehr von sowjetischen und anglo-amerikanischen Bombern eingesetzt wurde. Ferner operierte sie auch gegen Agenten- und Störflugzeuge. Im Oktober kehrte die Gruppe nach Deutschland zurück und wurde nach Neubiberg und Bad Aibling verlegt.

Eine IV. Gruppe des NJG 6 wurde im Mai 1943 in Bukarest-Otopeni aufgestellt, wobei Teile von ihr auf anderen Plätzen in Rumänien und Bulgarien lagen. Sie kam Ende August 1944 aus Rumänien zurück und flog Einsätze im Raum Schleißheim-Gerolzhofen-Kitzingen-Ingolstadt-Neubiberg-Bad Aibling. Im Dezember 1944 war die IV. Gruppe in größere Luftkämpfe verwickelt. Am 6. Dezember 1944 schoss sie im Luftraum Gießen sechs Lancaster ab. Teile des Geschwaders waren während der Jahreswende 1944/45 an der Westfront an Nachtschlacht-Einsätzen beteiligt.

1945
1945 war das gesamte Geschwader in der Reichsverteidigung eingesetzt. Am 21. Februar 1945 schoss das Geschwader 21 Flugzeuge, am 23. Februar 14, am 14. März 16 und am 16. März 1945 20 Flugzeuge ab. Ende März 1945 wurden der Geschwaderstab und die vier Gruppenstäbe aufgelöst. Es verblieb danach ein einziger Gruppenstab mit vier Staffeln sowie einer Stabsstaffel. Der letzte Einsatz des NJG 6 ist im Kriegstagebuch für die Nacht vom 26./27. April 1945 eingetragen. Am 29. April 1945 ergeben sich die in Schleißheim verbliebenen Teile kampflos den vorrückenden US-amerikanischen Streitkräften der 45th Infanterie Division. Die kurz zuvor nach Bad Aibling verlegten Teileinheiten wurden dort aufgelöst.

In einer anderen Publikation wird die Geschwadergliederung NJG 6 mit Datum von Anfang 1945 genannt. Demnach flog das Geschwader, bestehend aus vier Gruppen, Anfang 1945 Maschinen der Typen Ju 88G und Bf 110.

Geschwaderkommodore
Zwischen 1943 und 1945 wurde das Geschwader von fünf Kommodores geführt. Ab 10. August 1943 von Major Fritz Schaffer, vom 10. Februar 1944 bis zum 15. März 1944 (tödlich über Echterdingen abgestürzt) von Major Heinrich Wohlers, ab 16. März 1944 von Major von Reeken, ab 15. April 1944 von Major Heinrich Griese und vom 13. September 1944 bis Auflösung von Oberstleutnant Herbert Lütje.

Literatur
 Wolfgang Dierich: Die Verbände der Luftwaffe 1935–1945 – Gliederung und Kurzchroniken – eine Dokumentation. Motorbuch-Verlag Stuttgart 1976
 Eckard Sauer: Absturz im Kinzigtal – Die Luftfahrt im hessischen Kinzigtal von 1895 bis 1950. Sauer-Verlag 2011, ISBN 978-3981441901
 Peter Schmitz, Klaus J. Thies, Günter Wegmann, Christian Zweng: Die deutschen Divisionen 1939–1945 – Heer, Landgestützte Kriegsmarine, Luftwaffe, Waffen-SS / Die Divisionen 1–5. Band 1, Biblioverlag 1993, ISBN 978-3764824211
 Werner Girbig: Start im Morgengrauen – Eine Chronik vom Untergang der deutschen Jagdwaffe im Westen 1944/1945. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-6130-1292-8.
 Ernst Obermaier: Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe 1939–1945. Band I Jagdflieger, Verlag Dieter Hoffmann, Mainz 1966.
 Kriegstagebuch Nachtjagdgeschwader 6. Bundesarchiv Freiburg i.Br., RL10/54.

Anmerkungen

Nachtjagd #:6
Gegründet 1943
Aufgelöst 1945

Nachtjagdgeschwader 6


Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 2016 var den 21. udgave af cykelløbet Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 25. september 2016. Løbet blev vundet af Nicola Ruffoni fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Magnus Cort kørte for
Matti Breschel kørte for
Chris Anker Sørensen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI Europe Tour 2016

Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 2016


Mlinica sela Podgrađa u selu Podgrađu, Grad Omiš, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis
Mlinica sela Podgrađe nalazi se na desnoj obali Cetine, uzvodno od Pavića mosta. Jedna je od najstarijih mlinica na području Dalmacije (17. – 18. st.), a jedinstven je primjer zajedničke seoske mlinice kojom su se služili i koju su zajednički održavali mještani Podgrađa po nepisanom zakonu običajnog prava. Pravokutnog je tlocrta, zidana od neobrađenog kamena s drvenim dvostrešnim krovištem pokrivenim kamenim pločama. Izgrađena je dijelom na tlu, a dijelom nad skrenutim rukavcem Cetine – jažom. Mlinica je tipa "kašikara" s horizontalnim drvenim mlinskim kolom. Nekada je imala dva mlinska postrojenja od kojih je jedno obnovljeno 2010. godine.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5010 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Omišu
Podgrađe

Mlinica sela Podgrađa


Lancaster House (tidligere York House og Stafford House) er et palæ i St. James's i Londons West End. Palæet ligger ved siden af St. James's Palace, og det bruges af det britiske udenrigsministerium.

Historie
Byggeriet af Lancaster House begyndtei 1825. Hertugen af York og Albany (prins Frederik August, søn af Georg 3. af Storbritannien, britisk og hannoveransk tronfølger 1820–1827) var bygherre.

Palæet stod ikke færdigt, da prins Frederik August døde i 1827, og byggeriet blev overtaget af markisen af Stafford.

I 1912 købte William Lever, 1. vicegreve Leverhulme palæet. William Lever var sæbefabrikant fra Bolton i Lancasterhire. Palæet skiftede nu navn til Lancaster House.

I 1913 forærede William Lever palæet til nationen. Nu bruges huset af udenrigsministeriet.

Konferencer i Lancaster House
De første Lancaster House-konferencer fandt sted i 1957 og 1958. Konferencerne førte til forbundsstaten Nigerias uafhængighed i 1960.

Næste serie af Lancaster House-konferencer fandt sted i 1960, 1962 og 1963. Konferencerne førte til Kenyas uafhængighed i 1963.

Lancaster House-aftalen fra 1979 omdannede Rhodesia (tidligere Sydrhodesia) til Zimbabwe, der blev selvstændigt i 1980.

Lancaster House-traktaterne fra 2010 er to forsvarsaftaler mellem Storbritannien og Frankrig. Efter det britisk-fransk topmøde på Lancaster House underskrev præsident Nicolas Sarkozy og premierminister David Cameron traktaterne den 2. november 2010.

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i London
City of Westminster

Lancaster House


1990 ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු-ආසියානු කුසලානය 1990 අප්‍රියෙල් 25 සිට මැයි 4 දක්වා එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යයේ සාජා හි පැවති ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලියකි. ජාතික කණ්ඩායම් හයක් සහභාගී විය: ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, බංග්ලාදේශය, ඉන්දියාව, නවසීලන්තය, පාකිස්තානය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව.

කණ්ඩායම් තුන බැගින් කාණ්ඩ දෙකකට බෙදා ඇති අතර ඔවුන් එකිනෙකාට ක්‍රීඩා කළ රවුන්ඩ් රොබින් වටයේ එක් කාණ්ඩයක ජයග්‍රාහකයා සහ අනෙක් කාණ්ඩයේ අනුශූරයා සමග අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට පිවිසියේය.

පාකිස්තානය තරඟාවලිය ජයගත් අතර අවසන් තරඟයේදී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව පරාජය කළ අතර ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 30,000 ක් දිනා ගත්තේය. අනුශූරයන් ලෙස ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 20,000 ක් දිනා ගත් අතර අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට සුදුසුකම් ලැබූ නවසීලන්තය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 10,000 බැගින් දිනා ගත්හ.

