La 59.ª edición del Festival Internacional de Cine de San Sebastián se celebró del viernes 16 al sábado 24 de septiembre de 2011 en San Sebastián. El festival se inauguró con el film Intruders de Juan Carlos Fresnadillo y se cerró con Intouchables de Eric Toledano y Olivier Nakache.

Esta fue la primera edición dirigida por el nuevo director del festival, José Luis Rebordinos, que sustituía a Mikel Olaciregui, habiendo este ocupado el puesto de director del festival desde la 49 edición en el año 2001.

Jurados
 Jurado de la Sección Oficial
 Frances McDormand, actriz (presidenta del jurado)
 Guillermo Arriaga, escritor, guionista y director de cine
 Álex de la Iglesia, director de cine
 Bent Hamer, director de cine
 Bai Ling, actriz
 Sophie Maintigneux, directora de fotografía
 Sophie Okonedo, actriz

 Premio Horizontes
 Juan Diego Botto, actor y directo de cine español (Presidente)
 Javier Martín, programador de festivales español
 Daniela Michel, directora del Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia

 Nuevos Directores
 Jonathan Rosenbaum, experto en cine y docente estadounidense (Presidenta)
 Lucía Casani, responsable de cine del Centro cultural La Casa Encendida
 Jessica Hausner, directora de cine austríaca
 Paz Lázaro, Directora de programación de la sección Panorama del Festival de Cine de Berlín
 Un-Seong Yoo, programador del Festival Internacional de Cine de Jeonju

 Premio Serbitzu Zinemira
 Joxean Muñoz, exdirector General del proyecto Tabakalera (Centro Internacional de Cultura Contemporánea) (Presidente)
 Maialen Lujanbio Zugasti, escritora y experta en cine española
 Ramón Agirre, actor español

 Encuentro Internacional de Estudiantes de Cine
 Nicolas Provost, director de cine belga

Películas

Sección Oficial
Las 16 películas siguientes compitieron para el premio de la Concha de Oro a la mejor película:

Fuera de competición
Las películas siguientes fueron seleccionadas para ser exhibidas fuera de competición:
 Largometrajes
{| cellpadding="5" class="sortable wikitable"  width="85%"
! width="30%" | Título en español
! width="30%" | Título original
! width="25%" | Director(es)
! width="15%" | País
|-
| colspan=2| Intruders || Juan Carlos Fresnadillo || España
|-
|Intocable || Intouchables || Eric Toledano, Olivier Nakache || Francia
|-
| colspan=2| Albert Nobbs || Rodrigo García || Reino Unido
|-
| colspan=2| Bertsolari || Asier Altuna || España
|-
|}

 Proyecciones especiales

 Otras secciones
 Zinemira
Sección dedicada los largometrajes con un mínimo de un 20% de producción vasca que se estrenan mundialmente así como aquellos hablados mayoritariamente en euskera. Todos ellos son candidatos al Premio Irizar al Cine Vasco. Estas fueron las películas seleccionadas para la sección:

 Zinemira Kimuak (cortometrajes)

 Made in Spain
Sección dedicada a una serie de largometrajes españoles que se estrenan en el año. Estas fueron las películas seleccionadas para la sección:

 Culinary Zinema
Sección no competitiva creada en colaboración con el Festival Internacional de Cine de Berlín y organizada conjuntamente con el Basque Culinary Center para unir el cine, la gastronomía y el desarrollo de diversas actividades relacionadas con la alimentación. Estas fueron las películas seleccionadas para la sección:

 Cine en Construcción 20
Este espacio, coordinado por el propio Festival juntamente con Cinélatino, Rencontres de Toulouse, se exhiben producciones latinoamericanas en fase de postproducción. Estas fueron las películas seleccionadas para la sección:

 Retrospectivas
 Retrospectiva clásica. Homenaje a Jacques Demy
La retrospectiva de ese año fue dedicado a la obra del cineasta francés Jacques Demy (1931-1990). Se proyectó la totalidad de su filmografía.

 Retrospectiva temática: American way of death: Cine negro americano 1990-2010
En esta edición, la retrospectiva se centra en las nuevas tendencias del cine negro estadounidense.

 Retrospectiva temática: Sombras digitales: cine chino de Última generación
Esta ciclo reunió 18 películas filmadas en soporte digital a lo largo del período 2000-2010.

 Retrospectiva temática: 4+1: Cine mexicano contemporáneo

 Palmarés
 Premios oficiales
 Concha de Oro: Los pasos dobles de Isaki Lacuesta
 Premio especial del jurado: Le Skylab de Julie Delpy
 Concha de Plata al mejor director: Filippos Tsitos por Mundo injusto
 Concha de Plata a la mejor actriz: María León por La voz dormida Concha de Plata al mejor actor: Antonis Kafetzopoulos por Mundo injusto
 Premio del jurado a la mejor fotografía: Ulf Brantås por Happy End.
 Premio del jurado al mejor guion: Hirokazu Kore-eda por Kiseki Premios Cine en Movimiento:
 The last friday de Yahya Alabdallah
 Confession and struggle de Eliane Raheb

 Premios honoríficos
 Premio Donostia
 Glenn Close
 Premio Zinemiraː
 Elías Querejeta

 Otros premios oficiales
 Premio Kutxa Nuevos Directores: Jan Zabeil (Alemania) por El río que era un hombre Mención especial: A beautiful valley de Hadar Friedlich
 Mención especial: Still Life de Sebastian Meise
 Premio Horizontes:
 Las acacias de Pablo Giorgelli
 Mención especial: Historias que só existem quando lembradas de Julia Murat
 Mención especial: Miss Bala de Gerardo Naranjo

 Premio Encuentro Internacional de Estudiantes de Cine
 Premio Panavision: Eva: Shem Zmani de Dor Fadlon
 Participación en el Short film corner del Festival de CANNES:
 Eva: Shem Zmani de Dor Fadlon
 Dylan de Ania Winiarska
 Guañape Sur de János Richter

 Premios del público
 Premio del público: The Artist de Michel Hazanavicius
 Premio película europea: ¿Y ahora adónde vamos? de Nadine Labaki, (Francia-Líbano-Italia-Egipto)
 Premio Euskaltel de la juventud: Wild Bill de Dexter Fletcher
 Premio Serbitzu Saria: Dos hermanos de Imanol Rayo

 Premios de la industria
 Premios Cine en Construcción: 7 cajas de Juan Carlos Maneglia y ̟Tana Schémbori
 Premio Casa de América:  Infancia clandestina de Benjamín Ávila

 Otros premios
 Premio TVE - Otra Mirada: Jodaeiye Nader ez Simin de Asghar Farhadi
 Mención especial del jurado: Sangue do meu sangue de João Canijo

 Premios paralelos
 Premio FIPRESCI: Sangue do meu sangue de João Canijo
 Premio SIGNIS: Kiseki de Hirokazu Kore-eda
 Premio de la Asociación de Donantes de Sangre de Gipuzkoa, a la Solidaridad / Elkartasun Saria: La voz dormida de Benito Zambrano
 Premio Sebastiane: Albert Nobbs'' de Rodrigo García

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial del Festival Internacional de Cine de San Sebastián 2011

2011
Festivales de cine de 2011
España en 2011


Chicago X es el nombre del octavo álbum de estudio de la banda de rock estadounidense Chicago, Fue lanzado al mercado por Columbia Records el 14 de junio de 1976. Este álbum se distingue por su emotividad en general, y marcó un hito en la carrera de la banda gracias a una de sus canciones, «If You Leave Me Now», que se convirtió en un éxito mundial.

Antecedentes
Agotados después de grabar Chicago VIII, Chicago no regresó al estudio hasta la primavera del 76, después de un largo período de separación.

Recepción

Chicago X fue publicado el 14 de junio de 1976 ante una audiencia receptiva, en especial después de que «If You Leave Me Now» se convirtiera en el gran éxito mundial que fue, provocando que, por primera vez en años para Chicago, uno de sus álbumes fuera incluido en las listas de popularidad del Reino Unido (n.º 21). En Estados Unidos el álbum alcanzó el puesto n.º 3.

Además, «If You Leave Me Now» ganó dos Grammy, por mejor interpretación pop por un dúo o grupo con vocales y mejor arreglo instrumental con acompañamiento vocal.

Crítica
El álbum recibió críticas positivas, principalmente por «If You Leave Me Now», que para muchos eclipsó a las demás canciones incluidas en el álbum. La revista PopMatters dijo al respecto: «Si fuera posible tanto amar una canción por su belleza y al mismo tiempo odiarla por ser excesivamente melosa y sensiblera, "If You Leave Me Now" sería Exhibit A».

Lista de canciones

Créditos y personal
Chicago
 Peter Cetera – bajo, voz
 Laudir de Oliveira – percusionista, voz
 Terry Kath – guitarra, voz
 Robert Lamm – teclados, voz
 Lee Loughnane – trompeta, voz
 James Pankow – trombón, voz
 Walter Parazaider – vientos, voz
 Danny Seraphine – batería, voz

Otros colaboradores
 David J. Wolinski – piano y mellotron en «Hope For Love»
 James William Guercio – guitarra sajona y bajo en «If You Leave Me Now»; guitarra en «Hope For Love»
 Othello Molineaux – tambores metálicos on «Another Rainy Day in New York City»
 Leroy Williams – tambores metálicos en «Another Rainy Day in New York City»
 Jimmie Haskell – orquestación con cuerdas y trompa en «If You Leave Me Now»; director de instrumentos de cuerdas en «Gently I'll Wake You»
 Rudolph Trulli – pandereta y corista en «If You Leave Me Now»

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Chicago X en Allmusic

Álbumes de 1976
Álbumes de Chicago
Álbumes de Columbia Records
Álbumes en inglés
Álbumes de rock

Chicago X


İftar topu, Ramazan ayında Müslümanların oruçlu geçirdiği gün sonunda akşam ezanı vakti ile birlikte iftar vaktinin geldiğini haber veren top (son dönemde ses bombası) ateşi. Günümüzdeki gibi ses sistemlerinin olmadığı devirlerde zaruret bugün ise gelenek şeklinde Türkiye'nin birçok il ve ilçesinde devam ettirilir.

Türkiye'de iftar
Top

İftar topu


Josija var ifølge Bibelen søn af kong Amon og Jedida og konge af Juda.

Familie
Ifølge Bibelen var Josija søn af kong Amon og Jedida, datter af Adaja fra Boskat.

Josija havde fire sønner: Johanan og Eljakim (født 634 fvt), hvis moder var Zebida, datter af Pedaja fra Ruma, Sidkija (ca. 618 fvt) og Shallum (633/632 fvt). Eljakim fik sit navn ændret af farao  Neko af Egypten til Jojakim.

Religiøs reform

Ifølge Bibelen beordrede Josija i sit attende regeringsår ypperstepræsten Hilkija til bruge de skattepenge, der var blevet indsamlet gennem årene at renovere templet. Det var her, at Hilkiah opdagede noget. Mens han var ved at rydde templets skatkammer, fandt han en skriftrulle, "lovbogen". Mange lærde mener, at dette var Femte Mosebog.
Hilkija viste denne skriftrulle til Josija, som konsulterede profetinden Hulda, der forsikrede ham om, at det onde forudsagt i dokumentet for ikke at overholde dets instruktioner ville komme, men ikke på hans tid. En samling af de ældste i Juda blev hidkaldt, og Josija forbyder folket at tilbede alle andre end Jahve, Israels nationalguddom. Instrumenter til tilbedelse af Baal og "himlens hær" blev fjernet fra templet i Jerusalem. De lokale helligdomme og offerhøjene blev ødelagt, fra Beersheba i syd til Betel og Samaria i nord. Josija henrettede de hedenske præster og gravede endda knoglerne fra de døde præster i Betel op og brændte dem på stedets alter. Josija genoplivede også Påskefejringen.
Ifølge Første Kongebog havde en gudsmand profeteret til kong Jeroboam af det nordlige kongerige Israel, cirka tre hundrede år tidligere, at "I Davids hus skal der fødes en søn ved navn Josija", og at han ville ødelægge alteret ved Betel.

