Giovanni Gargano Beder (Itaperuna, 1952) é um pintor, arquiteto, escultor, professor de desenho e pintura e urbanista brasileiro. Membro Acadêmico de Grau da Academia Brasileira de Belas Artes, ocupando atualmente cadeira de número 23, tendo como patrono o pintor Artur Timóteo da Costa.

Biografia
Giovanni Gargano é descendente de alemães e italianos que migraram da Europa para trabalharem nas lavouras de café da região de Itaperuna, no Noroeste Fluminense. Passou sua infância em meio a Zona rural do município, o que inicialmente influenciou suas obras. Posteriormente sairia de Itaperuna pra se radicar em Niterói, cidade que era a então a capital estadual do Rio de Janeiro.

Forma-se em arquitetura, na turma de 1974, pela Universidade Federal Fluminense-UFF, na cidade de Niterói. Durante as décadas de 1980 e 1990 participa de diversas mostras individuais e de movimentos da cultura artística na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, ganhando reconhecimento da critica especializada.

Na década de 1980 suas obras focalizaram a Arte marinha e a Paisagem, tendo por locações o Norte Fluminense, Niterói e adjacências. No Rio de Janeiro expôs, em 1992, no espaço cultural do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), os "Pássaros da Amazônia"; individual que reune 74 obras, onde destaca 14 painéis, entre eles "Aves da Amazônia" de 2.10x10.00 metros. Em sua produção contemporânea destaca trabalhos de pintura, escultura, objetos de arte e instalações esculturais desenvolvidos a partir de sua pesquisa em série Tramas, pesquisa sobre as linhas e a natureza. Em 1982 funda o Centro Cultural Gargobre. Realizou diversos Retratos destacando do Governador do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Celso Peçanha no Museu do Ingá (Museu de História e Arte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), em Niterói.

Na produção de esculturas, bronzes e mármores, seu trabalho revela as estruturas geométricas da imagem e se aproxima da abstração; destacando a obra Liberdade Para Voar, monumento implantado em 2005 no Parque da Cidade de Niterói, doado pelo Lions Clube para o município de Niterói. A Natureza-morta e a composição de elementos também é um tema que se evidencia na sua produção.

As obras de Giovani Gargano já foram publicadas no Dicionário Catálogo "Artes Plásticas Brasil", de Júlio Louzada; Dicionário "Pintura" da editora Arte Hoje; no livro "Brasil Art Collection" de Anand Bhagavad; no livro "Arte Rio de Janeiro" de Celso Bastos, em coleções particulares e em diversas Galerias de Arte do Brasil e exterior.

Desenvolve entre 2015 e 2020 o Projeto Poéticas Urbanas - Mundos Habitáveis, onde seu trabalho se volta a olhar para a cidade, para às tramas de sua estrutura de vida. Pesquisa as linhas e desenhos por onde se desenvolve à captura dos objetos de convivência e conivência urbana que testemunham sua expressão estampados por um ciclo das marcas deixadas pelo homem que o faz refletir sobre o legado visual obreiro deixado ao ar livre que se fundem à paisagem e à memória afetiva da comunidade local.

Torna-se membro da Academia Brasileira de Belas Artes, ocupando a "Cadeira Livre" de nº 20 tendo como patrono Angelo Agostini, tais cadeiras são a primeira modalidade de ingresso na Academia.; ainda na mesma Academia, de acordo com seus méritos pessoais e dedicação à causa Acadêmica, posteriormente foi elevado à "Cadeira de Grau" de nº 23 tendo como patrono Artur Timóteo da Costa.

Principais Mostras Individuais

 2007 - A Caminho do Pan - Forte Copacabana,
Panacéia corpo e arte - Universidade Federal Fluminense, RJ
 2005 - Liberdade para voar - Parque da Cidade, RJ
 2004 - Traxas - Museu Histórico do Exército, RJ
 2003 - Tramas - Centro Cultural Pascoal Carlos Magno, RJ
 2001 - Formatus - Place Marchand Gallery - Fortaleza, CE
- Coisas em comum -DNA Italiano Univer. Estácio, RJ
 2000 - Matinais - "Um Lugar ao Sol" Gallery - Curitiba, PR
- Natureza Brasileira - Livraria G Gallery / Lisboa /PT
 2001 - M.Manoela Gallery - Vila Nova de Gaia / Porto / PT
 1998 - Formas - Inauguração do Espaço Cultural Anasa, RJ
- Natureza Interior - Stockler Gallery / Gávea, RJ
 1997 - Frutos Brasileiros -Pintura / Escultura - Búzios, RJ.
- Manhãs de Domingo - SOHO Art Gallery - Itaipu, RJ.
 1996 - Frutos de Primaveras - Gargobre Gallery - RJ
 1992 - Amazônia Viva - Aves Brasileiras - ECO 92, RJ
 1988 - Natureza e Vida - Pinturas / Esculturas
Centro Cultural Paschoal Carlos Magno - Niterói, RJ.
Centro Cultural de Itaipava - Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
 1987 - Movimentos Esculturais - Gargobre Gallery - RJ
- A Ousadia da Forma - Shopping da Gávea - RJ
- Pinturas & Esculturas - Samanguaiá Gallery - RJ
- Flores / Frutos p/ Camboinhas - Gargobre Gallery / RJ
 1986 - Paisagem Maior - Espaço Cultural Petrobrás - RJ
 1982 - Design de Mobiliário - Galeria de Arte Gargobre - RJ

Ligações externas
Blog Oficial de Giovani Gargano

Brasileiros de ascendência italiana
Pintores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Arquitetos do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Brasileiros de ascendência alemã
Naturais de Itaperuna
Professores do estado do Rio de Janeiro

Giovani Gargano


Aşağıhüyük, Ankara ilinin Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Ankara iline 76 km, Kızılcahamam ilçesine 43 km ve en yakın çeltikçi bucağına 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kızılcahamam'ın mahalleleri

Aşağıhüyük, Kızılcahamam


La Casa Lanao de Arro, comarca de Sobrarbe, en España, es un monumento declarado Bien de Interés Cultural por el Gobierno de Aragón.

Se erigió, en el , debido a la inseguridad que se vivía en los Pirineos de Huesca. Este inmueble desde su construcción ha sufrido incontables modificaciones y añadidos. En su origen era un edificio de planta rectangular, ampliado con dependencias domésticas. La construcción es de mampostería y consta de tres plantas y falsa, con un torreón cilíndrico de la misma altura que el resto de la casa. El torreón es de dos cuerpos separados por una imposta; su interior se encuentra fraccionado en cuatro estancias, que comunican con los pisos de la casa. En la planta baja del torreón defensivo. El tejado cónico finaliza con una figura femenina de tosca.
El conjunto posee una pequeña capilla dedicada a San Antonio de Padúa. Parte del cuerpo principal de la casa y la torre se realizó en el . Las ampliaciones posteriores pueden datarse a partir del  y .
Casa Lanao se levanta en las inmediaciones de Arro, compartiendo protagonismo con la otra vivienda militarizada  del lugar: Casa La Abadía, que destaca en el interior del casco urbano.
Se supone que la ubicación de Casa lanao a las afueras del núcleo responde a la existencia de unas aguas termales utilizadas con fines curativos.

Para conocer esta vivienda torreada hay que desplazarse hasta Arro,  pequeña localidad del municipio de Aínsa-Sobrarbe, Comarca de Sobrarbe, provincia de Huesca, Aragón, España; se ubica a pocos km de Aínsa y lo encontraremos si tomamos la carretera de Aínsa en dirección a Campo. (N-260)
A las afueras de la localidad sobre un pequeño promontorio. Por 1 km de pista asfaltada cuyo acceso se encuentra unos 500 m antes de llegar al pueblo viniendo desde Aínsa, a la izquierda. Localizable visualmente desde la carretera principal se encuentra este Bien de Interés Cultural.

En el Pirineo de Huesca, compartiendo escenario con esta casona,  se levantan alrededor de otras cien casas torreadas que son mudos testigos de un pasado complicado y  común. Numerosos conflictos de variada índole hicieron que el  fuera especialmente peligroso y como respuesta  las familias acomodadas levantaran viviendas fortificadas  para su propia defensa; estas construcciones destinadas a la habitación  presentan numerosos elementos militares como torres vigías, matacanes, aspilleras, etc. El aspecto de estas edificaciones,  en general,  es macizo,imponente,intimidatorio y austero. Siempre se ubican en el medio rural, pudiendo encontrarse tanto en núcleos como aisladas. Su existencia configura un rasgo de identidad común de varias comarcas oscenses.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Turismo de Sobrarbe (http://www.turismosobrarbe.com/cultura.php?niv=4&cla=_3BW0TXG9K&cla2=_3BW0TYWPI&cla3=&tip=2&idi=1)
 Geoparque de Sobrarbe (http://www.geoparquepirineos.com/)
 Sistema de información del Patrimonio cultural Aragonés (SIPCA) (http://www.sipca.es/censo/1-INM-HUE-003-907-019/Casa/Lanao.html)

Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Huesca
Arro
Casas torreadas del Alto Aragón

Casa Lanao


François Perrier (Valleraugue, 18. travnja 1833. — Montpellier, 20. veljače 1888.), bio je francuski general i geodet.

Perrier je vodio podrijetlo od protestantske obiltelji iz Cevennena, pohađao je školu u Nimesu a studirao je od 1853. do 1857. na École polytechnique. Poslije toga službovao je u vojsci, od 1860. kao satnik, od 1874. kao bojnik u konjici, 1879. postaje potpukovnik a 1887. brigadni general.

Objavio je 1861. radove o kompatibilnosti triangulacije Engleske i Francuske a 1865. rad o triangulaciji Korzike. Član ureda za mjere postaje 1875. a voditelj kartografskih službi francuske vojske postaje 1879. Član akademije znanosti postaje 1880. a bio je i član komisije u Berlinu koja je trebala uspostaviti grčko-tursku granicu. Na Floridi je 1882. promatrao Venerin prijelaz. Sudjelovao je također na kartografiji Alžira.

Njegovo ime nalazi se na popisu 72 znanstvenika ugraviranih na Eifellovom tornju.

Vanjske poveznice
 Životopis u La Nature  (fra.)

