Call of Duty 2, yapımı Infinity Ward, dağıtımı Activision tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş birinci şahıs nişancı tarzında bir video oyunudur. II. Dünya Savaşı'nı konu alır. Gerçeğe yakın efektleri ve oynanabilirliği ile dikkat çeker. Özellikle grafikler, ses ve yenilenen sağlık sistemi için övgü aldı. Call of Duty serisinin en beğenilmiş oyunlarındandır.

Konusu
Oyun 1941-1945 yılları arasında II. Dünya Savaşı'nda geçmektedir. Oyun boyunca 27 epik bölümde II. Dünya Savaşı atmosferine gerçekçi bir şekilde tanıklık ediyoruz. Bu 27 bölümde Rusya, Kuzey Afrika, Almanya ve Fransa'da Alman birliklerine karşı Rus, İngiliz ve Amerika saflarında bize verilen görevleri yerine getirerek savaşıyoruz. Üçe ayrılan Rus, İngiliz ve Amerika cephelerinde bu milletlere mensup olan askerlerin başlarından geçen savaş anılarını canlandırıyor ve o dönemin tarihsel olaylarını âdeta yaşıyoruz. Olaylar, Rus cephesinde Vasili Ivanoviç Koslov, İngiliz cephesinde John Davis, Tank Komandosu David Welsh ve Amerikan cephesinde ise Bill Taylor'ın gözünden yaşanmaktadır.

Oyundaki cepheler:

 Rus Cephesi: Oyun başlarken 1941 yılında Kızıl Ordu'ya bağlı bir Rus askerisiniz ve Moskova'yı Almanlara karşı savunuyorsunuz. Ayrıca eğitim de bu bölümde oluyor. 1942 ve 1943 yıllarındaysa Stalingrad'ı Almanlara karşı savunuyorsunuz. 1942 yılındaki Sovyet bölümleri sizi çok zorlayacak çünkü Almanların taktiksel üstünlüğü bulunuyor. Fakat 1943 yılında çok rahat olacaksınız. Çünkü üstünlük sizdedir. Burada rütbeniz er, adınız Vasili Ivanoviç Koslov'dur.
 İngiliz Cephesi: 1942 yılında Kuzey Afrika'da Almanlar'la savaşan Çavuş John Davis'i canlandırıyorsunuz. Mısır'da birkaç şehir ve kasabada yaptığımız çatışma ve görevlerden sonra şehri Almanlardan temizliyor ve 1942 yılında başka bir asker olan İngiliz tank kumandanı David Welsh olarak Libya'da Crusader tankınız ile Panzer II tanklarına karşı savaşıyorsunuz. Ardından tekrar John Davis olarak 1943 yılında Tunus'ta ve 1944 yılındaysa Doğu Fransa'da görev yapıyorsunuz.
 Amerikan Cephesi: Amerikan görevleri oyunun en uzun bölümüyle başlıyor. Burada 1944 yılında Normandiya Çıkarması oyunun en gerçekçi ve en zor bölümlerinden birisi olarak karşınıza çıkıyor. Dog mangasıyla Normandiya'yı temizlemeye çalışan Onbaşı Bill Taylor'ı canlandırıyorsunuz. Buradan sonraysa Bergstein kentinde Almanların son direnişini bastırıyorsunuz. Ardından Operasyon Plunder'da görev alıyorsunuz. 1945 yılında bir Alman şehrinde girdiğimiz çatışma ve görevlerden sonra arkadaşlarımızla ve bir Amerikalı komutanla birlikte şehir meydanında buluşup konuşuyoruz ve oyun böylelikle bitiyor.

Bölümler
 The Winter War (çevirisi: Kış Savaşı) (Moskova, 1941)-Er Vasili Ivanoviç Koslov (2 bölümlük)
 Not One Step Backwards! (çevirisi: Bir Adım Bile Geri Gitmeyin!) (Stalingrad, 1942)-Er Vasili Ivanoviç Koslov (2 bölümlük)
 Fortress Stalingrad (çevirisi: Stalingrad Kalesi) (Stalingrad, 1943)-Er Vasili Ivanoviç Koslov (3 bölümlük)
 The Battle Of El Alamein (çevirisi: El Alameyn Muharebesi) (Kuzey Mısır, 1942)-Çavuş John Davis (4 bölümlük)
 The Tank Squadrons (çevirisi: Tank Filoları) (Libya, 1943)-Tank Komandosu David Welsh (2 bölümlük)
 Rommel's Last Stand (çevirisi: Rommel'in Son Direnişi) (Tunus, 1943)-Çavuş John Davis (3 bölümlük)
 The Battle for Caen (çevirisi: Caen Muharebesi) (Normandiya, 1944)-Çavuş John Davis (4 bölümlük)
 D-Day (Normandiya, 1944)-Onbaşı Bill Taylor (3 bölümlük)
 Hill 400 (Hürtgen Ormanı, 1944)-Onbaşı Bill Taylor (3 bölümlük)
 Crossing The Rine (çevirisi: Ren Nehri'ni Geçmek) (Wallendar-Almanya, 1945)-Onbaşı Bill Taylor (tek bölüm)

Özellikler ve yenilikler
 Daha geniş mekânlar: Call of Duty 2'deki mekânlar, ilk oyundaki mekânlardan %50-%200 daha geniş.
 Geliştirilmiş yapay zekâ: Artık düşmanlar el bombalarından kaçabiliyor, siper alabiliyor, sizi ve takımınızı yan taraftan vurup gafil avlayabiliyor. Tabii bunlar sadece düşmanlar için geçerli değil, takım arkadaşlarınız da bu özelliklere sahip. Örnek olarak, Takım arkadaşlarınız camda bir MG 42 olduğunu belirtebiliyor.
 Savaş konuşmaları: Artık savaş alanında ne olup bittiğini takım arkadaşlarınızdan öğrenebiliyorsunuz. Köşelerde saklanan düşmanlar olduğunu, düşman birliklerinin yaklaştığını ve daha birçok gerekli bilgiyi takım arkadaşlarınızdan öğrenebiliyorsunuz. Bu özellik için Infinity Ward, oyuna tam 20.000 satırlık konuşma ekledi.
 Geliştirilmiş grafikler: Yeni oyun motoru olan IW engine ile birlikte DirectX 9'un bütün özelliklerini kullanan oyunda, parçacık efektleri için özel bir çaba harcanmış. Örneğin, toz bulutları, top ateşiyle ortaya çıkan kör edici siyah dumanlar ve diğer parçacık efektleri son derece etkileyici görünüyor.
 Gerçekçi oyun yapısı: Call of Duty 2, serinin ilk oyununa göre daha gerçekçi. Can göstergesi ve düşmanlardan düşen can yükseltici paketler oyundan kaldırılmış. Ağır derecede yara alındığında ölmemek için yapılması gereken şey; uygun bir yerde sakince beklemek ve kendimize gelmek.

Çok oyunculu (Multiplayer)
Maksimum 64 kişilik olan oyun sunucuları üzerinden oynanan, internete bağlanılarak giriş yapılan oyun modudur. Çoklu oyun toplam 13 değişik haritada oynanılır. Oyunda dört ülkenin askerleri birbiriyle savaşmaktadır. (Alman askerleri, Amerikan askerleri, Rus askerleri, İngiliz askerleri)

 DM (Deathmatch): Adında anlaşıldığı üzere önünüze geleni öldürdüğünüz moddur.
 TDM (Team Deathmatch): Haritasına göre Alman veya Amerikan askerlerinden 2 takım oluşturuluyor. Almanlar her haritada oluyor fakat haritasına göre İngiliz veya Rus askeri de olunabiliyor. Bu iki takım belirlenen süre veya skora erişene kadar çarpışmaya devam ediyor. En çok düşmanı öldüren takım kazanıyor.
 SD (Search and Destroy): Düşmanın bölgesinde bulunan ve daha önceden belirlenen, pusulada yıldız işareti ile görünen araca bomba yerleştirmeye veya bulunulan takıma göre yerleştirmeye çalışarak zamana karşı yarışılıyor. Müttefik oyuncular (Rus, İngiliz veya Amerikan), gerekli sürede Almanları temizleyemez veya araçları imha edememezse o round'u kaybederler.Almanların görevi ise ölmeden araçları savunmaktır.
 CTF (Capture The Flag): Düşmanın bölgesinde olan bayrağı kaparak kendi bayrağınızın yanına getirmelisiniz aynı şekilde düşmanda sizin bayrağınızı kapmışsa düşmandan bayrağınızı geri alana kadar sayı yapma imkânınız yoktur.
 HQ (HeadQuarters): Yapı itibarı ile Search and Destroy'a benzeyen bu mod da amaç haritaya rastgele olarak koyulan radyoyu bulup onu ele geçirmektir. Herhangi bir taraf radyo'yu ele geçirdiğinde pusulada o takımın bayrağı gözükür ve karşı tarafta buna göre harekete geçer.

Silahlar
Rus Silahları: Mosin-Nagant, PPŞ-41, PPS-43, Tokarev TT-33, Dürbünlü Mosin-Nagant, Simonov
İngiliz Silahları: Bren, Sten, Thompson, Lee-Enfield, M1918 Browning, Dürbünlü Lee-Enfield, Colt .45, Webley
Amerikan Silahları: M1 Garand, Thompson, M1918 Browning, M1 Carbine, Springfield M1903, Colt .45
Alman Silahları: Mauser Kar 98k, Gewehr 43, Luger, MP40, MP44, MG42, Dürbünlü Gewehr 43, Dürbünlü Kar 98k

Dış bağlantılar
Call of Duty Resmi Web Sitesi
Infinity Ward Resmi Web Sitesi
Activision Resmi Web Sitesi

Kaynakça

2
2005 video oyunları
Birinci şahıs nişancı oyunları
Microsoft Windows oyunları
MacOS oyunları
Xbox 360 oyunları
Çok oyunculu çevrimiçi oyunlar
Infinity Ward tarafından geliştirilen video oyunları
Konusu Avrupa'da geçen video oyunları
Konusu Afrika'da geçen video oyunları
Activision oyunları
Infinity Ward oyunları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde geliştirilen video oyunları
Konusu Mısır'da geçen video oyunları
Konusu Fransa'da geçen video oyunları
Konusu Almanya'da geçen video oyunları
Konusu Libya'da geçen video oyunları
Konusu Tunus'ta geçen video oyunları
Konusu Sovyetler Birliği'nde geçen video oyunları
Savaş oyunlarında II. Dünya Savaşı

Call of Duty 2


Der Südliche See-Elefant (Mirounga leonina) ist eine der beiden Arten der See-Elefanten. Er ist die größte Art der Robben und zugleich der größte Vertreter der Ordnung Raubtiere (Carnivora). In älteren Berichten, deren Glaubwürdigkeit fraglich ist, ist von 9 Meter langen Bullen mit einem Gewicht von fünf Tonnen die Rede. Bestätigt sind sechseinhalb Meter und dreieinhalb Tonnen. Der Rüssel ist nur 10 cm lang und damit im Vergleich zum Nördlichen See-Elefanten (Mirounga angustirostris) deutlich kleiner. Weibchen erreichen mit einer Länge von maximal drei Metern und einem Gewicht von 600 bis 800 Kilogramm nur sehr viel kleinere Körperformen.

Die großen Kolonien der südlichen Art befinden sich auf mehreren Inseln, die in einem Ring um die Antarktis liegen. Außerhalb der Paarungszeit findet man umherwandernde Individuen auch an den Küsten Südafrikas, Australiens, Neuseelands, Patagoniens und Antarktikas. Dabei legen Einzeltiere Strecken von bis zu 4800 km zurück.

Merkmale

Die Bullen des Südlichen See-Elefanten sind die größten Robben. Sie erreichen eine Länge von bis zu über 6 Metern bei einem Gewicht von bis zu über 4000 Kilogramm. Dabei besitzen die Tiere ihr Maximalgewicht bei der Ankunft in der Kolonie im Spätherbst, nachdem sie den Sommer und Herbst weitgehend mit der Nahrungssuche verbracht haben. Die Weibchen sind mit einer Körperlänge von bis zu 4 Metern und einem durchschnittlichen Gewicht von 800 Kilogramm deutlich kleiner als die Männchen. Das Gewicht kann dabei sehr stark schwanken und nach der Geburt können die Weibchen innerhalb der Stillzeit von etwa 25 Tagen die Hälfte ihres Gewichts verlieren.

