The Georgians, or Kartvelians (; , ), are a nation and indigenous Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia and the South Caucasus. Georgian diaspora communities are also present throughout Russia, Turkey, Greece, Iran, Ukraine, United States, and European Union.

Georgians arose from Colchian and Iberian civilizations of classical antiquity; Colchis was interconnected with the Hellenic world, whereas Iberia was influenced by the Persian Achaemenid Empire until Alexander the Great conquered it. In the early 4th century, the Georgians became one of the first to embrace Christianity and now the majority of Georgians are Orthodox Christians, with most following their national autocephalous Georgian Orthodox Church, although there are small Georgian Catholic and Muslim communities as well as a significant number of irreligious Georgians. Located in the Caucasus, on the continental crossroads of Europe and Asia, the High Middle Ages saw Georgian people form a unified Kingdom of Georgia in 1008 AD, the pan-Caucasian empire, later inaugurating the Georgian Golden Age, a height of political and cultural power of the nation. This lasted until the kingdom was weakened and later disintegrated as the result of the 13th–15th-century invasions of the Mongols and Timur, the Black Death, the Fall of Constantinople, as well as internal divisions following the death of George V the Brilliant in 1346, the last of the great kings of Georgia.

Thereafter and throughout the early modern period, Georgians became politically fractured and were dominated by the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran. Georgians started looking for allies and found the Russians on the political horizon as a possible replacement for the lost Byzantine Empire, "for the sake of the Christian faith". The Georgian kings and Russian tsars exchanged no less than 17 embassies, which culminated in 1783, when Heraclius II of the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti forged an alliance with the Russian Empire. The Russo-Georgian alliance, however, backfired as Russia was unwilling to fulfill the terms of the treaty, proceeding to annex the troubled kingdom in 1801 as well as the western Georgian kingdom of Imereti in 1810. There were several uprisings and movements to restore the statehood, the most notable being the 1832 plot, which collapsed in failure. Eventually, Russian rule over Georgia was acknowledged in various peace treaties with Iran and the Ottomans, and the remaining Georgian territories were absorbed by the Russian Empire in a piecemeal fashion through the course of the 19th century. Georgians briefly reasserted their independence from Russia under the First Georgian Republic from 1918 to 1921 and finally in 1991 from the Soviet Union.

The Georgian nation was formed out of a diverse set of geographic subgroups, each with its characteristic traditions, manners, dialects and, in the case of Svans and Mingrelians, own regional languages. The Georgian language, with its own unique writing system and extensive written tradition, which goes back to the 5th century, is the official language of Georgia as well as the language of education of all Georgians living in the country. According to the State Ministry on Diaspora Issues of Georgia, unofficial statistics say that there are more than 5 million Georgians in the world.

Etymology

Georgians call themselves Kartveli (ქართველი, pl. Kartvelebi ქართველები), their land Sakartvelo (საქართველო), and their language Kartuli (ქართული). According to The Georgian Chronicles, the ancestor of the Kartvelian people was Kartlos, the great-grandson of the Biblical Japheth. However, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts, the latter being one of the proto-Georgian tribes that emerged as a dominant group in ancient times. Kart probably is cognate with Indo-European gard and denotes people who live in a "fortified citadel". Ancient Greeks (Homer, Herodotus, Strabo, Plutarch etc.) and Romans (Titus Livius, Cornelius Tacitus, etc.) referred to western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians.

The term "Georgians" is derived from the country of Georgia. In the past, lore-based theories were given by the medieval French traveller Jacques de Vitry, who explained the name's origin by the popularity of St. George amongst Georgians, while traveller Jean Chardin thought that "Georgia" came from Greek γεωργός ("tiller of the land"), as when the Greeks came into the region (in Colchis) they encountered a developed agricultural society.

However, as Alexander Mikaberidze adds, these explanations for the word Georgians/Georgia are rejected by the scholarly community, who point to the Persian word gurğ/gurğān ("wolf") as the root of the word. Starting with the Persian word gurğ/gurğān, the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. This term itself might have been established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region, which was referred to as Gorgan ("land of the wolves").

Anthropology

The 18th-century German professor of medicine and member of the British Royal Society Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, widely regarded as one of the founders of the discipline of anthropology and the theory of biological race, regarded Georgians as the most beautiful race of people.

History

Most historians and scholars of Georgia as well as anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists tend to agree that the ancestors of modern Georgians inhabited the southern Caucasus and northern Anatolia since the Neolithic period. Scholars usually refer to them as Proto-Kartvelian (Proto-Georgians such as Colchians and Iberians) tribes.

The Georgian people in antiquity have been known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Colchians and Iberians. East Georgian tribes of Tibarenians-Iberians formed their kingdom in 7th century BCE. However, western Georgian tribes (Colchian tribes) established the first Georgian state of Colchis () before the foundation of the Kingdom of Iberia in the east. According to the numerous scholars of Georgia, the formations of these two early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, resulted in the consolidation and uniformity of the Georgian nation.

According to the renowned scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff, the Moschians also were one of the early proto-Georgian tribes which were integrated into the first early Georgian state of Iberia.
The ancient Jewish chronicle by Josephus mentions Georgians as Iberes who were also called Thobel (Tubal). David Marshall Lang argued that the root Tibar gave rise to the form Iber that made the Greeks pick up the name Iberian in the end for the designation of the eastern Georgians.

Diauehi in Assyrian sources and Taochi in Greek lived in the northeastern part of Anatolia. This ancient tribe is considered by many scholars as ancestors of the Georgians. Modern Georgians still refer to this region, which now belongs to present-day Turkey, as Tao-Klarjeti, an ancient Georgian kingdom. Some people there still speak the Georgian language.

Colchians in the ancient western Georgian polity of Colchis were another proto-Georgian tribe. They are first mentioned in the Assyrian annals of Tiglath-Pileser I and in the annals of Urartian king Sarduri II, and also included western Georgian tribe of the Meskhetians.

Iberians, also known as Tiberians or Tiberanians, lived in the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia.

Both Colchians and Iberians played an important role in the ethnic and cultural formation of the modern Georgian nation.

According to the scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff:

Genetics

An FTDNA collection of Georgian Y-DNA suggests that Georgians have the highest percentage of Haplogroup G (39.9%) among the general population recorded in any country. Georgians' Y-DNA also belongs to Haplogroup J (32.5%), R1b (8.6%), L (5.4%), R1a (4.2%), I2 (3.8%) and other more minor haplogroups such as E, T and Q.

Culture

Language and linguistic subdivisions

Georgian is the primary language for Georgians of all provenance, including those who speak other Kartvelian languages: Svans, Mingrelians and the Laz. The language known today as Georgian is a traditional language of the eastern part of the country which has spread to most of the present-day Georgia after the post-Christianization centralization in the first millennium CE. Today, Georgians regardless of their ancestral region use Georgian as their official language. The regional languages Svan and Mingrelian are languages of the west that were traditionally spoken in the pre-Christian Kingdom of Colchis, but later lost importance as the unified Kingdom of Georgia emerged. Their decline is largely due to the capital of the unified kingdom, Tbilisi, being in the eastern part of the country known as Kingdom of Iberia effectively making the language of the east an official language of the Georgian monarch.

All of these languages comprise the Kartvelian language family along with the related language of the Laz people, which has speakers in both Turkey and Georgia.

Georgian dialects include Imeretian, Racha-Lechkhumian, Gurian, Adjarian, Imerkhevian (in Turkey), Kartlian, Kakhetian, Ingilo (in Azerbaijan), Tush, Khevsur, Mokhevian, Pshavian, Fereydan dialect in Iran in Fereydunshahr and Fereydan, Mtiuletian, Meskhetian and Javakhetian dialect.

Religion

According to Orthodox tradition, Christianity was first preached in Georgia by the Apostles Simon and Andrew in the 1st century. It became the state religion of Kartli (Iberia) in 337. At the same time, in the first centuries A.D., the cult of Mithras, pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were commonly practiced in Georgia. The conversion of Kartli to Christianity is credited to St. Nino of Cappadocia. Christianity gradually replaced all the former religions except Zoroastrianism, which become a second established religion in Iberia after the Peace of Acilisene in 378. The conversion to Christianity eventually placed the Georgians permanently on the front line of conflict between the Islamic and Christian world. Georgians remained mostly Christian despite repeated invasions by Muslim powers, and long episodes of foreign domination.

As was true elsewhere, the Christian church in Georgia was crucial to the development of a written language, and most of the earliest written works were religious texts. Medieval Georgian culture was greatly influenced by Eastern Orthodoxy and the Georgian Orthodox Church, which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion.  These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as icons, and hagiographies of Georgian saints.

Today, 83.9% of the Georgian population, most of whom are ethnic Georgian, follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
A sizable Georgian Muslim population exists in Adjara. This autonomous Republic borders Turkey, and was part of the Ottoman Empire for a longer amount of time than other parts of the country. Those Georgian Muslims practice the Sunni Hanafi form of Islam. Islam has however declined in Adjara during the 20th century, due to Soviet anti-religious policies, cultural integration with the national Orthodox majority, and strong missionary efforts by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Islam remains a dominant identity only in the eastern, rural parts of the Republic. In the early modern period, converted Georgian recruits were often used by the Persian and Ottoman Empires for elite military units such as the Mameluks, Qizilbash, and ghulams. The Georgians in Iran are all reportedly Shia Muslims today, while the Georgian minority in Turkey are mostly Sunni Muslim.

There is also a small number of Georgian Jews, tracing their ancestors to the Babylonian captivity.

In addition to traditional religious confessions, Georgia retains irreligious segments of society, as well as a significant portion of nominally religious individuals who do not actively practice their faith.

Cuisine

The Georgian cuisine is specific to the country, but also contains some influences from other European culinary traditions, as well as those from the surrounding Western Asia. Each historical province of Georgia has its own distinct culinary tradition, such as Megrelian, Kakhetian, and Imeretian cuisines. In addition to various meat dishes, Georgian cuisine also offers a variety of vegetarian meals.

The importance of both food and drink to Georgian culture is best observed during a Caucasian feast, or supra, when a huge assortment of dishes is prepared, always accompanied by large amounts of wine, and dinner can last for hours. In a Georgian feast, the role of the tamada (toastmaster) is an important and honoured position.

In countries of the former Soviet Union, Georgian food is popular due to the immigration of Georgians to other Soviet republics, in particular Russia. In Russia all major cities have many Georgian restaurants and Russian restaurants often feature Georgian food items on their menu.

Geographic subdivisions and subethnic groups

Geographical subdivisions
The Georgians have historically been classified into various subgroups based on the geographic region which their ancestors traditionally inhabited.

Even if a member of any of these subgroups moves to a different region, they will still be known by the name of their ancestral region. For example, if a Gurian moves to Tbilisi (part of the Kartli region) he will not automatically identify himself as Kartlian despite actually living in Kartli. This may, however, change if substantial amount of time passes. For example, there are some Mingrelians who have lived in the Imereti region for centuries and are now identified as Imeretian or Imeretian-Mingrelians.

Last names from mountainous eastern Georgian provinces (such as Kakheti, etc.) can be distinguished by the suffix –uri (ური), or –uli (ული). Most Svan last names typically end in –ani (ანი), Mingrelian in –ia (ია), -ua (უა), or -ava (ავა), and Laz in –shi (ში).

The 1897 Russian census (which accounted people by language), had Imeretian, Svan and Mingrelian languages separate from Georgian.
During the 1926 Soviet census, Svans and Mingrelians were accounted separately from Georgian.
Svan and Mingrelian languages are both Kartvelian languages and are closely related to the national Georgian language.

Outside modern Georgia

Laz people also may be considered Georgian based on their geographic location and religion. According to the London School of Economics' anthropologist Mathijs Pelkmans, Lazs residing in Georgia frequently identify themselves as "first-class Georgians" to show pride, while considering their Muslim counterparts in Turkey as "Turkified Lazs".

