Le Vase néolithique de Belloy-sur-Somme est une poterie préhistorique de la période néolithique trouvée en 1886 à Belloy-sur-Somme, dans la Somme. Il est conservé au Musée de Picardie, à Amiens.

Historique
Le vase de Belloy-sur-Somme témoigne de l'installation des premières communautés agricoles dans la vallée de la Somme, vers le milieu du . Il a été trouvé fortuitement en 1886 dans le marais de Belloy, sous la couche de tourbe qui recouvre le tuf, par un habitant du lieu, et fut donné par la suite au Musée de Picardie.

Description
Il s'agit d'un vase à col en argile mêlée de petits graviers, de couleur brunâtre. Le fond est arrondi comme une outre en peau et trois petites anses latérales indiquent qu'il devait être suspendu afin de protéger les denrées qu'il contenait des prédateurs.

Ce vase en terre cuite n'a pas été fabriqué au tour de potier mais par la technique du colombin cuit à l'air libre, à 600° vraisemblablement. Le décor est réalisé à l'aide d'un peigne à dents larges, permettant de répéter le motif sur quatre rangées juxtaposées, formant des sortes de guirlandes. L'abbé Breuil, préhistorien, a cru y déceler le motif d'un oiseau, les ailes déployées.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Abbé Henri Breuil, « Le vase de Belloy (Somme) », in Revue des Études anciennes, 1908, 10-4, pp.339-341

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Europe néolithique
 Groupes du Néolithique en France
 Culture de Cerny

Liens externes
 Le vase de Belloy-sur-Somme, sur Persée
 Musenor : le vase néolithique de Belloy-sur-Somme

Artéfact néolithique
Artéfact archéologique conservé au musée de Picardie
Préhistoire en Picardie

Vase néolithique de Belloy-sur-Somme


A pannier  is a basket, bag, box, or similar container, carried in pairs either slung over the back of a beast of burden, or attached to the sides of a bicycle or motorcycle. The term derives from a Middle English borrowing of the Old French panier, meaning 'bread basket'.

Animal panniers
Traditional panniers for animal transport are typically made of canvas, leather, or wicker. Modern panniers may be rectangular boxes of hard-sided plastic. Panniers are loaded in such a manner as to distribute weight evenly on either side of the animal. For horse packing, and when carrying particularly heavy loads on other animals they are supported by a pack saddle to distribute weight more evenly across the back of the animal. In some cases, additional items are placed on the back of the animal, between the panniers.

Bicycle panniers

There are many styles of bicycle panniers. Touring panniers are usually sold in pairs, intended to hold enough equipment for self-sustained tours over days or weeks. The most common setup is to use a pair of smaller panniers (10 to 15 liters each) mounted on a low rider and a pair of larger ones on the rear carrier (20 to 30 liters each).

Commuters who bicycle have pannier options designed to hold laptop computers, files and folders, changes of clothes or shoes and lunches. There are also panniers that convert to backpacks or shoulder bags for easier carrying when not on a bicycle.

Panniers designed specifically for bicycles were patented by John B. Wood of Camden, New Jersey, in 1884.  Hartley  Alley designed a handlebar bag and other bicycle luggage that he manufactured and sold under the Touring Cyclist brand in the 1970s until his retirement in 1984.

Construction
Bicycle panniers are usually made of nylon or other synthetic fabric that can be stitched, or, in the case of waterproof panniers, welded together.

As bicycles are often ridden in the rain, many panniers are built to be water-repellent or waterproof by themselves. Others include built-in rain-covers, or rain-covers are offered as accessories. The shape of the pannier may be enforced by a frame or stiffening panel made of plastic or metal to help keep it in place and prevent it from contacting a wheel.

Panniers are usually built to attach to a rear rack or front rack already fitted to the bicycle. Removable panniers hook onto the top edge of the rack and are often held in place by a latch or elastic mechanism.

Motorcycle panniers

Motorcycle panniers are generally hard box containers with lids, made of metal or hard plastic. The panniers may be permanently fixed to the motorcycle or may be removable. Soft cases may be leather or fabric, usually without permanent mountings, and are often called saddlebags or 'throwovers'.

See also
 Outline of cycling
 Pannier (clothing)
 Saddlebag
 Pannier market

References

External links

Bicycle parts
Luggage
Saddles

Pannier


Başak Köklükaya (19 Nisan 1974, Ankara), Türk oyuncudur.

Hayatı
19 Nisan 1974 tarihinde Ankara'da doğdu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı, Bale Bölümü ile Bilkent Üniversitesi, Müzik ve Sahne Sanatları Fakültesi, Tiyatro Bölümü'nden mezun oldu. 1995 yılında Şehir Tiyatroları'nda çalışmaya başladı.

İlk TV deneyimi 1995 yılında Yazlıkçılar ile oldu ve Bizimkiler dizisiyle devam etti. İlk sinema tecrübesini Ferzan Özpetek'in Hamam adlı filmiyle elde etti. Bu filmle Ankara Film Festivali'nde "Umut veren yeni kadın oyuncu" ödülünü aldı.

1999 yılında rol aldığı ve Zeki Demirkubuz'un yönettiği Üçüncü Sayfa filmiyle Türkiye'de verilen tüm sinema ödüllerini kazandı. Takip eden yıllarda kariyerini sinema ve dizi projeleriyle devam ettirdi.

Çağan Irmak'ın "Mustafa Hakkında Her şey"", Tassos Boulmetis'in Bir Tutam Baharat, Zeki Demirkubuz'un İtiraf, Alberto Rondalli'in Derviş, Ferzan Özpetek'in Harem Suare ve 'Hamam' filmlerinin yanı sıra, Yılmaz Erdoğan'ın Organize İşler filminde de rol aldı. Birçok sinema eleştirmeni ve yazarına göre duru güzelliği ve doğal oyunculuğuyla, son dönemin aranan oyuncuları arasında önemli bir yer edinmiştir.

Ödülleri

 2018 - 50. Sinema Yazarları Derneği Ödülleri, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, İşe Yarar Bir Şey
 2017 - 24. Uluslararası Adana Film Festivali, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, İşe Yarar Bir Şey
 2007 - Çağdaş Sinema Oyuncuları Derneği, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, Küçük Kıyamet
 2007 - Sadri Alışık Ödülleri, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, Küçük Kıyamet
 2006 - Beykent Üniversitesi İletişim Ödülleri, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, Yanık Koza
 2001 - Festival International de Cinema-Illes Balears (İspanya), En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 2000 - Orhun Arıburnu, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 2000 - 19. Uluslararası İstanbul Film Festivali, Kültür Bakanlığı, En Başarılı Kadın Sanatçı Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 2000 - 19. Uluslararası İstanbul Film Festivali, Eczacıbaşı Vakfı, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 2000 - Çağdaş Sinema Oyuncuları Derneği, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 1999 - Sinema Yazarları Derneği, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 1999 - 36. Antalya Film Festivali, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Üçüncü Sayfa
 1998 - 10. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali, Umut Veren Yeni Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü, Hamam

Tiyatro oyunları
 Bir Atın Öyküsü
 Savaş Ve Barış

Filmografisi
 Atiye
 Fi
 İşe Yarar Bir Şey
 Kül ve Ateş
 Süt
 Küçük Kıyamet
 Organize İşler
 Mustafa Hakkında Her şey
 Bir Tutam Baharat
 Derviş
 Harem Suare
 Hamam
 İtiraf
 Duruşma
 Üçüncü Sayfa
 Mektup
 Yanık Koza
 Uy Başuma Gelenler
 Çemberimde Gül Oya
 Sultan Makamı
 Esir Şehrin İnsanları
 Aşk ve Gurur
 Koltuk Sevdası
 Baykuşların Saltanatı
 Rıza Beyler
 Bizimkiler
 Yazlıkçılar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi internet sayfası
 Sinema Türk'te Başak Köklükaya
 IMDb'de Başak Köklükaya
 Film.Gen.Tr- Başak Köklükaya
 Muammer Yanmaz tarafından çekilmiş ve Kadın Oyuncular Fotoğraf Sergisinde yer almış fotoğrafı (2006)

Türk kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk kadın sinema oyuncuları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları sanatçıları
1974 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Ankara doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarında öğrenim görenler

Başak Köklükaya


An Traunsteinera sphaerica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Traunsteinera sphaerica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Traunsteinera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Traunsteinera

Traunsteinera sphaerica


Pedagojik formasyon, akademik tanımların, öğrenmeye açık bireylerin algılayabileceği dilde, farklı şekillerde anlatılabilmesi için alınan bir çeşit formasyon eğitimi. Üniversitelerin fen-edebiyat fakültelerindeki herhangi bir bölümden alınmış eğitimden sonra, o bölüm mezunlarının öğretmenlik yapabilmesi için tasarlanmıştır. Sınıf yönetimi, öğretmenlik mesleğine giriş gibi derslerden oluşmaktadır.

Yükseköğretim Kurumu, 2010-2011 yılından itibaren bu öğretmenlik eğitimini Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans adı altından çıkarıp Pedagojik formasyon eğitimi olarak değiştirmiştir. Eskiden ALES notuna göre sıralama yapılırken 2010-2011 yılından itibaren diploma not ortalamasına göre sıralama yapılmakta ve üniversiteler bu ortalamalara göre öğrenci almaktadırlar.

05 Nisan 2012 tarihinde alınan karar bu program kaldırılmış, gerekçe olarak ortaya çıkan öğretmen fazlası gösterilmiştir.

Pedagojik formasyon, pedagoji biliminde eğitim pedagojisi ile ilgili bilgilerin verilmesini kapsar.

Kaynakça

Formasyon
Sertifikalar
Eğitim terimleri

Pedagojik formasyon


Bathory je debitantski studijski album švedskog ekstremnog metal sastava Bathory. Album je 2. listopada 1984. objavila diskografska kuća Tyfon Grammofon. Mnogi ga obožavatelji i kritičari smatraju prvim black metal uratkom.

Pozadina i snimanje
Bathory je bio osnovan 1983. godine. Frontmen grupe, Quorthon, bio je zaposlen na nepuno radno vrijeme u maloj diskografskoj kući Tyfon. Krajem 1983. i početkom 1984. kuća je radila na kompilaciji pjesama skandinavskih metal skupina. Međutim, jedna od njih se odlučila povući u posljednjem trenutku. Tyfon je dozvolio Bathoryju da se pojavi na albumu kako bi popunio mjesto te je sastav za kompilaciju u siječnju snimio dvije pjesme—"Sacrifice" i "The Return of the Darkness and Evil". Nosač zvuka, Scandinavian Metal Attack, bio je objavljen u ožujku 1984. i označio je prvu Bathoryjevu pojavu na albumu. Na iznenađenje sviju više od 95% obožavateljske pošte nakon objave albuma bilo je posvećeno Bathoryju. Tyfon je zamolio grupu da snimi studijski album. Budući da su se njegovi kolege iz skupine odselili, Quorthon je u nju doveo basista Rickarda Bergmana i bubnjara Stefana Larssona. Svoju prvu i jedinu probu prije snimanja albuma održali su 22. svibnja 1984. godine. Tijekom nje su snimili pjesme "Satan My Master" i "Witchcraft", koje će se kasnije pojaviti na kompilaciji Jubileum Volume III.

Skupina je 14. lipnja ušla u studio Heavenshore Studio u Stockholmu—preuređenu garažu—kako bi snimila svoj album prvijenac. U studiju se nalazio magnetofon iz kućne radinosti s osam kanala. Sastav se zbog malog budžeta koristio magnetofonom na pola njegove brzine kako bi sve uspio snimiti na jednu vrpcu. Također je trebao brzo raditi – snimanje i miksanje bili su dovršeni između 32 i 56 sata.