Die Männchen besitzen einen großen, aufblasbaren Rüssel, der vor allem als Schallverstärker bei der Kommunikation und als Zeichen der Dominanz gegenüber anderen Männchen dient. Vom Nördlichen See-Elefanten unterscheidet sich die südliche Art dadurch, dass sie etwas größer ist und die Geschlechtsunterschiede extremer sind; der Rüssel des Männchens ist allerdings im Verhältnis kleiner als beim Nördlichen See-Elefanten und überragt das Maul nur um etwa 10 Zentimeter.

Im Körperbau entsprechen die See-Elefanten der typischen Hundsrobbe mit kurzen, zu Flossen umgewandelten Vorderbeinen, die vor allem der Stabilisierung beim Schwimmen dienen, und kräftigen Hinterflossen, die den Vortrieb der Tiere im Wasser gewährleisten. Der Körper ist von einem Fell aus kurzen und harten Haaren bedeckt, das nach dem Fellwechsel eine dunkelbraune bis dunkelgraue  Färbung mit einer helleren Bauchseite aufweist und über das Jahr ausbleicht.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Südliche See-Elefant ist circumpolar im Bereich der Antarktis verbreitet und verbringt den größten Teil seines Lebens im Meer. Dabei kommt er vor allem in den Gebieten und den Inseln nördlich der Packeisregionen vor, lebt jedoch teilweise auch direkt an der Küste Antarktikas. Außerhalb der Paarungszeit findet man umherwandernde Individuen auch an den Küsten Südafrikas, Australiens, Neuseelands und Patagoniens.

Zur Wurf- und Paarungszeit bildet er Kolonien an Land, in denen sich eine große Anzahl der Tiere ansammeln. Die größten Kolonien finden sich auf der Insel Südgeorgien im Südatlantik, weitere auf der Macquarieinsel, der Insel Heard, den Kerguelen und der Halbinsel Valdés im Südosten Argentiniens. Auf dem Kontinent Antarktika treten sie regelmäßig im Bereich der Vestfoldberge auf.

Lebensweise
Der Südliche See-Elefant verbringt wie die nördliche Art den größten Teil seines Lebens im Meer, erreicht in seinen  Tauchgängen Tiefen bis über 2.000 Meter, wobei er nur gelegentlich an der Wasseroberfläche auftaucht und Luft holt.

Ernährung
Wie der Nördliche See-Elefant nimmt auch die südliche Art nur außerhalb der Paarungs- und Wurfzeit Nahrung zu sich. Sie jagt ihre Beute im Meer. Diese besteht vor allem aus Tintenfischen, Krebstieren, Knochenfischen sowie Knorpelfischen wie bodenbewohnende Haie und Rochen.

Fortpflanzung

Die Paarung der Südlichen See-Elefanten und auch die Geburt finden in großen Kolonien an Land statt. Diese werden zur Paarungszeit im August bis November des Jahres gebildet. Die Männchen erreichen diese Kolonien einige Wochen vor den Weibchen und legen ihre Reviere fest. Dabei kommt es zu Machtdemonstrationen und Rivalenkämpfen der Bullen miteinander, bei denen die dominantesten Bullen die zentralen und größten Reviere einnehmen, während die unterlegenen Bullen an den Rand der Kolonien gedrängt werden. Wenn die Weibchen eintreffen, werden diese je nach ihrer Position am Strand von den jeweiligen Alpha-Männchen beansprucht und gegenüber Eindringlingen verteidigt, wobei einzelne Männchen Harems mit bis zu 60 Weibchen führen und sich mit diesen verpaaren. Die Weibchen haben keinen Einfluss darauf, in wessen Harem sie sind; oftmals wechseln einzelne Weibchen den Harem zufällig, wenn sie sich am Strand fortbewegen.

Die Weibchen, die trächtig aus dem letzten Jahr den Strand erreichen, werfen ihre Jungtiere innerhalb der ersten fünf bis sieben Tage nach Ankunft in den Kolonien. Sie bringen dabei jeweils ein Jungtier zur Welt, das für etwa 23 Tage gesäugt und dann sich selbst überlassen wird. Seltene Zwillingsgeburten führen in der Regel dazu, dass das schwächere der beiden Jungtiere kurz nach der Geburt stirbt. Während der Stillzeit nimmt das Muttertier keine Nahrung zu sich und wird entsprechend rasch leichter und schwächer.

Am Ende der Stillzeit im Oktober werden die Weibchen paarungsbereit. Wenn sich ein Bulle mit einem Weibchen verpaaren will, legt er eine seiner Brustflossen über sie, greift sie mit den Zähnen im Nacken und beginnt mit der Begattung. Die eigentliche Tragzeit der Weibchen beträgt etwa 8 Monate, daher erfolgt die verzögerte Einnistung der befruchteten Eizelle in der Gebärmutter erst nach etwa drei Monaten. Direkt nach der Begattung wird das Jungtier entwöhnt und die ausgewachsenen See-Elefanten verlassen die Kolonie wieder, während die Jungtiere noch für einige Zeit an Land bleiben und dann ebenfalls ins Meer schwimmen.

Die Weibchen erreichen die Geschlechtsreife nach etwa 3 Jahren und nehmen nach etwa 6 Jahren an dem jährlichen Reproduktionszyklus teil. Die Männchen werden erst nach 5 oder 6 Jahren geschlechtsreif, können sich jedoch in der Regel erst nach 10 bis 12 Jahren erfolgreich verpaaren. Das durchschnittliche maximale Lebensalter der Männchen beträgt etwa 14 Jahre, das der Weibchen etwa 21 Jahre.

Fressfeinde und Parasiten

Einen der wenigen Fressfeinde der ausgewachsenen Südlichen See-Elefanten stellt der Schwertwal (Orcinus orca) dar, der selbst großen Bullen schwere Wunden zufügen kann. Hinzu kommen große Hai-Arten, insbesondere der Weiße Hai (Carcharodon carcharias). Der Seeleopard (Hydrurga leptonyx) jagt vor allem kleinere Robben, darunter auch die Jungtiere des See-Elefanten.

Zu den Parasiten, die an Südlichen See-Elefanten auftreten, gehört vor allem die Tierlaus Lepidophthirus macrorhini, die sich im Bereich der hinteren Flossen festsetzt. Der Kratzwurm Corynosoma bullosum und der Fadenwurm Pseudoterranova decipiens konnten im Darm der See-Elefanten gefunden werden. Die Larven beider Arten leben in Antarktisdorschen als Wirt, die als Nahrung der See-Elefanten dienen.

Ältere Tiere können zudem von sessilen Muschelkrebsen besiedelt sein, die nur die Oberfläche besiedeln.

Aus der Mundflora des Südlichen See-Elefanten wurde das Bakterium Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis isoliert, das dort als natürlicher Bestandteil vorkommt.

Fossilgeschichte und Evolution
Über die Entstehung der beiden Arten der See-Elefanten existieren zwei Theorien, nach denen entweder die nördliche Art als Abkömmling der südlichen oder die südliche als Abkömmling der nördlichen betrachtet wird. Nach einer älteren Theorie sind die Nördlichen See-Elefanten aus einer Gruppe der Südlichen See-Elefanten entstanden, die während des Pleistozän in den Nordpazifik wanderte und nach der Erwärmung der Äquatorregionen von der ursprünglichen Population getrennt wurde. Alternativ wird angenommen, dass der Ursprung der See-Elefanten in den nördlicheren tropischen Gebieten des Pazifik liegt und sich von dort eine Gruppe abspaltete und nach Süden abwanderte, wo sich der Südliche See-Elefant herausbildete. Die letzte Sicht wird als wahrscheinlicher angesehen und man geht davon aus, dass die Verwandtschaftsgruppe um die See-Elefanten und die fossile Gattung Callophoca im Miozän im Bereich der heutigen Karibik entstanden ist und die Vorfahren der See-Elefanten durch die noch nicht geschlossene Lücke zwischen Nord- und Südamerika im frühen Pliozän in den Pazifik gelangten. Durch die Abkühlung der Äquatorialgebiete im Pleistozän trennten sich demnach die Populationen der späteren Nördlichen und Südlichen See-Elefanten und wurden entsprechend genetisch isoliert. Die ältesten Fossilfunde des Nördlichen See-Elefanten stammen aus dem späten Pleistozän aus dem Süden Kaliforniens, Fossilfunde der südlichen Art sind aus Südafrika und dem Norden von Chile bekannt.

Taxonomie und Systematik

Der Nördliche See-Elefant wurde bereits 1758 von Carl von Linné in der 10. Ausgabe seiner Systema Naturae unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Phoca leonina erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben, war entsprechend bereits vorher bekannt. Juan Ignacio Molina benannte diese Art 1782 in Phoca elephantina um und die Naturforscher François Péron, Juan Ignacio Molina, Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest und Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville beschrieben bis 1820 mit Phoca proboscidea, Phoca resima, Phoca coxii, Phoca ansonii und Phoca ansonina weitere Arten verschiedener Inseln im Bereich der Antarktis, die später zu einer Art zusammengefasst und synonymisiert wurden. 1825 richtete John Edward Gray zuerst die Gattung Macrorhinus ein, die aufgrund der Namensgleichheit mit einer Käfergattung ungültig war, und später die Gattung Mirounga für den von Péron 1816 beschriebenen Phoca proboscidea. In den Folgejahren kamen weitere Neubeschreibungen und unterschiedliche Namenskombinationen der beschriebenen Art- und Gattungsnamen hinzu, die erste Nutzung des heute gültigen wissenschaftlichen Namens Mirounga leonina erfolgte 1905 durch Joel Asaph Allen.

Gemeinsam mit dem Nördlichen See-Elefanten bildet der Südliche See-Elefant die Gattung Mirounga, die den Hundsrobben zugeordnet wird. Die Position innerhalb der Hundsrobben ist unklar und wurde regelmäßig diskutiert. So stellte King 1983 die noch heute oft zitierte Theorie auf, dass die See-Elefanten am engsten mit den Mönchsrobben (Monachus) verwandt seien und beide besonders ursprüngliche Vertreter der Hundsrobben darstellten. Hingegen konnten Bininda-Emonds und Russell 1996 keine Anhaltspunkte für eine so dichte Verwandtschaft finden, bestätigten aber die basale Stellung der See-Elefanten im System der Hundsrobben. Auf der Basis von molekularbiologischen Ergebnissen aus dem Jahr 2007 werden die See-Elefanten aktuell als Schwestergruppe der als Lobodontini zusammengefassten Artengruppe aus Ross-Robbe (Ommatophoca rossii), Krabbenfresser (Lobodon carcinophaga), Seeleopard (Hydrurga leptonyx) und Weddellrobbe (Leptonychotes weddellii) betrachtet, die Mönchsrobben werden bei dieser Betrachtung als Schwestergruppe beider Taxa, See-Elefanten und Lobodontini, betrachtet.

Der Gattungsname Mirounga leitet sich von "miouroung" ab, der Bezeichnung für Südliche See-Elefanten in einer Sprache der australischen Aborigines. Der Artname leonina leitet sich von dem lateinischen Wort "leoninus" für "dem Löwen ähnlich" ab.

Bedrohung und Schutz
Die Art war im 19. Jahrhundert ebenfalls starker Verfolgung ausgesetzt, aber nie so stark bedroht wie der Nördliche See-Elefant. Einst gab es Kolonien auch auf Tasmanien, King Island, den Juan-Fernández-Inseln und auf St. Helena, doch hier wurden die See-Elefanten durch menschliche Jäger ausgerottet. Insgesamt leben heute etwa 750.000 Individuen, von denen mehr als die Hälfte auf Südgeorgien vorkommt.