Personer i Det Gamle Testamente

Josija


Mirabilandia (originalmente chamado Playcenter Pernambuco) é um parque de diversões localizado em Olinda, Pernambuco. É o único parque de diversões fixo do nordeste e atualmente pertence ao Grupo Peixoto que também administra os parques itinerantes Universal Park, Fiesta Park e American Park que circulam pelos estados do nordeste.

História
Originalmente chamado Playcenter Pernambuco, o parque foi construído e inaugurado em um espaço cedido pelo Centro de Convenções do Estado em 1994 pelo Grupo Playcenter como parte da expansão da marca pelo Brasil. A escolha pela cidade de Olinda se deu pelo fato da cidade estar localizada na Região Metropolitana de Recife, uma das maiores do país em um estado turismo já estabelecido. Originalmente, o parque contava com mais de 20 atrações e chegou a atrair anualmente cerca de 450 mil pessoas. Em 2002 para quitar uma dívida, o Grupo Playcenter vendeu o parque para o grupo italiano Leasure Park, que então administrava um parque de nome Mirabilandia na Italia, em sociedade com o Grupo Peixoto, rebatizando o parque. Em 2006, o Mirabilandia Italia foi adquirido pelo grupo espanhol Parques Reunidos. O Mirabilandia de Pernambuco então passou a ser administrado apenas pelo Grupo Peixoto, mas mantendo o nome e identidade visual da versão italiana.

Desde sua inauguração, o Mirabilandia se mantém como único parque fixo da região nordeste brasileira, e figura com um dos principais parques de diversões do Brasil. O parque conta com mais de 30 atrações nas categorias aterrorizante, radical, familiar e infantil, e além de revezar atrações com os parques itinerantes que compõe o grupo, se destaca por constantemente trazer novas atrações importadas ou reformadas. Além disso, o espaço conta ainda com praça de alimentação, ambulatório, guarda-volumes, banheiros, achados e perdidos, salão de jogos e palco para shows, peças de teatro e musicais. O parque também conta com programas especiais, como o projeto educacional "Aulas no Parque" que leva crianças e jovens de escolas públicas e particulares para uma educação multidisciplinar utilizando o parque como cenário e atrações como ferramentas de aprendizagem.

"Novo" Mirabilandia
Em 2010, o Centro de Convenções do Estado solicitou a retomada do espaço visando uma expansão de suas atividades. Desde então, o Grupo Peixoto trabalha para realocação em um novo terreno adquirido na Mata do Ronca, próximo a BR-101 no município de Paulista, também em Pernambuco. O terreno possui cerca de 279 mil metros quadrados e está localizado em uma Unidade de Conservação Ambiental, mas o parque ocupará apenas 20% da área, em um trecho já desmatado, além de preservar e recuperar a mata no restante do terreno. Ainda em fase preliminar focado na movimentação de terra, o parque planeja uma implantação em fases, sendo a primeira com duração de até 2 anos e trará além das atrações que já estão no terreno atual, outras que foram adquiridas neste meio tempo, incluindo duas novas montanhas russas. Após atrasos com liberações ambientais e com a pandemia de COVID-19, a situação do novo parque permaneceu em suspensão, porém com a concessão do Centro de Convenções do Estado, um acordo foi firmado para devolução de 20 mil metros quadrados do terreno em 120 dias e devolução total em até 2 anos, com estimativa que o novo parque abra em meados de 2025.

Atrações
O parque conta com mais de 30 atrações, sem contar jogos e atividades que são pagos à parte. Como o Mirabilandia usa um sistema de rodízio de atrações com os outros três parques itinerantes, as atrações do Universal Park, Fiesta Park e American Park variam de temporada para temporada (exceto as montanhas-russas). No cenário nacional, o parque se destaca por além de trazer novas atrações quase todos os anos (algumas importadas da Europa), ser referência na recuperação de atrações danificadas ou dadas pelas fabricantes como "perda total", caso da montanha-russa Super Tornado da empresa holandesa Vekoma que foi comprada a valor de sucata do Tivoli Park quando esta se encontrava coberta de ferrugem e hoje segue em pleno funcionamento.

Radicais

 Super Tornado: Montanha russa com duas inversões do tipo Corkscrew (Saca rolhas) com trilhos amarelos e suportes azuis.
 Megadance: Também conhecido como La Bamba, Samba, Tagada ou Tagadisck Pandeiro.
 Move It: Único do estilo no Brasil.
 Trampolim: Atração paga a parte.
 Over Loop: Atração semelhante ao "Top Spin", mas é uma versão menor e mais rápida.
 Tapete Mágico: Atração mecânica.
 Rock and Roll: Também conhecido como Amor Express e Matterhorn, gira 20 carros em um trajeto com onda.
 Thunder: Atração do tipo pêndulo, conta com um braço mecânico que se equilibra em 180° atingindo 25 metros de altura, inaugurado em 2012.
 Wave Swinger (Removido): o clássico chapéu mexicano de fabricação da Zamperla.

Familiares

 Splash: Passeio que leva as pessoas a duas cachoeiras.
 Auto Pista: Também conhecido como carros de bate-bate.
 Saltamontes: Completamente reformado, os visitantes sobem e descem ao ritmo de uma música.
 Roda Gigante
 Ciclone: Atração do tipo tobogã.
 Dragão: Mini montanha russa elétrica.
 Sea Dragon: Atração conhecida como Barco Viking.

Infantis

 Cama Elástica
 Carrossel
 Carrossel Fantasia
 Cavalinhos
 Kid Play
 Mini Dumbo
 Mini Pista
 Red Baron
 Super Bikers
 Trem Rio Grande
 Dakkar
 Mini Helicópteros

Aterrorizantes

 Trem Fantasma
 Mansão do Terror

Novas atrações
Para o novo terreno do parque ainda em fase de implantação, as seguintes atrações foram adquiridas:

 Sky Mountain: Montanha-russa do tipo invertida com trilhos verdes e suportes azuis fabricados pela Vekoma. É do modelo Giant Inverted Boomerang.
 Monte Makaya: Montanha Russa com 8 inversões, trilhos e suportes brancos fabricados pela Intamin.
 Waimea: atração do tipo aquática com barcos que transportam passageiros em um canal elevado de 15 metros de altura e despenca em uma piscina provocando uma grande onda.

Eventos

Hora do Terror
Aos moldes de eventos similares que há em outros parques do país, a Hora do Terror é um evento de temporada do estilo Halloween e ocorre usualmente entre os meses de Outubro e Dezembro. O evento começa a partir das 18 horas e conta com mais de 100 artistas em shows musicais e atores vestidos como monstros espalhados pelo parque e em labirintos (chamados núcleos) especialmente produzidos para o evento. Cada edição do evento conta com um tema:

 2002: Psicose
 2003: Pesadelo
 2004: Portal Macabro
 2005: Fim dos Tempos
 2006: Mistério das Ilusões
 2007: O Enigma
 2008: O Desconhecido
 2009: O Segredo do Tesouro
 2010: Vampiros & Lobisomens
 2011: Jogada Fatal
 2012: Cidade Fantasma
 2013: Contos de Terror
 2014: Sanatório: Medos do Subconsciente
 2015: Medos
 2016: Imortais
 2017: Halloween: A Festa
 2018: Império
 2019: O Espetáculo
 2022: Terror na Mansão
 2023: Pântano: Descubra este mistério

Controvérsias
Em 27 de junho de 2014, dois adolescentes ficaram feridos após brincarem na atração "Polvo". A dinâmica do acidente não foi explicada e a atração foi isolada para perícia.

Em 22 de setembro de 2023, uma mulher foi arremessada para fora da atração "Wave Swinger" após ruptura das correntes que seguravam o assento da atração. A mulher teve fraturas pelo corpo e traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE), sendo imediatamente socorrida e encaminhada para o Hospital de Restauração. As atividades do parque seguem suspensas desde então. A vitima do acidente tem demonstrado melhora em resposta ao tratamento. Após a perícia, a atração foi desmontada e removida para a área de manutenção do parque.

Ver também
Turismo em Pernambuco
Playcenter

Ligações externas

 Mirabilandia Pernambuco no TripAdvisor

Mirabilândia


Sebastian Conrad (* 19. März 1966 in Heidelberg) ist ein deutscher Historiker mit den Schwerpunkten Globalgeschichte, Kolonialgeschichte, Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung und der Geschichte Ostasiens. Seit dem Jahr 2010 ist er Professor für Neuere Geschichte an der Freien Universität Berlin.

Leben
Sebastian Conrad studierte Geschichte, Japanologie und Volkswirtschaftslehre in Bonn, Berlin, Osaka und Tokio. Von 1996 bis 1999 förderte ihn die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft mit einem Doktorandenstipendium. Er promovierte an der Freien Universität Berlin zu dem Thema, wie japanische und deutsche Historiker nach der Niederlage im Zweiten Weltkrieg und dem Ende des Faschismus die Geschichte ihrer Länder neu schrieben und interpretierten. Für seine Dissertation Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Nation. Geschichtsschreibung in Westdeutschland und Japan, 1945–1960 wurde Conrad 1999 mit dem Dissertationspreis der Ernst-Reuter-Gesellschaft ausgezeichnet. Von 1999 bis 2005 war er Mitglied der Jungen Akademie an der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina. Er hatte eine Assistentenstelle an der Freien Universität Berlin inne, neben der er sich habilitierte, und wurde 2001 als Gastprofessor an die École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris eingeladen. Zwischen 2003 und 2007 war er Juniorprofessor am Fachbereich Geschichtswissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin.

2007 erhielt Conrad den Ruf als Professor für Geschichte an das Europäische Hochschulinstitut in Florenz, zeitgleich wurde er auch auf einen Lehrstuhl für Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Bern berufen. Da er bereits das Angebot aus Florenz angenommen und die Stelle angetreten hatte, lehnte Conrad das Angebot aus der Schweiz ab. Seit 2007 gehört er zudem dem Forschungsausschuss LMUexcellent an der Universität München an. Im selben Jahr erhielt Conrad den letztmals verliehenen Philip Morris Forschungspreis. 2009 war er erneut Gastprofessor an der École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.

Im Jahr 2010 beendete Conrad seinen Aufenthalt in Florenz und kehrte als Professor für Neuere Geschichte an die Freie Universität Berlin zurück. Ausschlaggebend für diese Entscheidung war die Möglichkeit, eng mit den Regionalinstituten der Freien Universität zusammenarbeiten zu können. Zudem konnte er ein Doktorandenprogramm aufbauen, das die Freie Universität mit Universitäten in den Vereinigten Staaten und in Ostasien vernetzt.

2018 wurde Conrad als Mitglied in die Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt.

Publikationen
 Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Nation. Geschichtsschreibung in Westdeutschland und Japan, 1945–1960 (= Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft. Bd. 134). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1999, ISBN 3-525-35798-2 (Zugleich: Berlin, Freie Universität, Dissertation, 1999; In englischer Sprache: The Quest for the lost Nation. Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century (= The California World History Library. Bd. 12). Translated by Alan Nothnagle. University of California Press, Berkeley CA u. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-520-25944-7).
 als Herausgeber mit Jürgen Osterhammel: Das Kaiserreich transnational. Deutschland in der Welt 1871–1914. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-525-36733-3.
 Globalisierung und Nation im Deutschen Kaiserreich. C. H. Beck, München 2006, ISBN 3-406-54965-9 (In englischer Sprache: Globalisation and the nation in imperial Germany. Translated by Sorcha O'Hagan. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge u. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-17730-6).
 Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte (= Beck'sche Reihe 2448). C. H. Beck, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56248-8.
 Globalgeschichte. Eine Einführung (= Beck'sche Reihe 6079). C. H. Beck, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-406-64537-2.
 als Herausgeber mit Akira Iriye und Jürgen Osterhammel: Geschichte der Welt. 1750–1870. Wege zur modernen Welt. C. H. Beck, München 2016, ISBN 978-3-406-64104-6.

