Teorija utjecaja društvenih pokreta (inače poznata kao teorija ishoda) potkategorija je teorije društvenih pokreta i usredotočuje se na procjenu utjecaja društvenih pokreta na društvo, kao i na faktore koji su mogli dovesti do tih učinaka.

Povijest
Teorija utjecaja društvenih pokreta proučavana je daleko manje od većine drugih potkategorija teorije društvenih pokreta, uglavnom zbog metodoloških pitanja. Relativno je nova, a predstavljena je tek 1975. s knjigom Williama Gamsona "Strategija društvenog prosvjeda", nakon koje je uslijedila Pivenova i Clowardova knjiga Pokreti siromašnih. U svom revolucionarnom istraživanju, Gamson je proučavao 53 organizacije društvenih pokreta između 1800. i 1945. i prikupio podatke o njihovom uspjehu. Među Gamsonovim najvažnijim nalazima bilo je da organizacije koje pokušavaju smijeniti određenu osobu s vlasti gotovo nikada nisu uspješne; da je nasilje u pokretu simptom uspjeha (a ne uzrok); da je vjerojatnije da će birokratske organizacije biti uspješne, ali i da će se udružiti s elitama; te da su organizacije koje se mogu pojaviti u vremenima političkog mira uspješnije u vremenima turbulencija. Ova su otkrića katalizirala neke od glavnih rasprava u teoriji utjecaja.

Dvije godine kasnije, Piven i Cloward objavili su Pokrete siromašnih ljudi, koji su tvrdili da strukture moći ugrožavaju neorganizirani i remetilački ljudi. To je izazvalo veliku reakciju među teoretičarima društvenih pokreta, a ideja da je organizacija u društvenim pokretima štetna uvelike je diskreditirana. Oni također tvrde da će organizacije društvenih pokreta biti najuspješnije kada bude postojala podjela među elitama, a neke elite su prisiljene stati na stranu siromašnih. To je bilo bolje prihvaćeno i bila je katalitička ideja u modelu političkog posredovanja.

Objavljivanje ovih dviju knjiga potaknulo je raspravu među znanstvenicima, od kojih su se mnogi počeli posebno usredotočiti na učinke.

Metodologija
Pronalaženje odgovarajućih metoda koje bi se koristile za proučavanje utjecaja društvenih pokreta problematično je na mnogo načina i općenito je velika prepreka za znanstvenike da proučavaju na tom području. Prvi problem na koji su znanstvenici naišli bilo je definiranje "uspjeha" društvenih pokreta. Znanstvenici i aktivisti često se ne slažu oko toga koji su ciljevi pokreta, pa tako dolaze do različitih zaključaka o tome je li pokret "uspio". Mnogo puta postoje pozitivni učinci, ali oni nisu ono što je itko očekivao. Iz tog razloga znanstvenici su bili skloni koristiti kriterij kolektivnih dobara nakon što je Gamson izvorno objavio svoj rad i dobio kritike.

Drugi problemi nastaju kada se pokušava locirati utjecaj pokreta u svim arenama. Utjecaji se najčešće proučavaju na političkoj razini, a ipak je dokazano da imaju individualne, kulturne, institucionalne, i međunarodne učinke. Na kraju i najvažnije, tu je pitanje uzročnosti. Vrlo je teško dokazati da je društveni pokret izazvao određeni ishod, a ne drugi društveni fenomen, a znanstvenici su koristili taj argument kako bi diskreditirali studije utjecaja kretanja.

U istraživanju koje je populariziralo teoriju utjecaja, William Gamson proučavao je 53 organizacije društvenih pokreta koje su bile aktivne između 1800. i 1945., i kodirao je svaku prema atributima uspjeha i određenim drugim organizacijskim karakteristikama. Gamsonov kriterij uspjeha uključivao je "Nove prednosti", odnosno postizanje organizacijskih ciljeva, i "Prihvaćenost", odnosno uključenost u nacionalni diskurs i političke krugove.

Kriterij kolektivnih dobara je metodologija koja je kritična prema Gamsonovoj specifičnoj definiciji uspjeha. Umjesto da ograniči uspjeh kretanja na postizanje ciljeva, ono na svaki napredak u općoj kategoriji dobara koje zahtijevaju agitatori gleda kao na uspjeh. Ovo se pokazalo inkluzivnijom metodom, jer će mnoga kretanja povećati dobrobit svojih sastavnica, samo neizravno ili u drugačijem obliku.

U "Važnost društvenih pokreta", Giugni preporučuje da u borbi protiv problema uzročnosti, znanstvenici bi trebali voditi studije s velikim količinama uzoraka, koje imaju raznolikost vremenskih razdoblja i mjesta, koja ispituju s jednakim promjenama kretanja i neuspjesima te koji kontroliraju druge društvene čimbenike koji utječu na promjenu studiranja.

Glavne rasprave

Kanali prosvjeda
Ova krajnje kontroverzna rasprava usredotočena je na učinkovitost radikalnijih i razornijih taktika (uključujući ciljano nasilje, nemire ili opće nerede) za razliku od uobičajenijih taktika (kao što su marševi, skupovi i političko lobiranje).

Ovo je pitanje iznimno složeno jer se čini da iznimno ovisi o kontekstu. Gamsonovo izvorno istraživanje otkrilo je da poremećaj obično dovodi do uspjeha pokreta; međutim, bilo je to s određenim kvalifikacijama. Prvo, rezultati se moraju suočiti s upečatljivim protuprimjerom radničkih sindikata, koji su većinu vremena bili uvelike oslabljeni nasilnim štrajkovima. Nadalje, Gamson je otkrio da će pokreti koji su već postigli određenu održivost vjerojatnije koristiti nasilje. Stoga je Gamson zaključio da je nasilje u pokretima više rezultat snage nego njezin uzrok. To potvrđuju i drugi povijesni događaji koji pokazuju da nasilje općenito daje prednost strani koja je već ispred, bilo da ga koristi pokret, ili država. Unatoč tome, tema je i dalje kontroverzna, a pluralisti je i dalje poriču.

Organizacijski i vanjski utjecaji
Znanstvenici su također raspravljali igraju li organizacije društvenih pokreta značajnu ulogu u njihovim pobjedama ili je uspjeh više određen vanjskim faktorima. U Gamsonovom izvornom istraživanju otkriveno je da organizacijski čimbenici igraju presudnu ulogu. To su potvrdile i druge studije; međutim, napravljene su određene kvalifikacije. Pokazalo se da vanjska potpora ima određeni utjecaj, osobito kada su elitni saveznici u kombinaciji s jakom organizacijom. Ova je kontradikcija nadahnula znanstvenike da stvore teoriju političkog posredovanja. U konačnici, teško je izbjeći odgovor na ovu kontroverzu, a znanstvenici sada potiču pristup koji sintetizira organizacijski utjecaj s drugima.

Vrste utjecaja
Društveni pokreti utječu na društvo na mnogo načina. Ispod su četiri najvažnija.

Individualna promjena
Psihologija pojedinaca koji sudjeluju u pokretima duboko je pogođena. Aktivisti se povezuju s drugima koji su povezani s njihovim ciljem, uzrokujući stvaranje novih mreža i naglašavanje zajedničkih vrijednosti. Oni također prolaze kroz proces osnaživanja, u kojem postaju spremniji za daljnji aktivizam.

Institucionalna promjena
Nedržavne institucije također mogu biti ciljane i promijenjene od strane društvenih pokreta, kao što je slučaj u bilo kojoj kampanji bojkota ili oduzimanja imovine. Drugi pokreti mogu se odvijati unutar samog radnog mjesta, kao što je radna organizacija ili kooperativni pokreti. Znanstvenici su započeli analizu kampanja specifičnih za instituciju i postavili teoriju da postoje četiri institucionalne karakteristike koje je čine ranjivom na promjene: 1) brzi rast u smislu novca ili članova, 2) difuznost ili decentralizacija organizacije, 3) snaga veza između klijenata i stručnjaka, 4) veze s državom.

Kultura
Kultura često postaje meta društvenih pokreta kada se njihovi zahtjevi odnose na osobno djelovanje. Takav je bio slučaj s feminističkim pokretom, u kojem su organizacije ulagale veliku količinu sredstava u knjige, časopise, umjetnost i druge kanale vezane za kulturu; pokazalo se da to doprinosi promjeni obiteljske dinamike i institucionalnih struktura.

Politika
Politička promjena je aspekt utjecaja društvenih pokreta koji se najviše proučava i vjerojatno se najviše osporava. Neki su tvrdili da, budući da su demokratske vlade potpuno propusne za javnost, društveni pokreti mogu samo stvoriti nejednakost u zastupljenosti; međutim, ovo gledište je diskreditirano.

Vidi još

 Politička prilika

Izvori

Literatura
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Sociološke teorije
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima

Teorija utjecaja društvenih pokreta


The Los Angeles County Fair is an annual county fair. It was first held on October 17, 1922, and ran for five days through October 21, 1922, in a former beet field in Pomona, California. Highlights of the fair's first year were harness racing, chariot races and an airplane wing-walking exhibition. The fair is one of the largest county fairs in the United States. Attendance has topped one million people every year with the exception of three years since 1948, and is the 4th largest fair in the United States. Since its opening year, over 89,000,000 visitors have attended the LA County Fair.

Since its inception, the fair has been the link between California's agriculture industry and the public, providing a community gathering place where people learn about California's heritage and enjoy traditional fair food, activities and entertainment. In recent years, the fair has moved away from such agricultural heritage by transitioning from livestock competitions for area growers and ranchers to hired petting zoos. In addition to the  Ray Cammack Shows carnival, the fair has an operational farm, an outdoor miniature garden railroad, California's Heritage Square historical exhibit and America's Kids-Education Expo. They also have the Flower and Garden Pavillion, a grandstand for shows and several large Expo Halls.

The May Concert Series features multiple nights of  musical entertainment, including many well-known acts. When the Fair was held in September, there was the "End of Summer Concert Series" which also included motocross and monster truck performances.

The fair is operated by the Los Angeles County Fair Association, a non-profit 501(c)(5) corporation.  The fair has been regularly held during the end-of-summer months from its inception in 1922 through the 2000s, except for all fairs since 2022, held in May. The fair is built on  of fairgrounds known as Fairplex (Los Angeles County Fair, hotel and exposition complex). This also generates a national economic impact of more than $250 million.

The Los Angeles County Fair's mascot "Thummer" was introduced in 1948 as "Porky the Hitchhiking Pig". The artist - Morrie Stewart - originally designed the pig mascot for Kaiser Steel before being approached by the fair to create a new mascot with the re-opening of the fair following World War II. "Porky the Hitchhiking Pig" appeared at the Los Angeles County Fair through 1952 when another cartoon claimed naming rights to the name. The fair held a naming contest through radio and television, and the name "Thummer" was adopted. Thummer has been a regular appearance at the Los Angeles County Fair ever since. Thummer wore his trademark outfit and carried a briefcase through the 1980s when a "Mrs. Thummer" was introduced. Thummer disappeared in the early 1980s, but reappeared in 1988.

Fairplex also includes the Sheraton Fairplex Hotel & Conference Center, the Sheraton KOA/RV Park, Barretts Sales and Racing, a defunct  horse racing track, the Millard Sheets Art Center, the Child Development Center at Fairplex, the Fairplex railway exhibit, Barretts Equine Ltd., a thoroughbred horse racing auction facility and the Wally Parks NHRA Motorsports Museum.

The Los Angeles County Fair was canceled shortly after the 1941 fair due to the outbreak of World War II and re-opened in 1948. The 2020-21 fairs were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in California, deferring, as announced in May 2021, the next fair to May 2022, citing that summer heat resulted in reduced attendance.

Patrollers include security guards, the Pomona Police and Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office.

