A 14 de maio de 2021, o Health Service Executive (HSE) da Irlanda sofreu um grande ataque cibernético de ransomware que fez com que todos os seus sistemas de TI em todo o país fossem desligados.

Foi o ataque de cibercrime mais significativo a uma agência estatal irlandesa e o maior ataque conhecido contra um sistema informático de serviço de saúde. A Bloomberg News informou que os invasores usaram o ransomware Conti . O grupo responsável foi identificado como uma gangue criminosa conhecida como Wizard Spider, que se supõe ter estado a operar na Rússia. Acredita-se que o mesmo grupo tenha atacado o Departamento de Saúde com um ataque cibernético semelhante.

A 19 de maio, o Financial Times fez uma revisão de dados privados de doze indivíduos que apareceram online como resultado da violação. A 28 de maio, o HSE confirmou que informações médicas confidenciais de 520 pacientes, bem como documentos corporativos foram publicados online.

A 23 de junho, foi confirmado que pelo menos três quartos dos servidores de TI do HSE foram descriptografados e 70% dos computadores estavam novamente em uso. Em setembro, mais de 95% de todos os servidores e dispositivos foram restaurados.

Contexto
Os invasores começaram com envio de um e-mail malicioso para uma estação de trabalho, a 16 de março de 2021. O e-mail foi aberto em 18 de março. Um arquivo malicioso do Microsoft Excel foi baixado, o que permitiu que os invasores acessassem os sistemas do HSE. Os invasores ganharam mais acesso nas semanas seguintes. O software antivírus do HSE detectou atividade a 31 de março, mas não conseguiu bloqueá-la, pois estava definido para o modo de monitoramento.

A 13 de maio, o provedor de segurança cibernética do HSE enviou um e-mail à equipe de operações de segurança informando que haviam ameaças não tratadas em pelo menos 16 sistemas desde 7 de maio. A equipe de operações de segurança fez com que a equipe do servidor reiniciasse os servidores.

O HSE foi alertado sobre o ataque às 4h do dia 14 de maio de 2021. O ataque afetou os sistemas nacionais e locais, envolvidos em todos os serviços principais, com o HSE desativando seu sistema de TI para protegê-lo do ataque e dar tempo ao HSE para considerar opções.

O ataque ocorreu durante a pandemia de COVID-19 . O programa de vacinação COVID-19 da Irlanda não foi afetado pelo ataque e prosseguiu conforme planeado; no entanto, o sistema de clínica geral de COVID-19 e o sistema de referência de contato próximo estavam inativos, exigindo que esses indivíduos frequentassem os locais de atendimento em vez de comparecer a uma consulta.

O independente TD (Membro do Parlamento) Cathal Berry afirmou que o Centro Nacional de Segurança Cibernética, responsável pela segurança cibernética do estado, tinha apenas 25 funcionários, um orçamento de € 5 milhões por ano, sem instalações dedicadas, e que sua posição de Administrador estava vago há um ano devido ao seu salário de 89.000 euros por ano. O Centro Nacional de Segurança Cibernética está sob a alçada do Departamento de Meio Ambiente, Clima e Comunicações .

Autor e metodologia
O National Cyber Security Center identificou a ferramenta de teste de penetração Cobalt Strike, vendida pela empresa americana de TI HelpSystems, como sendo usada para infiltrar e infectar os sistemas do HSE e do Departamento de Saúde, correr arquivos executáveis e implantar uma variante do ransomware Conti . O Cobalt Strike Beacon foi detectado em sistemas infectados, o que permitiu que eles fossem controlados e que o software fosse implantado remotamente.

O grupo responsável foi identificado como uma gangue criminosa conhecida como Wizard Spider, que se acredita estar operando em São Petersburgo, na Rússia.

Impacto
O ataque cibernético de ransomware teve um impacto significativo nas consultas hospitalares em todo o país, com muitas consultas canceladas, incluindo todos os serviços ambulatoriais e de radiologia.

Vários hospitais descreveram situações em que não conseguiam acessar sistemas e registros electrónicos e precisavam contar com registros em papel. Alguns alertaram para interrupções significativas com o cancelamento de consultas de rotina, incluindo checkups e exames de maternidade.

O sistema de referência de testes COVID-19 foi colocado offline, exigindo que indivíduos com casos suspeitos compareçam aos centros de testes COVID-19 walk-in, em vez de comparecerem a uma consulta. O portal de registro de vacinação COVID-19 também ficou offline, mas voltou a ficar online à noite.

A chefe de operações do HSE – Anne O'Connor – disse a 14 de maio que alguns serviços de oncologia e cardiologia foram afetados e que "a situação será muito grave se continuar até segunda-feira [17 de maio]". Ela disse que as preocupações mais sérias eram com os sistemas de diagnóstico, com os sistemas de radiologia tendo caído, afetando o avanço de exames de tomografia computadorizada e de outros exames. Uma grande quantidade de consultas ambulatoriais também foi cancelada; a maioria dos serviços de saúde comunitários não são afetados. O'Connor também informou que "não sabemos quais dados foram coletados", mas "sabemos que alguns dados foram comprometidos", com o Comissário de Proteção de Dados sendo alertado sobre a possível violação.

O HSE publicou uma lista de serviços afetados em seu site, na hora do almoço, a 14 de maio de 2021.

A 19 de maio, o Financial Times revisou "amostras" de dados privados de doze indivíduos que foram publicados on-line, incluindo registros de admissão e resultados laboratoriais de um homem internado no hospital para cuidados paliativos . Em resposta, o Centro Nacional de Segurança Cibernética afirmou que as gangues criminosas "habitualmente liberam informações roubadas como meio de pressionar as organizações a pagar um resgate". A equipe do ContiLocker alegou também ter contratos de trabalho de funcionários, dados de folha de pagamento e demonstrações financeiras, endereços de pacientes e números de telefone de pacientes.

A 28 de maio, o HSE confirmou que os dados relativos a 520 pacientes, incluindo informações confidenciais, foram publicados online.

A dezembro de 2021, o HSE disse que poderia levar até quatro meses para entrar em contato com todos aqueles cujos dados foram roubados. O Garda National Cyber Crime Bureau recebeu os dados do Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos por meio de um tratado de assistência jurídica mútua . O Bureau forneceu os dados ao HSE a 17 de dezembro de 2021. O HSE confirmou que esses dados foram retirados dos seus computadores. O HSE também entrou em contato com o Comissário de Proteção de Dados sobre os dados.  Os dados seriam uma mistura de dados pessoais, informações médicas, informações corporativas do HSE, bem como informações administrativas pessoais comerciais e gerais.

Resposta
O HSE está a trabalhar com o Centro Nacional de Segurança Cibernética, a Garda Síochána, as Forças de Defesa Irlandesas, bem como vários parceiros nacionais e internacionais, incluindo Europol e Interpol .

O Ministro de Estado para Compras Públicas e Governação Electrónica – Ossian Smyth – disse que o ataque foi internacional, não de espionagem, e que "este é um ataque muito significativo, possivelmente o ataque cibernético mais significativo ao estado irlandês".

O HSE alegou que era uma ameaça de dia zero e que não havia experiência em como responder ao ataque. O ministro da Saúde – Stephen Donnelly – disse que o ataque teve "um impacto severo" nos serviços de saúde e assistência social. O diretor-geral do HSE – Paul Reid – disse que o ataque iria custar "dezenas de milhões" para ser consertado.

Vários meios de comunicação, incluindo o Bleeping Computer, relataram que um resgate de € 16,5 milhões (cerca de US $ 20 milhões) foi feito, oferecendo para descriptografar dados e não publicar "dados privados". Inicialmente, o Business Post informou que um pedido de resgate de três bitcoins ou € 124.000 (cerca de US$ 150.000) foi feito. Taoiseach Micheál Martin afirmou que o resgate não seria pago, com o ataque sendo tratado de "maneira metódica".

As empresas americanas de segurança cibernética McAfee e FireEye foram contratadas pelo HSE após o ataque, para mitigar os danos e monitorar sites dark web em busca de dados vazados.

A 16 de maio, foi relatado que o Departamento de Proteção Social sofreu "ataques contínuos e ferozes", mas o grupo criminoso altamente organizado não conseguiu violar a segurança. Posteriormente, o Departamento suspendeu seus canais de comunicação electrónica com o HSE.

A 20 de maio, o Ministro das Comunicações, Eamon Ryan disse que uma linha de apoio iria ser criada para ajudar indivíduos que tiveram informações de saúde publicadas como resultado do ataque, e que as empresas de mídia social foram solicitadas a não compartilhar informações que foram divulgadas, com uma liminar do Tribunal Superior obtida pelo HSE para proibir o compartilhamento dessas informações. No mesmo dia, foi relatado que o grupo de crime cibernético organizado forneceu uma chave de descriptografia que poderia permitir que o HSE recuperasse seus sistemas de TI e os arquivos que os hackers bloquearam e criptografaram. Enquanto isso, o público foi aconselhado por Gardaí a estar ciente de uma série de golpes de chamadas e mensagens de texto após o ataque cibernético em meio a avisos de que a prestação de cuidados no serviço de saúde seriam um alto risco por semanas; desde 24 de maio, a Garda Síochána qualificou de "oportunistas" quaisquer ligações ameaçando a divulgação de informações, afirmando que estas não têm acesso a dados privados.

A 27 de maio, o Chefe do Executivo do HSE – Paul Reid – disse que o custo do ataque cibernético aos seus sistemas informáticos poderia ultrapassar os 100 milhões de euros.

O CIS Corps das Forças de Defesa implantou 'hackers éticos' para combater o ataque de ransomware e enviou pessoal da CIS para hospitais e escritórios de HSE para descriptografar os dispositivos afetados no local. Os reservistas do Exército foram particularmente úteis para esse esforço devido às suas habilidades de segurança cibernética e à experiência adquirida no setor privado durante seus trabalhos diários.

A 5 de setembro, durante uma grande operação realizada pela Gardaí visando a quadrilha por trás do ataque de ransomware, o Garda National Cyber Crime Bureau apreendeu vários domínios usados no ataque cibernético e outros ataques de ransomware.

Relatório PricewaterhouseCoopers
A 10 de dezembro, foi divulgado um relatório da PricewaterhouseCoopers que revelou que os invasores estavam nos sistemas de computador HSE oito semanas antes do início do ataque. O relatório disse que o sistema de TI herdado da HSE não era resiliente contra ataques cibernéticos. Ele evoluiu ao longo do tempo, mas não foi projetado para resistir a ataques.

O CEO da HSE, Paul Reid, disse que o sistema não foi estrategicamente projetado, mas foi o resultado da fusão de conselhos de saúde, grupos hospitalares e organizações comunitárias de saúde. O sistema é muito fragmentado e isolado. Em contraste, a equipe do HSE foi descrita como resiliente, trabalhando rapidamente para garantir a continuidade dos serviços. Reid também disse que o HSE iniciou uma série de ações para mitigar futuros ataques. Isso inclui um sistema de monitoramento 24 horas para sistemas de TI no HSE e mais autenticação multifator para usuários.

O presidente do HSE, Ciarán Devine, disse que o serviço de saúde ainda sente o impacto do ataque.

O HSE aceitou várias recomendações do relatório, incluindo o desenvolvimento de um novo plano de investimento significativo e a transformação da TI legada para incluir segurança.

Novos cargos de Diretor de Tecnologia e Transformação e Diretor de Segurança da Informação devem ser criados.

O relatório também recomenda planos de gerenciamento de crises de segurança para garantir que as respostas a ataques futuros sejam gerenciadas adequadamente.

O uso de hackers éticos para testar a segurança do sistema será aumentado.

Ataque cibernético do Departamento de Saúde
A 13 de maio, o Centro Nacional de Segurança Cibernética (NCSC) foi alertado sobre "atividade suspeita" nos sistemas do Departamento de Saúde e, na manhã de 14 de maio, uma tentativa de executar ransomware foi impedida, com os sistemas de TI do Departamento de Saúde encerrados como precaução. Uma investigação preliminar do NCSC mostrou o uso da ferramenta de acesso remoto Cobalt Strike, vendida pela empresa de tecnologia americana HelpSystems, para infectar sistemas e executar a carga útil do ransomware.

De acordo com a RTÉ News, uma nota digital do grupo de crimes cibernéticos que se acredita ser o responsável foi deixada nos sistemas de TI do Departamento, semelhante à descoberta no HSE.

Restauro dos sistemas
A 23 de junho de 2021, foi confirmado que pelo menos três quartos dos servidores de TI do HSE foram descriptografados e 70% dos dispositivos de computador voltaram a ser usados. A 15 de julho, isso aumentou para 82% dos servidores e 83% dos dispositivos. Em setembro, mais de 95% de todos os servidores e dispositivos foram restaurados.

