The Blue Line is a rapid transit line in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, one of four rapid transit lines operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). It runs from Bowdoin station in downtown Boston under Boston Harbor to East Boston and Revere on the inner North Shore, where it terminates at Wonderland. The stop at Airport Station, by way of a free shuttle bus, is one of two rapid transit connections to Logan International Airport. In 1967, during a systemwide rebranding, the line was assigned the blue color because it passes under the Boston Harbor. With an end-to-end travel time of less than twenty minutes, the Blue Line is the shortest of Boston's heavy-rail lines and the only line to have both third rail and overhead catenary sections.

The East Boston Tunnel was built as a streetcar tunnel in 1904 with Howard A. Carson as chief engineer; after an extension to Bowdoin in 1916, it was converted to heavy rail metro rolling stock in 1924. In 1952 and 1954 the line was extended along the former route of the Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad, in a project intended to reach Lynn but ultimately cut short to Wonderland. Further extensions to Lynn and Charles/MGH downtown are long-planned but not yet funded. From approximately 1998–2011, the MBTA made most Blue Line stations fully accessible as part of a larger effort to accommodate 6-car trains on the line. , the only station in service on the Blue Line which is not fully accessible is the downtown Boston terminus Bowdoin.

History

East Boston Tunnel

The East Boston Tunnel under Boston Harbor was the first North American subway tunnel to run beneath a body of water when it opened in 1904, and the second underwater vehicular tunnel of significant length built in the United States. The tunnel was constructed using a modified version of the Greathead Shield;  of the  tunnel is actually under water. The excavation took two-and-a-half years, and cost $3 million and the lives of four workmen.

Initially used as a streetcar tunnel, it ran from Maverick Square in East Boston to downtown Boston's Court Street station, with an intermediate stop at Devonshire (now State). Court Street had pedestrian access to Scollay Square station (now Government Center) but transfers to the East Boston Tunnel required an additional fare of 1 cent. In 1906, Atlantic Station (now Aquarium) was opened, with a connection to the Atlantic Avenue Elevated. Court Street proved to be a problematic terminus as its single-track design limited frequent service.

Bowdoin extension

The Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) began an extension towards Beacon Hill in 1912. This downtown extension was opened to Bowdoin, with an intermediate stop at Scollay Under (now Government Center), on March 18, 1916. Immediately west of the new Bowdoin station platforms, a tight turnaround loop track underground allowed trains to quickly reverse direction for the return trip. The project also included a new portal at Joy Street, which was used by a Central Square–Orient Heights line. The total cost of the extension was $2.3 million.

Metro conversion
The East Boston Tunnel was originally planned to be operated with high-floor metro rolling stock and connected to the then-planned Cambridge Elevated line. When that plan was dropped in 1903 due to a disagreement between the Boston Transit Commission and the BERy, the stations were built with low platforms. Large bi-loading streetcars (with high floors but capable of loading from low platforms), which incorporated many attributes from metro cars used on the Main Line Elevated, began use in 1905. However, neither these nor the large center-entrance cars introduced in 1917 (which were designed for multiple unit operation) could fully handle the crowds.

In 1921, the Boston Transit Department (BTD)—the successor to the BTC—began work at Maverick Square to convert the East Boston Tunnel to high-floor metro trains. The next year, the BTD board approved the construction of high-level platforms at the four downtown stations. The Maverick Square incline was replaced with Maverick station, which provided cross-platform transfers between tunnel trains and surface streetcars.

Over the weekend of April 18–21, 1924, the East Boston Tunnel was converted to use the new high-floor trains. The tightly staged changeover required 1500 men to complete. Temporary wooden platform sections were put in place to allow service to begin on April 21, with the permanent concrete sections completed over the following months. The edges of the original low platforms can still be seen under the high platforms at State and Aquarium. Rather than modify the narrow tunnel, the BERy elected to replace the streetcars with brand-new smaller-than-usual high-platform rapid transit cars which could operate in tight clearances—particularly around the tight loop at Bowdoin. Blue Line cars are thus  long, substantially shorter than the  Orange Line cars and the  Red Line cars.

Revere extension

From 1952 to 1954, a surface-level extension was constructed along the recently-defunct Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad, from Maverick to the current terminus at Wonderland. The original trackage had been narrow gauge, but was converted to standard gauge for this Revere Extension of the subway. The first above-ground station on the new extension served Boston's Logan Airport, and was the first American urban transit connection to a commercial airfield. Beyond Maverick, the power feed was changed from third rail to overhead catenary (both at 600 V DC) to reduce the risk of winter ice buildup due to proximity to the ocean.

The line was officially renamed the East Boston Tunnel & Revere Extension by the MTA in 1952, and designated as "Route 3" on system maps. It was renamed as the Blue Line on August 26, 1965, as part of the new MBTA's color-based rebranding. The color blue represented water, as the line passes under Boston Harbor and travels near the coast for much of its length. Until the Silver Line was extended to Logan in 2004–05, the Blue Line was the primary rapid transit connection to the airport.

On April 21, 2018, the SL3 Silver Line service to Chelsea opened with a connection to the Blue Line at Airport station, providing transfer service to Chelsea, the Seaport District and South Station.

Station renovations

Unlike the Red Line and Orange Line, which had substantial new sections and station renovations in the 1970s and 1980s, most of the Blue Line had not been substantially modified since 1954. By the 1990 passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, only  and the eastbound platform at  were accessible, with  then under construction. In 1988, the MBTA began planning for accessibility modifications as well as platform extensions to accommodate 6-car trains - similar to what had been done on the Orange and Red lines. The project was then expected to be complete in 1994. In 1989, the MBTA awarded design contracts for modernization and platform lengthening (to accommodate six-car trains) at nine Blue Line stations. Final design on a number of the modifications - the Blue Line Modernization Project - began in 1990–92.

The first main construction phase of the project began on June 25, 1994, the line was cut back to  at all times to permit reconstruction of the outer stations.  and  were completely rebuilt, while ,  and  were renovated. A simultaneous $8 million noise reduction program added sound walls at Beachmont and Orient Heights, rubber mats under tracks, and soundproofing of nearby homes. The stations reopened on June 26, 1995. Unlike the other stations, Wood Island was not accessible after the 1994-95 renovation; elevators were not added until 2000.

 was closed from October 14, 2000, until October 29, 2001, for renovations, which were completed in 2003. A relocated  station opened on June 3, 2004. An extension renovation of , during which the station remained open, lasted from November 2004 to May 2011. Sequential closures of Wonderland, Wood Island, Revere Beach, and Beachmont stations took place in June through November 2008 for platform repairs.

Reconstruction of  began on October 4, 2005. The project was sufficiently progressed for six-car trains to enter service on September 15, 2008, though the station was not completed until 2009. Orient Heights was closed from March 23 to November 26, 2013, for a complete reconstruction.  closed from March 22, 2014, to March 21, 2016, for a complete renovation and accessibility modifications. This left all Blue Line stations accessible except for , which also has an eastbound platform that cannot be modified for six-car trains.

Service between Bowdoin and Airport was replaced by buses from May 18–31, 2020, and April 25 to May 17, 2022, for track replacement and waterproofing work in the East Boston Tunnel. During the 2022 closure, temporary ferry service between Long Wharf and East Boston was also offered. An additional closure of the outer portion of the line from May 22 to June 8, 2022, allowed for repairs to the Suffolk Downs footbridge. No fares were charged on the Blue Line from July 5 to August 31, 2023, during a closure of the Sumner Tunnel.

Proposed expansions

Extension to Lynn

There is a proposal to extend the Blue Line northward to Lynn, Massachusetts. The land to extend the line was purchased for the initial construction of the Revere Extension, but due to budgetary constraints Wonderland station was designated the northern terminus. Two potential extension routes have been identified. One proposed path would run through marshland alongside the existing Newburyport/Rockport commuter rail line, on rail lines formerly operated by the Boston and Maine Railroad. An alternative route would extend the line alongside Revere Beach Boulevard through Point of Pines and the Lynnway, along the remainder of the BRB&L right of way. Other alternatives include increased commuter rail or bus service, or connecting the Blue Line to a commuter rail stop near Wonderland via a short connector.

The Blue Line extension has been proposed in various forms for over 80 years. The 1926 Report on Improved Transportation Facilities and 1945–47 Coolidge Commission Report recommended that the East Boston Tunnel line, which had been converted to rapid transit from streetcars in 1924, be extended to Lynn via the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn right-of-way. Ever since the 1954 Revere extension was cut short to Wonderland, a further extension to Lynn has been planned. Following on the 1926 and 1945-47 studies, the 1966 Program for Mass Transportation recommended that the Blue Line be extended to Lynn, while the 1969 Recommended Highway and Transit Plan proposed that the extension run as far as Salem. An extension was not present in the 1972 Final Report of the Boston Transportation Planning Review, but the 1974 Transportation Plan revived the project with possible termini of Lynn, Salem, or even Route 128 in Peabody. The 1978 Program for Mass Transportation report and 1983 Transportation Plan both continued support for an extension to Lynn. Despite the continued recommendations, however, other projects like extensions of the Red and Orange lines were given funding instead of the Blue Line.

In 2005, Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healy estimated construction would begin in 2017.  Authorization to bond for planning money for the project was included in an April 2008 state bond bill, and $25 million in federal earmarks have been obtained. A 2004 state bond bill authorized $246.5 million on the condition of finding 50% non-state matching funds (which presumably would come from the federal government). The Draft Environmental Impact Report was expected to be complete by the end of 2008, but has been delayed as planners focus on meeting the legal deadline for the Green Line extension to Somerville and Medford.

Red Line–Blue Line connector
The Blue Line and Red Line are currently the only MBTA subway rail lines without a direct transfer to each other; passengers must ride one stop on the Green or Orange lines to transfer. The proposed Red–Blue connector would extend the Blue Line  west from Bowdoin to an underground platform at Charles/MGH station, allowing direct transfers to the Red Line.

An extension of the East Boston Tunnel to Charles Street was considered in a 1924 study of Charles station. A 1926 proposal to convert the Tremont Street subway and connecting streetcar lines into a pair of rapid transit trunk lines called for the East Boston Tunnel to be extended south to Park Street station, with through service running between Maverick Square and Brighton using the Commonwealth Avenue line. (Three potential alignment were considered: one running south from Bowdoin, and two running southwest from a relocated Scollay Under.) Regional transportation plans from the 1940s to the early 1970s focused on suburban extensions, with no downtown extension past Bowdoin.

The rise of Kendall Square as a major employment center, the coming of the Red Line Northwest Extension, and increased traffic to Logan Airport created demand in the 1970s for a direct connection between the Red and Blue lines. A 1974 state plan again proposed an extension to Park Street, while the 1978 and 1983 Program for Mass Transportation updates called for an extension to Charles/MGH instead. A 1986 MBTA feasibility study for a Charles/MGH extension called for a cut-and-cover tunnel beginning west of Bowdoin Street with no changes to Bowdoin station. The project was then estimated to cost $79–95 million (equivalent to $– million in ). A 1987 cost-effectiveness study estimated 9,030 daily one-way trips over the extension.

In 1991, the state agreed to build a set of transit projects as part of the settlement of a lawsuit by the Conservation Law Foundation (CLF) over auto emissions from the Big Dig project. Among these projects was a Red Line–Blue Line connector, to be complete by the end of 2011. The 2003–07 reconstruction of Charles/MGH station was designed to accommodate a future Blue Line platform. In 2005, the state replaced the connector with other projects providing equivalent air quality improvements. After a second lawsuit from the CLF, the state agreed in 2006 to complete design of the connector. An Expanded Environmental Notification Form was released in September 2007

The 2010 Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR) instead called for a pair of deeper tunnels bored by a tunnel boring machine (TBM), starting east of Bowdoin station and passing underneath the existing platform. Keeping the existing station and loop was judged infeasible because evacuation from a disabled train would not be possible in the confined loop, and the eastbound platform is not long enough for six-car trains. Use of a TBM rather than cut-and-cover construction was intended to reduce construction cost and limit disruption on Cambridge Street. Alternatives with a replacement Bowdoin station west of Bowdoin Street, and without a replacement station, were considered; the latter was recommended due to lower cost and reduced travel time. The preferred alternative was estimated to cost $748 million and take six years to construct. Daily ridership was estimated to be 18,940 one-way trips in 2030.