Francuski znanstvenici

François Perrier (general)


An Herminium macrophyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni David Don, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni James Edgar Dandy. An Herminium macrophyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Herminium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Herminium

Herminium macrophyllum


The Runner, film américain d'Austin Stark sorti en 2015 ;
 The Runner, film américain de Michelle Danner sorti en 2021.

The Runner


Catarina Seymour, Condessa de Hertford (nascida Lady Catarina Grey; ; 25 de agosto de 1540 — 26 de janeiro de 1568) era a segunda irmã mais nova de Lady Joana Grey.

Neta da irmã de Henrique VIII de Inglaterra, Maria Tudor, Rainha de França, ela emergiu como uma possível sucessora de sua prima, Isabel I da Inglaterra, antes de incorrer na ira da rainha Isabel ao se casar secretamente com Eduardo Seymour, 1º Conde de Hertford. Presa depois que a rainha foi informada de seu casamento clandestino, Catarina (como Lady Hertford) viveu em cativeiro até sua morte, tendo dado à luz dois filhos na Torre de Londres.

Família e reivindicação ao trono
Lady Catarina nasceu em 25 de agosto de 1540 em Bradgate Park, perto de Leicester, a segunda filha sobrevivente de Henrique Grey, 1.º Duque de Suffolk, por seu casamento com Lady Francisca Brandon. Ela era a irmã mais nova de Lady Joana Grey e a irmã mais velha de Lady Maria Grey. Os avós maternos de Catarina Grey eram Carlos Brandon, 1º Duque de Suffolk, e Maria Tudor, Rainha Viúva da França, filha sobrevivente mais jovem de Henrique VII e Isabel de York.

Através de sua avó, as irmãs Grey tiveram uma reivindicação estreita na linha de sucessão ao trono inglês. Elas foram precedidos na linha de sucessão apenas pelos três filhos de Henrique VIII - o príncipe Eduardo, Lady Maria e Lady Isabel - e os descendentes da princesa Margarida, filha mais velha de Henrique VII e rainha consorte da Escócia, depois de 1542 representada por Maria, rainha dos escoceses. No entanto, Henrique VIII excluiu a linhagem real escocesa da sucessão inglesa em seu testamento, colocando as irmãs Grey como as próximas na linha depois de seus próprios filhos.

Primeiro casamento
Algum tempo antes de agosto de 1552, Catarina Gray estava noiva de Henrique, Lord Herbert, herdeiro aparente de William Herbert, 1º Conde de Pembroke. Em 1553, quando o rei Eduardo VI estava morrendo, o rei e seu ministro-chefe, João Dudley, 1º Duque de Northumberland, planejaram excluir a irmã de Eduardo, Maria Tudor, da sucessão em favor da irmã mais velha de Catarina, Lady Joana Grey. De acordo com a Carta Patente de 21 de junho de 1553, Lady Catarina seria a segunda na linha de sucessão atrás de sua irmã e herdeiros masculinos. Lady Joana havia se casado com o filho de Northumberland, Lord Guilford Dudley, em 25 de maio de 1553. Na mesma ocasião, Lady Catarina casou-se com Lord Herbert em Durham House. Após o casamento, Catarina ( agora Lady Herbert) foi morar com o marido no Castelo de Baynard, ao lado do Tâmisa. Quando a ascensão de Lady Joana ao trono falhou, o pai de Henrique tentou se distanciar da família Grey separando seu filho de Lady Catarina e buscando a anulação do casamento; isso provavelmente foi alcançado no início de 1554, pois a união não havia sido consumada. Enquanto isso, sua irmã (Lady Joana Grey) e seu pai (o Henrique Grey, 1.º Duque de Suffolk) foram executados em fevereiro de 1554 após a supressão da Rebelião de Wyatt.

Prospectivo herdeiro real sob Maria e Isabel
Durante a primeira fase do reinado da rainha Maria, Lady Catarina era a herdeira sênior do trono, pois Maria ainda era solteira e sua irmã mais nova, Isabel, era considerada ilegítima. Rebaixada quando Isabel foi declarada herdeira, a reivindicação de Lady Catarina voltou à tona quando a rainha Isabel ascendeu ao trono inglês em novembro de 1558. A certa altura, a rainha estava aparentemente contemplando Lady Catarina Grey como uma herdeira protestante em potencial, com rumores de uma possível adoção, mas qualquer desenvolvimento desse tipo foi encerrado com o casamento clandestino de Lady Catarina com Lord Hertford.

Segundo casamento

Uma das amigas de Lady Catarina, Lady Joana Seymour, filha do Duque de Somerset, apresentou seu irmão, Eduardo Seymour, 1º Conde de Hertford, a Lady Catarina Grey (assim reestilizada após a anulação de seu primeiro casamento). Sem consentimento real, os dois se casaram em dezembro de 1560 durante uma cerimônia secreta na casa de Lord Hertford em Cannon Row, onde Lady Joana Seymour foi a única testemunha.

Logo depois, a Rainha despachou Lord Hertford com Thomas Cecil, filho mais velho de Sir William Cecil, em uma grande viagem pela Europa "para melhorar sua educação". O conde de Hertford forneceu à esposa um documento que, no caso de sua morte, permitiria que ela provasse o casamento e herdasse sua propriedade, mas aparentemente Catarina perdeu o documento. Assim, depois que Lady Joana Seymour morreu de tuberculose em 1561, Catarina não conseguiu provar que eles já haviam sido casados.

Prisão
Catarina, Lady Hertford, escondeu o casamento de todos durante meses, mesmo depois de engravidar; em seu oitavo mês de gravidez e em andamento com a corte real para Ipswich, ela decidiu pedir a alguém que pleiteasse por ela junto à Rainha. Ela primeiro confidenciou a Bess de Hardwick, que se recusou a ouvir Catarina e a repreendeu por incriminá-la. Catarina então foi até o cunhado de sua falecida irmã, Roberto Dudley. Visitando seu quarto no meio da noite, ela explicou seu dilema. Como o quarto de Dudley ficava ao lado dos aposentos da Rainha, ele temia que pudessem ser ouvidos ou que ele pudesse ser pego com uma mulher visivelmente grávida ao lado de sua cama, e tentou se livrar de Catarina o mais rápido que pôde. No dia seguinte, ele contou a Isabel tudo o que sabia sobre Catarina e sua gravidez.

A rainha Isabel ficou furiosa porque seu primo havia se casado sem seu conhecimento ou consentimento. O casamento também perturbou a diplomacia anglo-escocesa, já que a possibilidade de uma união entre Lady Catarina e o James Hamilton, 3.º Conde de Arran, um nobre jovem e instável com forte reivindicação ao trono escocês, havia sido removida como uma opção. A rainha também desaprovava sua escolha de marido e, ainda solteira, também temia que a capacidade de Catarina de gerar filhos homens pudesse facilitar uma rebelião em apoio a Catarina como rainha. Para o infortúnio de Catarina, sua reivindicação ao trono foi na época defendida por um livro escrito por João Hales.

A rainha Isabel aprisionou Lady Catarina na Torre de Londres, para onde Eduardo Seymour (Lord Hertford) foi enviado para se juntar a ela em seu retorno à Inglaterra. Bess de Hardwick também foi presa, pois Isabel havia se convencido (não sem razão) de que o casamento fazia parte de uma conspiração mais ampla contra a Coroa. Sir Eduardo Warner, tenente da Torre, permitiu visitas secretas entre Catarina e Eduardo. Warner relatou que os móveis do quarto de Catarina, fornecidos pelo Guarda-Roupa Real na Torre, foram danificados por seu macaco e cachorros de estimação. Enquanto estava presa na Torre, Catarina deu à luz dois filhos:

 Eduardo Seymour (1561-1612)
 Thomas Seymour (1562/3, Torre de Londres – 8 de agosto de 1600). Batizado em 11 de fevereiro de 1563, casou-se com Isabel Onley (falecida em 20 de agosto de 1619), filha de Eduardo Onley MP, de Catesby, Northamptonshire. O casal não teve filhos, e foi enterrado na Igreja de St. Margaret, Westminster, onde há um monumento com efígies em sua memória.

Em 1562, o casamento foi anulado e os Seymours foram censurados como fornicadores por "cópula carnal" pelo arcebispo de Canterbury. Isso tornou os filhos ilegítimos e, portanto, inelegíveis como sucessores do trono. No entanto, isso não impediu que fossem cortejados como potenciais herdeiros da Coroa.

Anos finais
Após o nascimento do segundo filho de Catarina em 1563, a rainha enfurecida ordenou sua separação permanente de seu marido e filho mais velho. Catarina foi transferida para os cuidados de seu tio, Sir John Grey, em Pirgo. Ela ficou lá até novembro de 1564, quando foi transferida para o cargo de Sir William Petre. Por dois anos ela esteve sob sua custódia e provavelmente residia em Ingatestone Hall; então ela foi transferida para os cuidados de Sir John Wentworth (um parente da primeira esposa de Petre) em Gosfield Hall e, após dezessete meses de confinamento, foi levada para Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, em Suffolk.

Lady Catarina morreu quatorze dias depois, em 26 de janeiro de 1568, aos vinte e sete anos, de tuberculose. Ela foi enterrada na Capela Cockfield em Yoxford Church, Suffolk, antes de seu corpo ser transferido para a Catedral de Salisbury para ser enterrado ao lado de seu marido.

Árvore genealógica

Os itálicos indicam pessoas que faleceram antes de Eduardo VI;Algarismos arábicos (1–5) indicam a linha de sucessão de Eduardo VI em sua morte de acordo com o testamento de Henrique VIII; ealgarismos romanos (I–III) índico.

{{árvore genealógica|Eddy||Mary||Bess||Jim||||Fran|y|Harry|border=0|Mary= Maria I de Inglaterra(1)|Bess=Isabel I de Inglaterra (2)|Eddy=Eduardo VI de Inglaterra |Fran=Francisca Brandon|Jim=Jaime V da Escócia|Harry= Henrique Grey}}

 Ancestrais

 Notas

 Referências

 Chapman, Hester: Two Tudor Portraits: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Lady Katherine Grey [Dois Retratos Tudor: Henrique Howard, Conde de Surrey e Lady Catarina Grey]. Jonathan Cabo, 1960.
 de Lisle, Leanda: The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine, and Lady Jane Grey [As irmãs que seriam rainha: Maria, Catarina e Lady Joana Grey]. Ballantine Books, 2009..
 Farquhar, Michael: um tesouro de escândalos reais. Pinguim Livros, 2001..
 Ives, Eric : Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery [Lady Joana Grey: Um Mistério Tudor]. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009..
 Haynes, Alan. Sex in Elizabethan England [Sexo na Inglaterra elisabetana]''. Editora Sutton, 1997..