History
The Tongva village site of Tooypinga was located at or near the grounds of the fair.
These grounds were once used as a Wartime Civilian Control Administration assembly center during World War II. Japanese Americans were held here before being sent to internment camps. There is no historical marker at the site. It was occupied from May 7 to August 24, 1942, and held more than 5,000 people. There are few, if any, buildings left from the original assembly center.
The first L.A. County Fair was held in 1922, at the Los Angeles Fairgrounds in Pomona.  The grounds, now known as Fairplex (short for L.A. County Fair, Hotel and Exposition Complex), are home to hundreds of other year-round events and activities other than the Fair. The Wally Parks NHRA Motorsports Museum is located on the grounds, as well as the Sheraton Fairplex Hotel & Conference Center, the Rail Giants Museum (Fairplex railway exhibit), and the Auto Club Raceway at Pomona.
Besides 1942, it was also cancelled from 1943 to 1947 and again from 2020 to 2021, coming back in 2022 for its 100th anniversary.

Events held during the Fair
The Los Angeles County Fair offers visitors a number of rides as well as a variety of food and drinks available. Community days feature community heroes (senior, adult and youth), elected officials and high school marching bands from cities within the 15-mile radius of Fairplex. The May concert series feature singers, bands and entertainers perform during the evening. Until 2013, there was horse racing during the Los Angeles County Fair meet at the Fairplex Park. From 2014 to 2021, all races during the Los Angeles County Fair meet had been held at the Los Alamitos Race Course for two weeks (8 race days, Thursday–Sunday). Thereafter, those races are at Santa Anita Park. At the start of each year, a theme for the fair is chosen by the Los Angeles County Fair Association.

In popular culture
The county fair is played as a carnival in the HBO series Euphoria, but however, the carnival is built outside the county fair.

See also
Orange County Fair (California)

References

External links

Annual events in Los Angeles County, California
Annual fairs
Fairs in California
Culture of Pomona, California
Buildings and structures in Los Angeles County, California
Tourist attractions in Los Angeles County, California

L.A. County Fair


An Panicum ramosius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Panicum ramosius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum ramosius


Le dème de Korissía, en  / Dímos Korissíon, est un ancien dème du district régional de Corfou, en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Corfou-Sud.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème dans les îles Ioniennes
Ancien dème en Grèce

Korissía (dème)


Triyanon Antlaşması ya da Trianon Antlaşması, 4 Haziran 1920 tarihinde, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın galip İtilaf Devletleri ile Macaristan arasında, Fransa'nın Versay kentindeki Trianon Sarayı'nda imzalanan ve savaşı resmen sona erdiren antlaşmadır.

Söz konusu antlaşma sonucunda Macaristan, savaş öncesindeki Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu'na bağlı Macaristan Krallığı'nın sahip olduğu toprakların yalnızca %28'ini, nüfusunun da yalnızca %36'sını elinde tutabilmiştir.

Bu anlaşma Macaristan'da da Almanya'da olduğu gibi tepkiyle karşılanmış ve kaybettiği toprakları geri almaya yönelik politikalar izlenmesine neden olmuştur.

Hazırlık
Müttefik Devletler'in savaştan sonra Macaristan'a barış şartlarını sunması oldukça gecikti. Bunun nedeni önceleri Macaristan'da Béla Kun liderliğindeki komünist rejimin varlığı ve sonraları daha ılımlı iktidarlar gelmesine rağmen Romanya'nın Budapeşte'yi işgali döneminde (Ağustos - Kasım 1919) yaşanan siyasi çalkantılardı. Sonunda Müttefikler yeni bir hükûmeti tanıdılar ve 16 Ocak 1920 tarihinde antlaşmanın bir ön metnini Macar delegesine verdiler.

Antlaşmanın şartları

Toprak kaybı
Bu antlaşma ile Macaristan, topraklarının ve nüfusunun 2/3'ünü kaybetti:. Bu anlaşmayla 2 milyona yakın Macar, ülke sınırlarının dışında kaldı.
 Slovakya, Ruthenia'nın Karpat Dağları altında kalan kısmı (bugün Zakarpatskaya adıyla Ukrayna'nın bir ili), Pressburg (Bratislava) ve bazı küçük yerler Çekoslovakya'ya verildi.
 Batı Macaristan (Sopron hariç Burgenland'ın çoğu) Avusturya'ya verildi.
 Hırvatistan (Medimurje dahil), Slovenya (Prekomurje dahil), Voyvodina ve Banat'ın bir kısmı Sırp-Hırvat-Sloven Krallığı'na (Yugoslavya'ya) verildi.
 Banat'ın büyük kısmı ve Transilvanya Romanya'ya verildi.
 Fiume İtalya'ya verildi.
 Slovakya'nın kuzeyindeki birkaç köy Polonya'ya verildi.

Diğer şartlar
 Milletler Cemiyeti'nin sözleşmesi, antlaşmaya dahil edildi.
 Macaristan ordusu, 35 bin kişi olarak sınırlandırıldı. Hafif silahlı bu ordu sadece iç güvenlik ve sınır güvenliğinden sorumlu olacaktı.
 Macaristan'ın ödeyeceği ağır savaş tazminatları sonradan belirlenecekti.

Kaynakça

I. Dünya Savaşı antlaşmaları
Barış antlaşmaları
Birleşik Krallık barış antlaşmaları
Avusturya antlaşmaları
Çekoslovakya tarihi
İtalya barış antlaşmaları
İtalya Krallığı antlaşmaları
Japonya barış antlaşmaları
Macaristan antlaşmaları
Macaristan sınırları
Romanya antlaşmaları
Büyük Romanya
Sırbistan tarihi
Ukrayna tarihi
1920'de Avrupa
1920'de antlaşmalar

Trianon Antlaşması


El arte de variedad china (雜技藝術) es el nombre que se le otorga al conjunto de representaciones que incluyen un amplio rango de actos de acrobacia, de equilibrio y otros espectáculos interpretados por una troupe que modela los atuendos típicos chinos. Este arte aún se practica hoy en día.

El circo vs el arte de variedad
Muchos idiomas como el inglés han utilizado el término "circo chino" para describir a las artes de variedad chinas. Sin embargo, aunque muchas de estas exhibiciones son similares entre sí, cuentan con grandes diferencias. Ciertos elementos como los payasos y el uso de animales exóticos son característicos del estilo oeste de China, mientras que entre los elementos correspondientes al este encontramos a los monjes Shaolin, personajes de la ópera de Peking y el Sun Wukong.

Historia

Los orígenes de las artes de representación china han quedado perdidos en la historia. Sin embargo, se conoce que son tan remotos como la Dinastía Qin (221-207BC). Durante el reinado de esta dinastía, el drama Jiaodi fue muy popular y consistía en una gran variedad de actos como la lucha, representaciones musicales, danza, artes marciales, malabares y exhibiciones con caballos.
En la dinastía del este Han, el estudiante Zhang Heng fue uno de los primeros en describir las acrobacias chinas que se realizaban en los palacios reales, esto lo expuso en su escrito "Oda a la capital oeste " (西京賦).  Entre los eventos descritos se encuentran: "El viejo Huang del mar orienta" (東海黃公), "El dragón danzante y pescador" (魚龍蔓衍) y "La asamblea de inmortales"   (總會仙倡). Además, se llevó a cabo un gran espectáculo acrobático solicitado por el emperador Wu Han en el año 108 a. C. en honor a los invitados extranjeros  que alojaba el palacio en esa época. Posteriormente, tomaron un carácter más complejo  y durante la dinastía Tang (618-907 d. C.) estas artes fueron muy populares en la corte del emperador y su fama se extendió a toda la nobleza. Gracias a este nuevo estatus y al incremento de ingresos, los actos se hicieron mucho más refinados. Eventualmente, estas funciones perdieron el apoyo de la corte imperial, por lo que regresaron a ser de naturaleza popular y la mayoría de los intérpretes realizaban sus actos en las calles. Al final de la dinastía Ming (1368-1644), los intérpretes nuevamente dejaron de trabajar en la calle para exhibirse en los escenarios. Cerca del término de la dinastía Qing (1644-1911), estas artes retomaron popularidad en la corte imperial y ha permanecido de esta forma hasta la actualidad.
Desde la fundación de la República Popular de China en 1949, este tipo de arte ganó una nueva forma de respetabilidad. Las troupes  fueron establecidas en teatros especializados en provincias, regiones autónomas y municipios. Algunas troupes se han convertido famosas a nivel mundialy realizan demostraciones en giras internacionales.
No obstante, fue hasta la década de los noventa cuando esta forma de arte fue organizada como un tema independiente y completo para un espectáculo. Específicamente, el espectáculo de 1994 titulado "El viento dorado del sureste" (金色西南風) fue el que condujo al éxito la integración de las artes de variedad como un todo.

Representaciones

A continuación se enlistan una serie de representaciones que se exhiben en los espectáculos de las artes de variedad. Algunas de ellas son estándar, mientras otras tienen una esencia más regional, sin embargo, la innovación es constante en ambos casos.
 La danza de león sobre esferas.
 Caminata sobre la cuerda floja.
 Acrobacias de contorsión.
 Actos de equlibiro con el yoyo chino.
 Monjes Shaolin resistiendo proyectiles.
 Demostraciones extremas de Kung Fu.
 Balance de platos.
 Lanzamiento de fuego por la boca.

Festivales
 El circo mundial de Shanghái

Referencias

Cultura de China

Arte de variedad chino


Odontobuthus chabaharensis est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province du Sistan-et-Baloutchistan en Iran. Elle se rencontre sur le golfe d'Oman vers Tchabahar.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce, composé de chabahar et du suffixe latin , « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Tchabahar.

Publication originale
 Barahoei, Prendini, Navidpour, Tahir, Aliabadian, Siahsarvie & Mirshamsi, 2021 : « Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau. » Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, .

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Buthidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Iran

Odontobuthus chabaharensis


Fabio Maria Asquini (Fagagna, 14 de agosto de 1802 – Roma, 22 de dezembro de 1878)  foi Cardeal da Igreja Católica Romana, Prefeito da Sagrada Congregação das Indulgências e Sagradas Relíquias e Camerlengo do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais. Ele nasceu em 14 de agosto de 1802 em Fagagna .

Início da vida e sacerdócio
Asquini foi educado no Collegio Ghislieri, depois no Collegio Romano (onde recebeu o doutorado em Teologia) e, finalmente, na Universidade La Sapienza, onde estudou direito.  Foi ordenado em 26 de fevereiro de 1825 e nomeado prelado doméstico do Papa. Ele foi eleito patriarca titular latino de Antioquia em 1837 e foi consagrado por Carlo Odescalchi.

Cardinalato
Ele foi elevado a Cardeal in pectore em 22 de janeiro de 1844 e foi nomeado Patriarca Latino de Constantinopla, cargo que ocupou até 1851. Ele foi oficialmente revelado como Cardeal em 21 de abril de 1845. Em 24 de abril, foi nomeado Cardeal-Sacerdote de St. Stefano al Monte Celio , onde serviu por quase 33 anos até 1877.

Em 1847 Asquini foi nomeado Prefeito da Sagrada Congregação das Indulgências e Sagradas Relíquias e entre 1862 e 1863 foi nomeado Camerlengo do Sacro Colégio dos Cardeais.  Asquini participou do Conclave de 1846 e do Conclave de 1878, bem como do Concílio Vaticano I. Finalmente, em 1877, foi nomeado Cardeal-Sacerdote de San Lorenzo in Lucina, onde serviu até sua morte em 1878.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Gregório XVI
Alunos da Universidade de Roma "La Sapienza"

Fabio Maria Asquini


Dušan Lajović (; * 30. Juni 1990 in Belgrad, SR Serbien) ist ein serbischer Tennisspieler.