Naslovnica albuma
Album se izvorno trebao zvati Pentagrammaton i na naslovnici se trebao pojaviti pentagram, ali to je ime bilo odbačeno kad ga je nekolicina ljudi krivo pročitala kao Pentagon. Pentagram je bio postavljen na poleđinu, a na naslovnici se pojavio retuširani dio crteža Josepha A. Smitha iz 1981. godine za knjigu Vještice Erice Jong. Za natpise na poleđini Quorthon je kupio set samoljepljivih slova u fontu gotičkog pisma; međutim, nedostajalo mu je jedno slovo 'C' i zbog toga je drugo 'C' u skladbi "Necromancy" bilo zamijenjeno slovom 'S'. Uvodna skladba, "Storm of Damnation", i zaključna skladba greškom su bile maknute s popisa skladbi.

Koza na naslovnici albuma, preuzeta s crteža Josepha Smitha, trebala je izvorno biti otisnuta u zlatnoj boji. Međutim, ta je boja bila previše skupa, pa je Quorthon zatražio da boja bude što sličnija zlatnoj; rezultat je bila žućkastija boja. Prema Swedish Death Metalu Quorthon je smatrao da izgleda "užasno" te je nakon prvih 1000 otisnutih primjeraka promijenio boju u crno-bijelu. Naslovnica sa žutom bojom postala je kolekcionarski predmet i poznata je pod imenom "Gula Geten" ("Žuta koza").

Glazbeni stil
Daniel Ekeroth, autor knjige Swedish Death Metal, opisao je glazbeni stil albuma "mješavinom Venomovog sotonističkog rocka za tulume i energije thrash metala iz San Francisca". Iako je Bathoryjev frontmen, Quorthon, izjavio da nije slušao Venom prije snimanja albuma i da je bio nadahnut radom Black Sabbatha, Motörheada i GBH-a, bivši je bubnjar Jonas Åkerlund komentirao da je Bathory u to vrijeme bio "isključivo" nadahnut Venomom.

Popis pjesama

Objava i recenzije
Bathory je bio objavljen 2. listopada 1984. te je njegova naknadna naklada od 1000 primjeraka bila prodana u dva tjedna. Otada je nosač zvuka dobio kultni status. Black Mark Production ponovo je objavio Bathory 1990. godine.

Rob Ferrier, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu tri od pet zvjezdica te je izjavio: "Sama glazba ima određeni lo-fi šarm, a ako vas zanimaju takve stvari, čistu snagu ovog prvijenca ne može se ignorirati." Kanadski novinar Martin Popoff album je nazvao "okrutnom, ali povijesno dirljivom šalom" i komentirao da, iako je pokušao "biti na rubu odvratnog ekstrema", Quorthonov je prvijenac vrlo glazben "u usporedbi s norveškim grupama crnih srdaca" koje će ga navoditi kao glavni utjecaj.

Osoblje
Bathory
Quorthon – vokali, gitara, produkcija, dizajn
Stefan Larsson – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Rickard "Ribban" Bergman – bas-gitara
Ostalo osoblje
The Boss – produkcija, inženjer zvuka

Izvori

Bibliografija

Albumi iz 1984.
Albumi sastava Bathory

Bathory (album)


Olaylar
 Karakoyunlu Devleti dağıldı (kuruluşu 1380).

Doğumlar
 15 Nisan - Guru Nanak, Sihlerin ilk gurusu (ö. 1539)
 3 Mayıs - Niccolò Machiavelli, tarih ve politika biliminin kurucusu sayılan Floransalı düşünür, devlet adamı, askerî stratejist, şair ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1527)
 15 Mayıs - Kemalpaşazâde, veya İbn-i Kemal, Osmanlı Şeyhülislamı (ö. 1534)
 10 Ekim - Yavuz Sultan Selim, 9. Osmanlı padişahı, 88. İslam halifesi (ö. 1520)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Bediüzzaman Mirza, Timurlar Devleti'nin son hükümdarı (ö. 1515)
 Vasco da Gama, Avrupa'nın en başarılı kaşiflerinden, Avrupa'dan çıkıp doğrudan Hindistan'a giden ilk kişi olarak bilinen Portekizli denizci (ö. 1524).

Ölümler
 8 Ekim - Fra Filippo Lippi, veya Lippo Lippi, Erken rönesans dönemi İtalyan ressam (d. 1406).
 31 Aralık - Yejong, Joseon Krallığı'nın sekizinci kralı (d. 1450)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ebu Said Mirza, Timurlular hükümdarı (d. 1424)
 Eşrefoğlu Abdullah Rûmî, Türk şair, mutasavvıf
 Niccolò de' Conti, Venedikli tüccar ve gezgin (d. 1385)

1469


Les Épîtres socratiques sont un ensemble de trente-cinq lettres philosophiques écrites par des disciples de Socrate, tels que Xénophon. Les premières lettres sont présentées comme ayant été écrites par Socrate lui-même, quoiqu'elles soient aujourd'hui considérées comme apocryphes. Elles retracent la vie de Socrate et, indirectement, de ses disciples après la mort de celui-ci.

Présentation générale

Contenu
Les Épîtres socratiques sont un ensemble de trente-cinq lettres datant de l'Antiquité grecque. Ces textes auraient été écrits par Socrate et ses disciples, dont Xénophon. Elles regroupent des réflexions philosophiques, des histoires racontées, et de simples correspondances.

Auteur
Les auteurs des épîtres sont inconnus. Les premières lettres sont censées être de la main de Socrate, mais il est peu probable que le philosophe ait jamais écrit. Toutefois, leur style particulier, didactique, et leur vocabulaire, indique clairement qu'elles ont été écrites par un individu différent du reste. Ces lettres mettent en œuvre des concepts issus de l'école cynique, laissant supposer qu'elles sont des lettres inauthentiques écrites a posteriori.

Les lettres suivantes montrent une grande diversité de styles, laissant supposer qu'elles ont été écrites par un grand nombre de disciples. Aristippe écrit les épîtres 9, 11, 13 et 16 avec un vocabulaire et un style dorique. La lettre XXVII, qui est aussi censée être de lui, est toutefois écrit en style attique. On peut ou bien en déduire que la lettre XXVII n'est pas de lui, ou bien que, comme Diogène Laërce l'a remarqué, il savait changer de style d'écriture.

L'authenticité des lettres de Xénophon (XV, XVII, XIX, XXI, XXII) a fait l'objet de débats.

La lettre XVIII aurait été écrite par Speusippe et envoyée à Philippe de Macédoine. Son authenticité est possible.

L'épître XXX a peut-être été écrit par Speusippe à Philippe II, roi de Macédoine. Il est possible que la lettre XXXV, qui soutient que la doctrine d'une école de pensée doit être secrète, ait été écrite par un pythagoricien.

Historique de publication
Nous avons connaissance de ces lettres grâce, notamment, à une édition de Léon Allatius à Paris en 1637, sous le titre d'Épîtres socratiques. Il a travaillé sur ces textes afin d'en prouver l'authenticité, sans toujours y parvenir. Jean Stobée cite également des lettres dans son Florilège. La première édition élaborée de l'œuvre a lieu en 1815 à Leipzig, par Orelli. L'authenticité des lettres censées être écrites par Socrate est alors toujours objet de doutes, quoique Richard Bentley apporte des arguments forts en faveur de leur inauthenticité.

Les trente-cinq lettres sont aujourd'hui conservées dans une version datant des années 1270 dans les Archives apostoliques du Vatican, sous le nom de Codex Vaticanus graecus 64.

Résumé

Lettres I à VII

Lettre I : l'éthique et la vie du philosophe
Les lettres I à VII sont les lettres socratiques à proprement dites, car censées être écrites par Socrate. La première est une réponse du philosophe à un roi qui propose de le payer pour qu'il quitte Athènes et le rejoigne pour lui enseigner la philosophie. Socrate refuse, rappelant à son correspondant qu'il n'est pas, contrairement aux Sophistes, un . De plus, soutient-il, il ne croit pas qu'il soit . Au contraire, la philosophie enjoint de ne jamais prendre quoi que ce soit d'un autre.

Socrate critique ceux qui dédient leur vie à la quête de la richesse, car ils ont  une fois leur adolescence passée. Ils sont admirés pour leurs possessions terrestres, mais sont en fait ridicules. L'auteur explique que lui doit rester à Athènes car il y joue un rôle : la Cité a besoin . Lorsqu'ils sont aux responsabilités, en effet, il leur arrive de s'endormir ; .

Le philosophe parle de son daimôn à son correspondant. Il s'agit d'une voix divine qui lui souffle des conseils. Ainsi, un jour, alors qu'il était avec un groupe de soldats à une intersection, son daimôn lui a conseillé de prendre le chemin que les autres ne voulaient pas prendre. Tous les soldats qui ne l'ont pas suivi ont été retrouvés morts.

Lettres II à V : relations entre Socrate et ses amis et disciples
Dans la deuxième lettre, Socrate demande à son disciple Xénophon d'héberger et de prendre soin de son ami Chéréphon, le temps que celui-ci se rende dans le Péloponnèse, où il a été nommé ambassadeur par Athènes.

La lettre suivante est également une demande de Socrate : une connaissance à lui, Mnéson d'Amphipolis, va se rendre à Athènes pour plaider sa cause. Il a été banni de sa ville, et veut être admis à vivre à Athènes. Socrate demande à son ami d'aider Mnéson.

La lettre IV est divisée en deux parties. Dans une première, Socrate explique qu'il a suggéré à Critobule de se tourner vers la philosophie lorsqu'il était jeune, mais que celui-ci s'est finalement tourné vers la politique, et a fait des études dans les choses de la politique. Dans la deuxième partie, Socrate dit que sa femme Xanthippe et ses enfants vont bien, et qu'il vit heureux.

La cinquième lettre est adressée à Xénophon. Socrate dit à son disciple qu'il a appris, avec les autres socratiques, qu'il était à Thèbes et qu'il allait partir en Asie aider Cyrus. Il rapporte que certains athéniens critiquent cette alliance, car Cyrus s'était allié aux Spartiates pour vaincre Athènes. Le maître rappelle à son disciple de cultiver deux vertus, particulièrement importantes à la guerre : l'endurance patiente et le mépris des richesses.

Lettre VI : apologie de la vie simple
La sixième lettre de Socrate est de forme apologétique. Socrate dit qu'il refuse tous les cadeaux, et que donc certains, à Athènes, le croient fou. Le philosophe se dit satisfait de sa condition de vie : il porte les mêmes vêtements quelle que soit la saison, va toujours pieds nus, et ne cherche pas la célébrité politique. Cette lettre présente Socrate comme modèle de la vie cynique.

Lettre VII : critique de la tyrannie des Trente
Dans la lettre VII, enfin, Socrate répond à un correspondant au sujet des Trente tyrans, qui dominent depuis peu la ville. Un des tyrans, Chariclès, lui a ordonné de se rendre au Pirée et d'arrêter un certain Léon pour qu'il soit exécuté. Socrate dit avoir refusé ; Chariclès, qui ne l'appréciait déjà pas pour une raison personnelle, lui aurait demandé : . Socrate dit avoir répondu : . Socrate critique la tyrannie des Trente.