Ligações externas

 Katherine Gray perfil, TudorPlace.com. Acessado em 23 de novembro de 2022.

Mortes por tuberculose na Inglaterra
Família Herbert
Casa de Seymour
Família Grey
Prisioneiros da Torre de Londres
Condessas da Inglaterra
Herdeiros ao trono inglês
Mortes por tuberculose no século XVI

Catarina Grey


Sverdlovsk Oblast () is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,268,998 (according to the 2021 Census).

Geography

Most of the oblast is spread over the eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain. Only in the southwest does the oblast stretch onto the western slopes of the Ural Mountains.

The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals, Konzhakovsky Kamen at  and Denezhkin Kamen at . The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to  above sea level. Principal rivers include the Tavda, the Tura, the Chusovaya, and the Ufa, the latter two being tributaries of the Kama.

Sverdlovsk Oblast borders with, clockwise from the west, Perm Krai, the Komi Republic, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The area is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

Natural resources
Rich in natural resources, the oblast is especially famous for metals (iron, copper, gold, platinum), minerals (asbestos, gemstones, talcum), marble and coal. It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Climate
The area has continental climate patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching  to  on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the southeast of the oblast do temperatures reach  in July.

History

Early history

The territory of the region has been inhabited since ancient times. Numerous sites of ancient people were discovered, dating from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age. The Upper Paleolithic includes the Garinsky site on the right bank of the Sosva river near the village of Gari, the site in the Shaitansky grotto, and the site in the Bezymyanny cave (X millennium BC). In 1890, the 11 thousand years old (Mesolithic) Shigir idol was discovered.

A settlement and a burial ground in the Kalmatsky Brod tract are located on the right bank of the Iset river and date back to the Sarmatian time (from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD). They belong to the Kalmak archaeological culture. In the Kalmatsky Brod burial ground, the skeletal skulls were strongly deformed by tight bandaging in early childhood, which indicates the penetration of steppe ethnic elements to the north.

There are numerous pictograms on the Koptelovsky stone, on the Oblique stone, on the Two-eyed stone, Starichnaya, Serginskaya, the rock paintings of the Bronze Age on the Neyva River, Tagil River (villages Brekhovaya, Gaevaya, Komelskaya), rock carvings on Shaitan-Kamen on the right bank of the Rezh river tied to indigenous Ural population, possibly speakers of a Ugric language. The Gostkovskaya Pisanitsa refers to the Middle Ages.

Medieval history and Russian expansion
Before the first Russian colonists arrived to the region, it was populated by various Turkic and Ugrian tribes. By the 16th century, when the Middle Urals were under influence of various Tatar khanates, the strongest local state was the Vogul Pelym principality with its center in Pelym.

The Russian conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in the 1550s paved the way further east, which was now free from Tatar depredations (see Yermak Timofeyevich). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16thearly 17th centuries (Verkhoturye, 1598; Turinsk, 1600; Irbit, 1633; Alapayevsk, 1639). At that time, those small trading posts were governed under Siberian administration in Tobolsk. After the 1708 administrative reform, Verkhoturye, Pelym and Turinsk became a part of the new Siberian Governorate, in 1737 their territories were assigned to the Kazan Governorate.

Rise of the mining-metallurgical era
During the 18th century, rich resources of iron and coal made Ural an industrial heartland of Russia. After getting control over Ural mines, the Demidov family put the region in the forefront of Russian industrialization. Yekaterinburg, Nevyansk and Tagil ironworks, founded in the 1700s to 1720s, soon joined the ranks of the major producers in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th century those newly founded factory towns enjoyed a status of special mining-metallurgical districts allowed to have a certain rate of financial and proprietary autonomy. During the 1781 reform middle Ural finally got its own regional administration in the form of the Perm Governorate.

When in 1812 the Russian government legalized gold digging for its citizens, Middle Ural became a center of gold mining. Entrepreneurs of the Perm Governorate also started the gold rush in West Siberia, soon Yekaterinburgers began to dominate the Russian market of precious metals and gemstones.

After the emancipation reform of 1861, major Middle Uralian industries that were heavily dependent on serf labor entered decline, although it also allowed light industry to thrive. In 1878, Perm and Yekaterinburg were connected with a railroad, in 1888, railroads reached Tyumen, and ultimately, in 1897, Yekaterinburg joined the Trans-Siberian network. Emergence of railroad transportation helped to revitalize economy of Ural.

Soviet Ural
The Bolsheviks established their power in Yekaterinburg and Perm during the first days of the October Revolution of 1917. In early 1918 the dethroned Czar Nicholas II and his family were transferred under custody to Yekaterinburg. Local Bolsheviks decided autonomously to execute the royal family on July 17, 1918, to prevent its rescue of by the approaching White Army forces. Ten days later Yekaterinburg was captured by the Czechoslovak troops of Sergei Wojciechowski. For the next year the Anti-bolshevik forces took control over the region. On 19 August 1918, Provisional Government of Ural was formed in Yekaterinburg by a coalition of liberal and democratic socialist parties, it was supposed to serve as a buffer between the Komuch and Provisional Siberian governments. After the Kolchak coup d'état in Omsk in November 1918, the Government of Ural was disbanded.

In July 1919, in the course of the Yekaterinburg offense, Yekaterinburg and the surrounding areas were recaptured by the Red Army forces under command of Vasily Shorin. On the July 15th, the Perm Governorate was split by the Soviets and the east, for the first time in history, became a separate region, the Yekaterinburg Governorate. It was soon abolished and replaced by the Ural Oblast (1923-1934).

In the 1930s many industrial enterprises were established and built with the help of forced labour. Local industry received another impetus during World War II, when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, IMZ-Ural, Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners. It was over Sverdlovsk that the American U-2 spy plane pilot Gary Powers was shot down on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance mission.

In 1979, there was an anthrax outbreak caused by an accident in a facility to develop biological weapons.

Post-Soviet transition
In 1993, Governor Eduard Rossel responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a "Ural Republic." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" (Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the oblasts deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland republics. The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on October 27, 1993. Then Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the Urals Republic and the Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on November 9).

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
Births: 39,958 (9.4 per 1,000)
Deaths: 59,316 (13.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):
1.56 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 68.79 years (male — 63.72, female — 73.80)

Settlements

Ethnic groups
There were twenty-one recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in the oblast. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including:
3,684,843 Russians (90.6%);
143,803 Tatars (3.5%);
35,563 Ukrainians (0.9%);
31,183 Bashkirs (0.8%);
23,801 Mari (0.6%);
14,914 Germans (0.4%);
14,215 Azerbaijanis (0.3%);
13,789 Udmurts (0.3%);
11,670 Belarusians (0.3%);
11,510 Chuvash (0.26%);
11,501 Armenians (0.3%);
11,138 Tajiks (0.3%);
9,702 Mordovians (0.22%);
9,358 Uzbeks (0.2%);

232,978 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Religion

Christianity is the largest religion in Sverdlovsk Oblast. According to a 2012 survey 43% of the population of Sverdlovsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 3% are Muslims, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any Church or are members of other Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.3% are adherents of forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 36% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", and 9.7% is atheist.

Education

The most important institutions of higher education include Ural Federal University, Ural State Medical University, Ural State University of Economics, Ural State Law University, Ural State Mining University and Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts, all located in the capital Yekaterinburg.

Politics

The oblast's Charter, adopted on 17 December 1994, with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The Governor is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman of the Government, commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the legislature, a process similar to the appointment of the federal Prime Minister. But the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier.

The Legislative Assembly is the regional parliament of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Until 2011, it was a bicameral legislature consisting of the Oblast Duma, the lower house, and the House of Representatives, the upper house. Before the reform, members of the legislature served four-year terms with half of the Duma re-elected every two years. The Duma (28 members) was elected in party lists. The 21 members of the House of Representatives were elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members based on both party lists and single-seat districts. As of 2021, the Legislative Assembly is a unicameral legislature with a total of 50 seats, with half of the members elected by single-mandate constituencies and the other half elected in party lists for five-year terms.

Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter Court. The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.

Until President Putin's reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for terms of four years. Eduard Rossel has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President Yeltsin), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.

Since 2012, the oblast's Governor is Yevgeny Kuyvashev.

Chairmen of the Oblast Duma

Chairmen of the House of Representatives of the Legislative Assembly

Elections
In the 1990s, the Oblast's population was distinguished by relatively high support for parties and candidates of the right and democratic persuasion. In the 1996 presidential election, Boris Yeltsin, a native of the region who lived in Sverdlovsk until the 1980s, won over 70% of the vote. In the regional elections in 2010 in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, United Russia received minimal support relative to other regions - only 39.79% of votes.

Economy and transportation

Even though it could do with modernizing, the region's industries are quite diverse. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here, the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.

The largest companies in the region include Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, UralVagonZavod, Enel Russia, Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works, Federal Freight.

Transport
Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Ural region. As the economic slump subsided, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa, British Airways, CSA, Turkish Airlines, Austrian Airlines and Finnair. Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX (IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.

The Alapaevsk narrow-gauge railway serves the communities around Alapayevsk.

Sister relationships
 Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, Vietnam
 Harbin, China

Notable people
Vladik Dzhabarov, Russian cyclist
Andrey Fedyaev,  Russian cosmonaut

See also
 Yakov Sverdlov, a communist revolutionary after whom Sverdlovsk and subsequently Sverdlovsk Oblast were named.
 Church of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a building of regional historical significance in Staropyshminsk village.

References

External links

 Investment portal of Sverdlovsk Oblast
  Official website of the Government of Sverdlovsk Oblast

States and territories established in 1934

Sverdlovsk Oblast


Lamborghini Miura, 1966-1973 yılları arasında İtalyan otomobil üreticisi Lamborghini tarafından üretilmiş grand tourer otomobil modeli.

