Markus Bräutigam (* 23. November 1951) ist ein deutscher Regisseur und Drehbuchautor, der hauptsächlich für das öffentlich-rechtliche und private Fernsehen tätig ist.

Ausbildung
Markus Bräutigam studierte anfangs an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in München bis zum ersten juristischen Staatsexamen. Anschließend erfolgte ein Wechsel an die Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film in München und die Ausbildung zum Regisseur.

Tätigkeiten
Bräutigam arbeitet vornehmlich als Regisseur von Fernsehproduktionen. Nach anfänglichen Tätigkeiten als Regieassistent, Produzent und Editor sind seit 1982 annähernd 30 verschiedene TV-Filme und Folgen von TV-Serien unter seiner Regie entstanden. Bei einem Teil seiner Werke trat er zudem als Drehbuchautor in Erscheinung. Einem größeren Publikum wurde Bräutigam durch die Filme Scharf wie Chili sowie Menschenjagd bekannt. Bräutigam ist als Dozent im Bereich Regie tätig. Er unterrichtet an der HFF München, DFFB Berlin, HMS Hamburg, Macromedia München, Medienakademie und IFS Köln. Außerberuflich engagiert sich Bräutigam für die Interessen der Filmemacher in Deutschland durch eine Vorstandstätigkeit im Bundesverband Regie (BVR) und als Mitglied der Drehbuchkommission FFA.

Auszeichnungen
 ARD Starlight Preis für Regie "Rosowski" (TV-Serie)
 Bundesfilmpreis in Silber für Produktion "Spätvorstellung" (Kinokurzfilm)
 Nominierung Grimmepreis für "Sekt oder Selters"  (TV)
 Fernsehspieltage Baden-Baden, Münchner Filmfest TOP TV Reihe "Dreamboy macht Frauen glücklich" (TV)

Filmografie
 Alles was zählt (2018–2019) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Dahoam is Dahoam (2011–2014) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Urlaub mit kleinen Folgen (2010) (TV) [Regie]
 Die Treue-Testerin – Spezialauftrag Liebe (2009) (TV) [Regie]
 Liebe auf vier Pfoten (2008) (TV) [Regie]
 Scharf wie Chili (2007) (TV) [Regie]
 Nachtschwimmer (2006) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Die Liebe kommt als Untermieter (2005) (TV) [Regie]
 Sektion – Die Sprache der Toten (2004) (TV) [Regie]
 Flitterwochen im Treppenhaus (2003) (TV) [Regie]
 Jagd auf den Plastiktüten-Mörder (2002) (TV) [Regie, Drehbuch]
 Menschenjagd (2001) (TV) [Regie]
 Der Ermittler (2001) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Dreamboy macht Frauen glücklich (2000) (TV) [Regie, Drehbuch] – Alternativtitel "Mann bleibt Mann" & "Keine Liebe ist umsonst"
 Das verflixte Babyjahr – Nie wieder Sex?! (1999) (TV) [Regie]
 Ein Vater unter Verdacht (1998) (TV) [Regie]
 "Faust: Diebin des Feuers (#3.5)" (1996) (TV-Serie) [Regie, Drehbuch]
 "Faust: Auf Sendung (#3.1)" (1996) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Ein Fall für zwei: Weißes Land (#15.4)" (1995) (TV-Serie) [Regie, Drehbuch]
 "Doppelter Einsatz: Blutiger Schnee (#1.12)" (1994) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Doppelter Einsatz: Abgezockt (#1.11)" (1994) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Doppelter Einsatz: Besuch aus der Provinz (#1.10)" (1994) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Doppelter Einsatz: Angst (#1.9)" (1994) TV-Folge [Regie]
 "Doppelter Einsatz: Schwarzer Montag (#1.8)" (1994) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Doppelter Einsatz: Der schöne Igor (#1.7)" (1994) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Wohin gehen wir heute abend? (1994) (TV) [Regie]
 "Hafendetektiv: Kemal (#3.11)" (1991) TV-Folge [Regie]
 "Hafendetektiv: Eine nette Familie (#3.10)" (1991) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Hafendetektiv: Die Spur der Steine (#3.5)" (1991) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Hafendetektiv: Schnee im Hafen (#3.4)" (1991) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Sekt oder Selters" (1993) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 "Der Fahnder: Familienbande (#2.20)" (1990) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Büro, Büro (1989) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Rosowski (1988) (TV-Serie) [Regie]
 Das Arche Noah Prinzip (1984) [Regieassistenz]
 Spätvorstellung (1982) [Produzent]
 Love Unlimited (1982) [Regie, Drehbuch, Editor]
 Wochenend (1981) [Regieassistenz]
 Der kostbare Gast (1979) [Regieassistenz]

Weblinks

 www.markus-bräutigam.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Filmproduzent
Drehbuchautor
Person (München)
Deutscher
Geboren 1951
Mann

Markus Bräutigam


Această pagină cuprinde toate materialele muzicale lansate de cântăreața de muzică cipriotă Anna Vissi.

Cariera sa se întinde de-a lungul a aproape patru decenii, timp în care Vissi a influențat mai multe generații de tinere artiste. A câștigat șase premii Arion Music, 15 premii Pop Corn Music, și nouă premii MAD Video Music. Din 1995 până în 2013, Vissi a primit 32 de discuri de platină și 11 de aur în Grecia, devenind una dintre cele mai comerciale artiste din istoria țării cu peste 9,5 milioane de înregistrări vândute în întreaga lume

Albume și discuri single

Note

Vissi, Anna

Discografia Annei Vissi


Prontosil (denumită și sulfamidocrizoidină, se mai poate scrie și prontozil) este un antibiotic din clasa sulfamidelor, derivat de sulfanilamidă, care a fost utilizat în trecut în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Este unul dintre primii compuși chimioterapici și a fost extrem de utilizat în terapie la mijlocul secolului al XX-lea. A fost înlocuit de alte sulfamide mai potente.

Istoric
Prontosilul a fost descoperit în anul 1932 de către o echipă de cercetători de la Bayer. Descoperirea prontosilului a deschis calea pentru o nouă clase de medicamente (sulfonamide antibacteriene).

Note

Vezi și
 Sulfamidă
 Sulfafurazol
 Sulfatiazol

Sulfamide
Coloranți azoici
Promedicamente
Invenții germane
1932 în știință

Prontosil


රුපන්ඩේශීලා දිස්ත්‍රික්කය (, යනු ලුම්බිණි කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,  දකුණු ආසියාවේ භූමියෙන් වටවූ රටක් වන  නේපාලයේ  දිස්ත්‍රික්ක හැත්තෑ පහෙන් එකක් වෙයි.

රුපන්ඩේශීලා දිස්ත්‍රික්කය


Le Torres (code J100 en interne) est un SUV typé baroudeur du constructeur automobile sud-coréen SsangYong (devenu KG Mobility en 2023), produit et commercialisé en Corée du Sud à partir de 2022.

Présentation
Le SsangYong Torres est présenté le . Le nom Torres fait référence au parc national Torres del Paine, situé entre la Cordillère des Andes et la Patagonie, au Chili.

Caractéristiques techniques

Motorisations
La Torres est dotée d'un moteur essence quatre cylindres turbo de 1,5 litre   de couple associé à une boîte manuelle ou automatique, et disponible en traction ou transmission intégrale.

Finitions

Notes et références

Liens externes

Torres
Automobile des années 2020
Véhicule à transmission intégrale
SUV

SsangYong Torres


මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර අපේ ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් ව ඇති ළමා වීරයාය. ඔහු ඉපදුණේ මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ඇහැළේපොළ නම්ගමේය. ඔහු ගේ තාත්තා ඇහැළේපොළ අධිකාරම්තුමාය. අම්මා ඇහැළේපොළ කුමාරිහාමි ය. ඒ කාලයේ සිටි ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජ්ජුරුවන්ගේ මහාධිකාරම් තනතුර දරුවේ මද්දුම බණ්ජාර ගේ තාත්තා වන ඇහැළේපොළ අධිකාරම් තුමාය. මේ පවුලේ දරුවන් තුන්දෙනෙක් සිටියා. ඔවු‍න්ගෙන් දෙවැනියා මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර යි.
ඒ කාලයේ කන්ද උඩරට පාලනය කළ ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජු නිතර ම තම නිලමේ වරුන් ගැන සැකයේනුයි හිටියේ. තමා සිංහාසනයෙන් නෙරපා දමා රජකම ලබා ගනීවි කියලා ඔහුට බයක් තිබුණා. විශේෂයෙන්ම මද්දුම බණ්ඩාරගේ පියා ගැන ලොකු සැකයක් තිබුණා. ඒ රජතුමාට විරුද්ධ ව ඇහැළේපොළ අධිකාරම්  කැරැලි ගසනු ඇත කියාය. ඒ නිසා රජතුමා ඔහුට නොයෙකුත් විදියේ කරදර කළා.

මේ රජ්ජුරුවන්‍ට දවසක් හොඳටම තරහ ඇවිත්, ඇහැළේපොළ පවුලට හොඳ පාඩමක් උගන්වන්න ඕනෑ කියලා අදිටන් කර ගත්ත. ඇහැළේපොළ පවුලේ සියලු දෙනාට ම රජ මාළිගයට පැමිණ රජු බැහැ දකින් ලෙස කියා පණිවුඩයක් යැවුවා. මේ වන විටත් ඇහැළේපොළ අධිකාරම් තුමා නිවසේ සිටියේ නැහැ. එහෙත් නියමිත් දිනයේ මද්දුම බණ්ඩාරත්, අම්මාත්, අයියාත් , නංගීත් රජ වාසංට ආවා. මේ අය දක්කා ම රජ්ජුරුවෝ කොපයෙන් වෙවුලන්න ගත්තා.කිසිම වරදක් නැති ඇහැළේපොළ පවුලේ පිරිමි අය , හිස ගසා මරා දමන්නටත්, ගැහැණු අය දියේ ගිල්වා මරා දමන්නටත් රජ්ජුරුවෝ අණ කළා. රජ අණ අකුරටම ක්‍රියාත්මක වුණා.

මේ කණගාටුදායක ක්‍රියාව සඳහා තෝරා ගත්තේ මහනුවර දළදා මාළිගාව ඉදිරිපිට තිබෙන උයන. මද්දුම බණ්ඩා‍රගේ හා ඔහුගේ අයියාගේ හිස ගසා දමන දිනය ළංවුනා. මහ විශාල පිරිසක් මේ සිද්ධිය බලන්න රැස් වෙලා සිටියා. ඒ හැම දෙනාම බලා ගෙන සිටියේ හරි ම දුකකින් හා කණගාටුවකින්. රජවාසල වධකයා කඩුව අමෝරා ගෙන ඉන්නවා. මද්දුම බණ්ඩාරත් පවුලේ අනෙක් අයත් දුක්මුසුව බලා ඉන්නවා. දංගෙඩියත් ඒ අසලම සූදානම් ව තියෙනවා. මුලින් ම මරණයට මුහුන දෙන්න තියෙන්නේ මද්දුම බණ්ඩාරගේ අයියා‍ට. ඔහු බයේ අම්මගේ ඇගේ එල්ලී ගෙන අඩනවා. අවුරුදු නවයක් වයස ඇති මද්දුම බණ්ඩාරගේ හිත දිරිමත් වුණා. වීරත්වයෙන් පිරී ගියා. මරණයට බය නැතිව මුහුණ දීමේ අමුතු ශක්තියක් ඔහු තුළ ඇති වූණා.

"අයියන්ඩී බිය නොවන්න. මැරෙන හැටි මම පෙන්වන්නම් ….." කියලා දංගෙඩිය ළඟට ගියා . අත්දෙක පිටුපසට බැඳ‍ගෙන කෙළින් සිට ගත්ත. බියක් මුහුණේ ගෑවිලාවත් තිබුණේ නෑ.

"වධකය, එක කඩු පහරින් මගේ හිස වෙන් කරන්න ……." කියලා දංගෙඩියට ගෙල පෑවා. බලා හිටිය අය පුදුමයට පත් වුණා."අපොයි" කියලා ඔළුවේ අත් ගසා ගත්තා.

වධක කඩු පහරින් මද්දුම බණ්ඩාරයන්ග හිස කදින් වෙන් වුණා. වීර සිංහල දරුවකුගේ උණුසුම් ලේ දහරා දංගෙඩිය පහළට රූටා වැටුණා.

මරණය ඉදිරියේ නොසැලුණු,සිංහල ලේ වල බලය ලොවට කියා පෑ, මේ පුංචි වීරයා එදා පටන් වීර මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර කියා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වුණා.අදත් අප ඔහු ආඩම්බරයෙන් සිහිපත් කරනවා. සෑම අවුරුද්දකම මැයි 17 දා මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර අනුස්මරණය කරනවා.මේ ළමා වීරයා සැමරීම ජාතික වීරයෙකුට කරන ගෞරවයකි.

මහනුවර දළදා මාළිගාව ඉදිරිපිට ඇති උයන වීර මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර උයන කියා නම් කළේ ඔහුට  උපහාරයක් වශයෙනි. එහි දී ඒ වීරයාගේ පිළිරුව දැක ගත හැකියි.

මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර


Daniel Butala (Karlovac, 26. travnja 1943, umro 18.07.2017 .), hrvatski slikar i likovni pedagog

U Zagrebu diplomirao na ALU u klasi I. Šebalja. Crta nadrealističke slike tehnikom tuša. Organizirao koloniju ZILIK. Direktor karlovačkog Gradskog muzeja.