Ação legal
A 25 de junho de 2021, o juiz do Supremo Tribunal Tony O'Connor foi informado de que aproximadamente 27 arquivos roubados do HSE foram colocados em um serviço de análise de malware VirusTotal no final de maio. O VirusTotal pertence e é administrado pela Chronicle Security Ireland Ltd, sua controladora norte-americana Chronicle LLC e, finalmente, pelo Google. Os arquivos roubados incluíam informações confidenciais de pacientes e foram baixados 23 vezes antes de os arquivos serem removidos a 25 de maio.

Os réus – Chronicle Security Ireland e Chronicle LLC – disseram que queriam ajudar o HSE o máximo possível, mas por motivos de proteção de dados não podem entregar material a menos que um tribunal os ordene. Portanto, o HSE solicitou ordens da Norwich Pharmacal contra os réus para exigir que eles fornecessem informações sobre aqueles que carregaram ou baixaram as informações roubadas. As ordens exigiriam que os réus fornecessem ao HSE os endereços de e-mail, números de telefone, endereços IP ou endereços físicos dos usuários desconhecidos.

O diretor nacional de desempenho e integração de operações do HSE – Joe Ryan – disse que o HSE tomou conhecimento de que o Financial Times havia publicado um artigo referindo-se a dados roubados e mencionando um link para dados roubados. O HSE solicitou a devolução dos dados roubados e uma explicação para a localização do link, mas o Financial Times indicou que recebeu a informação de uma fonte confidencial que se recusou a revelar.

A 20 de maio de 2021, o HSE obteve uma ordem judicial restringindo qualquer processamento, publicação, compartilhamento ou venda de dados roubados. Quando o Financial Times recebeu uma cópia da ordem, eles entregaram as informações que obtiveram da fonte aos consultores de segurança de computadores do HSE. A análise desse material revelou que os dados roubados foram carregados no VirusTotal.

Ryan disse que, após serem contatados, os réus excluíram os dados roubados de seus servidores.

O advogado do HSE disse ao juiz que o assunto era urgente, mas esperava que o assunto pudesse ser finalizado quando o assunto chegar ao tribunal. Os advogados do réu disseram que é improvável que se oponham a qualquer ordem de forma acordada do HSE para divulgar informações. O juiz, em uma base ex parte, concedeu permissão ao advogado para notificar os réus em curto prazo e retomou o assunto na semana seguinte.

Ligações externas
 Ataque cibernético da Conti no Relatório de Incidente Independente de HSE (Redigido)

Ransomware
Ciberataques
2021 na informática
2021 na Irlanda

Ataque de ransomware ao Health Service Executive


Tómlæti er matskennt ástand um hvort aðila hafi verið nógu annt um rétt sinn að hann sótti fullnustu eða staðfestingar hans tímanlega. Á sviði lögfræðinnar leiðir vanræksla að þessu leyti að jafnaði til þess að réttur þess er sýndi tómlætið fellur niður. Ýmis hugtök eru notuð til að lýsa tómlæti og má þar á meðal nefna "án ástæðulauss dráttar" og "eins fljótt og unnt er".

Lögfræði

Tómlæti


An anabatic wind, from the Greek anabatos, verbal of anabainein meaning "moving upward", is a warm wind which blows up a steep slope or mountain side, driven by heating of the slope through insolation. It is also known as an upslope flow. These winds typically occur during the daytime in calm sunny weather. A hill or mountain top will be radiatively warmed by the Sun which in turn heats the air just above it.  Air at a similar altitude over an adjacent valley or plain does not get warmed so much because of the greater distance to the ground below it.  The effect may be enhanced if the lower lying ground is shaded by the mountain and so receives less heat

The air over the hill top is now warmer than the air at a similar altitude around it and will rise through convection.  This creates a lower pressure region into which the air at the bottom of the slope flows, causing the wind. It is common for the air rising from the tops of large mountains to reach a height where it cools adiabatically to below its dew point and forms cumulus clouds.  These can then produce rain or even thunderstorms.

Anabatic winds are particularly useful to soaring glider pilots who can use them to increase the aircraft's altitude. Anabatic winds can be detrimental to the maximum downhill speed of cyclists.

Conversely, katabatic winds are down-slope winds, frequently produced at night by the opposite effect, the air near to the ground losing heat to it faster than air at a similar altitude over adjacent low-lying land.

Monsoon winds are similarly generated, but on a continental scale and seasonal cycle.

See also
 Mountain breeze and valley breeze

References

Gliding technology
Wind

Anabatic wind


අද බබිලෝනියාව වෙනම රටක් නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. මිය යන සුමේරියානු ශිෂ් .ාචාරයේ අවසාන නැගීම බබිලෝනියයි. 1792-1750 දී පාලනය කළ මහා හම්මුරාබි යනු වඩාත් සුන්දර හා අද්භූත නගරයේ පළමු රජු ය. ක්රි.පූ ඊ. ඊළඟ නොසන්සුන්තාවයෙන් පසු බිඳී ගිය රට එක්සත් කිරීමට දැඩි හස්තයකින් ඔහු සමත් විය. ඔහු නැවත වෙළඳාම, ඉදිකිරීම්, දැඩි නීති ආරම්භ කළ අතර සුමේරියානු රාජධානියේ මියයන වේදනාව දීර් to කිරීමට හැකි විය.

1 වන රාජවංශයේ හයවන සහ වඩාත් ප්රසිද්ධ රජු වූයේ හම්මුරාබි ය. ඔහුගේ පියා සින්මුබලිට්ගේ මරණයෙන් පසු තරමක් තරුණ වියේදී ඔහු සිංහාසනයට පත්විය. ඔහු තවමත් සිංහාසනයේ උරුමක්කාරයා වූ විට, මහජන කටයුතුවල ක්රියාකාරී ලෙස සහභාගී වූ අතර වැදගත් පරිපාලනමය රාජකාරි ඉටු කළේය. හම්මුරාබිට උරුම වූ රාජ්යයේ ප්රමාණය, පිහිටීම, මිලිටරි බලය ඔහු බබිලෝනියාවේ ශක්තිමත්ම රජෙකු බවට පත් කළේය.

හමුරාබි


Bababui 1 fue el primer pozo petrolífero profundo productor en Venezuela. La perforación se inició el 12 de agosto de 1912 por la empresa New York & Bermúdez Company y finalizó el 15 de agosto de 1913 cuando se halló petróleo a 188 m (615,5 pies) de profundidad

Ubicación
El pozo Bababui 1 se perforó al sureste del estado Sucre en el Municipio Benítez, en lo que se denominó como campo Guanoco ubicado 65 km al noreste de la ciudad de Maturín, estado Monagas en las cercanías de la población de Guanoco  y del Lago de asfalto de Guanoco .

Historia
El 7 de mayo de 1883 Horacio R. Hamilton y Jorge A. Phillips reciben la concesión para explotar el Lago de asfalto de Guanoco la cual es transferida a la New York & Bermúdez Company el 16 de noviembre de 1885.

Para el año 1912 la New York & Bermúdez Company pretende expandir sus actividades en la zona y cumplir con obligaciones contractuales de la concesión. En este sentido inicia actividades exploratorias en las cercanías de la comunidad de Guanoco y un año más tarde el 15 de agosto de 1913 se logra extraer un petróleo muy pesado del pozo Bababui 1.

Adicionalmente la New York & Bermúdez Company perforará unos 16 pozos productores además de otros 20 pozos de poca profundidad (aproximadamente 30 m) dando origen al campo petrolero de Guanoco. Lamentablemente debido a la alta viscosidad del petróleo y las complicaciones que se presentaban para su producción se abandonan los pozos.

Véase también

 Pozo petrolífero
 PDVSA
 Zumaque
 La Petrolia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Campos Petroliferos de Venezuela. PDVSA=InteveP. 1997
 PDVSA: Concesión petrolera: concesión de soberanía

Petróleos de Venezuela
Campos petrolíferos de Venezuela
Historia económica de Venezuela
Historia de Sucre
Economía de Sucre

Bababui 1


Proba de schi fond, 30 km schiatlon masculin de la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 de la Pyeongchang, Coreea de Sud a avut loc pe 11 februarie 2018 la Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre.

Program
Orele sunt orele Coreei de Sud (ora României + 7 ore).

Rezultate
Cursa a început la ora 15:15.

Referințe

Schi fond la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018

Schi fond la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 - 30 km schiatlon (masculin)


سينالكو (SINALCO) شركة مشروبات غازية غير كحولية، تأسست في الأصل بمدينة ديتمولد في ولاية شمال الراين وستفاليا الألمانية عام 1902م وتباع منتجاتها في أكثر من 40 بلداً.

في عام 1902م، قام العالِم الألماني «فريدرك ادوارد بيلز» باختراع محلول بيلز، وسرعان ما بدأ بتسويقه، ومن ثم تم عمل مسابقة لاختيار اسم تجاري غير كحولي لهذا المنتج، وتم اختيار اسم سينالكو "Sinalco" المشتق من المصطلح اللاتيني (Sin Alcohol)، والذي يعني «خال من الكحول»، سُجّلَ شعارُ سينالكو ذو الدائرة الحمراء علامةً تجاريةً عام 1937م، تباع منتجات سينالكو على نطاق عالمي وبالأخص في أمريكا الجنوبية والشرق الأوسط. تعد شركة سينالكو من أقدم شركات المشروبات الغازية في أوروبا.

منتجات الشركة
 سينالكو كولا.
 سينالكو برتقال.
 سينالكو الليمون الحامض.
 سينالكو الليمون الأخضر.
 سينالكو التفاح.
 سينالكو روسو (البرتقال الأحمر والباشن).
 سينالكو فريسكو.
 كذلك تنتج المياه المعبأة والشاي المثلج.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الإلكتروني للشركة

شركات ألمانيا
شركات مشروبات
شركات مشروبات ألمانية
علامات تجارية ألمانية
علامات تجارية للمشروبات
مشروبات ألمانية
مشروبات غازية
منتجات عرضت في 1902

سينالكو


S. J. Clarkson é uma diretora e produtora britânica. Ela é conhecido por seu trabalho dirigindo a série de televisão Dexter (2009-2011), House (2011), Orange in the New Black (2014), Bates Motel (2013). Também dirigiu às séries da Netflix baseado em personagens da Marvel sendo elas Jessica Jones (2015) e The Defenders (2017) e mais recentemente ela foi confirmada para dirigir o filme Madame Web (2023) ambientado no Universo Homem-Aranha da Sony (SSU).

Carreira
Os créditos de Clarkson incluem as séries Doctors, Casualty, EastEnders, Footballers' Wives e Life on Mars, bem como as séries americanas Heroes, House, Dexter e Ugly Betty. Em 2008, ela co-criou a série britânica Mistresses. Em 2010, ela também dirigiu o filme Toast.

Em 2019, ela assinou contrato para dirigir a prequel de Game of Thrones para a HBO.

Em 2021 ela foi contratada para dirigir Madame Web (2023)

Filmografia

Filmes

Televisão

!Artigos novos
Diretores de televisão do Reino Unido

S. J. Clarkson


Pasul Șetref este o trecătoare aflată în Carpații Orientali la o altitudine de 818 m, care asigură legătura între Depresiunea Maramureșului și Podișul Transilvaniei prin drumul național DN17C.

Trecătoarea este situată în Carpații Maramureșului și Bucovinei, între Munții Țibleș și Munții Rodnei. Aceasta leagă satul Dealul Ștefăniței din județul Bistrița-Năsăud de localitatea Săcel aflată în județul vecin, Maramureș.

Obiective turistice de interes situate în apropiere
 Parcul Național Munții Rodnei
 Rezervațiile naturale: Izvorul Bătrâna, Peștera și izbucul Izvorul Albastru al Izei și Zăvoaiele Borcutului.
 Atelierul și cuptorul olarului Tănase Burnar, ultimul meșter care lucrează ceramica de Săcel.

Șetref
Carpații Orientali

Pasul Șetref


عائلة قرقيعان مسرحية كوميدية كويتية من تأليف أيمن الحبيل ومن إخراج نادر الحساوي، تم إنتاجها عام 2005.

طاقم التمثيل
 طارق العلي
 عبد الرحمن العقل
 خالد البريكي
 علاء مرسي
 شهاب حاجية
 منى البلوشي
 نادية كرم
 أحمد البارود
 هاني الطباخ
 يونس العلوي
 نواف النجم
 ماغي مطران
 محمد الحملي

مسرحيات كوميدية
مسرحيات كويتية

عائلة قرقيعان (مسرحية)


Chita (, ) is a city and the administrative center of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway route, roughly  east of Irkutsk.

Geography
Chita lies at the confluence of the Chita and Ingoda Rivers, between the Yablonoi Mountains to the west and the Chersky Range to the east. Lake Kenon is located to the west, within the city limits, and the Ivan-Arakhley Lake System is a group of lakes lying about  west of Chita.