Motoru ortaya yerleştirilmiş ilk seri üretim araç sıfatını elinde bulundurmaktadır. Ferruccio Lamborghini'nin şirketi için koyduğu yarışlara katılmama kuralından dolayı bu tasarım Lamborghini markası altında herhangi bir yarış başarısı yoktur. Fakat bu tasarımı kullanan Ferrari 250 LM ve Ford GT40 Le Mans yarışlarında büyük başarılar kazanmıştır.
Miura tasarım konusunda bir öncüdür. Yapılan ilk ortadan motorlu iki kişilik süper performans spor otomobildir. Adını ünlü boğa yetiştiricisi Don Eduardo Miura'dan almıştır.

1965 Torino otomobil fuarı ve şasi no 1

GT40'tan ilham alınarak tasarlanan tek şasi Torino otomobil fuarını gezen ziyaretçileri şaşırmıştır. Gerçek bir şasinin olmaması bile siparişlerin katlanmasını engellememiştir. Daha sonra Marcello Gandini aracın gövdesini tasarlamıştır. Gandini Miura'dan sonra pek çok Lamborghini spor otomobili tasarlayacaktır. Aracın şasisi ve karoseri birleştirilerek 5 ay sonra 1966 Genova otomobil fuarında tanıtılmıştır. Gözalıcı tasarımı ve sıra dışı motor yerleşimi, deniz kabuğu şeklinde aracın ön ve arkasında açılan kaputu ile sansasyon yaratmıştır. Aracın en arkasında motor ile kuyruğu arasında ufak bir bagajda bulunmaktaydı.

Miura modelleri

P400

ilk üretilen Miura'lar P400 (P burada italyanca posteriore yani arkadan anlamında ) 3.9 litrelik Lamborghini V12 versiyonlarını  400GT ile beraber kullanmıştır. Enine yerleştirilen motor 345 bg gücündedir. 1966-1969 yılları arasında toplam 275 P400 modeli üretilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

Miura
V12 motorlu taşıtlar
1966'da tanıtılan otomobiller

Lamborghini Miura


Tiago Jorge Honório (født 4. december 1977) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Tiago Jorge Honório


بوني هنت  ممثلة أمريكية من مواليد 22 سبتمبر 1961. تم ترشيحها مرتين لجائزة إيمي وجائزة غولدن غلوب.

أعمالها
بعض أعمال

مراجع

مواقع خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شيكاغو (إلينوي)
أعلام بيكسار
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل بلجيكي
أمريكيون من أصل بولندي
كاتبات تلفاز أمريكيات
كاتبات سيناريو أمريكيات
كاثوليك من إلينوي
كتاب تلفاز أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو من إلينوي
كتاب من شيكاغو
كوميديات أمريكيات
كوميديون أمريكيون في القرن 20
كوميديون أمريكيون في القرن 21
كوميديون من إلينوي
مخرجات أفلام أمريكيات
مخرجات تلفزيون
مخرجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مقدمو برامج تلفزيونية حوارية أمريكيون
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات ألعاب فيديو أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل أيرلندي
ممثلات من شيكاغو (إلينوي)
ممرضات أمريكيات
ممرضون أمريكيون
منتجات تلفزيون
منتجات تلفزيون أمريكيات
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من إلينوي
مواليد 1961
مواليد 1964
مواليد في شيكاغو

مخرجات تلفزيون أمريكيات

بوني هنت


'Aralioideae, potporodica brestanjevki, dio reda Apiales (Celerolike). Postoje četiri tribusa. Ime je dobia po rodu aralija (Aralia)

Rodovi:

 Tribus Cussonieae Seem.
 Cussonia Thunb. (20 spp.)
 Tribus Aralieae Rchb.
 Harmsiopanax Warb. (3 spp.)
 Cephalaralia Harms (1 sp.)
 Aralia L. (76 spp.)
 Motherwellia F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Panaceae Hook. fil.
 Fatsia Decne. & Planch. (3 spp.)
 Plerandra A. Gray (34 spp.)
 Neocussonia Hutch. (16 spp.)
 Astropanax Seem. (14 spp.)
 Crepinella Marchal (32 spp.)
 Frodinia Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (2 spp.)
 Didymopanax Decne. & Planch. (37 spp.)
 Sciodaphyllum P. Browne (147 spp.)
 Schefflera J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (17 spp.)
 Schefflera s. lat. (12 spp.)
 Heptapleurum Gaertn. (318 spp.)
 Oplopanax (Torr. & A. Gray) Miq. (3 spp.)
 Seemannaralia R. Vig. (1 sp.)
 Tetrapanax (K. Koch) K. Koch & Fintelm. (1 sp.)
 Merrilliopanax H. L. Li (3 spp.)
 Gamblea C. B. Clarke (4 spp.)
 Woodburnia Prain (1 sp.)
 Trevesia Vis. (10 spp.)
 Dendropanax Decne. & Planch. (95 spp.)
 Kalopanax Miq. (1 sp.)
 Osmoxylon Miq. (62 spp.)
 Sinopanax H. L. Li (1 sp.)
 Meryta J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (34 spp.)
 Polyscias J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (184 spp.)
 Anakasia Philipson (1 sp.)
 Raukaua Seem. (6 spp.)
 Pseudopanax K. Koch (12 spp.)
 Astrotricha DC. (20 spp.)
 Panax L. (12 spp.)
 Nanopanax A. Haines (1 sp.)
 Cheirodendron Nutt. ex Seem. (6 spp.)
 Chengiopanax C. B. Shang & J. Y. Huang (2 spp.)
 Eleutherococcus Maxim. (35 spp.)
 Tribus Hedereae Dumort.
 Hedera L. (15 spp.)
 Cephalopanax G. M. Plunkett, Lowry & D. A. Neill (2 spp.)
 Oreopanax Decne. & Planch. (146 spp.)
 Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. (44 spp.)
 Macropanax Miq. (17 spp.)
 Metapanax J. Wen & Frodin (2 spp.)
 Heteropanax Seem. (10 spp.)

Izvori

Brestanjevke

Aralioideae


علي سلطان (1952 - 18 يناير 2009)، ممثل ومؤلف ومخرج كويتي.

عن حياته
هو والد المغني بشار سلطان صاحب أغنية «القلب المحتاس». بدأ مشواره الفني في نهاية سبعينات القرن العشرين. وكانت بداية بروزه خلال مسرحية «دار» التي عرضت في يناير 1980، وقد تخرج من قسم التمثيل والإخراج في المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية حيث قدم عدداً من المسرحيات مع الفرق الخاصة والاهلية، كما في عام 1994 شارك بمسلسل عبد الله البري وعبد الله البحري مع عبد الرحمن العقل وعلي جمعة وباسمة حمادة الذي يعتبر من أهم أعماله.

أعماله

من مسرحياته
 فرسان المناخ.
 طاح مخروش.
 قرقيعان.
 يواش يواش.
 كامل الدسم.
 تويتي.
 حب في الفلوجة.
 نبيك تفوز.
 نصب واحتيال.
 على قشر موز.
 باي باي عرب.
 كشمش.
 استجواب.
 الأخوين الشريرين.

من مسلسلاته
 فتى الاحلام.
 لعبة القدر.
 عبد الله البري وعبد الله البحري.
 شحيت ومحيت.
 دلق سهيل - جزئين.
 قرقيعان - 3 أجزاء.
 زارع المشموم.
 شبابيك.
 كاني وماني.
 دندرمة.
 أيوب.
 سوق المقاصيص.
 لاهوب.
 بوهباش.
 بو قلبين.
 عش الزوجية.
 خذ وخل.
 الناس اجناس

تكريمه

كرم في حفل أقامته فرقة المسرح الكويتي بمناسبة شفاءه حضره الفنان عبد الحسين عبد الرضا.

مرضه ووفاته

بدأ معاناته مع المرض في عام 2007 عندما عاد من عرضه لمسرحية يواش يواش في دبي، حيث شعر بألم في اللوزتين واعتقد بأنها حالة عرضية فذهب إلى الصيدلية لشراء مضاد حيوي ليتغلب على الألم، واستمرت الآلام معه فذهب إلى أحد المستشفيات حيث تحولت الآلام التي كان يشعر بها إلى ورم بحجم الليمون، وتم إجراء له الأشعة ولم يظهر أي شيء، فتم تحويله إلى أحد الأطباء الجراحين، وقال له بأن مرضه هذا هو آلام أسنان، فحوله إلى طبيب الأسنان، الذي قال له بأن مرضه يحتاج إلى جراحة، فأرجعه إلى الطبيب الجراح الذي وصف له مضاد حيوي جعل الورم يتضخم، وتم تحويله إلى مستشفى حسين مكي جمعة المتخصص في الأورام، ومكث فيه لمدة شهرين حتى خف المرض ، وفي ديسمبر 2008 أدخل العناية المركزة في مستشفى حسين مكي جمعة، وأصيب بنزيف دموي حاد أدى إلى وفاته  عن عمر ناهز 56 عاما.