තරඟාවලියට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූයේ සැන්යෝ විසිනි.

මූලික අධියර

ඒ කාණ්ඩය

බී කාණ්ඩය

පිළිමළුන් පිටුදැකීමේ අධියර

අවසාන පූර්ව

අවසාන තරගය

යොමුව

බාහිර සබැදි
Cricinfo tournament page
 Cricket Archive tournament page

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු-ආසියානු කුසලානය 1990


Hospedes da noite es una película del año 2007.

Sinopsis
En la época colonial, el Gran Hotel de Beira era el mejor hotel de Mozambique: 350 habitaciones, suites lujosas, una piscina olímpica… Actualmente, el edificio ruinoso, sin agua ni corriente eléctrica, alberga a 3.500 personas. Algunos llevan 20 años viviendo allí. Además de las habitaciones, también las antesalas, los pasillos, las zonas de servicio y los sótanos (donde siempre es de noche) han sido convertidos en habitáculos.

Referencias

Películas ambientadas en hoteles

Hóspedes da Noite


Dan zahvalnosti (eng. Thanksgiving) državni je blagdan koji se slavi na različite datume u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, Kanadi, Grenadi, Svetoj Luciji i Liberiji. Započeo je kao dan zahvale i žrtve za blagoslov žetve i prethodne godine. Festivalski praznici sličnog naziva javljaju se u Njemačkoj i Japanu. Dan zahvalnosti slavi se drugog ponedjeljka u listopadu u Kanadi i četvrtog četvrtka u studenom u Sjedinjenim Državama i otprilike u istom dijelu godine u drugim mjestima. Iako Dan zahvalnosti ima povijesne korijene u vjerskim i kulturnim tradicijama, dugo se slavi i kao svjetovni praznik.

Povijest
Molitve zahvale i posebne ceremonije zahvale uobičajene su u gotovo svim religijama nakon žetve ili drugim vremenima. Povijest Dana zahvalnosti u Sjevernoj Americi ukorijenjena je u engleskim tradicijama koje datiraju iz protestantske reformacije. Također ima aspekte festivala žetve, iako se žetva u Novoj Engleskoj događa mnogo prije datuma kasnog studenog na koji se slavi moderni praznik Dana zahvalnosti.

U engleskoj tradiciji dani zahvalnosti i posebne vjerske službe postale su važne tijekom engleske reformacije za vrijeme vladavine Henrika VIII i kao reakcija na veliki broj vjerskih praznika u katoličkom kalendaru. Prije 1536. postojalo je 95 crkvenih praznika, plus 52 nedjelje, kada su ljudi morali ići u crkvu i ne ići na posao i ponekad plaćati skupe proslave. Reforme iz 1536. smanjile su broj crkvenih blagdana na 27, ali neki su puritanci željeli eliminirati sve crkvene blagdane, uključujući Božić i Uskrs. Blagdani su trebali biti zamijenjeni posebno nazvanim Dani posta ili Dani zahvalnosti, kao odgovor na događaje koje su puritanci smatrali djelima posebne providnosti. Neočekivane katastrofe ili prijetnje osudom s visine zahtijevale su Dane posta. Posebni blagoslovi, za koje se smatra da dolaze od Boga, održavani su na Dane zahvalnosti. Na primjer, Dani posta sazvani su zbog suše 1611., poplava 1613. i kuge 1604. i 1622. godine. Dani zahvalnosti sazivani su nakon pobjede nad Španjolskom Armadom 1588. i nakon oslobođenja kraljice Ane 1705. Neobičan godišnji Dan zahvalnosti započeo je 1606. nakon neuspjeha barutne zavjere 1605. i razvio se u Dan Guya Fawkesa 5. studenoga.

U Kanadi
 Prema nekim povjesničarima, prva proslava Dana zahvalnosti u Sjevernoj Americi dogodila se tijekom putovanja Martina Frobishera iz Engleske 1578. u potrazi za Sjeverozapadnim prolazom. Drugi istraživači, međutim, navode da "ne postoji uvjerljiva priča o podrijetlu kanadskog Dana zahvalnosti".

Podrijetlo kanadskog Dana zahvalnosti također se ponekad može povezati uz francuske doseljenike koji su došli u Novu Francusku u 17. stoljeću, koji su slavili svoju uspješnu žetvu. Francuski doseljenici u tom području obično su pripremali gozbe na kraju sezone žetve. Nastavili su se tijekom cijele zimske sezone, čak i dijeleći hranu s autohtonim narodima tog područja.

Kako su doseljenici stigli u Novu Škotsku iz Nove Engleske nakon 1700. godine, kasnojesensko slavlje Dana zahvalnosti postalo je uobičajeno. Novi imigranti u zemlji, kao što su Irci, Škoti i Nijemci, također su dodali svoje vlastite tradicije proslava žetve. Većina američkih aspekata Dana zahvalnosti (kao što je puretina) uključena je kada su lojalisti Ujedinjenog Carstva počeli bježati iz Sjedinjenih Država tijekom Američke revolucije i nastanili se u Kanadi.

U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama

Hodočasnici i puritanci koji su emigrirali iz Engleske 1620-ih i 1630-ih ponijeli su tradiciju Dana posta i Dana zahvalnosti sa sobom u Novu Englesku. Moderna tradicija blagdana zahvalnosti potječe od dobro zabilježenog događaja iz 1619. u Virginiji i slabo dokumentirane proslave 1621. u Plymouthu u današnjem Massachusettsu. Dolazak 38 engleskih doseljenika 1619. u Berkeley Hundred u okrugu Charles City u Virginiji, završio je vjerskim slavljem kako je diktirala povelja grupe iz London Company, koja je zahtijevala "da dan dolaska naših brodova na mjesto bude određeno... u zemlji Virginiji će se svake godine i zauvijek svetiti kao dan zahvale Svemogućem Bogu." Plymouthska gozba i zahvala 1621. bili su potaknuti dobrom žetvom. Hodočasnici su to proslavili s Indijancima, koji su im pomogli da prebrode prethodnu zimu dajući im hranu u to doba oskudice.

U ranoj povijesti Nove Engleske održano je nekoliko dana Dana zahvalnosti koji su identificirani kao "Prvi Dan zahvalnosti", uključujući hodočasničke praznike u Plymouthu 1621. i 1623. te puritanski praznik u Bostonu 1631. Prema povjesničaru Jeremyju Bangsu, ravnatelju Muzeja američkih hodočasnika u Leidenu, na hodočasnike je možda utjecalo gledanje godišnjih službi Dana zahvalnosti za ublažavanje opsade Leidena 1574., dok su boravili u Leidenu. Sada nazvan Oktober Feest, Leidenova jesenska proslava zahvalnosti 1617. bila je povod za sektaške nemire koji su, čini se, ubrzali planove hodočasnika da emigriraju u Ameriku.

Kasnije su u Massachusettsu, vjerske službe zahvale proglasili civilni čelnici poput guvernera Bradforda, koji je planirao proslavu zahvalnosti i gozbu u koloniji 1623. U kasnim 1630-ima, Pequot su bili okrivljeni za ubojstvo bijelca, što je dovelo do toga da su kolonizatori spalili sela Pequota i ubili one koji nisu stradali u požarima. Stotine Pequota je ubijeno, što je navelo guvernera Bradforda da proglasi da će na Dan zahvalnosti od tada slaviti "krvavu pobjedu, zahvaljujući Bogu što je bitka dobivena". Praksa održavanja godišnjeg festivala žetve nije postala redovita stvar u Novoj Engleskoj sve do kasnih 1660-ih.