Lacking available funding for construction, the MBTA did not complete design of the extension. The possibility of a public-private partnership (P3) to advance the project was studied in 2013. In 2015, the EPA removed the requirement for the MBTA to complete design. In 2018, the state commissioned a $50,000 study to reevaluate tunneling costs; it found that contrary to the 2010 DEIR, cut-and-cover tunneling could be considerably less costly than a TBM, albeit with more surface disruption. Cut-and-cover was estimated to cost $200–250 million for the tunnel costs alone, compared to $300–350 million for TBM and the $413 million estimated in the DEIR. In 2019 and 2023, the MBTA indicated plans to spend $15 million to design the connector in a five-year spending plan.

A conceptual design completed in 2020 called for cut-and-cover construction, with Bowdoin station still planned for closure. The new Blue Line level at Charles/MGH would have entrances from the existing lobby and a new headhouse in an MGH development on the north side of Charles Street. Total project cost was estimated as $850 million ($740 million for construction including 30% contingency, $50 million for design, $30 million in administration costs, and $30 million for additional rolling stock), with construction lasting from 2025 to 2030. A Notice of Project Change was issued on October 2, 2023.

A 2018 MBTA long-range planning document considered a pedestrian tunnel between the Orange Line platforms at  and , which would allow transfers between the Red and Blue lines similar to (though longer than) the Winter Street Concourse between the Green and Orange lines.

Previous connection
A physical rail connection between the Red and Blue Lines existed in the early part of the 20th century (prior to the MBTA assigning the color designations of the subway lines). Railcars from what is today the Blue Line could emerge from a ramp portal surfacing between Joy Street and Russell Street, just beyond Bowdoin station. The railcars would run on former streetcar track down Cambridge Street and then most of the distance to the western end of the Longfellow Bridge, connecting to what is now the Red Line just east of its Cambridge subway portal, near what is now Kendall/MIT station. Because the tracks were unpowered, individual cars had to be towed along the street at night. This connection was never used in passenger service, but was used to transport Blue Line cars to the Eliot Street Yard maintenance shops then located near Harvard Square station. When the Blue Line eventually got its own maintenance shops, the connection was removed and the ramp portal was permanently covered in 1952.

Station listing

Rolling stock

Current
Like the Orange Line and Red Line, the Blue Line tracks are standard-gauge heavy rail. The Blue Line fleet comprises 94 700-series cars (47 pairs) with stainless steel bodies from Siemens, with each car  long and  wide, with two pairs of doors per side. Uniquely among MBTA rolling stock, Blue Line cars use both third rail power and pantograph current pickup from overhead catenary wires. The overhead pantograph was implemented to avoid third rail icing that frequently occurs in winter. Third rail power is used in the original Blue Line tunnels, which are smaller than most modern subway tunnels. Trains switch between the two modes at Airport station, near where the line transitions between running in a tunnel and running above ground. Previously, the switchover was made underground at Maverick station.

The MBTA awarded the $174 million construction contract for the 94 cars in November 2001, with a total program cost of $200 million. The first deliveries were scheduled for January 2004, but ultimately delayed to 2007 due to manufacturing issues. The first set entered revenue service on February 20, 2008. The first three six-car trains began operating on September 15, 2008; by February 2009, eight of thirteen trainsets used at rush hour were six-car sets. By November 2009, all service was with six-car trains.

By February 2023, service was scheduled to operate at 5 to 5.5-minute headways at weekday peak hours and 9 to 11 minutes at other times. Peak service used 10–12 trains (60–72 cars), while other service used 5–6 trains (30–36 cars). The MBTA expects to replace the current fleet in the mid-2030s after a 25-year operating lifespan. A 130-car fleet is planned to replace the existing 94-car fleet.

Former
The first generation of high-floor rolling stock on the line were the No. 1 and No. 2 East Boston Rapid Transit cars, which were built by Pullman-Standard in 1923–1924 when the line was converted from streetcar operation to rapid transit. These were supplemented by the No. 3 fleet, built in 1951 by St. Louis Car Company, which was acquired for the Revere Extension. Cars in these earlier fleets were numbered in the 0500 series.

The Nos. 1–3 fleets were replaced by 70 cars in the 0600 series (No. 4 cars), built 1978-1980 by Hawker Siddeley Canada Car and Foundry of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. They were  long and  wide, with two pairs of doors on each side. The design was based on the PA3 model used by PATH in New Jersey. They were narrower and shorter than otherwise similar ones running on the Orange Line, due to the stations and tunnels on the Blue Line having been originally designed to accommodate streetcars. In late 2009, the Seashore Trolley Museum received retired Hawker set 622-623 for their collection. By 2011, most of the 600-series cars were retired because of severe corrosion from the salty ocean air. Several 600-series cars were retained on MBTA property but no longer usable. Parts of scrapped cars are used to maintain Orange Line 1200 series rolling stock, which were built at the same time by Hawker Siddeley and used many of the same components. In 2012, set 616-617 was placed in the former Broadway streetcar tunnel for use in emergency training.

References

External links

MBTA - Blue Line (official site)
MBTA – Red Blue Connector
Red-Blue Connector documents
Blue Line at world.nycsubway.org

Standard gauge railways in the United States
Tunnels completed in 1904
Airport rail links in the United States
600 V DC railway electrification
Transportation in Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Blue Line (MBTA)


En Strude er en slags sort tøjmaske, der tidligere blev brugt af kvinderne på Fanø.

Anvendelse
Struden blev brugt til at beskytte huden mod stærk sol og vind. Den bestod af en øvre del, der dækker panden til øjnene, og en nedre del, der dækkede underansigtet. Udtrykket "strude" bruges også om en spids, og hænger sammen med den spids, der blev dannet af klædet ved kvindernes mund. Udtrykket bruges også om en hætte med spids, strudhætte.

Struden bestod af en over- og underdel med udskæring til øjnene og med et opslag af kulørt stof. Delene var som regel foret med linned eller tilsvarende. Struden havde form som en slags maske og blev bundet eller hægtet i nakken, og når det nederste stykke blev løftet op og dækkede næsen, "strudede" det ud over læberne.

Struden beskyttede fanøkvindernes teint mod vind, sand, regn og stærk sol, og den blev som regel altid brugt under markarbejde. Den var i aktiv brug indtil de første årtier af 1900-tallet, men anvendes i dag kun ved særlige anledninger

Noter

Hovedbeklædning
Fanø

Strude


Trigueros, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en fazla nüfusa sahip olan, ülkenin güneybatı köşesindeki Endülüs otonom bölgesinin sekiz eyaletinden Portekiz ve Atlas Okyanusu'na kıyısı bulunan Huelva eyaletine bağlı belediyesidir. Trigueros belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 7.260 kişidir.

Trigueros


An Juncaceae in uska familia han Liliopsida. An Juncaceae in nahilalakip ha ordo nga Poales, classis nga Liliopsida, punoan nga Tracheophyta, ngan regnum nga Plantae. An familia nga Juncaceae in naglalakip hin 435 ka mga species, sumala ha Catalogue of Life.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Juncaceae

Juncaceae


Adelia može označavati:
 Adelia (Animalia) Moulds, 2012, rod kukaca iz porodice Cicadidae
 Adelia (Plantae)  L, biljni rod iz porodice Euphorbiaceae

Adelia


Sirens of the Sea é o segundo álbum do grupo de música eletrônica Above & Beyond e o primeiro lançado sob o nome de OceanLab. O álbum, lançado em 2008, inclui os três membros do Above & Beyond além da vocalista Justine Suissa.

Em 8 de junho de 2009 recebeu uma versão remixada.

Precedentes
O OceanLab foi formado em 2000 pelos três integrantes do Above & Beyond: Jono Grant, Tony McGuinness e Paavo Siljamaki, além da vocalista Justine Suissa. Juntos, lançaram 4 singles, dentre eles Satellite que atingiu a 19.ª posição nas paradas britânicas.

Desde 2005 um álbum do OceanLab havia sido especulado, inclusive com uma remix da faixa-título por Kyau & Albert aparecendo na coleção Anjunabeats Volume 3 antes mesmo da versão original nem sequer ser lançada.

Faixas
Todas as faixas produzidas por Above & Beyond e Justine Suissa. Produção de batida adicional em "Miracle" por Bob Bradley.

Referências

Above e Beyond

Sirens of the Sea


Lodine (sardisk: Lodìne) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Nuoro i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 884 meters højde og har 339 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 7,70 km² og grænser til kommunerne Bitti, Lula, Onanì, Padru, Siniscola og Torpè.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Nuoro

Lodine


Australianism may refer to:
 Australian English words or phrases
 Culture of Australia

Australianism


Middagen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2001 instrueret af Henrik Berthelsen efter manuskript af Peter Norn Gornstein.

Handling
Lars har inviteret hans gamle gymnasieklasse hjem til middag, men fortryder og aflyser alle. Lars har en gammel drøm, som han planlægger, skal gå i opfindelse denne aften. Han mangler at aflyse en ' hans gamle hemmelige kærlighed ' Rikke. Som intet anede dukker op, til hvad der skulle være en festlig re-union. Kampen starter for Lars, om utroskab over for hans kæreste Lise, som er bortrejst, og hans gamle kærlighed til Rikke.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2001
Kortfilm fra Danmark

Middagen


Muhammadu Buhari (f. 17. desember 1943) er nígerískur stjórnmálamaður og herforingi sem var forseti Nígeríu frá árinu 2015 til ársins 2023. Hann var áður forseti landsins frá 1983 til 1985. Á fyrri stjórnartíð sinni var Buhari leiðtogi herforingjastjórnar sem tók völdin í landinu eftir valdarán gegn forsetanum Shehu Shagari. Buhari var sjálfum steypt af stóli eftir um eitt og hálft ár í embætti.

Buhari komst aftur til valda með lýðræðislegum hætti árið 2015 eftir að hafa unnið forsetakosningar á móti sitjandi forsetanum Goodluck Jonathan. Hann tók við embætti þann 29. maí sama ár og vann endurkjör í forsetakosningum árið 2019.

Æviágrip
Buhari fæddist í þorpinu Daura í Kadunahéraði og gekk í ýmsa skóla áður en hann hóf nám við nígerískan herþjálfunarskóla, þar sem hann vakti athygli breskra herforingja. Bretarnir kostuðu hann til náms í kadettaskólanum í Aldershot á Englandi. Eftir heimkomuna til Nígeríu varð Buhari strax liðsforingi í nígeríska hernum og árið 1975 var hann meðal liðsforingja sem skipulögðu byltingu gegn herforingjastjórn Yakubu Gowon.

Á tíma herforingjastjórnar Olusegun Obasanjo á áttunda áratugnum gegndi Buhari ýmsum ábyrgðarstörfum og var meðal annars ráðherra olíumála og formaður ríkisolíufélagsins.

Borgaraleg stjórn tók við völdum í Nígeríu árið 1979 og Shehu Shagari varð þá fyrsti lýðræðislega kjörni forseti Nígeríu. Árið 1983 leiddi Buhari hins vegar herforingjabyltingu gegn Shagari og lýsti sjálfan sig forseta. Miklar vonir voru í fyrstu bundnar við að Buhari gæti unnið bug á spillingu og ráðstafað olíuarði ríkisins betur, en svo fór að stjórn hans entist aðeins í um eitt og hálft ár áður en annar herforingi, Ibrahim Babangida, steypti Buhari af stóli.

Buhari var haldið í fangelsi í þrjú ár eftir að honum var steypt af stóli en honum var síðan sleppt árið 1988. Eftir frelsi sitt hóf Buhari afskipti af stjórnmálum á ný og bauð sig fram til forseta árin 2003, 2007 og 2011 en án árangurs.

Árið 2015 bauð Buhari sig fram gegn sitjandi forsetanum Goodluck Jonathan og gagnrýndi hann meðal annars fyrir að takast ekki að vinna bug á hryðjuverkahópnum Boko Haram eða finna 219 skólastúlkur sem samtökin höfðu rænt árið áður. Buhari vann kosningarnar með rúmum meirihluta og Jonathan viðurkenndi ósigur. Þetta var í fyrsta sinn sem friðsamleg stjórnarskipti fóru fram í Nígeríu.