History

Pyotr Beketov's Cossacks founded Chita in 1653.
The name of the settlement apparently came from the local River  Chita.

Following the Decembrist revolt of 1825, from 1827 several of the Decembrists suffered exile to Chita.
According to George Kennan, who visited the area in the 1880s, "Among the exiles in Chita were some of the brightest, most cultivated, most sympathetic men and women that we had met in Eastern Siberia."

When Richard Maack visited the city in 1855, he saw a wooden town, with one church, also wooden. He estimated Chita's population at under 1,000, but predicted that the city would soon experience fast growth, due to the upcoming  annexation of the Amur valley by Russia.

By 1885, Chita's population had reached 5,728, and by 1897 it increased to 11,500. In 1897 the Trans-Siberian Railway reached Chita; rail traffic from 1899 rapidly made Chita the transport hub and industrial centre of the Transbaikal.

During the Russian revolution of 1905, revolutionary socialists declared the Chita Republic.  Tsarist government forces took control again in January 1906.

The Bolsheviks took power in Chita in February 1918. The Imperial Japanese Army occupied Chita from September 1918 to 1920 in the course of the Siberian intervention. On behalf of the White movement, Ataman Grigory Semyonov's Eastern Okraina ruled from Chita for some few months in early 1920 with Japanese support. From October 1920 to November 1922 the city served as the capital of the Far Eastern Republic, which became part of the  RSFSR in November 1922.

In 1945, the Soviet authorities held Puyi, who had reigned (1908–1912, 1917) as the last Emperor of China, and some of his associates as prisoners in the city, in a former sanatorium for officers.

Administrative and municipal status
Chita is the administrative center of Zabaykalsky Krai, and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Chitinsky District, to which it is also subordinated. As a municipal division, the city of Chita together with one rural locality in Chitinsky District is incorporated as Chita Urban Okrug.

City districts
The city is subdivided into four administrative districts: Chernovsky (named after the Chernovskiye coal mines and colloquially known as "Chernovskiye"), Ingodinsky (named after the Ingoda River), Tsentralny, and Zheleznodorozhny.

Chernovsky Administrative District used to be a mining settlement, which was incorporated into Chita in 1941. Chernovskiye mines themselves are a geological nature monument of international status.

Transportation
Chita is served by Kadala Airport, situated 15 km to the west.

Education

Chita is home to several facilities of higher education:
Transbaikal State University (formerly Chita State University)
Chita State Academy of Medicine

Military
Chita Northwest air base is located nearby, as well as the 101st (Hub) Communications Brigade and the 53rd Material Support Regiment.

Sports
FC Chita is Chita's association football club.

An indoor arena for speed skating is planned.

Climate
Chita experiences a dry-winter  borderline humid continental climate/subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwb/Dwc) with very cold, very dry winters and warm, relatively wet summers. The coldest temperature to have ever been recorded in Chita was .

Twin towns – sister cities

Chita is twinned with:
 Hailar District, China (1992)
 Choibalsan, Mongolia (1994)
 Manzhouli, China (1999)
 Hulunbuir, China (2001)
 Ulan-Ude, Russia (2011)

Notable people
Yevgeni Alkhimov (born 1977), Russian professional footballer
Nataliya Kuznetsova (born 1991), Russian professional female bodybuilder who holds the world armlifting, bench press, and deadlift titles
Oleg Lundstrem (1916–2005), Soviet and Russian jazz composer
Igor Mirnov (born 1984), Russian professional ice hockey player
Ivan Nagibin (born 1986), Russian professional football player
Lev Okhotin (1911–1948), member of the Supreme Council of the Russian Fascist Party
Aleksandr Perfilyev (1895–1973), Russian journalist, poet and writer
Anastasia Pivovarova (born 1990), Russian professional tennis player
Boris Polevoy (1918–2002), Russian historian
Aleksandra Samusenko (1922–1945), Soviet Tank Captain, Sole female tankman in 1st Guards Tank Army
Volodymyr Shkidchenko (born 1948), Ukrainian military, General of Army of Ukraine
Sergei Smirnov (born 1950), Russian security services official
Anatoly Sobchak (1937–2000), Russian politician
Vitaly Solomin (1941–2002), Soviet and Russian actor, director and screenwriter
Yury Solomin (born 1935), Soviet and Russian actor and director
Alina Stadnik (born 1991), Ukrainian female wrestler
Alexander Stranichkin (born 1955), Abkhazian politician
Lyudmila Titova (born 1946), Russian speed skater
Dmytro Tymchuk (born 1972), Ukrainian military expert and blogger
Yemelyan Yaroslavsky (1878–1943), Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, communist party organizer
Oksana Zhnikrup (1931-1993), Ukrainian ceramicist, whose works inspired Jeff Koons
Stanislav Drobyshevsky (born 1978), Russian anthropologist and science popularizer

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Official website of Chita
Chita Business Directory
Account of Englishman's life in Chita, 2005-2006
Old Chita, website of local history

Transbaikal Oblast
1653 establishments in Russia
Russian Far East

Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai


دم التنين  هو راتنج بلون أحمر فاتح (قرمزي) يتم الحصول عليه من عدة أنواع من الأجناس النباتية المختلفة مثل: كروتون، دراكينا، دايمونوروبس، كالاموس روتانج بتروكاربوس. يستخدم هذا الراتنج الأحمر منذ العصور القديمة في استخدامات مختلفة مثل الورنيش والدواء والبخور والصباغة.

استخداماتها وفوائدها
تستخرج المادة الصمغية الراتنجية من قشر النبات وحراشيف الثمار يجمع الراتنج بعد تجمده في أشهر الصيف بكشط كتل الراتنج بآلة حادة من تجاويف يتجمع فيها كانت قد قطعت في جذع الشجرة، واحسن درجات المادة هو الراتنج بحجم الفصوص الذي يتكون على الفروع.هذه المادة هي ذات لون احمر وليس لها رائحة ولا طعم مميز.

المادة الفعالة فيها تسمى «دراكو» وتصل نسبتها في النبات إلى 55 % وقد استخدمت قديما في علاج الجروح والحروق والتقرحات الجلديه وتقوية الجهاز الهضمي وذكرها أهم اطباء العرب القدامى وعلى راسهم ابن سينا.

وهي تستخدم اليوم علاجيا حيث يستخرج منها ادوية لعلاج تشققات المعدة ووقف النزيف الداخلي في أي مكان داخل الجسد وكذلك تدخل في معاجين كمادة قابضة ومطهرة للثة.وتدخل في صناعة الورنيش، وفي صباغة الرخام، وفي صناعة المراهم، وحبر الطباعة وغيره. وفي سقطرى يزين بها جدران المنازل من الخارج والاواني الفخارية.

شجرة دم التنين

شجرة «دم التنين» وتعرف أيضاً ب «دم الاخوين» تعد من أجمل واغرب أنواع الاشجار في العالم

أماكن وتاريخ تواجدها
يعود ظهورها على سطح الأرض إلى أكثر من 50 مليون عام ويرجح ظهورها في حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط. تنتشر اليوم في جزيرة سقطرى اليمنية التي أصبحت محمية طبيعية بسبب احتوائها على الكثير من الكائنات النادرة حيوانية كانت ام نباتية ومن أهمها شجرة دم الاخوين. يناسب هذه الشجرة الأرض الصخرية والأماكن العالية وهي تستطيع ان تتحمل الجفاف بشكل كبير وهذا يعود إلى قدرتها على الاحتفاظ بالماء لسنين طويلة.

خصائصها
ما يميزها إضافة إلى شكلها الخارجي هو قيمتها الطبية حيث يستخرج من لحائها نوع من الراتنج اللون يستخدم في بعض العلاجات إضافة إلى استخدامه في الصباغة.

التسمية
اما الاسم "دم الاخوين " فهو يعود إلى الأسطورة التي تتناقلها الاجيال في اليمن والتي تحكي قصة أول قطرة دم وأول نزيف بين الأخوين: قابيل وهابيل. وبحسب الأسطورة فقد كان قابيل وهابيل أول من سكن جزيرة سوقطرة.."ولما وقعت أول جريمة قتل في التاريخ وسال الدم نبتت شجرة دم الأخوين.

وإضافة إلى ندرتها هذه الشجرة الجميلة كانت نبتة مقدسة في الديانات القديمة لدى الحميريين والفراعنة والأشوريين. وهذا ما ظهر من خلال النقوش القديمة.

مراجع

خضاب عضوي
راتنجات
زراعة
صباغات حيوية
طب تقليدي
مواد البخور

دم التنين


Trnovac, brdo u gradu Tuzli. Nalazi se sjeverno od Jale, između Kojšina, Soline i Gradine. U osmanskim vremenima bilo je vlasništvo paše Mahmud-paše Tuzlića. Tijekom velike epidemije kolere 1846. koja je zahvatila Tuzlu, paša je ponudio mjesnim Srbima lokalitet Mioci, najviši vrh iznad Trnovca za pravoslavno groblje, što su Srbi prihvatili.

1878. godine Austro-Ugarska zaposjela je BiH. 1885. godine vršila je istražna bušenja tla. Našli su visoke koncentracije slane vode i bogate naslage kamene soli. Povoljni rezultati s Trnovca i lignit u Kreki nagnali su austro-ugarske vlasti pripremati izgradnju druge industrijske zone koju su napravili na Kreki, jer su blizu bili ugljenokopi i slanih bunara. Uskoro na Trnovcu grade suvremene slane bunare za eksploataciju slane vode i opskrbu solana u Siminom Hanu i Kreki.

Na groblju je 1900. dovršena pravoslavna crkva sv. velikomučenika Georgija, danas nacionalni spomenik BiH. Groblje Trnovac je poslije postalo multikonfesionalno.

Izvori

Tuzla
Brda u Bosni i Hercegovini

Trnovac (brdo u Tuzli)


is the day before the beginning of spring in the old calendar in Japan. The name literally means 'seasonal division', referring to the day just before the first day of spring in the traditional calendar, known as ; though previously referring to a wider range of possible dates,  is now typically held on February 3 (in 2021 it was on 2nd February), with the day after – the first day of spring in the old calendar – known as . Both  and  are celebrated yearly as part of the Spring Festival () in Japan. In its association with the Lunar New Year, , though not the official New Year, was thought of as similar in its ritual and cultural associations of 'cleansing' the previous year as the beginning of the new season of spring.  was accompanied by a number of rituals and traditions held at various levels to drive away the previous year's bad fortunes and evil spirits for the year to come.

History
 has its origins in , a Chinese custom introduced to Japan in the 8th century. It was quite different from the  known today. According to the Japanese history book ,  was first held in Japan in 706, and it was an event to ward off evil spirits held at the court on the last day of the year according to the lunar-solar calendar. At that time,  was an event to drive away evil spirits that brought misfortune and disease by decorating each gate of the palace with clay figures of cows and children and using peach branches and walking sticks.

The custom of  as we know it today began in the Muromachi period (1336–1573). Every household of the aristocracy and samurai class threw beans from their houses into the open air. The , a dictionary compiled during the Muromachi period, states that the practice of bean-throwing during  originated from a legend in the 10th century, during the reign of Emperor Uda, that a monk on Mt. Kurama escaped misfortune by blinding  with roasted beans. The Japanese word for bean, , is pronounced , which can be written as , and some believe that the pronunciation is similar to that of , meaning 'to destroy the devil', which is why people began throwing beans during .

From the Edo period (1603–1867), the custom of throwing beans at Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples, and homes of ordinary people spread throughout Japan as an event or festival to drive away evil spirits during . It was also during this period that the custom of tying roasted sardine heads to holly sprig to decorate the gates of houses during  began. This custom was intended to scare away  with the thorns of the holly leaves and the smell of the roasted sardines. The original form of this custom is recorded in the , compiled in 934 during the Heian period (794–1185). The diary describes a Shinto  (sacred rope) that was hung on the gate of a house during the New Year's holiday to mark the boundary of purification, and that a mullet head pierced with a sprig of holly was attached to the .

The custom of eating  on  began in the geisha districts from the Edo period to the Meiji period.  is a special  (sushi roll) eaten on . On , people face the most auspicious direction of the year and eat the whole , an uncut sushi roll, to pray for prosperity and happiness for the year. It is believed that it was originally called simply  or . The name  may have spread throughout Japan in 1989, when a Japanese convenience store chain renamed it  and began selling it.

Traditions

The main ritual associated with the observance of  is ; this ritual sees roasted soybeans (known as ) either thrown out of the front door, or at a member of the family wearing an  (demon or ogre) mask while shouting , before slamming the door. The beans are thought to symbolically purify the home by driving away the evil spirits that bring misfortune and bad health with them. Then, as part of bringing luck in, it is customary to eat roasted soybeans, one for each year of one's life (), plus one more for bringing good luck for the year.