Aufgrund des großen Verbreitungsgebietes und derzeit fehlenden ernsthaften Gefährdungen stuft die International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) die Art als "nicht gefährdet" (Least concern) ein.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

 Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
 Judith E. King: Seals of the World. Cornell University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-8014-1568-3

Weblinks

 Derek Block, Philip Meyer: Mirounga leonina im Animal Diversity Net.
 Mirounga leonina in der Encyclopedia of Life

Robben

Südlicher See-Elefant


Onthophagus quadraticeps é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Harold em 1867.

Referências

Ligações externas

quadraticeps
Coleópteros descritos em 1867

Onthophagus quadraticeps


Eine Wassermühle Holzdorf an der Kremitz wurde bereits im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zerstört. Kreishauptmann Christian Vitzthum von Eckstädt erwirkte im Amt Schweinitz am 21. Juli 1695 eine Inspektion des Mühlenstandortes durch Landeswasserbaumeister Michael Klemm, der entscheiden sollte, ob am Mühlenstandort eine neue Wassermühle aufgebaut werden könnte ohne dem umliegenden Land durch Überflutungen Schäden zuzufügen.

Geschichte
Nach dem Bericht des Landeswasserbaumeisters wurde in Holzdorf eine Wassermühle mit zwei Wasserrädern betrieben. Die Kremitz hatte oberhalb der Mühle ein Gefälle von etwa einer halben Elle, jedoch könne man das Gefälle, aufgrund der Nähe zur Schwarzen Elster unterhalb der Mühle um eindreiviertel Ellen vergrößern. Ferner habe es einen Mühlenteich und einen Mühlengraben am Holzdorfer Mühlenstandort gegeben. Einen an der Kremitz befindlichen alten Pfahl interpretiert er als Mühlpfahl. Klemm bestätigt die Möglichkeit der Wiedererrichtung der Wassermühle, jedoch werde der Mühlenbetrieb bei trockenen Sommern und harten Wintern ruhen müssen.

Eigentümer
1711 beantragte David Fischer beim Amtshauptmann in Schweinitz den Neubau der Holzdorfer Mühle. Über eine Antwort aus dem Amt ist nichts bekannt, die Neuerrichtung erfolgte aber erst zum Jahre 1729 mit Johann Gottfried Pinkert. 1750 war Johann Herrmann Strauch Mühlenbesitzer, danach wurden Carl Jacob Lehmann sowie Gottlob Richter genannt. Letzterer verkaufte die Mühle nach dem Tod seines Sohnes, der mit 17 Jahren im Stauteich ertrank, an Gottlob August Steinhardt. Nach dessen Tod am 15. Januar 1859 übernahm sein Sohn Gustav Ringwald Steinhardt den Betrieb. Nach seinem Tod am 11. September 1876 führte dessen Witwe die Geschäfte weiter und heiratete später den Müller Eduard Kiel, der die Mühle bis zu seinem Tod am 18. April 1909 betrieb. Danach übernahm sein Schwiegersohn Karl Theodor Georg Kuhrmann die Mühle, der das Müllerhandwerk beim Schwiegervater erlernt hatte. 1922 kaufte Müllermeister Herrmann Kutter die Wassermühle. Sein Sohn Paul Willi Kutter übernahm später den zur Motormühle umgestalteten Standort.

Sonstiges
1929 brannte die Mühle ab und wurde mit einem Motor als Antrieb wieder errichtet. Die Gründung einer LPG in Holzdorf bedeutete das Aus für die Mühle. Das Mühlengebäude ist heute zum Wohnhaus umgebaut.

Fußnoten und Einzelnachweise

Holzdorf
Mühle im Landkreis Wittenberg
JessenElster
Bauwerk in Jessen (Elster)
Erbaut in den 1720er Jahren
Mühle in Europa

Wassermühle Holzdorf


Le contre-amiral Sir Edmund George Irving, KBE , CB , FRGS ( - ) est un hydrographe naval.

Jeunesse
Irving est né à Sandakan, au nord de Bornéo britannique, du magistrat résident George Clerk Irving et de sa femme Ethel Mary Frances Poole.

Irving fréquente l'école préparatoire St Anthony, Eastbourne, et le Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. Il prend ensuite la mer comme cadet dans  en 1927 .

Carrière
En 1931, Irving rejoint le Royal Naval Surveying Service. En 1944, alors qu'il commande le , Irving réarpente un certain nombre de ports et de havres du nord-ouest de l'Europe lorsqu'ils tombent aux mains des alliés. Après que son navire ait accosté à Terneuzen, ses relevés de l'Escaut permettent à la navigation alliée de transporter des fournitures militaires jusqu'à Anvers.

En 1948, Irving effectue des essais en mer du nouveau système Decca à deux gammes pour fixer la position des navires d'arpentage lorsqu'ils sont hors de vue de la terre dans le  ..

À la fin des années 1950, en tant que contre-amiral, il est nommé hydrographe de la marine . À ce poste, il convainc l'Amirauté que les navires d'étude spécialement construits seraient moins chers que les navires de guerre convertis, le premier étant lancé sous le nom de  en 1964. Il prend sa retraite en 1966, puis travaille pour la société Decca.

Irving est président de l'Institute of Navigation de 1964 à 1967 . Il est président de la Royal Geographical Society (1969-1971) et reçoit leur médaille d'honneur en 1976.

Le mont Irving dans les îles Shetland du Sud est nommé en son honneur.

Références

Liens externes

Officier de la Royal Navy durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Président de la Royal Geographical Society
Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Membre de la Royal Geographical Society
Hydrographe anglais
Compagnon de l'ordre du Bain
Décès en octobre 1990
Naissance en avril 1910
Décès à 80 ans

Edmund George Irving


Léglise Saint-Pierre est une église catholique située dans la commune de Graimbouville, en France.

Localisation
L'église est située à Graimbouville, commune du département français de la Seine-Maritime.

Historique
L'église est fondée au , le chœur est daté du . L'édifice est dédié à saint Pierre et saint Paul.

La construction dure de la nef du  s'achève au  par le remplacement des ouvertures, le transept et le portail ouest est daté du . La sacristie est datable pour sa part de la toute fin du .

Des travaux ont également eu lieu au  sur les ouvertures et la voûte de la nef.

L'édifice est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .

En 2000, la Fondation pour la sauvegarde de l'art français accorde une subvention de  destinée à des travaux de gros œuvre.

Description
L'édifice bâti sur une longue période possède . Il est construit en pierre, silex et grès.

L'église possède un plan en forme de croix latine.

La nef comporte une voûte en berceau.

Le sanctuaire possède une arcature romane.

Références

 Le patrimoine des communes de Seine-Maritime

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Seine-Maritime
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'arrondissement du Havre

Liens externes

L'église Saint-Pierre de Graimbouville sur le site de la fondation pour la sauvegarde de l'art français

Bibliographie
 .

Graimbouville
Monument historique inscrit en 1926
Église dédiée à saint Pierre

Église Saint-Pierre de Graimbouville


Das Indiana State Prison in Michigan City (Indiana) ist das staatliche Gefängnis des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Indiana. Inhaftiert sind männliche Gefangene unter der höchsten Sicherheitsstufe. Im Gefängnis gibt es auch "Housing"-Projekte mit geringerer Sicherheitsstufe.
Im November 2006 saßen dort durchschnittlich 2.200 Häftlinge ein. Das Indiana State Prison wurde 1860 als Indianas zweites Staatsgefängnis in Betrieb genommen.

Geschichte
1859 beschloss die politische Führung Indianas den Bau eines zweiten Staatsgefängnisses nach dem "State Prison South" in Jeffersonville (Indiana), dessen Kapazitätsgrenze erreicht war. Später wurde State Prison South zum "Indiana Reformatory" und State Prison North wurde bekannt als Indiana State Prison.

Zur Jahrhundertwende hatte sich die Zahl der Häftlinge verdoppelt. Der 1933 begnadigte Bankräuber John Dillinger war einer der prominentesten Insassen. Ein weiterer bekannter Häftling war D.C. Stephenson, 1922 ein Führer des Ku Klux Klan, der wegen Vergewaltigung mit tödlichem Ausgang 1925 zu 31 Jahren Haft verurteilt wurde.

Bis 1913 erfolgte die Hinrichtung durch den Strang, zwischen 1913 und 1994 durch den Elektrischen Stuhl, seit 1995 durch die letale Injektion. Zur Zeit müssen alle Hinrichtungen Indianas im Indiana State Prison vorgenommen werden.

Bekannte Insassen
 Johnson VanDyke Grigsby: Mörder. Johnny Cash schrieb das Lied "Michigan City Howdy Do." über ihn.
 Gregory Scott Johnson: Mörder.
 Alan Matheney: Mörder, wurde im ISP hingerichtet.
 James Clark: Bankräuber während der Depressionszeit.
 Homer Van Meter: Bankräuber, Komplize John Dillingers und Baby Face Nelsons.
 John Hamilton: Bankräuber, Komplize John Dillingers, stammte aus Kanada.
 John Dillinger: Bankräuber, zwischenzeitlich Staatsfeind Nr. 1. In Public Enemies verfilmt.
 D.C. Stephenson: Früherer Grand Dragon Ku Klux Klan, Vergewaltiger und Mörder.
 Charles Makley: Bankräuber, Komplize John Dillingers.
 Orville Lynn Majors: Krankenpfleger, ermordete sechs Menschen.

Quellen

Weblinks
Profile of Indiana State Prison auf Indianas offizieller Website

Bauwerk im LaPorte County
Gefängnis in Indiana
Organisation (LaPorte County)
Michigan City (Indiana)

Indiana State Prison


A ruffian is a scoundrel, rascal or unprincipled, deceitful, and unreliable person.

Ruffian may refer to:
Ruffian (horse) (1972–1975), a famous thoroughbred racehorse
Ruffian (film), a 2007 television movie about the racehorse
Ruffian Games, a Scottish games developer
Ruffian, a chess engine
Ruffian 23, Irish sailboat designed by Billy Brown
Border Ruffians, pro-Slavery activists from Missouri in the American Civil War
The Ruffian on the Stair, a 1964 British play
HMS Bellerophon (1786), also known as Billy Ruffian
The Ruffians, the major antagonists of the Nintendo game Sin and Punishment
British codename of the German X-Geraet, radar system
The Ruffian, a 1983 French-Canadian criminal adventure film

Ruffian


Perkain, possiblement né Juan Martin Inda aux Aldudes en Basse-Navarre entre 1760 et 1770 est un joueur de pelote spécialiste de laxoa. Célébré comme un des meilleurs pilotariak de son temps, avec Azantza, Haroztegi et Kurutxet, il est entré dans la légende par des vers qui lui sont consacrés et par une pièce de théâtre écrite en français par Pierre Harispe en 1903.

Biographie

Les informations sur Perkain sont très parcellaires, et sa biographie largement romancée. Il serait né entre 1760 et 1770, possiblement aux Aldudes, mais cette hypothèse fondée sur l'existence jusqu'en 1982 d'une ferme éponyme, Perkainea ou Perkainenea, est contestée : d'autres mentionnent le village espagnol d'Espinal.

Selon Louis Dassance, le nom de Juan de Inda, alias Percain apparaît dans un contrat d'avant-match à Tolosa : les Inda sont les propriétaires de Perkainenea aux Aldudes.

Une histoire populaire décrit un match entre Luhuson Azantza et Perkain en Labourd. Perkain mène, quand un Navarrais sur sa mule crie sans cesse : « 300 livres sur Perkain ! », sans que personne n'accepte son pari. Azantza, agacé, lance sa balle contre le mulet, faisant chuter le Navarrais. Un tumulte s'ensuit, au cours duquel la sœur d'Azantza parvient à miser mille livres sur la victoire de son frère. Perkain, déconcentré, finit par perdre la partie.

La légende principale qui le concerne raconte que pendant la Révolution française Perkain est contraint de s'exiler au Pays basque espagnol. Il séjourne dans la vallée du Baztan quand son rival Kurutxet le défie aux Aldudes : au mépris des risques qu'il encourt, il franchit la frontière pour affronter Kurutxet devant le fronton de son village. Prévenus, des soldats républicains sont envoyés de Bayonne pour l'interpeler. Mais les  venus assister au match empêchent leur intervention. Menant avec une large avance, Perkain pour son dernier coup lance son palet en plein front de l'officier, le tuant sur le coup ; le chaos qui s'ensuit lui permet de prendre la fuite.