Karriere
Zum Anfang seiner Karriere gewann Lajović zwischen 2009 und 2011 im Einzel sechs von neun Future-Turnieren, bei denen er im Finale stand. Das brachte ihn in der Weltrangliste bis in die Top 200 nach vorne. Außerdem gewann er vier Doppeltitel auf der Future Tour. Auf der Challenger Tour gewann er im August 2012 seinen ersten Titel im Einzel beim Turnier von Samarqand, worauf er in der Weltrangliste nochmals Plätze gutmachen konnte und bis auf Position 137 vorstieß. Auf der ATP Tour konnte er sich 2011 für die Hauptfelder in Zagreb, Moskau und Umag qualifizieren, in Belgrad erhielt er zudem eine Wildcard. Er konnte jedoch zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch keine Partie dort gewinnen und schied stets in der ersten Runde aus. In St. Petersburg qualifizierte er sich ebenfalls und konnte sich dieses Mal auch glatt in zwei Sätzen gegen Jérémy Chardy durchsetzen. Es folgte ein hart erkämpfter Dreisatzsieg gegen Dudi Sela im Achtelfinale. Im Viertelfinale blieb er gegen Alex Bogomolow chancenlos und verlor klar in zwei Sätzen. 2012 nahm Lajović bei den Australian Open erstmals an der Qualifikation für ein Grand-Slam-Turnier teil. Im dritten Satz der Erstrundenpartie gegen Matteo Viola führte er bereits mit 5:0, 40:0, konnte jedoch insgesamt neun Matchbälle nicht verwerten und verlor den Satz und damit auch das Match noch mit 6:8 gegen den späteren Qualifikanten. Im Jahr 2012 wurde Lajović erstmals für die serbische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft nominiert und gab im Erstrundenspiel gegen Schweden im letzten Einzel gegen Filip Prpic sein Debüt, nachdem Serbien bereits uneinholbar vorne lag. Er siegte in zwei Sätzen mit 6:4, 6:4.

Im Jahr 2013 gewann Lajović zwei von drei Challenger-Turnieren, bei denen er im Finale stand. Erstmals in den Top 100 platzieren konnte sich der Serbe zu Beginn des Jahres 2014. In diesem Jahr erreichte er auch unmittelbar eines seiner besten Grand-Slam-Ergebnisse, als er bei den French Open bis ins Achtelfinale kam und dort dem späteren Turniersieger Rafael Nadal unterlag. Die meiste Zeit konnte sich Lajović in den folgenden Jahren zwischen Platz 60 und 100 der Weltrangliste behaupten, erreichte jedoch kaum größere Erfolge auf ATP-Ebene oder bei Grand Slams. Bestes Ergebnis war das Achtelfinale beim Masters-Turnier von Indian Wells im Jahr 2017. Größere Erfolge hatte er ab dem Jahr 2018. Beim Masters von Madrid erreichte er das Viertelfinale, nachdem er zuvor im Achtelfinale den an Nr. 4 gesetzten Juan Martín del Potro in drei Sätzen besiegt hatte. Ende des Jahres konnte er sich in der Weltrangliste erstmals in den Top 50 platzieren. Beim Masters von Monte-Carlo 2019 erreichte er das Finale, nachdem er zuvor Dominic Thiem und Daniil Medwedew jeweils glatt in zwei Sätzen besiegt hatte. Im Finale unterlag er dann ebenfalls in zwei Sätzen Fabio Fognini, erreichte durch dieses Turnier aber mit Rang 23 in der Weltrangliste eine neue persönliche Höchstplatzierung. Seinen ersten Turniersieg auf der ATP Tour feierte Lajović rund drei Monate später in Umag, wo er gegen den Qualifikanten Attila Balázs in zwei Sätzen im Finale erfolgreich war. Zu Beginn des Jahres 2020 gewann er mit Serbien den ATP Cup, wobei er vier seiner sechs Matches gewinnen konnte. Durch diesen Erfolg konnte er sich wieder in den Top 30 der Weltrangliste platzieren. Bei den Srpska Open 2023 besiegte er überraschend Novak Đoković im Viertelfinale. Anschließend schlug er im Endspiel mit Andrei Andrejewitsch Rubljow einen weiteren Top-10-Spieler und gewann seinen zweiten ATP-Titel. Damit verbesserte er sich in der Weltrangliste um 30 Positionen bis auf Platz 40.

Erfolge

Einzel

Turniersiege

ATP World Tour

ATP Challenger Tour

Finalteilnahmen

Doppel

Turniersiege

Finalteilnahmen

Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren

Einzel

Doppel

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Spieler (Serbien)
Serbe
Jugoslawe
Geboren 1990
Mann

Dušan Lajović


Umbre albe (titlul original: ) este un film dramatic coproducție italo-franco-engleză, realizat de regizorul Nicholas Ray în 1960 după romanul Top of the World al scriitorului elvețian Hans Ruesch.

Conținut

Inuk este un eschimos simplu și naiv, vânător iscusit și plin de succes într-un teritoriu sălbatic din Arctica, care dorește în sfârșit să se însoare. Vizitând o familie de prieteni, cunoaște o tânără femeie, câștigătorul fiind el în fața altui pretendent, dar alegându-se și cu soacra pe cap. Când întâlnește un alt vânător, care a omorât un urs polar cu o pușcă, Inuk este atât de fascinat de arma nouă adusă în teritoriul lor de albi, încât pleacă încărcat cu o grămadă de piei de vulpe la punctul de schimb să-și cumpere și el una, aici având și primul contact cu lumea civilizată. Nu peste mult timp este vizitat de un misionar care încearcă să îl convingă de binefacerile creștinismului, dar datorită unui concurs de împrejurări provocate de diferențele de cultură, îl omoară accidental pe misionar. Trei ani mai târziu apar doi polițiști care l-au descoperit și vor să-l ducă la judecată...

Distribuție
 Anthony Quinn – Inuk
 Yoko Tani – Asiak
 Peter O'Toole – polițist canadian
 Carlo Giustini – polițist canadian
 Marco Guglielmi – misionar
 Marie Yang – Powtee
 Kaida Horiuchi – Imina
 Lee Montague – Ittimargnek
 Andy Ho – Anarvik
 Francis De Wolff – hangiul de la Trading Post
 Anna May Wong – Hiko
 Yvonne Shima – Iulik
 Anthony Chin – Kiddok
 Michael Chow – Undik
 Ed Devereau – pilotul

Melodii din film
Ca melodii din film sunt cele două cântece Sexy Rock de Colin Hicks și The Song Iceberg de The Four Saints.

Bob Dylan a compus melodia "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" în omagiul interpretării lui Anthony Quinn din acest film,  a cărei cea mai reușită și răspândită interpretare este cea a formației Manfred Mann

Premii
Aldo Tonti  a câștigat în anul 1961 premiul Nastro d'Argento pentru cea mai bună imagine în culori cu filmul Umbre albe.

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1960
Filme britanice
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Nicholas Ray
Filme italiene
Filme franțuzești

Umbre albe


Le parc Mariinskyi (en ) est un parc situé dans le quartier de Petchersk, à Kiev, en Ukraine.

Plus précisément, il est situé devant la place de la Constitution où se trouve la Rada.

Le parc est aussi une nécropole soviétique : Nikolaï Vatoutine y est par exemple enterré.

En images

Notes et références

Raïon de Petchersk
Parc ou jardin public à Kiev
Cimetière à Kiev
Aire protégée en Ukraine
Patrimoine classé d'Ukraine

Parc Mariinskyi


Tepe Nush-i Jan é um sítio arqueológico medo localizado no oeste do Irã, próximo a Malayer. De acordo com as escavações deste local, esta área não era habitada antes de  As características descobertas deste Tappe são as seguintes:

 um edifício no oeste do Tappe (o primeiro templo do fogo)
 um salão com colunas (Apadana)
 um templo central (o segundo templo)
 quartos e depósitos
 um túnel
 uma muralha

Descoberta
O complexo arquitetônico foi descoberto em 1965 durante uma prospecção e cinco escavações são realizadas de 1967 a 1977. É um santuário fundado em meados do , cuja atividade, sem dúvida, se expandiu após a sua criação, mas que foi abandonado pouco tempo depois. Algumas edificações foram aterradas e obstruídas no final do século e, após a instalação dos moradores no local no espaço de geração, o local ficou totalmente deserto. Ainda não está estabelecido se o local é um templo rodeado de edifícios necessários ao seu funcionamento ou, antes, uma residência principesca cujo carácter religioso não é a função principal.

Características

Prédio no oeste de Tappe
De acordo com a planta do edifício descoberto e de acordo com as investigações arqueológicas e arquitetônicas, o edifício foi construído antes de Apadana. A entrada do edifício está no lado oriental como um templo central. Possui dois espaços conectados.

O espaço interno do edifício é retangular e sua entrada se dá pela sala contígua. O resto de uma tigela de carvão no lado sul da sala principal prova que a cerimônia do fogo foi realizada (secretamente). Pode-se sugerir que o primeiro templo do fogo foi em um espaço coberto em Tepe Nush-i Jan e, sem dúvida, a cerimônia teve uma conexão com o desenvolvimento da cerimônia religiosa na era meda. Na parede sul e oeste, há ruínas de dois nichos com abóbadas ovais.

Corredor com colunas
O salão foi construído sobre uma plataforma de adobe. A sua fundação é em argamassa argilosa. O salão tem 20 m de comprimento e 15 m de largura. Seu lado oriental não é totalmente perpendicular. O espaço central de Apadana tem três linhas de coluna. Cada linha possui quatro colunas. O espaço tem no total doze colunas, que suportam o peso do teto. As colunas eram de madeira. Cada coluna tinha um diâmetro de 25 cm. A parede oriental possui dois nichos decorativos, mas no lado oeste não há decorações. Sob o teto, existem algumas janelas para iluminação, que fornecem luz suficiente para o espaço.

Templo principal
O templo principal (ou templo central) é um octógono semicircular de adobe. Este edifício é um dos edifícios medos mais valiosos.

Sala e depósitos
O segundo edifício importante em Tepe Nush-i Jan são os quartos e depósitos. O castelo inclui uma parede fechada, torres e quatro depósitos de armas. Tem um comprimento total de 25 m e uma largura de 22 m. As paredes externas têm 6 torres de largura e 7 torres de comprimento. A única entrada é no meio da parede oriental.

Túnel
Na parte norte de Apadana, existe um poço artificial em forma de adega, que leva a uma rocha com profundidade de 3 m. Este poço tem escadas. Sua altura é de 170 cm e sua largura de 180 cm. De acordo com a sua forma, pode-se perceber que o túnel nunca chegou ao fim e por razões desconhecidas foi abandonado incompleto. O túnel foi construído na última fase de ocupação da região.

Muralha
Na parte sul e leste da sala e das arrecadações existe uma muralha, que circunda os edifícios da parte oriental com uma curva particular.

Castelos do Irã
Sítios arqueológicos do Irã
Arquitetura do Irã
Obras Nacionais do Irão

Tepe Nush-i Jan


1 Centauri (en abrégé 1 Cen), également désignée i Centauri, est une étoile binaire de la constellation australe du Centaure. Elle est visible à l'œil nu avec une magnitude apparente combinée de 4,23. Le système présente une parallaxe annuelle de  telle que mesurée par le satellite Hipparcos, ce qui permet d'en déduire qu'il est distant de  de la Terre. Il se rapproche du Système solaire à une vitesse radiale de .

1 Centauri est une étoile binaire spectroscopique à raies simples, qui a été mise en évidence pour la première fois entre 1921 et 1923 à l'observatoire du Cap grâce à des images spectrographiques. La paire boucle une orbite avec une période de  et selon une excentricité d'environ 0,2.

La composante visible a reçu par le passé différentes classifications spectrales. Ainsi, Jaschek  (1964) recensent F0, F2, F4III et F4, ce qui correspond à un état d'évolution compris entre une étoile jaune-blanc de la séquence principale ordinaire et une géante. Mais plus récemment, Houk (1982) lui a attribué un type de , tandis que le projet NStars lui a donné un type proche de  en 2006, ce qui correspond à une étoile sur la séquence principale qui génère son énergie par la fusion de l'hydrogène dans son cœur.