تأبينه
 بشار سلطان: لا أقول سوى الله يرحمك يا يبه، ويغمد روحك الجنة، فهو كان إنسانا طيب القلب يحب الخير للجميع، ولا يحمل بقلبه حقداً أو ضغينة لأي أحد، وسمعته كانت طيبة في المجال الفني، وجميع الفنانين أصدقائه
 داود حسين: لقد فقدت أخا وصديقاً لازمني على مدار 35 عاما وهو قريب مني لدرجة كبيرة جدا وآخر الأيام كنا على تواصل خصوصا عندما كان طريح الفراش في المستشفى حيث كنت أزوره بشكل شبه يومي للاطمئنان على صحته ولا أنسى أيامنا الأخيرة في مسرحية «قرقيعان» حيث كان هو منبع الابتسامة البريئة ومثالا للفنان المحب لعمله وفنه.
 علي جمعة: فقدت زميل درب وشخصا غاليا جدا على قلبه مضيفا أن الراحل هو شقيقه الذي لم تلده أمه واصفا إياه بأنه ذو أخلاق حميدة ودائم التواجد مع محبيه من الأهل والأصدقاء.
 أحمد السلمان: علي السلطان إنسان قبل أن يكون فنانا، وهو فنان بمعنى الكلمة يحب ويحترم جمهوره مؤكدا أن الساحة الفنية قد فقدت مخرجا وممثلا وكاتبا كبيرا.
 عبد الرحمن العقل: مع الأسف إنني لست موجوداً حاليا في البلاد، وتمنيت حضور جنازة الفنان الغالي علي سلطان، لكن قدر الله وما شاء فعل، وأتذكر آخر عمل جمعني معه كان «أيوب» الذي عرض أخيرا على شاشة «الراي»، إضافة إلى أعمال كثيرة
 حسن البلام: فقدنا أخا بمعنى الكلمة وفنانا صادقا.
 أحمد جوهر: أعترف بأنني فقدت فنانا وإنسانا غاليا علينا، كان مثالاً للفنان الخلوق والحريص على عمله، لكن المرض كان أقوى منه وهزمه.
 أحمد إيراج: لم أسمع في يوم من الأيام أنه كان على خلاف مع أحد، فقد كان مسالما مع الجميع.
 محمد الرشيد: في أغلب أعمالي المسرحية كنت أحرص على أن يكون الفنان الراحل علي سلطان أحد أبطال المسرحية، وكنت أرتاح كثيراً لوجوده على خشبة المسرح لما يمتلكه من خفة الدم تميزه عن غيره من الفنانين، إضافة إلى أنه كان فناناً ملتزماً بفنه وقضايا مجتمعه، ويحترم زملاءه الفنانين كثيرا.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

كتاب كويتيون
كويتيون من أصل إيراني
مخرجون كويتيون
ممثلون كويتيون
مواليد 1952
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 20
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 21

علي سلطان (ممثل كويتي)


Jóhan Hendrik Weyhe var lagmand på Færøerne fra 1679 til 1706.

Jóhan Hendrik Weyhe var født på Færøerne og søstersøn til den berygtede Christoffer Gabel. Weyhe var øernes største jordbesidder og ejede ved sin død 48 merkur jord. Han var gift med den tidligere lagmand Jógvan Poulsens datter og svigerfar til Sámal Pætursson Lamhauge, der efterfulgte ham i lagmandsembedet.

Litteratur
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (afsnit Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download )

Lagmænd fra Færøerne før 1816
Landmænd fra Færøerne

Jóhan Hendrik Weyhe


Sawatzky ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bradley Sawatzky (* 1974), kanadischer Schauspieler
 George A. Sawatzky (* 1942), kanadisch-niederländischer Festkörperphysiker
 Gerhard Sawatzky (1901–1944), russlanddeutscher Schriftsteller

Siehe auch:
 Sawatzki
 Sawadski
 Zawadski
 Zawadzki
 Zawadzky

Sawatzky


Akyayık, Tunceli ilinin Ovacık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı Solhasan'dır. Köyün adı 1955 yılı nüfus sayımında da Solhasan adıyla kayıtlarda yer almış, sonrasında ismi değiştirilerek 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaya başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 67 km, Ovacık ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ovacık belde ve köyleri

Akyayık, Ovacık


Le gouvernement al-Kazimi est le gouvernement de la République d'Irak depuis le 7 mai 2020. Il est dirigé par l'indépendant Moustafa al-Kazimi.

Historique

Il est soutenu au Conseil des représentants par les partis En marche, Victory, , ,  et des députés issus de minorités.

Composition

Notes et références

Kazimi

Gouvernement al-Kazimi


The Harderbahn (HB) is one of two funiculars that operate from the town of Interlaken. The Harderbahn leads to the western end of the Harder in the north of Interlaken across the river Aare, in Switzerland.

This funicular, the longer of the two, runs in 10 minutes from the base station Interlaken Harderbahn ( above sea level) to a  station near the viewpoint Harderkulm (). From the Harder Kulm top station (), a five-minute walk leads to the Harderkulm viewpoint and the Restaurant Harder Kulm, a distinctive pagoda structure with views from its terrace, over the towns of Interlaken and Unterseen, the Lakes of Thun and Brienz, the valley of the Lütschine and the summits of the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau.

The line is owned by the Harderbahn AG, a subsidiary of the Jungfraubahn Holding AG, a holding company that also owns the Wengernalpbahn, Jungfraubahn, Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, and Firstbahn. Through that holding company it is part of the Allianz - Jungfrau Top of Europe marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Berner Oberland-Bahn and Schynige Platte-Bahn.

History

In 1890 Dr. Fritz Michel gained a concession to build an "electrical cable railway" on the Harder, to the north of the city of Interlaken, however financial backing for such a project was difficult to obtain and it was not until November 1905 that construction started and was to last for three years. In order not to disfigure the landscape the track was laid in a quadrant rather than a straight line, the usual format for such railways.

With the aid of Lausanne banker Ernest Chavannes and engineers Gaston Boiceau and Henri Muret the funicular opened on 15 May 1908. It has a length of  and climbs  from the lower station (Interlaken Harderbahn), situated near to Interlaken Ost train station (a five-minute walk), to the upper station (Harder Kulm) near the viewpoint. The journey takes ten minutes. A tourist attraction, an alpine wildlife park was opened in 1913 above the base station.

Modernisation of the funicular took place during the 1960s with a new engine and cable being installed in 1961, and new carriages coming to the line to commence operation on 14 May 1966. Until 1990 this had always been a summer only operation, but instead of closing at the end of September, the funicular continued through the winter. The funicular operates only a summer timetable, usually from mid-April to late October.

In 1997 the wire rope was replaced.

In 2008 the two passenger carriages were replaced.

Operations
The line, with a gauge of , is single track with a single passing point and is operated by two coaches. Power supply is by a 400 V three-phase system and the line uses the Stromsystem Drehstrom which controls the passing of the cars safely.

Passenger Vehicles

Two new passenger cars, numbered 1 and 2, were delivered in 1966. these were constructed by specialist builders Carrossiere Gangloff AG of Bern with under frames, brakes etc., by the von Roll company. Each carry 62 passengers in four compartments. After over 40 years service it was decided that these would be in need of replacement prior to the centenary of the railway in 2008 and the order was placed. The need became essential following the damage to one of the cars from a mudslide caused by extreme weather on the night of 8-9th August 2007.

The new "centenery" coaches, in the line's usual red livery, were delivered on 13 March 2008. These were lifted onto the line from the alpine wildlife park in readiness for the commencement of the season. The new coaches were built by Gongloff Cabins AG of Bern and hold 65 persons in three sections. The doors are power operated and the downhill-facing section has an area of staged seating which is accessed through the compartment above, where the driver controls are located. The vehicles, numbered as with the previous set, now also carry names and crests; No.1 is named Interlaken, No.2 Unterseen. They have glass roof panels which allow uninterrupted views of the mountains and the valley below.

See also
List of funicular railways
List of funiculars in Switzerland

References

External links

Timetable of Harderbahn by Jungfrau.ch
Funimag

Funicular railways in Switzerland
Bernese Oberland
Transport in Interlaken
Metre gauge railways in Switzerland
Railway lines opened in 1908
1908 establishments in Switzerland

Harderbahn


London Array er en havvindmøllepark ved Themsens udmunding øst for London, England. Med en effekt på 630 MW er det verdens næststørste.

Referencer

Vindmøller
Etableret i 2013
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i England

London Array


Drakengard, known in Japan as  is a 2003 action role-playing video game developed by Cavia and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2. The game is the first installment of the Drakengard series and features a mixture of ground-based hack-and-slash, aerial combat, and role-playing elements which have become a staple of the series. The story is set during a religious war between two factions—the Union and the Empire—with the war tipping in favor of the Empire. The player controls Caim, a deposed prince of the Union, in his quest for vengeance against the Empire. Wounded in battle while protecting his sister Furiae, he is forced to make a pact with a red dragon named Angelus as they journey together on a quest to prevent the Empire from destroying magical seals that keep the world in balance.

Takamasa Shiba and Takuya Iwasaki conceived the game as a hybrid between the popular Dynasty Warriors series and Namco's aerial combat game Ace Combat. It was Shiba's first project as a producer. The dark story was created by director Yoko Taro and Sawako Natori, who wrote the majority of the script. The music was written by Nobuyoshi Sano and Takayuki Aihara. A Europe-exclusive mobile adaptation was developed by Macrospace and published by Square Enix for Vodafone devices in August 2004. Drakengard sold well in Japan and received mixed to positive reviews in the west: reviewers praised the game's story and music, but were mixed about the graphics and criticized the gameplay for being repetitive.

Gameplay

Drakengard is an action role-playing video game featuring three types of gameplay: ground missions, aerial missions, and Free Expedition Mode. The gameplay modes are called Ground Mode, Strafe Mode, and Air Mode. In some levels, players can switch between ground-based and aerial combat. Ground-based gameplay primarily has the player controlling the main protagonist, Caim. He has access to three types of attack: a standard sword-slash, a magic attack and a dash attack that throws enemies to the ground. Additional weapons can be accessed and swapped via the menu. Weapons gain experience levels through use, dealing more damage as a result. Each has a four-level cap. The player can access up to eight weapons during a mission. Pressing the attack button repeatedly while in combat with enemy units triggers combos, and pressing another button mid-combo will trigger a special attack which will temporarily incapacitate enemy units in the immediate area. The player can also temporarily switch between Caim and an assigned ally, who shares similar attacks but deals more damage. These allies are gained in optional levels and can only be summoned a limited number of times.

In aerial combat missions, players control Caim's dragon partner Angelus. During these moments, players are directed against multiple aerial targets that must be destroyed in order to win. As Angelus gains experience points through combat, she levels up and is able to do more damage – similar to the weapons used in ground-based combat. Boss battles are all located in these aerial stages. Angelus has access to two types of standard fire attacks: a free-aim blast that causes high damage, and homing bolts that can hit multiple targets but do less damage. Homing shots can be dodged or countered by some enemy types later in the game. Angelus can also perform a special area-affecting magical attack that damages or kills multiple enemy units. She can be used to quickly traverse battle areas during primarily ground-based missions. Players can summon Angelus during certain ground-based missions and play her in Strafe Mode. Controls are identical to ground-based combat. Pressing the select button causes Caim to dismount Angelus. Caim and Angelus level up during combat in different ways: as Caim levels up, their shared health meter grows, while Angelus' leveling increases the damage her attacks do to enemy units.