Weblinks

 Sebastian Conrad auf der Seite des Fachbereichs Geschichte der FU Berlin
 History on Tape – Interview with Sebastian Conrad auf youtube.com.

Einzelnachweise

Neuzeithistoriker
Globalhistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Freie Universität Berlin)
Mitglied der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Deutscher
Geboren 1966
Mann

Sebastian Conrad


Petur Arthur Reinert (født 8. september 1923 i Kaldbak, død 28. juli 1991) var en færøsk skibsreder, læge og politiker (TF).

Han var kommunelæge 1960–1975 og 1978–1986 i Eiđi, samt direktør og skibsreder fra 1986.

Tillidshverv og politisk karriere
Reinert sad i bestyrelsen for erhvervsfonden Menningargrunnurin 1973–1975 og 1988, Fiskivinnuráðið 1979–1980 og Fossbankin 1985–1991.

Reinert var kommunalbestyrelsesmedlem i Eiðis kommuna 1970–1975 og fiskeri- og kommunalminister i Atli Dams anden regering 1975–1979. Han var valgt til Lagtinget fra Eysturoy 1980–1984 og mødte senere fast for Signar á Brúnni 1989–1990 som suppleant.

Referencer
Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 344. (PDF )

Læger fra Færøerne
Skibsredere fra Færøerne
Fiskeriministre fra Færøerne
Kommunalministre fra Færøerne
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Strømø

Petur Reinert


Rudolf König (Viena, 18 de agosto de 1865—30 de enero de 1927) fue un comerciante austríaco, astrónomo aficionado y selenógrafo.

Biografía

König nació en Viena en 1865 y recibió su educación técnica en Leipzig. Después de graduarse, entró en el negocio de su padre.

Como tenía interés por la astronomía, en 1906 se construyó un observatorio privado en Viena, en la parte superior de su casa en el número 12 de Kuppelwiesergasse.

Desde este observatorio, con un doble astrógrafo Zeiss, realizó muchas observaciones de la Luna.

En 1912 publicó un volumen de ilustraciones de la Luna (de la obra denominada Mond Atlas) realizados por su difunto amigo Johann Nepomuk Krieger (1865-1902).

Legado
En 1928, tras la muerte de Rudolf König, su telescopio fue comprado por el Observatorio de Štefánik en Praga, instalándose bajo la cúpula principal, donde todavía está en uso.

Eponimia
 El cráter lunar König lleva este nombre en su memoria.
 El asteroide (3815) König también conmemora su nombre.

Enlaces externos

(MOND ATLAS completo en línea)

Fuente

Astrónomos de Austria
Austríacos del siglo XIX
Austríacos del siglo XX
Nacidos en Viena
Fallecidos en Viena

Rudolf König


Maple Hill est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Wabaunsee, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Localité dans le comté de Wabaunsee

Maple Hill (Kansas)


Tayfun Korkut (d. 2 Nisan 1974, Almanya), Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör.

Kulüp takımları kariyeri

Almanya yılları
Korkut, Stuttgart yakınlarındaki Ostfildern şehrinde büyüdü ve futbola 6 yaşında yerel bir takım olan TB Ruit'te başladı. 12 yaşında da alt lig takımlarından Stuttgarter Kickers'ın altyapısına seçildi. Bu kulüpte tüm altyapı takımlarında oynadı ve başarılı olarak A takım'a kadar yükseldi. 13 Ağustos 1994'te Almanya Kupası karşılaşmasında SC Freiburg karşısında son 15 dakika oyuna girerek ilk resmî maçına çıktı. Dönemin üçüncü ligi olan Regionalliga'da mücadele eden takım ile ilk lig maçına ise 25 Eylül 1994'te SSV Ulm 1846'e karşı çıktı. Sezon sonunda birinci olan SpVgg Unterhaching'in üç puan ardında kalarak ikinci olup, 2. Bundesliga'ya çıkamadılar.

Fenerbahçe SK
21 yaşında Fenerbahçe'ye transfer olarak Türkiye'ye geldi. Daha ilk sezonunda takımın önemli isimlerinden biri haline geldi. Sezon öncesi resmi olmayan TSYD Kupası'nda Galatasaray ve Beşiktaş'a karşı 90 dakika sahada kalıp, iki maçta da galibiyet gördü. Fenerbahçe ile ilk maçı, 8 Ağustos 1995'te Partizan Tirana ile oynanan UEFA Kupası ön eleme maçı oldu. İlk golünü 9 Eylül 1995'te Gaziantepspor'a attı. İlk sezonunda 30 maça çıkıp 5 gol kaydetti. Sezon sonunda Türkiye ligi şampiyonu oldular.

1996/97 mevsiminde eylül ve ekim aylarında üst üste geçirdiği sakatlıklar sebebiyle Tayfun Korkut çok sık forma şansı bulamadı. O sezon ilk kez UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarında forma giydi. 2000'e kadar formasını giydiği Fenerbahçe'de teknik adamların en çok kullandığı futbolculardan biri oldu. 1998'de Başbakanlık Kupası ve Atatürk Kupası'nı kazanan kadroda yer aldı.

Real Sociedad
Fenerbahçe'de 5 sezon forma giydikten sonra Arif Erdem'le beraber Real Sociedad'a transfer oldu. Yabancı dil avantajından dolayı İspanya'da adaptasyon sorunu yaşamadı. Ligin ilk hafta maçı olan Racing de Santander karşılaşmasında sahaya ilk 11'de çıkmıştı. Ancak 32. dakikada sakatlanarak oyundan çıktı ve Aralık ayına kadar sakatlığı devam etti. Sakatlıktan döndükten sonra formayı kapan Korkut, sezonu 24 maçta 4 golle kapattı. 2002-03 sezonunda eskisi kadar şans bulmasa da millî takımdan arkadaşı Nihat Kahveci ile oynadığı sezonu lig ikincisi olarak bitirme başarısı gösterdiler.

Espanyol
2003-04 sezonunda bir başka La Liga ekibi Espanyol'a transfer oldu. Sezon başlarında sık sık forma şansı bulsa da sezon sonuna doğru tercih edilmemeye başladı ve sezonu golsüz kapatıp, İspanya yıllarına son verdi.

Beşiktaş JK
2004-2005 sezonu başında Beşiktaş kulübüne transfer olarak, yeniden Türkiye'ye döndü. Beşiktaş'ta da ilk 11 oyuncusu olarak başladığı sezonu yedek kulübesinde tamamladı. Sonraki sezon da sakatlıkları nedeniyle forma şansı bulamayınca Aralık 2005'te sözleşmesi karşılıklı feshedildi.

Gençlerbirliği
2005-2006 sezonu devre arasında Gençlerbirliği'ne transfer oldu. Gençlerbirliği'ndeki yarım sezonunda 13 maçta 1 gol kaydetti. Sezon sonunda aktif futbolculuk kariyerine son verdi.

Millî takım kariyeri
94 kez millî takımlara çağrılan Tayfun Korkut, 3 kez Türkiye U-21 ve 42 kez de Türkiye forması olmak üzere toplam 45 kez millî formayı giymiştir ve bu karşılaşmalarda bir gol atmıştır.

İstatistikleri

Millî takım istatistikleri

Millî takım golleri
NOT: Ev sahibi olarak Türkiye baz alınmıştır.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri
Tayfun Korkut, futbolculuk kariyerini noktalandıktan sonra, antrenörlük yapmaya başladı. İlk deneyimini Real Sociedad altyapısında görev alarak edindi. 2009 yılında Bundesliga ekiplerinden 1899 Hoffenheim'ın 17 yaş altı takımını çalıştırdı. Daha sonra Almanya'nın Köln kentindeki Hennes Weisweiler Akademisi'nde 57. UEFA Pro Lisans Kursu'na katıldı ve teknik direktörlük diplomasını almaya hak kazandı. 2011/12 mevsiminde VfB Stuttgart'ın 19 yaş altı takımını çalıştırdı. 2012/13 mevsiminde Türkiye A karmasında yardımcı teknik yönetici olarak da görev yaptı.

Hannover 96
31 Aralık 2013'te Hannover 96, takımın başına teknik idareci olarak Tayfun Korkut'un getirildiğini ilân etti. Böylece Tayfun Korkut, Özcan Arkoç'tan sonra, Bundesliga'da görev alan Türk asıllı ikinci teknik direktör olarak kayıtlara geçti.

1. FC Kaiserslautern
Korkut, 15 Haziran 2016'da 2. Bundesliga takımlarından 1. FC Kaiserslautern ile 2018 yılına kadar sözleşme imzaladı. 26 Aralık 2016'da ise istifa ederek bu görevini bıraktı.

Bayer 04 Leverkusen
6 Mart 2017'de Bayer Leverkusen ile anlaştı. Bayer Leverkusen, görevine son verdiği Roger Schmidt yerine, 2016/17 mevsiminin sonuna kadar takımı Tayfun Korkut'a emânet ettiğini ilân etti.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1974 doğumlular
Stuttgart doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Türk gurbetçi futbolcular
Türk teknik direktörler
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Gençlerbirliği SK futbolcuları
Real Sociedad futbolcuları
SV Stuttgarter Kickers futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki Türk gurbetçiler
Hannover 96 teknik direktörleri
1. FC Kaiserslautern teknik direktörleri
Bayer 04 Leverkusen teknik direktörleri
Hertha BSC teknik direktörleri
VfB Stuttgart teknik direktörleri
Bundesliga teknik direktörleri
Orta saha futbolcuları

Tayfun Korkut


Mehmed Şerif Efendi (d. 1717 - ö. 1790), Osmanlı Devleti şeyhülislamlarından.

Ebuishakzadeler namıyla meşhur bir aileye mensuptur. Babası şeyhülislam Ebuishakzade Mehmed Esad Efendi'dir. Meşhur kadın şairimiz Zübeyde Fıtnat Hanım'ın kardeşidir. I. Abdülhamit ve III. Selim devirlerinde olmak üzere iki defa şeyhülislamlık makamına getirilmiştir. "Şerif" mahlasıyla şiirler yazmış ve mürettep bir divan meydana getirmiştir.

1717 doğumlular
1790 yılında ölenler
18. yüzyıl Osmanlı şeyhülislamları
İstanbul doğumlu devlet görevlileri
İstanbul'da ölenler

Mehmed Şerif Efendi


Mildred Gordon ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Mildred Gordon (1912–1979), US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin, siehe The Gordons (Autorenduo)
 Mildred Gordon (Politikerin) (1923–2016), britische Politikerin

Mildred Gordon


Twelve or 12 may refer to:
 12 (number)
 December, the twelfth and final month of the year

Years
 12 BC
 AD 12
 1912
 2012

Film
 Twelve (2010 film), based on the 2002 novel
 12 (2007 film), by Russian director and actor Nikita Mikhalkov
 12 (2003 film), by American filmmaker Lawrence Bridges

Literature
 12: The Elements of Great Managing, a 2006 business book by Rodd Wagner and James K. Hartjker
 Twelve (novel), 2002 novel by Nick McDonell
 Twelve, a 2007 novel by Lauren Myracle, part of The Winnie Years
 Twelve (publisher), an imprint of Grand Central Publishing
 Twelve, a 2009 novel by Jasper Kent

Music
 12 (The Notwist album), 1995
 12 (Herbert Grönemeyer album), 2007
 12 (Keller Williams album), 2007
 12 (Fiskales Ad-Hok album), 2009
 12 (ASAP Twelvyy album), 2017
 12 (Sloan album), 2018
 12 (American Song Book), Mina album, 2012
 12 (Ryuichi Sakamoto album), 2023
 12!, Sonny Stitt album, 1972
 Twelve (Cobalt 60 album), 1998
 Twelve (Patti Smith album), 2007
 Twelve (Iz*One album), 2020
 "12", a song by Insane Clown Posse from the album Riddle Box
 "12", a song by The 1975 from the album The 1975
 "12", a song by Mirror, 2021

Other uses
 Twelve (company), a chemical technology company in Berkeley, California
 Twelve (Street Fighter), a video game character from the Street Fighter series
 iOS 12, an operating system by Apple
 12 Victoria, an asteroid in the asteroid belt

See also
 Twelves, Brazilian pet monkey
 Magnesium (atomic number), a chemical element
 The Twelve (disambiguation)
 XII (disambiguation)
 One-two (disambiguation)
 Onetwo (disambiguation)
 12 rating (disambiguation) or 12+
List of highways numbered 12

12


The Butterfly Effect is a 2004 American science fiction thriller film written and directed by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber. It stars Ashton Kutcher, Amy Smart, Eric Stoltz, William Lee Scott, Elden Henson, Logan Lerman, Ethan Suplee, and Melora Walters. The title refers to the butterfly effect.