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Daniel Butala

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Retrospektivna izložba Daniel Butala - 1970 – 2014.  Gradski muzej Karlovac

Životopisi, Karlovac
Hrvatski slikari

Daniel Butala


الامتياز  تشتهر بمسمى فرانشايز وتعني عقد حق الامتياز ويعرف بأنه عقد بين طرفين مستقلين قانونيا واقتصاديا يقوم بمقتضاه أحد طرفيه والذي يطلق عليه مانح الامتياز  بمنح الطرف الأخر والذي يطلق عليه ممنوح الامتياز  الموافقة على استخدام حق أو أكثر من حقوق الملكية الفكرية والصناعية أو المعرفة الفنية لإنتاج سلعة أو توزيع منتجاته أو خدماته تحت العلامة التجارية التي ينتجها أو يستخدمها مانح الامتياز ووفقا لتعليماته وتحت إشرافه حصريا في منطقة جغرافية محددة ولفترة زمنية محددة مع التزامه بتقديم المساعدة الفنية وذلك مقابل مادي أو الحصول على مزايا أو مصالح اقتصادية.

ووفقا لقاموس وبستر، فإن "الامتياز" ترجع جذوره إلى كلمة "امتياز" الفرنسية ومعناها "أن تحرر". ويتضمن قاموس وبستر أيضا تعريفا للامتياز نصه "الحق أو الترخيص الممنوح للفرد لتسويق سلع أو خدمات الشركة في منطقة معينة".

لمحة تاريخية
(فرنشايز - Franchise) هي كلمة فرنسية الأصل، وتعني باللغة العربية (الامتياز التجاري) أول ما استخدمت في العصور الوسطى لأوروبا وذلك لوصف الحقوق والامتيازات الممنوحة لصالح الملك مقابل السماح بإقامة الأسواق والأعياد وعبور المناطق.
بدأ نظام الفرنشايز (الامتياز التجاري) في الظهور تجاريا لأول مره في عام 1871م في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية كغيره من المفاهيم والنظريات الإدارية والتسويقية، وكان ذلك بعد الحرب الأمريكية، وتحديدا ظهر في عملية تسويق وتوزيع ماكينات الخياطة (سنجر) حيث كانت المشكلة التي تواجه مصنعي ومنتجي ماكينات (سنجر) هي كيفية تسويقها وخصوصا أن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بعد انتهاء الحرب الأهلية كانت تعتبر سوقا ضخما وواسعا، هذا بالإضافة إلى عدم وجود نظام للاتصالات في ذلك الوقت فابتدع منتجي ماكينات الخياطة هذا المفهوم من أجل تعيين أشخاص يقومون بتوزيع الماكينات وعمل صيانة لها وبيعها. أعقبها بعد ذلك شركات المشروبات التي أعطت ترخيصاً لشركات أخرى لكي تقوم بتصنيع وتوزيع منتجاتها تحت نفس علامتها التجارية تبعتهم بعد ذلك شركات السيارات ثم تبعتهم بعد ذلك الكثير من الشركات، وفي نفس الوقت الحاضر يغزو نظام الفرنشايز أكثر من 75 صناعة رئيسية مختلفة تنتشر في معظم دول العالم، لما يمثله من وسيله ناجحة لنقل المعرفة الفنية والمشاريع الإنتاجية، ويسهل علي الشركات المانحة التوسع والانتشار السريع بأقل قدر من رأس المال ويوفر لها شركاء يقومون بتقديم نفس المنتج والخدمة تحت العلامة التجارية نفسها مع توفير الدعم الفني لإنتاج السلعة أو الخدمة، كما يعتبر نظام الفرنشايز (الامتياز التجاري) أيضا وسيلة لنقل التكنولوجيا من الدول المتقدمة إلى الدول الأخرى.
ومن الملاحظ أن غالبية الشركات العاملة في نظام الفرنشايز في المنطقة العربية هي شركات استهلاكية كالمطاعم وأدوات التجميل والعطور وما زال الطلب في تزايد علي المواد الاستهلاكية وخاصة الغذائية منها كالمطاعم والوجبات السريعة وهنالك العديد من الأنشطة ذات الصلة بالأزياء والجمال والصحة والتعليم والتدريب أي مجال الخدمات بشكل عام سواء في تقنية المعلومات أو تجهيز المكاتب أو خدمات التوصيل وإعمال الدعاية والإعلان والإنشاءات وبيع وتأجير الأفلام وخدمات الطباعة.

الأعمال التي يناسبها الامتياز
إن أي مشروع عمل قد تتخيله يمكن أن يكون فعلياً قابلاً للخضوع للامتياز، فعلى سبيل المثال، فإن «رابطة حقوق الامتياز الدولية» (International Franchise Association) تضع الآن في تصنيفاتها أكثر من 75 فئة مختلفة لتصنيف الأعمال التي يمكن أن تكون محلاً للامتياز في غالب الأحيان. وقد يخطر لدى الجميع بأن مطاعم الوجبات السريعة أو خدمات المطاعم هي وحدها محل الامتياز، غير أن الحقيقة خلاف ذلك حيث يغطي الامتياز قاعدة تشمل معظم الأعمال والخدمات تقريباً، بدءاً من أعمال الدعاية والإعلان، والإنشاءات، ومروراً ببيع وتأجير الأفلام، وخدمات الطباعة والنسخ، وخدمات تشغيل خادمات المنازل، وخدمات الكمبيوتر، والفنادق ووصولاً إلى أعمال وكالات السياحة والسفر والتسويق العقاري.

منافع حق الامتياز
فوائد ومميزات نظام الفرنشايز (الامتياز التجاري)

يعود نظام الفرنشايز (الامتياز التجاري) على كلا المتعاقدين وعلى الصعيد الدولي بمجموعة من الفوائد والمزايا، تتمثل بما يلي:-

الفوائد والمزايا التي يُحققها نظام الفرنشايز لمانح الامتياز:-
1)	التوسع والانتشار السريع في الأسواق المستهدفة دون تحمل تكاليف عالية.
2)	توزيع السلع أو الخدمة بأسلوب محدد ومنظم.
3)	إفادة المانح المادية من المبالغ التي تدفع له من الممنوح له.
4)	إفادة المانح المادية من عملية تزويد محلات الممنوحين بالمواد، لأنه وفق شروط النظام وللمحافظة على الجودة، فإن الممنوح يقوم بشراء معظم المواد من المانح الذي يستطيع أن يوفرها بسعر منافس.
5)	مديرو الوحدات التابعة له، هم في الواقع مالكون للمشروع وليسوا موظفين لديه، الأمر الذي يدفعهم للحرص على نجاح المشروع، وتقديم مقترحات إيجابية لتحسين العمل، بهذا فإن المانح يتغلب على تعقيد عملية إدارة فروع جديدة، قد تتطلب إدارتها رأس مال كبير جدًا وجهدًا ورقابة ومخاطرة كبيرة بالاستثمار.

الفوائد والمزايا التي يحققها نظام الفرنشايز لممنوح الامتياز:-
1)	إفادة الممنوح من اسم المانح وعلامته وشهرته وخبرته، مما يُعزز ثقة الزبائن بالممنوح. وتهافتهم عليه بمجرد فتح أَبوابه، بحيث يضمن له فرص نجاح شبه مؤكدة
2)	استقلال الممنوح له بوصفه مستثمرًا ومالكًا للمشروع، كذلك تجنب الخسائر بحيث يضمن النجاح كنتيجة طبيعية للدعم الفني والإداري والتسويقي، واسم الشهرة الذي يحصل عليه من المانح.
3)	إفادة الممنوح من قيمة المواد التي يوفرها المانح للممنوح، بأسعار تنافسية.
4)	يفيد الممنوح من التدريب النوعي والمستمر المقدم من المانح، إذ يُجنبه الأخطاء، وتحقيق كمية أكبر من الأرباح.
5)	سهولة الحصول على تمويل من المؤسسات المالية، لثقتها في نجاح المشروع المجرب من قبل.
6)	يتمتع الممنوح بحماية من المنافسة، إذ يحدد له منطقة جغرافية خاصة به

الفوائد والمزايا التي يُحققها نظام الفرنشايز على الصَّعيد الدَّولي:-
1)	يُعدّ نظام الفرنشايز من الحلول التي تساعد على الإنماء الاقتصادي والتجاري بالنسبة للجهة الممنوح لها، إذ يسهم هذا النوع من الاستثمار بتشغيل الأيدي العاملة المحلية، فيعد وسيلة - ناجحة لحل أزمة البطالة.
2)	يقلل هذا النظام من نسب السيولة المتسربة للخارج، وزيادة الاستثمار في المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة، وتحفيز الشركات المحلية لإِعادة ترتيب أَوراقها حتى تتمكن من المنافسة بما يرفع من جودة المنتج أو الخدمة التي تقدمها للمستهلك، هذا التطوير في المنتجات المحلية يسهم في اللجوء لتداول المنتج المحلي عوضًا على البضائع المستوردة
3)	يسهم هذا النظام في تطوير الأيدي العاملة الوطنية، من خلال التدريب الذي تتلقاه في
المشاريع المقامة، مما يساعد في رفع كفاءة القوى البشرية.

المضار
من المرجح ان تطلب الشركة المانحة للامتياز مبالغ سنوية باهظة فقط على استخدام الاسم فقط مما يؤي إلى خسارة المستفيد من حق الامتياز أو قد يؤدي ذلك إلى تقليل مستوى الخدمة لتوفير بعض المبالغ

الأمور القانونية
ينصح حين توقيع عقد الامتياز بوجود طرف ثالث وهو محامي الامتياز لشرح حقوق وواجبات كل طرف تجاه الآخر.

مراجع

4- مجلة رواد الأعمال

وصلات خارجية
 الامتياز التجاري: المزايا والعيوب لكل من المانح والمستأجر
 الاتحاد الدولي لحقوق الامتياز
 الاتحاد الأمريكي لحقوق الامتياز

أنواع الشركات
قانون العقود
مصطلحات تجارية
نماذج أعمال

حق الامتياز


The Karakash or Black Jade River, also spelled Karakax (, , Қарақаш Дәряси), is a river in the Xinjiang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China that originates in  Aksai Chin. It passes through the historical settlement of Xaidulla (Shahidulla or Saitula) and passes by the city of Khotan (Hotan) to flow northeast in the Tarim Basin. It merges with the Yurungkash River, the combined river taking the name Hotan River and flowing into the Tarim River.

Course

The river begins above  about  northeast of Galwan Kangri peak in Aksai Chin. It flows north to Sumnal (15,540 ft), then turns sharply eastwards, flowing at the foot of the Karatagh Range (skirting just north of the Soda Plains of Aksai Chin).  Just beyond Palong Karpo, it reaches the foot of the Kunlun Mountains, where it turns sharply northwestwards, and crosses into Xinjiang proper. At this location it receives another headwater now called the 'East Karakash River' (which was once regarded as the main headwater). The combined river flows past the towns of Sumgal, Fotash, Gulbashem, until it reaches Xaidulla (Shahidulla).

The river then turns sharply northeastwards near Xaidulla, and, after passing through Ali Nazar cuts through the Kunlun mountain range near the Suget or Sanju Pass. It passes by Khotan to its west, running parallel to the Yurungkash River, which it joins near Koxlax (some 125 km north of Khotan (). The combined river is called the Hotan River, which flows into the Tarim River.

History
The Karakash River is famous for its white and greenish jade (nephrite) carried as river boulders and pebbles toward Khotan, as does the nearby Yurungkash (or 'White Jade') River. This river jade originates from eroded mountain deposits of which the most famous one is near Gulbashen, in southwestern Xinjiang (formerly Chinese Turkestan). Black nephrite is also abundant in the Karakash River but these deposits are rarely reported in the primary nephrite finds.

The Karakash Valley was also a caravan road for the north–south trade between Yarkand (China) and Leh over the Karakoram Pass in Leh District of Ladakh.

See also
 List of rivers in China
 Geography of Ladakh

References

External links
 Karakash River, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 6 August 2021.

Rivers of Xinjiang
Geography of Ladakh
Sites along the Silk Road
Aksai Chin

Karakash River


An Schizostachyum undulatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Soejatmi Dransfield. An Schizostachyum undulatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizostachyum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schizostachyum

Schizostachyum undulatum


An Miscanthus giganteus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni J.M.Greef , Deuter ngan Hodk., Renvoize. An Miscanthus giganteus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Miscanthus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Miscanthus

Miscanthus giganteus


is a district located in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

Due to the district government enforcement in 1899, the district was formed when the Naka and Tado Districts merged.

The district contains 3 towns:
Kotohira (琴平町),
Tadotsu (多度津町),
Mannō (まんのう町).