Lettres VIII à XIII

Lettres VIII et IX : un philosophe peut-il servir un tyran ?
Les lettres VIII à XIII racontent les enseignements de Socrate et comment ses disciples suivent, ou pas, sa doctrine. La lettre VIII est une correspondance entre Antisthène et Aristippe, où ce premier critique le second. Aristippe vit auprès d'un tyran, Denys l'Ancien. Antisthène soutient qu'. Un sage, dit-il doit vivre dans son propre pays et chercher à se suffire à lui-même. Il s'attaque à l'idée selon laquelle l'homme sage a la chance de devenir riche et d'avoir des amis puissants ; en réalité, l'argent n'est pas nécessaire, et les tyrans sont peu instruits, rendant leur fréquentation inintéressante.

La lettre IX est une réponse d'Aristippe. Il écrit qu'en effet, les habitants sont opprimés sous la férule du tyran, qui vit dans l'excès le plus complet. Il se défend en arguant qu'il ne peut s'échapper, car le roi Denys le retient. Il le considère en effet comme le représentant de la sagesse de Socrate et souhaite apprendre la doctrine socratique.

Lettres X et XI : demande de libération d'amis
La lettre X est une lettre d'Eschine à Aristippe. Il écrit qu'il a envoyé une lettre à Platon pour lui demander qu'il suggère à Aristippe de sauver des jeunes hommes locriens, avec qui Eschine est ami. Dans la lettre suivante, Aristippe rassure Eschine : les jeunes hommes en question seront libérés de prison et ne seront pas spoliés de leurs richesses. Aristippe demande à son camarade de ne pas dire à Antisthène qu'il a sauvé des gens, car il est en froid avec lui depuis qu'il sait qu'il travaille pour un tyran.

Lettres XII et XIII : la valeur d'un cordonnier
Ces deux lettres sont une correspondance entre Simon et Aristippe. Simon est un cordonnier, et il se plaint à Aristippe que ce dernier, selon ce qu'on lui a rapporté, se soit moqué de lui dans une lettre qu'il a envoyée à Anthistène. Il soutient que lui, cordonnier, suit mieux les enseignements de Socrate que ceux qui, comme Aristippe, vivent dans le luxe. Aristippe lui répond que ce n'est pas lui qui s'est moqué de lui, mais Phédon. Aristippe dit admirer et estimer Simon qui, quoique cordonnier, est  de s'asseoir avec lui. Même Périclès, lorsqu'il n'était pas encore stratège, aimait lui parler.

Lettres XIV à XXVII

Lettres XIV à XV : récit de la mort de Socrate et réponse
La lettre XIV, séparée du reste des Épîtres, décrit le jugement et l'exécution de Socrate. Eschine envoie une lettre à Xénophon pour lui dire que bien qu'il sache que son fils Gryllos lui a rapporté, par l'intermédiaire d'un certain Greta, la mort de Socrate, il peut aussi lui raconter ce qu'il a vu. Xénophon était à l'époque à Sparte, et Platon était malade. Eschine critique fortement Anytos et Mélitos, les deux accusateurs de Socrate, .

Socrate, selon lui, a déclamé son discours avec un sérieux mélangé au rire. Les juges ont été pour beaucoup convaincus et ont proposé que le jugement soit plus doux ; mais ils eurent aussi peur que Socrate soit acquitté. Il aurait pu l'être, assure Eschine, s'il avait employé la flatterie au lieu de dire le vrai et le juste. Socrate est resté vivre en prison, et recevait ses amis pour discuter. Il avait même dit préférer la prison à la ville pour philosopher, car il était . Racontant la mort de Socrate, il dit qu'après avoir bu le poison, il a demandé à ses amis de sacrifier un coq à Asclépios. Socrate a été enterré, après que son corps a été nettoyé et habillé.

Dans la lettre de réponse, Xénophon remercie son ami pour ces informations, et lui dit qu'il va écrire une Apologie pour montrer ce qu'il s'est réellement passé : . Il dit avoir lu le texte écrit par Platon, l'Apologie de Socrate, et qu'il trouve que . Il annonce se mettre au service des amis de Socrate s'ils en ont besoin ().

Xénophon appelle à ce que le disciples ripostent face à ceux qui critiquent Socrate depuis qu'il est mort. Pour préserver sa mémoire, il est nécessaire de faire publiquement l'éloge de cet . Au contraire, il faut . L'auteur remarque que la nouvelle de la mort de Socrate s'est répandue jusqu'aux spartiates, qui .

Lettres XVI à XVII : deuil de Socrate
Les lettres qui suivent traitent du deuil des disciples après la mort de Socrate. Aristippe écrit la lettre XVI. Il apprend à peine que non seulement Socrate est mort, mais qu'en plus, il n'a pas cherché à échapper à la mort, car il voulait respecter les lois de la Cité. Aristippe soutient toutefois qu'étant donné que son emprisonnement était injuste, il n'aurait pas été injustifié de sa part de s'échapper. Il dit à son correspondant que les disciples de Socrate ont fui Athènes par peur de représailles, et sont allés s'installer à Égine.

Dans la lettre suivante, un auteur anonyme, peut-être Aristippe, écrit à Prodicos de Céos et Protagoras. Il admet que leur relation n'a pas été nécessairement facile, du fait du débat qu'ils ont eu au sujet de la vertu (relaté dans le Protagoras). Il affirme qu'Anytos et Mélissos, deux des accusateurs de Socrate, ont été mis à mort par les athéniens.

Lettres XVIII à XIX : invitations de Xénophon aux amis de Socrate
Les lettres XVIII et XIX sont des lettres écrites par Xénophon à l'attention des disciples de Socrate. Dans la première de ces deux lettres, il invite ses amis à venir lui rendre visite dans sa demeure, à l'occasion de fêtes bachique, où il souhaite faire des offrandes à Diane. Il la révère depuis qu'elle l'a . Il annonce à ses amis qu'il écrit des mémoires sur Socrate (les Mémorables). Il demande à ses amis de féliciter Simon, un cordonnier qu'ils connaissent,  et .

La lettre XIX, aussi rédigée par Xénophon, est une lettre envoyée à un ami pour l'inviter à rendre visite à sa demeure, où il a créé un temple pour Diane. Il rappelle que Socrate disait : .

Lettre XX : succession de Socrate
Dans la lettre XX, Xénophon écrit à un individu inconnu qu'il l'admire depuis longtemps, d'autant plus qu'il continue à philosopher malgré sa richesse et sa célébrité. En plus de cela, l'individu en question enseigne à Athènes comme une copie de Socrate. Xénophon dit que lui s'attache actuellement à enseigner aux jeunes de Thèbes et transmettre ce que Socrate lui avait appris.

Lettre XXI : consolation de Xanthippe
La lettre XXI est un morceau de correspondance entre Eschine (ou Xénophon) et la veuve de Socrate, Xanthippe. Il dit avoir donné à un de ses fils de la monnaie et de la nourriture pour passer l'hiver. Il invite les enfants de Socrate à rester chez lui s'ils en ont besoin. L'auteur essaie ensuite de consoler Xanthippe (), et il l'appelle à suivre l'exemple de Socrate. Il la félicite de ne pas s'humilier en acceptant les cadeaux que lui font les étrangers qui appréciaient Socrate.

Lettres XXII à XXVI

Lettres XXII à XXIV : Platon et les disciples
Les lettres XXII à XXIV traitent de manière plus ou moins directe de la relation entre Platon et les disciples de Socrate.

La lettre XXII, de Xénophon, est envoyée à deux disciples de Socrate, Cébès et Simmias. Il leur dit qu'il est encore un peu embarrassé par les brouillons des Mémorables, mais qu'il leur montrera ses brouillons lorsqu'ils viendront chez lui. Il dit qu'il prend du temps à écrire l'ouvrage car . Il se montre critique à l'égard de Platon, qui  et qui est déjà admiré , alors que ses écrits ne sont pas nécessairement les plus justes.

La lettre XXIII est envoyée par Eschine à Phédon. Il raconte que, arrivé à Syracuse, Aristippe l'a fait rencontrer le tyran Denys et lui a proposé qu'il lui donne des cours. Denys s'est montré intéressé par des dialogues qu'il avait avec lui, comme l'Alcibiade. Platon était aussi là, et donc Eschine a pu parler en privé avec lui de la mauvaise qualité de sa relation avec Aristippe.

Lettres XXIV à XXVI : Platon et ses disciples
La lettre XXIV est écrite par Platon. Il dit à son correspondant, Phèdre, qu'il n'a pas encore le colis qu'il va lui envoyer à Syracuse, mais qu'il lui enverra bientôt. Il parle de sa vie en tant que philosophe : il est devenu un personnage public, mais il  de gens. Il est parti vivre loin de la ville, qu'il considère comme une cage à animaux. Près d'Héphaistia, où il vit, il en est .

Dans la lettre XXV, Phèdre dit à Platon que, depuis son déménagement, il lui manque déjà. Il implore Platon de préserver la sagesse de Socrate pour que ses enseignements ne soient jamais perdus. Il rappelle qu'il a effectué tout un cursus philosophique, d'abord auprès de Socrate dans son enfance, puis à l'Académie, et enfin au Lycée.

La lettre XXVI est écrite à Platon, mais son auteur est inconnu. L'auteur écrit qu'il a appris de voyageurs venus d'Égypte que lui, Platon, y était passé et qu'il avait questionné les hommes sur leur opinion sur l'origine et le principe de l'univers. L'auteur remarque que les égyptiens refusent souvent de partager leur savoir avec les Grecs. L'auteur donne des nouvelles à Platon de ses affaires et de sa famille, qui sont à Athènes.

Lettres XXVII à XXIX

Lettre XXVII : Aristippe à sa fille Arétè
Aristippe écrit à sa fille, Arétè, pour répondre à sa précédente lettre où elle lui demande qu'il vienne immédiatement à Cyrène. Sa fille, en effet, a été mal reçue par les hauts fonctionnaires municipaux, et son mari ne sait pas administrer sa demeure. Aristippe explique qu'il a réussi à s'échapper de Denys, mais qu'il est tombé malade en chemin.

Il donne donc des conseils à sa fille. Tout d'abord, , car la bonne vie est celle où l'on méprise les excès. Il lui suggère qu'une fois qu'il sera mort, elle se rende à Athènes, où elle pourra vivre avec les veuves de Socrate, Xanthippe et Myrthe, auxquelles elle doit apporter le plus grand respect. Aristippe demande à sa fille d'éduquer Aristippe le Jeune, son frère cadet, pour qu'il soit un jour assez valeureux pour faire de la philosophie.

Lettres XXVIII et XXIX : Aristippe au roi de Macédoine, Philippe II
La lettre XXVIII est une correspondance entre Aristippe et Philippe de Macédoine. Aristippe critique Isocrate, qu'il ne considère pas assez clairvoyant au sujet de la grandeur de Philippe. Dans la lettre suivante, Aristippe donne un conseil à Philippe : chacun l'observe pour savoir s'il est l'égal de son frère dans le domaine de la grandeur d'âme. Les gens qui scrutent l'âme des autres par jalousie pour voir ce qu'il y manque doivent être considérés comme des ennemis.

Lettres XXX à XXXIV

Lettres XXX à XXXII : le prochain directeur de l'Académie
Speusippe a succédé à Platon, et écrit à son étudiant, Xénocrate. Speusippe rappelle que Platon lui a donné la mission de gérer l'Académie, et que maintenant, il cherche un successeur. Il considère que Xénocrate est le seul qui peut , menacée d'implosion. Platon avait une haute estime de son Académie, qu'il tenait pour l'instrument de la préservation de sa mémoire parmi les hommes ; avant sa mort, il avait confirmé qu'il tenait Xénocrate en haute estime, et qu'il voulait qu'il soit enterré près de lui. En respect de Platon, Xénocrate devrait donc revenir à Athènes pour diriger l'Académie.