L'étoile est 1,33 fois plus massive que le Soleil et elle est âgée d'environ 1,2 milliard d'années. Elle est 5,9 fois plus lumineuse que le Soleil et sa température de surface est de . Il lui faut  pour compléter une rotation. C'est une étoile variable de type Delta Scuti suspectée avec une possible variation de 0,02 magnitude.

Notes et références

Lien externe

Constellation du Centaure
Binaire spectroscopique
Étoile de type spectral FV
Centauri, i
Centauri, 1
Objet du Cape Photographic Durchmusterung
Objet du Córdoba Durchmusterung
Objet du catalogue Gliese-Jahreiss
119756
067153
5168
05342

1 Centauri


Los monofestrados (Monofenestrata) son un clado extinto de pterosaurios que incluye al género Darwinopterus (junto al resto de la familia Wukongopteridae) y al grupo Pterodactyliformes. Su nombre en latín significa "una fenestra", debido a que a diferencia de los arcosaurios basales y los primeros pterosaurios ("ranforrincoideos") no tenían diferenciada una abertura craneal o fenestra enfrente de la cuenca ocular, debido a que esta se fusiona con la abertura nasal, aparentemente para aligerar el peso del cráneo. Los más antiguos fósiles de monofenestrados se han hallado en la Formación Stonesfield Slate del Reino Unido, la cual data de la época del Bathoniense del Jurásico Medio, datando de hace cerca de 166 millones de años.

Referencias

Monofenestrata


Tifinagh (pronunția berberă: [tifinaɣ]; uneori scris: Tifinaɣ în versiunea berberă a alfabetului latin; ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ în Neo-Tifinagh; ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵗ și ⵜⴼⵏ în scrierea tradițională tuaregă) este un abjad folosit pentru scrierea limbii berbere.

Un alfabet modern care derivă din scrierea tradițională, cunoscută și ca Neo-Tifinagh, a fost introdus în secolul al XX-lea.

Origini

Se crede că tifinagh este sistemul de scriere descendent al scrierii antice libiene/libico-berbere, evoluția fiind neclară. Primele utilizări au fost găsite în apropierea de picturi rupestre și în morminte.

Legături externe

ancientscripts.com
ennedi.free.fr
 Ircam.ma, official website of the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture
Ircam – Online lessons in Amazigh and the Tifinagh alphabet
omniglot.com
Unicode character picker for Moroccan Tifinagh
Tifinagh Font for Windows

Alfabete
Berberi
Abjaduri
Sisteme de scriere

Tifinagh


Stema județului Vaslui a fost aprobată în 2006. Aceasta se compune dintr-un scut triunghiular cu marginile rotunjite, pe fond roșu, despicat în partea superioară, cele trei cartiere fiind delimitate de un firet de aur. În partea superioară, în primul cartier, în dreapta, se află un stup de nuiele, de argint, încadrat de trei albine de aur. În partea superioară, în al doilea cartier, în stânga, se află trei pești suprapuși, de argint, redați spre dreapta. În partea inferioară, în al treilea cartier, în câmp roșu, se află un bour de elan (moldovenesc), de argint, mergând spre dreapta.

Semnificațiile elementelor însumate:
 Stupul de nuiele încadrat de cele trei albine reprezintă vechea stemă a ținutului Vaslui.
 Cei trei pești reprezintă stema tradițională a ținutului Tutova.
 Bourul semnifică stema și simbolul tradițional al ținutului Fălciu

Variante vechi ale stemei

Legături externe
 Hotărârea nr. 60/2006 privind aprobarea stemei județului Vaslui

 Stemele județelor din România
 Județul Vaslui

Stema județului Vaslui


Heimsmeistaramót landsliða í knattspyrnu karla 2026 eða HM 2026 verður haldið í Mexíkó, Bandaríkjunum og Kanada í júní og júlí 2026. Þetta verður heimsmeistarakeppni númer 23 og sú fyrsta sem haldin verður sameiginlega af fleiri en tveimur löndum. Þátttökuliðum á mótinu verður fjölgað í 48 sem er umtalsverð aukning.

Staðfest lið
Bandaríkin
Kanada
Mexíkó

Heimsmeistaramót landsliða í knattspyrnu karla
2026


10633 Akimasa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10633 Akimasa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,46 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 7,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia  Vesta
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

10633 Akimasa


Roosevelt i Danmark er en dansk dokumentarisk stumfilm fra 1910 med ukendt instruktør.

Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) var amerikansk præsident 1901-1909. Besøget fandt sted i maj 1910. Roosevelt var på vej til Norge for at modtage Nobels Fredspris, som han allerede i 1906 fik for sin indsats for at afslutte Den russisk-japanske krig.

Handling
Stor menneskemængde i Københavns gader, især omkring National Scala og den gamle banegård, for at modtage den amerikanske ekspræsident Theodore Roosevelt. Han modtages af kronprins Christian og sammen kører de i åben karet gennem byen. Modtagelsen og kørsel over Amalienborg slotsplads. Præsidenten besøger Frederiksborg slot og Kronborg Slot. Roosevelt og andre går ombord på damper og sejler ud på Øresund.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1910

Begivenheder i 1910
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Expresident Roosevelts Ankomst til København


Fabio Luciano (d. 29 Nisan 1975, Vinhedo), Brezilyalı eski futbolcudur.
2003-2004 sezonunun başında Brezilya'nın Corinthians takımından Fenerbahçe'ye kiralık olarak geldi. Fenerbahçe'nin defansının ortasında görev yaptı. En önemli özelliği oldukça sık gol atmasıdır. Evli ve Geanlucca adında bir oğlu var. Fenerbahçe'de oynarken uzun süreli bir sakatlık dönemi yaşadı. Ardından Fenerbahçe eski teknik direktörü Christoph Daum'un çalıştırdığı Köln takımına kiralandı. İlk maçında 2 gol atarak taraftarın yüzünü güldürdü. Daha sonra 2007-2008 sezonu için Brezilya'nın Flamengo takımına transfer oldu. 2009 yılında futbola veda etti.

Brezilyalı gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalyan asıllı Brezilyalılar
Brezilya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
1. FC Köln futbolcuları
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye'deki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Süper Lig futbolcuları
1975 doğumlular
Brezilyalı futbolcular
Fenerbahçe SK yabancı futbolcuları
CR Flamengo futbolcuları
SC Corinthians Paulista futbolcuları
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Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan futbolcular
Defans futbolcuları
Série A (Brezilya) futbolcuları
AA Ponte Preta futbolcuları

Fábio Luciano


Emma Finucane, née le  à Carmarthen, est une coureuse cycliste britannique, originaire du Pays de Galles. Elle est spécialiste des épreuves de vitesse sur piste.

Biographie
En 2011, Emma Finucane dispute ses premières courses sur piste dans les catégories de jeunes. Elle remporte de nombreux championnats gallois dans différents groupes d'âge. L'un de ses modèles est la pistarde britannique Rebecca James. En 2018, elle gagne plusieurs courses nationales chez les juniors (moins de 19 ans). En 2019, toujours chez les juniors, elle devient championne d'Europe du 500 mètres à Gand et décroche deux médailles d'argent en vitesse et en vitesse par équipes (avec Charlotte Robinson). Elle est ensuite sélectionnée aux mondiaux juniors de Francfort-sur-l'Oder, où elle s'adjuge le bronze sur le 500 mètres et la vitesse.

Aux championnats d'Europe espoirs (moins de 23 ans) de 2021, elle est vice-championne d'Europe de vitesse par équipes (avec Lauren Bell et Blaine Ridge-Davis). L'année suivante, elle remporte le titre national dans cette discipline avec Rhian Edmunds et Lowri Thomas. En avril, avec un trio du Pays de Galles, elle se classe troisième de la vitesse par équipes lors de la manche de Coupe des nations de Glasgow.

Palmarès sur piste

Championnats du monde

Coupe des nations
2022
  de la vitesse par équipes à Glasgow
2023
  de la vitesse au Caire
  de la vitesse par équipes à Jakarta
  de la vitesse à Jakarta

Ligue des champions
 2023
  de la vitesse à Palma
  de la vitesse à Berlin

Jeux du Commonwealth

Championnats d'Europe

Championnats de Grande-Bretagne
 2020
  du 500 mètres
  du keirin
  de la vitesse par équipes
 2022
  Championne de Grande-Bretagne de vitesse par équipes
  du keirin
  du 500 mètres
  de la vitesse
 2023
  Championne de Grande-Bretagne du 500 mètres
  Championne de Grande-Bretagne du keirin
  Championne de Grande-Bretagne de vitesse
  Championne de Grande-Bretagne de vitesse par équipes

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureuse cycliste galloise
Coureuse cycliste sur piste
Naissance en décembre 2002
Championne du monde de cyclisme sur piste

Emma Finucane


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Malá Mača enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Malá Mača im Okres Galanta.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Mala Maca


The Mande languages (Mandén, Manding; ) are a group of languages spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé peoples. These include; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai. There are around 60 to 75 languages spoken by 30 to 40 million people, chiefly in; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana and also in northwestern Nigeria and northern Benin.

The Mande languages show a few lexical similarities with the Atlantic–Congo language family, so together they have been proposed as parts of a larger Niger–Congo language family since the 1950s. However, the Mande languages lack the noun-class morphology that is the primary identifying feature of the Atlantic–Congo languages. Accordingly, linguists increasingly treat Mande and Atlantic–Congo as independent language families.

History
Various opinions exist as to the age of the Mande languages. Joseph Greenberg  suggested that the Niger-Congo group, which in his view includes the Mande language family, began to break up at around 7000 years BP. Its speakers would have practised a Neolithic culture, as indicated by the Proto-Niger-Congo words for "cow", "goat" and "cultivate".

Valentin Vydrin concluded that "the Mande homeland at the second half of the 4th millennium BC was located in Southern Sahara, somewhere to the North of 16° or even 18° of Northern latitude and between 3° and 12° of Western longitude.". That is now Mauritania and southern Western Sahara.

Early Scholarship
The group was first recognized in 1854 by Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle, in his Polyglotta Africana. He mentioned 13 languages under the heading North-Western High-Sudan Family, or Mandéga Family of Languages. In 1901, Maurice Delafosse made a distinction of two groups. He speaks of a northern group mandé-tan and a southern group mandé-fu. The distinction was basically done only because the languages in the north use the expression tan for ten, and the southern languages use fu. In 1924, Louis Tauxier noted that the distinction is not well founded and there is at least a third subgroup he called mandé-bu. It was not until 1950 that André Prost supported that view and gave further details.

In 1958, Welmers published an article called "The Mande Languages," where he divided the languages into three subgroups: North-West, South and East. His conclusion was based on lexicostatistic research. Joseph Greenberg followed that distinction in his The Languages of Africa (1963). Long (1971) and Gérard Galtier (1980) follow the distinction into three groups but with notable differences.

Classification

Relation to Niger-Congo
Mande does not share the morphology characteristic of most of the Niger–Congo family, such as the noun-class system. Blench regards it as an early branch that, like Ijoid and perhaps Dogon, diverged before this morphology developed. Dwyer (1998) compared it with other branches of Niger–Congo and finds that they form a coherent family, with Mande being the most divergent of the branches he considered.

However, Dimmendaal (2008) argues that the evidence for inclusion is slim, and that for now Mande is best considered an independent family. The same view is held by Güldemann (2018).

Without definitively concluding that Mande is or is not a member of Niger–Congo, Vydrin (2016) notes that proto-Mande basic vocabulary fits relatively well with Niger–Congo, and that typological criteria such as the absence of a noun-class system should not be taken as probative; he notes that "If the position of Mande within Niger-Congo is confirmed... Mande will certainly represent the most ancient branching of the phylum".