Kutcher plays 20-year-old college student Evan Treborn, who experiences blackouts and memory loss throughout his childhood. Later, in his 20s, Evan finds he can travel back in time to inhabit his former self during those periods of blackout, with his adult mind inhabiting his younger body. He attempts to change the present by changing his past behaviors and set things right for himself and his friends, but there are unintended consequences for all. The film draws heavily on flashbacks of the characters' lives at ages 7 and 13 and presents several alternative present-day outcomes as Evan attempts to change the past, before settling on a final outcome.

The film had a poor critical reception; however, it was a commercial success, generating box-office revenues of $96 million on a budget of $13 million. The film won the Pegasus Audience Award at the Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, and was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film at the Saturn Awards and Choice Movie: Thriller in the Teen Choice Awards, but lost to Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, another film from New Line Cinema, respectively.

Plot

Growing up, Evan Treborn and his friends, Lenny Kagan and Kayleigh Miller, and Kayleigh's brother Tommy, suffered many severe psychological traumas that frequently caused Evan to experience amnesia. These traumas include being forced to take part in pornography by Kayleigh and Tommy's father, George Miller; being nearly strangled to death by his institutionalized father, Jason Treborn, who is then killed in front of him by guards; accidentally killing a mother and her infant daughter while playing with dynamite with his friends; and seeing his dog, Crockett, burned alive by Tommy.

Some time later, while entertaining a girl in his college dorm room, Evan discovers that when he reads from his former journals, he can time travel and redo parts of his past. His time-traveling episodes account for the frequent blackouts he experienced, since those are the moments when his older self occupied his consciousness.

After a traumatized Kayleigh commits suicide, Evan travels back in time and convinces George to never touch her. He comes back to a reality where he and Kayleigh are a happy couple in college. However, George took out his frustrations on Tommy, who grew up to be even more unhinged.

Tommy eventually attacks Evan, who kills him in a fit of rage and is sentenced to prison. There, he manages to time travel once more to stop Tommy from killing his dog, but Lenny, who has been bullied by Tommy and become mentally unstable after the dynamite accident, kills Tommy with a metal shard.

Evan wakes up in a reality where Lenny has been institutionalized and Kayleigh has become a drug-addicted prostitute. He then travels back to stop the woman and her daughter from being killed with the dynamite, but ends up caught in the explosion himself.

In the new reality, Lenny and Kayleigh are a happy couple and Tommy has become religious, but Evan is a double amputee whose mother developed lung cancer after becoming a chain smoker. To save his mother and himself from such a fate, Evan goes back to before the explosion to try and get rid of the dynamite, but accidentally kills Kayleigh in the process.

Evan wakes up in a mental hospital and finds that, in this reality, the journals do not exist and his brain has suffered irreversible damage due to the rigors of time travel. At one point, Evan has a conversation with a doctor who reveals that his father had the same abilities before losing the photographs that allowed him to time jump, causing everyone to believe him to be crazy. Evan ultimately reaches the conclusion that he and his friends will never have good futures as long as he keeps altering the past.

After escaping the hospital staff and barricading himself in an office, Evan travels back one final time, via the use of an old home movie, to the day he first met Kayleigh. He intentionally upsets her so that she and Tommy will choose to live with their mother in a different neighborhood, instead of with their father when they divorce. As a result, they are not subjected to a destructive upbringing, do not grow up with Evan, Lenny is never bullied, and all go on to have happy, successful lives.

Evan awakens in a college dorm room, where Lenny is his roommate. As a test, he asks where Kayleigh is, to which Lenny responds "Who's Kayleigh?" Satisfied that his friends' futures are secure, Evan burns his journals and videos to avoid altering the timeline ever again.

Eight years later in New York City, Evan exits an office building and passes Kayleigh on the street. Despite a brief look towards each other, they both keep walking.

Director's cut
The director's cut features a different ending.

With his brain terribly damaged and aware that he is committed to a psychiatric facility where he will lose access to his time travel ability, Evan makes a desperate attempt to change the timeline by watching a family video, which shows his mother just before she was about to give birth to Evan. Evan travels back to that moment and strangles himself in the womb with his umbilical cord so as to prevent the multi-generational curse from continuing, consistent with an added scene where a psychic palm reader tells Evan "you have no lifeline" and that he does "not belong to this world".

Kayleigh is then seen as a child in the new timeline having chosen to live with her mother instead of her father, and a montage suggests that the lives of the other childhood characters have become loving and less tragic.

Cast

Reception

Critical reception
Critical reception for The Butterfly Effect was generally poor. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 33% approval rating based on 172 reviews; the rating average is 4.8/10. The site's consensus reads: "The premise is intriguing, but it's placed in the service of an overwrought and tasteless thriller." On Metacritic, another review aggregator, it has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert wrote that he "enjoyed The Butterfly Effect, up to a point" and that the "plot provides a showcase for acting talent, since the actors have to play characters who go through wild swings." However, Ebert said that the scientific notion of the butterfly effect is used inconsistently: Evan's changes should have wider reverberations. Sean Axmaker of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer called it a "metaphysical mess", criticizing the film's mechanics for being "fuzzy at best and just plain sloppy the rest of the time". Mike Clark of USA Today also gave the film a negative review, stating, "Normally, such a premise comes off as either intriguing or silly, but the morbid subplots (there's prison sex, too) prevent Effect from becoming the unintentional howler it might otherwise be." Additionally, Ty Burr of The Boston Globe went as far as saying, "whatever train-wreck pleasures you might locate here are spoiled by the vile acts the characters commit."

Matt Soergel of The Florida Times-Union rated it 3 stars out of 4, writing, "The Butterfly Effect is preposterous, feverish, creepy and stars Ashton Kutcher in a dramatic role. It's a blast... a solidly entertaining B-movie. It's even quite funny at times..." The Miami Herald said, "The Butterfly Effect is better than you might expect despite its awkward, slow beginning, drawing you in gradually and paying off in surprisingly effective and bittersweet ways," and added that Kutcher is "appealing and believable... The Butterfly Effect sticks to its rules fairly well... overall the film is consistent in its flights of fancy." The Worcester Telegram & Gazette praised it as "a disturbing film" and "the first really interesting film of 2004," adding that Kutcher "carries it off":

In a retrospective, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that critics, including himself, were too harsh on the film at the time of its release.  Describing the film as having been patronized, Bradshaw cited critical disdain for Kutcher as making the film uncool to like.

Box office
The film was a commercial success, earning $17,065,227 and claiming the #1 spot in its opening weekend. Against a $13 million budget, The Butterfly Effect grossed around $57,938,693 at the U.S. box office and $96,060,858 worldwide.

Accolades
2004 Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films Saturn Award
 Best Science Fiction Film - nominated

2004 Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film
 Pegasus Audience Award — Eric Bress, J. Mackye Gruber - won

2004 Teen Choice Awards
 Choice Movie: Thriller - nominated

Home media

Release
The film was released on both VHS, as well as DVD as the Infinifilm edition on July 6, 2004. This edition was released with the theatrical cut (113 minutes) on one side and the director's cut (120 minutes) on the other. The DVD also includes two documentaries ("The Science and Psychology of the Chaos Theory" and "The History and Allure of Time Travel"), a trivia subtitle track, filmmaker commentary by directors Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, deleted and alternative scenes, and a short feature called "The Creative Process" among other things.

Alternative endings
The Butterfly Effect has four different endings that were shot for the film:
The theatrical release ending shows Evan passing Kayleigh on the sidewalk, he sees her, and recognizes her, but keeps walking. She also has a brief moment of recognition but also keeps walking.
The "happy ending" alternative ending shows Evan and Kayleigh stopping on the sidewalk when they cross paths. They introduce themselves and Evan asks her out for coffee.
The "open-ended" alternative ending is similar to the one where Evan and Kayleigh pass each other on the sidewalk and keep walking, except this time Evan, after hesitating, turns and follows Kayleigh. This ending was utilized in the film's novelization, written by James Swallow and published by Black Flame.
The Director's cut ending shows Evan watching the recording of his mother giving birth to him. He proceeds to go back in time to the day when he has born and then strangles himself inside his mother's uterus.

Sequels
The Butterfly Effect 2 was released on DVD on October 10, 2006. It was directed by John R. Leonetti and was largely unrelated to the original film. It features a brief reference to the first film in the form of a newspaper headline referring to Evan's father, as well as using the same basic time travel mechanics. It received a negative reception from Reel Film Reviews, which called it "An abominable, pointless sequel."

The third installment in the series, The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations, was released by After Dark Films in 2009. This sequel follows the life of a young man who journeys back in time in order to solve the mystery surrounding his high school girlfriend's death. This film has no direct relation to the first two and uses different time travel mechanics. Reel Film Reviews characterized the third installment as "A very mild improvement over the nigh unwatchable Butterfly Effect 2."

See also
Fetching Cody
Time Freak
Frequency
Erased
Life Is Strange
 List of films featuring time loops
 List of ghost films

References

External links

2004 films
2004 directorial debut films
2004 psychological thriller films
2004 science fiction films
2000s English-language films
2000s science fiction thriller films
Alternate timeline films
American psychological thriller films
American science fiction thriller films
Films about child sexual abuse
Films about fraternities and sororities
Films about mathematics
Films scored by Michael Suby
Films set in 1989
Films set in 1995
Films set in 2002
Films set in 2010
Films set in a movie theatre
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in prison
Films shot in Vancouver
New Line Cinema films
Time loop films
2000s American films

The Butterfly Effect


Barun Karl Franz Josef Czapp von Birkenstetten (Bjelovar, 9. siječnja 1864. - Beč, 18. listopada 1952.) bio je austrougarski vojskovođa, ministar obrane Cislajtanije 1917.-1918.

Rođen je u Bjelovaru, 9. siječnja 1864., koji je tada bio dio Austro-Ugarske.

Od 31. listopada 1912. bio je general bojnik, a general pukovnik od 1. rujna 1915. Početkom Prvog svjetskog rata imenovan je zapovjednikom 106. pješačke divizije, upućene na ruski front. Mjesec dana kasnije zamijenio ga je general bojnik Arthur von Richard-Rostokshil. U veljači 1915. preuzeo je zapovjedništvo 46. pješačke divizije, zapovijedajući ovom postrojbom sedam mjeseci. U lipnju 1917. imenovan je ministrom obrane Cislajtanije (austrijskog dijela Austro-Ugarske), radio je u vladama Ernsta Seidlera von Feuchtenegga i Maxa Husareka von Heinleina. Dana, 25. listopada 1918. zamijenio ga je Friedrich Lene von Lensheim.

Od 1920. bio je u mirovini. Od 1944. bio je počasni general topništva Njemačke.