The custom of  first appeared in the Muromachi period, and is usually performed by either a man of the household born in the corresponding zodiac year for the new year (), or else the male head of the household.

Because Watanabe no Tsuna, a retainer of Minamoto no Yorimitsu during the Heian period (794–1185), is associated with the legend that he vanquished  historically considered to be the strongest, such as Shuten-doji and Ibaraki-doji, there is a tradition that  stay away from people named Watanabe and their houses. For this reason, some families with the surname Watanabe have not practiced the custom of throwing beans on Setsubun for generations. Watanabe no Tsuna was the first person to take the surname Watanabe, and Watanabe is the fifth most common surname in Japan, with approximately 1.08 million people .

Though still a somewhat common practice in households, many people will also or instead attend a shrine or temple's spring festival, where the practice of  is performed; in some areas, such as Kyoto, this involves a dance performed by apprentice geisha, after which the apprentices themselves throw packets of roasted soybeans to the crowds. In other areas, priests and invited guests throw packets of roasted soybeans, some wrapped in gold or silver foil, small envelopes with money, sweets, candies and other prizes. In some bigger and more central shrines, celebrities and sumo wrestlers are invited to celebrations, usually to  events that are televised. At Sensō-ji in the Asakusa neighborhood of Tokyo, crowds of nearly 100,000 people attend the annual festivities.

Other practices

A number of other, in some cases more esoteric practices exist surrounding the celebration and observance of ; some are regional, such as the Kansai area tradition of eating uncut  rolls, known as , in silence whilst facing the year's lucky compass direction as determined by the zodiac symbol of that year. Though the custom originated in Osaka, it has since spread, due largely to marketing efforts by grocery and convenience stores.  rolls are more commonly available for purchase at stores in the Kanto area during the spring period, with the tradition itself becoming more recognized as part of . Charts are published and occasionally packaged with uncut  during February.

Other practices include the putting up of small decorations of sardine heads and ) at the entrance to a house to ward off evil spirits. A special variety of sake known as  brewed with ginger is also customarily drunk on .

Historical practices
The new year was felt to be a time when the spirit world became close to the physical world, thus the need to perform  to drive away any wandering spirits that might happen too close to one's home. Other customs during this time included religious dances, festivals, and bringing tools inside the house that might normally be left outside, to prevent the spirits from harming them. Rice cakes were also balanced on lintels and windowsills.

Because  is considered to be a day set apart from the rest of the year, a tradition of role reversal in appearance and dress was also practiced; such customs included girls wearing the hairstyles of older women and vice versa, wearing disguises, and cross-dressing. This custom is still practiced among geisha and their clients when entertaining on .

, who were normally shunned during the year because they were considered vagrants, were welcomed on  to perform morality plays. Their vagrancy worked to their advantage in these cases, as they were considered to take evil spirits with them.

Regional variations
In the Tōhoku area of Japan, the head of the household (traditionally the father) would take roasted beans in his hand, pray at the family shrine, and then toss the sanctified beans out the door. Peanuts (either raw or coated in a sweet, crunchy batter) are sometimes used in place of soybeans.

There are many variations on the famous  chant. For example, in the city of Aizuwakamatsu, people chant

See also

 , a sushi roll often eaten for good luck on .
 Exorcism
 Feast of the Lemures (a similar Roman custom)
 Holidays of Japan

 Saint John's Eve
 Taoism in Japan
 Walpurgis Night
 Zvončari (the custom dating to pagan times in Croatia whose goal is to scare away evil spirits of winter and to stir up new springtime cycle)

References

External links

Ultimate Guide to Setsubun: Soybeans, Ogre, and Sushi
Japan-guide – Setsubun
Bean scatterer calculator
Japanlinked – Setsubun
Setsubun (Bean Throwing Festival)
Miscellaneous Notes on Setsubun (in Japanese)

February observances
Buddhist festivals in Japan
Oni
Japanese words and phrases

Setsubun


Baron Rathdonnell, of Rathdonnell in the County of Donegal, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 21 December 1868 for John McClintock, with remainder to the male issue of his deceased younger brother Captain William McClintock-Bunbury (who had represented County Carlow in the House of Commons). The barony is named after the townland of Rathdonnell, near the village of Trentagh, just north-west of Letterkenny.

The barony of Rathdonnell was the second-last barony created in the Peerage of Ireland. Lord Rathdonnell was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Baron, who sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1889 to 1929 and also served as Lord Lieutenant of County Carlow between 1890 and 1929.  the title is held by the fifth Baron, the second Baron's great-grandson, who succeeded his father in 1959.

The Arctic explorer, Admiral Sir Francis McClintock, was the nephew of the first Baron.

The family seat is Lisnavagh House, near Rathvilly, County Carlow.

Barons Rathdonnell (1868)
John McClintock, 1st Baron Rathdonnell (1798–1879)
Thomas Kane McClintock-Bunbury, 2nd Baron Rathdonnell (1848–1929)
Thomas Leopold McClintock-Bunbury, 3rd Baron Rathdonnell (1881–1937)
William Robert McClintock-Bunbury, 4th Baron Rathdonnell (1914–1959)
Thomas Benjamin McClintock-Bunbury, 5th Baron Rathdonnell (born 1938)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. William Leopold McClintock-Bunbury (born 1966).
The heir-in-line is his son, Thomas Anthony McClintock-Bunbury (born 2011).

Line of succession

 John McClintock (1770–1855)
  John McClintock, 1st Baron Rathdonnell (1798–1879)
 Capt. William Bunbury McClintock-Bunbury (1800–1866)
  Thomas Kane McClintock-Bunbury, 2nd Baron Rathdonnell (1848–1929), Rep. Peer from 1889 taking the 16th Baron of Dunsany's room, Southern Irish Senator in 1921
  Thomas Leopold McClintock-Bunbury, 3rd Baron Rathdonnell (1881–1937)
  William Robert McClintock-Bunbury, 4th Baron Rathdonnell (1914–1959)
  Thomas Benjamin McClintock-Bunbury, 5th Baron Rathdonnell (born 1938)
 (1) Hon. William Leopold McClintock-Bunbury (born 1966)
 (2) Thomas Anthony McClintock-Bunbury (born 2011)
 (3) Hon. George Andrew Kane McClintock-Bunbury (born 1968)
 (4) Shamus Alick McClintock-Bunbury (born 2001)
 (5) Hon. James Alexander Hugh McClintock-Bunbury (born 1972)

Arms

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Recipients of the Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)
Noble titles created in 1868
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Peerages created with special remainders

Baron Rathdonnell


First base is the position played by a first baseman in baseball.

First base may also refer to:

 Kissing, in baseball metaphors for sex
 First Base (group), a 1990s German Eurodance group
 First Base (album), a 1972 album by the English rock band Babe Ruth
 First Base (My Little Pony), a pony in the My Little Pony franchise

First base (disambiguation)


NGC 7554 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7554
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7554 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7554 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7550 - 7599

7554

NGC 7554


Otto Mueller (født 16. oktober 1874 i Liebau i Schlesien i Preussen, død 24. september 1930 i Breslau) var en tysk expressionistisk maler og grafiker.

Otto Mueller var et af medlemmerne af kunstnersammenslutningen Die Brücke, og fra 1919 lærer ved akademiet i Breslau. Muellers værker havde ofte primitivistiske indslag, meget kredsede omkring skønhed og menneskets nærhed til naturen, som en længsel efter Arkadien. Hans stil viser blandt andet inspiration fra Gauguin.

Muellers værker blev kraftigt udskældt af nazisterne og blev vist på udstillingen Entartete Kunst ("udartet/dekadent kunst") i München 1937, hvor det nazistiske regime udstillede den "dekadente" kunst.

Galleri

Noter

Eksterne links

Personer fra Schlesien
Malere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Otto Mueller


Astrodaucus, biljni rod iz porodice štitarki (Apiaceae) raširen po istočnoj Europi od Ukrajine, preko kavkaza do  Irana i Sirije u Aziji. Pripada mu tri priznate vrste, od kojih jedna raste i u Hrvatskoj gdje joj jre narodni naziv zvjezdasta mrkva (Astrodaucus orientalis), što je i značenje latinskog imena roda

Rod je opisan 1898.

Vrste
 Astrodaucus littoralis (M.Bieb.) Drude
 Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude
 Astrodaucus persicus (Boiss.) Drude

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Scandiceae

Astrodaucus


In mathematics, an outer measure μ on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn is called a Borel regular measure if the following two conditions hold:

 Every Borel set B ⊆ Rn is μ-measurable in the sense of Carathéodory's criterion: for every A ⊆ Rn,

 For every set A ⊆ Rn there exists a Borel set B ⊆ Rn  such that A ⊆ B and μ(A) = μ(B).

Notice that the set A need not be μ-measurable: μ(A) is however well defined as μ is an outer measure.
An outer measure satisfying only the first of these two requirements is called a Borel measure, while an outer measure satisfying only the second requirement (with the Borel set B replaced by a measurable set B) is called a regular measure.

The Lebesgue outer measure on Rn is an example of a Borel regular measure.

It can be proved that a Borel regular measure, although introduced here as an outer measure (only countably subadditive), becomes a full measure (countably additive) if restricted to the Borel sets.

References

Measures (measure theory)

Borel regular measure


"Născută din Furtună" este episodul doi din cel de-al șaptelea sezon al serialului HBO intitulat Urzeala tronurilor. Acesta a fost scris de Bryan Cogman și regizat de Mark Mylod. În România, episodul a fost difuzat pe 24 iulie 2017.

Acțiune
Daenerys primește un vizitator neașteptat. Jon se confruntă cu o revoltă. Sam își riscă viața și cariera. Tyrion plănuiește cucerirea regatului Westeros.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Născută din Furtună la Urzeala tronurilor Wiki

Vezi și
Urzeala tronurilor (sezonul 7)

Episoade din Urzeala tronurilor

Născută din Furtună


An Rostraria azorica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.Hend.. An Rostraria azorica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rostraria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rostraria (Poaceae)

Rostraria azorica


Mound Valley Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Mound Valley Township (Kansas)
 Mound Valley Township (Oklahoma)

Mound Valley Township


4197 Morpheus, provisional designation , is a highly eccentric asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1982, by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Eugene Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was later named for Morpheus from Greek mythology.

Orbit and classification

Morpheus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.5–4.1 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,271 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.77 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. Due to this elongated orbit, the asteroid is both, a Mars-crosser and a Venus-crosser.

It has a minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth of , which corresponds to 38.5 lunar distances.

A first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1954, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation.

Physical characteristics

On the SMASS taxonomic scheme, Morpheus is classified as a stony Sq sub-type, which transitions from the common S-type to the rather rare Q-type asteroids.

Diameter and albedo

In the 1990s, Tom Gehrels gave a first diameter estimate for Morpheus of 1.8 kilometers.
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), it measures 3.043 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.276. In 2012, a revision of the published WISE-data by Petr Pravec gave a diameter of 2.981 kilometers and an albedo of 0.2389. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the revised WISE-data and takes a diameter of 2.98 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.8.

Rotation and shape

In 1996, a rotational lightcurve was obtained by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory during the body's close approach to Earth within 0.1 AU. It gave a well-defined rotation period of  hours with a brightness variation of 0.49 magnitude ().

At the same time, astronomers at the Goldstone Observatory analysed Morpheus using radar delay-Doppler imaging. The resultant images are not very clear, but they show that the body has a roughly triangular shape, and a 3-hour rotation period.

Seven years later, during the asteroid's next close approach in 2003, Morpheus was observed for five nights by Slovak astronomer Adrián Galád at the Modra Observatory. Lightcurve analysis showed a concurring period of  hours and an amplitude of 0.4 in magnitude ().

Naming

This minor planet was named after Morpheus from Greek mythology. He is a god of dreams who appears in the poem Metamorphoses written by the Roman poet Ovid. He is capable to imitate any human form and to appear in dreams.

The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 5 January 2015 ().

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend

004197
Discoveries by Eleanor F. Helin
Discoveries by Eugene Merle Shoemaker
Named minor planets
004197
004197
19821011

4197 Morpheus


Suvasvesi ist ein See im Osten Finnlands nahe der Stadt Kuopio.
Der See besteht aus zwei kreisförmigen offenen Wasserflächen, Kuukkarinselkä im Norden und Haapaselkä im Süden.
Die beiden Teilseen sind durch eine Inselgruppe voneinander getrennt.
Der Suvasvesi besitzt 688 Inseln.
Die Seefläche beträgt 234 km².
Er ist damit der achtzehntgrößte See Finnlands.
Kuukkarinselkä ist mit einer maximalen Wassertiefe von 89 m der dritttiefste See Finnlands.