Extinct Georgian subdivisions
Throughout history Georgia also has extinct Georgian subdivisions

See also

List of Georgians
Demographics of Georgia (country)
Georgian American
Peoples of the Caucasus

Notes

References

Bibliography
W.E.D. Allen (1970) Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589–1605, Hakluyt Society,  (hbk)
Eastmond, Anthony (2010), Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, Penn State Press
Suny, R. G. (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation, Indiana University Press,
Lang, D. M. (1966), The Georgians, Thames & Hudson
Rayfield, D. (2013), Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, Reaktion Books,
Rapp, S. H. Jr. (2016) The Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes, Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature, Sam Houston State University, USA, Routledge
Toumanoff, C. (1963) Studies in Christian Caucasian History, Georgetown University Press

Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan
Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)
Ethnic groups in Greece
Ethnic groups in Iran
Ethnic groups in Russia
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnic groups in Turkey
Indigenous peoples of Europe
Indigenous peoples of West Asia

Peoples of the Caucasus

Tribes in Greco-Roman historiography

Georgians


Kusŏng este un oraș în centrul provinciei Pyongan de Nord, R.P.D. Coreea.

Orașe din Coreea de Nord

Kusŏng


Trude Richter, eigentlich Erna Barnick (* 19. November 1899 in Magdeburg; † 4. Januar 1989 in Leipzig), war eine deutsche Literaturwissenschaftlerin und Schriftstellerin.

Leben
Sie wurde als Tochter eines Oberpostrates geboren und studierte von 1920 bis 1924 Philosophie, Germanistik und Theologie, nach anderen Angaben Germanistik, Geschichte und Kunstgeschichte in Berlin und Frankfurt am Main, bevor sie 1924 promovierte.

Danach war sie zunächst als Lehrerin tätig und erwarb 1926 die Lehrbefähigung als Gymnasiallehrerin für Germanistik und Geschichte. Zunächst war sie von 1926 bis 1929 Mitglied der SPD, engagierte sich aber zunehmend in einer kommunistischen Studentengruppe. Ferner wurde sie Mitglied der Roten Hilfe Deutschlands (RHD) und der Internationalen Arbeiterhilfe (IAH). Seit 1926/27 lebte sie mit dem marxistischen Nationalökonomen Hans Günther (1899–1938) in einer Partnerschaft. Im Jahr 1930 oder 1931 wurde sie Mitglied der KPD und lebte ab 1931 in Berlin. 1932 wurde sie auf Empfehlung von Johannes R. Becher (1891–1958) zur Ersten Sekretärin des Bundes proletarisch-revolutionärer Schriftsteller (BPRS) gewählt. Sie war auch Mitarbeiterin der vom BPRS 1933 herausgegebenen Zeitschrift Hieb und Stich. Bereits früher als Mitarbeiterin der Frankfurter Arbeiterzeitung hatte sie sich aus Gründen der Konspiration den Allerweltsnamen Trude Richter als Pseudonym zugelegt, um weiterhin als Lehrerin (d. h. im Staatsdienst) tätig sein zu können.

Nach der "Machtergreifung" der Nationalsozialisten engagierte sie sich zunächst im Widerstand. Sie verbarg Verfolgte, erledigte Kurierdienste zwischen Berlin und Prag und trug Material für illegale Veröffentlichungen zusammen. 1934 folgte sie jedoch ihrem bereits zuvor emigrierten Lebensgefährten Hans Günther und ging in die Sowjetunion. Günther war dort als Mitarbeiter an der Kommunistischen Akademie und als Schriftsteller tätig. Dort vollendete sie ihre Habilitationsschrift und lehrte am Moskauer Pädagogischen Institut für neuere Sprachen. Am 3. November 1936 erhielt sie die sowjetische Staatsbürgerschaft; einen Tag darauf am 4. November wurden sie und ihr Lebensgefährte verhaftet. Nach einem Jahr Untersuchungshaft wurde sie Ende 1937 ohne Prozess zu fünf Jahren Haft in einem der Arbeitslager des Gulag verurteilt, wegen angeblicher konterrevolutionärer trotzkistischer Tätigkeit. Ab dem 17. August 1938 war sie im Lagergebiet an der Kolyma (zuerst Nordöstliches ITL, später Tenka-ITL des Dalstroi) interniert. Auch Hans Günther befand sich auf dem Weg an die Kolyma, starb jedoch am 10. November 1938 im Durchgangslager Wladiwostok an Typhus. Trude Richter wurde am 14. September 1946 aus der Haft entlassen. Von 1946 bis 1949 war sie als Garderobenfrau im Gorki-Theater der Stadt Magadan tätig. Sie half auch bei der Ausstattung der Stücke und im Orchester.

Am 23. August 1949 wurde sie erneut verhaftet und nach Ust-Omtschug – dem Verwaltungssitz des Tenka-ITL – deportiert und dort der Bergbauverwaltung zugewiesen. Trude Richter versuchte sich zu erhängen. Der Selbstmordversuch scheiterte jedoch, da das Seil riss. Von 1950 bis 1953 war sie dort als Pianistin im Kulturklub und Fremdsprachenlehrerin in der Erwachsenenbildung tätig. 1953 wurde sie dann aus der Haft entlassen. Sie kehrte nach Moskau zurück und wurde wieder in die Kommunistische Partei aufgenommen. Eine endgültige Rehabilitierung erfolgte jedoch erst 1956 nach Vermittlung durch Anna Seghers (1900–1983). Trude Richter zog dann in die DDR und lehrte von 1957 bis 1966 am Johannes-R.-Becher-Literaturinstitut in Leipzig. Hier war sie auch als Mentorin später bekannt gewordener Schriftsteller wie Hans Weber (1937–1987) und Horst Salomon (1929–1972) tätig. Sie veröffentlichte Beiträge zur sozialistischen Literaturbewegung und begann bereits in den 1960er Jahren, ihre Erfahrungen aus der sowjetischen Lagerhaft niederzuschreiben. 1972 veröffentlichte sie unter dem Titel Die Plakette den ersten Teil ihrer Lebenserinnerungen. Ihre vollständigen Memoiren inklusive der Lagerzeit durfte sie in der DDR jedoch zunächst nicht publizieren. Entsprechende ab 1973 bestehende Bemühungen wurden seitens des SED-Politbüros verhindert. 1987 wurde sie in den Vorstand des Schriftstellerverbandes der DDR aufgenommen.

Trude Richter verstarb 1989 und war bis an das Lebensende überzeugte Kommunistin. Postum erschien 1990 noch in der DDR ihr Werk Totgesagt, in welchem auch die Lagerzeit dargestellt wird. Als Ort und Jahr der Beendigung des Werkes wird von ihr darin Jalta, September 1964 angegeben.

Das Grab von Trude Richter befindet sich auf dem Leipziger Südfriedhof. Ein Teilnachlass, in dem sich auch Bücher befinden, liegt in der Stadtbibliothek Leipzig.

Fotografische Darstellung Trude Richters

 Norbert Vogel: Schriftstellerin Trude Richter (1985)

Werke
Das Volksbuch von Barbarossa und Geschichten von Kaiser Friedrich dem Anderen, Jena 1925
Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossa in der Geschichte, Jena 1926
Die bildende Kunst im Rahmen der Deutschkunde, Berlin 1927
Gerhart Hauptmanns Erzähltechnik, Bamberg ohne Jahresangabe
Literaturgeschichtliches Lesebuch, Charkow 1934
Über den sozialistischen Realismus, Referentenmaterial, Sektion Kunst und Literatur, 1958
Das Glück des Bitteren, Halle (Saale) 1969
Die Plakette, Halle (Saale) 1972
Totgesagt, Gesamtausgabe, 1990 (postum)

Literatur
 Ursula Köhler-Lutterbeck, Monika Siedentopf: Lexikon der 1000 Frauen. Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger GmbH, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-8012-0276-3, S. 299.

 Kurzbiographie Richter, Trude (d.i. Erna Barnick). In: Institut für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (Hrsg.): In den Fängen des NKWD: Deutsche Opfer des stalinistischen Terrors in der UdSSR. Dietz, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-320-01632-6, S. 185 f.

Weblinks

 Informationen zu Trude Richter auf der Website von Memorial/Deutschland
 Kritik zu Totgesagt bei Zeit-Online
 Trude-Richter-Archiv im Archiv der Akademie der Künste, Berlin

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Pseudonym
Literaturwissenschaftler
DDR-Literatur
Literatur (Deutsch)
Autobiografie
KPD-Mitglied
Person (Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus)
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Opfer des Großen Terrors (Sowjetunion)
Opfer des Stalinismus (Sowjetunion)
Häftling im Gulag
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens (Ehrenspange)
Träger des Sterns der Völkerfreundschaft
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1899
Gestorben 1989
Frau

Trude Richter


The 1975 este o formație de rock alternativ/indie-pop formată în Wilmslow, Cheshire. Grupul este alcătuit din Matthew Healy (voce, chitară ritm), Adam Hann (chitară), Ross MacDonald (chitară bas) și George Daniel (baterie). Aceștia s-au cunoscut în timp ce erau la liceu și au început să cânte împreună din 2002.

Trupa a lansat cinci albume. Albumul lor de debut omonim a fost lansat pe 2 septembrie 2013, prin Dirty Hit și Polydor. Materialul a intrat pe prima pozitie în UK Albums Chart pe 8 septembrie 2013. Al doilea disc, intitulat  I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It a fost lansat la nivel mondial pe 26 februarie 2016, și a debutat din nou pe primul loc  în UK Albums Chart, dar și în US Billboard 200.

După încheierea ciclului de promovare al celui de-al doilea material, grupul a anunțat că lucrează la un al treilea album, care avea titlul de lucru Music for Cars. În 2018, ei au anunțat că proiectul va fi împărțit in două materiale discografice, care urmau să fie al treilea, respectiv al patrulea album al lor. Primul dintre ele, A Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships, a apărut pe 30 noiembrie 2018 și a debutat pe primul loc în UK Albums Chart. Al doilea, Notes on a Conditional Form, a fost lansat pe 22 mai 2020, și a devenit cel de-al patrulea album al lor care a ajuns pe locul 1 în Regatul Unit.

Al cincilea album, Being Funny in a Foreign Language, a apărut la 14 octombrie 2022 și a intrat direct pe primul loc în UK Albums Chart.

Începuturi (2002-2012)
Oportunitatea de a se apuca de muzică a apărut în anul 2002, când un consilier local a organizat câteva concerte pentru adolescenți. Ideea le-a surâs lui Healy, Hann și MacDonald, care, împreună cu un vocalist, au decis să formeze o trupă. Aceștia au dat startul carierei lor prin a face coveruri după piese punk într-un bar local, până când au început să-și compună propriile piese. Formula a fost definitivată după ce fostul solist a părăsit grupul, iar Healy, care până atunci era baterist, a preluat îndatoririle vocale. Locul său în spatele bateriei a fost preluat de George Daniel.

De-a lungul anilor 2000, cei patru au performat sub numeroase aliasuri muzicale, printre care se numără Me and You Versus Them, Talkhouse, The Slowdown, Bigsleep și Drive Like I Do. Numele final, The 1975, a fost inspirată de o notiță, intitulată 1 June, The 1975, pe care solistul a găsit-o într-o carte de poezie beat primită cadou în timpul unei vacanțe în Mallorca.

EP-urile și albumul de debut (2012-2014)
Primul EP al grupului, Facedown, a fost lansat în august 2012. Cea mai cunoscută piesă a acestuia, The City, a fost difuzată sub egida mărcii BBC Introducing, în cadrul emisiunii lui Huw Stephens de pe postul BBC Radio 1. Aceștia au mai beneficiat de atenție suplimentară din partea postului național de radio în luna noiembrie a aceluiași an cu ocazia lansării celui de-al doilea material, Sex, al cărui cântec omonim a fost difuzat în premieră de una dintre figurile emblematice ale canalului, Zane Lowe..

După un turneu în Regatul Unit la sfârșitul lui 2012 și unul american în primăvara lui 2013, cei patru au revenit cu un al treilea EP, intitulat Music for Cars. Piesa principală a acestuia, Chocolate, a devenit rapid una dintre cele mai cunoscute compoziții ale lor, ajungând până pe locul 19 în UK Singles Chart. Ultimul material, IV, apărut în mai 2013, conținea o nouă versiune a lui The City.

În așteptarea lansării albumului de debut, trupa din Cheshire a fost într-un turneu extins, ei concertând în deschiderea celor de la Muse pe Stadionul Emirates din Londra pe 26 mai 2013; performând alături de cvintetul american The Neighbourhood în Statele Unite în iunie; deschizând pentru The Rolling Stones în Hyde Park pe 13 iulie și cântând la festivalul Reading and Leeds în luna august, pe scena Festival Republic.