Timeline
March 16, 1899 - Naka and Tado Districts merged to form Nakatado District. (3 towns, 27 villages)
April 1, 1899 - The town of Marugame gained city status to become the city of Marugame. (2 towns, 27 villages)
November 3, 1901 - The villages of Zentsūji, Amino, and Yoshida merged to form the town of Zentsūji. (3 towns, 24 villages)
June 1, 1917 - The village of Rokugō merged into the city of Marugame. (3 towns, 23 villages)
May 10, 1942 - The village of Toyohara merged into the town of Tadotsu. (3 towns, 22 villages)
April 1, 1951 - The village of Minami merged into the city of Marugame. (3 towns, 21 villages)
April 1, 1953 - The village of Yoshima merged into the city of Sakaide. (3 towns, 20 villages)
March 31, 1954 (2 towns, 15 villages)
The village of Honjima merged into the city of Marugame.
The town of Zentsūji and the villages of Yoshiwara, Yogita, Tatsukawa, and Fudeoka merged to form the city of Zentsūji.
May 3, 1954 - The villages of Shika and Shirakata merged into the town of Tadotsu. (2 towns, 13 villages)
October 17, 1954 - The village of Gunge merged into the city of Marugame. (2 towns, 12 villages)
April 1, 1955 (3 towns, 7 villages)
The villages of Sogō and Shichika merged to form the village of Chūnan.
The town of Kotohira and Enai merged to form the town of Kotohira.
The villages of Yoshino, Kanno, and Shijō merged to form the town of Mannō.
July 1, 1955 - The village of Takashino merged into the town of Mannō. (3 towns, 6 villages)
1956年3月31日 - Parts of the town of Mannō merged into the town of Kotohira.
September 30, 1956 (3 towns, 4 villages)
The town of Mannō absorbed the village of Nagasumi, Ayauta District.
The villages of Sanagishima and Takamishima merged into the town of Tadotsu.
October 10, 1957 - Parts of the town of Mannō merged into the town of Kotohira.
November 1, 1957 - The village of Kotonami, Ayauta District moved to Nakatado District. (3 towns, 5 villages)
March 31, 1958 - The village of Zōgō split and merged into the town of Kotohira and the city of Zentsūji. (3 towns, 4 villages)
May 1, 1958 - The villages of Tarumi and Hiroshima merged into the city of Marugame. (3 towns, 2 villages)
April 1, 1962 - The village of Kotonami gained town status to become the town of Kotonami. (4 towns, 1 village)
January 1, 1970 - The village of Chūnan gained town status to become the town of Chūnan. (5 towns)
March 20, 2006 - The towns of Mannō (満濃町) absorbed the towns of Chūnan and Kotonami to form the new town of Mannō (まんのう町). (3 towns)

References

Nakatado District

Nakatado District, Kagawa


الإسلام في النمسا هو ثاني أكبر دين في البلاد، ويمارسه نسبة 8% من مجموع السكان وفقا لتقديرات 2016. الغالبية العظمى من المسلمين في النمسا ينتمون إلى المذهب السني وأقلية شيعية. معظم المسلمين جاءوا إلى النمسا خلال عقد الستينات كعمال مهاجرين من تركيا والبوسنة والهرسك. هناك أيضا مجتمعات عربية وأفغانية الأصل.

التاريخ

يذكر المؤرخ Smail Balić أن أول دليل على وجود مسلمين في النمسا يعود إلى القبائل البدوية من آسيا التي دخلت المنطقة في سنة 895. في أعقاب الفتح العثماني لإمبراطورية هابسبورغ في أواخر القرن 15، انتقل المزيد من المسلمين إلى الأراضي التي تشكل النمسا في العصر الحديث. تم طرد المسلمين بعد سيطرة إمبراطورية هابسبورغ على المنطقة مرة أخرى في أواخر القرن 17 ولكن القليل منهم تم السماح لهم بالبقاء بعد التوقيع على معاهدة باساروفجا في 1718. أعطى «قانون الاعتراف» في عام 1874 الطوائف غير المسيحية بما في ذلك المسلمين الإطار القانوني لتصبح معترف بها كـ Cultusgemeinden (طوائف دينية). كان أكبر عدد من المسلمين تحت السيطرة النمساوية بعد الاحتلال النمساوي المجري للبوسنة والهرسك في عام 1878. نظمت النمسا الحريات الدينية للمجتمع الإسلامي عن طريق ما يسمى بـ Islamgesetz (قانون الإسلام) في عام 1912.

بعد انهيار الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى، فقط عدد قليل من المسلمين بقى في الحدود الجديدة للجمهورية النمساوية الأولى. تم إعداد رابطة خاصة تسمى Islamischer Kulturbund من قبل البارون «عمر رولف فون إهرنفلس» لتنظيم شؤون المسلمين المتبقين في البلاد. ومع ذلك، فإن المنظمة تم حلها في أعقاب عملية آنشلوس. ولكون إهرنفلس ناقدا للحزب النازي، فقد فر من النمسا.

في عام 1943، تأسست جمعية إسلامية أخرى على يد صالح Hadžialić بتمويل من الحكومة. بدأت هجرة المسلمين إلى النمسا في الستينات من يوغوسلافيا وتركيا. تم تأسيس «جماعة المؤمنين المسلمين في النمسا» بموجب أحكام Islamgesetz في عام 1979. العديد من اللاجئين المسلمين من الحروب اليوغوسلافية انتقلوا أيضا إلى النمسا خلال التسعينيات.

في عام 2013، منحت النمسا الاعتراف الديني للعلويين.

في شباط / فبراير 2015، أقر البرلمان النمساوي قانونا جديدا للإسلام، مانعا التمويل الأجنبي للمساجد ودفع رواتب الأئمة. خلافا للتقارير في وسائل الإعلام، القانون لا يفرض نسخة القرآن الكريم التي يمكن استخدامها في النمسا، ولكن تعاليم الدين الأساسية يجب أن تقدم إلى السلطات بالألمانية. كما يمنح المسلمين حقوقا إضافية، مثل الحق في الغذاء الحلال والعناية الرعوية في الجيش. قال وزير الاندماج سباستيان كورتس أن التغييرات تهدف إلى «مكافحة تأثير التطرف الإسلامي في النمسا». قال زعيم المجلس المركزي للمسلمين في ألمانيا، أيمن مزيك أن القانون «إيجابي ومثمر للمناقشة في ألمانيا».

في تشرين الأول / أكتوبر عام 2017، مررت الحكومة النمساوية قانونا اسمه «حظر تغطية الوجه.» القانون قدم من قبل المستشار اليساري المعتدل كريستيان كيرن. أي شخص يرتدي الملابس التي تخفي الوجه في الأماكن العامة سيتلقى غرامة 150 يورو ويجب عليه إزالة الملابس المخالفة «على الفور» إذا أمر من قبل الشرطة. العديد من النشطاء والخبراء اعتبروا القانون به كراهية للإسلام بحجة أنه يميز ضد المرأة المسلمة التي ترتدى زيا دينيا. ومن بين المعارضين للقانون كان الرئيس ألكسندر فان دير بيلين، والباحث في جامعة جورجتاون فريد حافظ، وكارلا أمينة باجاجاتي المتحدثة باسم المجتمع الإسلامي النمساوي. النقاب في النمسا نادر بشكل عام، حيث فقط حوالي 100-150 من النساء المسلمات يرتدين هذا النوع من أغطية الوجه. قبل قبول قانون الحظر، تظاهر آلاف الأشخاص في فيينا في كانون الثاني / يناير 2017 للتعبير عن المعارضة.
في عام 2018، أعلن المستشار سيباستيان كورتس أن النمسا ستغلق سبعة مساجد وترحل 40 من الأئمة مدفوعي الرواتب من قبل رئاسة الشؤون الدينية التركية، وذلك لإحباط الإسلام السياسي. في الإعلان، تم ذكر أن المجتمعات الموازية، والإسلاموية والتطرف «ليس لها مكان في المجتمع النمساوي».
في أكتوبر 2018، حظرت النمسا الحجاب في رياض الأطفال. الحظر كان بدافع حماية الأطفال من ضغط الأسرة لارتداء الحجاب. وفقا لاتحاد المعلمين النمساوي فإنه يجب الأخذ في الاعتبار حظرا مماثلا على التلاميذ حتى تصل أعمارهم إلى 14 عاما لأن هذا هو «السن الديني القانوني» (الألمانية: religionsmündig).

السكان حسب السنة

التركيبة السكانية
التعداد الأخير في النمسا الذي جمع بيانات حول الدين كان في عام 2001. وجد التعداد أن هناك 338,988 من المسلمين في البلاد، حوالي 4.2% من السكان. «إحصاءات النمسا» قدرت في عام 2009 أن 515,914 مسلم يعيشون في النمسا. قدرت دراسة عدنان أصلان وإيرول يلدز باستخدام البيانات من إحصاء 2009 أن 573,876 من المسلمين يعيشون في النمسا في عام 2012، ويشكلون 6.8% من السكان.

غالبية المسلمين في النمسا هم مواطنون نمساويون. بينما الجنسيات الأجنبية الأكثر شيوعا بين المسلمين في النمسا هي: التركية (21.2%)، البوسنية (10.1%)، كوسوفو (6.7%)، الجبل الأسود (6.7%)، الصربية (6.7%).

تقريبا 216,345 من النمساويين المسلمين (38%) يعيشون في العاصمة فيينا. ما يقرب من 30% من المسلمين يعيشون في الولاية الشمالية خارج فيينا وكمية مساوية (30%) يعيشون في الولايات الجنوبية في النمسا.

العرق
غالبية النمساويين المسلمين لديهم خلفية تركية أو من البلقان.

المذاهب
في آب / أغسطس عام 2017 وجد مسح من قبل مؤسسة برتلسمان أن من بين النمساويين المسلمين، 64% كانوا من السنة و4% كانوا من الشيعة. ذكرت أحد التقديرات في عام 2010 أن 10-20% من النمساويين المسلمين علويون. من بين حوالي 300 أحمدي في النمسا، حوالي الثلث يقيمون في فيينا.

الهوية
ما يقرب من 88% من النمساويين المسلمين يشعرون بارتباط وثيق مع النمسا، وأكثر من 62% من المسلمين لديهم روتين بقضاء وقت الفراغ في الاتصال مع الناس من الديانات الأخرى، وذلك وفقا لمسح برتلسمان في آب / أغسطس عام 2017. نفس الدراسة أيضا نفذت في ألمانيا، إلا أن العديد من أبرز الصحف الألمانية، بما في ذلك «دي فيلت»، وFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung، Wirtschaftswoche اعتبرت النتائج المتعلقة بوجود «ارتباط وثيق» سطحية ومتفائلة، لأن الدراسة لا تحتوي على أي معلومات عما إذا كانت قيم المشاركين متوافقة مع القيم الغربية.

حقق الرئيس التركي رجب طيب أردوغان وحزبه الإسلامي المحافظ حزب العدالة والتنمية نجاحات لدى المواطنين الأتراك في النمسا مع كسب ما بين 62% إلى 80 في المئة من الأصوات عادة. رأى نقاد في ذلك علامة على فشل الاندماج. في عام 2016 شجع سيباستيان كورتس، وزير الخارجية حينها، المشاركين في مظاهرة موالية لأردوغان على مغادرة النمسا.

التدين
في آب / أغسطس عام 2017، في مسح من قبل مؤسسة برتلسمان، كان 42% من النمساويين المسلمين «مرتفعي التدين» و52% «متدينين بشكل معتدل.»

يظهر نمساويون مسلمون قيم دينية مرتفعة وعداء ضد مجموعات أخرى وفقا لدراسة نشرت من قبل مركز للعلوم الاجتماعية في عام 2013. تم أخذ عوامل مثل التعليم، الدخل، الحالة الزواجية، والعمر والجنس بعين الاعتبار، مما دل على أن التدين في حد ذاته كان السبب الحاسم. ودعا المؤلف نتائج الدراسة «مثيرة للقلق».

الثقافة
تم تنظيم يوم (Tag der offenen Moschee) للمرة الأولى في تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 2013 بهدف بناء ارتباطات بين-دينية بين النمساويين المسلمين وغير المسلمين. استمر الحدث كل عام منذ ذلك الحين.

التعليم والدخل
وفقا لمؤشر MIPEX، حواجز الوصول إلى سوق العمل للمهاجرين منخفضة نسبيا ولكن البطالة أكثر شيوعا بين المسلمين بشكل ملحوظ عن المعدل المتوسط لإجمالي السكان. حوالي 40% من المسلمين المولودين في النمسا يتركون المدرسة قبل سن 17. وفقا لدراسة لمركز بيو، 83% من المسلمين في النمسا لديهم تعليم ثانوي، وهو أعلى من المتوسط لإجمالي السكان البالغ 77%، إلا أن 8% من المسلمين في النمسا لديهم تعليم بعد المرحلة الثانوية وهو أقل من المتوسط لإجمالي السكان البالغ 19%.

المؤسسات الدينية

هناك 205 مسجد معتمد في النمسا ومئات من أماكن الصلاة غير المسجلة. هناك أربعة مساجد في البلاد بمآذن.

على الرغم من الكمية الكبيرة من المسلمين ذوي الخلفية من البلقان في البلاد، معظم المنظمات الإسلامية في النمسا يسيطر عليها الأتراك. أكبر منظمة إسلامية في البلاد هي Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft (جماعة المؤمنين المسلمين في النمسا). لدى المنظمة اثنان من الأعضاء المؤسسين وهما «الاتحاد الإسلامي النمساوي التركي» و«الاتحاد الإسلامي». «الشباب المسلم في النمسا» هي جزء من Bundesjugendvertretung وتركز أساسا على الحوار بين الأديان، مع الكاثوليك واليهود والبوذيين وغيرهم من الجماعات الدينية في البلاد. تقيم «الشباب المسلم في النمسا» أيضا حملات ضد العنصرية وكراهية الأجانب. أقام العلويون في النمسا منظمات للمجتمع مثل Islamische Alevitische Glaubensgemeinschaft (مجتمع المسلمين العلويين في النمسا)، Föderation der Aleviten Gemeinden in Österreich (اتحاد المجتمعات العلوية في النمسا).