On ignore tout de sa mort.

Postérité
Un poème ancien décrit un match épique joué à Tolosa, dont Perkain, son fils et Kurutxet sortent vainqueurs au détriment d'Azantza, Elhorga et Haroztegi :

et la partie légendaire de laxoa aux Aldudes :

Au , le poète bascophone Etxahun lui consacre plusieurs strophes de son recueil de vers intitulé Pour les joueurs de pelote.

La légende principale est notamment le sujet de la pièce de Pierre Harispe Drame sous la Terreur et dans le pays Basque, mise en musique en 1931 par Pierre-Barthélemy Gheusi et Jean Poueigh dans l'opéra Perkain le Basque.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes
 .

Références

Joueur de pelote basque
Personnalité basque
Personnage de théâtre

Perkain


Optanti su osobe koja kod promjene suvereniteta nad određenim teritorijem biraju državljanstvo one države koja je ranije imala vlast nad tim područjem (država prednik), umjesto da bude državljanin države koja prema novom stanju ima vlast na tom teritoriju (država sljednik). Korištenje takvog prava je u pravilu vezano s obvezom da se optant iseli u državu prednika, čije je državljanstvo odabrao zadržati.

U pravilu se pravo na izbor - opciju za stanovnike preuzetog područja osigurava međunarodnim ugovorom.

U međunarodnim ugovorima u kojima se osigurava pravo na opciju, u pravilu se regulira i pitanje imovine optanata.

Povijesni primjeri

Člankom 2. Frankfurtskog ugovora sklopljenog 10. svibnja 1871. između Francuske i Njemačke nakon Francusko-pruskog rata, osigurano je stanovništvu Elzasa i Lorene pravo da mogu zadržati francusko državljanstvo, ako napuste područje - koje je tada pripalo Njemačkoj - do 1. listopada 1872. godine. Pri tome ih se nije smjelo pozivati u njemačku vojnu službu, a smjeli su zadržati vlasništvo nekretnina na preuzetom području. Od 1.597.000 stanovnika, takvo je pravo iskoristilo njih 49.000.

U člancima 61. i 63. Trianonskog ugovora je bilo predviđao da će stanovnici područja koje je Mađarska morala prepustiti Čehoslovačkoj, Rumunjskoj i Kraljevini SHS ostati mađarski državljani još godinu dana, a da nakon toga u daljnjih godinu dana mogu izvršiti opciju za mađarsko državljanstvo, uz obvezu da se isele u Mađarsku. Optanti mogu zadržati vlasništvo na nekretninama, a pokretnine mogu odnijeti sa sobom bez ograničenja, plaćanja carina i oporezivanja.

Poljska i Njemačka su 1924. godine sklopile međudržavni ugovor o državljanstvu i opciji, koji je stanovnicima teritorija kojega je od Njemačke nakon I. svjetskog rata preuzela Poljska dao pravo da zadrže njemačko državljanstvo, uz obvezu optanata da se isele s tog područja. Bilo je propisano da optanti mogu iznijeti svu svoju pokretnu imovinu bez plaćanja carinskih ili poreznih davanja, te da smiju zadržati puno vlasništvo nad nekretninama na području koje je preuzela Poljska.

Optanti s područja današnje Hrvatske i Slovenije
U članku 19. Ugovora o miru s Italijom iz 1947. godine bilo je predviđeno pravo talijanskim državljanima koji žive na područjima koje prema tom ugovoru od Italije trebaju preuzeti Jugoslavija, Grčka i Francuska, da ostanu talijanski državljani, uz uvjet da se u roku od godinu dana isele s tog područja, U članku 20. je slično pravo opcije dano i talijanskim državljanima koji običavaju govoriti "jedan od jugoslavenskih jezika ('Srpski, Hrvatski ili Slovenski')", a koji žive na teritoriju Italije.  Veliki dio stanovnika preuzetih područja - pretežno etničkih Talijana, ali također i više desetaka tisuća Hrvata i Slovenaca - naposljetku je napustio ova područja, što je kasnije nazvano "Istarskim egzodusom".

Prema podacima Zavoda za statistiku Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske s kraja šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća, od 1945. do 1961. godine s područja Istre iseljeno je 143.739 stanovnika, od toga 13.000 Talijana u razdoblju 1945. – 1948. godine, 56.924 u razdoblju 1948. – 1961. te od 1948. – 1961. godine 36.297 Hrvata i 3.982 Slovenca. Valja opaziti da je dio iseljavanja u sklopu Istarskog egzodusa nastupio i ranije, u razdoblju Drugog svjetskog rata 1941. – 1945., primjerice povodom savezničkog bombardiranja Zadra, kada je iz razorenog grada u Italiju evakuirano 1943. i 1944. godine skoro cjelokupno njegovo stanovništvo od preko 20 tisuća stanovnika.

U dodatku XIII. Ugovora o miru s Italijom bilo predviđeno da optanti mogu zadržati svoju imovinu (ako im je jugoslavenska komunistička država već nije bila nacionalizirala), i da je mogu slobodno prodavati. U praksi je u većini slučajeva imovinu otkupljivala država i prebijala svoj dug za kupnju imovine s obvezom Italije da joj plati ratnu štetu iz drugog svjetskog rata; potom je talijanska država u dogovoru s vlastima SFRJ plaćala optantima njihova dobra.

Izvori

Upravno pravo
Ustavno pravo
Međunarodni ugovori

Optanti


ජෝන් මැකේන් ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි 2008 වර්ෂයේ පැවති ජනාධිපතිවරණය සඳහා රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂ අපේක්ෂකයා ලෙස තරග කළේය.මෙය ජෝන් මැකේන්ජාත්‍යන්තරව වඩාත් ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්වු අවස්ථාවක් වු අතර 2008.11.4 පැවති ජනාධිපතිවරණයෙන් බැ‍රැක් ඔබාමා ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.එමෙන්ම ඔහු ඇරිසෝනා ප්‍රාන්ත්ය නියෝජනය කරමින් ජේ‍යෂ්ඨ සෙනට් සභිකයෙක් ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. ජෝන් සිඩ්නි මැකේන් නම් වු ඔහු 1936 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින උපත් ලැබීය.

ඔහුගේ පියා මෙන්ම සීයාද නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් පදවි හෙබවුවන් වු අතර ජෝන් මැකේන් එම ආභාෂය අනුව යමින් නාවික හමුදාවට එක් විය.ඔහු 1958 ඇමරිකානු නාවික ඇකඩමිය මගින් ස්වකීය උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තේය.ඔහු වියට්නාම යුධ සමයේදී ඊට සහභාගි වීමෙන් අවස්ථා කීපයකදීම බර පතල ලෙස තුවාල ලැබූ අතර සිරකරුවෙක්වශයෙන්ද 1973 හිදී යුද්ධය අවසාන වන තෙක් සිටීමට සිදු විය.යුද්ධයේදී සිදුවු තුවාල වීම් වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඔහුට ජීවිත කාලය පුරාවටම ඇතැම් කායික ආබාධයන්ගෙන් පෙලීමට සිදු වූයේය. 1981 දී ඔහු කපිතාන් වරයෙකු ලෙස නාවික හමුදාවෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගත්තේය.නාවික හමුදාවෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගැනීමත් සමගම මැකේන් දේශපාලන කටයුතු ඇරබීම සඳහා ඇරිසෝනා ප්‍රාන්තයට සංක්‍රමණය විය.

ඔහු 1982 දී එක්සත් ජනපද නියෝජිත මණ්ඩලයට තේරී පත් විය.මේ යටතේ වසර 2 ක් පමණ සේවය කල ජෝන් මැකේන් 1986 දී එක්සත් ජනපද සෙනෙට් මණ්ඩලයට තේරී පත් විය.ඔහු තරමක් විප්ලවකාරී චරිතයක් වු අතර පක්ෂයේ තීරණයන්ට යම් යම් අවස්ථාවන්හිදි පටහැනිව ප්‍රකාශයන් නිකුත් කරන හා විවේචනය කරන දේශපාලනඥයකු ලෙසද ප්‍රකටව සිටියේය.ජනාධිපතිවරණ අපේක්ෂකත්වයට පත් වීම ජෝන් මැකේන් මහතාගේ දේශපාල්න ගමන් මගෙහි වැදගත් සංදිස්ථානයක් විය.

ජෝන් මැකේන් මහතා 1936 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින පැනමා ඇල ප්‍රදේශයේ කොකො සොලෝ නාවික ගුවන් මධ්‍යස්ථානයෙහි උපත ලැබීය.ඇමරිකානු ජාතිකයෙකු වු මොහුගේ පළමු විවාහයෙහි බිරිඳ වුයේ කැරොලින් ෂොප්ය. එම විවාහය අසාර්ථක වී ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා දික්කසාද විය.ජෝන් මැකේන් 1980 දී සින්ඩි හෙල්සින් සමග විවාහ වු අතර ඔහුගේ දරුවන් ලෙස ඩග්ලස්,ඇන්ඩෘ,සිඩ්නි,මෙගන්,ජෝන් සිඩ්නි,ජේමිස්,බිරිසප්ට් හැඳින්විය හැකිය. යුධ සේවය සහ දේශපාලන ජීවිතයට අමතරව ගත් කල ජෝන් මැකේන් ලේඛකයෙකුද වු අතර ඔහු ග්‍රන්ථ ගණනාවක් රචනා කොට තිබේ.

වසර 81 වයසැතිව සිටියදී, ඔහුගේ 82වන උපන්දිනයට දින සතරක් පමණක් තිබියදී ඔහු මිය ගියේය.

මරණය
ඔහුගේ පිළිකාව සඳහා ඔහු තවදුරටත් ප්‍රතිකාර ලබා නොගැනීමට තීරණය කල බවට මැකේන්ගේ පවුල  විසින් 2018 අගෝස්තු 24 දිනදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරිණි.  ඊළඟ දිනයෙහි මවුන්ටන් සම්මත වේලාවෙන් ප.ව 4:28 ට (23:28 යූටීසී), ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ සහ පවුල ඔහු පසෙකින් සිටියදී කෝන්විල්, ඇරිසෝනා හී ඔහුගේ නිවසෙහිදී ඔහු මිය ගියේය.

ඔහුගේ අසුන සඳහා 2020 මැතිවරණයෙහිදී සෙනෙට් සභිකයෙකු තෝරා පත් කරගනු ලබන තෙත්,  ඇරිසෝනා ආණ්ඩුකාර ඩග් ඩූසී විසින් ඔහුගේ අන්තරවාර ආදේශකයා පත් කරනු ලබනු ඇත.

ජෝන් මැකේන්


Taşlıca, Ankara ilinin Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Ankara iline 75 km, Kızılcahamam ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Kızılcahamam'ın mahalleleri

Taşlıca, Kızılcahamam


WWF kavramı aşağıdaki anlamlarda kullanılabilir:

 Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı (kısaca WWF)
 Dünya Güreş Federasyonu (World Wrestling Federation)
 Windows Workflow Foundation, bir Microsoft teknolojisi

WWF


La supercoupe d'Ouzbékistan féminine de football est une compétition ouzbèke de football féminin organisée par la Fédération d'Ouzbékistan de football, opposant en un match unique le champion d'Ouzbékistan au vainqueur de la coupe d'Ouzbékistan.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Compétition de football en Ouzbékistan
Ouzbékistan
Ouzbékistan féminin

Supercoupe d'Ouzbékistan féminine de football


15414 Pettirossi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
15414 Pettirossi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitt Peak National Observatory, în cadrul proiectului Spacewatch. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,95 ua, o excentricitate de 0,04 și o înclinație de 3,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 15001-16000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi Koronis

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

15414 Pettirossi


جيدافر شركة تايوانية متعددة الجنسيات، مصنعة للموازين الإلكترونية، والأدوات التحليلية ومكوناتها. ويقع مقر الشركة في تايبيه، ولها فروع عدة في البر الرئيسي للصين (وأهمها يقع في شيامن) ومكاتب المبيعات لها في جميع أنحاء العالم.