Proglase za Dan zahvalnosti uglavnom su donosili crkveni čelnici u Novoj Engleskoj do 1682., a zatim i državni i crkveni čelnici sve do nakon Američke revolucije. Tijekom revolucionarnog razdoblja politički utjecaji utjecali su na izdavanje proglasa za Dan zahvalnosti. Kraljevski guverneri, ali i domoljubni vođe, poput Johna Hancocka, generala Georgea Washingtona i Kontinentalnog kongresa, zahvaljivali su Bogu za događaje pogodne za njihove ciljeve. Kao predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, George Washington proglasio je prvu nacionalnu proslavu zahvalnosti u Americi obilježavajući 26. studenoga 1789., "kao dan javne zahvale i molitve, koji se obilježava priznavanjem zahvalnim srcima brojnim i signalizirajućim naklonostima Svemogućeg Boga".

Rasprava o prvim proslavama nacije

Pitanje gdje je prvi Dan zahvalnosti održan u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama bilo je predmet spora, prvenstveno između Nove Engleske i Virginije. Pitanje se kompliciralo konceptom Dana zahvalnosti kao blagdanske proslave ili vjerske službe. James Baker tvrdi: "Pravo porijeklo američkog praznika bio je kalvinistički Dan zahvalnosti u Novoj Engleskoj. Nikada nisu spojene sa subotnjim misama, puritanske svetkovine bile su posebni dani odvojeni tijekom tjedna za zahvalu i hvalu kao odgovor na Božju providnost." Baker raspravu naziva "burom u loncu" i "čudesnom glupošću" na temelju regionalnih tvrdnji. Međutim, dan zahvalnosti koji je posebno kodificiran u osnivačkoj povelji Berkeley Hundred 1619. bio je ključan u pokušaju predsjednika Johna F. Kennedyja da postigne kompromis između regionalnih zahtjeva, izdavanjem Proklamacije 3560 5. studenoga 1963., u kojoj se navodi: "Prije tri stoljeća naši su preci u Virginiji i Massachusettsu, daleko od kuće u samotnoj divljini, odvojili vrijeme zahvalnosti. Na određeni dan pobožno su zahvalili za njihovu sigurnost, za zdravlje svoje djece, za plodnost svojih polja, za ljubav koja ih je povezivala i za vjeru koja ih je sjedinila s njihovim Bogom."

Druge tvrdnje uključuju raniju vjersku službu španjolskih istraživača u Teksasu u San Elizariju 1598. Povjesničari Robyn Gioia i Michael Gannon sa Sveučilišta u Floridi tvrde da je najraniju službu Dana zahvalnosti u današnjim Sjedinjenim Državama španjolska zajednica proslavila 8. rujna 1565. u današnjem Saint Augustinu na Floridi.

Određivanje datuma

Kanada
Ranije proslave Dana zahvalnosti u Kanadi pripisane su ranijoj zimi na sjeveru, čime je sezona žetve ranije završila. Dan zahvalnosti u Kanadi nije imao fiksni datum sve do kasnog 19. stoljeća. Prije Kanadske konfederacije, mnogi pojedinačni kolonijalni guverneri kanadskih provincija proglasili su svoje vlastite dane Dana zahvalnosti. Prvi službeni kanadski Dan zahvalnosti dogodio se 15. travnja 1872., kada je nacija slavila oporavak princa od Walesa od teške bolesti.

Do kraja 19. stoljeća Dan zahvalnosti obično se slavio 6. studenoga. U kasnom 19. stoljeću, Milicija je organizirala "lažne bitke" za javnu zabavu na Dan zahvalnosti. Milicija je agitirala za raniji termin praznika, kako bi toplije vrijeme iskoristili za veće gužve. Međutim, kada je završio Prvi svjetski rat, praznik Dana primirja obično se održavao tijekom istog tjedna. Kako bi spriječio da se dva praznika međusobno preklope, 1957. godine kanadski je parlament proglasio Dan zahvalnosti koji se obilježava na sadašnji datum drugog ponedjeljka u listopadu.

Sjedinjene Američke Države
Dan zahvalnosti u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama obilježava se na različite datume. Od vremena osnivanja do Lincolna, datum obilježavanja razlikovao se od države do države. Posljednji četvrtak u studenom postao je uobičajeni datum u većini američkih država do početka 19. stoljeća, poklopio se i na kraju zamijenio praznik Dana evakuacije (u spomen na dan kada su Britanci napustili Sjedinjene Države nakon Građanskog rata). Moderni Dan zahvalnosti proglasio je za sve države 1863. Abraham Lincoln. Pod utjecajem Sarah Josepha Hale, koja je pisala pisma političarima otprilike 40 godina zagovarajući službeni praznik, Lincoln je proglasio nacionalni Dan zahvalnosti za posljednji četvrtak u studenome, izričito u slavlje blagodati koje su se nastavile u Uniji i vojnim uspjesima u ratu, a također i izričito u "poniznoj pokornosti za našu nacionalnu izopačenost i neposlušnost". Zbog građanskog rata koji je bio u tijeku, proslava Dana zahvalnosti u cijeloj zemlji nije održana sve dok obnova nije dovršena 1870-ih.

Dana 31. listopada 1939. predsjednik Franklin D. Roosevelt potpisao je predsjedničku proklamaciju kojom se iz poslovnih razloga praznik mijenja na predzadnji četvrtak u studenom. Dana 26. prosinca 1941. potpisao je zajedničku rezoluciju Kongresa kojom se nacionalni Dan zahvalnosti mijenja na četvrti četvrtak u studenom.

Od 1971. godine, kada je na snagu stupio američki Uniform Monday Holiday Act, američko obilježavanje Kolumbovog dana poklapa se s kanadskim obilježavanjem Dana zahvalnosti.

Obilježavanje

Australija
Na australskom vanjskom teritoriju otoka Norfolk, Dan zahvalnosti slavi se posljednje srijede u studenom, slično kao što se slavio u Americi prije Drugoga svjetskog rata posljednjeg četvrtka u mjesecu. To znači da se obilježavanje na otoku Norfolk održava dan prije ili šest dana nakon obilježavanja u Sjedinjenim Državama. Praznik je na otok donesen posjetima američkih kitolovaca.

Brazil
U Brazilu je nacionalni Dan zahvalnosti ustanovio predsjednik Gaspar Dutra, Zakonom 781 iz 17. kolovoza 1949., na prijedlog veleposlanika Joaquima Nabuca, koji je bio oduševljen komemoracijama koje je 1909. vidio u katedrali sv. Patrika kao veleposlanik u Washingtonu. Godine 1966. Zakonom 5110 utvrđeno je da će se proslava Dana zahvalnosti održati četvrtog četvrtka u studenom. Ovaj datum slave mnoge obitelji američkog podrijetla, neke protestantske kršćanske denominacije, kao što su Evangelička luteranska crkva Brazila (koja je američkog podrijetla), Prezbiterijanska crkva, Baptistička crkva, Metodistička crkva i Crkva sv. Nazarećanina i metodističkih denominacijskih sveučilišta. Taj dan slave i evangeličke crkve kao što je Foursquare Gospel Church u Brazilu.

Kanada

Dan zahvalnosti ( franc. l'Action de grâce), koji se slavi drugog ponedjeljka u listopadu, godišnji je kanadski blagdan kojim se zahvaljuje na kraju sezone žetve. Iako se u izvornom aktu Sabora spominje Bog i da se blagdan slavi u crkvama, blagdan se uglavnom slavi na svjetovni način. Dan zahvalnosti je zakonski praznik u svim provincijama u Kanadi, osim u New Brunswicku i Novoj Škotskoj. Iako obrti mogu ostati otvoreni u tim provincijama, blagdan se ipak prepoznaje i slavi bez obzira na svoj status.

Grenada
Na zapadnoindijskom otoku Grenadi, na Karibima, postoji nacionalni praznik poznat kao Dan zahvalnosti koji se slavi 25. listopada. Iako nosi isto ime i slavi se otprilike u isto vrijeme kao i američka i kanadska verzija Dana zahvalnosti, ovaj praznik nije povezan ni s jednom od tih proslava. Umjesto toga, praznik obilježava godišnjicu invazije na otok pod vodstvom SAD-a 1983., kao odgovor na smjenu i pogubljenje socijalističkog premijera Grenade Mauricea Bishopa kojeg je pogubila vojna vlada iz njegove vlastite stranke.