التمييز

وفقا لتقرير سنة 2014، كان المصدران الأكثر تأثيرا ودعما للمشاعر المعادية للمسلمين في النمسا هما صحيفة Neue Kronenzeitung وحزب الحرية النمساوي.

في استطلاع عام 2017 من تشاتام هاوس، أيد 65% من النمساويين النص التالي: «كل الهجرة القادمة من البلدان الإسلامية يجب أن تتوقف»، في حين أن 18 في المئة رفضوه. في استطلاع عام 2018 من دير ستاندارد، 45 في المئة أجابوا بأنهم ليس لديهم مشكلة في حالة «امتلاء الشوارع بالنساء المرتديات الحجاب»، 42 في المئة قالوا أن لديهم مشكلة مع ذلك.

المعارضة
في نيسان / أبريل عام 2017، دعى الرئيس ألكسندر فان دير بيلين جميع النساء في النمسا إلى ارتداء الحجاب تضامنا مع المسلمين لمحاربة ما أسماه «الإسلاموفوبيا المنتشرة» في البلاد.

مسلمون نمساويون معروفون
 منى دزدار، وزير الدولة في المستشارية الاتحادية.
 أربيرت هايم، طبيب كان من الشوتزشتافل، اختبأ في مصر باسم طارق فريد حسين.
 فريد حافظ، أكاديمي.
 محمد أسد، باكستاني ذو أصل نمساوي يهودي.

انظر أيضًا
 البوشناق
 الإسلام في أوروبا
 قائمة مدن الاتحاد الأوروبي حسب تعداد السكان المسلمين
 المركز الإسلامي في فيينا
 الإسلام في ألمانيا
 الإسلام في سويسرا

المصادر

قراءات إضافية

 Study for Bundesministerium des Innern: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen in der Integration muslimischer MitbürgerInnen in Österreich, Mathias Rohe, Universität Erlangen. May 2006 (summary by MilitantIslamMonitor.Org: Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45 % of Muslims unwilling to integrate)
 Anna Strobel: Unique Legal Status - Muslims in Austria From: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, P. 200-2004
 Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation, languages, origin and nationality (PDF)(German), Statistik Austria.

1-الأقليات المسلمة في أوروبا - سيد عبد المجيد بكر.

2-المسلمون في أوروبا وأمريكا – على المنتصر الكناني.

3- نشرة المركز الإسلامي بفينا + الأهرام (1990).

أقليات مسلمة
النمسا

الإسلام في النمسا


جبل شمالات هو جبل كبير ذو قمتين يقع في منطقة الرياض في السعودية.

التسمية
حاز جبل شمالات عدة تسميات، منها ما هو عامي محلي، ومنها ما هو موجود في التراث العربي القديم وفي الأدب أيضًا. فمُسمَّاه الأصلي في التراث العربي هو ابني شمام، ويبدو من معنى الكلمة شمام أنها تعني العلوّ والارتفاع. وعن المسميات المحلية فهي كثيرة، منها شمالات، وشمال، وشميل، وأذني شمال (تحريفاً لابني شمام).

الموقع والوصف
يقع جبل شمالات غربي محافظة القويعية في قرية نخيلان على دائرة العرض 24.012564° شمالاً، وخط طول 44.991699° شرقاً، والجبل واقع في منطقة الدرع العربي، وعلى قول علماء الجغرافيا فإنه يقع في عالية نجد أو نجد المرتفعة. ولأن شمالات واقع في منطقة الدرع العربي فهو متكون من الصخور النارية، إذ أنه أسود اللون، ذو قمتين، ويرتفع عن مستوى سطح البحر بمقدار 1,281 متراً تقريبًا، ويُمكِن أن يُرَى من بعيد بوضوح.

في الشعر
مما قيل في التراث الشعري عن الجبل:

قال لبيد بن ربيعة:

وقد قال امرؤ القيس أيضًا:

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة جبال السعودية.

مراجع

جبال منطقة الرياض

جبل شمالات


امرأة في الظل مسلسل سوري من إنتاج عام 2003 وبطولة أمل عرفة، عبد المنعم عمايري، نضال سيجري، نبيلة النابلسي، ديمة الجندي.

حبكة
تدور القصة حول شابة تمردت على إرادة أهلها وتزوجت من شاب تحبه.. وبعد مرور أربع سنوات على زواجها وإنجابها طفلاً يختفي زوجها فجأة، وتقاسي (ندى) الأمرّين في تربية ابنها، وبعد فترة تعود وتتصالح مع أمها وأخيها من دون أن يقبل الأخ الثاني مصالحتها على اعتبار أنها ارتكبت عاراً بحق العائلة، ولا تجوز مسامحتها. بعد مرور خمس سنوات على غياب الزوج يعود مطالباً بابنه الذي وصل إلى سن حضانة الأب القانونية له وقد تزوج من امرأة غنية تكبره سناً في الخارج ويريد أن يأخذ ابنه ليربيه عندها فترفض ندى أن تعطي ابنها لأبيه وتحاول أن تلجأ إلى القانون الذي يساند الأب في النهاية ويأخذ الابن منها.

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية

امرأة في الظل (مسلسل)


Riyad (, Er-Riyaz; "bahçeler"), Suudi Arabistan'ın başkenti ve en büyük şehridir. Şehir aynı zamanda Riyad Bölgesi'nin merkezi olup Arap Yarımadası'nın ortasında yer almaktadır ve 6 milyon nüfusa sahiptir. Şehir Merkez adı verilen 8 adet belediyeden oluşur.

Tarihçe
1517'de Osmanlı Padişahı I. Selim'in Ridaniye Savaşı'nda Memluk ordusunu yenilgiye uğratmasıyla Hicaz Türk egemenliğine, Arap yarımadasının tamamı ise Türk nüfuzuna girdi. Ancak Riyad ve çevresinin ekonomik ve siyasi açıdan hiçbir öneme sahip olmaması nedeniyle bölgede herhangi bir garnizon kurulmasına gerek kalmadı.

Ancak, 19. yüzyılda siyasi durum değişti. 1791'de Merkezî Arabistan'da başlayan Vahhabi hareketinin 1803 yılından itibaren başta Mekke, Medine ve Taif kentleri olmak üzere Hicaz topraklarını tehdit etmeye başlaması II. Mahmud yönetimini (1808-1839) harekete geçirdi. Bölgedeki isyanın ve tehdidin sona erdirilmesi emri verilen Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa oğlu İbrahim Paşa komutasındaki bir orduyu Hicaz ve Necd'e gönderdi. 1818 yılında Vehhabilerin merkezi Diriye ve Riyad'ın fethedilmesiyle bölgedeki Türk egemenliği yeniden kuruldu.

1902'de Vahhabilerin (Suudilerin) lideri olan Abdülaziz er-Reşid'in Kuveyt'te topladığı bir orduyla Riyad'ı ele geçirmesiyle fiiliyatta Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı Suud Devleti başkenti Riyad olmak üzere yeniden kuruldu.

I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Hicaz kaynaklı bir Arap Ayaklanmasından çekinen Osmanlı Devleti, Suudi lider Abdülaziz bin Suud'u yanında tutmaya çalıştı. 1915 yılında yayımlanan bir ferman ile adı geçen "Riyad Kaymakamı" ilan edildi. Gerçekten de 1916'da Hicaz'da Arap Ayaklanması başlamasına rağmen, bin Suud savaşın sonuna kadar Osmanlı Devleti'ne sadık kaldı.

I. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonunda Osmanlı Devleti'nin Hicaz'dan çekilmesiyle Riyad kentindeki fiilî Türk egemenliği de sona erdi.

İklim

Demografi

*Tahmini

Belediyeler
Riyad şehrine bağlı Merakiz (Tekil: Merkez) adı verilen 8 adet belediye bulunmaktadır:
 Merkez-i Irka
 Merkez El Hayr
 Merkez-i Heyt
 Merkez El Amaciye
 Merkez-i Leben
 Merkez-i Banban
 Merkez-i İzze Bi'l-Hair
 Merkez-i Dibyan

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmi site

Riyad Bölgesi'ndeki şehirler
Suudi Arabistan'daki bölge merkezleri

Riyad


Klesarstvo je umijeće obrađivanja, ugradnje, rezanja i drugog umjetnog oblikovanja kamena. Obično se obrađuje kamene kao mramor, granit, razni vapnenci i drugi dekorativni kameni. Vid je umjetnosti. Zbog toga što je svaka vrsta kamena i svaki komad kamena poseban i jedinstven, svaki zahvat na kamenu unikatan je posao. Bez praćenja svojstava svakog pojedinog kamena i osluškivanja svakog obrađenog komada, ne može biti klesarstva. Kamen se reže u ploče, rezbari te izvode drugi oblici.

Korijeni klesarstva sežu u najstarija vremena. Čovjek je od prapovijesti želio oblikovati kamen. Namjena je bila vjerska, klesanja simbola i znakova, kopanja grobova u kamenoj podlozi ili za svakodnevne svjetovne potrebe, poput dubljenja kamena radi spremanja vode (čatrnje za vodu ili pojilišta za stoku), hranilišta za stoku, izrada skloništa. Tzv. branje kamena počelo je kopanjem pašarina odnosno dubljenjem rupa za drvene klinove. Kamene blokove koje je izvadio čovjek je usitnjavao i dalje obrađivao dostupnom tehnologijom. Kako je tehnologija napredovala, razvijalo se klesarstvo i kiparstvo. U Hrvatskoj je razvijena obiteljska tradicija obrade kamena na otoku Braču. Očuvanju tradicije pomaže Klesarska škola u Pučišćima koja je jedina takva škola u Hrvatskoj. Praktična obuka klesara više od pedeset godina obavlja se u Klesarskoj radionici Jakšić.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Klesarstvo


Dava Sobel'in 1995 yılında basılan Boylam ya da özgün adıyla Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time adlı kitabı.

On yedinci ve on sekizinci yüzyılın en zorlu bilimsel problemini çözme yolundaki çabaları anlatır. Büyük keşif çağı boyunca denizciler okyanuslarda bulundukları boylamı hesaplayabilecekleri herhangi bir araç olmadan dolaşmışlardır. Pek çok bilim insanı boylam sorununun gökyüzündeki yıldızların düzenli olarak gözlenmesiyle çözüleceğini düşünür ve bu yolda araştırmalar yaparken, John Harrison adında bir adam kronometre dediğimiz, denizde zamanı kesin olarak bilmeye yarayan bir saati geliştirmeye çalışır. Boylam, Harrison'ın bu yolda kırk yıl süren çabasını anlatır.

Bilim kitapları
1995 kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar
Amerikan kitapları

Boylam (kitap)


is a town located in Kamimashiki District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2016, the town has an estimated population of 9,119 and a density of 550 persons per km². The total area is 16.66 km².

Kashima Town is well known for being home to AEON Mall Kumamoto.

Notable people from Kashima
Yoshiazuma Hiroshi, sumo wrestler
Shigeyoshi Matsumae, founder of Tokai University

References

External links

Kashima official website

Towns in Kumamoto Prefecture

Kashima, Kumamoto


New York Confidential  é um filme de suspense policial, e noir americano de 1955, dirigido por Russell Rouse, e elenco Broderick Crawford, Richard Conte, Marilyn Maxwell, Anne Bancroft and J. Carrol Naish.

Sinopse
O filme narra a história da ascensão a subsequente queda do notório líder de uma família de criminosos de Nova York, que decide testemunhar contra seus companheiros a fim de evitar ser assassinado por membros de outras gangues.

Elenco
Fonte:

 Broderick Crawford – Charlie Lupo
 Richard Conte – Nick Magellan
 Marilyn Maxwell – Iris Palmer
 Anne Bancroft – Katherine Lupo
 J. Carrol Naish – Ben Dagajanian
 Onslow Stevens – Johnny Achilles
 Barry Kelley – Robert Frawley
 Mike Mazurki – Arnie Wendler
 Celia Lovsky – Mama Lupo
 Herbert Heyes – James Marshall

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1955
Filmes policiais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes noir
Filmes dirigidos por Russell Rouse
Filmes ambientados em Nova Iorque
Filmes da Warner Bros.
Filmes de suspense da década de 1950
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa

New York Confidential


Holbrook Bodies ist ein ehemaliges britisches Karosseriebauunternehmen, das zwischen 1926 und 1933 an der Holbrook Lane in Coventry ansässig war. Die Adresse war vermutlich namensgebend.

Beschreibung
Holbrook Bodies baute mindestens eine zweisitzige Karosserie auf dem Fahrgestell eines Bentley 3,5 Litre sowie geschlossene Aufbauten nach Lizenz Weymann für Hillmann. 1933 musste die Firma Insolvenz anmelden. Ihre Anlagen übernahm die Firma S. S. (Standard Swallow, Vorläufer von Jaguar) zur Erweiterung ihrer Kapazitäten.

Quelle
 Nick Walker: A–Z of British Coachbuilders, 1919–1960. Bay View Books, Bideford, Devon 1997, ISBN 1-870979-93-1 (Englisch)

Ehemaliger Karosseriehersteller
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Coventry)
Jaguar Cars

Holbrook Bodies


Sergueï Vadimovitch Abissov (en  ; né le  à Simferopol) est l'ancien ministre du ministère de l'Intérieur de la république de Crimée et un colonel de police.