التسمية
"Jadever" هي مركبة من الكلمات الإنجليزية "Jad" و"Ever". ومع ذلك، فإن الترجمة الدقيقة للاسم بالكتابة الصينية (المبسطة الصينية: 钰 恒؛ الصينية التقليدية: 钰 恒؛ بينيين: yùhéng) تعني «الكنز الدائم» وطبقا لثقافة الشركة تعني حرفيا (نحن نكتنزموازينا قيمة للأبد).

التأسيس
تأسست في تموز / يوليو 1986. خلال السنوات الأولى من وجودها، تقدمت الشركة في التكنولوجيا والابتكار وتطوير خطة عملها. في عام 1998، حققت الشركة الهدف الرئيسي لها، عندما أول منتجاتها حصلت على موافقة من المنظمة الدولية للمقاييس القانونية، في عام 1999. شيامن جيدافر المحدودة تأسست بحلول عام 2006 وتم حصولها على شهادة الأيزو 9001:2000.

السياسة
جيدافر تتبع سياسة تقوم على أربعة أركان هي: الانضباط، والصدق والمعرفة والابتكار.

الأهداف
تنتهج ثلاثة أهداف رئيسية هي:

• الثبات في الجودة

• المسؤولية عن التكلفة

• التحدي ضد الكمال، بمعنى أكبر وأوسع، مشروع الشركة هو الحفاظ على تعزيز منتجاتها كعلامة تجارية موثوق بها في السوق المتنافس عليهاعالميا.

الفروع
يقع مقرها الرئيس في تايبيه، بالإضافة إلى أربعة فروع في المدن الصينية (شيامن وشانغهاى وشنتشن ووهان) وفرع دولي في ماركهام،كندا.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للشركة.

شركات إلكترونيات في تايوان
شركات تايوانية
شركات تايوانية أسست في 1986
شركات تصنيع أسست في 1986
علامات تجارية تايوانية

جيدافر


Naby Deco Keïta ()

Palmares
Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2014–15, 2015–16
Austrian Cup: 2014–15, 2015–16

Liverpool F.C.
UEFA Champions League: 2018–19

Referințe

Legături externe

 Naby Keïta la site-ul Liverpool F.C.
 Naby Keïta la site-ul Premier League

Nașteri în 1995
Fotbaliști guineeni
Fotbaliști ai RB Leipzig
Fotbaliști ai FC Liverpool
Fotbaliști ai SV Werder Bremen

Naby Keïta


Gelenekten Geleceğe 2006'da Ufuk Kitapları'ndan çıkan kitap. İlber Ortaylı'nın 3 ana konudaki makalelerinden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar Osmanlı Mirası, Kültür Meseleleri ve Edebiyat ve Tiyatro Penceresinden'dir. Toplam 21 makale içermektedir. Bugüne değin 12 baskısı çıkmış ve üzerinde çeşitli düzeltmeler yapılmıştır.

Denemeler
İlber Ortaylı kitapları
Tarih kitapları
2006 kitapları
Türkiye kitapları
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile ilgili kitaplar
2000'lerde Türkçe kitaplar

Gelenekten Geleceğe


Diederik Cornelius Dignus De Jong (Haarlem, 23 de abril de 1931) es un botánico neerlandés, nacionalizado estadounidense. Realizó extensas expediciones botánicas a México

En 1964, obtuvo su Ph.D. por la Universidad Estatal de Míchigan.

Ha trabajado extensamente en la familia de Asteraceae, logrando la identificación y nombrado de treinta nuevas especies.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1989. ISOTIPO. Erigeron basaseachensis G.L.Nesom. Phytologia 66: 426. 1989
 ------------------------, . 1962. Chromosome studies in the alpine and subalpine floras of Mexico and Guatemala. Amer. J. Bot. 49: 41-50
 . 19062b. A new species of Lagenophora (Compositae) from Guatemala. Rhodora 67: 36-41

Libros
 . 1965. A systematic study of the genus Astranthium (Compositae, Astereae). Volumen 2, Nº 9 de Publicaciones del Museo, Michigan State University: Biological series. Editor Michigan State University, 95 pp.

Referencias

Bibliografía utilizada
 Brummitt, RK; CE Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-085-4

Botánicos de Estados Unidos
Botánicos de los Países Bajos del siglo XX
Escritores en inglés del siglo XX
Profesores de Estados Unidos
Plantas descritas por De Jong
Nacidos en Haarlem

Diederik Cornelius Dignus De Jong


Claudius Voillo, auch Claus Voilo (* in Lothringen; wirksam ca. 1621–1650 in Deutschland) war ein wandernder französischer Glockengießer der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts.

Leben und Werk

Die näheren Lebensdaten von Voillo sind nicht bekannt. Er ist als wandernder Glockengießer zunächst durch seine gemeinsamen Glockengüsse mit dem Lothringer Franciscus Racle (auch Ragle) aufgrund der Inschriften in den von ihnen gegossenen Glocken nachgewiesen. Der erste dokumentierte Glockenguss erfolgte 1621 für die Kirche in Hillensberg, der nächste in einem zeitlichen Abstand von zehn Jahren waren zwei Glocken für die Kirche in Wasungen. Später arbeitete er mit dem Lothringer Wandergießer Gottfried Baulard (auch Boulard) im Raum zwischen Ems und Weser zusammen. Hier entstanden
 1644 gemeinsam mit dem dritten Gießer C. Gage die Glocke für die Evangelisch reformierte Kirche in Weenermoor mit dem Ton fis'
 1645 die Schlagglocke für die Uhr im Dachreiter der St.-Lamberti-Kirche in Eckwarden
 1646 die Bronzefünte für die Kirche Johannes der Täufer in Engerhafe
 1647 die große Läuteglocke, Schlagton d', der Kirche in Dornum.
 1650 ausweislich der Inschrift M. Claudius Voillo et Gotfried Baulard me fecerunt die Glocke für die Kirche (heute Emsland-Dom) in Haren
 1650 im August ausweislich der Inschrift Claudius Voillo (und) Gotfried Baulard eine Glocke für die Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Oldenburg-Osternburg
Er wird in der Literatur als Bruder des ebenfalls aus Lothringen stammenden Wandergießers Stephan Wollo (Voillo) angesehen, der von 1649 bis 1670 im Raum nördlich der Elbe in Holstein und Mecklenburg-Schwerin nachgewiesen ist und von 1658 bis 1668 in Lübeck wohnte.

Literatur
Annuaire de la société d'histoire et d'archéologie de la Lorraine: Volumes 3-4, Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de la Lorraine, Metz – 1891
 Revue historique de la Lorraine, Volume 42, Société d'archéologie lorraine et du Musée historique lorrain, Musée historique lorrain (Nancy, France), 1893, S. 166

Georg Troescher: Kunst- und Künstlerwanderungen in Mitteleuropa, 800-1800, Bd. Französische und niederländische Kunst und Künstler in der Kunst Deutschlands, Österreichs und der deutschsprachigen Schweiz, Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft, 1954

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Glockengießer
Franzose
Geboren im 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 17. Jahrhundert
Mann
Person (Lothringen)

Claudius Voillo


was a rural district located in western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of the end of 2003 (the last data available before its dissolution), the district had an estimated population of 82,248 and a population density of 472.47 persons per km2. Its total area was 174.08 km2.

History
Ogasa District was created on April 1, 1896 through the merger of former  and . At the time it was divided into one town (Kakegawa) and 45 villages. Osuka Village was renamed Yokosuka and was elevated to town status on May 1, 1914, and Nishikata Village became Horinouchi Town on January 1, 1922. Ikeshinden was raised to town status on November 1, 1940. Following some consolidation in 1942–1943, the district had four towns and 35 villages.

In 1950–1951, Kakegawa expanded by annexing four neighboring villages, and the town of Kikugawa was created on January 1, 1954 by the merger of Horinouchi Town with three neighboring villages. Kakegawa was raised to city status on March 1, 1954. In a round of mergers and consolidation from 1954 to 1957, the towns of Ogasa (March 31, 1954), Hamaoka (March 31, 1955), and Ōsuka (June 1, 1956) were created and the number of villages reduced from 27 to 2. Mikasa Village was annexed by Kakegawa on October 1, 1960 and Kito Village by Ohama Town on April 1, 1973 to form the town of Daitō.

Recent mergers
On April 1, 2004 - the town of Hamaoka was merged with the former town of Omaezaki (from Haibara District) to create the city of Omaezaki.
On January 17, 2005 - the former town of Kikugawa absorbed the town of Ogasa to create the city of Kikugawa.
On April 1, 2005 - the towns of Daitō and Ōsuka were merged into the expanded city of Kakegawa. Ogasa District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

External links
Counties of Japan

Former districts of Shizuoka Prefecture

Ogasa District, Shizuoka


Kevin Maurice Garnett ( ; born May 19, 1976) is an American former professional basketball player who played for 21 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed KG by his initials, and the "Big Ticket" for his emphatic dunking and athleticism, Garnett is considered one of the greatest power forwards of all time, being known for his intensity, defensive ability, and versatility. As of 2020, he is one of five NBA players to have won both the NBA Most Valuable Player Award and the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.

In high school, Garnett was a 1995 McDonald's All-American at Farragut Career Academy and won a national player of the year award. He entered the 1995 NBA draft, where he was selected with the fifth overall pick by the Minnesota Timberwolves and became the first NBA player drafted directly out of high school in 20 years.
Garnett made an immediate impact with the Minnesota Timberwolves, leading them to eight consecutive playoff appearances. In 2004, he led the Timberwolves to the Western Conference Finals and won the NBA MVP Award. He was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year in 2007–08.

In 2007, after 12 seasons with the Timberwolves, Garnett joined the Boston Celtics in a blockbuster trade. In his first year with the Celtics, he helped lead them to the 2008 NBA Finals, beating the Los Angeles Lakers, while also finishing in third place for the MVP award. In 2013, Garnett was included in a second headline trade that sent him to the Brooklyn Nets with longtime Celtic Paul Pierce. In 2015, Garnett was traded back to Minnesota. He announced his retirement from professional basketball in September 2016. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2020 and named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021.

During his NBA career, Garnett was named to 15 All-Star Games, winning the All-Star MVP award in 2003. He was named to the All-NBA Team nine times and to the NBA All-Defensive Team 12 times. Garnett also holds several Timberwolves franchise records.

Garnett made his feature film debut, playing a fictionalized version of himself, in the 2019 film Uncut Gems.

Early life and high school career
Garnett was born on May 19, 1976, in Greenville, South Carolina, to Shirley Garnett. He was the second of his mother's three children. Garnett's mother never married his father, O'Lewis McCullough, with their relationship ending shortly after his birth. Garnett grew up with his mother and stepfather, Ernest Irby, with whom he did not get along, and two sisters.

Garnett fell in love with the sport of basketball while attending Hillcrest Middle School, although he did not play organized basketball until high school. In his first three years of high school, Garnett attended Mauldin High School in Mauldin, South Carolina, and played on the school's basketball team. However, during the summer before his senior year of high school, Garnett was in the general vicinity of a fight between black and white students. Although not directly involved, Garnett was one of three students arrested for second-degree lynching, a charge that was expunged through a pre-trial intervention. Due to the racially charged incident and fearful of being a target, Garnett decided to leave Mauldin High and transferred to Farragut Career Academy in Chicago's West Side, for his senior year of high school.