Primul material discografic, The 1975, a fost lansat pe 2 septembrie 2013, și a debutat pe locul 1 în UK Albums Chart. Acesta a fost co-produs de către cei patru împreună cu Mike Crossey, care anterior lucrase cu Arctic Monkeys și Foals. Prestațiile live au continuat: următoarea prezență remarcabilă a formației a fost la ITunes Festival (în prezent cunoscut drept Apple Music Festival) în deschiderea cvartetului indie-pop londonez Bastille. Grupul și-a continuat aparițiile live din 2013 cu un turneu nord-american în octombrie și unul european în noiembrie.

Cvartetul și-a continuat spectacolele live în ianuarie 2014, în Australia și Noua Zeelandă. Aprilie 2014 a fost marcat de prima apariție a acestora la festivalul nord-american Coachella și de un concert la celebra sală londoneză Royal Albert Hall. În luna mai a aceluiași an, Healy a afirmat, pentru revista americană Billboard, că trupa va începe lucrul la cel de-al doilea material discografic în 2015, după încheierea ciclului de promovare al primului album.

În august 2014, The 1975 au susținut prima prestație live în România, în cadrul festivalului Summer Well.

Referințe

Legături externe

Cvartete muzicale
Artiști câștigători ai premiilor BRIT
Câștigătorii premiilor NME
Muzicieni ai Polydor Records

The 1975


Jenny Saville (Cambridge, 1970) es una pintora inglesa, miembro del grupo Young British Artists. Es conocida principalmente por sus monumentales cuadros de desnudo femenino. Actualmente vive y trabaja entre Londres y Palermo. En octubre de 2018 se convirtió en la artista viva más cara de la historia en una subasta.

Perfil biográfico y artístico
Estudió en la Glasgow School of Art (1988-1992), y se le concedió una beca de seis meses para la Universidad de Cincinnati, acabando su formación en la Slade School Of Fine Art (1992-1993). Al finalizar sus estudios, su obra interesó al coleccionista Charles Saatchi, quien compró su obra completa para los próximos dos años.

Saville ha desarrollado su carrera dentro de la tradicional técnica de la pintura al óleo, en un estilo figurativo heredero de la Nueva figuración de los años 1950 y 1960, con influencia de Rubens y Lucian Freud. Desde su debut en 1992, su temática se ha centrado en el cuerpo de la mujer, en pinturas a gran escala, con figuras vistas desde perspectivas poco usuales, donde los cuerpos semejan montañas de carne que parecen llenar todo el espacio, con predilección por mostrar las zonas genitales, o por imperfecciones y heridas de la piel, con colores brillantes, intensos, dispuestos por manchas, predominando los tonos rojos y marrones. Generalmente son cuerpos obesos —frecuentemente se autorretrata a sí misma—, donde la carne forma pliegues y arrugas, con unas formas monumentales que parecen la visión que un niño tiene de un adulto. Inspirada por Courbet y Velázquez, pinta a la mujer real, de hoy día, sin ningún tipo de idealización, sin buscar la belleza, sólo la veracidad, realizando —como ella misma denomina— «paisajes del cuerpo».

En octubre de 2018 la casa de subasta Sotheby's vendió Propped (Apoyada) por 10,8 millones de euros, el precio más alto jamás pagado (en subasta) por una artista viva.

Obras
 Rosetta 2, 2005-2006
 Stare, 2005
 Reverse, 2003
  Matrix, 1999
Fulcrum, 1999
  Hyphen, 1999
  Closed Contact n°12, 1995-1996
  Knead, 1995
 Strategy (South Face/Front Face/North Face), 1994
  Branded, 1992

Referencias

Pintores de Inglaterra del siglo XXI
Pintoras de Inglaterra
Feministas de Inglaterra
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cincinnati
Nacidos en Cambridge

Jenny Saville


Caldicot () is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. The town is located between Chepstow and the city of Newport. The site adjoins the Caldicot Levels, on the north side of the Severn Estuary. The population of the built-up area was around 11,000. It has a large school, Caldicot School, and is known for its medieval castle. The built-up area includes Portskewett. Caldicot had a population of 9,604 in 2011.

History
There was considerable activity in the area during the Bronze Age. Excavations near the Nedern Brook beside the castle revealed a plank from a boat and complex wooden structures in the former river bed. The boat probably traded across the Severn with the farmers and traders of Somerset.  Later, in Roman times, it is likely that trading vessels sailed up the Nedern Brook to Caerwent.  The discovery of kilns also shows that coarse pottery was produced in the village during Roman times.

In 1074, following the Norman Conquest, the manor of Caldicot was given to Durand, the Sheriff of Gloucester.  Caldicot was recorded in Gloucestershire by the Domesday Book in 1086. Its entry reads, Durand the Sheriff holds of the King, one land, in Caerwent, called Caldicot. He has in demesne there 3 ploughs, and 15 half villeins, and 4 bondmen, and one knight. All these have twelve ploughs. There is a mill worth ten shillings.

The name 'Caldicot' is usually stated to derive from the Old English phrase calde cot meaning 'cold hut'. A cold hut is an exposed shelter used by either humans or animals. The modern Welsh name, Cil-y-coed, meaning "corner of the wood", referring to Wentwood, is an example of folk etymology.

One of the oldest buildings in Caldicot, Llanthony Secunda Manor, was built around 1120 as a grange for monks from Llanthony Secunda Priory in Gloucester.

In 1158 the manor of Caldicot passed to Humphrey II de Bohun, who was responsible for building the stone keep and curtain walls of the present-day castle. In 1376 it passed to Thomas Woodstock, third son of King Edward III, when he married Alianore de Bohun.  It began to fall into ruins around the 16th century.

Caldicot is one of the few villages to appear on the Cambriae Typus map of 1573.

By the mid-19th century, Caldicot was a small farming village. However, the opening of the South Wales Railway brought London and Cardiff within relatively easy reach (although Caldicot station itself was not opened until 1936).  The railway attracted industry, and 1862 Henry Hughes of Tintern opened a wireworks next to the railway, becoming the village's major employer and attracting many new workers.  In 1880 it became a tinplate works for the canning industry.  In 1879 work began on the Severn Tunnel, which was opened in 1886. Its construction brought hundreds of workers to Caldicot, roughly doubling its population.

Court House was the home of baker Henry Jones, the inventor of self-raising flour, from 1864 until his death in 1891. He is buried in the churchyard.

During the first half of the 20th century, Caldicot continued to grow steadily, but unspectacularly, reaching a population of 1,770 in 1951. Early in the 1950s, however, Chepstow Rural District Council decided that the village should be allowed to expand to approximately 3,000. Shortly after this decision, the government decided to build a new steelworks at Llanwern. Caldicot was designated as a suitable home for the thousands of steelworkers, and expansion plans were revised upwards. Llanwern steelworks opened in 1962, and by the end of the decade Caldicot had over 7,000 residents.

The growth of the community was furthered by the opening of the Severn Bridge in 1966.  With Caldicot now being part of the "M4 corridor" new businesses, such as telecommunication company Mitel, came to the town, compensating for the contraction of the steel industry and the railways.

Religion

The parish church of St. Mary, also called St Mary Virgin Church, is a Church in Wales parish church. There is evidence that the church has pre-Norman foundations; however, the earliest part of the building dates from the 14th century. It is a Grade I listed building. It is mainly built in the Perpendicular style of the late 14th and 15th centuries.

Education

Caldicot School was substantially rebuilt and the new buildings opened in September 2017. It will house all subject departments in one single building. The project was part of the Welsh Government's "21st Century Schools & Education Capital Programme". The new building has capacity for 1,500 pupils and was to cost £31million which then rose to £34.9 million. By October 2016, the total cost was said to have risen to £40.175 million.

Governance
Caldicot Town Council comprises seventeen elected or co-opted town councillors, from five community wards, namely Castle, Dewstow, Green Lane, Severn and West End. Caldicot Castle, Dewstow, Green Lane, Severn and West End are also county wards to Monmouthshire County Council, each electing one county councillor.

Attractions and amenities

Caldicot is  the location of Caldicot Castle and lake. The area has popular waymarked footpaths along the Caldicot Levels and the coastal path can be walked. Nearby are Caerwent and Wentwood. To the north-west, Dewstow House dates from c.1804.  Extensive gardens and grottoes built after 1895 have been undergoing restoration since 2000 and are now open to the public.

Five primary schools are located in the area, two of which were created from local Infant and Junior Schools. Durand Primary (with nursery), Ysgol Gymraeg Y Ffin (Welsh-medium education provision for south Monmouthshire), Castle Park Primary (formed from Sandy Lane Infant School and St Mary's Juniors), Dewstow Primary (formally of West End Infants and Green Lane Juniors) and ARW (Archbishop Rowan Williams Church of Wales Primary School) in Portskewett. Caldicot is the nearest town to the Welsh side opening of the Severn railway tunnel, although the nearest station serving the line through the tunnel, Severn Tunnel Junction, is at Rogiet, a village which was developed in modern times largely to service the railway. Caldicot library was built in 1995. Caldicot Leisure Centre has a sports centre, one of four leisure centres in Monmouthshire. Its facilities include an indoor swimming pool, squash courts and both indoor and outdoor games pitches, and a gym. The Leisure Centre is located next to Caldicot School.  A new astroturf pitch was built before 2013.

Transport
Caldicot station on the Gloucester–Newport line serves the town, with services to cities like Newport, Cardiff and Gloucester as well to Bristol. Transport by road allows access to the M4 / M48 motorway. There is also access by road across the Second Severn Crossing and Severn Bridge to Bristol and South England.

Twinning
Caldicot is twinned with Waghäusel, Germany and Morières-lès-Avignon France.

Notable people

See also
Caldicot Hundred
Caldicot railway station
Nedern Brook Wetlands

References

External links
Caldicot Community Website
History of Monmouthshire - Volume IV Part II, The Hundred of Caldicot - J.A. Bradney
Genuki info on Caldicot with historical links
Kelly's 1901 Directory of Monmouthshire on Caldicot

Towns in Monmouthshire
Communities in Monmouthshire

Caldicot, Monmouthshire


Igor Dolea (n. 17 iulie 1962, Năvîrneț, Fălești) este un jurist din Republica Moldova, fost judecător al Curții Constituționale a Republicii Moldova în perioada februarie 2013 - 11 decembrie 2018.

A absolvit Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova în anul 1988, ulterior în 1996 a obținut titlu de doctor în drept, urmînd în anul 2009 doctor habilitat în drept.

Din 2010 până în prezent fiind profesor universitar la catedra Drept procesual penal și criminalistică, Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, anterior fiind conferențiar universitar la catedra Drept procesual penal și criminalistică, Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, ulterior șef al catedrei Drept procesual penal și criminalistică, Universitatea de Stat din Moldova în perioada anilor 1996 - 2013

Membru al grupurilor de lucru pentru elaborarea Codului de procedură penală, Codului de executare, Codului contravențional, Legii cu privire la mediere, Legii cu privire la probațiune, Legii cu privire la protecția martorilor și altor participanți la procesul penal. A desfășurat activitate în calitate de expert în proiectele internaționale susținute de Consiliul Europei, OSCE, OIM, etc. Autor a peste 100 de publicații, inclusiv monografii și manuale, în domeniul justiției și drepturilor omului.

În 2009 a fost decorat cu medalia "Om Emerit".

Dolea a renunțat din propria inițiativa la funcția de judecător constituțional prezentând demisia la data de 10 decembrie 2018.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1962
Juriști moldoveni
Judecători moldoveni
Deputați moldoveni
Judecători ai Curții Constituționale a Republicii Moldova
Decorați cu Om Emerit al Republicii Moldova
Oameni din raionul Fălești
Moldoveni în viață

Igor Dolea


Crisóstomo (em grego: Χρυσόστομος, nascido: Irodotos Dimitriou, em grego: Ηρόδοτος Δημητρίου, 10 de abril de 1941, Vila de Tala, Pafos, Chipre Britânico – 7 de novembro de 2022, Nicósia, Chipre), foi um clérigo ortodoxo e Arcebispo do Chipre. Primaz da Igreja de Chipre, de 5 de novembro de 2006 a 7 de novembro de 2022, com o titulo de Arcebispo de Nova Justiniana e Todo Chipre.