Liberija
U zapadnoafričkoj državi Liberiji, Dan zahvalnosti slavi se prvog četvrtka u studenom. Tamošnja tradicija Dana zahvalnosti ukorijenjena je u osnivanju nacije kao kolonije Američkog kolonizacijskog društva 1821. od strane slobodnih obojenih ljudi iz Sjedinjenih Država. Iako je priznat u cijeloj zemlji, Dan zahvalnosti prakticiraju uglavnom Amerikanci-Liberanci, potomci izvornih afroameričkih doseljenika Liberije.

Nizozemska

Mnogi od hodočasnika koji su migrirali na plantažu Plymouth živjeli su u gradu Leidenu od 1609. do 1620. i zabilježili su svoja rođenja, vjenčanja i smrti u Pieterskerku (crkvi sv. Petra). U spomen tome, svake se godine ujutro na američki Dan zahvalnosti u Pieterskerku, gotičkoj crkvi u Leidenu, održava služba Dana zahvalnosti koja nije denominacija, uz prisjećanje gostoprimstva koje su hodočasnici dobili u Leidenu na putu u Novi svijet.

Ortodoksne protestantske crkve u Nizozemskoj obilježavaju Dan zahvalnosti prve srijede u studenom. To nije državni praznik. Oni koji slave dan ili idu u crkvu navečer ili uzimaju slobodan dan i idu u crkvu ujutro (a ponekad i poslijepodne).

Filipini
Filipini, dok su bili američka kolonija u prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća, slavili su Dan zahvalnosti kao poseban državni praznik na isti dan kao i Amerikanci. Tijekom japanske okupacije tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, i Amerikanci i Filipinci slavili su Dan zahvalnosti u tajnosti. Nakon povlačenja Japana 1945., tradicija se nastavila sve do 1969. godine. Oživio ga je predsjednik Ferdinand Marcos, ali je datum promijenjen tako da bude svakog 21. rujna, kada je u zemlji uvedeno izvanredno stanje. Nakon Marcosovog svrgavanja 1986., tradicija se više nije nastavila, zbog kontroverznih događaja koji su se dogodili tijekom njegove duge uprave.

Od 2020. Dan zahvalnosti ponovno je oživljen kao komercijalni i kulturni praznik, iako mu je oduzet službeni status. SM Supermalls prednjačio je u sporom oživljavanju Dana zahvalnosti na isti dan kao i u SAD-u, kao u stara vremena. Mnogi trgovački centri i hoteli nude posebne rasprodaje na ovaj dan, što je dio duge proslave Božića na Filipinima, koja počinje u rujnu (za razliku od Crnog petka u Sjedinjenim Državama).

Ruanda
 Nazvan Dan Umuganure, ovo je festival Dana zahvalnosti koji obilježava početak žetve u Ruandi. Obilježava se prvog petka u kolovozu.

Sveta Lucija
Narod Svete Lucije slavi Dan zahvalnosti prvog ponedjeljka u listopadu.

Sjedinjene Američke Države

 Dan zahvalnosti, koji se slavi četvrtog četvrtka u studenom od 1941., godišnja je tradicija u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama po predsjedničkom proglašenju od 1863. i državnim zakonodavstvom od osnivača Sjedinjenih Država. Tradicionalno, Dan zahvalnosti proslava je blagoslova godine, uključujući žetve. Na Dan zahvalnosti, uobičajeno je da Amerikanci dijele obiteljski obrok, prisustvuju crkvenim službama i gledaju posebne sportske događaje. Osim toga, Dan zahvalnosti slavi se na javnim mjestima s paradama kao što su Macy's Thanksgiving Parade u New Yorku, ABC Dunkin' Donuts Parada za Dan zahvalnosti u Philadelphiji, America's Hometown Parade Dana zahvalnosti u Plymouthu u Massachusettsu, McDonald's Parada zahvalnosti u Chicagu, i Bayou Classic Parada zahvalnosti u New Orleansu. Ono što Amerikanci nazivaju "sezonom odmora" općenito počinje s Danom zahvalnosti. Prvi dan nakon Dana zahvalnosti, Crni petak,  označava početak božićne kupovne sezone.

Praznici sličnog naziva

Njemačka

Festival zahvalnosti žetve, Erntedankfest, popularni je njemački kršćanski festival prve nedjelje u listopadu. Festival ima značajnu vjersku komponentu, a mnoge crkve su ukrašene jesenskim usjevima. Ponegdje se održavaju vjerske procesije ili parade. Mnogi bavarski festivali piva, poput minhenskog Oktoberfesta, održavaju se u blizini Erntedankfesta.

Japan
 Dan zahvalnosti rada (jap. 勤労感謝の日, transl. Kinrō Kansha no Hi) državni je praznik u Japanu. Održava se svake godine 23. studenoga. Zakon o uspostavljanju praznika, koji je donesen tijekom američke okupacije nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata, navodi ga kao prigodu obilježavanja rada i proizvodnje i međusobnog zahvaljivanja. Ima korijene u drevnoj šintoističkoj ceremoniji žetve (Niiname-sai (新嘗祭)).

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo

Žetveni festival zahvalnosti nema službeni datum u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu; međutim, tradicionalno se održava na ili blizu nedjelje žetvenog mjeseca koji se pojavljuje najbliže jesenskom ekvinociju. Dan zahvalnosti žetve u Britaniji također ima pretkršćanske korijene kada su Sasi nudili prvi snop ječma, zobi ili pšenice bogovima plodnosti. Kad bi se žetva konačno sakupila, zajednice bi se okupile na žetvenoj večeri. Kada je kršćanstvo stiglo u Britaniju, mnoge su tradicije ostale, a danas Festival žetve obilježavaju crkve i škole krajem rujna/početkom listopada (isto kao Kanada) pjevanjem, molitvom i ukrašavanjem košara s hranom i voćem kako bi se proslavila uspješna žetva i zahvala. Obično se prikuplja hrane koja se potom daje lokalnim dobrotvornim organizacijama koje pomažu beskućnicima i onima kojima je potrebna.

Izvori

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Praznici

Dan zahvalnosti


Abhijeet Bhattacharya (Bengalí: অভিজিৎ ভট্টাচার্য) es un cantante indio.

Biografía
Abhijeet nació en el seno de una familia bengalí en Mumbai el 30 de octubre de 1958, además es el más joven de cuatro hermanos. Estudio la Escuela Secundaria en el Colegio Interamericano Chunni Ganj, en Kanpur, y luego se graduó en la carrera de comercio (B. Com.) Del Christ Church College, Kanpur en 1977. Comenzó a cantar en el escenario a partir de 1970.

Carrera
Abhijeet inició su Mumbai en 1981, cuando trabajaba como censor jurado de cuentas. Debido a su fascinación por el canto y la música, decidió seguir una carrera musical en el canto de playback o de reproducción y dejar su profesión de censor jurado de cuentas.

Recibió una llamada de Rahul Dev Burman, para interpretar una canción para la película de Dev Anand.

En la década de 1990, inició su carrera como cantante de playback. Entre sus canciones incluyen el trabajo de la película Baaghi, compuesta por Ek chanchal shokh hasina, Chandni raat hai y Har kasam se badi hai. En 1994, cuando participó en películas como Yeh Dillagi, Anjaam, Raja Babu y Main Khiladi Tu Anari. Él ganó el premio Filmfare, nominado como el Mejor cantante de playback en 1997. Empezó a interpretar otras canciones para películas como Baadshah, Yes Boss, Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge, Josh, Dhadkan, Chalte Chalte, Main Hoon Na y muchos otros.

Canciones notables

Enlaces externos

Personas de Bombay
Cantantes masculinos de India

Abhijeet Bhattacharya


O Voo Aeroperú 772 (IATA: PL 772) era um voo doméstico programado, operada pela Aeroperú, utilizando um Fokker F28-1000. Em 25 de outubro de 1988, a aeronave decolou do Aeroporto Internacional Inca Manco Cápac, em Juliaca, com destino ao Aeroporto Internacional Rodríguez Ballón, em Arequipa. Durante a decolagem, a aeronave ganhou pouca altitude após a rotação. Dos 69 ocupantes a bordo, entre passageiros e tripulantes, 12 morreram.