Living with his sister in Chicago, Garnett led Farragut to a 28–2 record and was named National High School Player of the Year by USA Today. He was also named Mr. Basketball for the state of Illinois after averaging 25.2 points, 17.9 rebounds, 6.7 assists and 6.5 blocks while shooting 66.8% from the field. In four years of high school, Garnett posted an impressive 2,553 points, 1,809 rebounds and 737 blocked shots. In high school, Garnett played alongside Ronnie Fields, who also became a professional basketball player. Garnett was named the Most Outstanding Player at the McDonald's All-American Game after registering 18 points, 11 rebounds, 4 assists, and 3 blocked shots, and then declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. To mark the 35th anniversary of the McDonald's All-American High School Boys Basketball Game, Garnett was honored as one of 35 Greatest McDonald's All-Americans. Garnett's decision not to play college basketball was influenced in part by his failure to score well enough on the ACT to meet NCAA requirements for freshman eligibility. Garnett told Student Sports Magazine in 1995 that if he went to college, he would have played college basketball for the University of Maryland, a moderate surprise at the time considering, while Maryland and North Carolina were contenders, the University of Michigan were viewed as front-runners in Garnett's recruitment. However, in the years since his recruitment, several figures close to the recruitment, including former Nike executive Sonny Vaccaro, as well as Garnett himself, have stated that he would have likely attended Michigan, influenced an appreciation of the Fab Five and Chris Webber, in particular.

A Chicago area high school coach referred Garnett to Eric Fleisher, then agent for 18 NBA players and son of first National Basketball Players Association head Larry Fleisher, to discuss the possibility of going to the NBA straight out of high school. Two weeks later at the Lakeshore Athletic Club, Fleisher ran a small tryout where Garnett dominated against older, more experienced competition. Fleisher then set Detroit Pistons assistant John Hammond to run the drills at another workout at the University of Illinois-Chicago to gauge NBA interest. Representatives from the 13 teams with lottery picks, with Kevin McHale, Elgin Baylor, Flip Saunders, and Kevin Loughery among them, were in the workout that was scheduled around the same time as a pre-draft tryout camp. The workout included Garnett touching the box painted on the backboard above the rim multiple times, and McHale giving Garnett tips on shooting jump shots. An hour before going to the 1995 NBA draft in the Toronto SkyDome, his coach at Farragut, William (Wolf) Nelson, gave encouragement and told Garnett that he passed the last SAT test he took with a score of 970.

Professional career

Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007)

Early years (1995–1997)
Garnett was drafted with the fifth overall pick in the 1995 NBA draft by the Minnesota Timberwolves, and became the first player to be drafted directly out of high school since 1975. Since joining the NBA for the 1989–90 season, the Timberwolves had not won more than 29 games in any season. In Garnett's rookie season, the Timberwolves were in the midst of a transition phase; they replaced Bill Blair with Flip Saunders as head coach early in the season, and made several trades. Garnett initially came off the bench in his rookie year, but moved into the starting lineup soon after Saunders became head coach and with the urging of Sam Mitchell. In the final 42 games of the year, averaged 14 points, 8.4 rebounds and 2.26 blocks as a starter. In his rookie year, Garnett and fellow newcomer Tom Gugliotta carried the scoring load. Garnett did not immediately leap to stardom as later prep-to-pro prospects such as Amar'e Stoudemire, LeBron James and Dwight Howard would, but he did have a very respectable rookie year. He was voted to the All-Rookie Second Team on averages of 10.4 points, 6.3 rebounds, and 1.8 assists per game. Despite having some promising players, the Timberwolves suffered through their seventh consecutive sub-30 win season and failed to make the playoffs. At the time, Garnett was the youngest NBA player in history at 19 years and 11 months of age.

Before the 1996–97 season, the Timberwolves made a draft-day trade for point guard Stephon Marbury of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. During the season, Garnett posted improved averages of 17.0 points, 8.0 rebounds, 3.1 assists, 2.1 blocks and 1.7 steals. He also had two games where he registered eight blocks. With a 40–42 record, the Timberwolves made their first playoff appearance in franchise history, Garnett and Gugliotta made their first All-Star appearances, and Marbury established himself as a valuable young lead guard. However, the Houston Rockets, led by Hakeem Olajuwon, Clyde Drexler, and Charles Barkley, proved to be too much as the Timberwolves were swept 3–0 in the first round of the 1997 NBA Playoffs.

Franchise player (1997–2001)
In August 1997, Garnett and Fleisher turned down the Timberwolves' offer of a contract worth $102 million over six years. They thought there would be more offered to them on the basis of the signings of $105 million over seven years for Alonzo Mourning of the Miami Heat and $100.8 million over seven years for Juwan Howard with the Washington Bullets. To get out of the spotlight while negotiations were ongoing, Garnett stayed in Fleisher's Westchester County home, north of New York City. One hour before the deadline on 1 October 1997, the Timberwolves and Garnett agreed on a six-year contract extension that was worth an unparalleled $126 million. The contract was considered a risky move and many analysts speculated that the deal would make it impossible for the Wolves to sign new players or even keep their own. The enormous size of Garnett's contract was considered, by numerous sports writers, a major cause of labor tensions between players and owners that led to a lockout which shortened the 1998–99 NBA season. Despite the furor over his new contract, Garnett continued to improve, averaging 18.5 points, 9.6 rebounds, 4.2 assists, 1.8 blocks, and 1.7 steals per game. Again, he was an All-Star, and the Timberwolves finished with their first winning record in franchise history (45–37 for the season). For the second consecutive year, the young Timberwolves bowed out of the playoffs in the first round, this time losing 3–2 to the Seattle SuperSonics and superstar point guard Gary Payton. The two wins against the Sonics marked the Wolves' first-ever playoff game wins. The off-season started poorly for the Timberwolves though as 20-point per game scorer Tom Gugliotta left for the Phoenix Suns.

In the lockout-shortened season that followed, Garnett broke through as a superstar. Putting up stats of 20.8 points, 10.4 rebounds, 4.3 assists, and 1.8 blocks per game, he was named to the All-NBA Third Team. However, midway through the season, Stephon Marbury was traded to the New Jersey Nets. Although the Wolves received two-time All-Star Terrell Brandon in return, they were not able to overcome the discord and limped into the playoffs as the eighth seed with a 25–25 record. The Wolves were defeated in the first round again, this time losing 3–1 to the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs who were led by young superstar and eventual NBA Finals MVP Tim Duncan. In the 1999–2000 NBA season, Garnett continued his notable play, averaging 22.9 points, 11.8 rebounds, 5.0 assists, 1.6 blocks, and 1.5 steals per game. Garnett also made the first of his four All-NBA First Team appearances and came in second place in the MVP voting. Assisted by sharpshooting rookie forward Wally Szczerbiak and steady veteran Terrell Brandon, the Wolves posted a franchise-best 50–32 record, but succumbed in the first round to the Portland Trail Blazers 3–1.

On May 20, 2000, Timberwolves' guard and Garnett's close friend Malik Sealy was killed by a drunk driver shortly after celebrating Garnett's 24th birthday. Later that year, the NBA ruled that the free-agent signing of Joe Smith was illegal. The league punished the team for the illegal signing by stripping them of three first-round draft picks, fining Glen Taylor (the owner of the team) $3.5 million, and banning general manager Kevin McHale for one year. In the 2000–01 NBA season, Garnett led the Wolves to a 47–35 record and made the All-NBA Second Team, but again, the Wolves did not survive the first round of the playoffs, losing to the Spurs 3–1.

MVP and division champions (2001–2004)
In the 2001–02 season, Garnett posted another notable season, his averages of 21.2 points, 12.1 rebounds, 5.2 assists, 1.6 blocks and 1.2 steals per game enough for another All-NBA Second Team nomination. However, the Timberwolves bowed out in the first round for the sixth consecutive time, this time getting swept 3–0 by the Dallas Mavericks led by Michael Finley, Steve Nash, and Dirk Nowitzki. Garnett's next season was one of the best of his career, his 23.0 ppg / 13.4 rpg / 6.0 apg / 1.6 bpg / 1.4 spg season earning him his second All-NBA First Team nomination and second place in the MVP voting. The Timberwolves posted a good 51–31 record, but for the seventh consecutive time, they did not make it out of the first round, this time losing to the Los Angeles Lakers 4–2.

In the 2003–04 season, things finally seemed to come together for Garnett. In past years, the Wolves had practically been a one-man show, but now, the Timberwolves had made two valuable acquisitions: highly talented but volatile swingman Latrell Sprewell and the seasoned two-time NBA champion Sam Cassell, who supplanted Troy Hudson at point guard. In addition, defensive center Ervin Johnson complemented the inconsistent Michael Olowokandi. Powered by the best supporting cast up to this point in his career, Garnett averaged 24.2 points, 13.9 rebounds, 5.0 assists, 2.2 blocks and 1.5 steals per game for the season. Having recorded career-highs in points, rebounds, blocks and leading the league rebounds, Garnett was named the league Most Valuable Player for the first time in his career. With a franchise-record 58 wins, the Wolves stormed into the playoffs, and finally conquered their playoff bane by defeating the Denver Nuggets 4–1 in the first round. After disposing of the strong Sacramento Kings 4–3 in the Western Conference semi-finals, Garnett and the Timberwolves met the Lakers in the Western Conference Finals. There, playmaker Cassell went down with a back injury. With reserve point guard Hudson also injured, the Timberwolves alternated between third playmaker Darrick Martin and shooting guard Fred Hoiberg at the "one", or even running Garnett himself as point forward or a real point guard. The Los Angeles Lakers pulled off a 4–2 victory in the series.

Frustration (2004–2007)
On January 4, 2005, Garnett scored a career high 47 points to go along with 17 rebounds in a 115–122 loss to the Phoenix Suns. He was also named to the All-NBA Second Team, but the Timberwolves failed to make the playoffs for the first time in eight years with a record of 44–38. The 2005–06 season brought more frustration for Garnett. Sprewell turned down a three-year, $21 million extension, and the Wolves wary of his injuries and age, traded Cassell for the much less effective Marko Jarić, and the team's record for 2005–06 fell to 33–49. Despite Garnett's play, the team logged the second-worst record since Garnett joined the franchise. The Timberwolves' record dropped further in 2006–07, going 32–50 that season. In both of those seasons, Garnett earned All-NBA Third Team honors.

During the 2007 off-season, Glen Taylor admitted that although he planned on retaining Garnett, he finally listened to trade offers. Garnett's name was mentioned in various trade rumors involving the Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers, Golden State Warriors, Indiana Pacers, Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, and Dallas Mavericks. Garnett later confirmed that his preferred trade destinations were the Lakers, Celtics, and Suns. He had initially contacted Lakers superstar Kobe Bryant about joining the team as the Lakers were his initial top choice but Bryant didn't answer or return the calls. Garnett stated, "I'm just being honest with everybody. I wanted to link with Kobe. Kobe and I had a different connect. When Kobe-Shaq went on their little thing, a lot of people went with Shaq. A lot of people didn't even fuck with Kobe. You know, Kobe, whatever. One of the very few to just stay with him. I was a neutral guy, anyway. I show everybody love. I tried to link with him, and I couldn't get him on the line." The Lakers originally had a trade framework in place that involved Lamar Odom and Andrew Bynum.

Boston Celtics (2007–2013)

NBA championship, DPOY award and injury (2007–2009)

On July 31, 2007, Garnett was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Al Jefferson, Ryan Gomes, Sebastian Telfair, Gerald Green, Theo Ratliff, cash considerations, Boston's 2009 first-round draft pick (top 3 protected), and the 2009 first-round pick which Minnesota traded to Boston in the Ricky Davis–Wally Szczerbiak trade of 2006. The 7-for-1 deal constitutes the largest number of players traded for a single player in league history. At the time of the trade, Garnett had the longest current tenure of any player in the NBA with one team, having played for the Timberwolves for his first 12 seasons (a total of 927 games). Garnett said that he was proud to be a part of the Celtics and hoped to continue its proud tradition and basketball success. On the day the trade was announced, Garnett signed a three-year, $60 million contract extension that would start after his prior deal ran out in 2009. On August 1, the day after signing with the Celtics, Garnett threw the ceremonial first pitch at Fenway Park prior to a Red Sox–Orioles game.