Biografia
Nasceu em Tala (Pafos) em 10 de abril de 1941. O dia de seu nome cai em 13 de novembro, festa de São João Crisóstomo, segundo o calendário ortodoxo. Ordenado ao diaconato em 3 de novembro de 1963, completou seus estudos teológicos em Atenas (1972). De 1972 a 1978 exerceu o ministério de Hegúmeno do mosteiro de San Neophytos em Pafos. Eleito Metropolita de Pafos em 26 de fevereiro de 1978, governou até a eleição como Arcebispo de todo o Chipre.

Atuando como Presidente do Santo Sínodo da Igreja de Chipre, ele participou do funeral do Papa João Paulo II e da inauguração do pontificado do Papa Bento XVI em 2005 no Vaticano. Em resposta ao gesto fraterno, Bento XVI enviou sua delegação à cerimônia de entronização de Crisóstomo II na catedral de Lefkosia. O clima de fraternidade mútua entre a Igreja Católica e a Igreja Ortodoxa de Chipre é testemunhado pelo primeiro encontro de um representante da Igreja cipriota com o Papa, realizado em Roma em 16 de junho de 2007.

Desde o início do seu arcebispado, Crisóstomo II sempre denunciou as limitações religiosas que os fiéis da parte turca de Chipre sofrem, onde o governo cipriota turco, muçulmano, limita severamente os serviços religiosos.

Referências

Bispos ortodoxos
Bispos do Chipre
Arcebispos
Nascidos em 1941
Mortos em 2022

Crisóstomo II do Chipre


Armenska četvrt (arm.: Հայերեն Եռամսյակ, Hayeren Yerramsyak; ar.: حارة الأرمن, Ḩāra al-Armen) je jedna od četiri četvrti Starog grada Jeruzalema.
To je najmanja četvrt Starog grada i u njoj boravi tek oko 500 Armenaca od 2 500 koliko ih je u Jeruzalemu (2001.). Većinu četvrti posjeduje Jeruzalemska patrijarhija Armenske apostolske Crkve, koja posjeduje i vrijedne posjede na drugim mjestima u gradu.

Jedan od glavnih razloga za postojanje Armenske četvrti je religijska i etnička pripadnost Armenaca. Armenci, za razliku od većine ostalih kršćana u Izraelu, nisu Arapi, oni su etnički Armenci. Razlog njihove etničke pripadnosti ne bi trebao biti produbljen, osim što bi rekli da su oni bili homogena skupina, vjenčajući se između sebe tijekom godina i čuvajući armensku kulturu netaknutu.

Jeruzalem

Armenska četvrt


Parc national de Port-Cros (Nationalpark Port-Cros) er en fransk nationalpark på  middelhavsøen Port-Cros, ti kilometer fra Rivieraen,  øst for  Toulon. Den administrerer også naturområder i nogle omkringliggende lokaliteter.

Nationalparken blev grundlagt i  1963 efter at Port-Cros blev testamenteret  til staten, som er den eneste jordejer på øen.

Geografi
Nationalpark Port-Cros omfatter ud over Port-Cros de mindre øer Bagaud, Gabinière og Rascas herunder en 600 m bred marin beskyttelseszone, i alt 700 hektar land og 1.288 ha omliggende havområde. Nationalparken var den første nationalpark i Europa, der forener  terrestriske og maritime zoner. Siden 1971 hører også et  1.000 ha område på naboøen  Porquerolles og det der beliggende  statslige institut for havbotanik (Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles) under nationalparkens administration. De omkring 30 fastboende på øen er underlagt de samme restriktioner som de tilsejlende dagsgæster. Badning er kun tilladt på tre strande, og  rygning eller medtagning af  hunde er  forbudt.

Flora og fauna
Ifølge  Botanikinstituttet på Porquerolles er der på  Port-Cros cirka 530 hjemmehørende plantearter, herunder enkelte, der kun forekommer på øen. Da der ikke er dyrket landbrug i området siden  1890, er øen fuldstændig skovdækket, primært med fyr- og jordbærtræer.

Den kritisk truede Middelhavsmunkesæl skal genindføres i nationalparken.  Af de  114 fuglearten, der ses jævnligt på  Port-Cros, yngler 21 på øen, herunder flere falkearter, alpesejler, hærfugle, blådrossel, nattergale, provencesanger og stillits.

Der er flere arter af  gecko, blandt andet et lille  skumringsaktivt firben.  Europæisk halvfingergekko findes også på kysten mod fastlandet.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Officiel website

Nationalparker i Frankrig
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Parc national de Port-Cros


Kanal/potok Čivičevac predstavlja sam kanal Čivićevac s kanalom Matočina. Nema svoj izvor i predstavlja uređen i prokopan kanal u smjeru sjeveristok-istok. S dužinom oko 5 km od potoka Zdelja pokraj naselja Molve teče kao kanal Matočina do blizu grada Đurđevca, točnije do ušća potoka Hotova. Odavde kao kanal Čivićevac u dužini oko 13 km utiče u kanal Rog Strug. Kanal Rog Strug nastaje pokraj naselja Batinske spajanjem kanala Čivićevac i kanala Bistra (spominje se i kao potok Katalenec) i tekući desetak km utiče u Dravu.

Opis
Kanal/potok je cijelim tokom reguliran i prokopan a nastao je zbog smanjenja mogućnosti poplava jer je još nedugo istočno od Đurđevca sve do rijeke Drave bilo močvarno područje. Dno kanala je muljevito, zbog čega je i voda mutna, obrasla djelomično vodenom travom i drugim biljem. Nizvodno od grada Đurđevac, sad već uz potok, su mnogobrojni kanali i mrtvice starog prirodnog toka, neki s ostacima nekadašnjih mlinova i brana. To je zato što se kanal Čivićevac spaja s potocima obronaka Bilogore. Više o samom nazivu Čivićevac opisano je na stranici Đurđevac.

Pritoci
Lijevi pritoci s obronaka Bilogore su Hotova potok (s pritocima Meštričev jarak, Konački jarak, Hotovica potočić, Svetojančan, Turnuški (Mičetinski), Barna (Smeđi potok)). Pritoci, potoci-mrtvice iz močvarnih šuma su Stiska, Jankov jarek, Orlov jarek (s pritokom/kanalom Kobila), Mrtvica Sesvetska i više kanala koji dolaze iz južne močvarne šume. Pokraj naselja Batinske, Čivićevac se spaja s kanalom Bistra (spominje se i kao potok Katalenec) tvoreći kanal Rog Strug, u koji prije ušća u Dravu utiče potok Kopanjek. Tu su još i lijevi močvarni pritoci, potočić-mrtvica-kanal Vintlerovac i potok Katalenec (spominje se i kao Bistra kanal) s pritocima-mrtvicama iz sjeverne močvare Tolnica i Krajnički kanal. Imena ovih potočića su iz starih i novih mapa a neka su lokalna.

Ribolov
U potoku Čivićevac, uz stalnu sitniju ribu (klenić), uzvodno iz kanala Rog Strug i Drave, poglavito za većeg vodostaja, dolaze i neke plemenitije vrste riba. U nepresušnim pritocima obronaka Bilogore živi potočni rak.
Na žalost, zbog klimatskih a najviše kojekakvih drugih razloga izazvanih djelovanjem čovjeka, zadnjih godina kanal Čivićevac kao i svi pritoci su sve više zagađeni i siromašniji vodom i ribom.

Prirodna botanička područja
Uz kanal se nalaze dva različita zaštićena botanička područja, Đurđevački pijesci (Hrvatska Sahara) i južno su Crni jarci (Crni jarki), šumski, djelomično močvaran rezervat crne johe i drugih vegetacija.

Galerija

Izvori
Popis ribolovnih voda  Ribolovne vode podravsko-prigorskog kraja
Habsburg Empire - Cadastral maps (XIX. century)
A Monarchia III. katonai felmérése 3rd Military Mapping Survey of Austria-Hungary

Porječje Drave

Čivićevac


නැණසලේ නම- බුලත්කොහුපිටිය
ලිපිනය- බුලත්කොහුපිටිය ප්‍රාදේශ්‍රීය සභාව, බුලත්කොහුපිටිය
දුරකතන අංකය- 0718784260

බුලත්කොහුපිටිය නැනසල


An Singchia malipoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Zhong Jian Liu ngan L.J.Chen. An Singchia malipoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Singchia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Singchia

Singchia malipoensis


Sedition Act may refer to:

Alien and Sedition Acts, including the Sedition Act of 1798, laws passed by the United States Congress
Sedition Act 1661, an English statute that largely relates to treason
Sedition Act of 1918, also passed by the United States Congress
Sedition Act 1948, a law in Malaysia
Sedition Act (Singapore), a law in Singapore

See also
 List of short titles

Sedition Act


El vuelo 991 de Asiana Airlines (OZ991/AAR991) fue un vuelo de carga regular de Asiana Airlines entre el Aeropuerto Internacional de Incheon, Corea del Sur y el Aeropuerto Internacional de Shanghái Pudong, China. El jueves 28 de julio de 2011, el Boeing 747-400F carguero que operaba el vuelo se estrelló cerca de la costa de la Isla de Jeju tras notificarse un incendio en la bodega de carga.

Avión
El avión implicado en el accidente fue el Boeing 747-48EF, registro HL7604, que fue construido en 2006. El avión contaba con 26.300 horas de vuelo y sus motores eran cuatro General Electric CF6-80C2.

Accidente
El vuelo había partido del Aeropuerto Internacional de Incheon a las 16:47 hora local el 27 de julio de 2011, o a las 02:47 a.m. del 28 de julio de 2011, rumbo al Aeropuerto Internacional de Shanghái Pudong. A las 4:03 a.m., la tripulación informó de fuego y se desvió al Aeropuerto Internacional de Jeju para efectuar un aterrizaje de emergencia. El contacto de radio se perdió a las 4:11 a.m. por lo que se cree que el avión se estrelló a unos 107 kilómetros al suroeste de la isla Jeju.

El capitán del vuelo fue Choi Sang-gi de 51 años mientras que el primer oficial fue Lee Jeong-woong de 44 años; juntos, los dos tenían más de 19.000 horas de vuelo.

El vuelo llevaba a Shanghái 58 toneladas de carga. El 90% de la carga era mercancía estándar, semi-conductores, teléfonos móviles, pantallas de LCD, y  LED. El resto eran 400kg de baterías de litio, pintura, soluciones de resina y otros líquidos.

Consecuencias
Las operaciones de búsqueda y rescate fueron conducidas por los Guardacostas de la República de Corea recuperando piezas el mismo día del accidente, pero no se encontró ni la grabadora de datos (FDR) ni la grabadora de voz (CVR). Los esfuerzos de búsqueda contaron con diez barcos de los guardacostas, la Armada y la Administración Oceanográfica e Hidrográfica de Corea, así como tres helicópteros. Nippon Salvage Company de Japón fue contratado para proporcionar asistencia durante la búsqueda.  El gobierno de Corea del Sur también solicitó la asistencia de Singapur y de la armada estadounidense para la búsqueda de la FDR y la CVR, ya que Corea tenía un equipamiento muy limitado para la búsqueda de estos elementos.  La búsqueda fue detenida el 3 de agosto debido a que se aproximaba un tifón, pero fueron retomadas el 5 de agosto.

El 17 de agosto de 2011, el equipo de búsqueda identificó la localización de treinta y nueve partes del avión, incluyendo la sección de cola que contenía así mismo la grabadora de datos y voz.

Investigación
La Junta de Investigación de Accidentes de Aviación y Ferrocarriles de Corea del Sur (ARAIB) llevó a cabo la investigación, pero debido a la pérdida de ambos registradores de vuelo, no pudo determinar completamente las causas del incendio ni la secuencia exacta de eventos que llevaron al impacto con el mar. A partir de la distribución del daño por fuego y calor en los escombros recuperados, se determinó que se inició un incendio en o cerca de una de las tarimas ULD que contenían mercancías peligrosas en el fuselaje trasero, pero no se encontró evidencia suficiente para determinar exactamente qué causó el incendio.

El fuego no fue contenido y se propagó rápidamente hacia el resto del fuselaje. Se encontraron daños por fuego y hollín en los conductos de aire acondicionado que corren a lo largo del fuselaje y en los paneles del techo cerca del área de la cabina. El respiradero de evacuación de humo de la cabina mostró rastros de hollín, lo que indica que el humo entró en la cabina. Algunos componentes electrónicos que formaban parte de la carga se encontraron incrustados en la superficie superior del ala, junto con rastros de pintura y fotorresistente, lo que sugiere que en algún momento los líquidos inflamables transportados en uno de los pallets se incendiaron, provocando una explosión que hizo estallar partes de la misma. el fuselaje en el aire.