Biographie
Il naît le  à Simferopol. De 1986 à 1988, il sert dans les forces armées de l'URSS. Il commence son travail pour le ministère soviétique de l'Intérieur en tant qu'officier de police, commandant d'un bataillon distinct de la milice responsable de la sécurité privée (vnevedomstvennaya okhrana) en 1988. En 1999, il est diplômé de l'université d'État des affaires intérieures d'Odessa. Depuis , il fait partie du Département des enquêtes criminelles du ministère de l'intérieur de l'Ukraine en Crimée . Le , il devient chef par intérim du ministère de l'Intérieur de l'Ukraine en république autonome de Crimée. Près d'un mois plus tard, cependant, il devient ministre par intérim de l'intérieur de la république de Crimée. Par décret de Vladimir Poutine du , il est nommé ministre de l'Intérieur de la république de Crimée.

Renvoyé du ministère de l'Intérieur de l'Ukraine pour , les autorités ukrainiennes ont annoncé leur volonté d'arrêter Sergey Abisov. Il est soupçonné d'avoir commis des crimes en vertu de la partie 1 de l'article 109 du Code pénal ukrainien ("actions visant à modifier ou à renverser par la violence l'ordre constitutionnel ou la prise du pouvoir de l'État").

Le , il a été démis de ses fonctions. Il a été remplacé par .

Sanctions
Sergueï Abissov est sanctionné par le gouvernement britannique en 2014 en relation avec la guerre russo-ukrainienne.

Il figure sur la liste des personnes sanctionnées par les États-Unis, le Canada, l'Union européenne, la Norvège, la Suisse et d'autres pays.

Références

Personnalité politique russe
Personnalité politique ukrainienne
Naissance en novembre 1967
Personnalité russe soumise aux sanctions de l'Union européenne
Personnalité russe soumise aux sanctions du Royaume-Uni

Sergueï Abissov


Mutaflı, Samsun ilinin Yakakent ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 104 km, Yakakent ilçesine 22 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Yakakent'in mahalleleri

Mutaflı, Yakakent


Antonina Ivanovna Miliukova (;  – ) was the wife of Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky from 1877 until his death in 1893. After marriage she was known as Antonina Tchaikovskaya.

Early years
Little is known of Antonina before she met Tchaikovsky. Her family resided in the Moscow area. They belonged to the local gentry but lived in poverty. The family was also a highly fractious one. Tchaikovsky tells us as much in a letter he wrote his sister Alexandra Davydova during his honeymoon:

After three days with them in the country, I begin to see that everything I can't stand in my wife derives from her belonging to a completely weird family, where the mother was always arguing with the father—and now, after his death, does not hesitate to malign his memory in every way possible. It's a family in which the mother hates (!!!) some of her own children, in which the sisters are constantly squabbling, in which the only son has completely fallen out with his mother and all his sisters, etc., etc.

Antonina first met Tchaikovsky in 1865 at the Moscow home of a common friend, Anastasia Khvostova, a well-known singer. His close friend Alexei Apukhtin was staying with her, and Anastasia's brother Nikolai had been a classmate of Tchaikovsky's brother Modest at the School of Jurisprudence. Antonina was 16 at the time; Tchaikovsky was 25. Although he did not recall this meeting, she immediately became infatuated with him.

She reportedly gave up work as a professional seamstress to study music at the Moscow Music Conservatory. Tchaikovsky was one of her professors. Eventually she had to abandon her studies at that institution, probably as a result of financial troubles. She wrote to Tchaikovsky on at least two occasions in 1877, two years after she had left school. At that time she was 28, far past the age at which women of that time generally married.

Marriage to Tchaikovsky
By June 1877, Tchaikovsky proposed marriage, in order (according to one theory) to please his family and put to rest any social rumors regarding his sexual orientation. He described Miliukova as "a woman with whom I am not the least in love."

They were married at the Church of Saint George in Moscow on 18 July 1877 (6 July, old style) and held their wedding dinner at the Hermitage Restaurant.

Separation
The marriage was disastrous for Tchaikovsky. A permanent separation followed after only six weeks, for which Modest blamed Antonina's character. In his biography on Tchaikovsky, Modest describes her as a "crazed half-wit." According to Anthony Holden, "In truth, Antonina was as much the right woman for Tchaikovsky as any other. It was marriage which was the wrong institution."

For Antonina the marriage was a period of great happiness. She wrote, "I would look at him surreptitiously, so he didn't notice, and admire him enormously, especially during morning tea. So handsome, with kindly eyes which melted my heart, he breathed such freshness into my life! I would just sit there looking at him, and think 'Thank God he belongs to me and no-one else! Now he is my husband, no one can take him away from me ...'"

Antonina reacted negatively to her separation from Tchaikovsky, which his brother Anatoly confirmed to her would be permanent. Nikolai Rubinstein, an acquaintance of Antonina, accompanied Anatoly to discuss the situation. At Tchaikovsky's apartment, Antonina invited both men in for tea. Rubinstein explained her husband's condition, and the report from a psychologist who had examined him. He did so with a bluntness and "cruel precision of expression," Anatoly later recalled to Nikolay Kashkin, that "made me go hot and cold." Antonina responded that she would agree to whatever her "darling Peti" wanted. She then began pouring tea. This reaction surprised both men.

Rubinstein left soon after:

"Anatonina Ivanova saw Rubinstein to the door, and returned with a broad smile on her face, saying, 'Well, who'd have thought I would entertain the famous Rubinstein to tea at my home today!'"

She then recalled to Anatoly a number of her prior romantic relationships. After that she asked what Anatoly would like for dinner. Anatoly followed Rubinstein out the door as soon as he could. He headed back to St. Petersburg and made arrangements to take his brother on a prolonged tour of Western Europe.

Kashkin, in his retelling of the incident, characterized Antonina's behavior as indicative of mental imbalance. Modest treated it similarly in his biography.

Antonina believed she was the victim of a family conspiracy to end the marriage. She wrote, "We were separated by constant whispering to Pyotr Ilyich that family life would kill his talent. At first, he paid no attention to this talk, but then he began somewhat to listen to it more and more attentively.... To lose his talent was for him the most dreadful thing of all. He began to believe their slanders and became dull and gloomy."

She also believed that Tchaikovsky's collapse, which immediately preceded their separation, was caused by stress from his obligations to her and his music. She accompanied him to the railway station on the last day of their union. "One day, he told me he needed to go away on business for three days. I accompanied him to the mail train; his eyes were wandering, he was nervous, but I was so far in my thoughts from any trouble already hanging over my head. Before the first bell he had a spasm in his throat and went alone with jerky irregular steps to the station to drink some water. Then we entered the car, he looked at me plaintively, without lowering his eyes […] He never came back to me."

Divorce attempts
On 5 October 1877, Tchaikovsky wired his brother Anatoly, telling him to wire a summons to St. Petersburg in conductor Eduard Nápravník's name. Anatoly settled his brother in St. Petersburg. He then traveled to Moscow, accompanied by Nikolai Rubinstein, to ask Antonina to consent to a divorce. Although she did not consent, Tchaikovsky and Antonina never lived together again. After finding Tchaikovsky verging on a nervous breakdown, Anatoly summoned a mental specialist. The specialist told Tchaikovsky not to cohabit or see his wife again.

Due to laws regarding divorce in Imperial Russia, the two remained legally married until Tchaikovsky's death. This did not prevent further attempts at divorce in 1878 and 1879. The only legal ground for divorce was adultery, which Antonina refused to admit. A 10,000 ruble incentive from von Meck to accept the divorce was also rejected. This sum would have been payable through his publisher, P. Jurgenson, once a divorce had been finalized.

Antonina may have helped fuel Tchaikovsky's fear of public exposure by her unpredictable behavior. During her stay at Kamenka immediately following their separation, she wrote him letters that unsettled him. In July 1880, she accused him of spreading rumors about her in Moscow. She responded, "Why didn't you start with yourself, telling […] about your own terrible vice?"

In March 1881, Antonina gave birth to a child out of wedlock. Although Tchaikovsky now had legal grounds for divorce, he did not act. He might have thought that legal action would drag up matters he hoped were forgotten or at least buried. He continued to send her a regular allowance, which may have helped buy her silence. Divorce would have meant Tchaikovsky's freedom from any further financial responsibility for her. Eventually, she had three children. She surrendered all of them to foundling hospitals.

Tchaikovsky's views on his wife
Tchaikovsky himself insisted to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck, "My wife, whatever she may be, is not to be blamed for my having driven the situation to the point where marriage became necessary. The blame for everything lies on my lack of character, my weakness, impracticality, childishness!" He considered his falling in with her, at a time when he had decided to be married simply for the sake of being married, as something to simply attribute to Fate. Nevertheless, he personally showed nothing but disregard for her after their separation, often referring to her as "the reptile". For the rest of his life, any news concerning her drove him to hysterics. A single letter from her could upset him for several days.

He continued to disparage her to von Meck. "You will ask, of course: but how did we spend the time when she and I were alone together? She is very talkative, but all her talk comes down to the following two subjects. Hourly she would repeat to me innumerable stories about innumerable who had felt tender feelings toward her. For the most part, these were generals, nephews of prominent bankers, well-known artists, even members of the imperial family."

"Next," he continued to von Meck, "she would no less frequently, and with a sort of inexplicable passion, describe to me the vices, the cruel and base actions and detestable behavior of all her relatives, with every of whom, it turned out, she is in enmity. Her mother would especially catch her in this.... The third topic of her tireless chatter was her stories of life at boarding school. There was no end to them." He also added, "Desiring to know what maternal instincts she had, I asked her once whether she liked children. I received in reply: 'Yes, when they are clever.'"

Things changed when Tchaikovsky returned to Moscow from Kamenka. Antonina demanded that he fulfill his marital duties in the bedroom. Tchaikovsky considered this change an act of betrayal. It sent him into despair and severely wounded his pride.

Later years
In later years, the couple met briefly a couple of times, much to Tchaikovsky's displeasure. Though she outlived Tchaikovsky by 24 years, she spent the last 20 of them in an insane asylum. She died on 1 March 1917 in Moscow at age 68.

Her memoirs
After his death she wrote or dictated her reminiscence about their marriage. While they were printed in 1894 and reprinted in 1913, they were never widely known. According to Tchaikovsky scholar Alexander Poznansky, she comes across in them as naive, superficial and not very intelligent. He also said that her memoirs revealed a woman devoted to the memory of her husband, an appreciation of his greatness, and the vague feeling of an enormous misunderstanding having taken place between them. Poznansky added that "nothing in the reminiscences gives any grounds for suspecting them for being a forgery. On the contrary, the genuineness of the intonation, the idiosyncratic style, and the wealth of detail all attest its authenticity."

Antonina Miliukova in media

Film
The Music Lovers (1970, UK)
Glenda Jackson portrays Antonina.
Tchaikovsky's Wife (2022, Russia)
Alyona Mikhaylova portrays Antonina.

Television
BBC Tchaikovsky Experience (2007, UK)
Alice Glover portrays Antonina.

Notes

Further reading
 Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874-1878, (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1983). .
 Brown, David. Tchaikovsky: The Man and his Music (London: Faber & Faber, 2006). . Also (New York: Pegasus Books, 2007). .
 Holden, Anthony Tchaikovsky: A Biography Random House; 1st U.S. ed edition (February 27, 1996)
 Poznansky, Alexander Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man (New York: Schirmer Books, 1993). .

1848 births
1917 deaths
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Antonina Miliukova


El capote (en ruso: Шинель, Shinel) es un cuento de Nikolái Gógol escrito entre 1839 y 1841, y publicado en 1842. El relato, incluido en el libro Historias de San Petersburgo, presenta la historia de Akaki Akákievich Bashmachkin, un funcionario de San Petersburgo que trabaja como copista en los escalafones más bajos de la administración rusa. Pese a su humilde condición, debe gastar todos sus ahorros en encargar un nuevo capote para protegerse del duro invierno petersburgués. El argumento de la obra está basado en una noticia que Gógol leyó sobre un pobre oficinista que, después de un largo ahorro,   compró un rifle y lo perdió en unos juncos cuando salió a cazar.

La obra cosechó un gran éxito crítico y ejerció una importante influencia en la literatura posterior, como en el modernismo de Herman Melville y Franz Kafka o en Fiódor Dostoievski, quien citó exclusivamente a Akaki Akákievich y su problema en su primera novela, Pobre gente. Vladímir Nabókov consideró El capote como la única obra "sin grietas" de la historia de la literatura junto a La metamorfosis de Kafka.

El diplomático y hombre de letras francés Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé (1848-1910), quien en varias de sus obras analizó y popularizó la literatura rusa, en un artículo publicado en la revista Revue des deux mondes, 1885, N.º1 (en 1886 incorporado al libro La novela rusa), escribió que los escritores rusos consideraban que «Nous sommes tous sortis du Manteau de Gogol» ("Todos hemos salido de El capote de Gógol"). Esta célebre frase algunas veces equivocadamente se atribuye a Fiódor Dostoievski.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 GÓGOL, Nikolay: El capote  (Шинель, 1842).
 Traducción española , en PDF.
 Traducciones francesas en Wikisource.
 Trad. de Henri Mongault.
 Henri Mongault (1888 - 1941): traductor del ruso y escritor francés.
 Trad. de Léon Golschmann y Ernest Jaubert, de 1896.
 Léon Golschmann (1861 - 1926): traductor y matemático francés de nacimiento y origen rusos.
 Ernest Jaubert (1856 - 1942): poeta, dramaturgo y cuentacuentos francés, conservador de museo.
 Texto ruso en Wikisource.