Izvori

Austrougarski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Životopisi, Bjelovar

Karl von Czapp


Rátót (em : Neustift) é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 226 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Rátót


El chipe coronicafé o reinita de Swainson (Limnothlypis swainsonii) es una especie de ave del orden de los paseriformes  y de la familia de los parúlidos.  Es un taxón monotípico (única especie de su género) del Nuevo Mundo que anida en el sur de los Estados Unidos e invierna en la península de Yucatán y las Antillas septentrionales. No se reconocen subesepecies.

Descripción
Es un ave de entre 14 y 15 cm de longitud en la edad adulta y 15 gramos de peso. A diferencia de la mayoría de los parúlidos, no hay dimorfismo sexual ni diferencias de plumaje en los individuos inmaduros. El plumaje de las partes dorsales es pardo oliváceo oscuro. Las partes ventrales son blancuzcas, con algunos matices amarillentos sobre todo en garganta y parte superior del pecho. La lista supraciliar es amarillenta, contrastando con la corona parda.

Distribución y hábitat
Anida en el sureste de los Estados Unidos, a excepción de la península de la Florida. Vive en zonas húmedas de vegetación perennifolia cercanas a cuerpos de agua, y también en áreas arbustivas de los Apalaches.

Durante la migración habita selvas tropicales, generalmente zonas cercanas a arroyos o pantanos y ricas en arbustos. Se distribuye en la península de Yucatán —tanto en la costa caribeña como en la del Golfo de México—, en Belice, Guatemala y norte de Honduras. También en las Antillas: Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, las Islas Caimán y pequeñas islas adyacentes.

Busca alimento entre la hojarasca del bosque. Es una ave solitaria y tímida, bastante rara para ser observada.

Comportamiento

Reproducción
Esta especie inicia su reproducción a los diez meses de edad. Forman parejas, se delimitan y defienden un territorio para anidar. Los nidos son bastante grandes y voluminosos, construido a partir de musgo, hierba y hojas pequeñas situadas por encima del suelo, en una maraña de altos juncos o en las vides. La hembra pone entre tres a cinco huevos. Los huevos son de color blanco y, a veces, pero rara vez, salpicado de marrón. La incubación es realizada por la única hembra y tiene una duración de unos catorce días, después de que los huevos eclosionan. Los jóvenes abandonan el nido a los doce días después de haber nacido. No se sabe cuántas parejas permanecen juntas, aunque una vez el vínculo de pareja se ha establecido, no suelen aparearse con otras aves, al menos en la actual temporada de anidación. Estas aves pueden vivor hasta ocho años.

Taxonomía
No se conocen subespecies pero Parece haber cierta divergencia entre las poblaciones de Arkansas y otros de las planicies costeras. Esto se ajusta a un patrón que se supone sea genético, pero parece que no hay barreras geográficas o ecológicas que limiten el flujo de genes. Incluso durante la última edad de hielo, cuando las temperaturas medias, precipitaciones y del nivel del mar fueron menores, no parece haber sido un amplio hábitat contiguo. Evidentemente, un factor que restringe el flujo de genes es el trabajo, pero en la actualidad no se sabe que lo causa. Es posible que las subpoblaciones se adapten a las diferentes zonas de hibernación.

En algunas aves migratorias es conocido que la dirección inicial de la migración es establecida simplemente por mecanismos hereditarios. Las crías de aves que comprenden pares de diferentes sub-poblaciones de esta especies, intentan migrar hacia una dirección intermedia. Tal curso podría llevar a un Aguilucho Langostero muy adentro en el Caribe donde no hay invierno, o incluso puntos de descanso, y el pájaro moriría casi con toda seguridad. Más investigaciones de análisis de las aves playeras son necesarias para determinar si este mecanismo se aplica en el aguilucho langostero.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Photo linked at www.natureserve.org for Swainson's Warbler
 Swainson's Warbler photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res--(Close-up)
 Swainson's Warbler Bird Sound

Parulidae
Aves de México
Aves de Jamaica
Aves del Neártico
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Taxones descritos por John James Audubon

Limnothlypis swainsonii


A Universidade de Gladzor () foi uma universidade armênia medieval. Foi um dos dois "grandes centros de aprendizagem", ao lado da Universidade de Tatev () que eram "essencialmente de uma única tradição". Também foi um grande centro cultural e por 70 anos produziu intelectuais armênios. Foi estabelecido por volta de 1280 por Nerses de Mush e operou até 1340, deixando "uma rica herança intelectual".

Nela, os estudantes estudavam Teologia, Mitologia, Filosofia, Bibliografia, Gramática, Retórica, Lógica, Aritmética, Astronomia, Cronologia e Geometria.

Em 1984, no 700º aniversário da fundação da universidade, foi estabelecido o Museu para a Preservação Histórico-Cultural da Universidade de Gladzor.

Alguns de seus ex-alunos foram Hovhannes Vorotnetsi, filósofo, professor, religioso e fundador da Universidade de Tatev, David Sasnetsi, teólogo, entre outros.

Bibliografia

Gladzor

Universidade de Gladzor


Ball im Savoy (en français Bal au Savoy) est une opérette de Paul Abraham sur un livret d'Alfred Grünwald et Fritz Löhner-Beda.

Argument
Prologue
Palais face au Grand Canal de Venise

Il y a quelques heures, le riche noble Aristide de Faublas a épousé la charmante Madeleine. Immédiatement après le mariage, les deux sont partis en lune de miel à Venise.

Premier acte
Hall d'une villa à Nice

Maintenant, le couple emménage dans la villa d'Aristide à Nice. Afin de célébrer dignement cet événement, elle a invité de nombreux amis, dont l'attaché de l'ambassade de Turquie Mustapha Bey. Alors que l'ambiance atteint son paroxysme, le valet d'Aristide, Archibald, remet un télégramme à son maître. Il vient de son ancienne amante Tangolita, une danseuse tombée en discrédit à cause de son train de vie. Quand Aristide l'a larguée parce qu'il était tombé amoureux de Madeleine, il a voulu adoucir la rupture avec un chèque généreux. La danseuse guillerette, cependant, a refusé le chèque et lui a plutôt fait promettre de l'emmener à un dîner de gala chaque fois que cela lui viendrait à l'esprit. Et aujourd'hui, elle a envie.

Aristide révèle à son ami Mustapha Bey le secret du télégramme. Tous deux réfléchissent à la meilleure façon de gérer la situation, et bientôt le Turc a une idée...

Le valet Archibald arrive avec un deuxième télégramme. Soi-disant, il fut écrit par un compositeur nommé "Pasodoble". Il demande au maître des lieux de lui rendre visite ce soir-là à l'hôtel Savoy de Nice, où il dirigera sa dernière œuvre dans la salle de bal. Ce qu'Aristide et Mustapha Bey ne soupçonnent pas, c'est que la compositrice de jazz Daisy Darlington est à l'origine du pseudonyme "Pasodoble" et qu'elle est une amie de Madeleine. Bien qu'elle ait renoncé au faux télégramme à la demande du Turc, qui est récemment tombé amoureux d'elle, elle a également envoyé à Madeleine un message concernant cet étrange jeu. Madeleine est stupéfaite quand elle découvre ce que son mari mijote. Elle doit voir cela de ses propres yeux. Direction le Savoy !

Deuxième acte
Antichambre de la salle de bal du Savoy à Nice

Au bal du Savoy, Madeleine a tapé dans l'œil du jeune stagiaire Célestin. Comme il est très timide, Madeleine prend l'initiative. Elle l'attire dans une cabine, sans se rendre compte que son mari prend un repas avec Tangolita dans la cabine voisine. Quand Aristide veut passer un coup de fil à sa femme, qu'il croit chez elle, le chef Pomerol le détourne vers la pièce voisine. Au début, il semble que Madeleine soit prête à jouer le jeu, mais bientôt son cœur explose. Elle accuse publiquement son mari d'infidélité. Aristide se sent humilié et quitte le bal avec colère.

Troisième acte
Hall d'une villa à Nice

Alors que le comportement de Madeleine est approuvé par la plupart, Aristide est déterminé à divorcer. Par téléphone, il demande à un cabinet d'avocats de lui envoyer un avocat spécialisé dans le divorce. Peu de temps après, l'avocat prend la parole. À la surprise d'Aristide, c'est le même jeune homme qui parlait avec sa femme au bal du Savoy. Il assure à son client qu'absolument rien ne s'est passé entre lui et Madeleine qui croit à une infidélité conjugale. Daisy Darlington, quant à elle, parvient à convaincre son amie Madeleine qu'Aristide n'a pas eu non plus de liaison. Peu à peu, le couple en querelle se réconcilie.

Mustapha Bey ne renonce pas à conquérir Daisy Darlington, qu'il convoite tant. Il s'est déjà marié six fois. Pour souligner sa séduction, il fait défiler toutes ses ex-femmes : Mizzi de Vienne, Blanca de Prague, Lucia de Rome, Mercedes de Madrid, Trude de Berlin et Ilonka de Budapest. Toutes donnent à Mustapha une excellente image. Finalement, Daisy est également encline à devenir la septième épouse du Turc.

Orchestration

Première
Lors de la première, les comédiens étaient Gitta Alpár, Rosy Barsony et Oskar Dénes.

Enregistrements
Les premiers enregistrements furent réalisés quelques semaines avant la première. Plusieurs numéros de l'opérette furent enregistrés sous la direction du compositeur avec certains des solistes vocaux de la première distribution. Un orchestre de studio Lindstrom avec le personnel d'Otto Dobrindt dirigé par Paul Abraham sert d'orchestre d'accompagnement (identifié comme l'orchestre des disques Odéon).

Adaptations
 1935 : , film austro-hongrois réalisé par Stefan Szekely, avec Gitta Alpár et Rosy Barsony
 1955 : Bal au Savoy, film allemand réalisé par Paul Martin
 1971 : Ball im Savoy, téléfilm allemand réalisé par Eugen York pour la ZDF

Notes et références

Source de la traduction

Liens externes

Œuvre de Paul Abraham
Opérette
Opéra des années 1930
Opéra en allemand

Ball im Savoy (opérette)


Deborah Levi (née le  à Dillenburg) est une bobeuse allemande. En tant que freineuse, elle est championne olympique en 2022.

Biographie

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
  : médaillée d'or en  en bob à deux aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin .

Championnats monde
  : médaillé de bronze en bob à 2 aux championnats monde de 2021.

Coupe du monde
 11 podiums  :
 en bob à 2 : 6 victoires, 2 deuxièmes places et 3 troisièmes places.

Détails des victoires

Références

Liens externes

Bobeuse allemande
Championne olympique allemande
Naissance en août 1997
Championne olympique de bobsleigh
Naissance à Dillenburg
Bobeuse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillée aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022

Deborah Levi


"Cele Șapte Minuni Naturale ale României" a fost un concurs organizat de Evenimentul Zilei în care experți și utilizatori de internet au putut vota o listă cu cele șapte minuni naturale din România. 60.000 de utilizatori de internet au participat începând cu 1 iulie 2008, iar votul s-a încheiat la 24 iulie 2008.

Finaliști
Cu aldin sunt marcate locurile câștigătoare.
 Cheile Oltețului
 Peștera Polovragi
 Cheile Turzii
 Codrii Seculari de la Slătioara
 Creasta munților Piatra Craiului
 Delta Dunării
 Dunărea la Cazane
 Lacurile glaciare din Munții Retezat
 Masivul Ceahlău
 Munții Rodnei
 Parcul Național Cheile Bicazului - Hășmaș
 Parcul Național Cheile Nerei - Beușnița
 Peștera Scărișoara
 Sfinxul din Bucegi
 Vârful Babele
Vulcanii Noroioși

Referințe și note

Vezi și
 Șapte noi minuni ale naturii

Cultura României
Atracții turistice din România
2008 în România

Cele Șapte Minuni Naturale ale României


Campionatul Sudamerican din 1917 a fost cea de a doua ediție a turneului continental acum cunoscut sub numele de Copa América. A avut loc la Montevideo , Uruguay , între 30 septembrie și 14 octombrie 1917. Gazdele Uruguayului au păstrat titlul după ce au câștigat cu 1-0 în fața Argentinei în ultimul meci al competiției. Ángel Romano de la Uruguay a terminat ca golgheter al turneului cu 4 goluri.