Players can navigate the game world and select missions via a world map accessed between levels. While playing, a mini-map allows the player to see enemy locations, and a full-screen map can be switched to that covers the entire area and shows mission objectives. Drakengards levels are called verses, and the verses are grouped across thirteen chapters. Each level has a time limit of one hour for players to complete them. Normal levels are numbered, while additional levels are marked by Roman numerals. The game features five endings: the normal ending and four additional endings which are unlocked when certain conditions are met, such as completing optional chapters or obtaining powerful weapons.

Synopsis

Setting and characters

Drakengard takes place in a medieval dark fantasy world called Midgard. The world is protected from falling into chaos by the Seals, objects magically linked to a woman chosen as the Goddess of the Seal. If the seals and the Goddess were destroyed, malevolent beings known as the Watchers would enter the world to destroy humanity. A key element of the world is the ability for a human and a beast to form a pact, a ritual that ties their souls together and grants great power. Their lives become bound by the pact, and the human pays a price for it in the form of some attribute (e.g. their voice, their eyesight or their ability to age). During the events of Drakengard, the Union, which protects the Seals, is in the midst of a religious war with the Empire, a power led by a cult who believe that destroying the seals will bring them good fortune.

The main characters are , a deposed prince of the Union, and , a red dragon. Joining Caim and Angelus in optional sections of the story are , a hermit who loses his brothers in an attack by the Empire; , an elf woman driven mad by the murder of her family; and , a young boy from the Empire whose village was destroyed by the cult's devotees. Other prominent characters are , Caim's sister and the current Goddess of the Seal; , Furiae's former fiancé; , a priest in charge of protecting the Goddess Seal; and , Seere's sister, leader of the enemy cult and the game's main antagonist.

Plot
Drakengard opens with Caim in the midst of a battle to protect his sister from the Empire. During the battle, Caim is mortally injured, but continues to fight his way into Furiae's castle, where he finds Angelus severely wounded from torture. Despite their mutual mistrust, Caim and Angelus agree to make a pact and save each other. With the attack repelled, Caim is joined by Furiae and Inuart to find safety, encountering Verdelet on their travels. Inuart is captured, tortured and brainwashed by Manah, eventually kidnapping Furiae in the belief that he can save her from her fate as the Goddess and earn her love. Verdelet and Caim travel to each of the three Seals, but each time arrive too late to stop them being destroyed. Eventually, the Union and the Empire engage in battle, and the Union emerge victorious. After the battle, however, the Union's surviving troops are decimated by an unknown force from above, and the Empire's troops return to life. Caim and Angelus travel to an Imperial fortress that has appeared in the sky, where they find that Furiae has killed herself, breaking the final seal. Inuart, seeing her body, is released from his brainwashing and takes her away.

Optional missions allow Caim to find and recruit Leonard and Seere, and take along Arioch to protect others from her madness. Subsequent playthroughs and extra chapters reveal further details about the characters. Leonard's self-imposed seclusion is because he was trying to suppress his pedophilia, and the guilt at his brothers' deaths stems from the fact that he gave in to his cravings and left them unprotected. Arioch's madness takes the form of cannibalism of children, in the belief that they would be safe from harm within her. Furiae is revealed to love Caim romantically, which led to Inuart becoming jealous and vulnerable to Manah's influence. During the events leading to the third ending, Manah reveals Furiae's feelings for Caim, who shows revulsion at the revelation: due to this and the Watchers' influence, Furiae stabs herself. Manah was abused by her and Seere's mother, but Seere was never subjected to the abuse, leading him to feel guilty. The abuse Manah received and her longing for love eventually drove her insane, and she was chosen to become the Watchers' agent.

There are five possible endings, four of which are unlocked after fulfilling certain conditions. In the first ending, Caim and Angelus confront Manah and defeat her. Manah asks them to kill her, but Angelus declares that she must live with her crimes. Angelus then offers herself as the new Goddess of the Seal for Caim's sake. As Verdelet performs the ritual, Angelus tells Caim her name before fading away. In the second ending Inuart uses a magical object called a "Seed of Resurrection" to resurrect Furiae: while successful, the Seed turns her into a monster, and she kills Inuart. Caim is forced to kill her, but not before clones of her are produced from other Seeds to destroy humanity. In the third ending, after Furiae's suicide, Caim and Angelus stop Inuart's attempt to resurrect her and confront Manah, who is killed by another dragon. With the dragons now being driven to destroy mankind, Angelus breaks her pact with Caim and fights him to the death. Caim then prepares to die fighting the other dragons. In the fourth ending, Seere has his Golem pact partner kill the deranged Manah, causing the fortress to collapse. Caim, Seere, Leonard and Arioch escape, while Inuart and Furiae are killed inside. With Manah dead, the Watchers descend on the Imperial capital, with Leonard and Arioch dying at their hands. Caim and Angelus then sacrifice themselves to allow Seere to use his powers to seal the city and the Watchers in a timeless zone, nullifying their threat. In the fifth ending, instead of using Seere's power, Caim and Angelus instead attack the queen and the three disappear through a portal. After engaging the queen monster in a rhythm game in modern-day Tokyo, the two destroy it, and are then shot down by a fighter jet.

Development
The original idea for Drakengard originated between Takamasa Shiba and Takuya Iwasaki when they were working at Cavia. It was conceived as an aerial battle game similar to Ace Combat. The four-year development was Shiba's first project as a producer. The team developing the game went under the moniker of "Project Dragonsphere". As development progressed, ground-based battles were also incorporated after the success in Japan of Dynasty Warriors 2. Creating the change from ground to aerial gameplay was exceptionally difficult for the team as they encountered problems with the PlayStation 2 hardware. Speaking in 2013, Shiba commented that Cavia had been inexperienced in creating action games, and as such it was not up to the standards of its contemporaries.  The game's battle scenes were inspired by films such as the 1999 version of The Mummy and its spin-off The Scorpion King, as well as films like Dragonheart and epic films from Asia. Iwasaki was unable to take up the position of director because of other projects he was involved with: the position instead went to Yoko Taro, who was primarily responsible for the game's tone. The lead programmers were Toshiyuki Koike and Takeshi Katayama. The CGI cutscenes were created by Studio Anima. During production, the team were asked to make multiple adjustments and changes to its content by Drakengards advisory board. It was annoying enough for Yoko that he decided at the time not to make another Drakengard. Yoko was worried that the dark tone would cause the game to go unreleased, so one of the game's external producers Yosuke Saito went to Sony with a pitch; Sony were so tired of reviewing pitches at the time that they approved the project without looking at it.

The game was originally announced in December 2002, then set to be published by Enix. Its date was announced the following year by Square Enix. It released in Japan on September 11, 2003. Drakengard was first shown off to the western public at E3 2003. Its title was changed for the Western release. The original Drag-On Dragoon title was chosen for its sound, but was not considered right for the western market. Because of this, it was changed to Drakengard. In addition, some of the more mature themes, such as references to incest and sexual taboos, were censored in the western localization. In North America, the game released on March 2, 2004. While Square Enix published the title in Japan and North America, Take-Two Interactive was chosen to publish it in European territories, releasing it on May 21. For this version, the game underwent major debugging and an alteration in the angle of the in-game camera. The mobile port was part of Square Enix's plans to branch out into the European mobile game market. It was co-developed with London-based mobile developer Macrospace as part of a collaboration between Square Enix and Vodafone, designed to function on the Vodafone live! service. It was first released in Germany, then made available in the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy.

World design
The setting, mythos and landscape were primarily inspired by the folklore of Northern Europe, while other elements drew from Japanese-style revisionism. According to Shiba, multiple elements of the story and world were created to be dark, sad and serious in tone, in contrast to the likes of Dragon Quest and Final Fantasy. One of the core narrative threads, involving romantic feelings between siblings, was inspired in Yoko's mind by the anime series Sister Princess. Another series that inspired the team was Neon Genesis Evangelion, with a comparison being drawn between them due to a shared trait: while having standard premises, darker narrative elements were hidden in its content. The central narrative theme was "Immorality", which was mostly demonstrated by writer Sawako Natori through the characters. Multiple endings were made because Yoko was told that the game would not have a sequel. The characters' stories were created by Yoko and Iwasaki, who independently created the character backgrounds: Yoko took charge of Seere, Leonard and Arioch, while Iwasaki was involved in developing Verdelet, Inuart and Caim. In an interview concerning her role in the game, Natori admitted to feeling embarrassed by her writing when hearing Sota Murakami and Natsuki Yamashita, who voiced Seere and Manah, speak their lines.

Caim, the main protagonist, was meant to be an examination of the typical action game hero, which Yoko felt should not have a happy ending in a story focused on violence. The nature of Caim and Angelus' relationship underwent changes during development: Yoko had conceived their relationship as a parasitic one, but Iwasaki wanted to create a different type of romance, and so wrote the love story for the two of them. The actor who portrayed the two was Shinnosuke Ikehata: though originally cast for the role of Caim, his versatility also got him the role of Angelus. Furiae was designed by Yoko as both an explanation for Caim and Inuart's rivalry, and as a representation of his distaste for the kind of forgettable character she represented. The relationship between Caim and Furiae, as well as their ultimate fates, was Yoko's response to the standard happy ending found in most role-playing games at the time, which he felt did not fit in with a protagonist who had killed hundreds during their quest. The second ending was principally inspired by this and his dislike for Sister Princess. Caim and Furiae were respectively based around Guts from Berserk and Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion, with Caim being codenamed "Guts" during development.

Inuart was originally designed as the main protagonist of Drakengard, with him being a "useless hero". A pivotal scene in the game, where he first clashes with Caim, became one of the ways Yoko was able to properly project his vision of the game's world. Verdelet was portrayed as the "despicable elder", who cared for no-one except himself: his personality was intended to be both ineffectual and bossy, even in the face of catastrophe. Manah's role in Drakengard was designed to represent unloved children. The fifth ending, a boss battle in modern-day Tokyo, was created as a joke ending in the same vein as the Silent Hill series and an unexpected twist for players who were expecting an upbeat tone after the previous endings. Titled the End of dragon sphere, this ending served as a tribute to The End of Evangelion.