Im Nordwesten ist der Suvasvesi über einen Sund mit dem Kallavesi verbunden. An diesem Sund liegt der Ort Vehmersalmi.
Zusammen mit dem Kallavesi und weiteren Seen bildet der Suvasvesi das Iso-Kalla-Seensystem.
Im Osten fließt der Suvasvesi zum Kermajärvi und über den Heinäveden reitti zum Haukivesi ab.

Einschlagkrater

Im Jahr 2001 wurde am Kuukkarinselkä Trümmergestein gefunden. Somit ist der als Suvasvesi North bezeichnete Einschlagkrater der sechste nachgewiesene in Finnland. Sein Kraterdurchmesser beträgt etwa 3,5 km.
Der Zeitpunkt des Einschlags liegt bei rund 85 Millionen Jahren.
Der Krater liegt bei ().

Haapaselkä ähnelt seinem nördlichen Pendant. Es handelt sich ebenfalls um einen Impaktkrater. Der Einschlagkrater wird als Suvasvesi South bezeichnet.
Der Kraterdurchmesser wird auf 3,8 km geschätzt.
Sein Alter wurde aufgrund von Argon-Untersuchungen von Impaktiten am Südufer des Sees auf mindestens 710 Millionen Jahre datiert.
Der Krater liegt bei ().

Siehe auch
Liste der größten Seen in Finnland
Liste der Einschlagkrater der Erde

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

See in Finnland
See in Europa
SSuvasvesi
Einschlagkrater in Europa

Suvasvesi


دار النهضة العربية للطباعة والنشر هي إحدى دور النشر العلمية والأدبية في بيروت، وقد أسسها مصطفى محي الدين كريدية، بدأت الدار مع انطلاقة جامعة بيروت العربية في سنة 1961، حيث أسندت إليها إدارة المطبوعات مع انطلاقة المذكرات والمحاضرات العائدة لكلياتها آنذاك «الحقوق والتجارة والآداب».

وفي العام 1966 أسس «دار النهضة العربية للطباعة والنشر» ومع اتساع نشاطها انتقل مركزها في العام 1970 إلى مبنى يقع غربي جامعة بيروت العربية، ما مستودعاتها فكانت في مبنى ملاصق، احترقت محتوياته بالكامل في العام 1982 بفعل اجتياح العدو الإسرائيلي لمدينة بيروت.

ولم يقف «أبو محمد» أمام هذه الكارثة، بل انطلق بصفات رجل التحدّي الهادئ ليعيد بناء ما تهدّم مبتدأً من الصفر. فنقل إدارة دار النهضة العربية في العام 1983 إلى بناية كريدية في منطقة الزيدانية ببيروت حيث المركز الذي تشغله حالياً، كما جهّز مستودعات جديدة، ثم انطلق إلى رحاب عالم الطباعة والنشر في معظم الدول العربية.

وفي التسعينات، مدّ نشاط داره إلى الشمال الأفريقي، بدءاً من الجمهورية الجزائرية وأخيراً ليبيا.

وصلات خارجية
 دار النهضة العربية، الصفحة الرئيسية.

مصادر

طالع أيضا
دار صادر للنشر

دور نشر في لبنان

دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)


Robert Kohlrausch (* 14. Oktober 1850 in Hannover; † 3. März 1934 in München) war ein deutscher Architekt und später Journalist und Autor von Kriminalromanen zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts.

Leben
Kohlrausch studierte in den Jahren 1869 bis 1874 an der Polytechnischen Schule in Hannover unter anderem bei Conrad Wilhelm Hase Vor seinem Wechsel zum Journalismus arbeitete er als Regierungsbauführer. Danach wurde er Redakteur beim Hannoverscher Courier. Sein Debütroman 1901 trug den Titel Das Haus der Witwe, dem 1903 eine Parodie auf Sherlock Holmes, In der Dunkelkammer, folgte. Sein Werk Deutsche Denkstätten in Italien erlebte mehrere Auflagen. Diesem folgten weitere Bände zur Herrschaft germanischer Fürsten und deutscher Kaiser in Italien.

Werke
 1896: Der Fremde,  Roman. R. Lutz, Stuttgart.
 1901: Das Haus der Witwe.
 5. Auflage 1916: Im Haus der Witwe. Robert Lutz, Stuttgart; ebenso: 6. Auflage 1918.
 1903: In der Dunkelkammer.
 1903: Klassische Dramen und ihre Stätten mit Illustrationen von Peter Schnorr. Verlag Robert Lutz, Stuttgart. Internet Archive.
 1909: Deutsche Denkstätten in Italien, mit Illustrationen von Alfred H. Pellegrini. Robert Lutz, Stuttgart. online
 1915: Das Gespenst von Amalfi.
 1917: Medea, Roman. Hilger, Berlin/Leipzig.
 1919: Das große Geheimnis, Roman. List, Leipzig.
 1922: Der Hund mit den blauen Pfoten, Detektivroman, J. Singer, Leipzig.
 1923: Xaver Stielers Tod, Kriminalroman, J. Singer, Leipzig.
 1926: Herrschaft und Untergang der Hohenstaufen in Italien, erzählt von Robert Kohlrausch. Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1927: Das Geheimnis des Wassers, Kriminalroman, Eden-Verlag, Berlin.
 1928: Herrschaft und Untergang der Goten in Italien: Aus den Quellen, erzählt von Robert Kohlrausch. Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1935: Deutsches Heldentum in Italien: Kriegs-, kultur- und kunstgeschichtliche Wanderungen auf den Spuren der Goten, Langobarden und Hohenstaufen. Lutz Nachf. O. Schramm, Stuttgart.

Herausgeber
 Aus Weimars klassischer und nachklassischer Zeit. Erinnerungen eines alten Schauspielers von Eduard Genast. Stuttgart 1904. online

Weblinks

Autor
Ingenieur
Journalist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1850
Gestorben 1934
Mann

Robert Kohlrausch


Slobodan Kuvalja (Srbac, 30. rujna 1952.) je hrvatski liječnik, specijalist anesteziologije i reanimacije.

Životopis
Kuvalja je diplomirao na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu i specijalizirao anesteziju i reanimaciju. Godine 1996. osnovao je centar za biomehaničku izokinetičku dijagnostiku i rehabilitaciju lokomotornog sustava, Cybex centar. Među njegovim pacijentima bio je i Chucky Atkins, tadašnji košarkaš Cibone.

Kuvalja je jedan od osnivača slobodnozidarske Velike lože Hrvatske osnovane 1994. godine u Zagrebu. Od 2009. do 2018. godine je bio veliki zapovjednik Drevnog i prihvaćenog Škotskog obreda za Hrvatsku. Izabran je za petog velikog majstora Velike lože Hrvatske na izbornoj skupštini koja je održana 9. listopada 2018. godine. Na ovoj dužnosti je i danas.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Profil na stranici najdoktor.com
 Autoski članci na vasezdravlje.com

Životopisi, Bosna i Hercegovina
Hrvatski liječnici
Masoni Velike lože Hrvatske

Slobodan Kuvalja


Anal Cunt, also known as AxCx and A.C., were an American grindcore band that formed in Newton, Massachusetts in 1988. From its inception, the band underwent a number of line-up changes and never had a bassist. The band, known for its flippant and noisy musical style as well as controversial lyrics, released eight full-length studio albums in addition to a number of compilations and extended plays. Anal Cunt disbanded in 2011 after the group's founder and frontman, Seth Putnam, died of a suspected heart attack.

The band is often referred to by their initials A.C. (often written as AxCx) due to the offensive nature of their name and censorship limits on some radio and publications, and many of their album covers simply display the initials A.C. However, the band managed to subvert even this abbreviation by drawing these letters in a manner resembling an anus and a vulva, which can be seen on multiple of their albums

The group's early material contained no pre-written lyrics or music. Rather, the band developed an entirely improvised style which consisted of extremely loud, fast, and unintelligible screaming. Over time, the band gradually shifted their style and slowly began to incorporate more riffs and pre-written lyrics into their songs. It was not until then that Anal Cunt had earned the reputation for intentionally being outrageous and obscene. 2010 and 2011 saw the release of their final two albums: a "cock rock" album entitled Fuckin' A, and an album of style similar to their older material called Wearing Out Our Welcome.

History

Formation in 1988
Anal Cunt was founded on March 1, 1988 in Newton, Massachusetts (a city adjacent to Boston) by Seth Putnam, who had previously been a member of bands such as Executioner and Satan's Warriors. The name "Anal Cunt" came from Putnam's attempt "to get the most offensive, stupid, dumb, etc. name possible". A common misconception is that the band is named after the song "Anal Cunt" by GG Allin, but in fact Allin's song was written years after the band had started. The band did, however, later in their career render tribute to him by recording a version of "I'll Slice Your Fucking Throat (If You Fuck with Me)", originally recorded by Allin and the Murder Junkies.

In Q magazine's 2005 book The Greatest Rock & Pop Miscellany Ever!, Anal Cunt was included in a list of "25 Band Names That Should Have Stayed on the Drawing Board". Putnam originally formed the band as a joke, and they were supposed to only record one demo and do one show; however, they were active up to 2011, despite several brief break-ups.

Originally, the band was to produce a form of 'anti-music', without rhythm, beats, riffs, lyrics, song titles or any other of the normal features of a band, an approach exemplified by the 5643 Song EP.

Early performances and recordings and brief breakup (1988–1992)
The band's first performance was a rehearsal in 1988 at Putnam's mother's house in front of some family members, namely his mother, his two little brothers and his grandmother, as well as some of his mother's friends. Several other small performances followed, in various basements and living rooms, before their first public show live over the radio at Brandeis University, with Anal Cunt being the latest in the long line of Putnam's bands who had performed in this way. This was scheduled to be the band's first and last show. Putnam invited future member Fred Ordonez, from the band Shit Scum, to the show, but he failed to turn up. As a result, it was arranged for the two bands (Anal Cunt and Shit Scum) to play a concert together so Ordonez could see Putnam's band, and a further show was arranged at Shit Scum's rented practice warehouse. The first demo was recorded on a four-track in April in his mother's attic but this has never been mixed, released, or heard by anyone outside of the band members themselves.

After a few more shows, the band decided to attempt a U.S. tour, in August 1988, a few days before which they recorded their 47 Song Demo, which was later re-released on a compilation of the bands' material from the early years. They recorded their 88 Song EP later that year and after its release, a number of record labels started showing interest in the band, including Earache Records, with whom they would later sign a contract.

A few releases later, Earache Records again made an offer to the band, this time to license the 5643 Song EP for a European pressing (and later to buy the whole pressing), but Anal Cunt continued to turn down such offers. This was also the point where the band decided they had done as much as they could and decided to split up, after releasing Another EP and completing their first European tour. This tour was in April, and recordings from this tour are numerous, appearing on the compilations Fast Boston HC The Early Years and the bootlegs Harmonized Noise and the Anal Cunt/Patareni split.

Following appearances in a few other bands, including (recently reformed) George H. Brown (a blues rock act whose song "Foreplay with a Tree Shredder" would later be recorded by Anal Cunt for the album Top 40 Hits), From Sloth to Anger, and Post Mortem, Seth Putnam and Tim Morse decided to reform Anal Cunt on March 1, 1991, exactly three years after they had initially formed.

After the band's reformation, they decided they wanted to change their style to avoid getting bored again. The guitarist for the new, slightly more musical, Anal Cunt was originally supposed to be future member Paul Kraynak but ended up being Fred Ordonez, an ex-boxer. Some more EPs followed, including the world's first acoustic noisecore record, the Unplugged EP, before Putnam finally decided to introduce some elements of "real songs" into the band's material. Seth Putnam and Tim Morse tried out this idea in a six-song session in 1992, just before Putnam successfully auditioned for the reformed thrashcore band Siege, but it was a while before the plans were fully realized.

Later that year, Anal Cunt decided on another European tour. Despite the fact that Tim Morse pulled out at the last minute, the tour still went ahead, with the band deciding to find a drummer while they were touring. The two drummers who auditioned were not fast enough for the band, so Anal Cunt decided to have them both playing the same drum kit at the same time for the beginning of the tour, before resorting to just using the faster of the two. Most of the shows consisted of Putnam and Ordonez going into the crowd, punching people and destroying equipment, not only because of drunkenness but to conceal the fact that the drummer did not know their songs very well. This was also the tour that saw Putnam joining Fear of God on-stage as their drummer for one show and Putnam and Ordonez recording with Seven Minutes of Nausea.

On returning to the U.S., Anal Cunt decided to get a second guitarist who could carry on playing with the drummer during the violence and shouting. The choice was John Kozik, and with him came a new era of the band.