Se estimó que desde el momento en que se detectó el fuego por primera vez hasta el impacto final con el mar, solo transcurrieron 18 minutos. Se consideró poco probable que la tripulación hubiera podido extinguir el fuego o aterrizar el avión de manera segura dentro de ese período de tiempo.

Véase también
 Accidente de aviación
 Anexo:Accidentes más graves de aviación (1953-presente)
 Anexo:Accidentes e incidentes notables en la aviación civil
 Anexo:Accidentes por fabricante de aeronave
Accidentes similares
 Vuelo 6 de UPS Airlines

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 "화물기 사고와 아시아나의 각오." Asiana Cargo. (en coreano)

Asiana Airlines
Asiana Airlines
Asiana Airlines
Asiana Airlines
Corea del Sur en 2011

Vuelo 991 de Asiana Airlines


Ahmediye, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Kaymakçı ya da Ahmediye olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Mecitözü ilçesine bağlıyken, 31 Ekim 1952'de Çorum merkez ilçeye bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Ahmediye, Çorum


Brillekakadu () er en kakadue, der lever på øen New Britain i Bismarckarkipelaget ved Ny Guinea.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Melanesien
Papegøjer

Brillekakadu


Agostina Alonso née le  octobre 1995 à Buenos Aires, est une joueuse argentine de hockey sur gazon et fait partie de l'équipe nationale argentine, remportant la médaille d'argent aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020.

Carrière
Elle faisait partie de l'équipe argentine qui a remporté la Coupe du monde féminine de hockey sur gazon des moins de 21 ans 2016 après avoir battu les Pays-Bas en finale. Elle a également remporté une médaille d'or aux Jeux panaméricains de 2019.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse argentine de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en janvier 1995
Naissance dans la province de Buenos Aires
Médaillée d'argent olympique argentine
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Agostina Alonso


Zydeco Force was an American Creole zydeco band from Opelousas, Louisiana, United States. Zydeco Force is best known for its tracks "Hey Madeline" and "B-Flat".

History
The band consisted of Robby Robinson, Raymond Thomas, and the two sons of Lawtell Playboys frontman Delton Broussard: Shelton and Jeffery Broussard, and Delton's nephew Herbert Broussard.  They formed in 1989 and became a regional hit across Louisiana and East Texas.  The band was featured in the award-winning German film, Schultze Gets the Blues, filmed in the former East Germany and in Texas and Louisiana.

Jeffery Broussard has his own band, Jeffery Broussard & The Creole Cowboys. They have performed worldwide, and appeared at the Augusta Heritage Festival, in Elkins, West Virginia, during Augusta's Cajun/Zydeco week in various years, as well as New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. They continue to perform for many other festivals and live venues from coast to coast.

Zydeco Force guitarist Shelton Broussard died on November 6, 2012, during a fire at his home, aged 49.

Albums
Shaggy Dog Two-Step (Maison de Soul, 1992)
Zydeco Push (Maison de Soul, 1994)
It's La La Time (Maison de Soul, 1995)
You Mean The World To Me (Maison de Soul, 2001)
Rock A-While Z-Force Style (Maison de Soul, 2003)
Louisiana Chicken Shack (Shrimp, 2005)
We're Back! (J and S Records, 2007)

References

Musical groups from Louisiana
Musical groups established in 1989
Maison de Soul Records artists

Zydeco Force


Innsbruck ist die Bezeichnung der NUTS-3-Region AT332 in Österreich. Sie umfasst die Statutarstadt Innsbruck und den Bezirk Innsbruck-Land.

In diesem Zentralraum rund um die Landeshauptstadt leben mehr als 40 % der Tiroler Bevölkerung.

Neben der klassischen Zweiteilung Nordtirols in Ober- und Unterinntal wird der Raum um Innsbruck gelegentlich als mittleres Inntal bezeichnet.

Region in Tirol
Region in Europa
Geographie (Bezirk Innsbruck-Land)
Geographie (Innsbruck)
Gruppe von Bezirken in Österreich
NUTS-3-Region

Innsbruck (NUTS-Region)


غضب الوالدين فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1952، من إخراج حسن الإمام وأداء شادية ومحسن سرحان وشكري سرحان.

تمثيل

 شادية
 محسن سرحان
 شكري سرحان
 محمود المليجي
 أمينة رزق
 حسين رياض
 سميحة توفيق
 زوزو حمدي الحكيم
 أحمد علام
 فاخر فاخر
 محمد الديب

أغاني الفيلم

 بكرة الخميس
 يارب ما تحكم بنصيبي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام شادية
أفلام محمود المليجي
أفلام حسين رياض
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1952

غضب الوالدين (فيلم)


معارك حب هو فيلم لبناني من إنتاج عام 2004 للمخرجة اللبنانية دانيال عربيد. وقد شارك الفيلم في مهرجان كان من خلال تظاهرة أسبوعي المخرجين حيث نافس على جائزة الكاميرا الذهبية. يذكر ان معارك حب هو أول فيلم طويل للمخرجة عربيد.

محور القصة
تدور أحداث الفيلم خلال الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية، ويروي يوميات لينا وهي طفلة عمرها 12 عاماً والمشاكل اليي تعانيها مع عائلتها. تربط لينا علاقة صداقة مع خادمة خالتها سهام التي تحاول أن تتعاون مع لينا في محاولة الهرب من بيت مخدوميها. ومن خلال الأحداث يعالج الفيلم تأثير الحرب الأهلية على العائلة اللبنانية وأسباب الحرب.

الطاقم التمثيلي
 ماريان فغالي بدور لينا
 راوية الحاج بدور سهام
 لودي عربيد بدور إيفون (خالة لينا)
 كارمن لبس بدور تيريز (أم لينا)
 عوني قواس بدور فؤاد (والد لينا)
 دانيال عربيد بدور صديقة الجار.

تقديرات وجوائز
 أسبوعي المخرجين خلال مهرجان كان 2004.
 مرشّح على جائزة الكاميرا الذهبية خلال مهرجان كان 2004.
 جائزة أفضل فيلم في مهرجان ميلان السينمائي، إيطاليا 2004.
 الجائزة الكبرى لمعهد العالم العربي للفيلم الروائي الطويل في المهرجان السابع للسينما العربية في باريس 2004.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 .
 صفحة أسبوعي المخرجين لفيلم معارك حب.
 .

أفلام إنتاج 2004
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام باللغة العربية في عقد 2000
أفلام حربية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام دراما لبنانية
أفلام درامية 2004
أفلام عن الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية
أفلام لبنانية
أفلام أخرجها دانيال عربيد

معارك حب (فيلم)


An Cymbidium suavissimum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Frederick Conrad Sander ngan C.H.Curtis. An Cymbidium suavissimum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cymbidium

Cymbidium suavissimum


Elmadağ, Ankara'nın ilçelerinden biridir.

Coğrafya
İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nin Yukarı Sakarya Bölümü'nde yer alan Elmadağ, Ankara'nın 41 km doğusunda adını aldığı Elmadağ'ın kuzeydoğu eteklerinde kurulmuş; çok eski bir yerleşim alanıdır.

Yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalardan elde edilen prehistorik eserler, Elmadağ ve çevresinin çok eski medeniyetlere sahne olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu araştırmalara göre MÖ 547'ye kadar Frigler ve Lidyalılar, MÖ 84'e kadar Persler ve değişik kavimlerin varlıklarını sürdürdüğü yöre bu tarihten sonra Roma İmparatorluğunun eline geçmiştir. 1071 Malazgirt savaşından sonra Anadolu'ya yerleşmeye başlayan Türkler 1073'ten sonra yörede etkin olmuşlardır. Anadolu'ya yapılan Moğol saldırılarından da nasibini alan yöre Moğol İmparatoru Baycu Noyan komutasındaki Moğol ordusu tarafından yakılıp yıkılmıştır.

Denizden yüksekliği 1135 m olan ve oldukça engebeli bir topoğrafyaya sahip olan ilçemizin batısı kısmen düzlüktür. Her tarafından derin vadilerle yarılmış yaylalar üzerinde aşınmış tepeler ve sırtlar yer alır. Güneybatısında 1862 m yüksekliğe sahip Elmadağ, kuzeyinde ise 1995 m yüksekliğinde kütle hâlinde İdris Dağı bulunur. İlçeyi boydan boya geçerek akan ve kuzeyde Kızılırmak ile birleşen Kargalı Deresi kar ve yağmur suları ile beslenen düzensiz bir rejime sahip bir akarsudur.

İlçemiz Perme-Trias yaşlı kalkerlerle, plosen formasyonları üzerinde yer alır. Bu alanın büyük bir kısmı mermerleşmiş beyaz kalker ile kaplıdır. Bazı kısımlarında ince kil tabakaları bulunur. Kalker tabakaları doğuda ve güneyde; yüzeyde görülürken batıya gidildikçe üzeri örtü tabakaları ile kaplıdır. Kargalı Deresi çevresinde dar bir şerit hâlinde kalınlığı fazla olmayan alüvyal topraklar yer alır. Kuzeybatısında plosene ait kırmızımsı esmer renkli killi seriler bulunur.

Yöre kışları soğuk ve sert geçen karasal iklimin etkisi altındadır. Yüksek ve dağlarla çevrili olması sebebiyle gece-gündüz ve yaz-kış sıcaklıkları arasında büyük farklılıklar görülür.
Kar yağışları kasım ayında başlayıp nisan ayına kadar sürer. En fazla yağış ocak ayında görülür. Sonbahar mevsiminin son aylarında sis vardır. Rüzgâr her yönden esse de güneydoğu yönünden esen rüzgâr daha etkilidir.

Tarihçe ve tarihî eserler
İlçenin kuruluş tarihinin nereye kadar uzandığı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. İlçenin yakınında Sungur yakınlarında bulunan heykel, küp, çanak, çömlek gibi kalıntılar incelendiğinde buranın çok eski dönemlerde yerleşmelere sahne olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bunlardan Hygeia (Sağlık Tanrısının Kızı Roma Dönemi) ve Asklepios (Sağlık Tanrısı Roma Dönemi) heykelleri Roma Dönemine, Yenipınar Mahallesi'ndeki Aşağı Cami Osmanlı dönemine ait kalıntılardır.

İlçenin yerleşmesine ait ilk belgeleri yaklaşık 400 yıl önce düzenlenen Ankara Şer'iye Mahkemesi sicillerinde görüyoruz. Yozgat Köyü adı ile anılan Elmadağ, bu dönemde Ankara'ya bağlı bir yerleşim yeri idi. Bu kayıtlardan Elmadağ'da kervanların konakladıkları bir Derbent köyü olduğu belirtilmektedir. İlk yerleşme bugünkü Yenipınar ve Yenidoğan Mahalleleri'nde olmuştur.

1785-1809 yılları arasında Ankara Sancağı, 13 kazadan meydana geliyordu. Bunlardan Kasaba-i Bala ve Çukurcak Nahiyesi'ne bağlı Yozgat Köyü (Asi Yozgat) görülmektedir. 1902 Yılında Ankara vilayeti Salhanesi'nde Ankara ilinin 5 sancak ve 21 kazadan oluştuğu belirtilmektedir. Asi Yozgat, bu sancaklardan biri olan Ankara merkez sancağına bağlı Bala kazasına ait bir mahalledir. Kurtuluş Savaşı'na her şeyi ile katılan Elmadağlılar Atatürk Ankara'ya geldiğinde O'nu karşılayan Seymen Alayı'nın içerisinde de varlıklarını göstermişlerdir.

Yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalardan elde edilen prehistorik eserler, Elmadağ ve çevresinin çok eski medeniyetlere sahne olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu araştırmalara göre MÖ 547'ye kadar Frigler ve Lidyalılar, MÖ 84'e kadar Persler ve değişik kavimlerin varlıklarını sürdürdüğü yöre bu tarihten sonra Roma İmparatorluğu'nun eline geçmiştir. 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı'ndan sonra Anadolu'ya yerleşmeye başlayan Türkler 1073'ten sonra yörede etkin olmuşlardır. Anadolu'ya yapılan Moğol saldırılarından da nasibini alan yöre Moğol İmparatoru Boycu Noyan komutasındaki Moğol ordusu tarafından yakılıp yıkılmıştır.