Í desember 2016 lýsti Buhari því yfir að Boko Haram hefði verið sigrað.

Tilvísanir

Forsetar Nígeríu

Muhammadu Buhari


Voyagers! fue una serie de televisión estadounidense de ciencia ficción de viajes en el tiempo que se emitió por la NBC en 1982 y 1983. Solamente duró una temporada. Las estrellas de la serie fueron Jon-Erik Hexum y Meeno Peluce.

Argumento

Phineas Bogg (Jon-Erik Hexum) es un miembro de una sociedad de viajeros en el tiempo llamado Voyagers que, con la ayuda de un joven llamado Jeffrey Jones (interpretado por Meeno Peluce), utilizan un dispositivo de mano llamado Omni (que se parece mucho a un gran reloj de bolsillo) para viajar en el tiempo y asegurar que la historia se desarrolle como la conocemos. En el primer episodio Jeffrey asegura que la cesta del bebé Moisés viaje por el Nilo, donde es recibida por la hija del Faraón.

Bogg y Jeffrey se conocieron por primera vez cuando el Omni de Bogg sufre una avería y lo lleva a 1982, aterrizando en el apartamento de los tíos de Jeffrey, que cuidan de él después de la muerte de sus padres. Jeffrey cayó accidentalmente por una ventana, y Bogg saltó a rescatarlo mediante la activación del Omni. La Guía de Bogg, que contiene una descripción detallada de cómo debe desarrollarse la historia, ha sido tomada por el perro de Jeffrey, Ralph, así que Bogg tiene que depender de Jeffrey (cuyo padre fue un profesor de historia) para ayudarlo.

Phineas es un gran conquistador de mujeres y se las arregla para enamorar a una bella mujer en casi todos los episodios. La memoria de Phineas de los hechos históricos es muy selectiva. Él no puede distinguir la diferencia entre la Revolución Francesa y la Primera Guerra Mundial, sin embargo, puede recordar que "¡María Antonieta tenía terribles piernas!". Siempre que la sabiduría de Jeffrey está emparejada en contra de la obstinación de Bogg, Jeffrey generalmente gana, a lo que Bogg siempre murmura, "¡niños inteligentes me dan dolor de cabeza!".

En los créditos finales de cada episodio, regularmente el miembro del reparto Meeno Peluce dice en voz baja: "Si quieres aprender más acerca de {elemento histórico del episodio}, toma un viaje hasta la biblioteca pública. ¡Todo está en los libros!"

Elenco

Recepción

Voyagers duró una temporada de 20 episodios, emisión opuesta a las más valoradas en 60 minutos. La serie promedió un 17 de cuota de audiencia. Voyagers! parecía probable que sería renovada para una segunda temporada, pero las controversias en 60 minutos de información llevaron a los ejecutivos a pensar que 60 minutos puede ser retado con éxito por un programa de noticias que compiten en su lugar. NBC cancela Voyagers! y se reemplaza con la TI Magazine programa de noticias Monitor, que promedió sólo un 7 de cuota de audiencia.

Episodios
N º	Título	Fecha de emisión original

1 " Voyagers " (Viajeros)

3 de octubre de 1982

El Viajero del tiempo Phineas Bogg (Jon-Erik Hexum) accidentalmente llega a Nueva York en 1982 con una máquina del tiempo manual conocida como Omni. Allí se encuentra con un huérfano de 12 años de edad llamado Jeffrey Jones (Meeno Peluce). Pero cuando Jeffrey cae accidentalmente por la ventana, Bogg va tras él y ambos desaparecen. Bogg no puede traer de vuelta a Jeff a 1982, debido a que el Omni de Bogg sólo cuenta con circuitos para viajar hasta 1970 (Bogg sólo fue capaz de ir a 1982, debido al mal funcionamiento del dispositivo). Al salvar la vida de Jeffrey, Bogg no pudo recuperar su Guía (un libro que le explica cómo la historia debería haber ocurrido) en 1982, por lo que en el año 1450 a.C., Jeff ayuda a Bogg como Viajero de poner al bebé Moisés en el Nilo, río en el antiguo Egipto. Pero al llegar a Francia, un final alternativo a la Primera Guerra Mundial se lleva a cabo en 1918, sin aviones. Conocen a una aspirante a actriz de Estados Unidos llamada Mary, interpretada por Faye Grant. Ambos retroceden en el tiempo a 1903 en Kitty Hawk, Carolina del Norte y allí, Bogg se enoja con Jeffrey cuando dice algo sobre su padre. Más tarde, Jeffrey dice tristemente a Bogg acerca de cómo su madre y su padre murieron. Él llora cuando dice que no pudo conseguir que alguien se detuviera. Bogg le dice a Jeffrey que no se culpe y cubre a Jeff y éste se queda dormido. Luego van a Dayton, Ohio, e inspiran a los hermanos Wright a inventar el primer volador Wright y luego viajan en el tiempo, asegurándose de que los aliados tienen los aviones en la Primera Guerra Mundial (luchando contra el Barón Rojo en un duelo aéreo en el camino) y luego se van a Inglaterra, al 14 de octubre de 1066 en medio de la batalla de Hastings.

2	"Created Equal" (Iguales)

10 de octubre de 1982

La cuestión de la esclavitud se centra en cómo los Viajeros terminan en Italia en el año 73 a.C. durante una sesión de entrenamiento de un gladiador supervisado por Cicerón. Allí conocen a Espartaco y son tomados poresclavos, pero se escapan a Misuri en 1847. Allí conocen a Samuel Langhorne Clemens a la edad de 12 años y terminan ayudando a Harriet Tubman con el Ferrocarril Subterráneo. Luego, vuelven a la antigua Roma y Espartaco es libre para que pueda reunir a sus compañeros esclavos de nuevo en Capua.

3	"Bully and Billy" (Bully y Billy)

24 de octubre de 1982

Los Viajeros terminan en Santiago de Cuba el 1 de julio de 1898 durante la Guerra Española-Americana. Allí se encuentran con que los españoles están ganando, ya que Theodore Roosevelt y los jinetes no están allí para ayudar, porque Billy the Kid mató a Roosevelt en 1880. Después de ayudar a Benjamin Franklin con su cometa en Filadelfia, Pensilvania el 10 de junio de 1752, viajan en el tiempo a 1880 y hacen equipo con la pandilla fugitiva de Billy para evitar que el futuro presidente de los Estados Unidos sea asesinado de un disparo en el Viejo Oeste Americano.

4	"Agents of Satan" (Los agentes de Satanás)

31 de octubre de 1982

Jeffrey y Bogg aterrizan en Salem, Massachusetts, el 13 de noviembre de 1692, durante los juicios de brujas de Salem. Sin embargo, se suponía que estos juicios llegarían a su fin el 14 de septiembre del mismo año. Bogg y Jeff deben impedir que la madre de Benjamín Franklin, Abaia Folger, sea ahorcada. Bogg, sin embargo, es juzgado y condenado como un agente de Satanás y condenado a ser quemado en la hoguera, pero Jeffrey utiliza el Omni para enviar a ambos a Boston en 1924. Allí se encuentran con Harry Houdini durante una sesión de espiritismo y luego van a Baltimore, Maryland, para devolver la letra del Himno Nacional de Francis Scott Key en 1814, justo antes de detener a un charlatán que intenta matar a Houdini en 1924, luego vuelven a 1692 y detienen los juicios de brujas para siempre.

5	" Worlds Apart" (Mundos Separados)

7 de noviembre de 1982

Después de que un gravemente gastado Omni casi los deja en Siberia, Bogg y Jeff se separan en el Oriente Medio en 1917 durante los conflictos entre tribus árabes y los turcos otomanos. Jeffrey apenas escapa con el Omni. Bogg conoce a Lawrence de Arabia, y son encarcelados por los turcos, pero escapan con la ayuda de una mujer árabe llamada Medina. Mientras tanto, en Menlo Park, Nueva Jersey (19 de octubre de 1879), Jeffrey ayuda a Thomas Edison con la invención de la luz eléctrica. Edison desmantela el Omni y, aunque incapaz de aprender sus secretos, se las arregla para repararlo. Luego Jeffrey se reúne con Bogg en Aqaba. Luego viajan de regreso a 1879, al 31 de diciembre, para presenciar cuando Thomas Edison muestra la iluminación incandescente al público por primera vez.

6	"Cleo and the Babe" (Cleo y Babe)

14 de noviembre de 1982

En Roma, Italia, el 15 de marzo, en el año 44 a. C. ellos conocen a Cleopatra en el idus de marzo, donde Julio César es asesinado en la República Romana en el pleno del Senado. Allí, la ayudan a escapar a Egipto, pero terminan perdiéndola en Nueva York el 21 de mayo de 1927. Jeff nota que el estadio de los Yankees no se construye, debido a que Babe Ruth nunca llegó traspasado al equipo de Nueva York. Luego van y conocen a Isaac Newton en Inglaterra en 1669, para ayudarlo a descubrir la gravedad justo antes de ir a Boston, Massachusetts en 1919 para asegurarse de que Ruth se convierte en un bateador con los Medias Rojas de Boston. Al principio esto no estaba saliendo bien, porque Ruth era lanzador y no bateador. Entonces para sacarlo de ese puesto, Jeff enseña a Bogg a lanzar mejor que Ruth,. El entrenador contrata a Bogg como el lanzador del equipo, Ruth decide retirarse y entonces Jeff le enseña a batear. El 29 de septiembre de 1927, encuentran a Cleopatra, pero tienen que proteger a Babe Ruth del jefe del crimen de Lucky Luciano para que Ruth pueda golpear su jonrón número 60 el 30 de septiembre.

7	"The Day the Rebs Took Lincoln" (El día que los Rebeldes tomaron a Lincoln)

21 de noviembre de 1982

Bogg y Jeff son capturados por el Ejército de los Estados Confederados el 19 de noviembre de 1863 en Gettysburg, Pensilvania, debido a que el Sur está ganando la Guerra Civil Americana. Ellos aprenden que los confederados secuestraron a Abraham Lincoln el 18 de abril de 1862 en Washington D. C.. Después de escapar del campo, van a Londres, Inglaterra, en 1832 donde conocen a Charles Dickens. De regreso en Washington, un contacto presidencial traiciona a Lincoln, pero los Viajeros traen de vuelta al transporte presidencial de Lincoln secuestrado bajo la Unión de control.

8	"Old Hickory and the Pirate" (El viejo Hickory y el pirata)

28 de noviembre de 1982

En Nueva Orleans, Luisiana, en 1815, la guerra de 1812 no ha terminado y el control británico de la ciudad aún continúa en marcha. Los Viajeros ayudan a Meriwether Lewis y a William Clark en el Paso del Noroeste en 1803, justo antes de ir a las Bahamas en 1798 para alejar a Jean Lafitte de ser declarado culpable de piratería en su futuro. Allí se encuentran con un grupo de piratas liderados por Black Bill Scroggins. Después de una pelea a capa y espada en la playa, Lafittede va a Nueva Orleans y los Viajeros saltan a la Batalla de Nueva Orleans donde se reúnen con el General Andrew Jackson, aka El viejo Hickory.

9	"The Travels of Marco...and Friends" (Los viajes de Marco y sus amigos)

3 de diciembre de 1982

En Nueva York, el 11 de diciembre de 1930, los Viajeros salvan a Albert Einstein y su esposa de que les caiga un escritorio encima y luego conocen a Isaac Wolfstein, que es un retirado Viajero a quien Bogg conoce como el legendario el extravagante Wolfstein. Cuando Isaac le pide ir a una isla en el Pacífico Sur, ellos terminan ayudando a Clara Barton en Francia de 1870 durante la Guerra Franco-prusiana, antes de llevarlo al 1 de julio de 1946 sobre una de las Islas Marshall. Después de dejar a Isaac en una isla, Bogg y Jeff van a China el 13 de agosto de 1275. Allí, conocen a Kublai Khan quien les dice que Marco Polo y sus hermanos Polo no han llegado todavía con el óleo sagrado de Jerusalén. Debido a esto, se dirigen a Persia en 1272 para resguardar a los hermanos Polo de desaparecer misteriosamente. Bogg luego vuelve y coge a Isaac de un sitio de pruebas nucleares en Bikini Atoll y ambos van al Estrecho de Ormuz y con su ayuda, libera a su joven compañero y a los hermanos Polo de mongoles traficantes de esclavos llamados Karaunas.