Dans une nouvelle lettre (XXXI), Speusippe dit à Xénocrate qu'il se sent mourant, car sa force a quitté son corps, quoique . Il implore à Xénocrate de venir prendre la direction de l'école.

Dans la lettre XXXII, Xénocrate répond à Speusippe. Il réaffirme sa vénération pour Platon, mais il regrette qu'une fois celui-ci mort, . Cela l'a incité, lui qui est introverti, à se séparer du reste des platoniciens.

Lettres XXXII à XXXIIV : Speusippe et Denys
Les lettres XXXII et XXXIV sont une correspondance entre Speusippe et le tyran Denys. Dans la lettre XXXIV, Denys dit qu'il se réjouit pour les athéniens, qui n'ont plus à appeler sophiste un philosophe, ni honorer les ennemis des dieux.

Lettre XXXV
La trente-cinquième et ultime lettre est écrite par un auteur anonyme. L'auteur soutient que le sage est celui qui ordonne sa vie selon les enseignements de son école de pensée, ce qui lui permet d'avoir, à un plus grand degré, . L'auteur de la lettre semble indiquer que la doctrine d'une école de pensée doit être gardée secrète. Cette lettre semble être d'inspiration pythagoricienne.

Postérité
Les Épîtres socratiques ont survécu grâce à la collection qui en a été faite durant l'Empire romain. Elles ont en effet été collectées par un auteur inconnu et rassemblées dans un grand livre appelé Épîtres cyniques.

Notes et références

Œuvre philosophique
Correspondance
Socrate

Épîtres socratiques


Darılık, Adana ilinin Aladağ ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir. Aladağ ilçe merkezine 13 km uzaklıkta yer alan mahalle, kışları kar yağışlı yazları ise ılık ve kurak bir iklime sahiptir. Mahallenin ana geçim kaynağı madencilik ve orman ürünleri üzerinedir. Rakımı ise 1050 metredir.

Tarihçe
1928 yılında "Darılık" ismini alan yerleşim yeri, günümüzde de aynı isimle anılmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 112 km, Aladağ ilçesine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Aladağ'ın mahalleleri

Darılık, Aladağ


An Chikusichloa in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Chikusichloa in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Chikusichloa

Chikusichloa


Champs de Mars er stórt almenningssvæði í París í Frakklandi, staðsett í sjöunda hverfi, á milli Eiffelturnsins í norðvestur og École Militaire í suðaustri. Garðurinn er nefndur eftir Campus Martius ("Mars Field") í Róm, sem er virðing til rómverska stríðsguðsins. Nafnið vísar til þess að grasflötin hér hafi áður verið notuð sem bor- og göngusvæði af franska hernum.

Tilvísanir

Byggingar í París

Champs de Mars


Wersebe, bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts auch Wersabe, ist der Name eines bremischen Uradelsgeschlechts. Zweige der Familie bestehen bis heute fort.

Geschichte

Das Geschlecht entlehnt seinen Namen von ihrem gleichnamigen Stammsitz Wersabe und erscheint zuerst urkundlich mit Luderus de Wersebe am 1. April 1189. Die geschlossene Stammreihe beginnt mit Christian de Wersabe, welcher im Jahre 1248 urkundlich genannt wurde.

Das Rittergut derer von Wersebe in Meyenburg wurde erstmals 1309 als Wasserburg errichtet; es befindet sich bis heute im Familienbesitz. Die Gründung der Burg soll der Überlieferung nach Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts erfolgt sein, als ein Wersebe auf die hohe Geest am Rande der Marsch zog, um hier als Lehnsmann des Bremer Erzbischofs Schutz für Südosterstade und die Kolonisierung der Niederung zu übernehmen. Das heutige Herrenhaus des Ritterguts wurde nach seiner Zerstörung 1429 im Jahre 1504 neu errichtet.

Luder von Wersebe nahm 1325 an den Räubereien an der Elbmündung an der Seite Johannes II. von Stotel teil. Clamor von Wersabe war im Jahre 1603 Domherr in Minden. Die Wersebe stellten auch mehrfach Vögte auf der Burg zu Hagen im Bremischen. Für wenige Jahrzehnte ab dem Jahr 1666 war Franz Wersabe im Besitz von Overvelddingen, wo er auch seinen Wohnsitz nahm, sowie der zum Gladbecker Abdinghof gehörenden Güter.

1537 wurde erstmals das Gut Neuenhausen im Bremischen urkundlich erwähnt. Der letzte dortige Burgherr von Wersebe plante 1809 einen Aufstand gegen Napoléon Bonaparte.

Herleshausen in Hessen, nahe der thüringischen Grenze, kam im 17. Jahrhundert als Lehen der Landgrafen von Hessen-Kassel an die Wersebe, mit Sitz auf dem heutigen Schloss Augustenau. Nachdem diese Linie ausgestorben war, fiel das Lehen heim und 1678 wurde es von Landgraf Karl an seinen Bruder Philipp abgetreten.

Mehrere Glieder der Familie taten sich als Offiziere verschiedener europäischer Armeen hervor. 1901 erfolgte die Österreichische Prävalierung des bisher geführten Freiherrentitels in der Eigenschaft eines ausländischen für den K.u.K. Kammerherrn, Geheimen Rat und General der Kavallerie Gustav von Wersebe bzw. 1905 für dessen Bruder K.u.K. Generalmajor z.D. und Erbherr auf Bacskò in Ungarn Hartwig von Wersebe.

Besitz
 im ehemaligen Erzstift und Herzogtum Bremen: Axstedt, Bokel, Cassebruch, Harrendorf, Holte, Langwedel, Liethenhoff, Loppersum, Lübberstedt, Meyenburg, Neuenhausen, Sandstedt, Overvelddingen, Uthleda, Voslohe, Woldhöfen und Wurthfleth
 in Hessen: Herleshausen
 auf Rügen (Vorpommern): Gutshaus Boldevitz (seit 1993)

Wappen
Das Stammwappen zeiget einen von Silber und Schwarz gespaltenen Schild. Auf dem Helm mit schwarz-silbernen Decken zwei Büffelhörner, das rechte silbern, das linke schwarz.

Bekannte Familienmitglieder
 Wolf Heinrich von Wersebe (⚔ 1626), Dänischer Oberst, gefallen in der Schlacht bei Lutter
 Heinrich von Wersabe, Erbherr auf Loppersum, 1687–1696 Präsident der Ostfriesischen Landschaft
 Hans Melchior von Wersebe, (1747–1782) Kurhannoverscher Offizier, 1776 Generalmajor, 1782 Inhaber des Ratzeburgischen Garnisonregiments
 August von Wersebe (1751–1831), Verwaltungsjurist, Historiker und Autor, vgl. den Artikel in der ADB
 Friedrich von Wersebe (1784–1841), 1838–1840 Landdrost der Landdrostei Aurich
 Hartwig von Wersebe (1838–1913), 1884–1890 Regimentskommandant des Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 4 und K.u.K. Generalmajor z.D.
 Gustav von Wersebe (1834–1913), K.u.K. General der Kavallerie, Kammerherr und Geheimer Rat des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts
 Hartwig von Wersebe (1879–1968), deutscher Opernsänger

Literatur
 Harro Buß: Das Grabmal des Ortgies v. Wersabe auf dem alten Reformierten Friedhof in Leer. In: Quellen und Forschungen zur ostfriesischen Familien- und Wappenkunde. 57, 2008, S. 78–85.
 v. d. Decken: 14 Urkunden nebst einigen Regesten, die Familie von Wersebe berührend. In: Archiv des Vereins für Geschichte und Altertümer der Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden und des Landes Hadeln zu Stade. 1, 1862, S. 72–88.

 Genealogisches Handbuch der adeligen Häuser. A 3, Band 15 der Gesamtreihe, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1957, S. 519–521.
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Adelslexikon. Band XVI, Band 137 der Gesamtreihe, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 2005, S. 110–111
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der freiherrlichen Häuser. Gotha, Justus Perthes, 1904, (Stammreihe) 1906–1942 (Fortsetzungen); Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der uradeligen Häuser. 1905, S. 803 ff (Stammreihe und ältere Genealogie), 1907–1940 (Fortsetzungen)
 Ernst Heinrich Kneschke: Die Wappen der deutschen freiherrlichen und adeligen Familien in genauer, vollständiger und allgemein verständlicher Beschreibung. Leipzig 1856, Band 3, S. 448–449.
 Leopold von Ledebur: Adelslexikon der preußischen Monarchie. Berlin 1858, Band 3, S. 103.
 Gustav von Lehsten: Der Adel Mecklenburgs seit dem landesgrundgesetzlichen Erbvergleiche (1755/1864). Rostock 1864, S. 290.
 Luneburg Mushard: Monumenta nobilitatis antiquae familiarum illustrium, in ducatibus Bremensi & Verdensi, i. e. Denckmahl der uhralten, hochadelichen Geschlechter, insonderheit der hochlöblichen Ritterschafft im Hertzogthum Bremen u. Verden. Herman und Berthold Brauer, Bremen 1708 bzw. 1721 (1905 neu aufgelegt), S. 539 ff. Digitalisat
 Eberhard Nehring: Hausbuch des Berendt von Wersebe zu Meyenburg von 1537. In: Quellen zur Genealogie. 6, Heinz Reise Verlag, Göttingen 1982, S. 1–14.
 Dieter Riemer: Kassebruch und die Herren von Wersebe. Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt Nr. 871 (Juli 2022)  Digitalisat

Weblinks
 Familie von Wersebe im Schlossarchiv Wildenfels

Einzelnachweise

Deutsches Adelsgeschlecht
Niedersächsisches Adelsgeschlecht
Ersterwähnung 1189

Wersebe


මහින්දා ගමනයෙන් ලංකාවට ලැබුන බව සැලකෙන ත්‍රිපිටකයට ඇතුළු නොවුනු කරුණු අටුවා නමින් සිංහල බසින් පැවත එන ලදී. ඊ.ඩබ්. අදිකාරම් මහතාගේ මතය අනුව එබඳු මූලාශ්‍ර 28කි.

 මහා අට්ඨකථා හෙවත් මූල අට්ඨකථා
 මහා පච්චරිය අට්ඨකථා
 කුරුන්දි අට්ඨකථා
 අන්‍ධකට්ඨ කථා
 සංඛෙපට්ඨ කථා
 විනයට්ඨ කථා
 සුත්තන්තට්ඨ කථා
 ආගමට්ඨ කථා
 දීඝට්ඨ කතා
 මජ්ඣිමට්ඨ කථා
 සංයුක්තට්ඨ කථා
 අංගුත්තරට්ඨ කථා
 අට්ඨ කථා ඒක වචනයෙන්
 අට්ඨ කථා බහු වචනයෙන්
 අට්ඨකථා චරිය

මූලාශ්‍ර

සබැඳි ලිපි
 අටුවා

අටුවා

සිංහල අටුවා


Bury Football Club is an English association football club based in Bury, Greater Manchester which plays in the Premier Division of the North West Counties League, the ninth tier of the English football pyramid. This follows FA approval of a June 2023 merger with phoenix club Bury AFC. Prior to expulsion from the English Football League, Bury FC had last played in EFL League Two, the fourth tier of English football, in the 2018–19 season.

The team are known as "The Shakers", and play in white shirts and navy blue shorts. Gigg Lane, one of the world's oldest football grounds, has been the club's home venue since 1885. The club has long-standing rivalries with near neighbours Bolton Wanderers, Oldham Athletic and Rochdale. Established in 1885, Bury was a founder member of the Lancashire League in 1889 and crowned champions in 1890–91 and 1891–92, before being elected to the Football League in 1894.