Internal classification
The diversity and depth of the Mande family is comparable to that of Indo-European. Eleven low-level branches of Mande are nearly universally accepted: Southern Mande (Dan etc.), Eastern Mande (Bisa, Boko etc.), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke–Bozo, Southwestern Mande (Mende, Kpelle, Loma etc.), Soso–Jalonke, Jogo, Vai–Kono, Mokole and Manding (Bambara, Djula etc.). It is also widely accepted that these form two primary branches, the first two as Southeastern Mande and the rest as Western Mande.

Most internal Mande classifications are based on lexicostatistics. See, for example,  based on the Swadesh list). An alternative classification from Kastenholz (1996) is based on lexical innovations and comparative linguistics. Note however that Kastenholz warns that this is not based on objective criteria and thus is not a genealogical classification in the narrow sense. The following classification is a compilation of both.

Vydrin (2009) differs somewhat from this: he places Soso-Jalonke with Southwestern (a return to André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho and Bobo as independent branches of Western Mande, and Mokole with Vai-Kono. Most classifications place Jo within Samogo.

Morphosyntactic features
Mande languages do not have the noun-class system or verbal extensions of the Atlantic–Congo languages and for which the Bantu languages are so famous, but Bobo has causative and intransitive forms of the verb. Southwestern Mande languages and Soninke have initial consonant mutation. Plurality is most often marked with a clitic; in some languages, with tone, as for example in Sembla. Pronouns often have alienable–inalienable and inclusive–exclusive distinctions. Word order in transitive clauses is subject–auxiliary–object–verb–adverb. Mainly postpositions are used. Within noun phrases, possessives come before the noun, and adjectives and plural markers after the verb; demonstratives are found with both orders.

Comparative vocabulary
Below is a sample basic vocabulary of reconstructed proto-forms:

Below are some cognates from D. J. Dwyer (1988) ( is  or ):

Note that in these cognates:
'saliva' = 'mouth'+'water'
'milk' = 'breast'+'water'
'buck (he-goat)' = 'goat'+'male'
'ram' = 'sheep'+'male'

Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

See also
List of Proto-Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary)
List of Proto-West Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Manding languages
Mandé
Mende language

References

Sources
 Bimson, Kent (1976). Comparative reconstruction of Mandekan. In Studies in African Linguistics, Vol 7, No 3 (1976).
 Delafosse, Maurice (1901) Essai de manuel pratique de la langue mandé ou mandingue. Paris : Leroux. 304 p.
 Delafosse, Maurice (1904) Vocabulaires comparatifs de plus de soixante langues ou dialectes parlés à la Ivory Coast et dans les régions limitrophes, avec des notes linguistiques et ethnologiques. Paris : Leroux. 285 p.
 Halaoui, Nazam, Kalilou Tera, Monique Trabi (1983) Atlas des langues mandé – sud de Ivory Coast. Abidjan : ACCT-ILA.
 Kastenholz, Raimund (1996) Sprachgeschichte im West-Mande: Methoden und Rekonstruktionen. Mande Languages and Linguistics · Langues et Linguistique Mandé, 2. Köln : Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 281 p.
 Perekhvalskaya, Elena & Vydrin, Valentin. Numeral systems in Mande languages. Mandenkan 61, 2019, pp. 47–111.
 Steinthal, Heymann (1867) Die Mande-Negersprachen, psychologisch und phonetisch betrachtet. Berlin: Schade. 344 p.
 Sullivan, Terrence D. 2004 [1983]. A preliminary report of existing information on the Manding languages of West Africa: Summary and suggestions for future research. SIL Electronic Survey Report. Dallas, SIL International.
Vydrine, Valentin, T.G. Bergman and Matthew Benjamin (2000) Mandé language family of West Africa: Location and genetic classification. SIL Electronic Survey Report. Dallas, SIL International.
Vydrin, Valentin. On the problem of the Proto-Mande homeland // Вопросы языкового родства – Journal of Language Relationship 1, 2009, pp. 107–142.
Vydrin, Valentin. Toward a Proto-Mande reconstruction and an etymological dictionary. Faits de Langues 47, 2016, pp. 109–123.
 Vydrin, Valentin. Mande languages. Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2018.
 Welmers, William E.(1971) Niger–Congo, Mande. In Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa (Current Trends in Linguistics,7), Thomas A. Sebeok, Jade Berry, Joseph H. Greenberg et al. (eds.), 113–140. The Hague: Mouton.
 Williamson, Kay, and Roger Blench (2000) "Niger–Congo". In Heine & Nurse, eds., African Languages.

External links
LANGUES MANDE
 Mande page of the Journal of West African Languages
Journal Mandenkan (introduction)

Language families
Niger–Congo languages

Mande languages


كأس ديفيز «(بالإنجليزية: Davis Cup)» هو أكبر مسابقات لعبة كرة المضرب للرجال على مستوى المنتخبات العالميَّة  يديرها الاتحاد الدولي للتنس (ITF) وKosmos Holding ويتمّ التنافس عليها سنويًا بين فرق من الدول المُتنافسة في شكل خروج المغلوب، وقد وصفها المُنظمون بأنَّها «كأس العالم للتنس» ويُشارُ إلى الفائزين باسمِ فريق بطل العالم. بدأت المُنافسة في عام 1900 كتحدٍ بين بريطانيا العظمى والولايات المتحدة. وفي عام 2016 بلغَ عدد المنتخبات المُشاركة في المسابقة 135 منتخباً.

تتصدر الولايات المتَّحدة المرتبة الأولى بعدد مرات الفوز بالبطولة بحصيلة 32 فوزاً بالمركز الأول و29 فوزاً بالمركز الثاني، تليها أستراليا بحصيلة 23 فوزا بالمركز الأول و18 بالمركز الثاني. البطل الحاليّ هو إسبانيا الذي أحرز لقبهِ السادس في عام 2019 .

تقابل مسابقة كأس ديفيز الخاصّة بالرجال مسابقة كأس فيد الخاصّة بالسيدات، وتُعد أستراليا، وجمهورية التشيك، والولايات المتَّحدة الدول الوحيدة التي فازت بلقب كأس ديفيز وكأس فيد في نفس العام.

لم تسمح كأس ديفيس للاعبين المُحترفين بالمنافسة حتَّى عام 1973 بعدَ خمس سنوات من بداية العصر المفتوح.

التاريخ

من عام 1950 إلى عام 1967، سيطرت أُستراليا على المُنافسة وفازت بالكأس 15 مرَّة في 18 عامًا. وابتداءً من عام 1972 تمَّ تغيير شكل البُطولة إلى بطولة خروج المغلوب بحيث كانَ يُطلب من حامل اللقب التنافس في جميع الجولات.

تأثرت مبارياتٍ كأس ديفيس باحتجاجات سياسيَّة عدَّة مرات خاصَّة في السويد:

 كانَ من المفترض أنَ تقام المُباراة بين السويد وروديسيا عام 1968 في باستاد ولكنَّ تمَّ نقلها إلى باندول بفرنسا بسببِ الاحتجاجات ضدَّ حكومة الأقلية البيضاء الروديسية بِقيادة إيان سميث.
 حاولت الحكومة السويديَّة إيقاف المُباراة بين تشيلي والسويد عام 1975 في باستاد، بسببِ انتِهاكَاتٍ حقوق الإنسان في تشيلي. أُقيمت المُباراة رغم احتجاج 7000 شخص ضدها في الخارج.
 أحتج 6000 شخص ضدَّ إسرائيل بعدَ الحرب على غزة 2008–09 وتجمعوا خارج مدينة مالمو في مباراة كأس ديفيس بين السويد وإسرائيل التي أُقيمت في مارس 2009. كانَ سياسيو «بلدية مالمو» قلقين بشأن المتطرفين، وقرروا السماح لجمهور صغير فقط بالتواجد لأسباب أمنية.

الشكل

تعديلات 2019
تمَّ تغيير شكل الكأس بالنسبة لإصدار 2019. وكان التعديل الرئيسيّ في المجمُوعة العالميَّة التي تجري في مكان واحد وفي أسبوع واحد بمشاركة ثمانية عشر فريقًا مقسمة إلى ستة مجموعات من ثلاثة فرق لكل منها، حيثُ يتقدم الفائزين من المَجموعات وأفضلُ مركزين ثانيًا إلى ربع النهائي. ستشمل السلسلة بين الفرق في هذه المرحلة مباراتين فرديين ومباراة زوجية واحدة، بدلاً من أفضل 5 مجموعات، وتمَّ تغيير المُباريات من أفضل 5 مجموعات إلى أفضل 3 مجموعات، ونظرًا لأنَّ المجمُوعة العالميَّة ستقام الآن في بطولة واحدة فقد تمَّ تسمية هذا الحدث على أنَّه نهائيات كأس ديفيس. وستتألف مجموعات المنطقة الدنيا الأولى والثانيةُ من روابط فرديّة تقرر الترقية أو الهبوط.

المَجموعات

ملاحظة: إجمالي عدد الدول في المجمُوعة الأولى هو 24. ومع ذلك قد يختلف التوزيع بين المناطق الثلاث كلّ عام، وفقًا لعدد الدول التي تمت ترقيتها أو هبوطها بين المجمُوعة الأولى والمجموعة العالمية. يبلغ عدد الدول في المجمُوعة العالميَّة والمجموعة الأولى معًا 22 دولة من منطقة اليورو / إفريقيا، و9 دول من منطقة الأمريكتين، و9 دول من منطقة آسيا / أوقيانوسيا.

التعادلات والمبارات الفردية
كما هو الحال في مسابقات الكأس الأخرى، يتم استخدام «التعادل» في كأس ديفيس ليعني جولة الإقصاء، وفي كأس ديفيس تعني كلمة "Rubber" مباراة فردية.

في مسابقة المجمُوعة العالميَّة السنوية، تتنافس 16 دولة في ثماني مبارياتٍ من الدور الأول، ومن ثمَّ يتنافس الفائزون الثمانيّة في أربع مبارياتٍ ربع النهائي، ويتنافس الفائزون في مباراتين قبل النهائي، والفائزان يتنافسان في المُباراة النهائية.

تتكون كلّ ربطة من خمسة مبارياتٍ فردية، يتم لعبها في ثلاثة أيام (عادةً أيام الجمعة والسبت والأحد). الفائز في التعادل هو البلد الذي يفوز بثلاثة أو أكثر من المُباريات الخمسة في التعادل، في اليوم الأول يتم لعب أول مباراتان فرديتان بشكلٍ عام بواسطة أفضل لاعبي الفردي المتاحين في كلّ دولة، وفي اليوم الثاني يتم لعب مباراة زوجية، وفي اليوم الثالث تكون المباريتان الفرديتان الأخيران عادةً «منفردين عكسيين»، حيثُ يلعب المتسابقون في اليوم الأول عادةً مرَّة أخرى، لكنهم يتبادلون الخصوم من المُباراة الفردية في اليوم الأول. ومع ذلك يُمكن لقائد الفريق - في ظروف معينة - استبدال لاعب أو اثنين من اللاعبين الذين لعبوا الفردي يوم الجمعة بلاعبين آخرين يتم ترشيحهم للمباراة. على سبيل المثال إذا تمَّ تحديد التعادل بالفعل لصالح أحد الفرق فمن الشائع أنَ يلعب أعضاء الفريق الأصغر سنًا أو الأقل مرتبة حتَّى يكتسبوا خبرة كأس ديفيز.

منذُ عام 2011، إذا فازت دولة ما بنتيجة 3-1 بعدَ أول مباراة فرديّة عكسية وذهبت تلك المُباراة إلى أربع مجموعات أو أكثر، فلن يتم لعب المُباراة الفردية العكسية المُتبقية بل يتم لعب أنواع المُباريات الفردية الخمسة إذا فازت دولة واحدة بنتيجة 3-0 بعدَ مباراة الزوجي.