İlçe merkezinde hâlen devam eden tandır ekmeği yapımının Selçuklulardan günümüze kadar devam ettiği sanılmaktadır. Yine kökü Selçuklulara kadar uzanan halıcılık, el dokuması, kilim, heybe ve çantalar kültürümüzün zenginliklerini günümüze kadar getirmiştir.

Nüfus

Mahalleler
Elmadağ'ın 30 mahallesinin 10'u merkezde bulunmaktadır. Merkez mahallelerinde 24.522 kişi (%54) yaşamaktadır. En uzak mahallesi ise 29,3 km uzaklıktaki Süleymanlı'dır. İlçede nüfusu en fazla olan mahalle, 6.826 kişi ile Hasanoğlan Bahçelievler mahallesidir.  Elmadağ'ın nüfusu 2017 yılında %3,05 artmıştır.

Elmadağ ilçesinin mahallelerinin ilçeye uzaklığı, rakımı ve nüfusu

Km, kaymakamlığa olan uzaklıktır.

Yönetim

Belediye başkanları

Yer tabakası
İlçe Perme-Trias yaşlı kalkerlerle, plosen formasyonları üzerinde yer alır. Bu alanın büyük bir kısmı mermerleşmiş beyaz kalker ile kaplıdır. Bazı kısımlarında ince kil tabakaları bulunur. Kalker tabakaları doğuda ve güneyde; yüzeyde görülürken batıya gidildikçe üzeri örtü tabakaları ile kaplıdır. Kargalı Deresi çevresinde dar bir şerit hâlinde kalınlığı fazla olmayan alüvyal topraklar yer alır. Kuzeybatısında plosene ait kırmızımsı esmer renkli killi seriler bulunur.

İklim
Yöre, kışları soğuk ve sert geçen karasal iklimin etkisi altındadır. Yüksek ve dağlarla çevrili olması sebebiyle gece-gündüz ve yaz-kış sıcaklıkları arasında büyük farklılıklar görülür.

Kar yağışları kasım ayında başlayıp nisan ayına kadar sürer. En fazla yağış ocak ayında görülür. Sonbahar mevsiminin son aylarında sis vardır. Rüzgâr her yönden esse de güneydoğu yönünden esen rüzgâr daha etkilidir.

İdari durum
573 km² lik bir alan üzerinde kurulmuş olan ilçe; güneyinde Balâ, kuzeyinde Akyurt ve Kalecik, batısında Mamak ve Altındağ ilçeleri, doğusunda ise Kırıkkale ili ile çevrili bulunmaktadır. Kuruluş tarihi kesin belli olmamakla birlikte ilk olarak Eski Yozgat adıyla köy olarak kurulmuştur. 24.4.1928 tarihinde Küçük Yozgat adı ile bucak olmuş 02.11.1936 tarihinde belediye kurulmuş 01.04.1960 tarihinde de ilçe olmuştur. İlçe, 23 Temmuz 2004 tarih ve 25531 sayılı Resmî Gazete'de yayımlanan 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu ile metropol ilçe statüsünü almıştır.

Ekonomi
İlçede MKE kurumuna bağlı olarak faaliyet göstermekte olan barut ve roket fabrikaları yanında Roketsan Roket Fabrikası, Orica Nitro patlayıcı madde fabrikası, Baştaş ile yan kuruluşu Tam-Taş, Yibitaş çimento fabrikası, ÇimSA Ankara çimento fabrikası, Yataş, De'berenn, Öz Petek Bal fabrikası gibi özel şirketlerle 30'u aşkın kireç ocağı mevcuttur. İlçede ayrıca Çay-Kur Çay Paketleme fabrikası gibi Kamu İktisadi Teşekkülleri mevcuttur. Bu kurumlar nüfusun büyük bölümünü istihdam etmektedir. İlçe Ankara-Samsun kara yolu üzerinde bulunması nedeniyle sanayi yönünden gelişmeye müsaittir. İlçe arazisinin tarımsal açıdan verimsiz olması faal nüfusu genellikle işçilik ve memurluğa yöneltmiştir. Çalışan kesim içinde işçiler çoğunluktadır. İlçede 7000'i aşkın konut bulunmaktadır. İlçe merkezi ve beldelerde konut yapımında kooperatifleşme oranında artış görülmektedir.

Eğitim ve kültür
İlçede eğitim halkın da katkısıyla 1938 yılında yapılan Küçük Yozgat İlkokulu ile Ortaöğretim 1940 yılında yapılan Ata Barut Ortaokulu ve 1969 yılında yapılan Elmadağ Lisesi ile başlamıştır. Bugün faaliyetlerine fen lisesi olarak devam eden ve bir dönem öğretmen lisesi olarak eğitim veren Hasanoğlan Atatürk Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi, Köy Enstitüsü olarak kurulmuş ve 1941-1942 yıllarında ilk mezunlarını vermiştir. 1976-1977 öğretim yılında açılan Kız Meslek Lisesi ve 1978-1979 öğretim yılında açılan Endüstri Meslek Lisesi Millî Eğitim Bakanlığının 30.12.2002 tarih ve 2002/97 sayılı genelgesi ile M.E.B. Erkek Teknik Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğüne bağlı olarak tek müdürlük altında birleşerek METEM'e (Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Merkezi) dönüştürülmüştür. Lisenin bünyesinde torna-tesviye, elektrik, kimya, mobilya ve ağaç işleri, bilgisayar, nakış, dikiş, hazır giyim, çocuk gelişimi bölümleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca 1990  yılında kurulmuş olan Sağlık Meslek Lisesi sağlık memuru, ilk yardım teknisyenliği bölümlerinde Ankara ve diğer birçok ilden gelen öğrencilerin eğitimine katkıda bulunmaktadır. 2007 itibarıyla Ankara Üniversitesi Elmadağ Meslek Yüksekokulu ilçede eğitim öğretim vermeye başlamıştır. İlçede okuma-yazma oranı %99'dur. Tüm ilkokullar "Sekiz Yıllık Kesintisiz Eğitim" kapsamına alınarak İlköğretim okuluna dönüştürülmüştür. İlçede taşımalı eğitim uygulaması yapılmakta ve bu kapsamda 224 öğrenci bulunmaktadır. İlçede 6 lisede 201 öğretmen, 2809 öğrenci, 19 ilköğretim okulunda 341 öğretmen, 6327 öğrenci eğitim ve öğretime devam edilmektedir. İlçede 1962 yılından bu yana faaliyet gösteren Halk Eğitim Merkezinde kilim, nakış, bilgisayar, el sanatları, kalorifer ateşleyiciliği, resim, bağlama, gitar, ney, keman, drama, tiyatro, pilates, futbol, basketbol, voleybol, satranç, anne-çocuk sağlığı, hazır giyim, halk oyunları, makine tamir, Türk sanat müziği, kaynakçılık ve aşçılık kursları verilmektedir.

İlçede Halk Kütüphanesi 1961 yılında hizmete başlamış olup hâlen 1 sorumlu memur, 1 memur, 1 hizmetli, 2 geçici görevli hizmetli, 3 geçici işçi ile hizmet vermektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Elmadağ, Ankara


Ultimate Custom Night (UCN) este un joc video "point and click" horror survival creat de Scott Cawthon. Este al doilea "spin-off" oficial al seriei de jocuri video "Five Nights at Freddy's (FNaF)", prima fiind "FNaF World". Jocul a fost lansat pe 27 iunie 2018, gratuit pe Steam și Game Jolt.

Gameplay-ul
Jocul permite jucătorului de a alege din 50 de animatronici din cele 6 jocuri principale,un spin-off, FNaF World, și un DLC, FNaF 4 Halloween Edition, și de a seta dificultățile lor pentru a determina cât de agresivi sunt în timpul nopții. Jucătorul este, de asemenea, capabil de a selecta biroul unde vor să se joace, și are 16 "challenge-uri" avalabile lor. Câștigând suficiente puncte după învingerea unor nivele de dificultate deblochează scene, dintre care cele mai multe sunt tematice "anime". Pentru cele mai multe animatronice, în momentul "jumpscare-ului", acestea vor vorbi, dezvăluind bucăti din poveste. De exemplu, "Nightmare Fredbear" menționează că el îi va "pune împreună din nou, apoi îi va despărți din nou", referindu-se la plusul "Fredbear" prezent în FNaF 4 care mentionează ca el îi va "pune împreună din nou".

Referințe

Jocuri video dezvoltate în Statele Unite
Jocuri pentru Windows
Jocuri video din 2018

Ultimate Custom Night


Stéphane Martelly, née en 1974 à Port-au-Prince en Haïti, est une écrivaine, peintre et chercheuse québécoise. Elle enseigne au  département des Arts, Langues et Littératures de l'Université de Sherbrooke.

Biographie
Stéphane Martelly est née en 1974 à Port-au-Prince en Haïti. Elle effectue des études universitaires à l'Université Quisqueya à Port-au-Prince en Haïti. Elle publie dès 1999 à Pétion-Ville un livre illustré (par Ralph Pénel Pierre) Couleur de rue. Puis, elle poursuit ses études supérieures à l'Université de Montréal. Elle vit à Montréal depuis 2002.

En 2002, elle publie un nouveau livre illustré, L'homme aux cheveux de fougère / Nèg-fèy, avec des illustrations de Chevelin Djasmy Pierre et une traduction en créole de Claude Pierre aux Éditions du Soleil de minuit. Elle fait paraitre un premier recueil de poésie en 2004, La boîte noire, suivi de Départ, aux Écrits des Hautes-terres et au Centre International de Documentation et d'Information Haitienne Caribéenne et Afro-canadienne (CIDIHCA), et un second, Inventaires : 2010-2015 aux Éditions Triptyque en 2016.

Elle est l'autrice de deux fables pour enfants avec illustrations de Albin Christen. La maman qui s'absentait, est paru chez Vents d'ailleurs en 2011, et s'est vu attribuer le Prix Michel-Tournier Jeunesse. L'enfant gazelle est paru chez les Éditions du Remue-ménage en 2018. Martelly a également publié deux essais, Le sujet opaque : une lecture de l'oeuvre poétique de Magloire-Saint-Aude chez L' Harmattan en 2011, et Les jeux du dissemblable : folie, marge et féminin en littérature haïtienne contemporaine aux Éditions Nota bene en 2016. Elle dirige la collection Martiales aux Éditions du remue-ménage.

Martelly est aussi peintre. Elle réalise plusieurs expositions, et fait paraitre un livre d'artiste, Folie passée à la chaux vive, en collaboration avec l'écrivaine Christine Jeanney, en 2010. En 2022, elle fait à nouveau paraître un livre d'artiste comprenant deux récits, Comme un trait / Le fil d'or et d'argent, contribuant à cet ouvrage sur  la partie littéraire, en collaboration avec la peintre Claudia Brutus, à l'occasion d'une exposition intitulée Tresser la ligne, au Projet Casa à Montréal, avec un commissariat de Ji-Yoon Han.

Elle est professeure adjointe au Département des Arts,Langues et Littératures de l'Université Sherbrooke depuis 2019, où par une « approche profondément transdisciplinaire qui fait se confronter théorie, réflexion critique et création, elle poursuit une démarche réflexive sur la littérature haïtienne contemporaine, sur la création, sur les marginalités littéraires ainsi que sur les limites de l'interprétation ».

 Œuvres

 Poésie
 La boîte noire ; suivi de, Départs, Montpellier, Écrits des Hautes-terres ; Montréal : CIDIHCA, 2004, 91 p.
 Inventaires : 2010-2015, Montréal, Éditions Triptyque, 2016, 59 p.

 Fiction

 L'homme aux cheveux de fougère = Nèg-fèy, illustrations de Chevelin Djasmy Pierre, traduction en créole de Claude Pierre, Saint-Damien-de-Brandon, Éditions du Soleil de minuit, 2002, 24 p.

 Littérature jeunesse
 La maman qui s'absentait, avec Albin Christen, La Roque-d'Anthéron, Vents d'ailleurs, 2011,
 L'enfant gazelle, avec Albin Christen, Montréal, Les Éditions du Remue-ménage, 2018,

 Livre d'art
 Folie passée à la chaux vive, en collaboration avec Christine Jeanney, 2010, publie.net
  Comme un trait / Le fil d'or et d'argent en collaboration avec Claudia Brutus, 2022.