10	"An Arrow Pointing East" (Una flecha que apunta hacia Oriente)

12 de diciembre de 1982

Después de arribar desde Hawái, Bogg y Jeff ayudan a un herido Robin Hood en el bosque de Sherwood, en Inglaterra, 1194. Se enteran por medio de Little John y el fraile Tuck que el Sheriff de Nottingham está reteniendo a Lady Marian en cautividad. Cuando los soldados del Alguacil atrapan a los Viajeros, ellos saltan a Nueva York, el 19 de mayo de 1927. En Long Island, ayudan a Charles Lindbergh a hacer su histórico vuelo desde Nueva York a Francia en el Espíritu de San Louis. A continuación, vuelven a ayudar a Robin Hood a rescatar a Maid Marian en 1194 antes de volver a Francia el 21 de mayo de 1927 para ver " Lucky Lindy " aterrizar en Francia... desde la distancia.

11	"Merry Christmas, Bogg" (Feliz Navidad, Bogg)

19 de diciembre de 1982

En Trenton, Nueva Jersey, el 24 de diciembre de 1776, George Washington está en el lado equivocado durante la Revolución Americana justo un día antes del que se supone que estará en la batalla de Trenton. Los viajeros van a Mount Vernon, Virginia en 1746 para evitar que se una a la Royal Navy en la adolescencia. Luego, en Pittsburgh, Pensilvania, el 24 de diciembre de 1892, ellos conocen al bisabuelo de Jeffrey, Stephen Jones, quien es amigo de Samuel Gompers. Luego Bogg y Jeff vuelven a 1776 de nuevo justo antes de la batalla de Trenton y de que el plan de ataque de Washington cruce el Delaware. De vuelta en 1892, Stephen Jones convence a Bogg para dejar al huérfano Jeff con él y su esposa. Jeff, sin embargo, pide a Bogg que no lo deje y se quedan juntos.

12	"Buffalo Bill & Annie Play the Palace" (Buffalo Bill y Annie tocan en el palacio)

9 de enero de 1983

En Inglaterra, 1887, los Viajeros deben impedir una boda entre la princesa de Inglaterra Victoria y el Duque Miguel de Rusia. La reina Victoria ha invitado a Buffalo Bill y a Annie Oakley para realizar un espectáculo del salvaje Oeste. Un concurso de tiro se estableció entre el Duque y Annie, pero los hombres del Duque secuestran a Oakley para evitar la posibilidad de la pérdida del Duque. Bogg y Jeff son superados en número y saltan en el tiempo a África en 1913. Allí, ayudan al Dr. Albert Schweitzer a tratar a un moribundo jefe, pero un médico brujo, cree que los Viajeros son traficantes de esclavos. Schweitzer ayuda a llegar con el medicamento a tiempo para salvar la vida del jefe. De vuelta en Inglaterra, liberan a Oakley de los rusos en el momento justo para que ella venciera al duque en el concurso de tiro, tras lo cual exponen el secuestro a la reina que rompe la alianza matrimonial con los rusos.

13	" The Trial of Phineas Bogg" (El juicio de Phineas Bogg)

16 de enero de 1983

Los Viajeros aparecen en una sala vacía con una falta de funcionamiento del Omni. Una abogada de defensa llamada Susan (Jenny Neumann) reclama a Bogg que ha violado el Código del Viajero y será llevado a juicio por el Viajero Drake, un fiscal difícil. Tres magistrados llevan a la mesa de trabajo que Bogg es acusado de poner en peligro la vida de Jeff. Sin embargo, la evidencia de falso testimonio durante el juicio es descubierta demostrando que Drake ha manipulado la memoria de la grabadora Omni. Todo esto se debe a que Bogg le dijo a Susan que había descubierto que Drake hacía trampa en los exámenes cuando leyó su diario, pero nunca dijo nada; entonces Susan va a buscar la evidencia del diario y lo logra. Cuando Drake intenta escapar con su Omni, los Viajeros lo agarran y terminan en la Revolución de Texas en México en 1836. Drake se escapa s algún lugar del tiempo, mientras que Bogg y Jeff ayudan a Sam Houston y los rebeldes texanos. Susan luego los trae de vuelta y un juez les dice que el destino de Jeff siempre fue ser un Viajero así que no fue casualidad que Bogg llegara a él. Él da a Bogg su Omni. Jeff y él están muy contentos y vuelven a trabajar, pero desaparecen antes de que el juez pueda darles una nueva Guía.

14	" Sneak Attack " (Ataque sorpresivo)

13 de febrero de 1983

En Pearl Harbor, Hawái, el 6 de diciembre de 1941, Jackie Knox (un oficial de Inteligencia del Ejército), sigue a los Viajeros y roba el Omni trayéndolos a Utah, el 10 de abril de 1860. Encuentran a un lesionado adolescente Bill Cody trabajando en el correo a caballo, que fue atacado por bandidos. Bogg convence a Jackie que los Viajeros ayudan a la gente en la historia, pero cuando Jeff decide hacer el viaje en el correo a caballo y les tienden una emboscada, el trío salta de regreso a Hawái en la mañana del 7 de diciembre. Durante el ataque a Pearl Harbor, Jackie salva la vida del general Douglas MacArthur. Luego, utilizan una moto de 1941 para el paseo en Pony en 1860 con el fin de escapar de los bandidos.

15	"Voyagers of the Titanic" (Viajeros del Titanic)

27 de febrero de 1983

Bogg y Jeff aterrizan en medio del Océano Atlántico en la cubierta del RMS Titanic el 14 de abril de 1912. Mientras que Jeff trata de advertir al capitán con Molly Brown, Bogg conoce a un hombre llamado Haggerty quien no es un Viajero, pero que tiene un Omni. Pertenece a la Viajera Olivia Dunn, que está tratando de obtener la Mona Lisa de la nave. Luego los tres Viajeros saltan a 1884, Francia, donde un perro muerde a Jeff y contagiándole la rabia. Louis Pasteur entonces trabaja en una vacuna y Jeff se recupera totalmente. Todos ellos se remontan al Titanic y Bogg encuentra a Haggerty en la sala de calderas, donde tienen la Mona Lisa, justo cuando el buque se hunde bajo el agua. En París, el 15 de abril de 1912, Jeff (que se fue por separado) cree que Bogg y Olivia murieron hasta que se presentan y explican que tenían que llevar el cuadro robado de nuevo a la casa de Vincenzo Peruggia.

16	" Pursuit " (La búsqueda)

6 de marzo de 1983

Bogg trae a Jeff a Cabo Cañaveral, Florida, para ver el primer aterrizaje en la luna, pero el programa espacial de los Estados Unidos no existe. La tecnología de cohetes alemana fue dada a Rusia al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial por lo que van a Austria el 1 de mayo de 1945 en el fin de garantizar que el científico de cohetes Wernher von Braun se rinda a las fuerzas estadounidenses. Bogg trata de advertir a von Braun que uno de sus científicos es un espía de los nazis antes de que finalmente conozcan a las fuerzas estadounidenses y les da los planos de sus cohetes. Luego van al 20 de julio de 1969 y ven la llegada a la luna en la televisión cuando Neil Armstrong pronuncia su famosa frase, "este es un pequeño paso para un hombre, pero un salto gigantesco para la humanidad".

17	" Destiny's Choice " (Destino Elegido)

13 de marzo de 1983

En el Hollywood de 1928 los Viajeros terminan en un set cerrado de la primera película sonora. Cuando Jeff señala que el director es Franklin D. Roosevelt, ellos saben que todo está mal en Hollywood. Ellos van a la casa de Roosevelt en Hyde Park, Nueva York en 1924 para evitar que envíe por correo un guion y darse a conocer en Hollywood, pero su esposa, Eleanor, está en contradicción con la madre de Roosevelt, que se avergüenza de su poliomielitis. Haciéndose pasar por un maniobrador, Bogg ayuda a Roosevelt a usar muletas y no depender tanto de los demás lo que le permite hacer un discurso público importante, ascender en la política y, finalmente, convertirse en presidente. De regreso en 1928, una actriz que Bogg y Jeff conocieron ya no es más que la repartidora de comida, ya que Roosevelt era su descubridor.

18	" All Fall Down " (Todo se cae)

27 de marzo de 1983

El 21 de junio de 1938 en Pompton Lakes, Nueva Jersey, los Viajeros ven a Joe Louis entrenando para un encuentro de boxeo. Cuando Bogg derriba a Louis en un combate de práctica, Louis decide dejar el deporte. Ante el temor de que los entrenadores le hagan daño a Bogg, Jeff viaja en el tiempo a un avión en Nevada, en febrero de 1970, donde un secuestrador de aviones suelta un gas que afecta a todos los pasajeros a excepción de Jeff. Un controlador de tránsito aéreo lo ayuda a aterrizar el Boeing 747 con el futuro presidente Jimmy Carter a bordo. De vuelta en 1938, ellos convencen a Louis de no escuchar las reclamaciones de la superioridad racial de su oponente, Max Schmeling. Bogg y Jeff ayudan a entrenar a Louis y el 22 de junio, Louis derrota a Schmeling y conserva su título de "Campeón peso pesado del Mundo".

19	"Barriers of Sound" (Las barreras del sonido)

12 de junio de 1983

En Denison, Texas, el 14 de octubre de 1890, Bogg y Jeffrey descubren que los teléfonos no han sido inventados todavía. Si los teléfonos no se inventan, Dwight D. Eisenhower no nacerá ya que no hay asistencia médica. Así que van a Boston, 1875, donde Bogg salva la vida de una chica sorda, llamada Mabel Hubbard. Encuentran a Alexander Graham Bell, pero su invento, el teléfono, no funciona. Jeff se da cuenta de que Mabel será la esposa de Bell y arregla una cita, pero Mabel y Bogg se enamoran y Mabel quiere estar con Bogg y no con Bell. Bogg rompe el corazón de Mabel y junto a Jeff van al 7 de marzo de 1876 donde Bell y Thomas A. Watson están trabajando en el teléfono. Bell ha adquirido financiamiento de parte del padre de su prometida Mabel para poder continuar con su invento. Bell trabaja con agua como conductor de electricidad para el teléfono, Bogg le dice que tal vez no es buen conductor y Bell intenta con un ácido, Bell se lesiona con el ácido y grita, "¡Sr. Watson, ven aquí, que te necesito!" Watson, al oír la voz de Bell en el teléfono, salta de alegría, sabiendo lo que sucedió. De vuelta en Texas en 1890, Bogg y Jeff ayudan en el nacimiento de Dwight D. Eisenhower, consiguiendo la ayuda de un médico en el teléfono.

20	" Jack's Back " (Vuelve Jack)

10 de julio de 1983

En Londres, el 19 de noviembre de 1889, una periodista estadounidense llamada Nellie Bly va en busca de una historia sobre el infame Jack el Destripador, pero es atacada por un hombre, el cual desaparece cuando Bogg y Jeff aparecen e intentan ayudar. Cuando su amigo Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (escritor del famoso personaje del detective Sherlock Holmes) comienza a cuestionar a Bly sobre su atacante, ella sospecha que Bogg es Jack el Destripador, puesto que Bogg tomó la capa que llevaba el atacante y ella vio un Omni de plata idéntico al de Bogg, y cuando ve el de Bogg sospecha y llama a la policía. El Inspector Lasard de Scotland Yard arresta a Bogg y los Viajeros se dan cuenta de que el renegado Viajero Drake fue el atacante de Bly. Después de que escapan de Lasard, encuentran a Drake a punto de matar a Bly y Doyle con el fin de "arruinar la historia", pero Bogg y Jeff lo detienen antes de que se desvanezca en el tiempo.

Enlaces externos

 "Jon-Erik Hexum no se voló la cabeza en la ruleta rusa", en Nerds All Star, Revista Ñ, 16 de agosto de 2013.