يتم لعب التعادل في مكان تختاره إحدى الدول المتنافسة، حيثُ تمنح حق الاختيار على أساس التناوب. لِذلك تلعب الدول في البلد الذي لم تقام فيهِ المُباراة الأخيرة بين الفريقين، وفي حالة عدم اجتماع البلدين منذُ عام 1970 يتم سحب القرعة لتحديد البلد المضيف.

يجب أنَ تتوافق أماكن المجمُوعة العالميَّة معَ بعض المعايير الدنيا بما في ذلك الحد الأدنى من المقاعد على النحو التالي:

 تصفيات المجمُوعة العالميَّة: 4000
 الجولة الأولى للمجموعة العالميَّة: 4000
 ربع نهائي المجمُوعة العالميَّة: 6000
 جولات نصف نهائي المجمُوعة العالميَّة: 8000
 نهائي المجمُوعة العالميَّة: 12000

قائد المنتخب

السجلات والإحصائيات

أداء الفرق
+ «- فاز أيضًا بلقب كأس جونيور ديفيز»

الألقاب حسب الدولة (منذُ 1972)

 تحقيق ألقاب على التوالي
 كلّ الأوقات: 7، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، عام 1920 - عام 1926
 جولة ما بعدَ التحدي: 2؛ الولايات المتحدة 1978 - 79، 1981 - 82؛ السويد، 1984 - 85، 1997 - 98؛ ألمانيا الغربية، عام 1988 - 89. اسبانيا، 2008 - 09، جمهورية التشيك، 2012 - 13
 الظهور في النهائيات
 كلّ الأوقات: 23، أستراليا، عام 1946 - عام 1968
 بعدَ تحدي جولة: 7، السويد، عام 1983 - عام 1989
 أكثر المُباريات تعادلاً
 كلّ الأوقات: 327، الهند 3-2 أستراليا، نهائي المنطقة الشرقيَّة 1974
 المجمُوعة العالميَّة (قبل الشوط الفاصل): 281، باراجواي 3-2 فرنسا، الدور الأول 1985
 المجمُوعة العالميَّة (بعدَ الشوط الفاصل): 281، رومانيا 3-2 الإكوادور، 2003 المجمُوعة العالمية

سنوات في المجمُوعة العالميَّة

 الولايات المتحدة 37
 التشيك 36
 فرنسا 36
 ألمانيا 35
 إسبانيا 32
 أستراليا 31
 السويد 31
 إيطاليا 27
 سويسرا 27
 روسيا 26
 الأرجنتين 25
 بلجيكا 20
 هولندا 19
 النمسا 17

 بريطانيا العظمى 17
 كرواتيا 16
 رومانيا 14
 البرازيل 13
 الهند 13
 صربيا 11
 كندا 10
  10
 المكسيك 10
 تشيلي 9
 الدنمارك 9
 اليابان 8
 نيوزيلندا 8
 كازاخستان 7

 باراغواي 7
 سلوفاكيا 7
 الإكوادور 5
 روسيا البيضاء 4
 جنوب أفريقيا 4
 المجر 3
 المغرب 3
 كوريا الجنوبية 3
 زيمبابوي 3
 إندونيسيا 2
 كوبا 1
 جمهورية أيرلندا 1
 بيرو 1
 بولندا 1

الأكثر فوزاً في المجمُوعة العالميَّة

النتائج حسب الدولة

المجمُوعة العالميَّة
"(1981–2018)"

النهائيات

فردي

 تحقيق أكثر ألقاب كلاعب
 روي ايمرسون أستراليا؛ 8 ألقاب (1959، 1960، 1961، 1962، 1964، 1965، 1966، 1967)
 تحقيق أكثر ألقاب كقائد للفريق
 هاري هوبمان أستراليا؛ 16 لقب (1939، 1950، 1951، 1952، 1953، 1955، 1956، 1957، 1959، 1960، 1961، 1962، 1964، 1965، 1966، 1967)
 أصغر لاعب
 ماركو دي روسي سان مارينو 13 سنة، 319 يومًا (12 مايو 2011) 1
 أكبر لاعب
 فيتوريو بيلاندرا سان مارينو 66 عامًا، 104 يومًا (11 مايو 2007)
 أكثر السنوات
 30، ليندر بايس، الهند (1990-2010، 2012-2020)
 أكثر المواجهات
 93، دومينيكو فيسيني، سان مارينو (1993-2015)
 أكثر التعادلات
 164، نيكولا بيترانجلي، إيطاليا (1954-1972)
 فاز في أكثر مبارياتٍ فردية
 المجموع: 120، نيكولا بيترانجلي، إيطاليا
 الفردي: 78، نيكولا بيترانجلي، إيطاليا
 زوجي: 45 ليندر بايس، الهند

1 يجب أنَ يبلغ عمر اللاعبين الآن 14 عامًا وأكثر

الترتيب الحاليّ في كأس دافيس

†التغيير منذُ التحديث السابق للترتيب

المذيعون

انظر أيضًا
 كأس بيلي جين كينغ
 كأس هوبمان
 تاريخ التنس

ملاحظات

روابط خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي
 موقع البث المباشر لكأس ديفيس
 حقوق القنوات التلفزيونيَّة لكأس ديفيس 2019

مراجع

منافسات كرة مضرب دولية
بطولات العالم في رياضات الراح
أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1900
بطولات كرة مضرب رجالية
كؤوس العالم

كأس ديفيز


3G Capital es una sociedad de inversión multimillonaria brasileña-estadounidense, fundada en 2004 por Alex Behring, Jorge Paulo Lemann, Carlos Alberto Sicupira, Marcel Herrmann Telles y Roberto Thompson Motta.

La firma es conocida por implementar presupuestos de base cero en sus compañías de cartera: Anheuser-Busch InBev, Restaurant Brands International (Burger King, Tim Hortons y Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen), Kraft Heinz, así como por asociarse con Berkshire Hathaway para sus adquisiciones.

Ofertas notables
En 2010, la compañía adquirió Burger King por 3,3 mil millones de dólares y, posteriormente, tomó la empresa de forma privada. El acuerdo se anunció en septiembre de 2010 y se finalizó en noviembre. Los accionistas recibieron $24,00 por acción en efectivo. Bajo la nueva dirección, Burger King introdujo un menú y estrategias de marketing reelaborados. En junio de 2012, Burger King volvió a aparecer como una empresa que cotizaba en bolsa a través de un acuerdo de 1400 millones de dólares con Justice Holdings. A pesar de la reincorporación, 3G Capital retuvo una participación del 71% de la empresa.

En diciembre de 2014, el gobierno federal canadiense aprobó la compra de Tim Hortons por parte de 3G Capital por 12,5 mil millones de dólares. La adquisición fusionó a Burger King con Tim Hortons como Restaurant Brands International.

El 25 de marzo de 2015, se anunció que 3G Capital estaba en "conversaciones avanzadas" para comprar Kraft Foods por 40 mil millones de dólares y fusionarlo con Heinz para crear la quinta empresa alimentaria más grande del mundo. Heinz estaba siendo asesorada en la transacción por Lazard y Kraft por Centerview Partners. Finalmente, ambas empresas se fusionaron en Kraft Heinz.

Oficinas y gestión
3G Capital tiene oficinas en Río de Janeiro y en Nueva York, y la empresa está dirigida por el socio gerente Alex Behring desde Nueva York. Las filiales de la firma y sus socios tienen el control o participaciones de propiedad parcial en otras compañías globales como Anheuser-Busch InBev, Lojas Americanas (el minorista no alimentario y en línea más grande de América Latina) y América Latina Logística (la empresa de logística ferroviaria más grande de América Latina).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Empresas fundadas en 2004
Empresas de Río de Janeiro
Empresas de la Ciudad de Nueva York
Empresas de capital inversión de Brasil
Empresas de capital inversión de Estados Unidos

3G Capital


Mário Xavier de Andrade Pedrosa (né le  à Timbaúba et mort le  à Rio de Janeiro) est un militant politique, journaliste, critique d'art et de littérature brésilien.

Biographie
Pedrosa écrit régulièrement des critiques littéraires pour le Correio da Manhã (1945-1951) et plus tard pour le Jornal do Brasil (1957).

Initialement affilié au Parti communiste brésilien, il en est exclu en 1929 pour ses relations avec le mouvement trotskyste.

Le , à Périgny, sous le pseudonyme Lebrun, il représente plusieurs partis ouvriers latino-américains au Congrès fondateur de la Quatrième Internationale où il est élu au Comité exécutif international.

Publications

Discurso aos Tupiniquins ou Nambás

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1900
Naissance au Pernambouc
Décès en novembre 1981
Décès à Rio de Janeiro
Journaliste brésilien
Critique brésilien
Trotskiste brésilien
Décès à 81 ans

Mário Pedrosa


was a town located in Minamiuwa District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 2787 and a density of 127.79 persons per km². The total area was 21.81 km².

On October 1, 2004, Nishiumi, along with the towns of Ipponmatsu, Jōhen and Mishō, and the village of Uchiumi (all from Minamiuwa District), was merged to create the town of Ainan.

Though now part of Ainan, Nishiumi itself consisted of many individual villages (localities/hamlets) including Fukuura, Funakoshi, Nishiura, and Sotodomari, among others.

The industry in Nishiumi consists primarily of fishing and agriculture, producing things such as bonito and mikan oranges.

Geography and climate

Nishiumi's name literally translates to West sea, which is fitting because the area is a peninsula that juts off the south-western edge of Ehime and into the Pacific Ocean.  The geography of Nishiumi is dominated by mountains and inlets, most of which are covered by forest and jungle.  Nishiumi lies in Japan's humid subtropical region and has a particularly mild winter, rarely seeing any snow.  However, it is known for having very strong winter winds which blow off the ocean.

Tourism

Notable destinations in Nishiumi district include Kashima island which is part of Ashizuri-Uwakai national park, Cape Komo, a scenic overlook, and the town of Sotodomari, which is known for its terraced stone walls.

Gallery

External links
Official website of Ainan in Japanese

References

1. "Demographic Data." Ainan Town Website.  Minamimatchi office, Ehime Prefecture. 2007.  Retrieved on 2008-07-07

2. Martin, Samuel E.  "Concise Japanese Dictionary."  Tuttle Language Library.  1994.  Singapore.

3. "Introducing places of interest: Ashizuri-Uwakai National Park."  National Parks of Japan.  Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved on 2008-07-03.

Dissolved municipalities of Ehime Prefecture
Ainan, Ehime

Nishiumi, Ehime


Hortobágy (em : Harbachtal; : Hârtibaciu) é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Hajdú-Bihar. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 1.470 habitantes.

Localidades de Hajdú-Bihar

Hortobágy


La microrregión de Pitanga es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Paraná perteneciente a la mesorregión Centro-sur Paranaense. Su población fue estimada en 2009 por el IBGE en 79.477 habitantes y está dividida en seis municipios. Posee un área total de 4.903,000 km².

Municipios
 Boa Ventura de São Roque
 Laranjal
 Mato Rico
 Palmital
 Pitanga
 Santa Maria do Oeste

Pitanga

Microrregión de Pitanga


Faz or FAZ may refer to:

People
 Fahrudin Kuduzović (born 1984), Bosnian footballer
 Faz Husain (1952–2006), American politician
 Owen Farrell (born 1991), English rugby union player
 Feliks Zemdegs (born 1995), Australian speedcuber
 Irving Fazola (1912–1949), American jazz clarinetist
 Roberto Faz (1914–1966), Cuban singer

Other uses
 Faz, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province
 Fasa Airport, in Iran
 Fazakerley railway station, in England
 Football Association of Zambia
 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, a German newspaper
 Northwestern Fars language, of Iran, probably misclassified
 Zairian Armed Forces (French: ), the former regular army of Zaire

Faz


Ericoideae, biljna potporodica, dio porodice vrjesovki. Sastoji se od pet tribusa. Po glavnim rodovima imenovani su i tribusi, to su: crnjuša ili vrijesak (Erica); mahunica (Empetrum); plavi vrijes ili plava heljda (Phyllodoce); pjenišnik ili sleč (Rhododendron) i briantus (Bryanthus).