Runda finală
Fiecare echipă a jucat un singur meci împotriva fiecărei echipe. Două (2) puncte au fost acordate pentru o victorie, un (1) punct pentru egalitate și zero (0) puncte pentru o înfrângere.

Campioni

Note

Legături externe

 Copa América, CONMEBOL.com
 The Copa América Archive – Trivia
 RSSSF archive – includes extensive match reports.

Copa América
CONMEBOL

Campionatul Sudamerican 1917


Happy Bob paa Rottejagt er en dansk stumfilm fra 1907, der er instrueret af Viggo Larsen efter manuskript af Arnold Richard Nielsen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1907
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Happy Bob paa Rottejagt


Die Froschfotzenlederfabrik ist der Titel einer Textarbeit des deutschen Schriftstellers Oliver Kluck, die als Theaterstück am Wiener Burgtheater im Dezember 2011 uraufgeführt wurde. Vom SWR wurde Die Froschfotzenlederfabrik unter der Regie von Leonhard Koppelmann als Hörspiel eingerichtet.
Froschfotzenleder ist der Begriff für jenes Lederimitat, das einst in der DDR sehr beliebt war. Im Stück stellt die Fabrik Bomberjacken her, die die arbeitslose Verwandtschaft auf dem Land im Osten trägt. Froschfotzenleder nannten die Menschen in der DDR auch das Kunstleder, mit dem die Sitze ihrer Autos bespannt waren. "Die Froschfotze dient uns als Leihwort für einen minderwertigen Ersatz in ungeahnter Verwendung. Ursprünglich gedacht als Darstellung gewisser Eigenschaften, fungiert sie nun als Steigbügelhalter für unsere Geschichte, als verunglückte Allegorie auf ein glückloses Leben." (Oliver Kluck)

Handlung
Das Stück handelt von einer Fabrik, die profitabel Spezialkleidung für Neonazis produziert und deren Besitzer sich nicht im Geringsten dafür schämt. Seine Tochter macht als Pornodarstellerin Karriere, während ihre Schwester darauf wartet, endlich das Erbe antreten zu können. Die Mutter vegetiert in einem miesen Krankenhaus, wo sich ein desillusionierter Arzt in ihre Pornotochter verliebt.

Die Froschfotzenlederfabrik spielt vor dem Hintergrund einer verblassenden DDR-Vergangenheit im ostdeutschen Flachland. Ein junger Arzt aus der Stadt besucht seine ostdeutsche Verwandtschaft. Sie sind für ihn "Bewohner der Ebene"; sie verhöhnen ihn als "Studiosus" mit protzigem Auto. Er ist zur Hochzeit seines Neonazi-Cousins eingeladen. Die Tochter bringt ihre begüterte Mutter in einem kommunalen Krankenhaus unter, obwohl diese in ein Privatkrankenhaus möchte. Der Krankenhausarzt (»Bereitschaftsdienst ein Leben lang«) nimmt die Mutter auf, obwohl keine Betten mehr frei sind. Arzt und Tochter kommen sich näher. Die Tochter erzählt von ihrer Kindheit: Bevor der Vater seine Familie verließ, betrieb er eine Textilfabrik, die Kleidung für Neofaschisten herstellte. Die Tochter wurde deswegen in der Schule gehänselt, war eine Außenseiterin. Als Jugendliche von ihrem Großvater, ebenfalls ein Großindustrieller, sexuell bedrängt, löste sie sich von ihrem Elternhaus und verdiente ihr Geld als Pornodarstellerin. Die Arbeit wurde zum wichtigsten Teil ihres Lebens. Gemeinsam mit dem jungen Arzt geht die Tochter in das nun unbewohnte Haus der Mutter, verbrennt Erinnerungsstücke und wirft Möbel aus den Fenstern. Ihre Schwester kommt und da sich die beiden haben noch nie leiden können, geraten sie sich auch bei diesem Aufeinandertreffen in die Haare. Die Tochter bringe Fremde im Haus der Mutter unter, »Ziegen in der Garage, offenes Feuer im Garten und Kinder mit Bart / auch kleine Kopftuchmädchen«, berichtet die Schwester der Mutter im Krankenhaus.
Die Beschreibung des Verfalls einer Familie weitet sich schnell zu einem breiten gesellschaftlichen Panorama, vor dessen Hintergrund bürgerliche Selbstgefälligkeit und die Scheinheiligkeit von Debatten um Political Correctness oder bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen entlarvt werden.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Die Froschfotzenlederfabrik am Wiener Burgtheater gesehen am 14. April 2012
 Die Froschfotzenlederfabrik bei Rowohlt Theater Verlag gesehen am 14. April 2012

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)

Die Froschfotzenlederfabrik


Roman Hermann (født 27. marts 1953 i Schaan) er en forhenværende cykelrytter fra Liechtenstein. Hans foretrukne disciplin var banecykling, hvor han har vundet medaljer ved nationale, europæiske, og verdensmesterskaber.

Hermann vandt flere seksdagesløb, hvor sejren ved Københavns seksdagesløb i 1988 med makkeren Hans-Henrik Ørsted var én af dem. Sidste sejr kom året efter.

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Liechtenstein
Vindere af Københavns seksdagesløb

Roman Hermann


Aladağlar, Kayseri-Niğde-Adana illeri arasında bulunan dağ sırası, bitki örtüsü ve hayvan çeşitliliği bakımından zengindir. Bu nedenle dağın 54.524 hektarlık bölümü ilk önce Hacer Ormanı Tabiat Parkı adı altında koruma altına alınmıştır, ardından 1995 yılında biraz daha geniş bir yüz ölçümüyle millî park ilan edilmiştir.

Tanıtım
Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde, Niğde, Kayseri, Adana illeri sınırları içinde Aladağlar üzerinde yer almaktadır. 1995 yılında ilan edilmiştir. Yüzölçümü 55.065 hektardır. Toros sıradağlarının en yüksek zirvelerine sahip olan Aladağlar jeolojik olarak da Türkiye'nin en ilginç yerlerinden biridir. Buzul Gölleri ve Kapuzbaşı Şelaleleri görülmeye değer yerlerdir. Millî parkın düşük rakımlı kesimlerinde kızılçam bulunurken, yüksek kesimlerde sedir, karaçam ve göknar toplulukları bulunmaktadır. Ağaç sınırının üzerinde ise kayalar arasında yetişen alpin çayırlar mevcuttur. Alanın florasında endemik bitki türleri oldukça fazladır. Millî parkta yaban keçisi, yaban domuzu, kurt, çakal, sansar, gelengi gibi memeliler bulunur. Ayrıca kaya kartalı ve küçük kartal gibi kartal türleri ile sakallı akbaba, kızıl akbaba ve küçük akbaba bulunur. Kuş gözlemcilerinin özellikle görmek için geldiği urkeklik de bölgede üreyen önemli kuşlar arasındadır.

Aladağlar'ın güney kısımda Akdeniz İklimi, kuzey kısımlarında Karasal iklim hâkimdir. Güney bölümde kızılçam, sedir, karaçam, Toros göknarı yaygındır. Kuzey yamaçlarda, İran-Turan bitki topluluğuna ait bozkır türleri yaygındır. Kuzey bölümlerde insan baskısıyla Antropojen bozkır alanları artmaktadır.

İlk baharda eriyen karlardan dolayı Aladağlar'da birçok göl oluşur, ama kurak yaz mevsiminde bu göllerden çoğu buharlaşıp yok olur. Yalnızca yer altı suları ile de beslenen birkaç göl kalır. Aladağlar içinde birçok gölün bulunduğu genişçe bir kazanı andırır.

Kalker kayalardan oluşan Aladağlar'da Emli, Barazama vadileri ve güney yamaçları dışında ormanlık alan görülmez. Dağda alpin bitki toplulukları gelişmiştir.

Aladağlar, hem Türkiye'den hem de diğer ülkelerden dağcıların Türkiye'de en çok rağbet ettikleri yerlerden biridir. Alanda dağcılık, yürüyüş, kuş gözlemciliği, kampçılık gibi aktiviteler yapılmaktadır. Yüksek kaya duvarları, derin vadiler ve buzul gölleri önemli çekim noktalarındandır.

Dağcılık faaliyetleri

En yüksek doruğu 3771 metre yüksekliğindeki Kızılkaya'dır. Aladağlar'da, tırmanışlar için 3700 metre üzerinde dört doruğun yanı sıra 3500 metrenin üzerinde 50'den fazla doruk vardır. Bu doruklar Niğde il sınırları içinde devam eden Toros dağ kıvrımlarının (Orta Toroslar) en yüksek doruklarıdır.

Bölgede 100 yıldan fazla süredir profesyonel dağcılık yapılmaktadır. Kaydedilen ilk tırmanış jeolog Franz Schaffer'in 1901 yılında gerçekleştirdiği Alacabaşı çıkışıdır. Bilimsel amaçlı gerçekleştirilen bu seyahati takiben Avrupalı tırmanıcılar Georg Künne, Wilhelm Martin ve Marianne Martin tarafından 1927 yazında bölgeye bir ekspedisyon gerçekleştirilmiştir ve Demirkazık, Kızılkaya, Eznevit, Kaldı ve Alaca zirvelerinin ilk çıkışları yapılmıştır.

Her mevsimde tırmanış gerçekleştirmek mümkündür. Ancak dağcıların bu kararı kendi bilgi, deneyim ve fiziksel yeterliliklerine göre karar vermesi gerekir. Kışın yoğun kar, tipi ve rüzgar görülür, sıcaklıklar uzun süre donma noktasının altında seyreder. Sıcaklıkların yükselmesiyle birlikte ilkbahar mevsimi en fazla çığın görüldüğü zamanlardır. Şubat-mayıs arasında tırmanış yapacak kişilerin çığ koşullarına özellikle dikkat etmesi gerekir. Havaların ısındığı, kar miktarının azaldığı ve günlerin daha uzun olduğu haziran ve temmuz aylarında tırmanış faaliyetleri artar. Bu dönemde su kaynakları da boldur. Ağustos ve eylül ayları hava koşullarının en stabil olduğu, yağışın çok az görüldüğü aylardır. Bu aylar da tırmanışa uygun olsa da, yaz sonuna doğru su kaynaklarının kurumasından dolayı tırmanışçılar yanlarında ihtiyaçları olan suyu taşımak zorundadırlar.

Tırmanış yapacak kişilerin olası acil durumlarda iletişimi sağlamak adına tırmanışlarını jandarmaya bilgilendirmesi gerekmektedir. Bunun haricinde, Uludağ'da yaşanan bir kaza sonrası Türkiye genelinde dağcılık amacıyla gerçekleştirilen her türlü tırmanış için önceden yazılı izin alınması gerektiğine dair bir genelge yayınlanmıştır. Ancak bu genelge beraberinde tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiş, pek çok dağcı tırmanış izninin dağcılığın ruhuna aykırı olduğunu belirtmiştir. 2022 Aralık itibarıyla bu uygulamada tutarsızlıklar vardır.

Bölgede farklı derece ve zorluklarda pek çok tırmanış rotası bulunmaktadır. Ziyaretçiler eğer deneyim sahibi değillerse olası kazaları önlemek adına tırmanışlarını sadece rehber eşliğinde gerçekleştirmeleri gerekir. Millî park sınırlarının hemen dışında, kuzeyde Çukurbağ ve Demirkazık köylerinde, güneyde ise Ulupınar ve Kapuzbaşı köylerinde aktif pek çok turizm firması, rehber ile pansiyon ve bungalov tipi konaklama tesisi vardır.