Character designs were done by Kimihiko Fujisaka. Drakengard was his first job as a character designer: his designs were firmly seated within the Medieval European aesthetic. To achieve this, he imagined that he had been sent back to that historical period. His designs were inspired by the character designs of Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest. Caim was one of the earliest characters created for Drakengard. In Inuart's design, Fujisaka incorporated heavy armor into his design to give a more forceful impression for players. His ultimate role and final design were based around the idea of him being Caim's rival. The design of the black dragon, which acted as Inuart's pact beast, did not impress Shiba, who considered cutting it from the final product. Manah's red clothing was designed to evoke both its status as the game's key color, and her status as the leader of the Cult of the Watchers. Shiba approved of the design, feeling that it contrasted nicely with Furiae's predominantly white design. Fujisaka also helped design Furiae's monster form for the game's second ending. In hindsight, Fujisaka was dissatisfied with his work on Drakengard, particularly his work on Caim. The game's monsters were designed by Taro Hasegawa.

Music

The music was composed by Nobuyoshi Sano and Takayuki Aihara: the two used excerpts from pieces of classical music (selected by Aihara), then rearranged, remixed and layered them. Their main objective was to create music that emulated the gameplay, as well as the story and general narrative theme of "madness". The music was intended to be "experimental" and "expressionistic" rather than "commercial". The theme song, , was composed by Sano, written by Natori and sung by Eriko Hatsune. The soundtrack was originally released in two volumes under the names Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack Vol.1 and Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack Vol.2, released on October 22 and November 21, 2003, respectively. The soundtrack was re-released on April 20, 2011, as a two-disc set under the title Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack.

Reception

Drakengard sold more than 122,000 units in its first week of release in Japan, taking Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Spaces place at the top of the sales charts. By the end of 2003, it had sold 241,014 copies. Gaming magazine Famitsu ranked it as the 50th best-selling title of 2003, and sold well enough that it was made part of Square Enix's Ultimate Hits series, re-releases of popular titles. Its strong sales were attributed by the team to its cinematic story and similarity to the popular Dynasty Warriors series. In Europe, the game sold 110,000 units by September 2004.

According to GameSpot, Drakengard received favorable reviews in Japan. Famitsu gave it an overall score of 29/40. After the game's reveal at E3, multiple video game publications, including Official PlayStation Magazine, IGN and Game Informer, praised its promising story and mixture of gameplay genres. The game received "average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

The story received the highest amount of praise. IGN's Jeremy Dunham called it the game's "biggest strength", praising the edgy themes explored and the balance between fantasy and realism. He also praised the multiple parallels with Neon Genesis Evangelion. The reviewer for Computer and Video Games (CVG) praised "the maturity and wit of the dialogue and unfolding plot", noting that they stood alongside other Square Enix RPGs of the time. VideoGamer.com's Adam Jarvis praised the game's storytelling style, saying that while it became "a little bogged down at various points, it is deep enough to keep your interest throughout the game." GameSpot's Greg Kasavin said that "though the story itself is awkwardly paced and is sometimes difficult to keep up with, it becomes one of the main motivating factors for wanting to get all the way through to the end of the game."

The graphics received mixed responses. Kasavin said the game "looks decent but, ultimately, not all that good". He criticized the bland environments and awkward movements for enemy units and the playable character, but praised the design of the dragon. Game Informer was more positive, praising the graphical detail and cutscenes and the look of enemy units, despite finding pop-up issues and framerate dips. Jarvis praised the design of the main cast, but cited the repetitive enemy design and dark environments as detracting elements. Dunham praised the character and monster designs as well as the full-motion cutscenes, but was less impressed by the repetitive human enemy designs, bland environments and low draw distance. The full-motion videos were also praised by the CVG reviewer.

Reaction to the sound design was mixed to positive. Dunham praised the majority of the British-style voice acting, but called the music "disappointing". Game Informer cited the low number of background tracks and voice acting "straight out of a renaissance festival" as poorer parts of the game. Kasavin praised the voice acting and called the music "the most nerve-racking and most intense aspect of the game." Jarvis was also positive, praising the sound design for battles, most of the voice acting and the music, which "[helped] create a suitably dark atmosphere."

Reception of the gameplay was mixed to negative, with Dunham saying it suffered the same problems as its derivative games despite its easy entertainment value, while Jarvis called the options in gameplay "fairly limited". The CVG reviewer praised the aerial segments of gameplay, calling them the most entertaining, and found that the standard combat served to embellish the protagonist's "kick-ass persona, making him more than just another anonymous dragon rider". The main criticism was repetition in the gameplay. Kasavin was exceptionally critical, saying that the gameplay both made the process of playing laborious and detracted from the main story. Game Informer called the gameplay "fun, but [lacking] any semblance of depth."

Legacy

Drakengard received two novelizations by Emi Nagashima (writing as Jun Eishima) and Takashi Aizawa. The game's events were retold again in a special story titled Drakengard 1.3, which followed on from the spin-off manga Drag-On Dragoon: Shi ni Itaru Aka. In March 2014, Hardcore Gamer's Jahanzeb Khan favorably referred to the game as a precursor to the TV adaptation of the book series A Song of Ice and Fire in its handling of taboo themes and violence. The game was considered successful enough in Japan by Square Enix that a sequel was commissioned. Drakengard 2 was again produced by Shiba, but Yoko was replaced as director by Akira Yasui, resulting in numerous thematic changes. Originally set following the first ending of Drakengard, it was later retconned into an isolated timeline. A prequel, Drakengard 3, was released in 2013, with multiple staff members returning to their original roles.

An attempt to create another title in the series resulted in the spin-off Nier, which retains links and themes from the main series. Nier takes place over a thousand years after the events of Drakengards fifth ending. When Cavia was absorbed by AQ Interactive after Niers release, a future attempt by Shiba to continue the series was unsuccessful. A sequel, Nier: Automata, was developed by PlatinumGames in collaboration with previous Nier staff and released in 2017, taking place after Nier's fourth ending.

Notes

Further reading

References

External links

2003 video games
Action role-playing video games
Cavia (company) games
Dark fantasy video games
Drakengard
Fiction about invasions
Mass murder in fiction
Mobile games
Music in fiction
Orphans in fiction
PlayStation 2 games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Square Enix games
Video games about cannibalism
Video games about cults
Video games about curses
Video games about magic
Video games about mental health
Video games about revenge
Video games about siblings
Video games about spirit possession
Video games about suicide
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in castles
War video games
Macrospace games

Drakengard (video game)


GVC Holdings PLC este un operator de jocuri de noroc și un operator de jocuri de noroc online, atât pe piețele de la business-to-consumer (B2C), cât și pe cele de business-to-business (B2B). GVC are patru segmente de afaceri cu un număr de mărci, inclusiv etichete sportive (Ladbrokes, bwin, Sportingbet, gamebookers); Etichete de jocuri (Party Poker, Partycasino, Foxy Bingo, Foxy Casino, Gioco Digitale, CasinoClub); Activitățile B2B și non-core. Compania este listată la Bursa din Londra și este o componentă a indicelui FTSE 250. Acesta este aprobat de ONJN.

Note

Legături externe

Case de pariuri din România

GVC Holdings


Juan de Urrede también llamado Juan de Urreda o Johannes de Wreede (Brujas, c. 1430 – Salamanca, después de 1482) fue un cantor y compositor flamenco en activo en España al servicio del Duque de Alba y de los reyes Don Fernando y Doña Isabel.

Vida
Juan de Urrede nació en Brujas y fue bautizado con el nombre de Johannes de Wreede. Su padre, Rolandus de Wreede, fue organista en San Donaciano hasta 1482. En 1451 Johannes vio rechazada su pasantía en San Donaciano, basándose en que padre e hijo no podían trabajar en la misma institución, pero en 1457 consiguió un cargo similar en la iglesia de Nuestra Señora. Su nombre desaparece de los registros en 1460, y se deduce que fue entonces cuando partió desde Brujas hacia España, a pesar de que no vuelve a aparecer hasta 1476, cuando se le paga como miembro de la casa de García Álvarez de Toledo, el primer duque de Alba, que era primo del rey Fernando.

El 17 de junio de 1477 fue nombrado cantante y maestro de capilla de la Capilla Real de Aragón. Según reflejan los libros de cuentas de la casa real su contrato se prolongó al menos hasta 1482. En ese periodo, parece que también solicitó una cátedra en la Universidad de Salamanca, una posición que no consiguió. No se conservan registros de Urrede a partir de 1482, si bien faltan registros de casa real correspondientes al período inmediatamente posterior a esta fecha. Se cree que Urrede pudo fallecer en el período comprendido entre 1482 y 1484, aunque hay alguna evidencia que sugiere que pudo haber vivido más tiempo.

Obra
Compuso varios arreglos del Pange Lingua Gloriosi Corporis Mysterium, en su mayoría basadas en la melodía original mozárabe compuesta por Santo Tomás de Aquino. Una de sus composiciones para cuatro voces fue ampliamente interpretada en el  y se convirtió en la base de una serie de obras para tecla y misas escritas por compositores españoles. Aunque escribió canciones sacras, alcanzó más renombre debido a sus canciones cortesanas, en especial Nunca fue pena mayor, con letra atribuida al duque de Alba y compuesta hacia 1470. Es posible que su melodía se funde en una obra popular de la época. La gran popularidad de esta obra maestra es atestiguada porque varios maestros la imitaron, por ejemplo Pierre de la Rue o Francisco de Peñalosa. Bartolomeo Tromboncino también copió el comienzo de la obra en su Nunqua fu pena magiore. La bella canción está escrita tres partes y también se interpretó en obras de teatro, como alguna de Gil Vicente.

Música sacra
 Kyrie 'Spiritus et alme', Gloria 'Spiritus et alme', a 4 voces, de la Misa de Beata Virgine.
 Magnificat (sexto tono), a 4 voces; 'Quia fecit', 'Esurientes'.
 Nunc dimittis, a 3 voces.
 Pange lingua, a 4 voces, dos versiones.

Música profana
 De vos y de mi quexoso, a 3 voces.
 Muy triste será mi vida, a 3 voces.
 Nunca fue pena mayor, a 3 voces.
 Dónde estás que non te veo.