Bury won the Second Division in 1894–95 and earned promotion to the First Division in which they played for 17 seasons. They won the FA Cup in 1900 with a 4–0 victory over Southampton and again in 1903 with a record 6–0 win over Derby County. Bury were relegated to the Second Division at the end of the 1911–12 season and were there for twelve years until securing promotion as runners-up in 1923–24. They were relegated in 1928–29, their last top-flight season. In 1956–57, they dropped into the third tier for the first time but won promotion as champions of the Third Division under Dave Russell in 1960–61. From 1967 to 1971, they had one promotion and three relegations, the last of which was from the Third to the Fourth Division.

Bury won promotion at the end of the 1973–74 campaign and remained in the Third Division until 1979–80. Under manager Martin Dobson, Bury won promotion back to Division Three in 1984-85. In 1995, Stan Ternent became team manager, leading the team back to the second tier for the first time in 28 years after securing two consecutive promotions in 1995–96 and 1996–97. The club stayed there for just two seasons before being relegated twice in four seasons. They secured promotion out of League Two in 2010–11. After that, Bury switched between Leagues One and Two, being twice relegated (in 2012–13 and 2017–18) and twice promoted (in 2014–15 and 2018–19). Bury finished the 2018–19 season as runners-up in League Two, earning promotion to League One for the 2019–20 season. However, the club was unable to begin the season because of longstanding financial difficulties, and was expelled from the Football League on 27 August 2019.

In November 2020, the club was placed into administration. In February 2022, Bury fans' group Est.1885 completed the purchase of Gigg Lane from the administrator and announced that they had acquired the trading name, history and memorabilia of Bury FC. After the sale was completed, efforts began to bring professional football back to Bury. In October 2022 supporters were urged to vote in a poll regarding a potential amalgamation of the Bury Football Club Supporters' Society (who owned Gigg Lane and the "Bury FC" trading name) and the Shakers Community Society (who owned phoenix club Bury AFC). The proposals initially failed to reach the required 66% threshold from both societies, but, on 5 May 2023, the merger of both societies was approved following a second poll. Bury AFC adopted the Bury FC playing name ahead of the 2023–24 season and returned to Gigg Lane, following an FA approval announced on 5 June 2023. Upon merging, the two team's histories were combined — retroactively counting Bury AFC's seasons as seasons for Bury FC.

History

Formation and early years: 1885–1895
Bury Football Club was founded on 24 April 1885 after Aiden Arrowsmith, a local enthusiast, had brokered two meetings between church teams Bury Wesleyans and Bury Unitarians at the Waggon & Horses Hotel and the Old White Horse Hotel. It was agreed from the outset that the team should be professional. The FA had recently legitimised professionalism but it was still a controversial topic. Ahead of the 1885–86 season, the club leased a plot of land on Gigg Lane from the Earl of Derby's estate. On 12 September 1885, the first match played there was a friendly against a team from Wigan and Bury won 4–3.

The club first entered the FA Cup in 1887–88 and were drawn to play Blackburn Rovers away from home in the first round. They travelled to Ewood Park but scratched before the game. The two teams played a friendly match instead, which Bury lost heavily by 10–0. Some sources, including the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF), have recorded the friendly as a first-round FA Cup tie. The Football Association, however, lists the result as a walkover by Blackburn, recognising that Bury withdrew from the competition. This is confirmed by the Lancashire Evening Post's evening edition of the same day, which reported that "Bury scratched before the match, and played an ordinary game". Bury FC do not include the tie in their complete FA Cup record.

Bury were founder members of the Lancashire League in 1889, finishing as runners-up in the inaugural 1889–90 competition. They won the championship the next two seasons. In 1891–92, Bury were Lancashire Cup winners for the first time, and they have won this competition a total of eleven times, most recently in 2017–18. The club's nickname—"The Shakers"—was first used at the 1892 Lancashire Cup final against Everton. Before the match, J. T. Ingham, the club's chairman manager, reportedly inspired the players by saying: "We shall shake 'em! In fact, we are the Shakers". His words were popularised by the media and the club subsequently adopted the term as their official nickname. Also in 1891–92, Bury contested an FA Cup tie for the first time when they defeated Witton and Heywood Central before losing to Blackpool after a replay in the third qualifying round.

In 1894, the club was elected to the Football League. In their first season, 1894–95, they won the Second Division title by a nine-point margin and beat Liverpool, the First Division's bottom club, in the test match to gain promotion.

Top-flight status and FA Cup victories: 1895–1929
Bury retained their top-flight status for seventeen seasons until they were relegated to the Second Division after the 1911–12 season (they finished in the relegation positions in the 1904–05 season but avoided relegation when the capacity of Division One was increased from eighteen to twenty clubs). In 1900 and 1903, Bury won the FA Cup, scoring ten goals in the two finals without conceding any.

In the 1900 final, they beat Southern League team Southampton 4–0. Bury's run to the final was remarkable in that they were drawn away from home in every round but won through with victories over Burnley, Notts County, cup holders Sheffield United and Nottingham Forest. The semi-final against Forest was played at Stoke and ended 1–1 after Bury missed a penalty. A replay was held at Bramall Lane in Sheffield and Bury began disastrously by conceding two goals in the first two minutes. Charlie Sagar pulled one back after 55 minutes and then Jasper McLuckie equalised with only five minutes to go. Extra time was played and Sagar scored the winner after 110 minutes of play. The final at the old Crystal Palace ground was played in a heatwave and Bury, captained by Jack Pray, dominated from the start. The goals in a one-sided match were scored by McLuckie (2), Willie Wood and Jack Plant. The players were on a win bonus of £10 each in the final, ten times more than their usual £1 per match bonus.

Three years later, Bury did not concede a goal in any round. En route to the final against Derby County, Bury defeated Wolverhampton Wanderers, Sheffield United, Notts County and Aston Villa. As in 1900, the final was played at the old Crystal Palace ground in south London. A crowd of 63,102 attended. As the two teams wore identical kits, agreement on colours for the day was necessary and they both changed with Bury wearing Cambridge blue shirts and navy shorts while Derby chose red shirts and black shorts.

Six of Bury's 1900 finalists were in the 1903 team, led by skipper George Ross who scored the opening goal after 20 minutes. Derby's keeper Jack Fryer played despite an existing injury which he aggravated early in the second half when he was trying to prevent Charlie Sagar from scoring Bury's second goal. As a result, Fryer was forced to leave the field and, as substitutes were not allowed then, one of the full-backs deputised in goal and their team was down to ten men for most of the last forty minutes. Bury scored three goals in four minutes just before the hour was up and their sixth after 76 minutes. Joe Leeming scored the third and last goals. Willie Wood and Jack Plant scored the other two. The final was a no contest and Derby were lambasted by the press for their poor performance. One reporter commented that, but for being merciful, Bury should have scored twenty. Bury's 6–0 win established an FA Cup final record for the biggest winning margin. Bury remained sole holders of the record until the 2019 final in which Manchester City defeated Watford by the same score. The ball used in the 1903 final is on display at the National Football Museum.

Until 1907, the team was always managed by one or more committee members. Club secretary Harry Spencer Hamer is believed to have been in charge of the team in both the 1900 and 1903 FA Cup finals, but he was never formally appointed team manager. The first specialist team manager was goalkeeper Archie Montgomery who was appointed on 1 February 1907. He was in charge when the team were relegated in 1912 and stayed on until 30 April 1915 when he was dismissed because of the club's lack of income in wartime. The club had a windfall in 1922 when Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, unexpectedly gifted them with the freehold of Gigg Lane. The team returned to the First Division for a five-season spell in 1924 and achieved their highest-ever league position, fourth, in 1925–26. Bury have not played in the top flight since relegation back to the Second Division in 1929.

Football in the Second and Third Division: 1929–1969

Striving to recover First Division status, Bury had four top six finishes in Division Two in the 1930s. The closest that they have ever come to a top flight return was in 1936–37 when they finished third (only the first two teams were promoted).

With first-class league and cup football suspended for the duration of World War II, regional wartime competitions were organised in which Bury took part. Like all other clubs, they often relied on guest players because of service calls. There were ten regional leagues in 1939–40 and Bury were in the North West League, finishing as champions. The team were unbeaten in a sequence of 16 matches from October to February. On 30 December 1939, they played a friendly against Stoke City which resulted in a 7–6 win for Bury.

Bury were close to relegation from the Second Division several times after the war. They finally dropped into the Third Division North for the first time in 1957. 1957–58 was that division's last season before the regional sections were amalgamated into national Third and Fourth Divisions.

Under manager Dave Russell, a young Bury team were Third Division champions in 1960–61. They spent seven of the next eight seasons back in the Second Division with a best position of eighth in 1962–63. In the 1962–63 Football League Cup, they reached the semi-final but lost 4–3 on aggregate to eventual winners Birmingham City. For three seasons from 1963, Bury's best player was the future England midfielder Colin Bell, who was team captain while still a teenager. He transferred to Manchester City in 1966 and Bury were relegated the following season. They bounced straight back as Third Division runners-up in 1968 but went down again in 1969.

Fourth-tier debut and return to the second tier: 1969–2000
In 1971, relegation from Division Three took Bury into the Fourth Division for the first time. They gained promotion in 1974 and spent six seasons in the Third Division before the next relegation. The club celebrated its centenary in 1985 by gaining promotion back to the Third Division.

Bury came close to promotion from the Third Division in both 1990 and 1991 when they finished fifth and seventh respectively to qualify for the play-offs. They were eliminated at the semi-final stage in both play-offs, losing 2–0 on aggregate to Tranmere Rovers in 1990 and 2–1 on aggregate to neighbours Bolton Wanderers in 1991. Relegation followed in 1992 and then Bury qualified for the fourth-tier play-off in 1993 by finishing seventh but, yet again, lost their semi-final tie by going down 1–0 on aggregate to York City. Bury were back in the play-offs again in 1995 after finishing fourth. This time, they won their semi-final by beating Preston North End 2–0 on aggregate and so went to Wembley for the final, where they lost 2–0 to Chesterfield.

The club then enjoyed a resurgence under manager Stan Ternent who engineered two successive promotions in the mid-1990s. In 1996, third place in what was now the fourth-tier Division Three, followed by the third-tier Division Two title in 1996–97, brought Bury back to the second tier for the first time in 30 years. They went back to the third tier on the last day of the 1998–99 season on the basis of having a lower goals scored total than Port Vale, the League having decided to use this metric rather than goal difference as its tie-breaker. Bury's goal difference was higher than that of Port Vale, and the League reinstated goal difference as the tie-breaker for the following season.

Return to the lower divisions: 2001–2019
In 2001–02, financial problems caused by the collapse of ITV Digital brought the club into administration and to the brink of folding. A supporters' campaign raised enough money to keep the club afloat, and in recognition of his role within that process, UEFA presented club press officer Gordon Sorfleet with their Best Supporter award for 2001–02. Bury were relegated to fourth-tier Division Three at the end of that season. They finished seventh in 2003 and qualified for the play-offs but, yet again, their semi-final hoodoo struck and they were beaten 3–1 on aggregate by Bournemouth.

In May 2005, Bury became the first (and to date the only) football club to score a thousand goals in each of the top four tiers of the English football league. A year later, in December 2006, the club was expelled from the FA Cup after they were found to have fielded an ineligible player in a second-round replay win against Chester City. In addition to that debacle, the team's 2006–07 league form was poor and they eventually finished in 21st place, the club's lowest-ever position, narrowly avoiding relegation from the Football League.