The trade for Garnett had many experts speculating that the Celtics would have a resurgence during the 2007–08 season. The combination of Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, and Garnett were almost automatically nicknamed "The Big Three" by the media, after the Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish trio. Garnett wore jersey number 5 for the Celtics since his number with the Timberwolves, number 21, was retired by the Celtics, previously worn by Bill Sharman. He made his Boston debut with a strong performance against the Washington Wizards, with 22 points and 20 rebounds. He also led all players in voting for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Garnett received 2,399,148 votes, the sixth highest total in NBA All-Star balloting history. However, Garnett was unable to play due to an abdominal strain, and Detroit Pistons forward Rasheed Wallace was named to replace him. Garnett passed 20,000 points for his career, becoming the 32nd player in NBA history to reach the mark, with a layup in the second quarter against the Memphis Grizzlies on March 8. On April 22, Garnett was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year for the 2007–08 season. It was the only major award a Celtic player had not claimed since the franchise's foundation in 1946. Garnett said it was a team effort which helped him win the award. Garnett was also third in MVP voting for the year, behind only Kobe Bryant and Chris Paul. Garnett helped the Celtics to their 17th NBA Championship, with 26 points and 14 rebounds in Game 6 of the NBA Finals. During that championship season, Garnett and Celtics legend Bill Russell developed a relationship, which Garnett credited as a major influence in helping him succeed during his first season as a Celtic. On June 18, 2008, Garnett and Ray Allen appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, soon after winning the championship.

In the 2008–09 season, Garnett started all of the 57 games he was able to suit up for. He averaged 15.8 points, 8.5 rebounds and 2.5 assists. On October 31, 2008, Garnett became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 1,000 career games, at 32 years and 165 days. Garnett earned his twelfth consecutive All-Star Game start on February 15, 2009. Following the All-Star Game, during a game against the Utah Jazz, Garnett injured his right knee late in the second quarter. The injury occurred on February 19, 2009 while attempting to go up for an alley-oop. He was forced to miss the next 14 games. Upon his return, he averaged nine points and 4.5 rebounds in four games before being shut down for the season, missing the final 25 games of the regular season as well as the 2009 playoffs due to his injured knee. In May 2009, he underwent knee surgery. Without Garnett, the Celtics advanced to the Eastern Conference semi-finals, but were eliminated by the Orlando Magic.

Final All-Star appearances and falling short (2009–2013)
In the 2009–10 season, Garnett and the Celtics, joined by newly signed free agent Rasheed Wallace, struggled with injuries and inconsistency throughout much of the regular season and earned the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs. Garnett was selected to play in the 2010 NBA All-Star Game (his 13th All-Star Game selection). Despite being written off by nearly every major sports analyst, the Celtics elevated their play and consistency, and dominated opponents much as they did during their 2008 championship run. They eliminated the Miami Heat, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Orlando Magic to advance to face the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2010 NBA Finals. In Game 6 against the Cavaliers, Garnett recorded 22 points, 12 rebounds and 3 assists in the series-clinching win. The 2010 Finals went to a decisive seventh game in Los Angeles, where the Celtics led well into the third quarter before the Lakers mounted a comeback and held on for the victory.

In the 2010–11 NBA season, Garnett and the Celtics started strong, winning 23 of their first 26 games. On December 30, 2010, Garnett injured his right knee after he tried to dunk. He missed two weeks with the injury. Garnett returned on January 17, 2011 to face the Orlando Magic. The Celtics ended the regular season third in the Eastern Conference behind the Chicago Bulls and the Miami Heat. Garnett averaged under 15 points, under 9 rebounds, and a career low 0.8 blocks per game. After sweeping the New York Knicks in the first round, they faced the Heat in the semi-finals. After losing the first two games of the series, Garnett's playoff high 28 points helped the Celtics take Game 3. However, the Heat won the next two games, winning the series 4–1.

In the lockout shortened 2011–12 NBA season, Garnett and the Celtics started off slowly, being below .500 with a 15–17 record by the All-Star break. Garnett was not selected for the All-Star game for the first time in 11 years. After, however, Boston quickly became one of the best teams in the league, finishing the second half of the season with a 24–10 record, entering the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 39–27 record. Boston made a deep run in the playoffs, going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals. They faced the Atlanta Hawks in the first round, defeating them in six games. Boston then defeated the Philadelphia 76ers after a challenging seven-game series. Boston made the Eastern Conference Finals for the third time in five years, and faced another superstar trio in Chris Bosh, Dwyane Wade, and LeBron James of the Miami Heat. The Celtics lost the first two games, but came back strong to win the next three games. However, the Heat were too strong in Games 6 and 7, defeating the Celtics 4–3. Garnett found a resurgence in the playoffs, averaging 19.2 points, 10.3 rebounds and 1.4 blocks per game.

On June 30, 2012, Garnett agreed to a three-year contract extension with the Celtics worth an estimated $34 million. On January 17, 2013, it was announced that Garnett was voted to start in the 2013 All-Star Game in Houston. On February 7, 2013, Garnett recorded his 25,000th point in a 116–95 victory over the Los Angeles Lakers.

On August 20, 2021, the Celtics announced that they would retire Garnett's number 5 jersey on March 13, 2022, in a game against the Dallas Mavericks.

Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
On June 27, 2013, the day of the NBA draft, the Boston Celtics and the Brooklyn Nets reached a deal to trade Garnett, Paul Pierce, and Jason Terry for future first-round picks in the 2014, 2016, and 2018 drafts, as well as Kris Humphries, Gerald Wallace, Kris Joseph, MarShon Brooks, and Keith Bogans. Two of the Celtics' picks eventually became future All-Stars Jaylen Brown and Jayson Tatum. The deal was finally completed on July 12 with Brooklyn also receiving D. J. White. Garnett chose to wear number 2 to honor his former Minnesota Timberwolves teammate Malik Sealy.

On December 13, 2013, Garnett surpassed 14,000 career rebounds, becoming only the tenth player in NBA history to do so. In reaching the milestone, Garnett also joined Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Karl Malone as the only players to reach 25,000 points, 14,000 rebounds, and 5,000 assists. He reached the milestone in the third quarter of a 103–99 road loss to the Detroit Pistons. The Nets cherished Garnett's leadership and passion. Despite boasting a starting line-up of Deron Williams, Joe Johnson, Brook Lopez, Paul Pierce, and Garnett, the Nets were unable to advance past the second round of the playoffs, while Garnett finished his 19th NBA season with career low averages of 6.5 points and 6.6 rebounds per game.

On November 1, 2014, Garnett had arguably his best game for the Nets as he recorded 18 points and 14 rebounds in 35 minutes of action in the Nets' 102–90 win over the Detroit Pistons. Six days later, he recorded five rebounds in a 110–99 win over the New York Knicks and by doing so, passed Walt Bellamy for ninth place on the all-time rebounding list.

Return to Minnesota (2015–2016)

On February 19, 2015, Garnett agreed to waive his no-trade clause in order to be traded back to Minnesota in exchange for Thaddeus Young. Six days later, he made his return for the Timberwolves against the Washington Wizards at the Target Center, recording five points on two-of-seven shooting with eight rebounds and two blocks in 19 minutes in his first game for Minnesota since 2007. He appeared in just five games for the Timberwolves in 2014–15, before sitting out the team's final 21 games of the season due to a nagging knee injury.

On July 11, 2015, Garnett re-signed with the Timberwolves to a two-year deal. On November 15, 2015, against the Memphis Grizzlies, Garnett became the fifth player in NBA history to play at least 50,000 minutes, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Karl Malone, Jason Kidd, and Elvin Hayes. On December 1, against the Orlando Magic, Garnett surpassed Kidd (50,110) for third on the NBA's career minutes list. Four days later, in a loss to the Portland Trail Blazers, he became the 15th player in NBA history to surpass 26,000 career points. On December 11, Garnett passed Malone as the NBA's all-time leader in defensive rebounds during Minnesota's 111–108 overtime loss to the Denver Nuggets. He finished the game with four defensive boards to give him 11,409 for his career, three ahead of Malone. Garnett appeared in 38 of the team's first 45 games of the season before missing the entire second half of the season with a right knee injury, the same knee that kept him out of 25 games in 2008–09 when he was playing for Boston, as well as much of his post-trade time in Minnesota during the 2014–15 season.

On September 23, 2016, Garnett announced his retirement after 21 seasons in the NBA. While Garnett did express interest in playing for one more season with the Timberwolves, primarily with the goal in helping the team make it to the playoffs again with its promising young players and new head coach, he also told the team's owner that he was not sure that his knees would hold up for one more season.

National team career
In the 2000 Summer Olympics, Garnett won a gold medal as a member of the United States national team. In his first and only FIBA tournament, Garnett averaged 10.8 points, 9.1 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game.

Post-playing career
In October 2016, Garnett joined the crew on TNT's Inside the NBA. The following month, he became the host of his own segment Area 21. In January 2017, Garnett joined the Los Angeles Clippers as a consultant. He also consulted with the Milwaukee Bucks during the 2016–17 season.

Uncut Gems

Garnett plays a fictionalized version of himself in the 2019 crime thriller Uncut Gems, directed by the Safdie brothers. The movie is set in 2012 and revolves around the Eastern Conference Semi-finals series between the Boston Celtics and Philadelphia 76ers. While playing in Philadelphia, Garnett makes a trip to a New York City jewelry store owned by Howard Ratner (Adam Sandler) in the Diamond District. Garnett takes a liking to an Ethiopian opal which Ratner shows off. The story revolves around Garnett's performance in the series and relationship with the Opal, alongside Ratner's chaotic and intense personal life.

Garnett's performance received positive reviews from critics. The Safdie brothers picked Garnett after a series of rewrites based on available players. Prior to securing Garnett, the duo approached Amar'e Stoudemire, who refused to cut his hair to match the period; and Kobe Bryant, whose representation said he wanted to direct and not act, though Bryant said he wasn't contacted; and Joel Embiid, whose active NBA schedule could not accommodate filming. Garnett was among the first non-active athletes they approached. Garnett said the process of filming "felt special, but you didn't know it."

He then subsequently signed a deal with Village Roadshow Pictures.

Personal life
Garnett wore clothing branded as "OBF", standing for Official Block Family. The name came from what he called his close group of friends from Beechwood Court in Mauldin, South Carolina. He brought OBF members to live with him in his Minnesota home, and let some on board some team's charter flights during road trips. He met Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, the Grammy-winning record producers for Janet Jackson and Boyz II Men, early in his career in Minnesota and considers them as mentors.

In July 2004, Garnett married his longtime girlfriend Brandi Padilla during a private ceremony in California. Due to the wedding, Garnett did not take part in the Athens Olympic Games. The couple has two daughters. On July 12, 2018, Garnett's wife filed for divorce, asking for custody of the children. Garnett is the half-brother of former basketball player Louis McCullough. Another professional basketball player, former Los Angeles Laker Shammond Williams, is his cousin.

His nicknames include "The Big Ticket", "KG", "The Kid", and formerly "The Franchise" (after being known as the Minnesota Timberwolves' franchise player). He mentally prepared himself before games by banging his head against a padded basketball stanchion. Although Garnett is officially listed as  by the NBA, he is widely accepted to be at least  tall. During the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, Garnett admitted in an interview with Craig Sager to be "6 ft 11 in and some quarters" tall. Measurements from the 1995 NBA draft indicated that Garnett, who was 19 years old at the time, was  tall barefoot. In 1997, Garnett was measured by the Minnesota Timberwolves training staff to be  tall in his basketball shoes. In December 2011, Garnett agreed to become a limited shareholder of American-owned Italian Serie A football team A.S. Roma.