Programas de televisión iniciados en 1982
Series de televisión de Estados Unidos de los años 1980
Series de televisión de ciencia ficción de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión de NBC
Representaciones culturales de Cleopatra
Representaciones culturales de Kublai Kan
Representaciones culturales de Marco Polo
Representaciones culturales de Isaac Newton
Representaciones culturales de Albert Einstein
Representaciones culturales de Charles Dickens
Representaciones culturales de Espartaco
Representaciones culturales de T. E. Lawrence
Representaciones culturales de George Washington

Voyagers!


Korkut (kurdă Têlî,  - "deal") este un oraș în provincia estică Muș. Korkut este situat în partea de sud a provinciei Muș și se învecinează cu provincia Bitlis. Orașul are 3.227 de locuitori și districtul 26.856 de locuitori (în anul 2008). Districtul are o suprafata de 575,7 km2 și a fost fondat pe 9 mai 1990.

Note

Orașe

Korkut


Die Liste der Straßennamen in Odivelas listet Namen von Straßen und Plätzen der Freguesia Odivelas im gleichnamigen  portugiesischen Kreis auf und führt dabei auch die Bedeutungen und Umstände der Namensgebung an. Aktuell gültige Straßenbezeichnungen sind in Normalschrift angegeben, nach Umbenennung oder Überbauung nicht mehr gültige Bezeichnungen in Kursivschrift.

Hinweis: Die Liste ist nicht vollständig

Straßen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge

#
 Rua 3 de Abril de 1964
 benannt nach dem Datum, an dem Odivelas zur Vila erhoben wurde
 Largo 25 de Abril
 benannt nach dem Tag der Nelkenrevolution am 25. April 1974
 Praceta 25 de Agosto
 benannt nach dem Tag der Gründung der Freguesias Famões und Ramada am 25. April 1989

A
 Avenida das Acácias
 benannt nach der Pflanzengattung Akazien
 Travessa das Açucenas
 benannt nach der Pflanzengattung Lilien
 Praceta Aleixo Abreu
 benannt nach dem Arzt Aleixo de Abreu (1568–1630)
 Rua Alexandre Herculano
 Rua Alfredo Roque Gameiro
 Avenida Amália Rodrigues
 Rua de Angola
 benannt nach der ehemaligen portugiesischen Kolonie Angola
 Largo António Aleixo
 benannt nach dem Dichter António Aleixo (1899–1949)
 Rua António Feliciano Castilho

B
 Praceta Bernardino de Almeida
 benannt nach dem Chirurgen Bernardino de Almeida (1813–1888)
 Rua dos Bombeiros Voluntários

C
 Rua Cândido Fernandes Oliveira
 Rua Carlos José Barreiros
 benannt nach dem Journalisten und Brandinspektor Carlos José Barreiros (19./20. Jhd.)
 Rua dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra
 Rua Combatentes 9 de Abril
 benannt den Soldaten der Vierten Flandernschlacht am 9. April 1918
 Rua Combatentes do Ultramar

D
 Avenida Dom Dinis
 Rua Domingos Sequeira
 Rua Doutor Sidónio Pais

E
 Rua do Espírito Santo

G
 Rua Gil Eanes

J
 Rua Jaime Martins Barata
 benannt nach dem Maler Jaime Martins Barata (1899–1970)
 Rua Joaquim Agostinho
 benannt nach dem Radsportler Joaquim Agostinho (1943–1984)
 Praceta Jorge de Sena
 Rua Jorge de Sena
 Praceta José Afonso
 benannt nach dem Dichter, Sänger und Komponisten José Afonso (1929–1987)

G
 Rua Guilherme Gomes Fernandes

H
 Rua Heróis de Chaimite

L
 Rua Laura Aires
 benannt nach der Ärztin und Forscherin Laura Aires (1922–1992)
 Rua Lima Basto
 benannt nach dem Arzt Lima Basto (1911–1971)

M
 Rua Major Caldas Xavier
 Rua Major Rosa Bastos
 benannt nach dem Militär und Präsidenten der Câmara Municipal von Loures António Arsénio Rosa Bastos (1883–1956)
 Praceta Maria Afonso
 benannt nach Maria Afonso (1301–1320), uneheliche Tochter des Königs Dionysius, die im Kloster von Odivelas als Nonne lebte
 Largo Mateus Gregório Rodrigues da Costa
 Praceta Mestre Afonso
 benannt nach dem Arzt Mestre Afonso des 16. Jahrhunderts
 Rua Miguel Rovísco

P
 Rua Palmira Bastos
 benannt nach der Schauspielerin Palmira Bastos (1875–1967)
 Avenida Professor Doutor Augusto Abreu Lopes
 Rua Professor Doutor Egas Moniz

S
 Rua Sara Afonso
 benannt nach der Malerin Sara Afonso (1899–1983)

T
 Praceta Tiago Augusto Almeida
 benannt nach dem Arzt Tiago Augusto Almeida (1864–1936)
 Praceta Tomás da Anunciação
 Rua Tomás da Anunciação
 Quinta do Troca

Odivelas
!

Liste der Straßennamen von Odivelas


Athletic Club de Bilbao, İspanya'nın Bask Bölgesi'nin futbol takımıdır. 1929'dan beri La Liga'da mücadele eden kulüp Real Madrid ve Barcelona ile birlikte ligden hiç düşmemiş üç takımdan birisidir. Athleic Bilbao 8 kez La Liga'yı, 24 kez de Copa del Rey'i kazanmayı başarmıştır. Ezeli rakibi Real Sociedad takımıdır.

Bask Bölgesi'nin diğer takımlarından farklı olan Athletic Bilbao bölge haricinde hiçbir oyuncuyu takımında oynatmaz. Takım bu geleneğini yıllardır sürdürmektedir. Formasına hiçbir zaman reklam almayan Bilbao temsilcisi 110 yıl sonra bu geleneğe son vererek 2008 yılı başlangıç olmak üzere, 2011'e kadar Bask kökenli bir petrol şirketinin forma reklamını almıştır. Tarihi boyunca kadrosunda İspanya dışı vatandaşlığı olan futbolcular 3 tane olup, bu futbolcular; Bixente Lizarazu, Fernando Amorebieta ve Aymeric Laporte'dur.

Athletic Bilbao'nun kullandığı San Mames Stadı 1913 yılında inşa edilmiş olup La Liga'da maç yapılan en eski stadyumdur.

Kadro

Teknik direktörler

Bugüne kadarki formaları

Formalar

Başarıları
 La Liga:
 1929-30, 1930-31, 1933-34, 1935-36, 1942-43, 1955-56, 1982-83, 1983-84:  8
  Copa del Rey:
 1902, 1903, 1904, 1910, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1921, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1969, 1973, 1984: 24
 Norte Şampiyonluğu:
 1913-14, 1914-15, 1915-16: 3
 Vicaya Şampiyonluğu:
 1919-20, 1920-21, 1922-23, 1923-24, 1924-25, 1925-26, 1927-28, 1928-29, 1930-31, 1931-32, 1932-33, 1933-34, 1939-40: 13
 Vasca Kupası:
 1934-35: 1
 Supercopa de España:
 1985, 2015, 2021: 3

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site

İspanya'daki futbol kulüpleri
La Liga kulüpleri
Copa del Rey şampiyonları
1898'de kurulan spor kulüpleri
Bask Bölgesi'ndeki futbol kulüpleri

Athletic Bilbao


Valeri Legasov (în ; ) a fost un proeminent chimist anorganic sovietic și membru al Academiei de Științe a URSS. Este cunoscut în principal pentru activitatea sa în calitate de șef al comisiei care a investigat catastrofa de la Cernobîl.

Sinuciderea lui Legasov a provocat un șoc în industria nucleară sovietică. În special, existența unei probleme cu privire la proiectarea barelor de control în reactoarele RBMK de tip Cernobîl a fost admisă și abordată.

La 20 septembrie 1996, președintele rus Boris Elțîn i-a acordat postum lui Legasov titlul onorific de erou al Federației Ruse pentru "curajul și eroismul" prezentat în investigarea dezastrului.

În mass-media
Legasov este portretizat de Jared Harris în miniseria Sky / HBO Cernobîl (2019)  și de Ade Edmondson în docudrama BBC Surviving Disaster.

Vezi și
Accidentul nuclear de la Cernobîl
Centrala nucleară de la Cernobîl
Lichidatorii de la Cernobîl

Referințe

Nașteri în 1936
Laureați ai Premiului de stat al URSS
Decese în 1988
Chimiști din secolul al XX-lea
Decorați cu Ordinul Lenin
Oameni asociați cu accidentul nuclear de la Cernobîl
Cadre didactice ale Universității de Stat din Moscova
Laureați ai Premiului Lenin
Eroi ai Federației Ruse
Pages with unreviewed translations
Sinucideri
Membri ai Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice

Valeri Legasov


Baronul Girolamo de Alesani, în , (n. 1830, Zara – d. 8 februarie 1887, Cernăuți) a fost un înalt consilier habsburgic, deputat în Consiliului imperial (Reichsrat) precum Landeschef (Statthalter) al Ducatului Bucovina de origine italiană.

Biografie

În Dalmația și Trentino

În anul 1858, tânărul Alesani, jurist promovat, nepot al canonicului arhiepiscopiei Zara și Spalato (Split) cu același prenume, și-a început cariera ca conceptist, apoi secretar (1 mai 1859), numit de împărat consilier de guvern cu titlu și rang precum însărcinat cu conducerea districtului Split (15 octombrie 1861), avansând în 1864 la funcția de consilier prezidial, toate funcțiile în cadrul guvernământului militar și civil sub generalul comandant Feldmarschalleutnant (mai târziu Feldzeugmeister) Lazarus baron de Mamula (n. 22 mai.1795 – d. 12 ianuarie.1878) în Zara, urcând din nou în carieră după puține luni la rangul de căpitan de județ (Kreishauptmann). În urmare, Alesani a fost de mare folos pentru guvern ca delegat pentru regularea granițelor între Italia și Austria (1866).

În anul 1864, el a fondat Partidul Constituțional în ciuda autonomiștilor, fiind ales deputat în dieta Dalmației pentru acest partid, iar pe 22 octombrie al anului a devenit și membru al Consiliului imperial (Reichsrat) din Viena. După ce generalul de origine croată Gabriel Joseph baron de Rodich (1812-1890) a preluat regimul peste Dalmația, acesta a favorizat compatrioții săi croați, oprimând marea minoritate a italienilor precum partidul constituțional.

Dezamăgit, Alesani a părăsit patria și a fost trimis, în calitate de consilier guvernamental (Hofrat) dirigent, la Trento (1 octombrie 1870). În ziua de 18 aprilie 1871, el a fost onorat de către împărat cu Ordinul Leopold în rang de cavaler. În Trentino, consilierul a fost foarte apreciat și populația  a avut mare încredere în el. Astfel a fost delegat ca deputat pentru Reichsrat. Pe 9 februarie 1872, deputații municipiului Arco au acordat politicianului cetățenia  de onoare.

În Bucovina

Pe 7 iulie 1874 a fost numit de către împăratul Franz Joseph I guvernator al ducatului Bucovinei, funcție pe care a început-o pe  data de 18 octombrie 1874, întreținut-o până la moartea sa. Pe lângă domeniul de activitate administrativă, Alesani s-a angajat și ca politician pentru interesele Bucovinei. Astfel el a fost votat membru al Consiliului imperial (Reichsrat) din Viena pentru județului Cozmeni (1874-1879). După ordinul de retragere, hotărât de prim-ministrul Eduard conte de Taaffe, Alesani a fost ales membru al Dietei Bucovinei, mai întâi pentru Cozmeni, apoi pentru Siret, fiind subaltern mareșalului țării în acest domeniu.

Pentru ridicarea Universității din Cernăuți, Alesani s-a angajat puternic, făcând rost de un credit peste 250.000 fl. precum de donații de peste 50.000 fl. (la care a contribuit și el cu o sumă mare).

Pe 17 octombrie 1877, Alesani s-a căsătorit la Viena cu Eugenie (1858-1926), fiica marelui întreprinzător Eduard Haas von Teichen (1827-1880), [astăzi fabrica de producție de covoare și mobilier Philipp Haas & Söhne]. Soții au avut un fiu, Zeno (n. 18 august 1880, Cernăuți), inventor care aobținut mai multe patente privind atașamente pentru biciclete și motociclete în SUA și Canada. Prin această legătură Alesani a devenit milionar. Văduva Eugenie a mai trebuit să plătească încă în 1910 impozite anuare de peste 100.000 fl.