Sign to Earache (1993–2000)

Although Anal Cunt had released a lot of material, their records were mostly out of print and hard to find, so they got in contact with Earache Records, which had previously shown an interest in the band. Anal Cunt wanted a label that would not only keep their records in stock but also pay for their tours, as the band at the time was operating essentially at a loss. Earache replied to Anal Cunt, asking to hear some new material. The band thereupon went into a studio in September to record what would later be released on Relapse Records as Morbid Florist. Fred Ordonez briefly quit, but was invited to rejoin after unsuccessful searches for a replacement and Earache Records decided to sign them.

Anal Cunt started recording their first album on the label, Everyone Should Be Killed, in March 1993. Soon afterwards, Ordonez was kicked out of the band for good and was replaced by Paul Kraynak. Recording was put on hold for a short West Coast tour in mid-1993, after which Kraynak too quit the band. This was also the tour when Putnam got arrested for hitting a woman in the face with a microphone in San Francisco during a show that, along with another show from earlier that year in Massachusetts, is documented on the EP Breaking the Law.

After some searching for a replacement for Kraynak, Anal Cunt decided to just stick with one guitarist, John Kozik. Following the release of Everyone Should Be Killed in 1994, the band did more tours, one in Europe and one immediately afterwards in the United States. The European tour encompassed Germany, Belgium, Spain and Austria, and Anal Cunt were supported by W.B.I. and the Necrophiliacs; on the American tour, they were joined by Incantation, Morpheus Descends, Afterlife and Gutted.

The transition from noise-style to fast-hardcore-style songs began in the fall of that year with the recording of their next album Top 40 Hits, which featured the single "Stayin' Alive (Oi! Version)".

Anal Cunt toured America again, and in June toured Japan for the first time. After this, Kozik was replaced by Scott Hull, of Pig Destroyer and Agoraphobic Nosebleed fame. With this line-up (or variations on it), the album 40 More Reasons to Hate Us was recorded. This album marked another change in the band's direction, with lyrics – and insults – being included in their songs for the first time.

Another two-week long tour with Eyehategod followed, but Hull refused to tour and was temporarily replaced by a returning Kozik after 3 shows and 10 months with the band. After this tour, the band was again close to breaking up (for the second time), but instead decided to shuffle the line-up once more. The problem seemed to be with Tim Morse, so he was kicked out of the band. Seth Putnam was now the only surviving original member of Anal Cunt.

The band was briefly on hiatus while Putnam put together a new line-up. The only thing they recorded during this time was the song "You're Gonna Need Someone On Your Side", for the Smiths tribute album The World Still Won't Listen, and the song "Two Turds and a Golf Ball" for the compilation CD of the same name, with Hull on guitar and Putnam performing drums and vocals. During this period, Putnam also did backing vocals for Pantera's The Great Southern Trendkill in New Orleans, and lead vocals for an Eyehategod show.

In January 1996, Putnam hired a new guitarist, Josh Martin. Martin was a student at New York University in 1994–1995, when Anal Cunt used to play in New York a lot, and they had become good friends. Indeed, this was a friendship that would continue, as Putnam and Martin would join forces later in Adolf Satan and acoustic black-metal band Impaled Northern Moonforest. Martin moved to Boston following his graduation, and was appointed by Putnam as the new Anal Cunt guitarist. After trying out a lot of drummers, they hired Nate Linehan. Martin wanted to join the band sooner but he was about to start his senior year of college and wasn't going to graduate until Spring

Yet another tour followed, this time with Incantation and Mortician. Anal Cunt then released their next full-length release, I Like It When You Die, which they had recorded prior to the tour. This album was essentially a collection of insults and featured the songs "You're Gay" and "Technology's Gay", as well as a guest appearance from Kyle Severn from Incantation. A lot of the songs refer to things being "gay", as this was a common slang word in Massachusetts and in junior-high schools across the United States at the time.

Following the tour, Linehan left the band and again activities were put on hold. Even so, Putnam and Martin recorded a few songs for a Black Sabbath tribute, In These Black Days Volume 1, which was a split with Eyehategod and featured Putnam on drums. A few months later, Putnam and Martin asked Linehan to rejoin the band and he agreed.

Another two tours later (the first in America with Murder One, the second in Japan), Anal Cunt recorded what would be their last album on Earache Records, It Just Gets Worse, which was released at the end of their 1999 European tour with Flächenbrand. The album was surrounded by much controversy: the label changed some of the song titles for legal reasons and also censored the lyrics to two of the songs.

In May 2000, Anal Cunt were dropped from Earache Records due to distributor problems.

Second breakup, reformation, and 20th anniversary (2000–2009)
Despite being dropped by their label (although Earache did later make them an offer to come back, which they turned down) and Linehan leaving again in September 1999, Anal Cunt continued on, now with John Gillis on drums. Some more touring and a few releases followed, such as the Defenders of the Hate EP and a split 7-inch with Flachenbrand (who had opened for AC on their 1999 German tour). There was also a Defenders of the Hate tour in 2001, featuring two legs: one to California and back in June, and one to Texas and back in September. The band released a limited tour edition of the record as part of the tour. Anal Cunt issued an official press release at the end of December 2001 saying that they had broken up again. This time, the band seemed to have permanently disbanded, with only a few compilation tracks and the Very Rare Rehearsal from February 1989 CD being released.

During a show in 2000 in Providence, Rhode Island, Dropdead opened for Anal Cunt, but when Anal Cunt took the stage, Putnam began insulting Bob Otis from Dropdead, and eventually the audience, throwing out racial slurs and performing Nazi salutes; Otis eventually got on stage and knocked Putnam off the stage, and a fight broke out.

In March, 2003 they did 2 15 year anniversary shows. Mike Mahan came back on guitar but Florian Mahler played drums at those shows instead of original drummer Tim Morse. They did stuff from the 1988-1990 band period.

Anal Cunt reformed in August 2003 with the lineup of Putnam, Martin and Linehan. However, after one practice, Martin was forced to leave the band, due to him going to jail. Putnam brought John Kozik back to replace him. After a few gigs in late 2003 (including one opening for Superjoint Ritual) and a short Japan tour in January 2004 with Napalm Death, Nasum, and Pig Destroyer, Linehan left the band yet again. He was again replaced by John Gillis.

In October 2004, Putnam went into a coma for nearly a month as a result of a drug overdose. Initially reported as a sleeping pill overdose for legal reasons, he later claimed it was a combination of alcohol, crack, heroin, and a bottle of sleeping pills. Doctors thought that even if he survived, he would suffer permanent serious brain damage and were intending to "pull the plug", before Putnam's mother intervened. Even after coming out of the coma, Putnam was now paralyzed and had sustained severe nerve damage, needing months of physical therapy to recover. For the first show that Anal Cunt played following this coma (with Eyehategod), Putnam had to remain seated in a chair throughout. Putnam said he would continue to play songs such as "You're in a Coma" and had promised that the band would release new material.

After a festival appearance in Norway in 2006, at which Putnam completely passed out on stage and was unconscious for the entire gig, both Kozik and Gillis quit the band. Martin (now out of jail) soon returned to the band and got Linehan to return as well. Anal Cunt released the Defenders of the Hate full-length CD in 2007, which featured bonus out-of-print tracks, such as those from the 13 Bands Who Think You're Gay and Thrash of the Titans compilations, as well as the tracks from the split with Flächenbrand. Other releases that had been promised included a sequel to Picnic of Love (Picnic of Love II) and an Anal Cunt/Gay Bar split, featuring unreleased Anal Cunt material from the Putnam/Martin/Linehan era on one side and a recording of Seth Putnam in a gay bar on the other. These albums were never recorded. The Defenders of the Hate re-release sparked another tour in March 2007 which included an appearance at the Los Angeles Murderfest Version 3.0 on March 24, 2007. with Accused, Brutal Truth, Pig Destroyer, and others, and a UK festival appearance later that year.

2008 was the 20th anniversary of the band, so Putnam celebrated it with several original lineup reunion shows with Tim Morse and Mike Mahan. By this point Linehan had yet again left the band, and Martin was again in jail. They played shows in Boston, Texas, and the West Coast. On November 17, 2008, the original Anal Cunt line-up (Seth Putnam, Mike Mahan, and Tim Morse) finished recording their 110 Song CD. The album was made as a celebration of the band's 20-year anniversary. The album's musical style is the same as Anal Cunt's early noisecore style.

After the original lineup reunion was over, Morse decided to stay on as the permanent drummer. Martin also returned. In early 2009 the Old Stuff Part 3 CD was released, featuring all the non-Earache tracks recorded by the Putnam, Martin and Linehan lineup in the 1990s. This sparked another round of touring. In 2009 AC played all over the US, plus a short tour of Norway in October. Also in 2009, Anal Cunt recorded their next two albums.

New material, Putnam's death, and permanent dissolution (2010–2011)
In April 2010, Putnam announced that the new album was almost completed. The album was delayed due to Josh Martin being in jail (for a third time). The lead guitar tracks were recorded when he was released. On May 11, 2010, Putnam announced that the band decided to split the new recording into two albums. The "cock rock songs" would be released on an album called Fuckin' A in a style similar to that of Mötley Crüe's debut Too Fast for Love, and the noisegrind songs would be released on an album called Wearing Out Our Welcome, which would also feature backing vocals from members of the Raunchous Brothers, Vaginal Jesus, and Mudoven. On June 22, 2010, Putnam completed Fuckin' A. The songs "Fuck Yeah" and "Cranking My Band's Demo on a Box at the Beach" were released on MySpace Music. On June 24, 2010, Seth Putnam announced on the Anal Cunt Myspace blog that guitarist Josh Martin "is out of A.C.". Putnam continued by stating that the band would play and record as a two-piece outfit. Fuckin' A was released on January 11, 2011. At the same time, it was announced that Josh Martin was once again back in Anal Cunt, after only two shows performed as a two-piece. In April 2011 Anal Cunt embarked on what would be their final tour. The last show was on April 30, 2011, in Cleveland.

On June 11, 2011, the band's frontman and founder Seth Putnam died of a suspected heart attack, ending the band.

A compilation CD of obscure Anal Cunt releases was announced in 2009 and was planned to be released by Wicked Sick Records (Seth Putnam's label). In October 2011 it was announced to be a two-CD set entitled The Old Testament. It is a re-release of The Early Years 1988–1991 with a new cover, liner notes penned by Putnam, the band's first demo (which was never before heard by anyone outside Anal Cunt and two girls that visited Putnam's house and were in the room when the recording was made), and tracks from Anal Cunt's final rehearsal session in 1991. It was released in November 2011 by Relapse Records.

Former guitarist Josh Martin died on May 28, 2018, after accidentally falling off an escalator and hitting his head on a table at the Providence Place mall in Rhode Island.

Musical style
Anal Cunt has been categorized as grindcore, noisecore, noisegrind and hardcore.

Lyrics
Anal Cunt were often cited as having common lyrical themes that include misogyny, homophobia, Nazism, antisemitism, racism, politics, criticism of popular culture, and ridicule of the unfortunate, although this has not always been the case. Many of these songs included insults and/or targets, either general or specific to one person; examples include African Americans, Jewish people, homosexuals, foreigners, victims of HIV/AIDS, rape, suicide, homicide, and child abuse, school students, musicians, actors, and the citizens of Allston.

The album I Like It When You Die developed the idea of containing insults in their songs, with a recurring song title being "X Is Gay", with examples including "You're Gay", "Technology's Gay", "Recycling Is Gay", "The Internet Is Gay", "Windchimes Are Gay" and even "The Word 'Homophobic' Is Gay". Another recurring song title is "You X", with examples including "You Own a Store", "You Live in a Houseboat", "You Are an Orphan", "You Go to Art School", and "You Keep a Diary". The band even parodied this theme with the songs "You (Fill in the Blank)" and "I'm in Anal Cunt".

The 1999 album It Just Gets Worse took the idea of intentional offense a step further with more extreme examples of racism and sexism. Examples include "You're Pregnant So I Kicked You in the Stomach", "I Lit Your Baby on Fire" and "Women: Nature's Punching Bag". The lyrics to two of the songs on this album were altered, and one of the songs on this album had its name changed from "Conor Clapton Committed Suicide Because His Father Sucks" to "Your Kid Committed Suicide Because You Suck", because they were working for a record label in Britain, where libel laws are very stringent. Another song on the album called "Easy E Got Aids from F Mercury" contains the lyrics "Now Freddie's dead and he's in heaven; at his wake you ate watermelon".

It was also on It Just Gets Worse that the band began to include references to the Holocaust in their songs, including "I Sent Concentration Camp Footage to America's Funniest Home Videos". This theme of seemingly glorifying Adolf Hitler and his actions continued on their subsequent EPs, with songs such as "Hitler Was a Sensitive Man", "I'm Hitler", "Body by Auschwitz", "I Went Back in Time and Voted for Hitler" and "Ha Ha Holocaust".