Antecedentes

Empresa

A Aeroperú foi fundada em 22 de maio de 1973, após a reorganização da SATCO, uma companhia aérea anterior fundada em 1960 e controlada pelo Exército peruano. Inicialmente uma empresa totalmente estatal com uma frota de três Fokker F28 Fellowship adquirida da SATCO, os voos de receita foram iniciados em outubro na rota Lima-Cusco. Logo, um Boeing 727 se juntou à frota, e a companhia aérea fez um pedido para dois novos Fokker F27 Friendship. Em 1974, dois Douglas DC-8 foram adquiridos da Viasa, o que permitiu o lançamento de rotas internacionais. O voo internacional inaugural para Buenos Aires ocorreu em 29 de julho daquele ano, logo seguido de um voo regular para Miami. Em 1978, a rede Aeroperú cresceu para incluir uma infinidade de destinos na América Latina, e também as cidades americanas de Nova York e Los Angeles devido às suas grandes populações de latinos.

Aeronave
A aeronave envolvida no acidente era um Fokker F28-1000, número de série 11059, registrada no Peru como OB-R-1020, equipada com dois motores Rolls-Royce Spey 555-15. Seu primeiro voo foi em 8 de dezembro de 1972 com o registro holandês PH-ZBO na Fokker. Em 15 de março de 1973, a máquina foi entregue ao Servicio Aereo de Transportes Comerciales (SATCO), uma subsidiária da Força Aérea Peruana, onde recebeu o registro peruano OB-R-397. Quando o governo peruano fundou a nova companhia aérea estatal Aeroperú algumas semanas depois, a aeronave foi transferida para sua frota e recebeu o novo prefixo OB-R-1020. A aeronave tinha 35 404 horas de voo e 44 078 ciclos (pousos e decolagens somados).

Acidente
A aeronave fez sua decolagem da pista 29 na direção noroeste, mas ganhou pouca altitude após a rotação. Em seguida, tanto o trem de pouso quanto os auxiliares de flutuação foram retraídos e o empuxo foi reduzido ao mesmo tempo, a aeronave permaneceu no ar alguns metros acima do solo. Cerca de 1,8 quilômetros atrás da pista, a aeronave colidiu com a rodovia federal 124, que neste momento estava elevada em 0,8 metros e cercada em ambos os lados por valas com profundidade de 0,7 metros. Após o impacto, o Fokker derrapou mais 220 metros sobre o solo até parar no leito de um rio 2,3 metros abaixo da estrada.

A fuselagem da máquina quebrou em vários pedaços no acidente. A seção da fuselagem dianteira separou-se da seção central perto das pontas das asas, capotou e parou de cabeça para baixo a cerca de 50 metros da seção central. A parte inferior da fuselagem da seção frontal foi severamente deformada, com o grau de deformação aumentando desde o nariz da aeronave até o ponto de fratura. Apesar desta circunstância, o espaço de sobrevivência no interior da fuselagem não foi restringido nesta área. A maioria dos assentos ainda estava firmemente ancorada no piso da cabine, apenas em algumas áreas no final do fragmento da fuselagem havia rachaduras isoladas na construção do assento. Dos 69 ocupantes, entre passageiros e tripulantes, 12 morreram e 50 ficaram feridos.

Ver também

 Lista de acidentes aéreos

Ligações externas

Acidentes e incidentes  aéreos de 1982
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos no Peru
Acidentes e incidentes envolvendo o Fokker F28

Voo Aeroperú 772


Prior to the introduction of brain death into law in the mid to late 1970s, all organ transplants from cadaveric donors came from non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs).

Donors after brain death (DBD) (beating heart cadavers), however, led to better results as the organs were perfused with oxygenated blood until the point of perfusion and cooling at organ retrieval, and so NHBDs were generally no longer used except in Japan, where brain death was not legally or culturally recognized, until very recently.

However, a growing discrepancy between demand for organs and their availability from DBDs has led to a re-examination of using non-heart-beating donations, DCD (Donation after Circulatory Death, or Donation after Cardiac Death), and many centres are now using such donations to expand their potential pool of organs.

Tissue donation (corneas, heart valves, skin, bone) has always been possible for NHBDs, and many centres now have established programmes for kidney transplants from such donors. A few centres have also moved into DCD liver and lung transplants. Many lessons have been learnt since the 1970s, and results from current DCDs transplants are comparable to transplants from DBDs.

Maastricht classification
Non-heart-beating donors are grouped by the Maastricht classification: developed at Maastricht in the Netherlands. in 1995 during the first International Workshop on Non-Heart‐Beating donors.

Categories I, II, IV and V are termed uncontrolled and category III is controlled.

As of yet, only tissues such as heart valves, skin and corneas can be taken from category I donors. Category II donors are patients who have had a witnessed cardiac arrest outside hospital, have cardiopulmonary resuscitation by CPR-trained providers commenced within 10 minutes but who cannot be successfully resuscitated. Category III donors are patients on intensive care units with nonsurvivable injuries who have treatment withdrawn; where such patients wished in life to be organ donors, the transplant team can attend at the time of treatment withdrawal and retrieve organs after cardiac arrest has occurred.

Maastricht definitions were reevaluated after the 6th International Conference in Organ Donation held in Paris in 2013 and a consensus agreement of an established expert European Working Group on the definitions and terminology were standardized, and later the word "retrieved" (organ) was substituted for "recovered" throughout the text.

Organs that can be used
Kidneys can be used from category II donors, and all organs except the heart can potentially be used from category III, IV and V donors.  An unsuccessful kidney recipient can remain on dialysis, unlike recipients of some other organs, meaning that a failure will not result in death.

Kidneys from uncontrolled (category II) donors must be assessed with care as there is otherwise a high rate of failure. Many centres have protocols for formal viability assessment. Relatively few centres worldwide retrieve such kidneys, and leaders in this field include the transplant units in Maastricht (the Netherlands), Newcastle upon Tyne and Leicester (United Kingdom), Madrid and Barcelona  (Spain), Pavia (Italy)  and Washington, DC (United States).

Livers and lungs for transplant can only be taken from controlled donors, and are still somewhat experimental as they have only been performed successfully in relatively few centres. In the United Kingdom, NHBD liver transplants are currently performed in Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, King's College Hospital London, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, Newcastle upon Tyne and the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit in Edinburgh. In other countries such as Spain, currently up to one-third of transplants are performed with NHBD. The International Meeting on Transplantation from Non-Heart-Beating Donors is organised in the UK every two years and brings together specialists in transplantation including transplant physicians, surgeons, fellows, nurses, coordinators, intensive care physicians, perfusion technicians, ethicists, and researchers interested in the aspects of retrieval, preservation and transplantation of DCD thoracic and abdominal organs and cells.

Lectures are held by experts on the most challenging themes such as clinical outcomes of transplantation of controlled and uncontrolled DCD organs, progress made on machine perfusion of kidneys, livers, lungs and hearts and ethics and legal issues regarding donation after cardiac death.

Procedure for uncontrolled donors
Following declaration of death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is continued until the transplant team arrive. A stand-off period is observed after cessation of CPR to confirm that death has occurred; this is usually from 5 to 10 minutes in length and varies according to local protocols.

Once the stand-off period has elapsed, a cut down is performed over the femoral artery, and a double-balloon triple-lumen (DBTL) catheter is inserted into the femoral artery and passed into the aorta. The balloons are inflated to occlude the aorta above and below the renal arteries (any donor blood specimens required can be taken before the top balloon is inflated). A pre-flush with streptokinase or another thrombolytic is given through the catheter, followed by 20 litres of cold kidney perfusion fluid; the opening of the lumen is between the balloons so that most of the flush and perfusion fluid goes into the kidneys. Another catheter is inserted into the femoral vein to allow venting of the fluid.