Guvernatorul a fost decorat pe 28 octombrie 1877 cu Ordinul Împărătesc al Coroanei de Fier de clasa a 2-a și, ca urmare, ridicat la rangul de Baron austriac prin  cea mai înaltă rezoluție al împăratului Franz Joseph I din 1 martie 1878 la Viena. Titlul baron era doar valabil pentru el și urmașii săi legali. Deja din primii lui ani în Bucovina, s-a dezvoltat o prietenie foarte strânsă între Alesani și  baronul Alexandru Wassilko de Serecki. Ambii s-au angajat intensiv pentru autonomia și egalitatea tutor etnii în imperiu sub scutul austriac. Pe panglica coroanei la înmormântarea guvernatorului, mareșalul Bucovinei Wassilko, a scris: "Prietenului meu fidel și neuitat."

Politicianul, foarte apreciat de toate straturile și etniile populației bucovinene, a fost cetățean de onoare de Cernăuți. A murit surprinzător, la vârsta de numai 57 de ani, în urma unui stop cardiac.

Decorații

Politicianul a primit o serie de decorații, între altele:
 Ordinul Coroanei de Fier de clasa 2-a  (28 octombrie 1877)
 Crucea de cavaler al Ordinului Leopold (18 aprilie 1871)
 Ordinul imperial rus "Sfântul Stanislas" de clasa I
 Ordinul cavaleresc regal italian al "Sfinților Mauritius și Lazar"
 Ordinul împărătesc persan de mare ofițer al Ordinului Soarelui și Leului (24 ianuarie 1873)
 Ordinul Friedrich de comandor de clasa a 2-a al  Regatului Württemberg (23 septembrie 1873)

Note

Legături externe
 Necrolog (în limba germană)

Nașteri în 1830
Nașteri pe 14 octombrie
Decese în 1887
Decese pe 8 februarie
Guvernatori ai Bucovinei
Nobili austrieci
Cetățeni de onoare
Purtători al Ordinului Coroanei de Fier (Austria)
Purtători al Ordinului Leopold (Austria)
Destinatari ai premiilor sau decorațiilor militare
Austrieci din secolul al XIX-lea
Decese prin stop cardiac
Politicieni din Cisleithania

Girolamo de Alesani


Irma Ursula Johanna Richter (1886–1946) foi uma fotógrafa alemã especializada em fotografia de dança e teatro em Dresden .

Biografia
Nascida em Radebeul, um subúrbio de Dresden, Richter veio de uma família de artistas. O seu pai era pianista e a sua irmã escultora. Ela era, no entanto, uma fotógrafa autodidata, praticando em Dresden de 1913 a 1935. Em 1914 abriu o seu próprio estúdio em Dresden. Ela estava especialmente interessada no teatro, fazendo retratos de actores e cantores de ópera. Acima de tudo, ela fotografou cenas de dança, incluindo as da dançarina expressionista Mary Wigman . Um dos seus retratos de Wigman foi exibido na exposição de fotografia de Frankfurt am Main em 1926.

Ela também tirou retratos históricos de Bruno Decarli e Erich Ponto. A sua fotografia de palco documenta não apenas o trabalho dos artistas mas também dos diretores e cenógrafos. Na década de 1930, ela atuou no Albert-Theater, onde captou muitas imagens dos espectáculos. Ela deixou cerca de 225 fotografias de apresentações teatrais e de dança em Dresden, bem como 350 placas particulares e uma grande coleção de outros negativos e gravuras.

Bibliografia
 Lahs-Gonzales, Olivia; Lippard, Lucy R; Museu de Arte de St. Louis (1997). Defining Eye: Women Photographers of the 20th Century: Selections from the Helen Kornblum Collection . São Luís: Museu de Arte de São Luís. .
 Oddy, J. (2007). "De volta à RDA: Fotografia na Alemanha Oriental." Abertura , (189), 42-49.

Mortos em 1946
Nascidos em 1886
Fotógrafos da Alemanha

Ursula Richter (fotógrafa)


Un TDS metru indică totalul solidelor dizolvate (TDS) dintr-o soluție, adică concentrația de particule solide dizolvate.

Solidele ionizate dizolvate, cum ar fi sărurile și mineralele, măresc conductivitatea electrică (EC) a unei soluții. Pentru că este o măsurătoare volumetrică a solidelor ionizate, EC poate fi utilizată pentru estimarea TDS. Solidele organice dizolvate, cum ar fi zahărul, și particulele solide microscopice cum ar fi coloiziii, nu afectează în mod semnificativ conductivitatea unei soluții.

Modul cel mai precis pentru a masura TDS din apă într-un laborator, este de a evapora apa lăsând în urmă soluțiile dizolvate ca și reziduuri și apoi cântărirea acestora.

Unitatea de măsură a unui TDS
Un TDS metru de obicei afișează TDS în părți per milion (ppm). De exemplu, un TDS ce afișează valoarea de 1 ppm, indică 1 miligram de solide dizolvate în 1 kilogram de apă.

Vezi și
 EC metru
 pH metru
 Salinometru
 Totalul solidelor dizolvate

Referințe

Instrumente de măsură

TDS metru


O Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo de 2008 foi a 87ª edição do campeonato, sendo organizado pela Federação Europeia de Halterofilismo, em Lignano Sabbiadoro, na Itália, entre 11 a 20 de abril de 2008. Foram disputadas 15 categorias (8 masculino e 7 feminino).

Medalhistas

Masculino

Feminino

Quadro de medalhas

Quadro de medalhas no total combinado

Ligações externas
Site da Federação Europeia de Halterofilismo

2008
Europeu
Halterofilismo
Halterofilismo


The Unicorns were a Canadian rock band formed in the year 2000 by Nicholas Thorburn (Nick Diamonds) of British Columbia and Alden Penner (Alden Ginger) of Quebec. J'aime Tambeur joined in December 2003. The band announced their split in late 2004, before reuniting for a short run of shows in 2014.

History
The Unicorns began in Canada in December 2000. The founding members Nicholas Thorburn and Alden Penner met in high school in 1998. Alden was new to his 10th-grade class and decided to wear a skirt to school, which intrigued a 12th-grade Nick and quickly sparked their friendship. The duo self-recorded a nine-track CD entitled Unicorns Are People Too which was released in March 2003 through their own label Caterpillars of the Community. The release was limited to 500 copies, but was later distributed widely through file-sharing networks and fansites. Around this time they also self-recorded a Mini CDr entitled Three Inches of Blood which was given to venue owners who arranged the band's early shows. A split 7-inch with Arcade Fire was also announced, but never materialized.

In June and July 2003 the band recorded their debut studio LP Who Will Cut Our Hair When We're Gone? with producer Mark Lawson in Montreal.  The album featured several reworked versions of songs from Unicorns Are People Too and featured contributions from Richard Reed Parry (Arcade Fire) and drummer Jamie Thompson who joined the band as a touring member later that year. The album was released in November 2003 on Alien8 Recordings in North America and Rough Trade in Europe. The album received glowing reviews from The Village Voice, NME, online magazine Pitchfork Media and numerous other publications around the world.

The band toured continuously across North America, Europe and Australia following the release of Who Will Cut Our Hair When We're Gone?, including shows with The Decemberists, The Fiery Furnaces, Hot Hot Heat, and Arcade Fire. A promotional video was also produced for the song "Jellybones", which aired occasionally on MTV2's 120 Minutes. In 2004, footage from multiple live performances was used to produce a promotional video for the song "I Was Born (A Unicorn)". In May 2004 an EP entitled The Unicorns: 2014 was released by Seattle label Suicide Squeeze. The band became known for their chaotic live shows, described as "unruly, sometimes transcendent, sometimes akin to tantrums".

Split and subsequent projects
The band's hectic touring schedule became exhausting, leading to tensions between band members. Their final show of 2004 took place at the Engine Room in Houston, TX on December 20, where they played several unreleased songs including "Haunted House", "Livin' in the Country" and "Rough Gem" (later recorded by Islands). On December 28, a short message appeared on the Unicorns' website reading "THE UNICORNS ARE DEAD, (R.I.P.)", leading fans to speculate as to whether they had broken up. In January 2005 the website Drowned In Sound confirmed that the band had indeed split. Asked about the band's demise in 2006, Thompson commented, "we all hated it like 70 percent of the time. It was just not getting along with one another on the road, and then being on the road all the time. That pretty much killed it".

Immediately following the split, Thorburn and Thompson continued to collaborate as Th' Corn Gangg (a hip-hop project featuring Subtitle and Busdriver) and Islands (an indie rock project). On May 28, 2006, Thompson announced his departure from Islands. He returned to the band in June 2009, but left again a year later. In 2005 Thorburn co-wrote the satirical charity single "Do They Know It's Hallowe'en?". His other post-Unicorns projects have included Reefer, Human Highway and Mister Heavenly. In July 2011 he released an album entitled I Am an Attic through Bandcamp, reverting to his Unicorns nickname "Nick Diamonds".

In 2005 Penner released a 7-inch single entitled "The Ghost of Creaky Crater" on the Melbourne-based Art School Dropout label, recorded while the band was on tour in Australia. His post-Unicorns musical projects have included Clues and The Hidden Words, in which he reunited with Thompson. In February 2014 he released solo album entitled Exegesis though Bandcamp.

Reunion
In early 2014, ten years after their split, it was announced that the band would reunite to support Arcade Fire on a handful of arena shows in Inglewood, CA and Brooklyn, NY. On September 21, 2014, they returned to the Pop Montreal Festival to play a headline show at Metropolis, but have not announced any further live dates. Who Will Cut Our Hair When We're Gone? was also reissued on CD and vinyl through the band's own imprint, Caterpillar Records.

Members
Nicholas Thorburn (vocals, guitars, bass, keys) – stage name "Nick 'Neil' Diamonds"
Alden Penner (vocals, guitars, bass, keys) – stage name "Alden Ginger"
Jamie Thompson (drums) – stage name "J'aime Tambeur"

Discography

Albums
Unicorns Are People Too self-released CD (2003)
Who Will Cut Our Hair When We're Gone? CD/LP (2003, reissued 2014)

Singles/EPs
Three Inches of Blood Mini CDR (2002)
The Unicorns: 2014 CD/7" (2004)

See also
Islands
Clues
Human Highway

References

External links

Interviews & Articles
"The Unicorns Story: After the Unicorns..."
Audiojunkies Interview with The Unicorns
SHZine interview with Nicholas Diamond & Alden Ginger (April 2003)

Fansites
Alex Batko: The Unicorns
Secret Unicorns Forum
The Unicorns Band

Suicide Squeeze Records artists
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
Musical groups from Montreal
Canadian indie pop groups
Rough Trade Records artists
Alien8 Recordings artists
2000 establishments in Quebec

The Unicorns


Ardian ist ein albanischer männlicher Vorname.

Herkunft und Bedeutung
Er ist illyrischer Herkunft und  vom Stamm der Ardiäer abgeleitet (albanisch Ardianët). Der Name ist in allen albanischsprachigen Gebieten gebräuchlich. Die weibliche Form des Namens ist Ardiana.

Namensträger
 Ardian Klosi (1957–2012), Publizist und Übersetzer
 Ardian Kozniku (* 1967), Fußballspieler
 Ardian Gjokaj (* 1979), Fußballspieler
 Ardian Gashi (* 1981), Fußballspieler
 Ardian Jevric (* 1986), Fußballspieler
 Ardian Bujupi (* 1991), Sänger
 Ardian Bora (* 1992), Mitglied der Musikformation Dat Adam und Webvideoproduzent

Organisationen
Ardian (Beteiligungsgesellschaft), französisches Unternehmen

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Albanischer Personenname

Ardian


Maria Josepha af Sachsen (6. december 1803 – 18. maj 1829) var en tysk prinsesse af Sachsen, der var dronning af Spanien fra 1819 til 1829 som ægtefælle til kong Ferdinand 7. af Spanien.