 Es una adaptación cinematográfica italiana del cuento de Gógol dirigida por Alberto Lattuada, con el cómico Renato Rascel en el papel, esta vez dramático, del personaje principal.

Cuentos de Nikolái Gógol

El capote


7583 Rosegger este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7583 Rosegger este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,00 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 10,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Eos

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

7583 Rosegger


Otok Kozloduj (bugarski:остров Козлодуй) drugi je najveći bugarski riječni otok na Dunavu nakon otoka Belene. Nalazi se nasuprot grada Kozloduja. Duljina mu je oko 7,5 km, a širina se kreće od 0,5 do 1,6 km, ovisno o vodostaju. Prosječna površina je 6,1 km2.

Otok se uzdiže oko 3 do 4 metra iznad rijeke. Floru otoka čine uglavnom stabla riječnih topola, a najznačajniji predstavnici faune su divlje guske i divlje patke koje se tamo gnijezde.

Kako je udaljenost od obale 200 m, otok je dostupan samo brodom.

Vanjske poveznice
Položaj otoka Kozloduj - Wikimapia, pristupljeno 6. siječnja 2022.

Otoci na Dunavu
Bugarski riječni otoci

Kozloduj (otok)


206185 Yip este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
206185 Yip este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Apache Point Observatory în cadrul programului Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,78 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 5,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 206001-207000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

206185 Yip


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 15. ožujka – Paul von Heyse, njemački književnik († 1830.)

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1830.


Taejong of Joseon (16 May 1367 – 10 May 1422), personal name Yi Bang-won (Korean: 이방원; Hanja: 李芳遠), was the third ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea and the father of Sejong the Great. He was the fifth son of King Taejo, the founder of the dynasty. Before ascending to the throne, he was known as Prince Jeongan (Korean: 정안군; Hanja: 靖安君).

Biography

Early life and founding of Joseon
Born in 1367 as the fifth son of Yi Seong-gye and his first wife Lady Han, Yi Bang-won qualified as an official in 1382. He studied under Confucian scholars such as Won Cheon-seok. During his early years, he assisted his father in gathering the support of the commoners and of many influential figures in the government; Yi Bang-won also helped in the founding of Joseon by assassinating powerful officials who remained loyal to Goryeo, most prominently Jeong Mong-ju.

Strifes of Princes
After contributing heavily to the overthrowing of the previous dynasty and the establishment of Joseon, he expected to be appointed as successor to the throne. However, his father and Chief State Councillor Jeong Do-jeon favored Taejo's eighth son and Yi Bang-won's youngest half-brother (second son of Queen Sindeok), Yi Bang-seok. This conflict arose chiefly because Jeong Do-jeon, as the principal architect of the ideological, institutional and legal foundations of the new dynasty, saw Joseon as a kingdom led by its ministers by virtue of the king's appointment. In contrast, Yi Bang-won sought direct rule through an absolute monarchy. These differences ultimately contributed to an environment of deep political tension.

In 1398, following the sudden death of Queen Sindeok, Yi Bang-won led a coup d'état while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife. This event led to the deaths of Jeong Do-jeon and his supporters, as well as the deaths of the late Queen Sindeok's two sons, including the crown prince. The incident became known as the 'First Strife of Princes' (제1차 왕자의 난). Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted by the death of his second wife, Taejo abdicated; his eldest surviving son, Yi Bang-gwa (posthumously King Jeongjong), immediately became the new ruler.

Yi Bang-won quickly emerged as the real force behind the throne and was soon in conflict with his disgruntled elder brother, Yi Bang-gan, who also yearned for power. In 1400, General Park Bo, who found the rewards for his deeds during the First Strife of Princes lacking, allied with Yi Bang-gan and rebelled in what came to be known as the 'Second Strife of Princes' (제2차 왕자의 난). Yi Bang-won successfully defeated his brother's forces, then executed Park Bo and sent Yi Bang-gan into exile. King Jeongjong, now fearful of his formidable younger brother, named Yi Bang-won his successor and abdicated in the same year. At long last, Yi Bang-won (posthumously King Taejong), assumed the throne of Joseon and became the dynasty's third monarch.

Reign

Consolidation of royal power
One of Taejong's first acts as king was to abolish the privilege to maintain private armies which was enjoyed by the aristocracy and the upper echelons of the government. His revoking of the right to keep independent forces effectively severed the upper class' ability to muster large-scale revolts, and drastically increased the number of soldiers employed by the national army.

Taejong's next act was to revise the existing legislation concerning land taxation. With the discovery of previously hidden land, national wealth increased twofold.

In addition, Taejong created a strong central government. In 1400, before taking the throne, he had played a key role in eradicating the Dopyeong Assembly, a branch of the old administration that had monopolized the executive power during the waning years of Goryeo, in favor of the Privy Council; during Taejong's reign, the Privy Council was replaced by the State Council. Taejong also issued a decree according to which all decisions passed by the State Council could only come into effect with the approval of the king. This ended the custom of court ministers making decisions through debate and negotiations among themselves, and thus brought the royal authority to new heights.

Shortly thereafter, Taejong installed a new department known as the Sinmun Office, to hear cases in which aggrieved subjects felt that they had been exploited or treated unjustly by officials or aristocrats. He also placed a big drum in front of the palace, so the common people could beat it to request an audience with the king when they experienced important problems.

Reforms and policies
Depite being the one responsible for Jeong Mong-ju's assassination, Taejong posthumously honored him as Chief State Councillor, leading to a great irony — Jeong Do-jeon, whose policies governed Joseon for five centuries, was vilified throughout the dynasty, while Jeong Mong-ju was revered in spite of his opposition to its founding.

Taejong promoted Confucianism as the state ideology, thus demoting Buddhism, which consequently never recovered the glory and great power it had enjoyed during the Goryeo period. He closed many Buddhist temples; their vast possessions were seized and added to the national treasury.

In foreign policy, he was a straight hardliner — he attacked the Jurchens at the northern border and the Japanese pirates on the southern coast. Taejong is also remembered for being the initiator behind the Ōei Invasion of Tsushima Island in 1419.

He set up the system of hopae, an early form of identification which consisted of tags recording the bearer's name and residence; those tags were used to control the movements of the population.

In 1403, Taejong ordered 100,000 pieces of metal type and two complete fonts. Predating Gutenberg and Laurens Janszoon by several decades, he accomplished the metal movable type.

He promoted publications, commerce and education, and also gave full independence to the Uigeumbu (roughly equivalent to the Supreme Court).

Later life and death
In 1418, Taejong abdicated in favor of his third legitimate son, Yi Do (posthumously Sejong the Great), but continued to rule with an iron fist and decide on important matters.

Along the years, as a means to strengthen royal authority and subdue corruption, he executed or exiled some of the supporters who helped him ascend to the throne, and executed the four brothers of his wife Queen Wongyeong, as well as Sejong's father-in-law Shim On and his younger brother Shim Jeong, in order to limit the influence of in-laws and powerful clans.

King Taejong died four years after his abdication, on 10 May 1422, in Sugang Palace. He was buried alongside Queen Wongyeong at Heonneung (헌릉), Heoninneung Cluster, in present-day Seocho District, Seoul, South Korea.

Legacy
Taejong remains a controversial figure in Korean history who eliminated many of his rivals (such as Jeong Mong-ju and Jeong Do-jeon) and yet ruled effectively to improve the populace's lives, strengthen national defense, and lay down a solid foundation for his successor's reign.

Family
Father: King Taejo of Joseon (조선 태조) (11 October 1335 – 24 May 1408)
Grandfather: Yi Ja-chun, King Hwanjo of Joseon (조선 환조 이자춘) (1315 – 18 April 1360)
Grandmother: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choe clan (의혜왕후 최씨)
Mother: Queen Sinui of the Cheongju Han clan (신의왕후 한씨) (4 September 1337 – 23 September 1391)
Grandfather: Han Gyeong, Internal Prince Ancheon (안천부원군 한경)
Grandmother: Lady Shin of the Saknyeong Shin clan, Grand Princess Consort of Samhan State (삼한국대부인 삭녕 신씨)
Consorts and their respective issue(s):
 Queen Wongyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (원경왕후 민씨) (11 July 1365 – 10 July 1420)
 Princess Jeongsun (정순공주) (1385 – 25 August 1460), first daughter
 Princess Gyeongjeong (경정공주) (1387 – 6 June 1455), second daughter
 First son
 Second son
 Third son
 Princess Gyeongan (경안공주) (1393 – 22 April 1415), third daughter
 Yi Je, Grand Prince Yangnyeong (양녕대군 이제) (1394 – 7 September 1462), first (fourth) son
 Yi Bo, Grand Prince Hyoryeong (효령대군 이보) (11 December 1395 – 11 May 1486), second (fifth) son
 Yi Do, Grand Prince Chungnyeong (충녕대군 이도) (10 April 1397 – 17 February 1450), third (sixth) son
 Princess Jeongseon (정선공주) (1404 – 25 January 1424), fourth (fifth) daughter
 Yi Jong, Grand Prince Seongnyeong (성녕대군 이종) (9 July 1405 – 4 February 1418), sixth (eleventh) son
 Eleventh (sixteenth) son (1412–1412)
 Royal Noble Consort Myeong of the (old) Andong Gim clan (명빈 김씨) (? – 1479)
 Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Andong Gwon clan (의빈 권씨) (1384 – ?)
 Princess Jeonghye (정혜옹주) (? – 6 October 1424), fifth (sixth) daughter
 Royal Noble Consort Hyo of the Cheongpung Gim clan (효빈 김씨) (? – 26 February 1454)
 Yi Bi, Prince Gyeongnyeong (경녕군 이비) (13 December 1402 – 9 September 1458), fourth (ninth) son
 Royal Noble Consort Shin of the Yeongwol Shin clan (신빈 신씨) (1377 – 2 February 1435)
 Yi In, Prince Hamnyeong (함녕군 이인) (26 December 1402 – 30 September 1467), fifth (tenth) son
 Yi Jeong, Prince Onnyeong (온녕군 이정) (1407 – 12 May 1454), seventh (twelfth) son
 Princess Jeongshin (정신옹주) (? – 26 September 1452), sixth (seventh) daughter
 Princess Jeongjeong (정정옹주) (1410 – 28 February 1456), seventh (eighth) daughter
 Princess Sukjeong (숙정옹주), eighth (ninth) daughter
 Princess Suknyeong (숙녕옹주), tenth (twelfth) daughter
 Princess Soshin (소신옹주) (? – 16 June 1437), eleventh (thirteenth) daughter
 Princess Sosuk (소숙옹주) (? – 12 November 1456), thirteenth (fifteenth) daughter
 Princess Sukgyeong (숙경옹주) (1420–1494), sixteenth (eighteenth) daughter
 Royal Noble Consort Seon of the Sunheung Ahn clan (선빈 안씨) (? – 17 June 1468)
 Yi Ji, Prince Hyeryeong (혜령군 이지) (1407 – 25 June 1440), eighth (thirteenth) son
 Yi Chi, Prince Iknyeong (익녕군 이치) (1422 – 10 July 1464), thirteenth (eighteenth) son
 Princess Gyeongshin (경신옹주), twelfth (fourteenth) daughter
 Princess Sukan (숙안옹주) (? – 12 May 1464), fourteenth (sixteenth) daughter
 Royal Noble Consort So of the Jangyeon No clan (소빈 노씨) (? – 23 October 1479)
 Princess Sukhye (숙혜옹주) (1413 – 19 July 1464), ninth (eleventh) daughter
 Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Go clan (정빈 고씨) (? – 13 July 1426)
 Yi Nong, Prince Geunnyeong (근녕군 이농) (1411 – 15 November 1461), ninth (fourteenth) son
 Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Choe clan (숙의 최씨)
 Yi Ta, Prince Huiryeong (희령군 이타) (1412 – 7 July 1465), tenth (fifteenth) son
 Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Yi clan (숙의 이씨)
 Yi Gan, Prince Hunyeong (후령군 이간) (1419 – 6 October 1450), twelfth (seventeenth) son
 Royal Princess Sukgong of the Cheongdo Gim clan (숙공궁주 김씨)
 Royal Princess Uijeong of the Hanyang Jo clan (의정궁주 조씨) (? – 1454)
 Royal Princess Hyesun of the Goseong Yi clan (혜순궁주 이씨) (? – 5 March 1438)
 Royal Princess Shinsun of the Seongju Yi clan (신순궁주 이씨) (1390 – ?)
 Princess Deoksuk of the Yi clan (덕숙옹주 이씨)
 Princess Hyeseon of the Hong clan (혜선옹주 홍씨)
 Princess Sunhye of the Andong Jang clan (순혜옹주 장씨) (? – 26 July 1423)
 Princess Seogyeong (서경옹주)
 Concubine Gim (후궁 김씨)
 Princess Sukgeun (숙근옹주) (? – 1 August 1450), fifteenth (seventeenth) daughter
 Lady Yi (이씨)
 Princess Suksun (숙순옹주) (1421–), seventeenth (nineteenth) daughter
Issue by unknown mother(s):
 Fourth daughter (1400–1402)
 Seventh son (1400–1401)
 Eighth son (1402–1404)
 Tenth daughter (1412–1414)

Ancestry

In popular culture
 Im Hyuk-joo in the 1983 KBS1 TV series Foundation of the Kingdom.
 Lee Jung-gil in the 1983 MBC TV series The King of Chudong Palace.
 Yoo Dong-geun in the 1996–1998 KBS1 TV series Tears of the Dragon.
 Kim Yeong-cheol in the 2008 KBS TV series The Great King, Sejong and the 2016 KBS1 TV series Jang Yeong-sil.
 Baek Yoon-sik in the 2011 SBS TV series Deep Rooted Tree.
 Choi Tae-joon in the 2012–2013 SBS TV series The Great Seer.
 Park Yeong-gyu in the 2012 film I Am the King.
 Ahn Jae-mo in the 2014 KBS1 TV series Jeong Do-jeon.
 Ahn Nae-sang in the 2015 JTBC TV series More Than a Maid.
 Jang Hyuk in the 2015 film Empire of Lust and the 2019 JTBC TV series My Country: The New Age.
 Nam Da-reum and Yoo Ah-in in the 2015–2016 SBS TV series Six Flying Dragons.
 Kam Woo-sung in the 2021 SBS TV series Joseon Exorcist.
 Joo Sang-wook in the 2021–2022 KBS1 TV series The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won.