Once full formal consent for organ donation has been obtained from relatives, and other necessary formalities such as identification of the deceased by the police and informing the Coroner (in the UK), the donor is taken to the operating room, and the kidneys and heart valves retrieved.

Procedure for controlled donors
If the liver or lungs are felt to be suitable for transplantation, then the donor is usually taken directly to the operating room after cardiac arrest, and a rapid retrieval operation is performed once a 10-minute stand-off period has elapsed. It seems this stand-off period has been reduced to as short as 75 seconds based on a recent article by the CBC. This is now causing an ethical debate as to whether physicians will declare death sooner than is currently required. This is similar to a normal multi-organ retrieval, but prioritises rapid cannulation, perfusion and cooling with ice, with dissection following later.

If only the kidneys are suitable for retrieval, either rapid retrieval or cannulation with DBTL catheter can be used. Use of a DBTL catheter allows relatives of the deceased to see them after death, but the donor must be taken to the operating room as soon as possible.

Category IV donors (who are already brain-stem dead), should either proceed as for a normal multi-organ retrieval—if this has already started—or should be managed as a category II or III as appropriate to the circumstances of cardiac arrest.

Ethical issues

Certain ethical issues are raised by NHBD transplantation such as administering drugs which do not benefit the donor, observance of the Dead-donor Rule, the decision-making surrounding resuscitation, the withdrawal of life-support, the respect for a dying patient and the dead body, as well as proper information for the family. In 2016 author Dale Gardiner issued a report called "How the UK Overcame the Ethical, Legal and Professional Challenges in Donation After Circulatory Death".

Actions prior to consent

In category II uncontrolled donors, the donor may die and the transplant team arrive before the donor's next-of-kin can be contacted. It is controversial whether cannulation and perfusion can be started in these circumstances. On one hand, it can be considered a violation of the potential donor's autonomy to cannulate before their in-life wishes are known. On the other hand, delay in cannulation may mean that a patient's strongly held wish to be donor cannot be respected. Many ethicists also feel that a doctor's duty of care to the still living outweighs any duty of care to the dead. The compromise reached is usually to cannulate if there is any evidence of a wish to donate (such as a donor card or registration as a donor) even in the absence of next-of-kin.

For category III donors, treatment is being withdrawn from a living person, who will then die and become a donor. Important factors for assessment include A) that the decisions regarding nonsurvivable injuries are correct, B) continued treatment is futile and C) that withdrawal is in the patient's best interests be made completely independently of any consideration of suitability as an organ donor. Only after such decisions have been firmly made should a patient be considered as a potential organ donor. Although such treatment can be continued until the transplant team arrives, no additional treatment should be started to improve the organs—until the point of death, the patient should be treated exactly as any other dying patient.

The standard recommendation to ensure this is to require a complete separation of the treatment and organ procurement teams.  It is not, however, clear how complete this separation can be in those jurisdictions that require hospitals to report the names of candidates for organ donation to an Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) before life support has been withdrawn so that organ donation can be discussed with surrogates. This forces treating physicians to view their patients partly as potential organ donors, and even absent an OPO, it is unrealistic to think treating physicians are not aware of benefits to others of transplantation, and sometimes weigh this against the benefit of continued treatment to the patient. As one author puts it:  "If the person in need of organ transplantation is younger, more attractive, or in some way more deserving than another critically ill patient"—and there are always such patients awaiting transplants—"then the conclusion that one patient's condition is hopeless can be tainted by an understanding of the tremendous hope organ availability holds for another."

Factored into this is the element of judgement that physicians bring to evaluating the "best interest" of patients.  There is considerable variability among physicians in determining from whom to withdraw life-sustaining treatments in the ICU. Bias has been demonstrated on the part of medical professionals against patients who are perceived as disabled or are otherwise stigmatized.  Studies have shown that, when evaluating the quality of life of severely disabled patients, physicians consistently apply much poorer rating than do the patients themselves. This raises the question:  Would prejudice about vulnerable patients, such as disabled people, lead medical professionals to approach such individuals and families for NHBD more than others with higher "quality of life" ratings? Thus, as Doig puts it: "…the possibility of conflicted decision-making in a controlled DCD program is more than a theoretical possibility."  The upshot is that the mere existence of a NHBD program in a hospital potentially compromises the care of patients. Few have rejected those programs on this basis, but the question of how to protect against it is ongoing.

Dead donor rule
The so-called "dead donor rule" (DDR) requires that persons be dead before their organs can be taken, and this rule is basic to all DCD programs. Also common to all DCD programs is that death is determined by cardiocirculatory criteria according to which life-support is withdrawn, an interval of the monitored absence of pulse, blood pressure, and respiration observed, and then death declared.  Programs differ, however, on the length of the interval.  The Pittsburgh Protocol requires 2 minutes, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and Canadian Council for Donation and Transplantation (CCDT) 5 minutes, the 1981 President's Commission 10 minutes, and recently Boucek et al. have proposed that it can be shortened to 75 seconds.

These times are based on estimates of when autoresuscitation (i.e., the spontaneous recovery of circulatory activity) becomes impossible.  The scientific validity of all these times, however, has been questioned. The IOM in 2000 concluded that "existing empirical data cannot confirm or disprove a specific interval at which the cessation of cardiopulmonary function becomes irreversible."  In addition, none of these intervals precludes the possibility of CPR restoring cardiocirculatory activity.  To preclude that, brain death is required.  The exact interval at which that occurs is likewise not known, but it is known to be more than 10 minutes.
In light of this we can now raise the question of whether patients declared dead by cardiocirculatory criteria are really dead.  It is generally agreed that death occurs when the patient is in an irreversible state. Whether patients declared dead by cardiocirculatory criteria are really dead thus depends on what is meant by "irreversible," and the term is open to a stronger and weaker interpretation.

On the stronger interpretation "irreversibility" means that spontaneous cardiocirculation "cannot be restored no matter what intervention is done, including CPR."  On the weaker interpretation it means that spontaneous cardiocirculation "cannot be restored because CPR efforts have been refused by the patient (as a DNR order in an advance directive), by a surrogate decision-maker or by the medical team because it is not medically indicated."  Thus the person need not be in a physically irreversible state, but only in a morally or legally irreversible state.

On the weaker interpretation, persons declared dead by DCD cardiocirculatory criteria cannot be known to be dead, as it is not always physically impossible to restore circulation by vigorous CPR.  The weaker interpretation, however, does allow persons declared dead by DCD criteria to be counted as dead.  It is often objected that this interpretation does not accord with the everyday meaning of death.  Ordinarily we do not think that persons are dead when we have reasons not to revive them, but only when they cannot physically be revived.  Nonetheless, declaring persons dead for purposes of transplantation by DCD criteria is  "accepted medical practice" in many parts of the world, and where it is (as in Canada, for example) the legal standard for declaring death is met.

The upshot is that we cannot straightforwardly say whether DCD violates the DDR.  Whether it does or not depends on whether we think this requires that people be dead in the ordinary sense of the word or in a legal or some other understanding of it, and writers are lined up on both sides of this issue.

Pain and suffering
Controlled DCD may involve interventions such as vessel cannulation before life-sustaining therapy is withdrawn and death is declared, and may also involve post-mortem interventions such as in situ preservation. Uncontrolled DCD may additionally involve chest compressions and mechanical ventilation both before and after consent for DCD is obtained and typically requires the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. We know that all of these interventions cause distress to conscious patients who are not taking palliative medications.  Thus, because patients who are candidates for DCD are not known to be brain dead either before or shortly after they are declared dead by cardiocirculatory criteria, the possibility that they may experience distress must be considered.

There are three approaches that have been taken to this possibility of pain and suffering:  (1) provide palliative medications where there are physical signs compatible with distress; (2) withhold all such medications on the ground that even if signs of distress are occurring, the patient does not have sufficient cognition to interpret any sensations as noxious; or (3) provide palliative medications prophylactically to prevent any possible distress.  Whichever approach is adopted, worries have been expressed over whether patients can be guaranteed not to experience any distress. Re: (1) providing medication only on signs compatible with distress does not prevent the possibility of distress.  Re: (2), since patients declared dead by cardiocirculatory criteria cannot be known to be brain dead, dismissing signs compatible with distress as not being distress again does not prevent the possibility of distress.  Re: (3) physicians may inappropriately withhold sufficient sedative or analgesic medication to avoid the appearance of euthanasia or in order to improve organ viability.