Tribusi
 Bryantheae E.L.Gillespie & Kron
 Empetreae D.Don
 Ericeae DC. ex Duby
 Phyllodoceae Drude
 Rhodoreae DC. ex Duby

Sinonimi
 Rhodoraceae Vent.
 Ledaceae J.F.Gmel.
 Azaleaceae Vest
 Empetraceae Hook. & Lindl.
 Rhododendroideae Sweet
 Menziesiaceae Klotzsch
 Diplarchaceae Klotzsch
 Salaxidaceae J. Agardh

Izvori

Vrjesovke

Ericoideae


Kobalt 1773 yılında Georg Brandt tarafından keşfedilmiş metal element. Atom numarası 27, simgesi  Co, atom ağırlığı ise 58.9332 g/mol'dür.

"Kobalt" iki ya da fazla bileşenli toz metallerin yapıştırılmasında ve kesici takımlarda kullanılır.

Co(OH)3 ısıtılarak Co2O3 oksidine dönüştürülür. Daha sonra bu oksit karbon ile indirgenerek saf kobalt elde edilir.

İzotopları

Elementler
Besinsel mineraller
Geçiş metalleri
IARC grubu 2B kanserojenler

Kobalt


Dorothea Hofmann (* 1961 in Bamberg) ist eine deutsche Komponistin, Pianistin und Hochschullehrerin.

Leben
Dorothea Hofmann studierte ab 1978 Schulmusik, Chorleitung (bei Fritz Schieri) und Klavier (bei Erik Then-Bergh und Karl-Hermann Mrongovius, Liedbegleitung bei Erik Werba und Norman Shetler) in München und Salzburg sowie Musikwissenschaft und Philosophie in München und Augsburg (Promotion 1992 bei Franz Krautwurst).
Nach Lehraufträgen in Bamberg, Augsburg und München unterrichtet sie seit 2008 Historische Musikwissenschaft und Musiksoziologie an der Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, seit 2014 als Professorin. In der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung ist sie seit 2011 Sprecherin der Fachgruppe "Musikwissenschaft an Musikhochschulen".

Das kompositorische Schaffen von Dorothea Hofmann reicht von Klavier- und Orgelmusik über Kammermusik und Lieder für verschiedenste Besetzungen bis hin zu oratorischen Werken für Soli, Chor und Orchester.
2006/07 war Dorothea Hofmann Composer in Residence in Schweinfurt, 2007 Stipendiatin des Centro Tedesco di Studi Veneziani in Venedig, 2014/15 Gastprofessorin an der Universität São Paulo.

Ehrungen
 1993 Preisträgerin beim Internationalen Interpretenwettbewerb für zeitgenössische Musik in Rotterdam
 2006 1. Preis beim Herbert-Baumann-Kompositionswettbewerb (für das Sextett Tagtraum)

Kompositionen

Vokalwerke
Solostimme und 1 Instrument
 Five Love Songs für Sopran & Klavier. Texte: John Donne. UA 2005 München 2005. Alice Oskera-Burghardt (Sopran), Donald Sulzen (Klavier)
 Drei Abzählreime für Gesang & Mandoline. UA 2006 München
 Origami (2008). Lieder für Gesang & Hackbrett
 Frammenti del fuoco (2007). Drei Lieder für Gesang & Klavier. Texte: Michelangelo. UA 2008 Venedig. Josefine Weber (Gesang), Dorothea Hofmann (Klavier)
 Origami (2008). Fünf Lieder nach Alltagstexten für mittlere/hohe Stimme & Hackbrett. UA 2010 München. Ines Krapp (Sopran), Komalé Akakpo (Hackbrett)
 Ich bin erwacht (2010). Vier Liebeslieder. Texte: Klabund. UA 2011 München. Wolfgang Antesberger (Tenor), Masako Ohta (Klavier)
 Morgenstern-Liederbuch (2011) für Bariton und Hackbrett. UA 2011 München
 Nächtliche Szene (2012) für tiefere Stimme und Klavier

 Solostimme(n) und Kammerensemble
 Tobi und die Zauberbohnen. Musikalisches Märchen für Sprechstimme, Flöte, 3 Zithern & Kontrabass. UA 2004 München
 Manél und die tanzenden Schafe. Märchen für Sprechstimme, Querflöte, 3–4 Hackbretter, Kontrabass & Schlagzeug. UA 2006 Balingen
 Lob der Schöpfung (2008) für Tenor und Streichquartett. UA 2009 München (Allerheiligenhofkirche). Kevin Conners (Tenor), Szabó-Quartett
 Remembering Shakespeare (2010). Fünf Lieder für Sopran, Violine und Klavier. Texte: William Shakespeare. UA 2010 Fürstenzell (Portenkirche)
 Maria von Magdala (2010). Biblische Szenen für Sopran, Alt, Horn, Posaune, Klavier & Orgel. Texte: aus der Lutherbibel und von Mechthild von Magdeburg. UA 14. November 2010 Fürth (Auferstehungskirche, 47. Fürther Kirchenmusiktage). Monika Teepe (Sopran), Renate Kaschmieder (Alt), Wilfried Krüger (Horn), Ralf Bauer (Posaune), Andreas König (Orgel), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Klavier und Leitung)
 Wo bist Du? (2010). Vier Opern-Szenen für Sopran, Violine und Klavier (2010). UA 2011 München
 Quam magnificata sunt opera tua, domine (2010) für Sopran, 2 Tenorhackbretter & fliegende Tauben. UA 2011 Hinterschmiding
 WaldesGesang (2011). Drei Lieder. Texte: Georg Maria Roers. UA 2011 Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald (Haus zur Wildnis). Ira Maria Scholz (Sopran), Alexander Scholz (Violine), Josepha Hanner (Klavier)
 Neue Liebeslieder (2011) für Sopran, Violine und Klavier. Texte: nach Heiratsanzeigen. UA 2011 München
 Liebes-Blitze. Rezitativ & Duett für 2 Soprane, Hackbrett und Akkordeon. UA 2011 München
 Sinfoniae Sacrae. Texte: Said
 I (2011) für Sopran, Posaune, Pauken und Orgel. UA 23. Juni 2012 Fürth (St. Paul, Sommernachtskonzert). Annette Kroll (Sopran), Ralf Bauer (Posaune), Axel Dinkelmeyer (Pauken), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Orgel)
 II,1 (2014). UA 12. April 2014 Fürth (St. Paul, Musik zur Passion). Michael Herrschel (Bariton), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Orgel)
 Der Vampyr (2012). Szene für Solisten und Ensemble. UA Freising 2012
 Sirenengesang (2012). Lieder für Sopran und Klaviertrio. Texte: Sappho
 Hulda (2015). Prophetische Szene für Sprech- und Singstimme, 2 Schlagzeuge, Orgel und Klavier. Text: Michael Herrschel. UA 22. November 2015 Fürth (Auferstehungskirche, 52. Fürther Kirchenmusiktage). Solgerd Isalv (Mezzosopran), Michael Herrschel (Sprecher), Axel Dinkelmeyer und Werner Treiber (Schlagzeug), Kevin Wagner (Orgel), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Klavier und Leitung)

Chor / Vokalensemble a cappella
 Psalm 121 (2007) für gemischten Chor. UA 2008 Schweinfurt. Schweinfurter Kantorei, Leitung Andrea Balzer
 Psalm 148 (2007) für gemischten Chor. UA 2008 Schweinfurt. Schweinfurter Kantorei, Leitung Andrea Balzer
 I Caffetieri di Venezia (2007) für Vokalsextett
 Drei Chorlieder zum Advent (2008). UA Dezember 2009. Leitung Alice Oskera-Burghardt
 Öffne mir die Lippen (2009) für gemischten Chor. UA 2009 München (Dom zu Unserer Lieben Frau). Domchor, Leitung Lucia Hilz
 Psalm 139 (2009) für gemischten Chor
 Psalm 23 (2009) für gemischten Chor
 Lasciare e Godere (2010) für vierstimmigen Frauenchor. UA 2010 München. Mohr-Villa-Chor, Leitung Alice Oskera-Burghardt
 das Vöglein… (wenn ich ein Vöglein wär…) für Männerchor. UA 2011 München
 Die Gedanken sind frei (2012) für gemischten Chor

Chor und Instrument(e)
 Befiehl dem Herrn deinen Weg (2010). Psalmvers für gemischten Chor, 2 Oboen, Fagott, 2 Violinen, Violoncello, Kontrabass & Pauken. UA 2010 Ingolstadt (Liebfrauenmünster). Leitung Franz Hauk
 Aus der Tiefe rufe ich, Herr zu Dir (2011) für Chor, Fagott, Kontrabass & Orgel. UA 2011 München (Dom zu Unserer Lieben Frau). Leitung Lucia Hilz
 Wenn Ihr heute seinen Namen hört… (2011) für Chor, Fagott, Kontrabass & Orgel. UA 2011 München (Frauenkirche). Leitung Lucia Hilz
 Adventslicht (2014). Drei Choralbearbeitungen. UA 30. November 2014 Fürth (Auferstehungskirche, 15. Fürther Komponistinnenkonzert, 51. Fürther Kirchenmusiktage). Jugendchor CanteMania (Einstudierung Maria van Eldik), Laurence Tercier (Harfe)

Soli, Chor und Ensemble / Orchester
 Maria von Magdala (2010/11). Biblische Szenen. Fassung für Sopran, Alt, gemischten Chor, Horn, Posaune, Klavier & Orgel. Texte: aus der Lutherbibel und von Mechthild von Magdeburg. UA 24. Januar 2012 Regensburg (Kirchenmusikhochschule)
 Der Eremit – Arie und Szene (2011). UA 2012 Freising (Lindenkeller). Leitung Alice Oskera-Burkhardt
 Debora (2013). Oratorium für Soli, gemischten Chor, Flöte, Klarinette, Fagott, Posaunenchor, Pauken, Orgel und Streichorchester. Text: Michael Herrschel. UA (solistische Fassung) 17. November 2013 Fürth (Auferstehungskirche, 14. Fürther Komponistinnenkonzert, 50. Fürther Kirchenmusiktage). Monika Teepe (Sopran), Jennifer Arnold (Alt), Markus Simon (Bariton), Debora-Posaunenchor, Farrenc Ensemble, Christian Martin Gabriel (Dirigent), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Orgel). UA (Chorfassung) 2. Juli 2016 Fürth (Kirche St. Paul). Monika Teepe (Sopran), Jennifer Arnold (Alt), Markus Simon (Bariton), Vokalensemble Langenzenn, Debora-Posaunenchor, Orchester KlangLust!, Bernd Müller (Dirigent), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Orgel)
 Olympia Fulvia Morata (2014). Kantate. Text: Michael Herrschel. UA 30. November 2014 Fürth (Auferstehungskirche, 15. Fürther Komponistinnenkonzert, 51. Fürther Kirchenmusiktage). Khrystyna Pichkurenko (Sopran), Maria van Eldik (Mezzosopran), Jugendchor CanteMania (Einstudierung Maria van Eldik), Laurence Tercier (Harfe), Pegnitzschäfer-Klangkonzepte, Christian Martin Gabriel (Dirigent), Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Klavier)

Instrumentalwerke

Soli
Klavier
 Restlessness. UA 2001 München
 The Dream of Persephone. UA 2002 München
 Die wunderbare Menagerie (2007)
 1. Sonatine (2007). UA 2008 Augsburg. Sylvia Hewig-Troescher
 2. Sonatine (2007)
 Notturno-Toccata per la Cioccolata (2012)