Another common lyrical theme in the band's material was that of insulting other bands, or music in general. Such examples include the song titles "Rancid Sucks (and The Clash Sucked Too)", "Limp Bizkit Think They're Black, but They're Just Gay", "Anyone Who Likes the Dillinger Escape Plan Is a Faggot" and "311 Sucks".

Next to this offensive material, some of their other songs were deliberately much more light-hearted, which was done to self-parody. This includes the satirical Picnic of Love album, and also covers of songs completely different from their style including "Can't Touch This", "Stayin' Alive", "Escape", "Electric Avenue", "The Theme From Three's Company", "You're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side", "Hungry Hungry Hippos", and "Just the Two of Us", as well as their karaoke rendition of the Steve Miller Band song "Abracadabra" (intended to be a "cover" of "Sabbra Cadabra" by Black Sabbath). On their "Another E.P" 7 inch they covered "Goon" by Goon and Riverbottom Nightmare Band from The Muppets. They also played snippets of "Why Not Try Suicide" by P.T.L Klub, "Religious Vomit" by Dead Kennedys , "Breaking The Law" by Judas Priest and had even covered Pantera's titular first track on The Great Southern Trendkill in one of their later EPs.

Critic Steve Huey called their album Morbid Florist "barely listenable". Seth Putnam admitted that he had sent copies of the band's work to publications because he knew it would get negative reviews from authors.

Band members

Final lineup
Seth Putnam – vocals, guitars (1988–2001, 2003–2011; died 2011)
Tim Morse – drums (1988–1996, 2008–2011)
Josh Martin – guitars (1996–2001, 2006–2011; died 2018)

Previous members
Mike Mahan – guitars (1988–1990, 1998, 2003, 2008)
Fred Ordonez – guitars (1991–1992, 1992–1993)
John Kozik – guitars (1992–1995, 2003–2006)
Paul Kraynak – guitars  (1993, 1995)
Scott Hull – guitars (1995)
Nate Linehan – drums (1996–1999, 2003–2004, 2006–2007)
John Gillis – drums (1999–2001, 2004–2006)
Florian Mahler - drums (2003)

Timeline

Discography

Everyone Should Be Killed (1994)
Top 40 Hits (1995)
40 More Reasons to Hate Us (1996)
I Like It When You Die (1997)
Picnic of Love (1998)
It Just Gets Worse (1999)
Defenders of the Hate (2001)
110 Song CD (2008)
Fuckin' A (2010)
''Wearing Out Our Welcome (2011)

References

American grindcore musical groups
Noisecore musical groups
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Relapse Records artists
Earache Records artists
American musical trios
Obscenity controversies in music
LGBT-related controversies in music
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
Musical groups reestablished in 1991
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
Musical groups reestablished in 2003
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical parodies

Anal Cunt


La drague Captain Meriwether Lewis est un bateau à roues à aubes à vapeur construit en 1931 pour le Corps du génie de l'armée des États-Unis. Cette drague est l'un des rares exemples survivants de ce type construit pour contrôler les inondations et améliorer la navigation le long des rivières du pays. Elle est maintenant navire musée amarrée au Brownville dans le comté de Nemaha au Nebraska.

Il a été classé au registre national des lieux historiques le 28 octobre 1977  et nommé National Historic Landmark le 11 avril 1989.

Historique
Construit par la Marietta Manufacturing Company à Point Pleasant, en Virginie-Occidentale, Captain Meriwether Lewis a été lancé le 12 décembre 1931 alors qu'il n'était qu'à moitié achevé par le Corps du génie de l'armée des États-Unis. Il a été achevé l'année suivante.

Cette drague à vapeur à roues à aubes latérales a été exploitée par l'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pour aider à canaliser la rivière Missouri et à la maintenir en tant que voie navigable.

Ce navire massif abritait un équipage d'exploitation standard de 52, avec des quartiers disponibles pour 58 hommes. Le Captain Meriwether Lewis pouvait creuser jusqu'à une profondeur de  à une vitesse moyenne de 45/60 mètres par heure, propulsé par les roues à aubes. Les moteurs à vapeur en marche, la drague  brûlait jusqu'à 6,000 gallons (environ 12700 litres) de pétrole en une journée. La drague était tirée vers l'avant par les deux treuils du pont et non propulsée par les roues à aubes lors du dragage.

En 1976, le Captaine Meriwether Lewis a été confié à la Nebraska State Historical Society et a déménagé à Brownville un an plus tard. Il était amarré à sec le long de la rivière Missouri où il se trouve encore aujourd'hui.
Aujourd'hui, le navire abrite le musée d'histoire du fleuve Missouri, où l'on peut voir des expositions allant de l'histoire des Amérindiens à l'exploration et à l'expansion vers l'ouest. Les visiteurs peuvent également en apprendre davantage sur le navire et son rôle dans l'amélioration de la navigation sur le fleuve Missouri.

Musée d'histoire du fleuve Missouri
La Nebraska State Historical Society a pris possession du navire en 1976 et l'a déplacé à Brownville l'année suivante. Le navire est amarré à sec le long du fleuve Missouri. Les visiteurs peuvent visiter le navire, qui comprend le musée d'histoire du fleuve Missouri, ouvert en 1981. Les expositions du musée sont situées dans plusieurs salles du pont de la chaudière. Les expositions incluent l'histoire des Amérindiens, l'exploration de la région, l'expansion vers l'ouest, le navire et la navigation sur le fleuve.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes

Liens externes

 Captain Meriwether Lewis - Site Nebraska.com
 - History Nebraska - Site officiel

Drague
Bateau lancé en 1932
Navire construit en Virginie
Navire musée au Nebraska
Bateau inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques dans le Nebraska
Registre national des lieux historiques en 1977
Bateau classé National Historic Landmark
National Historic Landmark dans le Nebraska
National Historic Landmark en 1989
Comté de Nemaha (Nebraska)

Captain Meriwether Lewis


කයිට්ස් ( උර්කාවර්තුරෙයි) යනු,  උතුරු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි, යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපයෙහි, වෙරළ අසබඩ පිහිටි කුඩා දිවයිනක් වන, වේලනෙයි දිවයිනෙහි පිහිටි වැදගත් ගම්මාන අතරින් එකකි.   අල්ලෙයිපිඩ්ඩි, මාන්කුම්පන්, වේලනෙයි, සරවනෙයි, පුලියන්කූඩල්, සුරුවිල්, නරන්තනෙයි සහ කරම්පන් වැනි වෙනත් ගම්මාන ගණනක්ද වේලනෙයි දිවයින් තුල පිහිටා ඇත.

ජනතාවගෙන් බහුතරය හින්දු භක්තිකයන් වන අතර, සුළුතරයක් දෙනා, මුස්ලිම් සහ ක්‍රිස්තියානි භක්තිකයෝ වෙති. හින්දු දේවාල ගණනාවක් මෙන්ම, ක්‍රිස්තියානි දේවස්ථානයක් සහ මුස්ලිම් පල්ලියක්ද මෙහි ඇත. පාසල් දුසිමක් පමණ දිවයින තුල අධ්‍යාපනය සැපයීමට දායක වෙයි.මෙහි ප්‍රධාන පිවිසුම් මාර්ග ලෙස පංකුඩුතිව් පිවිසුම,කරම්පන් ජැටිය,පෙන්වා දිය හැක

1983 වසරෙහිදී සිට,  අලෙයිපිඩ්ඩි  සංහාරය ඇතුළු, ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ කොටසක් වශයෙන් ඇතිවූ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය කයිට්ස් දිවයින තුල දක්නට ලැබුණි.

චිත්‍රාගාරය

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

  ඕල් අබවුට් කයිට්ස් අයිලන්ඩ්
  සෙන්ට් ඇන්තනීස් කොලෙජ්, කයිට්ස්
  වේලනෙයි සෙන්ට්‍රල් කොලෙජ්
වේලනෙයි සෙන්ට්‍රල් කොලෙජ් OSA CANADA
වේලනෙයි කොමියුනිටි පෝර්ට්ල්
මැප් ඔෆ් වේලනෙයි
අ විසිට් ටු ඉන්ඩියන් ඕෂන්ස් කයිට්ස් අයිලන්ඩ්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිවයින්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථාන
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු පළාතේ භූගෝලය

කයිට්ස්


الميناء أو ميناء الأسنان أو ميناء السن أو المينا أو مينا الأسنان أو مينا السن  هو الجزء الأكثر صلابة في جسم الإنسان والأكثر تمعدناً (يحتوي على نسبة معادن عالية جداً)، ويُشكَل بالإضافة للعاج واللُب والملاط الأنسجة الأربعة الرئيسية المكوِنة للأسنان في الفقاريات. يكون اللون الطبيعي للميناء أبيض مائلاً إلى الصُفرة التي يزداد وضوحها مع التقدم بالعمر. ويعود السبب في ظهور اللون الأصفر إلى شفافية الميناء فهذا النسيج هو نسيج شبه شفاف يسمح بمرور الضوء إلى ما تحته وهو العاج الذي يكون لونه أصفر عادة، مما يعطي المظهر الأصفر للميناء. وتعمل الميناء كحاجز لحماية الأسنان ولكنها يمكن أن تصبح عرضة للتحلل، خاصةً بسبب الأحماض الآتية من الطعام والشراب. يقوي الكالسيوم ميناء الأسنان. في حالات نادرة يفشل الميناء في التكُوّن، تاركاً وراءه العاج الأساسي مكشوفاً على السطح.

الخصائص
تُعد الميناء الجزء السطحي من السن والذي نراه دائماً عندما نراقب أشخاصاً يتكلمون أو يبتسمون، وبهذا فإن العاج يلعب دوراً مهماً في دعم وحماية الميناء. تُشَكّل المعادن ما نسبته 96% من الميناء، بينما تُشَكّل جزيئات الماء والمواد العضوية النسبة المتبقية. المعدن الأساسي الذي يدخل في تركيب الميناء هو هيدروكسيلاباتيت (hydroxylapatite)، وهذا المعدن بالذات نسبة وجوده العالية هي المسئولة عن قوة الميناء وهشاشتها. يتكون الميناء على السن بينما ينمو السن داخل عظم الفك قبل أن يندلع في الفم. بمجرد أن يتشكل الميناء بالكامل ، لا يحتوي على أوعية دموية أو أعصاب ، ولا يتكون من خلايا. يمكن لإعادة معادن الأسنان إصلاح الأضرار التي لحقت بالسن إلى درجة معينة ولكن الضرر الذي يتجاوز ذلك لا يمكن إصلاحه من قِبل الجسم. يُعد الحفاظ على ميناء الأسنان البشرية وإصلاحها أحد الاهتمامات الأساسية لطب الأسنان.تكون سماكة الميناء عند حَدبات الأسنان كبيرة جداً (2.5 مم) مقارنةً بالسماكة عند نقطة الاتصال بين الميناء والملاط (CEJ- cementoenamel junction).

يختلف اللون الطبيعي للميناء من الأصفر الفاتح إلى الرمادي (المزرق) الأبيض. عند حواف الأسنان حيث لا يوجد عاج أسفل الميناء، يكون للون أحياناً مظهر أزرق أو شبه أبيض شفاف، يمكن ملاحظته بسهولة على القواطع العلوية. نظراً لأن الميناء شبه شفافة، فإن لون العاج وأي مادة تحت الميناء تؤثر بشدة على مظهر السن. يتميز ميناء الأسنان الأولية بشكل بلوري أكثر تعتيماً وبالتالي يبدو أكثر بياضاً من الأسنان الدائمة.

وبالعودة إلى مقياس موس لصلابة المواد نجد أن الميناء تُصنف في المرتبة الخامسة من حيث القوة، بينما يحتل العاج التصنيف بين الثالث والرابع وهذا يوفر الدعم الكافي لحماية الميناء.

على عكس العظام أو العاج، وبدلاً من أن يحتوي الميناء على الكولاجين فإنه يحتوي على نوعين من البروتينات هما أميلوجينين: (amelogenin)، إيناملين: (enamelin). وفي الحقيقة دور هذين النوعين من البروتينات لم يُعرف بعد.

التركيب
تُسمى الوحدة الأساسية المكوّنة للميناء العصي (enamel rod)، هذه العصا هي عبارة عن جزيئات من الهيدروكسيلاباتيت (كريستال) المجموعة مع بعضها بإحكام وبانتظام شديدين. وهذا التنظيم يظهر في المقاطع العرضية على شكل ثقب المفتاح، حيث يكون أعلى هذه الثقب باتجاه التاج والذيل باتجاه الجذر، وتظهر الكريستال في الأعلى (head) بشكل موازٍ لمحور العصا، بينما تكون في منطقة الذيل(tail) منحرفة قليلاً عن هذا المحور.