In the 2008–09 season, newly appointed manager Alan Knill, a former Bury player, led the team to a fourth-place finish, missing automatic promotion by a single goal; in the play-off semi-final, Bury were beaten on penalties by Shrewsbury Town after a 1–1 aggregate draw. Towards the end of the 2010–11 season, with the team chasing promotion, Knill and assistant Chris Brass left the club for Scunthorpe United. Youth team manager Richie Barker took over as caretaker manager and secured the club's promotion to League One, the team finishing second.

In December 2012, Bury were placed under a transfer embargo after falling into financial difficulty as a result of poor attendance figures, and ended up being relegated at the end of the season. Property investor Stewart Day became chairman of the club in May 2013 and later that year he noted that £1.5 million had been invested in the club, mostly to pay off debt. Bury finished the 2014–15 League Two season in third place with a club-record points haul of 85 and earned promotion back to third-tier League One, where they spent the next three seasons. The team finished bottom of the 2017–18 EFL League One table and returned to League Two for the second time in five seasons.

In May 2018, the former Bury striker Ryan Lowe was appointed first-team manager on a two-year contract, having been caretaker-manager twice during 2017–18 after two other managers were sacked. In June 2018, Lee Dykes became the club's first sporting director and introduced a youth development strategy designed to fast-track academy players into the first team at the earliest opportunity. Having three times reached the northern semi-final stage of the EFL Trophy in its earlier incarnations, Bury in the 2018–19 tournament advanced to the national semi-final where they lost 0–3 at home to Portsmouth. The team had a good season in League Two and, during the winter months, went 14 successive matches unbeaten before winning promotion to League One after a 1–1 draw at Tranmere Rovers on 30 April.

Financial crisis and EFL expulsion: 2019

Winding-up petition: December 2018 – July 2019
Businessman Steve Dale bought the club from Stewart Day for £1 in December 2018 and, in February 2019, paid an outstanding tax bill to avoid a HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) winding-up order. However, financial problems resurfaced on 2 April after staff and players did not receive their March salaries on time. On 10 April, former head coach Chris Brass, claiming to be a creditor of the club, issued a winding-up petition to be heard in the High Court. Amid the EFL's "extreme concern" about the club's situation, there was doubt about whether the home game against Colchester United on 13 April would be played (it was; Bury won 2–0). On 12 April, the club said the outstanding wage bill would be settled within the next seven days. Meanwhile, the winding-up petition was adjourned until 15 May (after the end of the league season). In addition to Brass's claim, HMRC was claiming approximately £277,000.

On 25 April, Dale said the club's financial problems were "far in excess" of what he understood when he took over, and placed the club on the open market. Around £1.6m was needed to pay wages, HMRC and pensions to the end of May, with only £180,000 income expected during that period. On 19 June, a High Court hearing on the winding-up petition was adjourned until 31 July, to allow additional time for a potential sale.

To secure the club's future, Dale proposed a Company Voluntary Arrangement (CVA) to ensure payment of the club's football creditors in full while unsecured creditors, including HMRC, would receive 25% of monies owed. That was approved by creditors on 18 July. As a result, the winding-up petition was dismissed by the High Court on 31 July.

EFL intervention: July–August
Under EFL rules, a CVA is an insolvency event and left the club liable to a 12-point deduction ahead of the 2019–20 league season. Bury's preparation for the new season was further impacted by the loss of manager Ryan Lowe and several members of the first-team squad.

On 25 July, the EFL sought further details on how Bury would satisfy the CVA; without proof of the club's financial viability, Bury could be expelled from the EFL. Satisfactory proof was not provided, and on 29 July the club's opening league match of the season (against MK Dons at Gigg Lane) was suspended, as were four further league games. An EFL Cup tie was cancelled and awarded to Sheffield Wednesday.

On 8 August, Bury was given 14 days to provide the EFL with a plan to pay off outstanding creditors. The EFL repeatedly insisted it was working with the club to try and resolve the problems, but Bury faced expulsion if financial order could not be restored by 23 August.

On 12 August, Dale said he would consider selling the club after staff 'implored' him to accept a newly received offer to buy the club, but, on 20 August, he rejected a deal that would have secured the survival of the club, believing he could get a better offer. Bury North MP James Frith wrote to EFL chair Debbie Jevans asking for the expulsion deadline to be extended;  Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, also requested an extension. On 22 August, the EFL gave an extra 48 hours to avoid expulsion after it emerged that four parties were interested in a takeover. Late on 23 August, Dale was said to have agreed a sale to analytics company C&N Sporting Risk. The following morning, an EFL board meeting gave Bury until 17:00 BST on Tuesday 27 August to complete the sale, though Jevans later said a further short extension might be granted if the sale was very close to conclusion. Shortly before the deadline, however, C&N Sporting Risk pulled out of the deal saying it was "unable to proceed".

At around 23:00 BST on 27 August, the EFL announced that Bury's membership of the league had been withdrawn. Bury were the first club to be expelled from the Football League since Maidstone United in 1992. After the expulsion, it emerged that a late bid from a Brazilian-backed potential buyer had been rejected. The Insolvency Practitioners Association said it would investigate Bury's CVA over allegations that Dale had tried to engineer a payout to a newly formed company, RCR Holdings, run by his daughter's partner, and 140 youth players were released by Bury's academy.

Aftermath of expulsion: August–December
On 30 August, Bury was "actively considering" legal action against the EFL over its expulsion. After local MP James Frith said he would propose that the EFL reinstate Bury in League Two in 2020–21, the EFL said it would consult member clubs. The EFL also announced an independent review of EFL regulations concerning the financial sustainability of member clubs, which in February 2020 concluded that any additional EFL action "would not have made any difference to the eventual outcome" – "a lack of owner funding" ultimately caused Bury's demise, exacerbated by excessive wages paid to players under Day's chairmanship. Meanwhile, Greater Manchester Police confirmed it was investigating a fraud allegation made in June 2019 in relation to Bury's finances. The Frith-led working group's proposal to admit Bury to League Two (backed by the Bury FC Supporters' Trust, Bury South MP Ivan Lewis, Andy Burnham, the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and Bury Metropolitan Borough Council) was sent to the EFL on 20 September, but was rejected at a meeting of the EFL's remaining 71 member clubs on 26 September. Following the EFL ruling, the working group suggested that Bury apply for a place in the National League in 2020–21, subject to ownership and financial issues being resolved.

Another winding-up petition was brought before the High Court by HMRC on 16 October 2019. It was adjourned for 14 days to allow the club more time to settle with small business creditors. Everton chairman Bill Kenwright attempted to give Bury £1m to help save the club, but this was disallowed under EFL conflict of interest rules. On 30 October, the petition adjournment was extended for another 35 days to 4 December after the club argued that it had continued to automatically pay taxes on unpaid wages. The judge agreed that an extension was necessary for HMRC to establish if the club had overpaid. On 4 December, the club was granted a further extension until 18 December with HMRC ordered to process the club's returns and ascertain the exact amount still owed. When the High Court reconvened, this winding-up petition was dismissed; HMRC said an unspecified debt had been paid.

Bury AFC: 2019–2023
Although Bury FC were yet to enter administration and still continued to exist as a dormant club, in December 2019, a group of supporters resolved to form a phoenix club which they named Bury Association Football Club (Bury AFC). Some 300 Bury FC fans came forward to help and they formed a company registered as Bury Football Club (2019) Ltd (trading as Bury AFC), with its office in Rawtenstall. The club was fan-owned on the basis of one member one vote.

The new club immediately applied to the North West Counties Football League, the tenth tier of the English football league system, for membership in the 2020–21 season. The league approved the application on 21 February 2020. The club then also applied to play in the FA Vase. Membership increased and had exceeded 650 by early August 2020. It reached 1,000 in October, when the team started playing, with each member paying £5 per month. The formation of the club was followed in the BBC podcast documentary series, Out of Our League by journalists and Bury fans Mark Crossley and Sanny Rudravajhala for BBC Sounds.

The 2020–21 season was the club's inaugural season. The FA Vase tie, played on 19 September, was the team's first competitive game, but they lost 2–1. The club's first competitive goal was a penalty scored by Greg Daniels. On 3 October, they played their first league game, at home against Steeton, and won 3–2 having been 1–2 down at the end of normal time. Tony Whitehead had scored in the first half and the match was won after Tom Greaves scored two goals in injury time.

Bury's next two matches were postponed because of local COVID-19 restrictions affecting their intended opponents, Holker Old Boys (based in Barrow-in-Furness) and Pilkington (based in St Helens). They played another phoenix club AFC Darwen (the successor to Darwen F.C.) at home on 17 October and won 6–2 after two goals by Aidan Chippendale and four by Tom Greaves. They took four points from the next three games to go second in the table but then the season was postponed for six weeks because of the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions then in force. The season was suspended in December, and was subsequently abandoned on 24 February 2021.

In the 2021–22 season, Bury AFC played in the North West Counties Football League Division One North. On 27 March 2022, before a crowd of over 1,800 people, a 4–0 home victory over St Helens Town secured the club's promotion to the NWCFL Premier Division as divisional champions. Manager Andy Welsh praised his players for their season-long consistency.

Having previously won four of their first five NWCFL Premier Division matches, Bury AFC won a televised FA Cup first qualifying round tie against North Shields 2–1, and, after beating Congleton Town and Clitheroe, were drawn at home in the fourth qualifying round to National League side York City, who beat Bury AFC 2–1 on 15 October 2022. In early February 2023, Bury AFC were fifth in the NWCFL Premier Division, and had reached the quarter-finals of the FA Vase after a 2–1 win at Tring Athletic. On 11 March 2023, Bury AFC lost the quarter-final against Congleton Town after a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw. In late March, Bury AFC were in fourth place, 11 points behind the NWCFL Premier Division leaders Avro, but with six games in hand. The side had to play 11 fixtures in 25 days to complete the season. They finished the season in 4th place on 83 points, four points from qualification for a play-off spot (taken by Avro).

Bury FC administration and transfer of assets: 2020–2022
Whilst the formation of the fan-owned phoenix club was underway, Bury FC owner Steve Dale continued to fight administration and for a return to the football pyramid. On 31 January 2020, the club was in danger of liquidation as Dale had failed to pay any money to creditors under the terms of the July 2019 CVA. Dale had to pay at least £2m by 11 February or the CVA would be ended; debts totalling around £5m would become immediately due, with creditors able to petition for the club to be wound up. On 14 February, Dale was reported to have defaulted on the plan to settle outstanding debts, casting fresh doubt over Bury's future, and making liquidation more likely. A month later, on 16 March 2020, Dale was reported to be seeking a new CVA; this followed a formal notice that the previous CVA had been terminated on 9 March. The supervisor of that initial CVA, Steven Wiseglass, warned that if no new CVA is agreed by 1 April, he would seek to wind-up the club and appoint a liquidator. The consortium attempt to complete a solvent takeover of the club fell through at the end of March. In late April, Dale was reported to have spent £250,000 in appointing a QC to lead a legal claim for damages against the EFL, and to have applied to the FA for a place in the National League or National League North (tiers five or six) in the 2020–21 season. However, on 7 August, the application was rejected by the FA, who cited the club's "financial resources, ownership and insolvency status"; the club said it planned to submit an application for the 2021–22 season, but none was sent.

On 30 August 2020, 12 months after the club's EFL expulsion, the Manchester Evening News said: "Bury FC still exists, though, if only on paper. With no players, no league to play in, and no employees to speak of, it is little more than a hollow shell of the club fans knew and loved." The MEN report said that the club "continues to limp on" but its future was uncertain and the danger of liquidation remained, though most fans still hoped for an eventual resurrection. Meanwhile, Dale began making statements on the club website, branding the fan-owned Bury AFC as "fake".