There is also the question of whether DCD patients receive compromised end of life (EOL) care.  The President's Council for Bioethics has warned that DCD can transform EOL care from a "peaceful dignified death" into a profanely "high-tech death" experience for donors and donor's families.  ICUs are not typically set up to provide optimum palliative care.  The process of obtaining donation consent and subsequent donor management protocols for DCD deviate from some of the quality indicators recommended for optimal EOL care.  Organ-focused behaviour by professionals requesting consent for organ donation and ambivalent decision making by family members increase the risk of relatives of deceased donors subsequently developing traumatic memories and stress disorders.  The processes required for the successful accomplishment of donation consent and subsequent organ recovery can interfere with many of the interventions that lessen the burden of bereavement of relatives of ICU decedents.

Informed consent
The standard consent for DCD goes like this.  Patients or families are told that they will have a chance to say their goodbyes, the patient will then be taken to the operating room, life support will be removed, and after 2–10 minutes of continuously observed absence of pulse, blood pressure, and respiration, death will be declared and the removal of organs begin. Consent to this is taken to be consent to organ donation at death determined by cardiocirculatory criteria, i.e., to DCD.  The problem is that death is commonly understood as an irreversible state in the strong sense.  The commonsense understanding of death is that it is a permanent state, and that if a person has truly died then life cannot be restored to the individual.  Death understood as an irreversible state in the weak sense—as one that will not be, or ought not to be,  or cannot legally or morally be reversed—is on this view a revisionist account of how death can be best conceived rather than an accurate descriptive account of how it actually is commonly understood. Given this, when donors consent to donation at death they can only be presumed to be consenting to organ donation when their loved one is in a physically irreversible state.  Since, however, death determined by cardiocirculatory criteria is not necessarily a physically irreversible state, consent to organ donation at death is not consent to organ donation at death determined by cardiocirculatory criteria.

Menikoff criticizes the IOM for not routinely disclosing to prospective donors and families that and how death determined by cardiocirculatory criteria differs from death in the ordinary sense.  In particular, he faults the IOM for not telling them that donors will be declared dead before brain death is known to have occurred, and hence they may have their organs removed when portions of the brain (including the higher brain) are still functional.  Potts et al. on behalf of the IOM reply that informed consent does not require this level of disclosure:  "Reviewing with interested family members that all brain activity may not have ceased at the exact moment that death is pronounced may be appropriate in some circumstances, but, for many families confronted with such overwhelming emotional matters, knowledge that death has been pronounced is what is paramount.  The sensitivity and skill of the physicians and nurses to the individual needs of families is the key factor whether or not organ donation is involved."

Behind this disagreement on what disclosure is required is a larger one that Brock has characterized as a choice between "truth or consequences". In Brock's view, public policy cannot centre in on the unqualified and unconstrained search for the truth without concern for the consequences of that search.  On some occasions "the likely effects on the well-being and rights of the public of exposing the full complexity, ambiguity, uncertainty, and controversy surrounding a particular public policy could be sufficiently adverse and serious to justify not exposing them and presenting the issue in misleading or oversimplified terms instead."  Brock concludes that "No general answer can be given to truth-or-consequences choices that will hold for all cases.  In any particular instance of this choice, we must instead weigh the policy gains against the moral and political risks, and how that balances out will often be empirically uncertain and morally controversial."

On the issue at hand, Menikoff and Brock think that the importance of informed consent should put us on the "truth" side of the question.  Menikoff writes:  "Deceiving prospective organ donors about relevant truths concerning their condition is likely, ultimately, to lead to diminished public confidence and to fewer organ donations.  But even if it did not reduce the number of donated organs, in a system that is allegedly based on freely given consent, we must recognize that obtaining such consent by telling less than the truth is fundamentally wrong." And Brock contends that in a democratic state there is a presumption that the citizens will be informed about all relevant information of public policy, and thinks that DCD involves such a radical change in the timing of death from what people ordinarily think, that it is something that they should be informed about. By contrast, the IOM took itself to have the task of addressing the question:  "Given a potential donor in an end-of-life situation, what are the alternative medical approaches that can be used to maximize the availability of organs from that donor without violating prevailing ethical norms regarding the rights and welfare of donors?"  And it replied:  "Our goal was to support both the interests of patients and families regarding nature and time of death and the public's interests in increased organ procurement.  In striking the balance, the expert panel strictly adhered to widely endorsed principles of ethics and established legal and legal guidelines."  In thus balancing what is disclosed to the family against what is in the interest of organ procurement, the IOM comes down on the "consequences" side of the "truth or consequences" debate.

DCD and the future
DCD is a procedure that operates in an area set by two rules.  The first is the DDR, which says that no vital organs can be taken before the patient is dead.  The second, a corollary of this, prohibits killing patients by or for organ procurement.

It is not, however, always clear how procedures that are beneficial to transplantation can be fit under those rules.  For example, providing ECMO (Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation) to donors immediately after death is declared by cardiocirculatory criteria can keep organs in their freshest possible condition.  If, however, ECMO provides circulation and oxygenation to the entire body, can the donor really be declared dead by those criteria?  The rules can also generate other puzzle cases.  If a donor is declared dead by cardiocirculatory criteria, can the heart be transplanted, or does the fact that the heart is started in another negate the determination of death in the first?

Further such problems are bound to arise in the future.  To handle them Bernat recommends that a committee be set up:  "A consensus-driven oversight process should determine whether investigational protocols reflect appropriate medical treatment and whether their translation into accepted clinical practice is sound public policy.  Leaders of the critical care, neurology, and transplantation communities need to jointly draft practice guidelines for organ donation after circulatory death that establish acceptable boundaries of practice.  These boundaries should be based on scientific data and accepted principles and should be demarcated conservatively to maintain public confidence in the integrity of the transplantation enterprise."

Others, however, argue that rather than having to either provide answers to these problems that square with the rules in question or forgo advantageous procedures, it would be best to reject those rules.  Instead of making the question "When is the patient dead?" the central question to trigger organ retrieval, the proposal is to shift the focus to obtaining valid consent from patients or surrogates and the principle of nonmaleficence.  As Truog explains the proposal:  "On this view, policies could be changed such that organ procurement would be permitted only with the consent of the donor or appropriate surrogate and only when doing so would not harm the donor.  Individuals who could not be harmed by the procedure would include those who are permanently and irreversibly unconscious (patients in a persistent vegetative state or newborns with anencephaly) and those who are imminently and irreversibly dying. Qualified individuals who had given their consent could simply have their organs removed under general anesthesia without first undergoing an orchestrated withdrawal of life support.  Anencephalic newborns whose parents requested organ donation could likewise have the organs removed under general anesthesia without the need to wait for the diagnosis of brain death."

This approach has conceptual and pragmatic advantages. On the conceptual side, securing organs at optimum times does not require us to constantly redefine death and when it occurs so that persons who are alive may have their organs taken.  It would also allow us to say that when a physician removes life-support and the patient dies that the physician caused patient's death.  Many think this is more natural than saying that all the physician did was to return the patient to an untreated disease state and that state caused the death.  Finally, we thereby avoid the proliferation of definitions of death with differing times in different jurisdictions, different definitions of death for different purposes (the cardiocirculatory definition of death discussed in this article is only valid for DCD), and arbitrary rulings such as declaring anencephalic infants with heartbeat dead.

On the pragmatic side, rejecting the rules in question would have advantages for recipients and donors in transplant programs.  Because there will now be no necessary interval between pulselessness and the declaration of death, there can be a reduction in warm ischemia time, and so an improvement in the quality and quantity of transplantable organs. It will also be possible to give the donor drugs such as heparin and phentolamine, which can hasten death but also maximize organ preservation. Finally, it will eliminate the possibility that patients will experience discomfort as they are withdrawn from ventilator support by allowing potentially fatal doses of morphine that are not titrated to signs of distress.