Kazalar

Tutulan kayıtlara göre Aladağlar, Türkiye'de en çok dağ kazasının yaşandığı bölgedir. Bunun en büyük sebebi, diğer dağlara kıyasla bölgeye daha fazla sayıda eğitim, tırmanış ve yürüyüş amaçlı faaliyet düzenlenmesi denebilir. Türkiye'deki ölümlü dağ kazaları en çok düşme ve çığ sebebiyle gerçekleşmiştir. Bölgede kaydedilen ilk ölümlü kaza 1956 yılında olmuştur ve Engin Kongar hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Tırmanış
Demirkazık Tırmanışı: Aladağların en önemli zirvelerinden olan Demirkazık (3757 m) tırmanışı için Çukurbağ köyünden yaya olarak 1,5 saat uzaklıktaki Sokullupınar kamp yeri olarak seçilir. Kamp yerinden doruğa tırmanış ve dönüş normal olarak 10-12 saat sürer. Aladağlar'da birden fazla tırmanış yapacaklar Yedigöller bölgesini ya da Çelikbuyduran mevkiini kamp yeri olarak seçebilirler. Çukurbağ köyü Yedigöller arası yaya olarak 10-12 saattir. Yedigöllerden Emler Zirvesi, (3723 m) Kızılkaya, (3771m) Direktaş (3510 m) zirvelerinde çeşitli rotalardan tırmanmak mümkündür. Demirkazık köyünde İl Özel İdaresi tarafından yaptırılmış olan 100 yataklı yeni ve modern bir dağ evi bulunmaktadır. Burada yemek ve duş imkânı olduğu gibi, bir kütüphane ve dinlenme salonu da mevcuttur. Dağ evinden hareket edilerek birçok spor ve geleneksel tırmanış rotalarının bulunduğu Cımbar Boğazı'na ulaşmak ve Demirkazık (3756) ile Küçük Demirkazık (3425m) zirvelerine tırmanmak mümkündür.

Ayrıca, Çukurbağ köyünden hareketle 1,5-2 saatlik bir yürüyüş sonunda Emli vadisi girişine varılır. Buradan da Kaldı (3734 m), Güzeller (3461 m) ve Alaca (3588 m) zirvelerine tırmanmak mümkündür.

Ulaşım
Millî Park'a Adana, Kayseri ve Niğde illerini çevreleyen karayolu, havayolu ve demiryolu ile ulaşılabilir. Milli Park İstanbul'a 795 km, Ankara'ya 365 km, Adana'ya ise 160 km mesafededir. Demirkazık köyüne ulaşım, Niğde ve Adana'dan Çamardı otobüsleri ile sağlanmaktadır. Kayseri-Yahyalı arası 66 km, Niğde-Çamardı arası 65 km, Adana-Çamardı arası ise 160 km'dir. En yakın havalimanı Şakirpaşa Havalimanı'dır. Demiryolu ile ulaşmak isteyenler Niğde istasyonunda indikten sonra karayoluyla devam etmelidir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki dağlar listesi
 Türkiye'deki yanardağlar

Kaynakça

Bağlantılar

 - Aladağlar

Türkiye'deki Önemli Kuş Alanları

Aladağlar


Der Mount Lloyd Jones ist ein Berg im Süden des australischen Bundesstaates Tasmanien. Er liegt am Südostende der Frankland Range über dem Lake Pedder.

Der Berg liegt westlich des Gebirgszuges, der am Terminal Peak zum Lake Pedder führt, und südwestlich schließt der Secheron Peak an.

Der Mount Lloyd Jones wurde nach dem australischen Flugpionier und Abenteurer Lloyd Lindsay Jones (1916–2004) benannt.

Weblinks
Wayne Smith: Lloyd Jones. The Companion to Tasmanian History. Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies (2008)

Quellen
Tasmap-Karte 1 : 25 000: Solitary, Blatt 4224, 1. Auflage 2001

Berg unter 1000 Meter
Berg in Australien und Ozeanien
Berg in Tasmanien
Tasmanische Wildnis

Mount Lloyd Jones


Information overload (also known as infobesity, infoxication, information anxiety, and information explosion) is the difficulty in understanding an issue and effectively making decisions when one has too much information (TMI) about that issue, and is generally associated with the excessive quantity of daily information. The term "information overload" was first used as early as 1962 by scholars in management and information studies, including in Bertram Gross' 1964 book, The Managing of Organizations, and was further popularized by Alvin Toffler in his bestselling 1970 book Future Shock. Speier et al. (1999) said that if input exceeds the processing capacity, information overload occurs, which is likely to reduce the quality of the decisions.

In a newer definition, Roetzel (2019) focuses on time and resources aspects. He states that when a decision-maker is given many sets of information, such as complexity, amount, and contradiction, the quality of its decision is decreased because of the individual's limitation of scarce resources to process all the information and optimally make the best decision.

The advent of modern information technology has been a primary driver of information overload on multiple fronts: in quantity produced, ease of dissemination, and breadth of the audience reached. Longstanding technological factors have been further intensified by the rise of social media including the attention economy, which facilitates attention theft. In the age of connective digital technologies, informatics, the Internet culture (or the digital culture), information overload is associated with over-exposure, excessive viewing of information, and input abundance of information and data.

Origin of the term
Even though information overload is linked to digital cultures and technologies, Ann Blair notes that the term itself predates modern technologies, as indications of information overload were apparent when humans began collecting manuscripts, collecting, recording, and preserving information. One of the first social scientists to notice the negative effects of information overload was the sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918), who hypothesized that the overload of sensations in the modern urban world caused city dwellers to become jaded and interfered with their ability to react to new situations. The social psychologist Stanley Milgram (1933–1984) later used the concept of information overload to explain bystander behavior.

Psychologists have recognized for many years that humans have a limited capacity to store current information in memory. Psychologist George Armitage Miller was very influential in this regard, proposing that people can process about seven chunks of information at a time. Miller says that under overload conditions, people become confused and are likely to make poorer decisions based on the information they have received as opposed to making informed ones.

A quite early example of the term "information overload" can be found in an article by Jacob Jacoby, Donald Speller and Carol Kohn Berning, who conducted an experiment on 192 housewives which was said to confirm the hypothesis that more information about brands would lead to poorer decision making.

Long before that, the concept was introduced by Diderot, although it was not by the term "information overload":

In the internet age, the term "information overload" has evolved into phrases such as "information glut", "data smog", and "data glut" (Data Smog, Shenk, 1997).  In his abstract, Kazi Mostak Gausul Hoq commented that people often experience an "information glut" whenever they struggle with locating information from print, online, or digital sources. What was once a term grounded in cognitive psychology has evolved into a rich metaphor used outside the world of academia.

History

Early history
Information overload has been documented throughout periods where advances in technology have increased a production of information. As early as the 3rd or 4th century BC, people regarded information overload with disapproval. Around this time, in Ecclesiastes 12:12, the passage revealed the writer's comment "of making books there is no end" and in the 1st century AD, Seneca the Elder commented, that "the abundance of books is distraction". In 1255, the Dominican Vincent of Beauvais, also commented on the flood of information: "the multitude of books, the shortness of time and the slipperiness of memory." Similar complaints around the growth of books were also mentioned in China. There were also information enthusiasts. The Library of Alexandria was established around the 3rd century BCE or 1st century Rome, which introduced acts of preserving historical artifacts. Museums and libraries established universal grounds of preserving the past for the future, but much like books, libraries were only granted with limited access.

Renaissance
Renaissance humanists always had a desire to preserve their writings and observations, but were only able to record ancient texts by hand because books were expensive and only the privileged and educated could afford them. Humans experience an overload in information by excessively copying ancient manuscripts and replicating artifacts, creating libraries and museums that have remained in the present. Around 1453 AD, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and this marked another period of information proliferation. As a result of lowering production costs, generation of printed materials ranging from pamphlets, manuscripts to books were made available to the average person.

Following Gutenberg's invention, the introduction of mass printing began in Western Europe. Information overload was often experienced by the affluent, but the circulation of books were becoming rapidly printed and available at a lower cost, allowing the educated to purchase books. Information became recordable, by hand, and could be easily memorized for future storage and accessibility. This era marked a time where inventive methods were established to practice information accumulation. Aside from printing books and passage recording, encyclopedias and alphabetical indexes were introduced, enabling people to save and bookmark information for retrieval. These practices marked both present and future acts of information processing.

Swiss scientist Conrad Gessner commented on the increasing number of libraries and printed books, and was most likely the first academic who discussed the consequences of information overload as he observed how "unmanageable" information came to be after the creation of the printing press.

Blair notes that while scholars were elated with the number of books available to them, they also later experienced fatigue with the amount of excessive information that was readily available and overpopulated them. Scholars complained about the abundance of information for a variety of reasons, such as the diminishing quality of text as printers rushed to print manuscripts and the supply of new information being distracting and difficult to manage. Erasmus, one of the many recognized humanists of the 16th century asked, "Is there anywhere on earth exempt from these swarms of new books?".

18th century
Many grew concerned with the rise of books in Europe, especially in England, France, and Germany. From 1750 to 1800, there was a 150% increase in the production of books. In 1795, German bookseller and publisher Johann Georg Heinzmann said "no nation printed as much as the Germans" and expressed concern about Germans reading ideas and no longer creating original thoughts and ideas.

To combat information overload, scholars developed their own information records for easier and simply archival access and retrieval. Modern Europe compilers used paper and glue to cut specific notes and passages from a book and pasted them to a new sheet for storage. Carl Linnaeus developed paper slips, often called his botanical paper slips, from 1767 to 1773, to record his observations. Blair argues that these botanical paper slips gave birth to the "taxonomical system" that has endured to the present, influencing both the mass inventions of the index card and the library card catalog.

Information Age
In his book, The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood, published in 2011, author James Gleick notes that engineers began taking note of the concept of information, quickly associated it in a technical sense: information was both quantifiable and measurable. He discusses how information theory was created to first bridge mathematics, engineering, and computing together, creating an information code between the fields. English speakers from Europe often equated "computer science" to "informatique, informatica, and Informatik". This leads to the idea that all information can be saved and stored on computers, even if information experiences entropy. But at the same time, the term information, and its many definitions have changed.

In the second half of the 20th century, advances in computer and information technology led to the creation of the Internet.

In the modern Information Age, information overload is experienced as distracting and unmanageable information such as email spam, email notifications, instant messages, Tweets and Facebook(Meta) updates in the context of the work environment. Social media has resulted in "social information overload", which can occur on sites like Meta (previously Facebook), and technology is changing to serve our social culture.

In today's society, day-to-day activities increasingly involve the technological world where information technology exacerbates the number of interruptions that occur in the work environment. Management may be even more disrupted in their decision making, and may result in more poor decisions. Thus, the PIECES framework mentions information overload as a potential problem in existing information systems.

As the world moves into a new era of globalization, an increasing number of people connect to the internet to conduct their own research and are given the ability to contribute to publicly accessible data. This has elevated the risk for the spread of misinformation.

In a 2018 literature review, Roetzel indicates that information overload can be seen as a virus—spreading through (social) media and news networks.

General causes

In a piece published by Slate, Vaughan Bell argues that "Worries about information overload are as old as information itself" because each generation and century will inevitably experience a significant impact with technology. In the 21st century, Frank Furedi describes how an overload in information is metaphorically expressed as a flood, which is an indication that humanity is being "drowned" by the waves of data coming at it. This includes how the human brain continues to process information whether digitally or not. Information overload can lead to "information anxiety", which is the gap between the information that is understood and the information that it is perceived must be understood. The phenomenon of information overload is connected to the field of information technology (IT). IT corporate management implements training to "improve the productivity of knowledge workers". Ali F. Farhoomand and Don H. Drury note that employees often experience an overload in information whenever they have difficulty absorbing and assimilating the information they receive to efficiently complete a task because they feel burdened, stressed, and overwhelmed.