 Essais
 Le sujet opaque : une lecture de l'oeuvre poétique de Magloire-Saint-Aude, Paris ; Montréal, L'Harmattan, 2001, 176 p.
 Les jeux du dissemblable : folie, marge et féminin en littérature haïtienne contemporaine, Montréal, Nota bene, 2016, 378 p.

 Prix et honneurs

 2011 - Prix Michel-Tournier Jeunesse pour La Maman qui s'absentait''

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain québécois
Poétesse québécoise
Poétesse haïtienne
Écrivain haïtien
Peintre québécois
Peintre haïtien
Naissance en 1974
Femme de lettres québécoise
Femme de lettres haïtienne
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Stéphane Martelly


An Phyllostachys kwangsiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni W.Y.Hsiung, Q.H.Dai ngan J.K.Liu. An Phyllostachys kwangsiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phyllostachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phyllostachys

Phyllostachys kwangsiensis


The Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, doing business as Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), is an American multinational pharmaceutical company. Headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, BMS is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies and consistently ranks on the Fortune 500 list of the largest U.S. corporations. For fiscal 2022, it had a total revenue of $46.2 billion.

Bristol Myers Squibb manufactures prescription pharmaceuticals and biologics in several therapeutic areas, including cancer, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psychiatric disorders.

BMS's primary research and development (R&D) sites are located in Lawrence, New Jersey (formerly Squibb, near Princeton), Summit, New Jersey, formerly HQ of Celgene, New Brunswick, New Jersey,  Redwood City, California, and Seville in Spain, with other sites in Devens and Cambridge, Massachusetts, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, Tokyo, Japan, Bangalore, India, and Wirral, United Kingdom. BMS previously had an R&D site in Wallingford, Connecticut (formerly Bristol-Myers).

History

Squibb

The Squibb corporation was founded in 1858 by Edward Robinson Squibb in Brooklyn, New York. Squibb was known as an advocate of quality control and high purity standards early within the pharmaceutical industry. He went on to self-publish an alternative to the U.S. Pharmacopeia titled Squibb's Ephemeris of Materia Medica, after failing to convince the American Medical Association to incorporate higher purity standards.

Materia Medica, Squibb products, and Edward Squibb's opinion on the fundamentals of pharmacy are found in many medical papers of the late 1800s. The American Journal of Pharmacy published more than one hundred papers of Squibb's research surrounding the industry.

The sons of Edward Squibb sold the company to Lowell M. Palmer and Theodore Weicker in 1905, who incorporated the company. Around this time, the Squibb logo was developed, which represented the company's products of "uniformity, purity, efficacy, and reliability based on research."

Squibb Corporation served as a major supplier of medical goods to the Union Army during the American Civil War, providing portable medical kits containing morphine, surgical anesthetics, and quinine for the treatment of malaria (which was endemic in most of the Eastern United States at that time).

In 1944, Squibb opened the world's largest penicillin plant in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Bristol-Myers

In 1887, Hamilton College graduates William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers purchased the Clinton Pharmaceutical company of Clinton, New York. In May 1898, they decided to rename it Bristol, Myers and Company. Following Myers' death in 1899, Bristol changed the name to the Bristol-Myers Corporation.

During the 1890s, the company introduced its first nationally recognized product Sal Hepatica, a laxative mineral salt, followed by Ipana toothpaste in 1901. Other divisions were Clairol (hair colors and haircare) and Drackett (household products such as Windex and Drano).

In 1943, Bristol-Myers acquired Cheplin Biological Laboratories, a producer of acidophilus milk in East Syracuse, New York, and converted the plant to produce penicillin for the World War II Allied forces. After the war, the company renamed the plant Bristol Laboratories in 1945 and entered the civilian antibiotics market, where it faced competition from Squibb.

Penicillin production at the East Syracuse plant ended in 2005, when it became less expensive to produce overseas. As of 2010, the facility was used for the manufacturing process development and production of other biologic medicines for clinical trials and commercial use.

Merger
In 1989, Bristol-Myers and Squibb merged and became Bristol-Myers Squibb.

In 1999, then-U.S. President Bill Clinton awarded Bristol-Myers Squibb the National Medal of Technology, the nation's highest recognition for technological achievement, "for extending, and enhancing human life through innovative pharmaceutical research and development and for redefining the science of clinical study through groundbreaking and hugely complex clinical trials that are recognized models in the industry."

2000 to 2010

In 2002, the company was involved in a lawsuit of illegally maintaining a monopoly on Taxol, its cancer treatment, and it was again sued for the antitrust lawsuit 5 years later, which cost the company $125 million for settlement.

Also in 2002, Bristol-Myers Squibb was involved in an accounting scandal that resulted in a significant restatement of revenues from 1999 to 2001. The restatement was the result of an improper booking of sales related to "channel stuffing" as the practice of offering excess inventory to customers to create higher sales numbers. The company has since settled with the United States Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission, agreeing to pay $150 million, while neither admitting nor denying guilt.

On October 24, 2002, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. restated earnings downward for parts of 2000 and 2001, while revising 2002 earnings upward because of its massive inventory backlog imbroglio that spurred two government investigations. On March 15, 2004, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. adjusted upward its fourth-quarter and full-year 2003 results after reversing an earlier decision about how to deal with accounting errors made in prior years.

As part of a deferred prosecution agreement, the company was placed under the oversight of a monitor appointed by the U.S. attorney in New Jersey. In addition, the former head of the Pharma group, Richard Lane, and the ex-CFO, Fred Schiff, were indicted for federal securities violations.

In July 2006, an investigation of the company was made public, and the FBI raided the company's corporate offices. The investigation centered on the distribution of Plavix and charges of collusion. On September 12, 2006, the monitor, former Federal Judge Frederick B. Lacey, urged the company to remove then-CEO Peter Dolan over the Plavix dispute. Later that day, BMS announced that Dolan would indeed step down.

The deferred prosecution agreement expired in June 2007 and the Department of Justice did not take any further legal action against the company for matters covered by the DPA. Under CEO Jim Cornelius, who was CEO following Dolan until May 2010, all executives involved in the "channel-stuffing" and generic competition scandals have since left the company.

In 2009, the company began a major restructuring focusing on the pharmaceutical business and biologic products, along with productivity initiatives and cost-cutting and streamlining business operations through a multiyear program of on-going layoffs.  This was part of a business strategy launched in 2007 to transform the company from a large, diversified pharmaceutical company to a specialty biopharma company, which also included the closure of half of their manufacturing facilities.  As another cost-cutting measure, Bristol-Myers Squibb also reduced health-care subsidies for retirees and planned to freeze their pension plan at the end of 2009.

BMS is a Fortune 500 Company (#114 in 2010 list). Newsweek's 2009 Green Ranking recognized Bristol-Myers Squibb as eighth among 500 of the largest United States corporations. Also, BMS was included in the 2009 Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index of leading sustainability-driven companies.

Lamberto Andreotti was named CEO in 2010; he had previously served as "president and COO responsible for all pharmaceutical operations worldwide."

2010 onward

In 2010, Lou Schmukler joined Bristol-Myers Squibb as the president of global product development and design. Schmukler led the team that completed the company's strategic transformation to a specialty biopharmaceutical company that had begun in 2007.  As of 2011, the company had a dozen manufacturing facilities and six product development sites.

Citing major developments and a market capitalization of US$87 billion and stock appreciation of 61.4%, Bristol-Myers Squibb was ranked as the best drug company of 2013 by Forbes magazine.

In December 2014, the company received FDA approval for the use of the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo) in treating patients whose skin cancer cannot be removed or have not responded to previous drug therapies. In February 2015, the company initiated a research partnership with Rigel Pharmaceuticals which could generate more than $339 million. In March, the company obtained an exclusive opportunity to both licence and commercialise PROSTVAC, Bavarian Nordic's phase III prostate-specific antigen targeting cancer immunotherapy. Bavarian Nordic would receive an upfront payment of $60 million and incremental payments up to $230 million, if the overall survival of test patients exceeds that seen in Phase II tests. Bavarian could also receive milestone payments of between $110 million and $495 million, dependent on regulatory authorization, and these payments have the potential to total up to $975 million.

In May 2015, Dr. Giovanni Caforio became CEO of the company; Caforio was formerly the company's COO and succeeded Andreotti upon his retirement. Andreotti subsequently succeeded James Cornelius as executive chairman upon his retirement.

In late February 2017, The Wall Street Journal and Fortune, among others, reported that activist investor Carl Icahn had taken a stake in the company, signaling a potential future takeover from the likes of Gilead Sciences.

In April 2018, the company reported net income of $1.5 billion, or 91 cents per share, for the first quarter of the year, thanks to the increased sales of their cancer drug Opdivo.

Corporate acquisitions and divestments as Bristol Myers Squibb

In August 2009, during a major restructuring activity, BMS acquired the biotechnology firm Medarex as part of the company's "String of Pearls" strategy of alliances, partnerships, and acquisitions. In November 2009, Bristol Myers Squibb announced that it was "splitting off" Mead Johnson Nutrition by offering BMY shareholders the opportunity to exchange their stock for shares in Mead Johnson. According to Bristol Myers Squibb, this move was expected to further sharpen the company's focus on biopharmaceuticals.

In October 2010, the company acquired ZymoGenetics, securing an existing product, as well as pipeline assets in hepatitis C, cancer, and other therapeutic areas.

Bristol Myers Squibb agreed to pay around $2.5 billion in cash to buy Inhibitex Inc. in attempt to compete with Gilead/Pharmasset to produce hepatitis C drugs. The settlement will be finished in 2 months for its Inhibitex's shareholders acceptance of 126% premium price of its price over the previous 20 trading days ended on January 6. On June 29, BMS extended its portfolio of diabetes treatments when it agreed to buy Amylin Pharmaceuticals for around  in cash and pay  to Eli Lilly to cover Amylin's debt and its outstanding collaboration-related obligations. AstraZeneca, which already collaborated on several diabetes treatments with BMS, agreed to pay US$3.4 billion in cash for the right to continue development of Amylin's products.  Two years later,  the company divested Amylin to AstraZeneca.

In April 2014, BMS announced its acquisition of iPierian for up to $725 million.

In February 2015, the company acquired Flexus Biosciences for $1.25 billion. As part of this deal, BMS will gain full rights to Flexus' lead small molecule IDO1-inhibitor, F001287.  In November, the company acquired the cardiovascular disease drug developer Cardioxyl for up to $2.075 billion. The deal strengthens the BMS' critical pipelines with the phase II candidate for acute decompensated heart failure, CXL-1427.

In March 2016, the company announced it would acquire Padlock Therapeutics for up to $600 million. In early July, the company announced it would acquire Cormorant Pharmaceuticals for $520 million, boosting BMS' oncology offering through Cormorants monoclonal antibody targeted against interleukin-8.

In August 2017 the company acquired IFM Therapeutics for $300 million upfront, with contingency payments of $1.01 billion due on certain milestones – allowing BMS to better compete against Merck & Co's cancer rival treatment, Keytruda.

In early January 2019, the company announced it would acquire Celgene (NASDAQ:CELG) for $74 billion ($95 billion including debt), in a deal that would become the largest pharmaceutical-company acquisition ever.  The Celgene acquisition aimed to be a refresher to the company's pipeline, helping to overcome from declining sales of Opdivo relative to competitor Keytruda.  Under the terms of the deal, Celgene shareholders would receive one BMS share as well as $50 in cash for each Celgene share held, valuing Celgene at $102.43 a share; representing a 54% premium to the previous days closing price.  Investor opposition to this acquisition, leading into an April 12 shareholder vote, appeared when BMS's second-largest investor, Wellington Management, voiced its opposition, followed by investor Starboard Value. In April 2019 BMS announced that 75% of its shareholders voted to approve the pending merger with Celgene. Transaction to close in the third quarter of 2019, subject to regulatory approvals. Newly issued BMS shares and CVRs will commence trading on the New York Stock Exchange, with the CVRs trading under the symbol 'BMYRT'.

The strategic divestment of the company's consumer health business, UPSA, to Taisho completed in 2019.  UPSA focused product delivery on France and the rest of Europe.  As early as 2005, the company had divested individual consumer products, and its US- and Canada-focused consumer products business.

In August, the Amgen announced it would acquire the Otezla drug programme from Celgene for $13.4 billion, as part of Celgene and BMS's merger deal.