Maria Anna var datter af prins Maximilian af Sachsen og Caroline af Parma. Hun blev gift den 20. oktober 1819 i Madrid med kong Ferdinand 7. af Spanien i hans tredje ægteskab. De fik ingen børn.

Albertinske linje af Huset Wettin
Dronninger af Spanien
Kongelige fra Sachsen
Personer fra Dresden

Maria Josepha af Sachsen (1803–1829)


Glenea meridionalis é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Maurice Pic em 1943.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

meridionalis
Coleópteros descritos em 1943

Glenea meridionalis


An Germainia tenax in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Benedict Balansa, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Chai-anan. An Germainia tenax in nahilalakip ha genus nga Germainia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Germainia

Germainia tenax


Miguel de Basterra (Herrera del Duque) fue un personaje notable de la administración en la Real Hacienda de Indias a finales del siglo XVIII, en los reinados de Carlos III y Carlos IV.

Trayectoria
Miguel de Basterra desarrolló sus funciones en Puerto Cabello, el primero de los refugios construidos en Venezuela. Fue Ministro Principal de la Real Hacienda y Comisario Ordenador de los Reales Ejércitos o Contador del Ejército de la Real Hacienda de Puerto Cabello. Este organismo había sido fundado por Carlos III, mediante una Real Cédula de 1776.

Véase también
 Puerto Cabello

Referencias

Políticos de Venezuela durante la colonia
Nacidos en Herrera del Duque

Miguel de Basterra


Charles Davenport Champlin () a fost un critic de film și scriitor american.

Biografie
Champlin s-a născut în Hammondsport, New York. A urmat liceul la Camden, New York, unde a lucrat ca publicist pentru Camden Advance-Journal și editoarea Florence Stone. Familia lui a lucrat începând din 1855 în industria vinului din nordul statului New York. În 1943 s-a înscris la Universitatea Harvard, dar în mai 1944 a părăsit universitatea și s-a înrolat în Armata Americană. A servit în unitățile americane din infanterie dislocate în Europa în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, a fost rănit la șoldul drept în martie 1945 de un șrapnel al artileriei germane și a fost decorat cu Purple Heart și cu alte medalii. A fost demobilizat în primăvara anului 1946. A absolvit studii de literatură engleză la Universitatea Harvard în 1948 și a fost angajat, la recomandarea unui profesor, ca stagiar la revista LIFE.

În anul 1949 a obținut un post de cercetător și a devenit corespondent la biroul din Chicago al revistei LIFE. A fost corespondent al revistei la Chicago (1949-1952) și apoi la Denver (1952-1954), după care s-a întors ca redactor la sediul central al revistei din New York. În anul 1959 a fost promovat redactor senior de știri interne și a fost trimis la biroul din Los Angeles al revistei, apoi a fost corespondent la Londra. Champlin a lucrat timp de 17 ani ca reporter și corespondent al revistelor LIFE și TIME și a fost membru al Overseas Press Club. A devenit cronicar și publicist al secțiunii de divertisment a ziarului Los Angeles Times în 1965, a fost principalul critic de film al ziarului din 1967 până în 1980 și a scris apoi recenzii de carte și un editorial periodic intitulat "Critic at Large". S-a retras din presă în anul 1991, dar a continuat să contribuie sporadic. A fost fondator și președinte al Asociației Criticilor de Film din Los Angeles (Los Angeles Film Critics Association) și a fost membru al consiliului de conducere al American Cinematheque.

Potrivit propriilor estimări, a văzut circa 250 de filme pe an în perioada cât a lucrat în critica de film și a scris recenzii pentru jumătate din ele. A fost perceput ca un critic de film binevoitor și, chiar dacă a scris recenzii mai dure, a fost apreciat de cei criticați (printre care și Jack Lemmon) ca "onest și constructiv". I s-a reproșat că a acoperit unele nereguli ale studiourilor de la Hollywood (spre exemplu, delapidarea săvârșită de producătorul David Begelman de la Columbia Pictures, prezentată în 1977 în paginile The Wall Street Journal) prin prezentarea moale și fără vigoare a scandalurilor.

Cariera în televiziune a lui Champlin a început în 1971 în calitate de gazdă a emisiunii Film Odyssey la PBS, prezentând săptămânal filme străine clasice (precum Cabinetul doctorului Caligari) și luând interviuri unor regizori importanți, printre care Alfred Hitchcock. În același an a găzduit o emisiune muzicală live, Homewood, pentru KCET, postul PBS din Los Angeles. Timp de șase ani a găzduit emisiunea Citywatchers, de pe postul KCET, împreună cu jurnalistul Art Seidenbaum. El a intervievat sute de personalități din lumea filmului, mai întâi în cadrul emisiunii On the Film Scene a postului Z Channel din Los Angeles și apoi în emisiunea Champlin on Film de la postul Bravo Cable.

Champlin a predat critica de film la Universitatea Loyola Marymount din 1969 până în 1985, a fost profesor asociat de istoria filmului la University of Southern California din 1985 până în 1996 și a mai predat la University of California, Irvine și la Conservatorul Institutului American de Film. A mai scris multe cărți, inclusiv biografiile sale Back There where the Past Was (1989) și A Life in Writing (2006).

În 1992 a făcut parte din juriul celui de-al 42-lea Festival Internațional de Film de la Berlin și a lucrat în consiliul consultativ al Institutului de Film Studențesc din Los Angeles.

În anii următori, de la sfârșitul anilor 1990, Champlin a suferit de degenerare maculară, a fost recunoscut ca nevăzător în 1999, iar în 2001 a scris cartea My Friend, You Are Legally Blind, un volum de memorii despre lupta sa cu boala. În anul 2007 a primit o stea pe Hollywood Walk of Fame. Champlin a murit pe 16 noiembrie 2014, în vârstă de 88 de ani, din cauza complicațiilor produse de maladia Alzheimer.

Scrieri
 The Flicks: Or, Whatever Became of Andy Hardy. 1977,
 The Movies Grow Up: 1940–1980. 1982,
 George Lucas: The Creative Impulse. Lucasfilm's First Twenty Years. 1992,
 John Frankenheimer. A Conversation With Charles Champlin. 1995,
 Hollywood's Revolutionary Decade: Charles Champlin Reviews the Movies of the 1970s. 1998,
 Back There Where the Past Was. A Small-Town Boyhood. 1999,  (Foreword by Ray Bradbury)
 My Friend, You Are Legally Blind: A Writer's Struggle with Macular Degeneration. 2001,
 A Life in Writing. The Story of an American Journalist. 2006,

Note

Legături externe
 Internet Movie Database biography
 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences bio
 Profile of Champlin's ancestors

Nașteri în 1926
Decese în 2014
Teoreticieni ai filmului
Istorici de film americani
Critici de film americani
Personal militar american al celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Soldați ai United States Army
Absolvenți ai Universității Harvard

Charles Champlin


The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) is a United States-based nonprofit organization originally founded as a grassroots group by family members of people diagnosed with mental illness. NAMI identifies its mission as "providing advocacy, education, support and public awareness so that all individuals and families affected by mental illness can build better lives" and its vision as "a world where all people affected by mental illness live healthy, fulfilling lives supported by a community that cares". NAMI offers classes and trainings for people living with mental illnesses, their families, community members, and professionals, including what is termed psychoeducation, or education about mental illness. NAMI holds regular events which combine fundraising for the organization and education, including Mental Illness Awareness Week and NAMIWalks.

Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, NAMI has around 1,000 state and local affiliates and is represented in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. Funding comes from individual contributions, corporate sponsorships, events, and grants. NAMI publishes a magazine around twice a year called The Advocate. NAMI also runs a HelpLine five days a week.

History
NAMI was founded in Madison, Wisconsin, by Harriet Shetler and Beverly Young. The two women both had sons diagnosed with schizophrenia, and "were tired of being blamed for their sons' mental illness". Unhappy with the lack of services available and the treatment of those living with mental illness, the women sought out others with similar concerns. The first meeting held to address these issues in mental health led to the formation of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill in 1979. In 1997, the legal name was changed to the acronym NAMI by a vote of the membership due to concerns that the name National Alliance for the Mentally Ill did not use person-first language. In 2005, the meaning of NAMI was changed to the backronym National Alliance on Mental Illness.

Mission

NAMI identifies its mission as to promote recovery by preserving and strengthening family relationships "affected by mental illness". NAMI's programs and services include education, support groups, informational publications, and presentations. Although originally focused primarily on family members, in more recent years NAMI has moved toward trying to include people diagnosed with mental illness as well (although activists have criticized these efforts). In addition, NAMI has a strong focus on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors about mental illness (what they term stigma); another identified goal is "to increase public and professional understanding", and "to improve the mental health system".

Structure
The National Alliance on Mental Illness is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit run by a board of directors who are elected by membership. NAMI National is the umbrella organization; state and local affiliates operate semi-independently, in an attempt to more accurately represent those in the surrounding communities. Since 2020, NAMI has been using a five-year strategic plan.

The current chief executive officer is Daniel H. Gillison, Jr., who prior to NAMI led the American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF), the nonprofit arm of American Psychiatric Association.

The national chief executive officer from 2014-2019 was Mary Giliberti, who resigned on April 24, 2019. Gilberti has a law degree from Yale University and clerked for Judge Phyllis A. Kravitch. Before coming to NAMI, Giliberti worked as a senior attorney at Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law for almost ten years and the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee from 2008 to 2014. She worked for NAMI National during this time as the director of public policy and advocacy for federal and state issues. In 2017, she was "appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) to serve as one of 14 non-federal members of HHS' Interdepartmental Serious Mental Illness Coordinating Committee."

National and state NAMI organizations function to provide Governance, Public Education, Political Advocacy, and management of NAMI's Educational Programs. At the local level, local NAMI chapters also provide assistance in obtaining mental health resources, scheduling and administration of NAMI's programs, and hosting local meetings and events for NAMI members.

In February 2020, NAMI Sioux Falls merged with the South Dakota Office. The move was a result of a decision by the national NAMI office.

Partnerships

Celebrities
NAMI has partnered with a number of celebrities and influencers, including:

CEO Alliance for Mental Health
Beginning in 2020, NAMI CEO Daniel Gillison, Jr. has assembled a coalition of leaders of national mental health organizations to "chart a new course" for the country's care system. The coalition includes representatives from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, Massachusetts Association of Mental Health, Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute, Mental Health America, National Association for Behavioral Healthcare, National Council for Mental Wellbeing, and Treatment Advocacy Center, among others.

Community partners
NAMI works with non-partisan VoteRiders to spread state-specific information on voter ID requirements.

Additional partners include:

 Alpha Kappa Alpha
 Counter Logic Gaming
 Fox Sports
 HOSA-Future Health Professionals
 Instagram
 Jack and Jill of America
 The Jed Foundation
 Lokai
 Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
 Tumblr
 Women's Health

Philosophy and positions
NAMI generally endorses a medical model approach to mental illnesses, and previously was a major proponent of terming them "serious brain disorders" during the "decade of the brain". NAMI endorses the term anosognosia, or "that someone is unaware of their own mental health condition or that they can't perceive their condition accurately". While NAMI previously referred to mental illnesses as "serious brain disorders", current advice on their "How we talk about NAMI" page recommends against this language.

Advocacy
NAMI advocates to improve the lives of people affected by mental health conditions. Their policy priorities include improving healthcare, crisis response, and stopping discrimination and harmful practices.

Programs
NAMI programs are generally in the area of support and education for individuals and families, often for no cost. The programs are set up through local NAMI Affiliate organizations, with different programs varying in their targeted audience.

NAMI Family-to-Family
The NAMI Family-to-Family Education Program is a free eight-week course targeted toward family and friends of individuals with mental illness, providing education from a medical model perspective of mental illness. Originally offered as a twelve-week program, but updated to a shorter model in 2020, the courses are taught by a NAMI-trained family member of a person diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. Family-to-Family is taught in 44 states, and two provinces in Canada. The program was developed by clinical psychologist Joyce Burland. Facilitators are required to teach material from the curriculum without alteration.

Purpose
The Family-to-Family program provides general information about mental illness and how it is currently treated from a medical model perspective. The programs cover mental illnesses including schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, etc., as well as the indications and side effects of medications. Family-to-Family takes a biologically-based approach to explaining mental illness and its treatments.