On 27 November 2020, Dale finally placed the club into administration, with Wiseglass appointed administrator. In January 2021, a Nottinghamshire-based businessman and investor in Ilkeston Town, David Hilton, was reported to be interested in buying Bury FC, which was said to have debts of over £15 million.

In May 2021, the club's Gigg Lane ground was put up for sale by the administrator. In June, Wiseglass said he had received two ultimately unsuccessful offers to buy the club, and that a deadline of 5 August had been set for bids to buy Gigg Lane. He also confirmed, in an update to the administration records filed at Companies House, that the club's total liability amounted to £12,545,559. On 26 August, Wiseglass said offers had been received from several 'interested parties', with a fans-backed group, Est.1885, among the bidders to buy the ground and club. Supported by local MPs James Daly and Christian Wakeford and by Bury MBC, the Est.1885 bid was backed by an "anonymous benefactor willing to bankroll ambitions for a fans-led club". On 22 October, the administrators confirmed that Est.1885 had been given exclusivity to buy both the club and Gigg Lane. The benefactor was English-born but now California-based businessman Peter Alexander, a lifelong Shakers fan who also wanted to reconcile any differences with Bury AFC. On 23 December 2021, the UK Government, through the Community Ownership Fund run by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, pledged £1m towards the bid to buy back Gigg Lane.

In November 2021, a court order was made extending the period of administration of The Bury Football Club Company Ltd to 27 May 2023 to allow time for the administrator to complete the sale of the stadium and to conclude investigations into the club's financial affairs and the actions of its current and former directors and officers.

On 7 January 2022, Est.1885 said contracts had been exchanged on a deal to buy the stadium, the club's trading name and memorabilia, with plans to resume competitive football in August 2022. On 13 January, Bury MBC agreed a financial contribution of up to £450,000 towards the costs of recommissioning Gigg Lane (this was later made conditional on a successful merger with Bury AFC).

On 18 February 2022, Est.1885 completed the purchase of Gigg Lane from the administrator and announced the acquisition of the club's trading name, history and memorabilia. Est.1885 had been assisted by the Forever Bury supporters' group and said they would soon announce "the rebranding and future role of Forever Bury and the transition of Est.1885". The statement also declared commitment towards "finding a consensual path with Bury AFC". Matt Pickup of Est.1885 said all parties had set a target of football returning to Gigg Lane by August 2022, in time for the 2022–23 season.

On 21 February 2022, it was confirmed that the owner of Gigg Lane – and of the Bury FC trading name – was the newly formed Gigg Lane Stadium Limited, a company limited by guarantee whose members were Gigg Lane Propco Limited and Bury Football Club Supporters' Society Limited, a registered society. This meant that, when a Bury FC team played at Gigg Lane in future, it would represent Gigg Lane Stadium Limited. Meanwhile, the original club incorporated in 1885 – The Bury Football Club Company Ltd – remained in administration under the ownership of Steve Dale (its name was changed to CCFB Realisations 2022 Limited in April 2022 so that the new owner of the trading name could assume the original name; Dale was declared bankrupt in July 2022; Stewart Day was also declared bankrupt, in October 2022).

A Bury FC Supporters Society statement on 15 March 2022 said that the club's application to join the Northern Premier League had been rejected. While the FA and Bury MBC favoured a merger with Bury AFC (promoted to the NWCFL Premier Division on 26 March 2022), the statement recognised there were conflicting loyalties: "There are many supporters who have followed Bury AFC who are emotionally invested in the team and enjoying the success. We also have a significant number of supporters who did not choose this path and their feelings have to be seriously considered to avoid division and alienation." There were also FA restrictions about using the Bury FC name as football creditors to the old regime had not been paid.

Amalgamation and return of Bury FC to the football pyramid: 2022–2023
In May 2022, the Bury FC Supporters Society signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) regarding the future of the club. Other signatories included Bury MBC, the Football Supporters' Association, Greater Manchester Combined Authority, Shakers Community Society on behalf of Bury AFC, and The Bury Football Club Company Ltd. The MoU set out objectives including bringing professional football back to Bury, and uniting and growing the fan base. In July 2022, Bury fans were asked to back a merger of the two principal supporters' groups (BFCSS and the Shakers Community Society) to bring Bury FC back to its "spiritual home with wider benefits for the whole community". If the merger was agreed, Bury MBC would provide £450,000, which would in turn release a further £300,000 from the government (the balance of a previously provided grant under the Community Ownership Fund), enabling the return of a new Bury FC to Gigg Lane in time for the 2023–24 season. Tensions between Bury FC's and Bury AFC's women's teams about use of Gigg Lane hampered negotiations, as did wider tensions between the BFCSS and the Shakers Community Society. A Bury FC fans protest against the merger led to games at Radcliffe Juniors FC's playing fields being cancelled on 3 September 2022, while a 12-year-old girl and a player were injured after a flare was thrown during Bury AFC's televised FA Cup tie against North Shields on the same day, though it was unclear if this incident was linked to the protest.

In October 2022, local football supporters were urged to vote in a poll, facilitated by the Football Supporters' Association, regarding a potential amalgamation of BFCSS (who own Gigg Lane and the Bury FC name) and the Shakers Community Society (who own the separate phoenix club, Bury AFC). Warned by the FSA that there was no "viable and sustainable alternative to the merger", the two groups both recommended their members to vote in favour. If the merger was agreed at special meetings on 28 October and 11 November, a new society - The Football Supporters' Society of Bury - would be formed, based at Gigg Lane, while Bury AFC would change its playing name to Bury Football Club. However, amid continuing tensions between the two groups, the proposals failed to reach the required 66% threshold from both societies; the Shakers Community Society voted 94% in favour while the BFCSS vote in favour fell short, at 63%. Within hours of the vote being declared on 28 October 2022, Bury MBC announced it would "now not be making that [£450,000] funding available", but remained "happy to have further discussions with all concerned parties on the way forward". The BFCSS hoped to reopen talks with the Shakers group about new amalgamation proposals that members could agree to, and was open to changes of both societies' board members due to concerns about personalities: "No one person is bigger than Bury FC... and it is crucial that both societies are willing to address these concerns".

In January 2023, Bury AFC said it had made several proposals to BFCSS to return professional men's football to Gigg Lane, including a solution which might unlock the DLUHC Grant Funding Agreement to purchase the ground, but its proposals had been rejected. In late January 2023, it was reported that BFCSS had submitted a detailed proposal to the North West Counties Football League (NWCFL) to restart a professional football club at Gigg Lane, though some of the claims were disputed by the Shakers group. After the application was rejected by the NWCFL, the BFCSS proposed to apply to the West Lancashire League, saying it was of "paramount importance ... that men's football is played at Gigg Lane next season", while negotiating for a second vote on amalgamation with the Shakers group.

In March 2023, a second poll regarding a merger between Bury FC and Bury AFC was announced. BFCSS's Daniel Bowerbank talked about uniting the "broken fanbase", adding: "We've got a team with no stadium and then the other side with a stadium but no football team." Bury AFC's Phil Young said: "This is really the only way forward for us." The second merger vote was announced on 5 May 2023; members of both Bury FC and Bury AFC voted to merge the two clubs. On 5 June 2023, the club said that the FA had confirmed that the name "Bury Football Club" could be used in competition for the first time since August 2019, with the club competing in the Premier Division of the North West Counties League, the ninth tier of the English football pyramid.

First FC return season
The side won their opening league fixture of the 2023–2024 season on 29 July 2023 with a 5–1 victory over Glossop North End, played in front of almost 5,500 spectators (said to be record-breaking for the division). In early September 2023, Bury were fined and incurred a three-point deduction for fielding an ineligible player, but appealed against the penalties. On 17 September 2023, after a run of form that saw two wins in eight games, Bury sacked manager Andy Welsh, who was succeeded by Dave McNabb.

Colours and crest
The club's colours have been white and either navy blue or royal blue. Originally, the team wore a half sky blue half chocolate brown shirt before soon changing to a striped shirt with blue shorts, but the stripes were replaced by the long-established all-white shirt before the club joined the Football League in 1894. There was an exception in the 1962–63 season when a mistake was made by the club's kit suppliers, who sent a consignment of royal blue shorts before the season instead of the usual navy blue. Then manager Bob Stokoe said the club could have sent them back but decided simply to keep them for the season; he joked that royal blue "would tone with the Gigg Lane paintwork."

Despite playing in white shorts in the first two years of the club's history, blue has been the predominant colour of this part of Bury's kit since 1888. Navy was the colour from 1888 through to 1962. From then until 1986 the team wore royal blue, before the switch was made to a darker shade which lasted until 1994 when royal blue was reintroduced. Barring the 2009–10 125th anniversary season and the 2014–15 promotion season when white was the adopted colour, royal blue remained the colour of the team's shorts until its last season in the Football League, when navy blue was chosen again.

The crest on the shirt is a representation of the coat of arms granted to the former County Borough of Bury by the College of Arms on 28 February 1877. This depicts the town's industrial heritage with images in the shield of an anvil, a fleece, shuttles and a papyrus plant which respectively represent forging, wool, cotton and paper. It bears the inscription Vincit Omnia Industria (work conquers all).

Stadium

Bury have played at Gigg Lane since 1885 when they rented the plot from the Earl of Derby's estate soon after the club's foundation. The first Football League match played there was on 8 September 1894 when Bury defeated Manchester City 4–2. A floodlit match took place in 1889 but there were no permanent lights until 1953. Until the 1990s when a complete rebuild became necessary, the capacity of the ground was 35,000. That total was achieved when Bury hosted an FA Cup third-round tie against neighbouring Bolton Wanderers on 9 January 1960. The game ended 1–1, but Bury lost the replay 4–2 after extra time.

Gigg Lane was rebuilt in the 1990s and now has a capacity of 12,500, all seated and covered. The Main Stand, also called the Family Stand, is on the northern side and houses the club offices and dressing rooms. At the western end, the Manchester Road End houses away supporters. The South Stand (also known as the Les Hart Stand) is opposite the Main Stand and adjoins the Cemetery End, left (east) of the Main Stand. The Cemetery End was the last part of the rebuilt stadium to be completed, in 1999.

In August 2019, when Bury FC was expelled from the EFL, Gigg Lane was officially known for sponsorship purposes as the Planet-U Energy Stadium, and it was completely powered by renewable energy provided by the sponsors. Previous deals had seen the ground named the JD Stadium, and the Energy Check Stadium.

In 2020, when Bury F.C. and Bury AFC were considered separate teams, there was no possibility of Bury AFC playing its matches at Gigg Lane, and a groundshare was agreed with Radcliffe FC for the 2020–21 NWCFL season, so the team's home venue was the 4,000 capacity Stainton Park in Radcliffe, about 2.5 miles (4 km) south-west of Bury. Bury AFC enquired about renting Gigg Lane but the request was rejected on 5 April 2022 as "not feasible" by the Bury FC Supporters Society who cited commercial risks and imbalances that could jeopardise a future merger with Bury AFC. In March 2023, Bury AFC announced a temporary agreement to play the side's final home fixtures at Mossley's Seel Park due to poor ground conditions at Radcliffe caused by bad weather and additional fixtures.

On 8 July 2023, Bury FC played their first game back at Gigg Lane in a pre-season friendly against Bradford City, which Bradford won 6–0.