Discografía
La música de Urrede ha sido grabada y difundida a través de los medios de comunicación, incluyendo:

Pange Lingua del Cancionero de Segovia.
"El Cancionero de la Catedral de Segovia", Ensemble Daedalus, Roberto Festa.

Nunca fue pena mayor, chanson c. 1470 para instrumentos.
 Del libro de partituras Colombina 1460-1490.
 De Harmonices Musices Odhecaton de Venecia 1501.
 Ensemble Les Flamboyants. Rosa Domínguez voz, Viva Biancaluna Biffi violín, Jane Achtmann violín / viola de arco, Irene Klein, viola da gamba, Norihisa Sugawara laúd / violín, Giovanna Pessi arpa, Michel Form, Luis Beduschi, Gerit Kropfl flautas dulces, Rogerio Goncalves percusión.
Zefiro Torna. (Eufoda 1343).
Montserrat Figueras, Hespèrion XX / Jordi Savall. (Astrée 9954).
Montserrat Figueras, Hesperion XX / Luiz Alves de Silva. (Fontalis 8763).
Ferré, Binchois Ensemble / D. Vellard. (EMI Virgin Classics 567-545359).
Hilliard Ensemble. (EMI Virgin Classics 653-561394).
Waverly Consort / Jaffee. (EMI Virgin Classics 621-561815).
Newberry Consort. (Harmonia Mundi France 7907083).
Larry Hill, Gregory Tambornino. (Meridian 84406).
Nancy Knowles, Frank Wallace. (Centauro 2109).

Dónde estás que non te veo, para voz e instrumentos del Cancionero de la Colombina 1460-1490.
Montserrat Figueras, Hesperion XX / Jordi Savall. (Astrée 9954).

Muy triste será mi vida del Cancionero de la Colombina 1460-1490.
Hesperion XX / Jordi Savall. (Astrée 9954).

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 «Nunca fue pena mayor»: emisión del 09-11-2012 de Música antigua, programa de Radio Clásica.

Nacidos en Brujas
Compositores de España del siglo XV
Compositores del Renacimiento de España
Compositores del Renacimiento franco-flamencos
Compositores de madrigales
Músicos de España del siglo XV
Maestros de capilla de Aragón

Juan de Urrede


Annette Klein (* 15. März 1962 in Frankfurt am Main) ist eine deutsche Diplomatin. Sie ist seit August 2022 deutsche Botschafterin in der Republik Estland.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur studierte Annette Klein Rechtswissenschaften und legte 1986 das Erste Juristische Staatsexamen ab. Im Anschluss trat sie 1987 in den Auswärtigen Dienst ein und war nach Abschluss der Laufbahnprüfung für den höheren Dienst selbst von 1989 bis 1990 Referentin in der Aus- und Fortbildungsstätte des Auswärtigen Amtes in Bonn. Im Anschluss war sie zwischen 1990 und 1992 Referentin an der Ständigen Vertretung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bei den Vereinten Nationen in New York City sowie daraufhin bis 1994 Ständige Vertreterin des Generalkonsuls in Skopje.

Nachdem Annette Klein von 1994 bis 1996 Referentin für multilaterale technische Zusammenarbeit im Auswärtigen Amt in Bonn war, wurde sie Mitarbeiterin im OSZE-Regionalzentrum Tuzla in Bosnien und Herzegowina und danach zwischen 1997 und 2000 Kulturreferentin an der Botschaft in Mexiko. Nach ihrer Rückkehr wurde sie 2000 zuerst Referentin für die bilateralen Beziehungen mit Belgien, Luxemburg, den Niederlanden und Österreich und dann 2001 Leiterin des Referats 704 (Protokoll) im Auswärtigen Amt in Berlin. Nach einer darauf folgenden Tätigkeit von 2005 bis 2007 als Ständige Vertreterin des Botschafters in Afghanistan, war sie bis 2010 Leiterin des Referats 1-IT im Auswärtigen Amt in Berlin und absolvierte dann einen Jahreskurs in polnischer Sprache.

Von 2011 bis 2014 war Annette Klein Generalkonsulin in Danzig. In dieser Funktion nahm sie am 5. März 2012 an den Gedenkfeierlichkeiten für die sogenannten Kinder von Kamp teil. Bei dem Absturz  einer völlig überladenen Dornier Do 24, der sich am 5. März 1945 an der pommerschen Ostseeküste ereignete, fielen über 70 Kinder zum Opfer, die im Rahmen der Kinderlandverschickung evakuiert werden sollten.

Von 2014 bis 2016 war Annette Klein Generalkonsulin in Djidda und wechselte dann in gleicher Funktion nach Miami (Florida). Dort blieb sie bis 2019. Nach einer weiteren Aufgabe im Auswärtigen Amt  übernahm sie Mitte 2022 die Leitung der Botschaft in Tallinn und überreichte am 17. August 2022 dem estnischen Staatspräsidenten Alar Karis ihr Beglaubigungsschreiben als neue deutsche Botschafterin in Estland.

Weblink

Einzelnachweise

Deutscher Botschafter in Estland
Jurist im auswärtigen Dienst
Träger des Verdienstordens der Italienischen Republik (Offizier)
Deutscher
Geboren 1962
Frau

Annette Klein


Stéphane Picher est un libraire et poète québécois.

Biographie
Stéphane Picher poursuit des études en histoire, espagnol, informatique et littérature.

Poète et libraire, Picher fait paraitre deux recueils de poésie, La naïveté de vivre (Éditions Le Loup de Gouttière, 2002), ainsi que Le combat du siècle (Les Éditions du Passage, 2018) mettant à « l'avant-plan les tensions latentes et les non-dits présents dans une relation père-fils ». Il écrit également pour la revue Les Libraires.

En 2019, Stéphane Picher est finaliste du Prix des libraires du Québec pour Le combat du siècle.

Œuvres

Poésie

La naïveté de vivre, avec des illustrations de Mélanie Picher, Québec, Le Loup de gouttière, 2002, 62 p.
Le combat du siècle, Montréal, Les Éditions du Passage, 2018, 70 p.

Prix et honneurs

 2019 - Finaliste : Prix des libraires du Québec (pour Le combat du siècle)

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Les Éditions du Passage

Poète québécois
Libraire du XXIe siècle
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Stéphane Piché


Una ciudad-condado, ciudad municipal o municipio de tercer nivel (en chino:县级市, pinyin:xiànjí shì; literalmente, «ciudad a nivel de condado») es una ciudad satélite de división administrativa en la República Popular China que se sitúa, en la estructura político-administrativa, por debajo de la ciudad-prefectura, pero con similitud en forma ya que abarca tanto zonas urbanas y rurales.

Muchas ciudades municipales fueron creadas en los 1980s y 1990s a partir de condados para así obtener más beneficios. Este cambio se detuvo en 1997. Estas son llamadas ciudades emergentes porque tienen gran potencial de crecimiento

La ciudad municipal no son ciudades en sí, ya que suelen contener las áreas rurales muchas veces más el tamaño de sus zonas urbanas, la superficie construida. Esto se debe a que estas áreas contienen ciudades, pueblos y tierras de cultivo, incluso propio centro administrativo. Para distinguir a una ciudad condado se utiliza el carácter ciudad (市 shí) y el carácter distrito (区qu) llamado en conjunto como área urbana.

 En Francia esta administración se le conoce como Comunidad de aglomeración.

Nombres
Después de la creación de la República Popular China a esta nivelación de ciudad se le llamó Ciudad de administración especial (专辖市), en 1970 se le conoció como ciudad de administración prefectura (地辖市) y a partir de 1983 por el de su nombre actual de ciudad a nivel de condado.

Ciudad-subprefectura
Una ciudad-subprefectura, a veces también llamada subciudad-prefectura (en chino:副地级市, pinyin:fùdìjíshì  literalmente, «ciudad a nivel de subprefectura/viceprefectura») Es un tipo de administración casi a una ciudad-condado pero con un poco más de autonomía y poder, las ciudades-condado  están bajo la jurisdicción administrativa de las ciudades-prefectura, pero las subprefecturas son a menudo administradas directamente por el gobierno provincial, sin embargo este tipo de administración se cataloga como ciudad-condado.

Las ciudades subprefectura que están administradas por una ciudad-prefectura y no directamente por la provincia son: Golmud y Manzhouli.

Distrito forestal

Es un tipo de administración especial localizado en Hubei para la conservación del medio ambiente.

Distrito especial
El Distrito especial (特区) es una unidad administrativa de tercer nivel (a nivel de condado) de la República Popular China. Se refiere específicamente a las políticas y la gestión especiales de China implementadas económicamente, principalmente para introducir capital extranjero para la construcción.

A principios de la década de 1960, con el desarrollo de áreas remotas en el país, se estableció una serie de sistemas de zonificación de "integración política y empresarial". Esto se debe principalmente a que las áreas desarrolladas son en bosques vírgenes, áreas silvestres antiguas y montañas áridas . Básicamente no hay infraestructura social ni servicios sociales básicos en esas localidades.

En la actualidad, solo hay una zona especial a nivel de condado en China, el distrito especial de Liuzhi en la ciudad-prefectura de Liupanshui , provincia de Guizhou. El Distrito especial generalmente se construye porque hay fábricas y minas especiales en el área. Por ejemplo en Liuzhi es una gran mina de carbón .

Ciudad-condado de gobierno provincial
Una ciudad-condado se trata de una unidad administrativa de tercer nivel, es decir, una de las unidades en las que las ciudad-prefectura están divididas, sin embargo hay un proyecto llamado Provincia Directa al Condado (省直管县) que pretende colocar la ciudad-condado directamente administrada por la provincia gozando de beneficios económicos y financieros.

Desde 2002, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Henan, Liaoning, Hubei y otras provincias han sido piloto en el control directo de las finanzas del condado, que pueden ser vistos como el primer paso en el control directo de los poderes ejecutivos, Zhejiang tiene incluso algunas gestiones sociales piloto sobre el control directo de los asuntos del condado.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 lista de ciudades

Organización territorial de China
Ciudades-condado de China
Ciudades-subprefectura de China

Ciudad-condado de la República Popular China