The main obstacle to accepting the proposal is securing the acceptance of the public to allow physicians to cause the death of (which is to say kill) patients to obtain transplantable organs.  Proponents of the proposal contend that robust consent requirements can provide the public with the assurance against exploitation that the dead donor rule and the prohibition on killing are designed to provide.  Others deny this. Thus the question can be posed:  "Given the difficulties our society is likely to experience in trying to openly adjudicate these disparate views [of accepting or rejecting the prohibition on physicians killing for transplantation], why not simply go along with the quieter strategy of policy creep?  It seems to be getting us where we want to go, albeit slowly.  Besides, total candor is not always compatible with public policy (Calabresi G and Bobbitt P. Tragic Choices. New York: Norton,1978)."  The debate continues unresolved.

References

Organ donation
Transplantation medicine
Medical ethics

Non-heart-beating donation


Tertium non datur este un film românesc de scurtmetraj din 2006 scris și regizat de Lucian Pintilie. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Victor Rebengiuc, Sorin Leoveanu, Tudor Istodor.

Prezentare

Povestea filmului are loc la sfârșitul celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial. În stepa ucraineană trupele germane și române se retrag din fața Armatei Roșii.

Distribuție
 Victor Rebengiuc ca general român
 Cuzin Toma ca soldat român
 Tudor Istodor ca maior german
 Gabriel Spahiu ca subofițer român
 Bogdan Stanoevici - căpitanul Mitică
 Sorin Leoveanu - căpitanul Tomut
 Bogdan Marhodin ca sublocotenent român
 Cornel Scripcaru ca general german
 Marius Gâlea ca locotenent român
 Marcello Cobzarju ca locotenent român
 Eduard Dumitru ca locotenent român
 Dan Tudor ca locotenent român
 Alexandru Antoniu ca locotenent român
 George Nicușor-Rotaru ca sublocotenent român
 Mihai Cazachievici ca soldat german
 Ionuț Pandele ca soldat român

Producție

Primire

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2006 în film
Listă de filme românești despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Tertium non datur

Filme din 2006
Filme românești
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme în limba română
Filme regizate de Lucian Pintilie
Filme de scurt metraj

Tertium non datur (film)


Kel Ahaggar (en tifinagh:La gente de Ahaggar) fue una confederación tuareg en las montañas de Ahaggar, en Argelia. Se cree que la confederación fue fundada por la legendaria tuareg del  Tin Hinan, aunque su origen «oficial» se basa alrededor de 1750. Fue declarada oficialmente extinta por el gobierno de Argelia en 1977.

El lenguaje de la confederación es el tahaggart, un dialecto del lenguaje tamahaq.

Tribus
La confederación Kel Ahaggar estuvo compuesta de muchas tribus, entre las que destacan:
 Kel Rela, la tribu dominante.
 Aït Loaien.
 Dag Rali (también llamada Dag Ghâli).
 Iregenaten.
 Kel Silet.
 Taituq.
 Tégéhé Millet.

Dirigentes

Los dirigentes de Kel Ahaggar eran los llamados amenokal.

Referencias

Véase también
 Tuareg
 Kel Ajjer

Enlaces externos

Magreb
Sáhara
Sociedad de Argelia
Tuaregs de Argelia

Kel Ahaggar


Nikola Novosel – Miško (Zagreb,  8. studenoga 1941. – Koprivnica, 13. prosinca 2020.), hrvatski agronom, humorist, kulturni i društveni djelatnik i glumac.

Životopis
Rodio je kao deveto dijete Đure i Katarine Novosel, rođene Kancijan. Djetinjstvo je proveo u Ludbregu, gdje je prijateljevao s ludbreškim književnikom Mladenom Kerstnerom.
U Ludbregu je 1956. završio osnovnu školu, 1960. u Križevcima srednju, a 1966. u Zagrebu je diplomirao na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu, smjer stočarstvo. Godine 1984. stekao je stupanj magistra znanosti na temu "Hranidbe stoke i tehnologije stočne hrane."

Karijera
Prvo zaposlenje nakon srednje škole dobio je u Poljoprivrednoj zadruzi u Hrženici, a nakon fakulteta u Poljoprivrednom kombinatu u Ludbregu. Nakon preseljenja u Križevce, počeo je raditi u Poljoprivrednom i istraživačkom centru, današnjem Visokom gospodarskom učilištu. Tu je proveo najveći dio svojeg radnog vijeka. Umirovio se 2007. godine. Bavio se i nastavničkim poslom te objavio nekoliko stručnih i znanstvenih radova.

Radni vijek
1966. – 1970. Poljoprivredno-zadružni kombinat u Ludbregu
1970. – 1978. Poljoprivredno-istraživački centar u Križevcima
1979. – 1982. direktor OPZ – Sveti Ivan Žabno
1982. – 2007. Visoko gospodarsko učilište u Križevcima

Aktivizam
Bio je aktivist je Crvenog križa. U dva mandata obavljao je dužnosti predsjednika županijske organizacije, a bio je i član Glavnog odbora Hrvatskog Crvenog križa. Jedan je od osnivača križevačkog "Kluba liječenih alkoholičara" 1974. godine koji i danas uspješno djeluje. Politički je bio aktivan kao član Županijske skupštine Koprivničko-križevačke županije iz redova nezavisnih.

Rad u kulturi
Sklonost glumi pokazivao je već u srednjoj školi, što mu je i donijelo nadimak Miško (lik kojeg je glumio u školskoj predstavi "Francek i Miško"). Od 1972. godine bio je uključen u organizaciju križevačkog Velikog spravišča, a redovit je gost bio i na Kalničkim uncutarijama i Picokijadi. Cijeli je život njegovao kajkavski humor i satiru, pa se kao animator, voditelj ili zabavljač ("vicmaher") pojavljivao na raznim lokalnim kulturnim događajima. Odigrao je zapažene epizodne uloge u serijama i filmovima: Mejaši (1970.), Gruntovčani (1975., lik Tune Pišpeka), Neuništivi (1990.), Doktorova noć (1990.), Dirigenti i mužikaši (1991.), Kontesa Dora (1993.), Srce nije u modi (2000.), Naši i vaši (2000.), Bumerang (2005.), Odmori se, zaslužio si (2006.) i dr.
Pjevao je kao tenor u Hrvatskom pjevačkom društvu "Kalnik" iz Križevaca, Hrvatskom pjevačkom zboru "Zrinjski" iz Vrbovca, Križevačkom katedralnom zboru, velikom mješovitom zboru SKUD-a "Ivan Goran Kovačić" u Zagrebu, a od 1961. do 2001. godine bio je član Mješovitog vokalnog ansambla "Goranovci".

Nagrade i priznanja
Odlikovanje predsjednika RH Redom Danice Hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića (2012.)
Počasni građanin Ludbrega (2013.)
 Nagrada za životno djelo Koprivničko-križevačke županije (2003.)
 Nagrada za životno djelo Grada Križevaca (2010.)

Filmografija

Televizijske uloge
 "Čuvar dvorca" kao Peter Hauptman (2017.)
 "Odmori se, zaslužio si" kao gospodin Slunjski / službenik (2007.; 2013.)
 "Bumerang" kao župan #2 (2006.)
 "Naši i vaši" kao kupač Miško (2002.)
 "Kontesa Dora" kao biljeter (1993.)
 "Dirigenti i mužikaši" kao Bendelja (1991.)
 "Neuništivi" (1990.)
 "Gruntovčani" kao Tuna Pišpek (1975.)

Filmske uloge
 "Srce nije u modi" kao promatrač Šveđanin (2000.)
 "Doktorova noć" kao Miškec (1990.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 pristupljeno 18. prosinca 2020.
Bil sam jednostavno čovek, krizevci.info pristupljeno 18. prosinca 2020.

Novosel, Nikola

Nikola Novosel – Miško