تنتظم العصي عند تكوين الميناء في شكل صفوف متعامدة مع العاج الذي يقع تحتها، وفهم هذا الترتيب مهم جداً في الاستعاضات السنّية، لأنه يوفر الدعم الأكبر للميناء، ويحميها من التعرض لخطر الكسر.
عند قطع السن بشكل عرضي ووضعه تحت المجهر تظهر خطوط دائرية تسمى.(Striae of Retzius) وهي خطوط تبين خط نمو الميناء واتجاهه (هي شبيهة جداً بالخطوط الدائرية التي تظهر في المقاطع العرضية لجذوع الأشجار).ويستطيع أطباء الأسنان التفريق بين نوعين من هذه الخطوط؛أحدها يدل على الميناء المكوَنة يومياً والآخر يدل على الميناء المكوَنة أسبوعياً، ويكون لهذين النوعين اتجاهين مختلفين. أحد هذه الخطوط والذي يكون ظاهراً بشكل مُلفت يُشكل نقطة الفصل بين الميناء المكوَنة قبل الولادة والميناء المكوَنة بعد الولادة ؛هذا الخط يُسمى (Neonatal line).

النمو والتطور

حتى نفهم العملية التي تنتج من خلالها الميناء لابد لنا من فهم العملية الكاملة التي تؤدي إلى نمو السن بشكل عام (tooth development). عند عرض أنسجة الأسنان التي ما زالت تمر بمرحلة النمو، يمكن مشاهدة عدة مجموعات من المكونات الأساسية، مثل الجزء المكوّن للميناء (enamel organ) والصفيحة السنية (dental lamina)والحَلمة السنية (dental papilla). أما المراحل المُتفق عليها عالمياً لنمو السن فهي :
 المرحلة البرعُمية (bud stage)
 المرحلة القَبعية (cap stage)
 المرحلة الجَرسية (bell stage)
 المرحلة التاجية (crown stage).
تبدأ عملية تكوين الميناء أو ما يُسمى (Amelogenesis) مباشرةً بعد البدء في تكوين العاج. أي أن النسيج الذي يتكون أولاً هو العاج ثم يُحفز وجود العاج نمو خلايا خاصة تؤدي إلى البدء في تكوين الميناء. وتبدأ هذه العملية ما بين الشهر الثالث والشهر الرابع من الحمل عند المواقع المستقبلية للحَدبات، وتكون نسبة تكوين الميناء حوالي 4 (ميكرومتر/يوم). ومع أن عملية تكوين الميناء هي عملية معقدة جداً وتتضمن العديد من التغييرات، إلا أنه تم تقسيم هذه العملية إلى مرحلتين لتسهيل دراستها، وهاتين المرحلتين هما؛ مرحلة الإفراز (أو تكوين الميناء البدائية) حيث تكون الميناء في هذه المرحلة مكوَنة من مجموعة من البروتينات والنسيج العضوي الذي يُسمى ميناء متمعدنة جزئياً. أما المرحلة الثانية فهي مرحلة النضوج، حيث تبدأ نسبة المعادن بالازدياد على حساب نسبة المواد العضوية.

 المرحلة الإفرازية(Secretory stage): تكون الخلايا المفرِزة للميناء والتي تُسمى (Ameloblasts) خلايا عمودية مستقطِبة، حيث يتم في الشبكة إندوبلازمية الخشنة لهذه الخلايا إفراز البروتينات إلى المنطقة المحيطة للمشاركة في تكوين ما يُسمى بشبكة الميناء (enamel matrix).والتي يتم معدنتها عن طريق بروتين متخصص يُدعى الكالين فوسفتاز (alkaline phosphatase).
 مرحلة النضوج (Maturation stage):في هذه المرحلة تتحول وظيفة ال (Ameloblasts) من إفراز الميناء إلى النقل، ويتم التعرف إلى هذه المرحلة بظهور الحواف المتعرجة (ruffled border) للخلايا المفرِزة للميناء (Ameloblasts). وعند ظهور هذه الحواف فإن هذا يعني تحول وظيفة الخلايا من الإفراز إلى النقل. وتُشكل البروتينات التي تدخل في عمليات التمعدن النهائية للميناء المواد الرئيسية التي يتم نقلها.(هذه البروتينات هي amelogenins, ameloblastins, enamelins, and tuftelins). وبنهاية هذه المرحلة تكون نسبة المعادن في طبقة الميناء قد وصلت النسبة الطبيعية (96%).
في مرحلة ما قبل أن يبرُز السن وبعد مرحلة النضوج تختفي الخلايا المفرِزة للميناء (Ameloblasts)، وهذا هو السبب وراء عدم قدرة هذا النسيج على التجدد عند التعرض للإصابات أو الحفر أو النخر. حتى باستخدام أكثر الإجراءات الطبية تطوراً. وهذا من الأمور التي تدفع أطباء الأسنان إلى الاهتمام كثيراً بهذه الطبقة وبحمايتها. حتى لا تُفقد وبالتالي يتم اللجوء إلى استخدام التعويضات السنّية التي لا تُعوض طبقة الميناء القديمة التي تعرضت للضرر.

فقدان الميناء
نظراً للمحتوى المعدني العالي للميناء، والذي يجعل هذا النسيج هو الأصعب في جسم الإنسان، يجعله أيضاً عرضة لفقدان المعادن والتي تظهر غالباً على شكل تسوس الأسنان، والمعروف أيضاً باسم التجاويف. تحدث هذه العملية لعدة أسباب، ومن أهم الأسباب لتسوس الأسنان هو تناول الكربوهيدرات القابلة للتخمّر. تنتج تجاويف الأسنان عندما تُذوّب الأحماض ميناء الأسنان: وتُفقد الميناء أيضاً من خلال تآكل الأسنان وحدوث كسور في الميناء.

تلعب السكريات والأحماض من الحلوى والمشروبات الغازية وعصائر الفاكهة دوراً مهماً في تسوس الأسنان، وبالتالي في تدمير الميناء. يحتوي الفم على عدد كبير ومتنوع من البكتيريا، وعندما يُغلف السكروز، وهو أكثر أنواع السكريات شيوعاً، سطح الفم، تتفاعل معه بعض البكتيريا الموجودة داخل الفم وتُشكل حمض اللاكتيك، مما يُقلل من درجة الحموضة في الفم. من المقبول عموماً أن يكون الرقم الهيدروجيني لميناء الأسنان هو 5.5.

إجراءات طب الأسنان

ترميم الأسنان
معظم ترميم الأسنان تنطوي على إزالة الميناء. في كثير من الأحيان ، والغرض من إزالتها هو الوصول إلى الاضمحلال الكامن في العاج أو التهاب في اللب. هذا هو الحال عادة في عمليات استعادة المَلغم والعلاج اللبي. ومع ذلك، يمكن إزالة الميناء في بعض الأحيان قبل أن يكون هناك أي تسوس . المثال الأكثر شعبية هو مانع الأسنان. في الماضي ، كانت عملية وضع مانعات الفم الأسنان تنطوي على إزالة الميناء في الشقوق العميقة والآخاد من الأسنان ، تليها استبداله بمادة تعالجه. في الوقت الحاضر، هو أكثر شيوعاً لإزالة الميناء المتحللة فقط إذا كان موجوداً.

على الرغم من هذا، لا تزال هناك حالات حيث تتم إزالة التصدعات العميقة والأخاصد في الميناء من أجل منع الاضمحلال، وقد يتم وضع تسرب أو لا اعتماداً على الوضع. تعتبر المتسربات فريدة من نوعها من حيث أنها عمليات استعادة وقائية للحماية من الاضمحلال في المستقبل ، وقد ثبت أنها تقلل من خطر الاضمحلال بنسبة 55 ٪ على مدى 7 سنوات.

التجميل هو سبب آخر لإزالة الميناء. إزالة الميناء ضروري عند وضع التقويم والقشرة لتعزيز مظهر الأسنان.

تبييض الأسنان
هذه المقالة تتحدث عن تبيض الأسنان بشكل مُفصل: تبييض الأسنان

يمكن أن يحدث تغيّر لون الأسنان بمرور الوقت نتيجة التعرض لمواد مثل التبغ والقهوة والشاي. يحدث التلطيخ في المنطقة البينية داخلياً على الميناء، مما يؤدي إلى ظهور الأسنان أكثر قتامة أو أكثر اصفراراً بشكل عام. في حالة مثالية، الميناء عديم اللون، لكنه لا يعكس بنية الأسنان الكامنة مع بقعه منذ خصائص انعكاس الضوء من الأسنان منخفضة.

تبييض الأسنان أو إجراءات تبييض الأسنان محاولة لتخفيف لون الأسنان في أي من طريقتين: عن الطريقة الكيميائية أو الميكانيكية العمل. يعمل كيميائياً، ويستخدم عامل التبييض لتنفيذ رد فعل الأكسدة في الميناء والعجين. العوامل الأكثر شيوعاً لتغيير جوهري لون الأسنان هي بيروكسيد الهيدروجين و بيروكسيد الكاربيد. الأكسجين الجذور من بيروكسيد في وكلاء تبييض الاتصال البقع في المساحات داخل طبقة الميناء. عندما يحدث هذا، سيتم تبييض البقع والأسنان تظهر الآن أخف وزناً في اللون. الأسنان لا تظهر فقط أكثر بياضاً ولكن أيضاً تعكس الضوء في زيادة كميات، مما يجعل الأسنان تبدو أكثر إشراقاً كذلك. تُظهر الدراسات أن التبييض لا يُنتج أي تغييرات في الأنسجة السِنّية .

تُشير الدراسات إلى أن المرضى الذين يبيضون أسنانهم يهتمون بها بشكل أفضل. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن يُعرّض منتج تبييض الأسنان مع انخفاض إجمالي الأسي والاتصال الميناء لخطر التسوس أو التدمير عن طريق إزالة الألغام. وبالتالي، ينبغي توخي الحذر وتقييم المخاطر عند اختيار المنتج الذي هو حمضي جداً. يعمل تبييض الأسنان في معجون الأسنان من خلال إجراء ميكانيكي. لديهم جَلخ خفيف الذي يساعد في إزالة البقع على الميناء. على الرغم من أن هذا يمكن أن يكون وسيلة فعالة، فإنه لا يغير اللون الجوهري للأسنان. تقنيات الإخراج الدقيق (Microabrasion) استخدام كلا الأسلوبين. يُستخدم حمض أولاً لإضعاف 22-27 ميكرومتر الخارجي من الميناء من أجل إضعافه بما فيه الكفاية للقوة الكاشطة اللاحقة. وهذا يسمح بإزالة البقع السطحية في الميناء. إذا كان لون أعمق أو في العاج، وهذا الأسلوب من تبييض الأسنان لن يكون ناجح.

وصلات خارجية

ملاحظات

أجزاء السن
أنسجة حيوية
ميناء السن

ميناء السن


Als Reichenbach-Fäden werden zwei horizontale Striche im Fadennetz eines Zielfernrohrs bezeichnet, die in Verbindung mit einer Messlatte zur genäherten Entfernungsmessung dienen. Sie wurden erstmals vom Geodäten und Feinmechaniker Georg Reichenbach um 1800 in einen Theodolit eingebaut.

Wenn die zwei Striche (früher Spinnfäden) im gegenseitigen Winkelabstand w = 34,38 Bogenminuten angebracht sind (tan w = 0,01), dann entspricht der auf der Messlatte in Zentimeter abgelesene Abschnitt genau der Entfernung in Meter. Bei geübten Beobachtern beträgt die Genauigkeit etwa 0,1 % der Entfernung. Wird statt einer horizontalen eine Schrägdistanz gemessen, ist noch der Höhenwinkel zu berücksichtigen.

Im Fadennetz der meisten Theodolite ist noch ein zweites Paar von Reichenbachfäden (senkrecht) angebracht, um auch auf eine allfällige horizontale Messbasis zur Streckenmessung verwenden zu können.

Eine Anwendung auch für geneigte Visuren erlaubt der um 1810 entwickelte Reichenbach-Distanzmesser. Das Theodolit-ähnliche Instrument erlaubt die genaue Messung des Höhenwinkels und wurde im  Mathematisch-Feinmechanischen Institut von Reichenbach und Josef Fraunhofer entwickelt. Ab etwa 1820 wurde es von "Utzschneider und Fraunhofer in München" produziert.

Siehe auch
 Optische Entfernungsmessung (Geodäsie)
 Distanzstrich

Literatur
 Franz Ackerl: Geodäsie und Fotogrammetrie. Bd. I: Instrumente und Verfahren der Vermessung. G. Fromme-Verlag, Wien 1950.
 Heribert Kahmen: Vermessungskunde. 18./20. Auflage, De Gruyter-Verlag Berlin 1993 und 2005.

Geodäsie
Optische Messtechnik

Reichenbachfäden