In February 2020, BMS and partner Biomotiv launched a new company called Anteros Pharmaceuticals, which focuses on creating inflammation and fibrosis medicines. In August, the business announced it would acquire Forbius and its TGF-beta 1 & TGF-beta 3 inhibitors. In October, BMS announced it would acquire cardiology company MyoKardia for $13.1 billion ($225 per share) gaining control of mavacamten, a cardiovascular drug for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and the development of two key treatments: danicamtiv (MYK-491) and MYK-224.

In June 2022, BMS announced it would acquire Turning Point Therapeutics Inc for $4.1 billion in cash ($76 per share, a 122.5% premium to its last closing price), helping to boost its complement of cancer drugs, specifically repotrectinib.

In August 2023, Bristol Myers Squibb partnered with Cellares for the robotic production of CAR-T treatments of which it has two approved. In September 2023, BMS announced it would pay Zenas BioPharma $50m upfront for a strategic license and collaboration to develop and commercialise  obexelimab, a novel, bi-functional antibody for autoimmune diseases.

In October 2023, BMS agreed to acquire Mirati Therapeutics, an American biotechnology company that develops targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer, in an all-cash deal worth $4.8 billion, and an additional $1 billion in milestone payment.

List of mergers and acquisitions
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:

Bristol-Myers Squibb (Formed by the merger of Squibb Corporation (Est 1858) and Bristol-Myers (Est 1887))
 Adnexus Therapeutics
 ConvaTec
 Kosan Biosciences
 Medarex (Acq 2009)
 ZymoGenetics (Acq 2010)
 Amira Pharmaceuticals
 Inhibitex Inc (Acq 2012)
 Amylin Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2012 jointly with AstraZeneca)
 iPierian (Acq 2014)
 Flexus Biosciences (Acq 2015)
 Cardioxyl (Acq 2015)
 Padlock Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
 Cormorant Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2016)
 IFM Therapeutics (Acq 2017)
 Celgene (Acq 2019)
 Signal Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Acq 2000)
 Anthrogenesis (Acq 2002)
 Pharmion Corporation (Acq 2008)
 Gloucester Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2009)
 Abraxis BioScience Inc (Acq 2010)
 Avila Therapeutics, Inc (Acq 2012)
 Quanticel (Acq 2015)
 Receptos (Acq 2015)
 EngMab AG (Acq 2016)
 Delinia (Acq 2017)
 Impact Biomedicines (Acq 2018)
 Juno Therapeutics (Acq 2018)
 AbVitro (Acq 2016)
 RedoxTherapies (Acq 2016)
 Forbius (Acq 2020)
 MyoKardia (Acq 2020)
 Turning Point Therapeutics (Acq 2022)
 Mirati Therapeutics (Acq pending)

Finances
For the fiscal year 2018,Bristol Myers Squibb reported earnings of US$1.007 billion, with an annual revenue of US$20.776 billion, an increase of 6.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Bristol-Myers Squibb's shares traded at over $55 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$81.6 billion in October 2018. In 2018, 85% of the company's revenues came from just five products. In 2018, Bristol-Myers Squibb spent 36% of its total revenue on R&D expenses. Bristol-Myers Squibb ranked 145th on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue in 2018.

Carbon footprint
Bristol Myers Squibb reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 278 Kt (-6 /-2.1% y-o-y). The company aims to become net neutral carbon by 2040.

Pharmaceuticals

The following is a list of key pharmaceutical products:

Cardiovascular diseases
Avalide (irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide) – comarketed with Sanofi
Avapro (irbesartan) – comarketed with Sanofi
Coumadin (warfarin)
Eliquis (apixaban) – comarketed with Pfizer
Plavix (clopidogrel) – comarketed with Sanofi
Pravachol (pravastatin)

Diabetes mellitus
Bydureon (exenatide extended-release) – marketed by BMS only in some countries
Byetta (exenatide) – marketed by BMS only in some countries, such as Russian Federation
Farxiga/Forxiga (dapagliflozin)
Glucophage (metformin) – marketed by BMS only in USA
Glucophage XR (metformin extended release) – marketed by BMS only in USA
Glucovance (Glyburide/metformin) – marketed by BMS only in USA
Kombiglyze XR/Komboglyze (saxagliptin/metformin extended release) – comarketed with AstraZeneca
Onglyza (saxagliptin) – comarketed with AstraZeneca

Infectious diseases, including HIV infection and associated conditions
Atripla (efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) – comarketed with Gilead Sciences
Azactam (aztreonam)
Baraclude (entecavir)
Daklinza (daclatasvir)
Evotaz (atazanavir/cobicistat)
Megace (megestrol acetate)
Reyataz (atazanavir)
Sustiva/Stocrin (efavirenz)
Videx (didanosine)
Videx EC (didanosine delayed-release)
Zerit (stavudine)

Inflammatory disorders
Kenalog-10 (triamcinolone acetonide)
Kenalog-40 (triamcinolone acetonide)

Oncology
Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel)
BiCNU (carmustine)
Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel)
CeeNU (lomustine)
Droxia/Hydrea (hydroxycarbamide)
Empliciti (Elotuzumab)
Erbitux (cetuximab)
Etopophos (etoposide)
Ixempra (ixabepilone)
Lysodren (mitotane)
Megace (megestrol acetate)
Opdivo (nivolumab) is a programmed death receptor blocking antibody used for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma and metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung carcinoma. In contrast to traditional chemotherapies and targeted anti-cancer therapies, which exert their effects by direct cytotoxic or tumor growth inhibition, nivolumab acts by inducing the immune system to attack the tumor.
Sprycel (dasatinib)
Taxol (paclitaxel). At one time, BMS held the solitary contract to harvest the bark of endangered yew trees on United States territory for the manufacture of chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (Taxol). Current paclitaxel production comes from renewable sources. BMS also held the original paclitaxel license, but there are now multiple generic producers.
Vumon (teniposide)
Yervoy (ipilimumab)

Psychiatry
Abilify (aripiprazole comarketed with Otsuka Pharmaceutical)

Rheumatic disorders
Orencia (abatacept)

Transplant rejection
Nulojix (belatacept)

Out of production
Sal Hepatica
Ipana

Divested brands
(Former Bristol-Myers brands, now divested)

Bufferin
Excedrin
Ban Deodorant
Vitalis (hair tonic)
Ammens (medicated powder)
Final Net (hair spray)
Comtrex (cold relief capsules)
Keri (lotion)

Products under development

The following is a selective list of investigational products under development, as of 2023:

 Luspatercept - phase III: On 28 August 2023, BMS' drug Reblozyl has received FDA label expansion, making it a first-line treatment option for anemia in adults with low- to intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who may need regular blood transfusions. This decision, supported by data from the Phase III COMMANDS study, highlights Reblozyl's superiority over erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in treating MDS-related anemia, potentially driving the drug's sales towards its $4 billion sales goal by 2030. The drug's efficacy in patients both with and without specific symptoms further widens its scope of application.
 Beclabuvir (BMS-791325) – phase III
 BMS-906024 – phase I
 BMS-955176 – phase II
 Brivanib alaninate (BMS-582664) – development terminated
 Elotuzumab (BMS-901608) – phase III
 Fostemsavir (BMS-663068) – approved in the United States in July 2020
 Lirilumab (BMS-986015)
 Lulizumab pegol (BMS-931699) – phase II

Public-private engagement
Bristol-Myers Squibb engages with the public and private sectors through the promotion of research and development, academic funding, event sponsorship, philanthropy, and political lobbying.

Academia and education

 Institute for Advanced Study - Gift matching and direct donor.
 Mentoring in IBD - Sponsor.
 Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) - Donor.
 Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) at McMaster University Medical School - Partner.
 University of Toronto - Donor.
 University of Washington - Donor.

Conferences and events

 Women in Medicine Summit - Sponsor.
 World Neuroscience Innovation Forum - Sponsor.

Healthcare

 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) - Donor.
 Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PMCC) - Foundation donor and sponsor for the PMCC Conference.
 Scarborough Health Network (SHN) - Donor to the Scarborough Health Foundation.
 SickKids - Donor to the SickKids Foundation.
 Sinai Health System - Donor to the Sinai Health Foundation.
 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre - Donor.

Media

 National Geographic Society - Donor.
 National Press Foundation - Funder.

Medical societies

 American Society of Hematology (ASH) - Corporate supporter.
 Arthritis Society - National corporate partner.
 Canadian Society of Internal Medicine - Sponsor.
 European Society of Cardiology - Sponsor.
 Spanish Cardiac Society - Partner.

Political lobbying

 BIOTECanada - Member company. BIOTECanada lobbies the Canadian government for policies favorable to the pharmaceutical industry.
 Innovative Medicines Canada - Member.
 International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) - Member.
 National Health Council - Member.
 National Pharmaceutical Council - Member.
 Personalized Medicine Coalition - Member.
 Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board - Client.
 Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America - Member.
 Research!America - Member.

Professional associations

 Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) - Corporate partner.
 Canadian Rheumatology Association (CRA) - Corporate sponsor.
 CARE Faculty - Sponsor. CARE is a Canadian coalition of medical specialists based in Oakville, Ontario. BMS was a sponsor for their 2021 Winter Hematology Update event.
 Colorectal Cancer Canada (CRC) - Sponsor.
 Health Products Stewardship Association - Member.

Research and development

 Lung Health Foundation - Partner.
 Multiple Sclerosis International Federation - Partner.
 Pinnacle Research Group - Sponsor.
 Radcliffe Cardiology - Industry partner.

Scandals

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis". A previous suit against the United States government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S.

See also
 List of biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area

Notes and references

External links

1920s initial public offerings
American companies established in 1887
Biotechnology companies of the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1887
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
1887 establishments in New York (state)
National Medal of Technology recipients
Orphan drug companies
Life sciences industry

Bristol Myers Squibb


زهيليتوفو  هي مدينة في مقاطعة كالوغا أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2918 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة كالوغا

جيليتوفو (كالوغا)


Krčki maslačak (lat. Taraxacum veglianum), nedavno otkrivena nova vrsta maslačka. Hrvatski je endem raširen po poluotoku Istri i nekim sjevernojadranskim otocima. Pripada sekciji Erythrosperma.
Prihvaćeno je znanstveno ime.
Postojale su dvojbe je li krčki maslačak spada u maslačke (Asteraceae) ili glavočike jezičnjače (Cichoriaceae). Hrvatsko ime dao je Toni Nikolić.

Još nije unesen u sve svjetske botaničke baze podataka. Nalazač Ingo Uhlemann je uzorke skupio na istočnoj istarskoj obali, kod Labina, između Ravni i Skvaranske.

Izvori

Maslačak
Endemska flora Hrvatske

Krčki maslačak


Akeki (Axe'ki, Axeki, Tamakoni, Damaagome, Damagomi, Pain Spirits, Poison Spirits), sitni magični duhovi u pričama Indijanaca Achumawi, Atsugewi, Wintu i Shasta. Obično su oblika sičušnih vila, ali se kod nekih plemena javljaju i kao sitne životinjice, ili moćne nežive stvari. U engleskom jeziku prozvani su kao the Pains, Pain Spirits i Poison Spirits. Njih mogu pozvati medicinemani (šamani) ili vješci. Kod nekih plemena to su prvenstveno pozitivni duhovi, oni su čuvari i davatelji magičnih sila (iako mogu uzrokovati i štetu ljudima.)  U drugim plemenima ih vide više negativno, povezani su s bolešću, psovkama i vješicama, iako mogu i dalje biti izvor iscjeliteljske moći osposobljenih medicinemana.

Akeki pripadaju tipu sitnih duhova ili patuljaka obično humanoidnog oblika koji se kolektivno nazivaju Malih ljudi ili Little People. Poznati su i kod mnogih drugih plemena Sjeverne Amerike. Cherokee imaju dva tipa, Yunwi Tsunsdi' i Nunnehi (Nanye-hi). Kod Osaga, Omaha i Ponca, to su Mialuka; Cet'aenn (Ahtena, Tanana); Lumpeguin (Maliseet, Passamaquoddy), etc.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (Mali ljudi)
Achomawi mitologija
Atsugewi
Wintu
Shasta

Akeki


Čierne este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Čadca din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 4.402 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Čierne este atestată documentar din 1645.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Čierne


Omro est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Winnebago, au Wisconsin. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Wisconsin
Comté de Winnebago (Wisconsin)

Omro (Wisconsin)