At New York's Web 2.0 Expo in 2008, Clay Shirky's speech indicated that information overload in the modern age is a consequence of a deeper problem, which he calls "filter failure", where humans continue to overshare information with each other. This is due to the rapid rise of apps and unlimited wireless access. In the modern information age, information overload is experienced as distracting and unmanageable information such as email spam, email notifications, instant messages, Tweets, and Facebook updates in the context of the work environment. Social media has resulted in "social information overload", which can occur on sites like Facebook, and technology is changing to serve our social culture. As people view increasing amounts of information in the form of news stories, e-mails, blog posts, Facebook statuses, Tweets, Tumblr posts and other new sources of information, they become their own editors, gatekeepers, and aggregators of information. Social media platforms create a distraction as users attention spans are challenged once they enter an online platform. One concern in this field is that massive amounts of information can be distracting and negatively impact productivity and decision-making and cognitive control. Another concern is the "contamination" of useful information with information that might not be entirely accurate (information pollution).

The general causes of information overload include:

 A rapidly increasing rate of new information being produced, also known as journalism of assertion, which is a continuous news culture where there is a premium put on how quickly news can be put out; this leads to a competitive advantage in news reporting, but also affects the quality of the news stories reported.
The ease of duplication and transmission of data across the Internet.
An increase in the available channels of incoming information (e.g. telephone, e-mail, instant messaging, RSS)
Ever-increasing amounts of historical information to view.
Contradictions and inaccuracies in available information, which is connected to misinformation.
A low signal-to-noise ratio.
A lack of a method for comparing and processing different kinds of information.
The pieces of information are unrelated or do not have any overall structure to reveal their relationships.

Email
E-mail remains a major source of information overload, as people struggle to keep up with the rate of incoming messages. As well as filtering out unsolicited commercial messages (spam), users also have to contend with the growing use of email attachments in the form of lengthy reports, presentations, and media files.

A December 2007 New York Times blog post described E-mail as "a $650 billion drag on the economy", and the New York Times reported in April 2008 that "e-mail has become the bane of some people's professional lives" due to information overload, yet "none of [the current wave of high-profile Internet startups focused on email] really eliminates the problem of e-mail overload because none helps us prepare replies".

In January 2011, Eve Tahmincioglu, a writer for NBC News, wrote an article titled "It's Time to Deal With That Overflowing Inbox". Compiling statistics with commentary, she reported that there were 294 billion emails sent each day in 2010, up from 50 billion in 2009. Quoted in the article, workplace productivity expert Marsha Egan stated that people need to differentiate between working on e-mail and sorting through it. This meant that rather than responding to every email right away, users should delete unnecessary emails and sort the others into action or reference folders first. Egan then went on to say "We are more wired than ever before, and as a result need to be more mindful of managing email or it will end up managing us."

The Daily Telegraph quoted Nicholas Carr, former executive editor of the Harvard Business Review and the author of The Shallows: What The Internet Is Doing To Our Brains, as saying that email exploits a basic human instinct to search for new information, causing people to become addicted to "mindlessly pressing levers in the hope of receiving a pellet of social or intellectual nourishment". His concern is shared by Eric Schmidt, chief executive of Google, who stated that "instantaneous devices" and the abundance of information people are exposed to through e-mail and other technology-based sources could be having an impact on the thought process, obstructing deep thinking, understanding, impeding the formation of memories and making learning more difficult. This condition of "cognitive overload" results in diminished information retaining ability and failing to connect remembrances to experiences stored in the long-term memory, leaving thoughts "thin and scattered". This is also manifest in the education process.

Web accuracy
In addition to e-mail, the World Wide Web has provided access to billions of pages of information. In many offices, workers are given unrestricted access to the Web, allowing them to manage their own research. The use of search engines helps users to find information quickly. However, information published online may not always be reliable, due to the lack of authority-approval or a compulsory accuracy check before publication. Internet information lacks credibility as the Web's search engines do not have the abilities to filter and manage information and misinformation. This results in people having to cross-check what they read before using it for decision-making, which takes up more time.

Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, author of Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age, argues that everyone can be a "participant" on the Internet, where they are all senders and receivers of information. On the Internet, trails of information are left behind, allowing other Internet participants to share and exchange information. Information becomes difficult to control on the Internet.

The BBC reports that "every day, the information we send and receive onlinewhether that's checking emails or searching the internetamount to over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data."

Social media
Social media are applications and websites with an online community where users create and share content with each other, and it adds to the problem of information overload because so many people have access to it. It presents many different views and outlooks on subject matters so that one may have difficulty taking it all in and drawing a clear conclusion. Information overload may not be the core reason for people's anxieties about the amount of information they receive in their daily lives. Instead, information overload can be considered situational. Social media users tend to feel less overloaded by information when using their personal profiles, rather than when their work institutions expect individuals to gather a mass of information. Most people see information through social media in their lives as an aid to help manage their day-to-day activities and not an overload. Depending on what social media platform is being used, it may be easier or harder to stay up to date on posts from people. Facebook users who post and read more than others tend to be able to keep up. On the other hand, Twitter users who post and read a lot of tweets still feel like it is too much information (or none of it is interesting enough). Another problem with social media is that many people create a living by creating content for either their own or someone else's platform, which can create for creators to publish an overload of content.

Effects of information overload
In the context of searching for information, researchers have identified two forms of information overload: outcome overload where there are too many sources of information and textual overload  where the individual sources are too long. This form of information overload may cause searchers to be less systematic. Disillusionment when a search is more challenging than expected may result in an individual being less able to search effectively. Information overload when searching can result in a satisficing strategy.

Responding to information overload

Savolainen identifies filtering and withdrawal as common responses to information. Filtering involves quickly working out whether a particular piece of information, such as an email, can be ignored based on certain criteria. Withdrawal refers to limiting the number of sources of information with which one interacts. They distinguish between "pull" and "push" sources of information, a "pull" source being one where one seeks out relevant information, a "push" source one where others decide what information might be interesting. They note that "pull" sources can avoid information overload but by only "pulling" information one risks missing important information.

There have been many solutions proposed for how to mitigate information overload. Research examining how people seek to control an overloaded environment has shown that people purposefully using different coping strategies. In general, overload coping strategy consists of two excluding (ignoring and filtering) and two including (customizing and saving) approaches. Excluding approach focuses on managing the quantity of information, while including approach is geared towards complexity management.

 Excluding approach involve the acts of reducing the amount of incoming information. This strategy aims to reduce cognitive burden by decreasing the quantity of information to process through filtering or ignoring. Ignoring is an implicit method, while filtering is explicit, with the main difference being the presence of exposure. Various strategies of excluding, such as reducing the number or volume of information sources and filtering news based on relevance have been described.  Research shows that people are more likely to adopt excluding strategy when they feel overloaded.
 Including approach, on the other hand, is a proactive approach where individuals select relevant and important news for consumption, so that one does not miss essential information while preventing excessive energy. Customization and prioritizing are several examples of this type of strategy. Customization, a concept originating from marketing, is one way to organize news based on user preferences. This approach enhances the ability to process informationrelated to information processing where how a person records, molds, and stores information is crucial. Another inclusion approach is saving. People save or bookmark online content that they come across to read later when they have more time. This strategy does not limit the amount of information acquired but instead focuses on allocating the necessary resources for information processing.

Johnson advises discipline which helps mitigate interruptions and for the elimination of push or notifications. He explains that notifications pull people's attentions away from their work and into social networks and e-mails. He also advises that people stop using their iPhones as alarm clocks which means that the phone is the first thing that people will see when they wake up leading to people checking their e-mail right away.

Clay Shirky states:
Consider the use of Internet applications and add-ons such as the Inbox Pause add-on for Gmail. This add-on does not reduce the number of e-mails that people get but it pauses the inbox. Burkeman in his article talks about the feeling of being in control is the way to deal with information overload which might involve self-deception. He advises to fight irrationality with irrationality by using add-ons that allow you to pause your inbox or produce other results. Reducing large amounts of information is key.

Dealing with IO from a social network site such as Facebook, a study done by Humboldt University showed some strategies that students take to try and alleviate IO while using Facebook. Some of these strategies included: Prioritizing updates from friends who were physically farther away in other countries, hiding updates from less-prioritized friends, deleting people from their friends list, narrowing the amount of personal information shared, and deactivating the Facebook account.

The problem of organization
Decision makers performing complex tasks have little if any excess cognitive capacity. Narrowing one's attention as a result of the interruption is likely to result in the loss of information cues, some of which may be relevant to completing the task. Under these circumstances, performance is likely to deteriorate. As the number or intensity of the distractions/interruptions increases, the decision maker's cognitive capacity is exceeded, and performance deteriorates more severely. In addition to reducing the number of possible cues attended to, more severe distractions/interruptions may encourage decision-makers to use heuristics, take shortcuts, or opt for a satisficing decision, resulting in lower decision accuracy.

Some cognitive scientists and graphic designers have emphasized the distinction between raw information and information in a form that can be used in thinking. In this view, information overload may be better viewed as organization underload. That is, they suggest that the problem is not so much the volume of information but the fact that it cannot be discerned how to use it well in the raw or biased form it is presented. Authors who have taken this view include graphic artist and architect Richard Saul Wurman and statistician and cognitive scientist Edward Tufte. Wurman uses the term "information anxiety" to describe humanity's attitude toward the volume of information in general and their limitations in processing it. Tufte primarily focuses on quantitative information and explores ways to organize large complex datasets visually to facilitate clear thinking. Tufte's writing is important in such fields as information design and visual literacy, which deal with the visual communication of information. Tufte coined the term "chartjunk" to refer to useless, non-informative, or information-obscuring elements of quantitative information displays, such as the use of graphics to overemphasize the importance of certain pieces of data or information.

Responding to Information Overload in email communication
In a study conducted by Soucek and Moser (2010), they investigated what impact a training intervention on how to cope with information overload would have on employees. They found that the training intervention did have a positive impact on IO, especially on those who struggled with work impairment and media usage, and employees who had a higher amount of incoming emails.

Responses of business and government
Recent research suggests that an "attention economy" of sorts will naturally emerge from information overload, allowing Internet users greater control over their online experience with particular regard to communication mediums such as e-mail and instant messaging. This could involve some sort of cost being attached to e-mail messages. For example, managers charging a small fee for every e-mail receivede.g. $1.00which the sender must pay from their budget. The aim of such charging is to force the sender to consider the necessity of the interruption. However, such a suggestion undermines the entire basis of the popularity of e-mail, namely that e-mails are free of charge to send.

Economics often assumes that people are rational in that they have the knowledge of their preferences and an ability to look for the best possible ways to maximize their preferences. People are seen as selfish and focus on what pleases them. Looking at various parts on their own results in the negligence of the other parts that work alongside it that create the effect of IO. Lincoln suggests possible ways to look at IO in a more holistic approach by recognizing the many possible factors that play a role in IO and how they work together to achieve IO.

In medicine
It would be impossible for an individual to read all the academic papers published in a narrow speciality, even if they spent all their time reading. A response to this is the publishing of systematic reviews such as the Cochrane Reviews. Richard Smith argues that it would be impossible for a general practitioner to read all the literature relevant to every individual patient they consult with and suggests one solution would be an expert system for use of doctors while consulting.

Related terms
 The similar term information pollution was coined by Jakob Nielsen in 2003
 The term interruption overload has begun to appear in newspapers such as the Financial Times.
 "TL;DR" (too long; didn't read), another initialism alluding to information overload, this one normally used derisively.
 Analysis paralysis
 Cognitive dissonance
 Cognitive load
 Continuous partial attention
 Internet addiction
 Learning curve
 Memory
 Multi-tasking

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Information Age
Library science

Information overload


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