Players and coaching staff

Current squad

Source:

(3rd captain)

(Captain)

(vice-captain)

Full international players

Jimmy Settle was the first Bury player to win a full international cap, playing for England against Ireland in Sunderland on 18 February 1899, and scoring a second-half hat-trick in England's 13–2 victory. Bill Gorman and Derek Spence were Bury's most capped international players, each earning 10 caps while at Bury, for Ireland and Northern Ireland respectively. Neil Danns was the most recent Bury player to win a full international cap, on 26 June 2019, when he played in Guyana's third and final 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup group stage game, against Trinidad.

Jack Plant played for Bury for 17 years apart from one short loan period at Reading. He played and scored in both the 1900 and 1903 FA Cup Finals, and made one international appearance for England against Scotland in 1900.

1 Danns scored three goals in qualifying games, then three in three games in the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup group stage.

Other notable players
Other notable players, with full international caps after or before their times at Bury, include (in alphabetical order):
Colin Bell, a midfielder signed from Horden Colliery Welfare as a youth player, played 82 times for Bury, scoring 25 times, between July 1963 and March 1966, and became club captain in 1964 while still a teenager. He joined Manchester City and made 48 international England appearances.
Luther Blissett, a centre-forward with 14 England caps, was signed from Watford, aged 35, in August 1993 and played ten games for Bury, scoring once.
Reice Charles-Cook, a Bury goalkeeper (two games in the 2013-2014 season) who later gained seven Grenada caps.
John Connelly, from 1970-1973 played 129 games, scoring 37 goals, for Bury, having earlier earned 20 England caps, scoring seven goals.
Lee Dixon, in 1985-1986 played 57 matches, scoring seven goals, before moving to Stoke City and Arsenal and earning 22 England caps
Martin Dobson, from 1984 to 1986 played 68 matches scoring five goals, having earlier earned five England caps.
Leighton James from 1984 to 1985, played 49 matches scoring five goals, having earlier earned 54 caps for Wales.
Forward Colin Kazim-Richards started his career as a 15-year-old at Bury in 2001, playing 30 matches scoring three goals in 2005, later going on to play for Turkey.
Dean Kiely was a Bury goalkeeper (137 matches, 1996-1999) who later played 11 matches for Ireland.
Terry McDermott, from 1969 to 1972 played 101 matches scoring 10 goals. Later moved to Newcastle and Liverpool, and earned 25 England caps.
Nick Pope, a Bury goalkeeper (22 matches in 2015) who later earned 10 England caps.
Kasper Schmeichel, Bury goalkeeper in 26 matches in 2006 loan spells. Earned 97 caps with Denmark.
Goalkeeper Neville Southall played  49 games at the start of his career for Bury before a 1981 move to Everton and 92 caps for Wales.

Managerial history

The club was founded in 1885 but there is no record of anyone managing the team until Tom Hargreaves, who was a committee member, in 1890. One or more committee members took team responsibility until the appointment of erstwhile goalkeeper Archie Montgomery in 1907 as the first specialist team manager. Montgomery was dismissed during World War One for financial reasons but the first manager to be sacked for poor results was James Hunter-Thompson in February 1927, even though his team had achieved the club's highest-ever league position, finishing fourth in 1925–26.

Norman Bullock, who was the club's then-record goalscorer, took over in December 1935 but went to Chesterfield in June 1938. After the Second World War, Bullock returned to Bury until November 1949 when he went to Leicester City. The club's longest-serving manager has been Dave Russell for eight years from December 1953 to December 1961. The highlight of his career was winning the Third Division championship in 1960–61. Bob Stokoe was team manager twice between 1961 and 1978. In the early 1970s, Allan Brown held the post for eighteen months before moving to Nottingham Forest where, until 3 January 1975, he was Brian Clough's predecessor.

With Bury consigned to the lower leagues from the 1970s onwards, there have been several sackings as successive managers were unable to
regain Second Division status. A measure of success was finally achieved in the late 1990s when Stan Ternent inspired the team to successive promotions from fourth tier to third in 1995–96 and, as champions, from third to second in 1996–97. He left in 1998 to take over at Burnley and, a couple of seasons later, Bury were back in the lower league where they have stayed amid worrying financial issues. The club had a disastrous season in 2017–18 when the team finished bottom of League One and two managers were sacked. The club's former striker Ryan Lowe took full charge in May 2018, having twice been caretaker in 2017–18, before leaving in June 2019 to join Plymouth Argyle. On 2 July 2019, Paul Wilkinson was appointed as manager, but managed no first team games due to the club's EFL expulsion the following month.

Bury FC Women
As women's football developed in the 1990s, Bury became one of several professional clubs to establish a ladies' team or to accept an existing one as an affiliate. Bury FC Women, also known as the Bury FC Foundation Women's Team, was founded in 1996. They were founder members of the North West Women's Regional Football League (NWWRFL) Premier Division in 2003–04. They played in the NWWFRL for 16 seasons. In the 2018–19 season, they won the Division One North championship, earning promotion back to the Premier Division, which is now the fifth tier of the women's football pyramid. After Bury FC collapsed, the ladies' team lost many of its players and had to rely on charitable funding. They managed to stay afloat but were obliged to seek membership of a lower league.

The ladies' team played numerous matches at Gigg Lane until 2019. After its closure that year, their home venue was the Goshen Sports Centre on Tennyson Avenue in Bury. On Sunday, 24 April 2022, they returned to Gigg Lane for a Lancashire FA Women's County League match against Fleetwood Town Wrens. This was the first match of any kind to be played there since May 2019. Bury FC Women won 3–0 (1–0 at half-time) before a crowd of almost 500, the goalscorers being Lucy Golding, Kimberley Tyson and Sophie Coates.

In the 2021–22 season, Bury FC Women were managed by Colin Platt and played in the eighth tier Championship Division of the Lancashire FA Women's County League. On 15 May 2022, they won the division title by defeating second-placed Clitheroe Wolves Ladies 2–0 at Gigg Lane, both goals scored by Kimberley Tyson. The match attracted a crowd of 655, a ground record  for a ladies' match. Two days later, the Bury FC Supporters Society announced that a Service Level Agreement would ensure Bury FC Women's future home fixtures would be played at Gigg Lane.

Honours

League championships
Second tier – Football League Second Division / Division One / Championship
Champions (1): 1894–95
Runners-up (1): 1923–24 (promoted)

Third tier – Football League Third Division / Division Two / League One
Champions (2): 1960–61, 1996–97
Runners-up (1): 1967–68 (promoted)

Fourth tier – Football League Fourth Division / Division Three / League Two
Runners-up (2): 2010–11 (promoted), 2018–19 (promoted)
Promoted (4): 1973–74 (fourth), 1984–85 (fourth), 1995–96 (third), 2014–15 (third)

Tenth tier – North West Counties Football League Division One North
Champions (1): 2021–22

Cup competitions
FA Cup
Winners (2): 1899–1900, 1902–03

Football World Championship:
Winners (1): 1904 (Anglo-Scottish competition, 1876–1904)

Wartime tournaments
Winners (1): North West League, 1939–40

Other tournaments
Lancashire League (2): 1890–91, 1891–92
Lancashire Cup (11): 1892, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1926, 1958, 1983, 1987, 2014, 2015, 2018
Lancashire Junior Cup (1): 1890
Manchester Cup (12): 1894, 1896, 1897, 1900, 1903, 1905, 1925, 1935, 1951, 1952, 1962, 1968

Records and statistics

English football records
 Bury jointly (with Manchester City, 2019) hold the record for the widest winning margin in an FA Cup Final (6–0 v Derby County, 1903).
 In 2005, Bury became the first (and still only) club to score 1,000 goals in each of the four professional tiers in England.

Club records
The club's records are listed on its own website:
 Highest league finish: 4th in the First Division, 1925–26
 Best League Cup performance: Semi-finals, 1962–63
 Best League Trophy performance: Semi-finals, 2018–19
 Record league victory: 8–0 v Tranmere Rovers, Third Division, 10 January 1970
 Record cup victory: 12–1 v Stockton, FA Cup first round replay, 2 February 1897
 Record league defeat: 0–8 Sheffield United, First Division, 6 April 1896; 0–8 Swindon Town, Third Division, 8 December 1979
 Record cup defeat: 0–10 West Ham United, League Cup second round, 25 October 1983
 Most points in a league season: 85, League Two, 2014–15
 Most wins in a league season: 30, Third Division, 1960–61
 Most goals in a league season: 108, Third Division, 1960–61
 Top goalscorer in a season: Craig Madden, 43 goals in 1981–82 (35 league & 8 Cup)
 Top goalscorer in a career: Craig Madden, 153 (129 league, 25 cup) goals from 1977 to 1986
 Most appearances: Norman Bullock, 539 (506 league, 33 Cup) games from 1920 to 1935
 Youngest player in a league game: Jimmy Kerr – 16 years and 15 days
 Oldest player in a league game: Bruce Grobbelaar – 40 years and 337 days
 Most capped players: Bill Gorman, 10 caps for Ireland and Derek Spence, 10 caps for Northern Ireland
 Record attendance: 35,000 v Bolton Wanderers, FA Cup third round, 9 January 1960
 Most undefeated league matches: 18 games – 1960–61, 2002–03
 Most undefeated home games: 25 – 1967–68 season
 Most undefeated away matches: 11 – 2015
 Most games consecutively scored in: Ryan Lowe, 9 games in 2010–11

Support
The club has a supporter's group called Forever Bury, founded in 2002, who strive to help the club face its financial difficulties. In 2019, they ran a campaign called "Help Save Our Club". Bury have had a club mascot operating on the sidelines since 1997. The first, named after Robert Peel, was "Robbie the Bobby", a cartoon policeman whose antics embarrassed the club when he was sent off the field by referees three times in 2001 for bad behaviour – one of a number of incidents involving mascots that led to a Football League review of mascot behaviour. He was retired in 2018 to be replaced by a cartoon police dog. The club explained that "police dogs are key members of the force and are something the younger supporters can relate to". Following a children's naming competition, the new mascot was named "Peeler" to maintain the link with Peel and he made his debut in the home match against Yeovil Town on 4 August 2018.

Rivalries
Bury's ground is near to several other Football League clubs and so, in any season, they were likely to play at least one "derby" match (e.g., Oldham Athletic in 2018–19). Traditionally, Bury's main rivalry has always been with their nearest neighbour Bolton Wanderers. For many seasons from the late 1990s, however, the two clubs rarely met as Bolton were in the Premier League or the Championship while Bury were in the lower divisions. The head-to-head record between them is 30 wins each and 19 draws. In recent years, matches between Bury and Rochdale have been dubbed the "M66 Derby" and their head-to-head record is 26 wins by Bury and 21 wins by Rochdale with 21 draws.

References

External links

 Bury FC
 Est.1885

1885 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1885
FA Cup winners
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
English Football League clubs
Lancashire League (football)
Phoenix clubs (association football)

Bury F.C.


Princesse Masha est un film français de René Leprince, sorti en 1928.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Princesse Masha
 Réalisation : René Leprince
 Photographie : André-Wladimir Reybas et
 Pays d'origine : France
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,33:1 - Film muet
 Date de sortie : 1928

Distribution
 Claudia Victrix : Masha
 Jean Toulout : Général Tcherkoff
 Romuald Joubé : Roger Lantenac
 André Marnay : Krivoshine
 Andrée Brabant : Juana Gallardo
 Paul Guidé : Colonel Goubiesky
 Jean Peyrière : Kerdiakoff
 Raphaël Lievin : Vakirschef
 Boris de Fast : Tzerem Lama
 Hugues de Bagratide

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 1928
Film français en noir et blanc
Film muet français
Film réalisé par René Leprince

Princesse Masha