See also
 List of monarchs of Korea
 Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido
 Chen Yanxiang (Chinese merchant from Java who was hosted by Taejong during his reign)

References

Notes

1367 births
1422 deaths
15th-century Korean monarchs
Korean Buddhist monarchs
People from Hamhung
Leaders who took power by coup

Taejong of Joseon


إزنيق مدينة تركية، تقع بالقرب من مدينة نيقية التاريخية في أقصى شمال غرب الأنضول وتتبع لمحافظة بورصة. يبلغ عدد سكان مدينة إزنيق حوالي 15,000 نسمة، تقع بالقرب من بحيرة إزنيق.

أعلام

 حسن سونميز
 ألكسيوس الثالث أنجيلوس
 أبرخش
 أندرونيكوس الثاني باليولوج
 جورج موزالون
 إبراهيم باشا الجاندرلي الصغير
 بالدوين الثاني، كونت هينو
 علي باشا السلحدار
 قسطنطين لاسكاريس
 محمد بك ميخائيل أوغلي
 ثيودور الثاني لاسكاريس

مراجع

أقضية محافظة بورصة
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة بورصة
بلدات ومدن رومانية في تركيا
سيتا سلو
مدن تركيا
مواقع مؤقتة في قائمة التراث العالمي لليونسكو

إزنيق


An Elymus smithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Per Axel Rydberg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gould. An Elymus smithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Elymus

Elymus smithii


Luboš Perek, né le  et mort le , est un astronome tchèque surtout connu pour son Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae co-écrit en 1967 avec Luboš Kohoutek. Il a travaillé sur la distribution de masse dans la galaxie, les étoiles à grande vitesse, les nébuleuses planétaires, la définition de l'espace extra-atmosphérique, l'orbite géostationnaire, les débris spatiaux et la gestion de l'espace extra-atmosphérique.

Perek fut diplômé de l'Université Masaryk de Brno en 1946, a obtenu son doctorat en astronomie de l'Université Charles de Prague en 1956 et a obtenu son doctorat en sciences en astronomie en 1961. Il a publié 44 articles sur la dynamique stellaire et les nébuleuses planétaires et 80 articles sur l'orbite géostationnaire, la définition de l'espace extra-atmosphérique, les débris spatiaux et la protection de l'environnement spatial.

L'astéroïde , découvert par son collègue astronome Luboš Kohoutek, porte son nom. Le plus grand télescope de Tchéquie est également nommé d'après Perek.

Postes

 Membre correspondant de l'Académie tchécoslovaque des sciences en 1965.
 Professeur agrégé à l'Université Masaryk de 1952 à 1956.
 Professeur invité à l'Université Northwestern en 1964.
 Secrétaire général de l'Union astronomique internationale de 1967 à 1970.
 Directeur de l'Institut astronomique de l'Académie tchécoslovaque des sciences de 1968 à 1975.
 Chef de la Division des affaires spatiales des Nations unies, à New York, de 1975 à 1980.

Médailles

 Université de Liège (1969)
 ADION (1972)
 T. Hagecius de Hajek (1980)
 Nagy Erno (1981)
 Université de Zagreb (1982)
 Ville de Paris (1982)
 Collège de France (1986)
 Prix Jules-Janssen de la Société astronomique de France (1992)

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1919
Décès en septembre 2020
Astronome tchécoslovaque
Astronome tchèque du XXe siècle
Étudiant de l'université Charles de Prague
Étudiant de l'université Masaryk
Centenaire tchèque
Naissance à Prague
Secrétaire général de l'Union astronomique internationale
Éponyme d'un objet céleste
Décès à 101 ans
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Luboš Perek


Sarah Jessica Parker (d. 25 Mart 1965), Amerikalı oyuncu, yapımcı ve tasarımcı.

Altın Küre ve Emmy ödülü sahibidir. Televizyon, sinema ve tiyatro oyunculuğu yapmış olan sanatçı oynadığı Sex and the City adlı dizi ile dünya çapında üne kavuşmuştur.

7 kardeşi vardir. Bale ve şan dersleri almıştır. Bu sebeple bir Broadway yapımı olan The Innocents da yer almıştır. Yine bir Broadway oyunu olan Annie de başrolde oynamıştır.

Televizyondaki ilk önemli çıkışını Square Pegs isimli dizide başrolü oynayarak yapmıştır. Bunu 1980'li yıllarda birkaç sinema ve televizyon filmi takip etmiştir. 1984-1991 yılları arasında aktör Robert Downey Jr. ile yaşamıştır. Asıl büyük çıkışını 1991'de çektiği ve başrolunu Steve Martin ile paylaştığı L.A. Story ile yapmıştır. 1992'de çektiği Honeymoon In Vegas Sarah J.Parker'a Nicolas Cage ile 1 yıl süren bir ilişki de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu ilişkiden bir süre sonra da John F.Kenndy Jr. ile kisa süreli bir ilişki daha yaşadı. 1997 yılında ise şu andaki eşi aktör Matthew Broderick ile evlendi.

1998'de ise hayatının dönüm noktalarından biri olacak olan Sex and The City dizisinde Carrie Bradshaw rolünü oynamaya başladı. Dizi, 2004 yılında sona erdi ve Sarah`a bir Altin Küre ve bir de Emmy ödülü kazandırdı.

2003 yılında bir erkek çocuğu dünyaya getiren Sarah J.Parker, Sex and the City bittikten sonra film ve tiyatro çalışmalarına devam etmektedir.

Filmografi
 Did You Hear About the Morgans (2009)
 American Dog (2008)
 Failure To Launch (2006) -
 The Family Stone (2005) - Meredith Morton
 Strangers With Candy (2005)
 Life Without Dick (2002) - Colleen Gibson
 State and Main (2000) - Claire Wellesley
 Dudley Do-Right (1999) - Nell Fenwick
 Til There Was You (1997)
 The Substance of Fire (1996)
 Mars Attacks! (1996)
 If Lucy Fell (1996) - Lucy Ackerman
 Extreme Measures (1996)
 The First Wives Club (1996)
 Miami Rhapsody (1995)
 Ed Wood (1994)
 Striking Distance (1993)
 Hocus Pocus (1993)
 Honeymoon in Vegas (1992)
 L.A. Story (1991)
 Twist of Fate (1988)
 Deadly Decision (1988)
 Dadah Is Death (1988)
 The Room Upstairs  (1987)
 The Flight of the Navigator (1986)
 Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985)
 Footloose (1984)
 First Born (1984)
 Somewhere Tomorrow (1983)
 Rich Kids (1979)
 Sex And The City (2008)
 Did You Hear About the Morgans? (2009)
 Sex And The City 2 (2010)
 Spinning Into Butter (2007)

Ödülleri

Altın Küre
 Müzikal veya Komedi dizisi dalında En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (2000)
 Müzikal veya Komedi dizisi dalında En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (2001)
 Müzikal veya Komedi dizisi dalında En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (2002)
 Müzikal veya Komedi dizisi dalında En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (2004)

Emmy
 Komedi dizisi dalında En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (2001)
 Komedi dizisi dalında En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (2004)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1965 doğumlular
Ohio doğumlular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
Yahudi asıllı Amerikalılar
Ekran Oyuncuları Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşayan insanlar
En İyi Kadın Müzikal veya Komedi Dizisi Oyuncusu Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri

Sarah Jessica Parker


Philippe Henri Joseph d'Anselme () a fost un general de divizie francez, care a condus unități militare franceze în Primul Război Mondial. El a fost activ în special în Balcani, în cadrul Armatei Franceze din Orient, și la Odesa, în perioada care a urmat revoluțiilor ruse din 1917.

Biografie

Cariera militară antebelică
D'Anselme a urmat, începând din 27 octombrie 1883, studii militare la Școala Specială Militară de la Saint-Cyr și pe 1 octombrie 1885 a fost înaintat la gradul de sublocotenent. A deținut apoi o serie de posturi de comandă în unitățile ale Legiunii Străine Franceze detașate în Maroc și Algeria. Rând pe rând a fost avansat în grad: locotenent (7 martie 1889), căpitan (24 decembrie 1894) și șef de batalion (23 iunie 1907). În 24 septembrie 1912 a fost numit șeful statului major al trupelor franceze de ocupație din Marocul Oriental, fiind înaintat la gradul de locotenent-colonel pe 23 decembrie 1912.

După începerea Primului Război Mondial a fost înaintat pe 1 noiembrie 1914 la gradul de colonel, fiind numit pe 18 noiembrie 1914 comandant al Regimentului 1 de Pușcași Algerieni și apoi pe 11 mai 1915 comandant al Brigăzii 38 de Infanterie Marocană. A fost promovat apoi, pe 23 decembrie 1915, la gradul de general de brigadă.

Participarea la Primul Război Mondial
Pe 22 ianuarie 1916 proaspătul general d'Anselme a fost numit comandant al Diviziei 127 Infanterie și trimis pe Frontul din Macedonia pentru a întări Armata Franceză din Orient. A fost transferat apoi, în 9 iulie 1918, la comanda nou formatului Grup nr. 1 de Divizii ale Armatei din Orient, primind un post de comandă superior gradului militar pe care-l avea.

În 14 septembrie 1917 Armata Aliată din Orient comandată de generalul Louis Franchet d'Esperey a început o ofensivă generală pe Frontul din Macedonia, de-a lungul râului Vardar, încercând să străpungă liniile de apărare ale armatelor Puterilor Centrale aflate sub comanda generalului german Friedrich von Scholtz. În timpul acestui atac, generalul d'Anselme a comandat un corp de armată format dintr-o divizie franceză și două divizii grecești care avea ca misiune protejarea flancului drept al principalei forțe de asalt a Armatei Sârbe și joncțiunea cu aceasta în momentul sosirii pe frontul de pe râul Vardar. Operațiunile militare conduse de D'Anselme au fost foarte apreciate pentru rezultatele obținute și spre sfârșitul luptelor, în 26 octombrie 1918, el a fost promovat la gradul de general de divizie.

Începând din 15 ianuarie 1919 a fost comandant al forțelor aliate de ocupație (franceze și grecești) în sudul Rusiei, având cartierul militar la Odesa. În chestiuni politice și de altă natură, potrivit memoriilor contemporanilor săi, d'Anselme urma sfaturile șefului statului major, colonelul Henri Freydenberg. Pe 2 aprilie 1919 a anunțat evacuarea pripită a forțelor aliate de la Odessa în timp de două zile, ceea ce a pus într-o poziție foarte dificilă unitățile ruse de voluntari formate în Odesa (Brigada Timanovski).

După război
Generalul d'Anselme a fost pus pe 10 iunie 1919 la dispoziția Ministerului de Război al Franței și s-a întors la Paris, unde a servit ca asistent militar al ministrului de război. În 10 septembrie 1919 a fost numit comandant al Diviziei 38 Infanterie. A revenit în nordul Africii în 1924, mai întâi în postul de comandant al diviziei de ocupație în Tunisia (din 7 februarie 1924), cu prerogative de comandant de corp de armată, și apoi drept comandant superior al trupelor din Tunisia (din 5 martie 1926). A fost trecut în rezervă pe 30 august 1926, la vârsta de 62 de ani, și a decedat 10 ani mai târziu.

Decorații
 Legiunea de onoare în grad de: Cavaler (11/07/08), Ofițer (10/04/15), Comandor (18/04/18) și Mare Ofițer (16/06/20)
 Crucea de Război 1914-1918
 Medalia interaliată 1914-1918
 Medalia comemorativă a Marelui Război
 Crucea Belgiană de Război 1914-1918 ()
 Cavaler al Ordinului regal "Sfinții Mauriciu și Lazăr" ()
 Cavaler comandor al Ordinului Bath ()
 Companion al Ordinului St. Michael și St. George ()

Note

Bibliografie
 Côtes S.H.A.T.: 9 Yd 756
 « Cote LH/41/25 »
 Biografia sa pe site-ul neoficial al Școlii Superioare de Război
 Санников, А. С. [A.S. Sannikov], "Одесские записки", în revista Вопросы истории, nr. 6, 2001, pp. 86—102.