In February 2021, Simon & Schuster published Garnett's autobiography KG: A to Z: An Uncensored Encyclopedia of Life, Basketball, and Everything in Between, written with David Ritz. In part of the work, Garnett describes his successive involvement with various sneaker manufacturers.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 80 || 43 || 28.7 || .491 || .286 || .705 || 6.3 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 1.6 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 77 || 77 || 38.9 || .499 || .286 || .754 || 8.0 || 3.1 || 1.4 || 2.1 || 17.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 39.3 || .491 || .188 || .738 || 9.6 || 4.2 || 1.7 || 1.8 || 18.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 47 || 47 || 37.9 || .460 || .286 || .704 || 10.4 || 4.3 || 1.7 || 1.8 || 20.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 81 || 81 || 40.0 || .497 || .370 || .765 || 11.8 || 5.0 || 1.5 || 1.6 || 22.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 81 || 81 || 39.5 || .477 || .288 || .764 || 11.4 || 5.0 || 1.4 || 1.8 || 22.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 81 || 81 || 39.2 || .470 || .319 || .801 || 12.1 || 5.2 || 1.2 || 1.6 || 21.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 40.5 || .502 || .282 || .751 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 1.4 || 1.6 || 23.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 82 || 82 || 39.4 || .499 || .256 || .791 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 13.9 || 5.0 || 1.5 || 2.2 || 24.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 38.1 || .502 || .240 || .811 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 13.5* || 5.7 || 1.5 || 1.4 || 22.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 76 || 76 || 38.9 || .526 || .267 || .810 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 12.7* || 4.1 || 1.4 || 1.4 || 21.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 76 || 76 || 39.4 || .476 || .214 || .835 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 12.8* || 4.1 || 1.2 || 1.7 || 22.4
|-
|  style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"| †
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 71 || 71 || 32.8 || .539 || .000 || .801 || 9.2 || 3.4 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 18.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 57 || 57 || 31.1 || .531 || .250 || .841 || 8.5 || 2.5 || 1.1 || 1.2 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 69 || 69 || 29.9 || .521 || .200 || .837 || 7.3 || 2.7 || 1.0 || .8 || 14.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 71 || 71 || 31.3 || .528 || .200 || .862 || 8.9 || 2.4 || 1.3 || .8 || 14.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 60 || 60 || 31.1 || .503 || .333 || .857 || 8.2 || 2.9 || .9 || 1.0 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 68 || 68 || 29.7 || .496 || .125 || .786 || 7.8 || 2.3 || 1.1 || .9 || 14.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 54 || 54 || 20.5 || .441 || .000 || .809 || 6.6 || 1.5 || .8 || .7 || 6.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 42 || 42 || 20.3 || .455 || .167 || .829 || 6.8 || 1.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 6.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 5 || 5 || 19.6 || .581 || .000 || .500 || 5.2 || 1.6 || 1.0 || .8 || 7.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 38 || 38 || 14.6 || .470 || .000 || .667 || 3.9 || 1.6 || .7 || .3 || 3.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 1,462 || 1,425 || 34.5 || .497 || .275 || .789 || 10.0 || 3.7 || 1.3 || 1.4 || 17.8
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 14 || 11 || 20.5 || .511 || .000 || .875 || 6.3 || 2.9 || 1.1 || .8 || 11.3

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1997
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 3 || 3 || 41.7 || .471 || 1.000 || 1.000 || 9.3 || 3.7 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 17.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1998
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 5 || 5 || 38.8 || .480 || .000 || .778 || 9.6 || 4.0 || .8 || 2.4 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1999
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 4 || 4 || 42.5 || .443 || .000 || .739 || 12.0 || 3.8 || 1.8 || 2.0 || 21.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2000
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 4 || 4 || 42.8 || .385 || .667 || .813 || 10.8 || 8.8 || 1.3 || .8 || 18.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 4 || 4 || 41.3 || .466 || .000 || .833 || 12.0 || 4.3 || 1.0 || 1.5 || 21.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 3 || 3 || 43.3 || .429 || .500 || .719 || 18.7 || 5.0 || 1.7 || 1.7 || 24.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2003
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 6 || 6 || 44.2 || .514 || .333 || .607 || 15.7 || 5.2 || 1.7 || 1.7 || 27.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2004
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 18 || 18 || 43.5 || .452 || .313 || .776 || 14.6 || 5.1 || 1.3 || 2.3 || 24.3
|-
|  style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"| 2008†
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| style="background:#E0CEF2; width:3em"|26 || style="background:#E0CEF2; width:3em"|26 || 38.0 || .495 || .250 || .810 || 10.5 || 3.3 || 1.3 || 1.1 || 20.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 23 || 23 || 33.3 || .495 || .000 || .839 || 7.4 || 2.5 || 1.1 || .9 || 15.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 9 || 9 || 36.3 || .441 || .000 || .759 || 10.9 || 2.6 || 1.9 || 1.0 || 14.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 20 || 20 || 36.9 || .497 || .250 || .813 || 10.3 || 1.5 || 1.2 || 1.5 || 19.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 6 || 6 || 35.3 || .500 || .000 || .941 || 13.7 || 3.5 || .8 || 1.0 || 12.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 12 || 12 || 20.8 || .524 || .000 || .739 || 6.3 || 1.3 || .8 || .4 || 6.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 143 || 143 || 36.9 || .478 || .273 || .789 || 10.7 || 3.3 || 1.2 || 1.3 || 18.2

Achievements and records

Garnett has a long list of achievements and records, including:
Only NBA player to reach at least 25,000 points, 10,000 rebounds, 5,000 assists, 1,500 steals, and 1,500 blocks
Only NBA player to average at least 20 points, 10 rebounds, and 5 assists per game for 6 consecutive seasons: –
Only NBA player to average at least 20 points, 10 rebounds, and 4 assists per game for 9 consecutive seasons: –
Seasons leading the league in defensive rebounds: 5 (–)
Broken by Dwight Howard (–)
Consecutive seasons leading the league in defensive rebounds: 5 (–)
Broken by Dwight Howard (–)
First NBA player to win the NBA Player of the Month Award four times in a single season: 2003–04 season
Also achieved by LeBron James, who has achieved this twice
 Third NBA player to lead his team in all five major statistics (points, rebounds, assists, steals, blocks) in the same season: Minnesota Timberwolves,
Also achieved by Dave Cowens (Boston Celtics, ), Scottie Pippen (Chicago Bulls, ), LeBron James (Cleveland Cavaliers, ), Giannis Antetokounmpo (Milwaukee Bucks, ), and Nikola Jokić (Denver Nuggets, )
Tied for the second most seasons played in the NBA: 21 seasons
Also achieved by Robert Parish, Kevin Willis and Dirk Nowitzki

Achievements:
NBA champion: 2008
Olympic gold medal: 2000
NBA Most Valuable Player: 2004
NBA Defensive Player of the Year: 2008
NBA All-Star Game MVP: 2003
15-time NBA All-Star: 1997–2011, 2013
Selected to 14 consecutive All-Star teams (1997–2011) (no game in 1999 due to lockout)
Selected in 2008, but did not play due to injury
9-time All-NBA selection:
First Team: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2008
Second Team: 2001, 2002, 2005
Third Team: 1999, 2007
12-time All-Defensive:
First Team: 2000–2005, 2008–2009, 2011
Second Team: 2006–2007, 2012
NBA All-Rookie selection:
Second team: 1996
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award: 2006
NBA 75th Anniversary Team: 2021

See also

 List of NBA All-Stars
 List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff triple-double leaders
 List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders
 List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders

Notes

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
Actors from Greenville, South Carolina
African-American basketball players
African-American male actors
American men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Chicago
Basketball players from South Carolina
Boston Celtics players
Brooklyn Nets players
Centers (basketball)
Farragut Career Academy alumni
Male actors from Chicago
Male actors from South Carolina
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Minnesota Timberwolves draft picks
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association high school draftees
National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award winners
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
People from Mauldin, South Carolina
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from Greenville, South Carolina
United States men's national basketball team players

Kevin Garnett


Der Roseires-Damm () staut den Blauen Nil im Bundesstaat an-Nil al-azraq im Sudan.

Lage
Der Roseires-Damm ist der erste sudanesische Damm im Blauen Nil unterhalb der äthiopisch-sudanesischen Grenze. Sein Stausee erstreckt sich über eine Länge von etwa 55 km in nordsüdlicher Richtung bei einer Breite von 9 km bei der Stadt ad-Damazin.

Geschichte
Die Idee des Roseires-Damms geht auf eine von der britischen Kolonialverwaltung in den 1950er Jahren beauftragte Studie zurück, in der das Ingenieurbüro Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners vorschlug, ein Kenana-Scheme genanntes Entwässerungsprojekt im Süden des Gezira-Projektes in vergleichbarer Größe anzulegen und mit Hilfe eines Roseires-Damms zu bewässern. Der 1956 unabhängig gewordene Sudan konnte das Projekt zunächst nicht finanzieren. Erst nachdem der Sudan mit Ägypten den Vertrag von 1959 über die Nutzung des Nilwassers abgeschlossen hatte, konnte der Roseires-Damm mit einem Kredit der Weltbank und Westdeutschlands gebaut und 1966 fertiggestellt werden.

Inzwischen galt das Kenana-Projekt als zu teuer. Das Wasser des Roseires-Stausees wurde deshalb für die verbesserte Bewässerung des Gezira-Projekts und für seine al-Managil-Erweiterung und später für das neue Rahad-Projekt auf der rechten Seite des Flusses verwendet.

Da der Stausee ebenso wie der Khashm-el-Girba-Stausee am Atbara durch Sedimentation einen großen Teil seines Volumens verloren hatte, wurde die Krone des Roseires-Damms um 10 m aufgestockt. Diese Arbeiten wurden im Februar 2013 fertiggestellt.

Bauwerk
Bei dem Roseires-Damm handelt es sich um eine rund 1000 m breite Pfeilerstaumauer, die von zwei Erdschütt-Staudämmen gefasst ist. Die 1966 fertiggestellte Staumauer hatte ursprünglich eine  Höhe von 68 m, die Dammkrone war insgesamt 13,5 km lang. Die Staumauer hat 5 Grundablässe mit 6 m breiten und 10,5 m hohen Toren.

1971 wurde der Damm zur Stromgewinnung mit 7 Turbinen ausgestattet.

Man schätzt, dass der Blaue Nil jährlich eine Sedimentfracht von 140 Mio. Tonnen in den Stausee transportierte und dass das ursprüngliche Stauvolumen von 3.300 Mio. m³ bis 1995 bereits um 900 Mio. m³ reduziert wurde. Der Stausee wird deshalb einmal im Jahr bei steigender Flut über den Grundablass geleert, um möglichst viele Sedimente auszuspülen.

Durch die 2013 beendete Aufstockung der Krone um 10 m  wurde der Damm insgesamt 24.410 m lang. Dabei wurde auch die Kraftwerksleistung auf 1.800 MW erhöht. Die Arbeiten wurden von Kuwait, Saudi-Arabien und anderen arabischen Staaten finanziert und von der China International Water & Electric Corporation ausgeführt.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Kraftwerken im Sudan
 Liste von Talsperren der Welt (Sudan)
 Liste der Talsperren am Nil
 Liste der Nilbrücken
 Liste der größten Talsperren der Erde
 Liste der größten Stauseen der Erde

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Roseiris Dam Heightening Project

Talsperre im Sudan
Wasserkraftwerk im Sudan
Wasserkraftwerk in Afrika
Pfeilerstaumauer
Erdschüttdamm
An-Nil al-azraq

Roseires-Damm


Hreljići (Marčana), naselje u općini Marčana, Hrvatska
 Hreljići (Kalinovik, BiH), naselje u općini Kalinovik, BiH

Hreljići


An Grammatophyllum scriptum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Grammatophyllum scriptum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Grammatophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Grammatophyllum

Grammatophyllum scriptum


Vendophyceae, fosilni biljni razred opisan 1986.. Pripadnost diviziji još nije ustanovljena.

Sastoji se od tri razreda sa 13 vrsta.

Vendophyceae je skupina višestaničnih fosilnih algi poznatih iz ediakarija (kasni prekambrij). Članovi ovog razreda uključuju vrpčaste Vendotaeniales i komprimirane cjevaste Archyfasma (Gnilovskaya 2003).

Karakteristike (iz Gnilovskaya 2003): Talus (fitoleim) megaskopski, nemineraliziran, višestanični. Talu poput vrpce, komprimiran, cjevast, ravan ili razgranat, formiran od staničnih tkiva. Sporangiju u uzdužnim redovima.

Redovi
 Archyfasmales M.B.Gnilovskaja	3
 Eoholyniales M.B.Gnilovskaja	5
 Vendotaeniales 5

Izvori

Biljke

Vendophyceae