According to the NAMI website, Family-to-Family program states its goals as teaching coping and advocacy skills, providing mutual support, how to "handle a crisis", "information on mental health conditions and how they affect the brain", and locating resources in the community

Evidence Base
The NAMI Family-to-Family program has initial research evidence; one randomized clinical trial showed gains in empowerment, increases in problem solving and reductions in participant anxiety scores following the class; these changes persisted at 6 month follow up. These studies confirm an earlier finding that Family-to-Family graduates describe a permanent transformation in the understanding and engagement with mental illness in themselves and their family. Because a randomized controlled trial is at risk of poor external validity by mechanism of self-selection, Dixon and colleges sought out to strengthen the evidence base by confirming the benefits attributed to Family-to-Family with a subset of individuals who declined participation during initial studies

The NAMI Family-to-Family program was found to increase self efficacy in family members involved in caring for a family member with schizophrenia while reducing subjective burden and need for information.  In light of recent research, Family-to-Family was added to the SAMHSA National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP), although as of January 2018 this database and designation has been eliminated by SAMHSA.

NAMI Peer-to-Peer

The NAMI Peer-to-Peer is an eight-week educational program aimed at adults diagnosed with a mental illness. The NAMI Peer-to-Peer program describes the course as a holistic approach to recovery through lectures, discussions, interactive exercises, and teaching stress management techniques. The program provides information about biological explanations of mental illness, symptoms, and personal experiences. The program also includes information about interacting with healthcare providers as well as decision making and stress reducing skills. The Peer-to-Peer philosophy is advertised as being centered around certain values such as individuality, autonomy, and unconditional positive regard. The program is also available in Spanish

Preliminary studies have suggested Peer-to-Peer provided many of its purported benefits (e.g. self-empowerment, disorder management, confidence). Peer interventions in general have been studied more extensively, having been found to increase social adjustment

NAMI In Our Own Voice

The NAMI In Our Own Voice (IOOV) program started as a mental health consumer education program for people living with schizophrenia in 1996, and was further developed to IOOV with grant funding from Eli Lily & Co. in 2002.  The program was based on the idea that those successfully living with mental illness were experts in a sense, and sharing their stories would benefit those with similar struggles. The program approached this by relaying the idea that recovery is possible, attempting to build confidence and self-esteem. Because of the initial success of the program and positive reception, IOOV also took on the role of public advocacy.

NAMI In Our Own Voice involves two trained speakers presenting personal experiences related to mental illness, in front of an audience. Unlike the majority of NAMI's programs, IOOV consists of a single presentation educating groups of individuals with the acknowledgement many are likely unfamiliar with mental illness. The program's aims include raising awareness regarding NAMI and mental illness in general, addressing stigma, and empowering those affected by mental illness. Other than those directly affected by mental illness, In Our Own Voice often educates groups of individuals like law enforcement, politicians, and students.

In Our Own Voice has been shown to be superior at reducing self stigmatization of families when compared to clinician led education. Research into the effectiveness of the NAMI In Our Own Voice program has shown the program also can be of benefit to Graduate level therapists and adolescents. A 2016 study evaluating IOOV in California found significant reductions in desire for social distancing after attending an IOOV presentation, although no validated measures were used in the evaluation.

NAMI Basics
The NAMI Basics Program is a six-session course for parents or other primary caregivers of children and adolescents living with mental illness. NAMI Basics is conceptually similar to NAMI Family-to-Family in that it aims to educate families, but recognizes providing care for a child living with mental illness presents unique challenges in parenting, and that mental illness in children typically manifest differently than in adults. Because of the development of the brain and nervous system throughout childhood and adolescence, information regarding mental illness biology and its presentation is fundamentally different from with adults. The NAMI Basics program has a relatively short time course to accommodate parents' difficulty in attending because of their caregiver status.

NAMI Connection
The NAMI Connection Recovery Support Group Program is a weekly support group for adults living with mental illness. The program is for adults 18+ diagnosed with mental illness and groups are usually weekly for 90 minutes. The support groups are led by trained facilitators who identify as having experienced mental illness themselves.

NAMI On Campus

NAMI On Campus is an initiative for university students to start NAMI On Campus organizations within their respective universities. NAMI On Campus was started to address the mental health issues of college-aged students. Adolescence and early adulthood are periods where the onset of mental illness is common, with 75 percent of mental illnesses beginning by age 24. When asked what barriers, if any, prevented them from gaining support and treatment, surveys found stigma to be the number one barrier.

Ending the Silence
This 50-minute or one hour program is available for students, school staff, and family members. It involves two presenters: one who shares educational information and one who is a young adult living well in recovery who shares their personal story. This program has been shown to improve the mental health knowledge of middle- and high school students.

In 2017, Former Second Lady of the United States Tipper Gore gave a $1 million donation to the Ending the Silence program.

Funding

NAMI receives funding from both private and public sources, including corporations, federal agencies, foundations and individuals. NAMI maintains that it is committed to avoiding conflicts of interest and does not endorse nor support any specific service or treatment. Records of NAMI's quarterly grants and contributions since 2009 are freely available on its website.

In 2017, NAMI had a 16% increase in overall revenue.

Corporate sponsors
NAMI's current and recent corporate sponsors include:

NAMIWalks
The 2017 annual report noted "$11.3 million raised across the country by 68,000 participants."

COVID-19 Mental Health Support Fund
NAMI launched the COVID-19 Mental Health Support Fund in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The fund received donations from its corporate partners as well as the Center for Disaster Philanthropy, Hearst Foundation, Johnson & Johnson, Kind, LivaNova, Starbucks and Thrive Global. NAMI also launched the Frontline Wellness program to support healthcare workers, funded by the American College of Emergency Physicians, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and various corporations.

Criticism

The funding of NAMI by multiple pharmaceutical companies was reported by the investigative magazine Mother Jones in 1999, including that an Eli Lilly & Company executive was then "on loan" to NAMI working out of NAMI headquarters.

During a 2009 investigation into the drug industry's influence on the practice of medicine, U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) sent letters to NAMI and about a dozen other influential disease and patient advocacy organizations asking about their ties to drug and device makers. The investigation confirmed pharmaceutical companies provided a majority of NAMI's funding, a finding which led to NAMI releasing documents listing donations over $5,000.

Dr. Peter Breggin, a leader of the anti-psychiatry movement and opponent of COVID-19 lockdowns, refers to NAMI as an "AstroTurf lobbying organization" of the "psychopharmaceutical complex."

See also

 Biological Psychiatry
 Cole Resource Center
 Psychiatric survivors movement
 Self-help groups for mental health
 Treatment Advocacy Center
 Moon Knight - episodes' end credits end with disclaimers relating to NAMI.

References

External links
 NAMI.org - Official NAMI website

Mental health support groups
1979 establishments in the United States
Health and disability rights organizations in the United States
Mental health organizations in Virginia
Organizations established in 1979
501(c)(3) organizations

National Alliance on Mental Illness


An Gigantochloa multiculmis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Gigantochloa multiculmis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gigantochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Laos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gigantochloa

Gigantochloa multiculmis


Gary Alan Fine, (d. 11 Mayıs 1950), Amerikalı sosyolog ve yazar. Sembolik etkileşimcilik akımının önde gelenlerindendir. Araştırma alanlarından en önde gelenleri restoranlar, sanat anlayışı ve münazara gruplarıdır.

Hayatı
Gary Alan Fine, 11 Mayıs 1950 yılında New York'ta doğdu. Annesi Bernice Estelle Tanz ve babası Bernard David Fine'ın yanında Manhattan'da büyüdü. Öğrenimine Horace Mann Okulunda başlayan Fine, daha sonra Pennsylvania Üniversitesi'nde psikoloji okudu. Eğitiminin bu safhasında, Amerika'nın saygın topluluklarından biri olan Phi Beta Kappa bünyesinde bulundu. Yazar, daha sonra Harvard Üniversitesi'nde sosyal psikoloji konusunda doktora yaptı.

1976 yılında Minnesota Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü'nde yardımcı doçent olarak işe başladı. Kariyerinin belirli zamanlarında değişik üniversitelerde misafir öğretim görevlisi olarak bulundu. Bunlar; 1980 yılında Indiana Üniversitesi, 1985 yılında Chicago Üniversitesi, 1986 yılında Bremen Üniversitesi ve 1988 yılında İzlanda Üniversitesidir. 1990 yılında Georgia Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölüm Başkanı oldu ve bu görevini 1993 yılına kadar sürdürdü. Profesör olarak kaldığı Georgia Üniversitesi'nden 1997 yılında ayrılıp, Northwestern Üniversitesine geçti.

Kariyeri boyunca çoğu kurumda liderlik görevinde bulundu. 1990 yılında Sembolik Etkileşim Araştırma Topluluğu'nun Başkanlığını yaptı. 1994 ve 1995 yılları arasında, Stanford Üniversitesi'ndeki Davranış Bilimleri İleri Araştırma Merkezi ile çalıştı. 2002 yılında Ortabatı Sosyoloji Topluluğu Başkanlığı'na getirildi. 2003 yılında Uppsala Üniversitesi'nde bulunan İsveç Sosyal Bilimler İleri Araştırma Topluluğu ile çalıştı.

2006 yılı itibarıyla halen Northwestern'daki görevini sürdürmekte olup, New York'ta bulunan Russell Sage Vakfı'nda misafir araştırmacı olarak çalışmaktadır.

Susan Hirsig Fine ile evli olan Fine, iki çocuk babasıdır.

Çalışma alanları

Restoranlar
Gary Alan Fine, 1996 yılında işletmecilikten garsonluğa, bulaşıkçılıktan şefliğe restoran ve yiyecek kültürünü ele aldığı Kitchens: The Culture of Restaurant Work (Mutfaklar: Restorancılığın Kültürü) adlı kitabı kaleme almıştır. Kitabında müşterilerin hiçbir zaman fark etmediği, çoğu sosyal çevrelerce hor görülen aşçıları ve yemek endüstrisinde çalışanları incelemiştir. Mutfağın sosyolojisi konusunda değerli eserleri bulunan Yazar, aynı zamanda amatör bağlamda restoran değerlendirmesi de yapmaktadır. 2006 yılı itibarıyla New York'tan yazdığı değerlendirmeleri kendi ağ güncesi Veal Cheeks'ten yayımlamaktadır.

Sanat
Sanat, yazarın kişisel ve akademik ilgi alanlarını buluşturduğu başka bir konudur. Everyday Genius adlı kitabını hazırlarken Art Brut akımını takip eden çoğu sanatçıyla tanışmıştır. Çalışmaları süresince bu çevrede tanınan Henry Darger, Bill Traylor, Edgar Tolson, Thornton Dial, Lonnie Holley, Martin Ramirez, Sam Doyle ve Howard Finster gibi sanatçıları incelemiştir. Kendisi de Art Brut'nun bir seveni olan Fine, Georgia'da yaşadığı süre boyunca Atlanta'da bulunan Nexus Modern Sanatlar Merkezi ve High Sanat Müzesi ile ilgilenmiştir.

Münazaralar
Yazarın Gifted Tongues: High School Debate and Adolescent Culture Amerika'da hayli popüler olan okul münazaralarını anlatır. Fine, kitabını hazırlarken Minnesota'daki okul münazara takımlarını gözlemlemiştir.

Diğer
Yazarın çocuk beyzbol liglerini gözlemlediği With The Boys kitabı 1988 yılında Amerikan Folklörü Topluluğu'nun Çocuk kültürü dalındaki Opie ödülüne layık görülmüştür. Yazar, ayrıca mantar toplayıcıları, şehir efsaneleri, söylenti ve dedikoduların yayılması ve FRP oyuncuları hakkında çalışmalarda bulunmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Michael Ruhlman
 Eric Schlosser

Dış bağlantılar
 Gary Alan Fine, Northwestern Üniversitesi'ndeki sayfası
 Veal Cheeks, Gary Alan Fine tarafından yapılan restoran değerlendirmelerinden oluşan ağ güncesi
 Yazarın Eric Schlosser'ın Fast Food Nation kitabı üzerine yorumları

1950 doğumlular
New York doğumlu yazarlar
Amerikalı sosyologlar
Gastronomi
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan yazarlar

Gary Alan Fine