Vezi și
 Armata Franceză din Orient
 Frontul din Macedonia

Nașteri în 1864
Decese în 1936
Generali francezi
Mari Ofițeri ai Legiunii de onoare

Philippe Henri Joseph d'Anselme


The quadrigatus was a medium-sized silver coin produced by the Roman Republic during the 3rd century BC. The obverse featured a young janiform bust and the reverse featured Victory driving a quadriga (four-horse chariot), giving the coin its Roman name, with the inscription "ROMA" below.

The coin weighed about 6.8 grams (6 scruples), consistent with the weight of a south Italian Greek didrachm. It was minted for a number of years until shortly before the introduction of the denarius (a few years before 211 BC). Gold coins with similar obverse types were also issued at about the time that the quadrigatus was discontinued (staters and half-staters) which featured the same obverse type as the quadrigatus and the reverse type of two soldiers performing an oath over a third soldier holding a pig, with the inscription "ROMA" below. The choice of Janus for these coins is believed to coincide with the closing of the doors of the Temple of Janus, indicating the absence of warfare, a rare occasion. Michael Crawford, however, has suggested that the janiform head is more likely to have represented the Dioscuri, since Janus is usually a mature and bearded figure.

Roman-era historians such as Livy and Plutarch often refer to these early coins as denarii, but modern numismatic references consider them as anonymous Roman silver, produced before the standardization of the denarius just before 211 B.C. The name quadrigatus comes from the quadriga or four-horse chariot on the reverse,  first seen on coins produced for Greek mints, which was the prototype for the most common designs used on Roman silver coins for the next 150 years.

The victoriatus was a later silver coin that was valued at half a quadrigatus (3 scruples). Its name was given to it because the reverse showed Victory personified, placing a wreath upon a trophy.

See also

 Roman currency

References

Coins of ancient Rome
Numismatics
Silver coins

Quadrigatus


An Syngonium rayi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael Howard Grayum. An Syngonium rayi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Syngonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Syngonium

Syngonium rayi


Alþjóðaflugvöllur Changsha Huanghua (IATA: CSX, ICAO: ZGHA) (kínverska: 長沙黃花國際機場; rómönskun: Chángshā Huánghuā Guójì Jīchǎng) er flughöfn Changsha höfuðborgar Hunan héraðs í  Alþýðulýðveldinu Kína. Hann þjónar borginni auk nærliggjandi borgum eins og Zhuzhou og Xiangtan. Hann er einn af umferðamestu flugvöllum Kína.

Flugvöllurinn er staðsettur um 25 kílómetra frá miðborg Changsha í bænum í bænum Huanghua í Changsha-sýslu, sem gefur honum nafn. Flugvellinum er stjórnað af Hunan Airport Authority, fyrirtæki í opinberri eigu sem heldur utan um alla fimm flugvellina í Hunan héraði.

Changsha Huanghua flugvöllur var opnaður árið 1989 í stað Changsha Datuopu flugvallar, sem er nú notuð fyrir herflug.
Flugstöðin er samtals 266.000 fermetrar í tveimur farþegamiðstöðvum, tveimur flugbrautum og tveimur hraðbrautum ásamt Snarlest með segulsvifbúnaði. Fyrirhugað er að reisa þriðju flugstöðina og þriðju flugbrautina til að mæta aukum farþegafjölda.

Saga stækkunar

Changsha Huanghua flugvöllur var opnaður árið 1989 í stað Changsha Datuopu flugvallar, sem er nú notuð fyrir herflug. Sá hafði þjónað frá 1957 til 1989 bæði herflugi og borgaraflugi fyrir Changsha borg. Hann gat þó einungis höndla litlar flugvélar og nokkrar flugferðir á dag. Því var ákveðið að byggja nýjan flugvöll árið 1984 og var hann tekinn í notkun árið 1989 eingöngu fyrir borgaraflug.

Árið 2000 var ný farþegamiðstöð tekin í notkun sem gaf möguleika á 4,6 milljónum farþega á ári. Að auki önnur aðstaða stækkuð til að mæta auknum farþegafjölda og farmi. Enn fór flugvöllurinn í mikla stækkun á árunum 2008–2011 með lengingu flugbrautar og nýrri flugstöð. Smíði annarrar flugbrautar lauk síðan árið 2016 sem gefur möguleika á breiðflugvélum á borð við Airbus A380. Áfram hélt stækkunin árið 2018 með endurbótum á fyrstu farþegamiðstöðinni.

Frekari stækkun

Fyrir árið 2030 er fyrirhuguð mikil stækkun er á flugvellinum til austurs. Þriðja flugbrautin verður tilbúin til notkunar árið 2024. Þá verður meðal annars þriðja farþegamiðstöðin byggð. Þá á flugvöllurinn að geta sinnt 60 milljón farþegum árlega og 6 milljón tonna af farmi árlega. Þetta mun gera flugvöllinn verður flugmiðstöð Mið-Kína.

Áætlað er að stækka flugvöllinn enn meir fyrir 2050. Fjórða farþegamiðstöðin og fjórða flugbrautin. Tvenn ný göng munu tengja farþegamiðstöð eitt og tvö við miðstöðvar þrjú og fjögur. Þá verður Changsha Huanghua alþjóðaflugvöllur ein aðal flugstöð Kína með fjölda flugfélaga. Endanleg afkastageta flugvallarins verður 90 milljónir farþega árlega.

Samgöngur við völlinn

Changsha Maglev Express, sem er snarlest með segulsvifbúnaði, og léttlestarkerfi borgarinnar, ásamt  strætisvögnum tengja flughöfnina við miðborg Changsha.

Flugfélög
Flugvöllurinn er sérstakur áhersluflugvöllur fyrir flugfélögin China Southern Airlines og Hainan Airlines og eru bæði mjög umfangsmikil á vellinum. Að auki eru flugfélögin XiamenAir , China Eastern Airlines, og Okay Airways, stór á flugvellinum. Alls starfa 51 flugfélag á vellinum.

Flugleiðir
Flugvöllurinn býður meira en 117 flugleiðir til innlendra og erlendra borga í 17 ríkjum. Flestir áfangastaðir eru innan Kína, en einnig eru alþjóðaflug frá Frankfurt am Main, Bangkok, Sihanoukville, Singapúr, Seúl, Nha Trang, Naíróbí, Balí, og fleiri staða.

Tölfræði

Tenglar

 Changsha borg.
 Kínverskur vefur alþjóðaflugvallarins Changsha Huanghua
 Vefsíða Travel China Guide um Changsha Huanghua flugvöllinn.. Almennar upplýsingar, kort af flugvellinum, samgöngur almenningsvagna á flugvöllinn o.fl.

Heimildir

Flugvellir í Kína

Changsha Huanghua alþjóðaflugvöllurinn


Gara Ghighiu este o gară care deservește municipiul Ploiești, România.

Ghighiu

Gara Ghighiu


Baxter Black (January 10, 1945 – June 10, 2022) was an American cowboy poet and veterinarian. He wrote over 30 books of poetry, fiction—both novels and children's literature—and commentary, selling over two million books, CDs, and DVDs.

Biography
Black was born in Brooklyn Naval Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, but grew up in Las Cruces, New Mexico. In high school, he became the Future Farmers of America (FFA) president, the senior class president, and lettered in wrestling one year. He began riding bulls in rodeos while in high school, and continued riding throughout college. Black received his undergraduate degree at New Mexico State University, and completed veterinary school at Colorado State University, graduating in 1969. He was a practicing veterinarian from 1969 to 1982, specializing in large animals, such as cows and horses. During the last two years of his veterinary career, Black gained popularity through public speaking with over 250 appearances. After this, his career as a poet began. Black also hosted the public television series Baxter Black and Friends.

He wrote a column, spoke on the radio, and had short segments on RFD-TV and The Cowboy Channel. He resided in Benson, Arizona, with his wife, Cindy Lou, where they had no cell phone, television, or fax machine. One of his philosophies of life claims: "In spite of all the computerized, digitalized, high-tech innovations of today, there will always be a need for a cowboy."  When asked what made him decide to become a cowboy, he said, "You either are one, or you aren't. You never have to decide."

In late 2021, Black retired from writing and speaking engagements because of health issues. Black's wife, Cindy Lou, reported on January 15, 2022, that he was in hospice care. His son-in-law explained, however, that the hospice consisted of a home health care worker checking on Black every few days because of various medical issues.

Black died from leukemia on June 10, 2022, at his residence in Benson, Arizona, aged 77.

Radio
Black's radio career began as a chance occurrence. During a news-worthy local event, he submitted some of his work to a radio station. Black specified in an interview, "It was the year Yellowstone caught on fire, 1988. We were listening and they didn't have any coverage to speak of, and it was a huge deal in our life. It was a huge deal in Colorado (where I lived) and the sky smelled like smoke and I had this big tumultuous poem about range fire... So I sent them this.  I just sent it to "Public Radio" in Washington D.C.  And two or three days later I get a call back."

Baxter was a regular commentator for 20 years on NPR beginning in the early '80s, he was a regular commentator for National Public Radio's Morning Edition. Baxter Black on Monday, the weekly syndicated radio program, was on the air since 1989, and his weekly syndicated column, On the Edge of Common Sense, was carried by more than 150 publications.

Bibliography

See also

 Waddie Mitchell
 Red Steagall
 Will Rogers
 John R. Erickson
 Kinky Friedman

References

External links
 Official website
 Home on the Range with Baxter Black
 Cowboy Poet Appreciative Of Rural Life
 Parade Offers More Than A Whiff Of The Old West
 Baxter Black on IMDb

  Legacy of a Rodeo Man with Baxter Black

1945 births
2022 deaths
Cowboys
Poets from New Mexico
American veterinarians
Male veterinarians
Cowboy poets
People from Benson, Arizona
Writers from Arizona
Writers from Brooklyn

Baxter Black


La cebada bravía o espigajo (Bromus sterilis) es una especie herbácea y anual perteneciente a la familia de las gramíneas (Poaceae).

Descripción
Planta herbácea, de unos 40 cm de altura, suave en la parte inferior, algo rugosa en la parte superior. Casi igual a Bromus maximus. La inflorescencia en forma de pirámide, con varios verticilos separados de 2-5 espigas con largos y finos pedúnculos, colgantes al madurar. Las espigas aplanadas con espiguillas a ambos lados, cada espiga de unos 7 cm de longitud, incluidas las argañas o aristas. De color verde y márgenes blancos. Gluma con un nervio central verde, a la otra parte una gluma más larga y con nervios, el resto es una telilla blanca o transparente, terminadas en punta pero sin arista. La lema, que envuelve a la semilla, con 5 nervios y con argaña de 4 cm de longitud, purpúrea o rosada en el extremo. A la otra parte de la semilla está la pálea, con los bordes verdes. La semilla es ovalada y aplanada, de 1 cm de longitud. Las otras 4 o 5 flores de la espiga no tienen glumas, sí tienen aristas o argañas. Las hojas son alternas, 3 o 3 en el tallo, envainadoras, con pelillos suaves y largos, especialmente en los bordes, en su unión con el tallo sobresale una telilla, partida y transparente, la lígula. La parte separada de la hoja es lanceolada de 5 mm de anchura, rayada y de color verde más oscuro. La vaina también con pelos. El tallo es suave y flexible.

Distribución y hábitat
En Castilla y León. Abundante en setos, bordes, arcenes, parcelas abandonadas, prados y pastos en lugares secos y húmedos. Madura a final de primavera.

Taxonomía
Bromus sterilis fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 77. 1753.
Etimología
Bromus: nombre genérico que deriva del griego bromos = (avena), o de broma = (alimento).

sterilis: epíteto latino que significa "esteril".
Citología
Número de cromosomas de Bromus sterilis (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=14
Sinonimia
 Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski
 Bromus amplus K.Koch
 Bromus delicatulus Sennen
 Bromus distichus Moench
 Bromus grandiflorus Weigel
 Bromus jubatus Ten.
 Bromus longiaristatus Gilib.
 Bromus scaberrimus St.-Lag.
 Bromus tenorianus Roem. & Schult.
 Festuca sterilis Jess.
 Forasaccus distichus Bubani
 Genea sterilis (L.) Dumort.
 Schedonorus sterilis (L.) Fr.
 Zerna sterilis (L.) Panz.
 Zerna sterilis Panz. ex B.D. Jacks.

Nombre común
 Castellano: cebada bravía, cebadilla, espigajo, espiguilla colgante, hierba espadañuda, hierba espigada, hierba espigona, hierba espiguera, hierba triguera, pan de lobo, pendolaza.

Véase también
 Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
 Anexo:Cronología de la botánica
 Historia de la Botánica
 Características de las poáceas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Cámara Hernandez, J. 1978. Bromus. In: E. G. Nicora, Gramineae. 3: 77–93. In M.N. Correa (ed.) Fl. Patagónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires.
 CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
 Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1977. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 6: 1–584. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
 Czerepanov, S. K. 1981. Sosud. Rast. SSSR 509 pages. Naúka, Leningradskoe Otd-nie, Leningrad.
 Espejo Serna, A., A. R. López-Ferrari & J. Valdés-Reyna. 2000. Poaceae. Monocot. Mexic. Sinopsis Floríst. 10: 7–236 [and index].
 Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
 Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Flora of China (Poaceae). 22: 1–733. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
 Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
 Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
 Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Enlaces externos

steril
Flora de la península ibérica
Plantas herbáceas
Plantas descritas en 1753
Plantas descritas por Linnaeus

Bromus sterilis