Orgel
 Stella Splendida, Stella Matutina. Toccata. UA 2006 Köln (Dom). Winfried Bönig
 Toccata quasi Fantasia sopra "Christ ist erstanden" (2010). UA 2011. Jürgen Geiger
 Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist (2012). Toccata festeggiante. UA 23. Juni 2012 Fürth (St. Paul, Sommernachtskonzert). Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck
 Der Ackermann aus Böhmen (2015, nach Johannes von Tepl). Orgelmusik zu einem Streitgespräch. UA 17. Oktober 2015 Fürth (St. Michael). Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck (Orgel), Heiko Ruprecht, Michael Vogtmann (Sprechstimmen)

Akkordeon
 An den Quellen (2008). UA 2009 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Stefanie Schumacher
 Olga, auf verwachsenem Pfade tanzend (2010). UA 2010 München. Stefanie Schumacher

Holzblasinstrumente
 Le Matin (2007) für Traversflöte. UA 2008 Venedig. Marion Treupel-Franck
 Lockrufe (2008) für Panflöte
 Lingua Ignota (2011) für Traversflöte. UA 2011 Bodelschwingh (Wasserschloss). Anne Horstmann
 Selene (2012) für Flöte

Streichinstrumente
 la Commedia (2012). Sonate für Viola d'amore

Zupfinstrumente
 Irrgartenlieder und Zaubersprüche für Zither. UA 2003 München
 sparkling waves. Interludium für Zither. UA 2003 München. Georg Glasl
 Unterwegs (2006). Suite für Mandoline. UA 2006. Anna Torge
 Tarantella con Peperoni (2009) für Gitarre
 In der Sonne zu Singen (2012) für Zither

Hackbrett
 Traumgeschichten für Hackbrett (Solo & Duo). UA 2002 München
 Fantasia Ritmica für Tenorhackbrett. UA 2004 München. Birgit Stolzenburg
 9 Haiku (2007) für Tenorhackbrett. UA 2007 München
 Im Schlaraffenland. Sonate für Hackbrett (2007). UA 2008 Ingolstadt (Altes Kamerariat). Birgit Stolzenburg
 Bittersüß… (2009) für Hackbrett. UA 2010 Salzburg (Schokoladen-Salon). Heidelore Schauer
 Pavane und Galliarde (2010) für Hackbrett. UA 2010 München. Komalé Akakpo

Stabspiele
 Il canto del Labirinto (2007) für Marimbaphon. UA 2008 München. Martin Fuchs
 a song from behind (2011) für Vibraphon. UA 2012 München

Duos
 Der Pirat und das blaue Sofa. Traum-Dialoge für Hackbrett & Altblockflöte/Hackbrett/Violoncello. UA 2003 München
 Moresca Notturna für Querflöte & Tenorhackbrett. UA 2004 München
 Sommerreigen. Tanzszenen für 2–3 Zithern. UA 2004
 Dialoge und Duelle für 2 Querflöten (2006). UA 2007 Schweinfurt/München
 Spaziergänge für Mandoline & Liuto (2007). UA 2008 Offenbach. Duo Opus 1
 magnetic lines (2007) für 2 Akkordeons
 Gedankenlieder I (2008) für Zither & Schlagwerk. UA 2008 München (Gasteig, lange Nacht der Musik)
 Sonnengeflüster für zwei Mandolinen (2008)
 Begegnungen auf dem Möbiusband (2009). Hommage à M. C. Escher für 2 Traversflöten. UA 2009 München. Bettina Fuchs, Marion Treupel-Frank
 Imaginäre Szenerie (Hommage à Oskar Schlemmer) (2009) für E-Zither & Schlagzeug
 Il grido – la liberazione (2009) für Violine und Akkordeon (2009)
 Mittwinter (2010). Sonate für Blockflöte und Cembalo
 Imaginäre Szenerie (2009) für E-Zither und Schlagzeug. UA 2010 München (Musikhochschule)
 Canto oscuro (2010) für Hackbrett und Violoncello. UA 2011 München
 Im Garten Eden (2011). Sonate für Blockflöte(n) und Querflöte(n). UA 2011 Trossingen
 The Queen's Dance (2011) für Pantalon und Viola d'amore. UA 2012 München
 Ikarus. Sonate für Saxophon und Klavier (2011). UA 2012 München
 Arachne (2012). Sonate für Zitherduo
 Sternzeit (2012). Sonate für zwei Klaviere
 Elias (2013) für Horn und Orgel. UA 29. März 2014 Fürth (St. Michael). Wilfried Krüger, Sirka Schwartz-Uppendieck

Trios
Klaviertrios
 Im Gegenlicht (2005). Trio für Violine, Violoncello & Klavier. UA 2008 München. Münchner Klaviertrio
 …von der Sehnsucht nach dem Klang der Stille. Trio für Violine, Violoncello & Klavier
 Myrten & Platanen (2008) für Violine, Violoncello & Klavier. UA 2008 München (Gasteig, Black Box, Zyprischer Frühling)

andere Trios
 Lichtsignale (2005) für 2 Querflöten & Klavier. UA 2005 München. – Aufnahme 2007 (Bayerischer Rundfunk). Elisabeth Weinzierl, Edmund Wächter (Flöten), Eva Schieferstein (Klavier)
 Mirlo für Hackbrett, Zither & Kontrabass. UA 2006 Murnau
 Nachhall (W. A. Mozart gewidmet) für Klarinette, Viola & Klavier. UA 2006 München
 Revolving Balance (2006). Triosonate für Posaune, Marimbaphon & Kontrabass
 Isarkiesel (2007) für Blockflöte, Tenorhackbrett und Akkordeon. UA 2007 Bad Birnbach
 Das Zeitfenster (2008) Hommage à René Magritte für Flöte, Gitarre & Schlagzeug
 Grenzgang (2009) für 2 Klaviere und Schlagzeug. UA 2009 München (Gasteig, Black Box, Zyprischer Frühling)
 Gedankenlieder II (2009) für Zither & 2 Violoncelli. UA 2010 München
 Die drei Herren (2010). Sonate in Form einer Szene für drei Violoncelli. UA 2011 München

Quartette
Streichquartette
 1. Streichquartett (2005)
 Metamorphosen (2010) für Streichquartett. UA 2011 München

andere Quartette
 Schritte im Grasland (2005) für Hackbrettquartett. UA 2005
 Luftwirbel (2005) für 2 Mandolinen, Mandola & Gitarre. UA 2005 München
 Maskenspiel (2007) für 2 Violinen, Violoncello & Akkordeon. UA 2007 Schweinfurt
 Die Monde des Galilei (2009) für Saxophonquartett. UA 2011 München
 Licht und Schatten (2010) für 4 Bratschen. UA 2010 Agatharied
 Tallis-Fragment (2011) für Saxophonquartett. UA 2011 München
 warbling moods (2012) für vier Violinen. UA 2012 München

Sextette
 Tagtraum (2005) für 2 Mandolinen & Streichquartett (2005). UA 2006 Bamberg
 …denn der Regen… (2011) für Flöte, Klarinette, Violine, Viola, Violoncello und Klavier

Septett
 Waldbilder (2009) für 7 Flöten. UA 2010 München (Festival der Deutschen Flötengesellschaft). Leitung Edmund Wächter

Größeres Ensemble
 Blossoms from dawn (2011) für Zitherensemble. UA 2012 München

Literatur
Von Dorothea Hofmann
 Die "Rhitmorum Varietas" des Johannes Werlin aus Kloster Seeon (Dissertation). Wißner-Verlag, Augsburg 1994
 Der Komponist als Heros. Mechanismen zur Bildung von kulturellem Gedächtnis. Verlag Die Blaue Eule, Essen 2003

Einzelnachweise

Pianist
Komponist (Deutschland)
Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist klassischer Musik (21. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Kirchenmusik)
Komponist (Chor)
Hochschullehrer (Hochschule für Musik und Theater München)
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Frau

Dorothea Hofmann


Pierre-Antoine Lebrun (; 29 November 1785 – 27 May 1873) was a French  poet.

Biography
Lebrun was born in Paris. An Ode à la grande armée, mistaken at the time for the work of Écouchard Lebrun, attracted Napoleon's attention, and secured for the author a pension of 1200 francs. Lebrun's plays, once famous, are now forgotten. They are: Ulysse (1814), Marie Stuart (1820), which obtained a great success, and Le Cid d'Andalousie (1825).

Lebrun visited Greece in 1820, and on his return to Paris he published in 1822 an ode on the death of Napoleon, which cost him his pension. In 1825 he was the guest of Sir Walter Scott at Abbotsford. The coronation of Charles X in that year inspired the verses entitled La Vallée de Champrosay, which have, perhaps, done more to secure his fame than his more ambitious attempts.

In 1828 appeared his most important poem, Le Voyage en Grèce, and in the same year he was elected to the Academy. The revolution of 1830 opened up for him a public career; in 1831 he was made director of the Imprimerie Royale, and subsequently filled with distinction other public offices, becoming senator in 1853.

Bibliography

Poetry
 Ode à la Grande Armée  (1805)
 La Vallée de Champrosay (1825)
 Le Voyage en Grèce  (1828)

Theatre
 Pallas, fils d'Évandre, tragédie (1806)
 Ulysse, tragédie en 5 actes, Paris, Théâtre Français, 28 April 1814.
 Marie Stuart, tragédie en 5 actes, d'après Frédéric Schiller, avec Mademoiselle Duchesnois, Paris, Comédie-Française, 6 mars 1820.
 Le Cid d'Andalousie, tragédie en cinq actes, Paris, Comédie-Française, 1 March 1825.

References

Further reading
 Sainte-Beuve, Portraits contemporains, vol. ii.

1785 births
1873 deaths
Poets from Paris
French poets
Members of the Académie Française
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
French male poets

Pierre-Antoine Lebrun


Nikon Corporation (株式会社ニコン Kabushiki-gaisha Nikon) (Nikon ve Nikon Corp. olarak da bilinir) optik ekipmanlar ve görüntüleme cihazları alanında uzmanlaşmış Japonya merkezli çokuluslu bir anonim şirkettir. Özellikle fotoğraf makineleri ile dünyaca tanınmış olan şirketin diğer ürünleri arasında dürbünler, mikroskoplar, optik ölçüm cihazları ile yarı-iletken üretiminde kullanılan hassas işleme cihazları yer almaktadır. İlk olarak 1917 yılında Nippon Kōgaku (日本光学: "Japon Optik Şirketi") ismiyle kurulan şirket, Nikon markasını ilk kez 1946 yılında üretimine başladığı fotoğraf makinesi objektiflerinde kullanmıştır. Fotoğraf endüstrisindeki başarısının bir sonucu olarak 1988 yılında Nikon Corporation ismini alan şirket günümüzde Mitsubishi Şirketler Grubu bünyesinde faaliyet göstermektedir.

Tarihçe

1917 yılında üç büyük Japon optik üreticisinin bir araya gelmesi ile kurulan Nikon, sonraki 60 yıl içerisinde fotoğraf makineleri, fotoğraf makinesi ve mikroskop objektifleri ile optik ölçüm cihazlarının en büyük üreticisi konumuna gelmiştir. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında 19 fabrikası ve 23.000 çalışanı ile faaliyet gösteren şirket, Japon ordusu için dürbün, periskop ve bomba nişangahı üretimini gerçekleştirmiştir. Savaş sonrasında faaliyetlerini tek fabrikada sürdüren şirket, Nikon marka ilk fotoğraf makinesini 1948 yılında Nikon I ismiyle üretmiştir.

Nikon'un fotoğraf endüstrisinde tanınan bir marka haline gelmesinde Kore Savaşı'nı takip eden Amerikalı fotomuhabir David Douglas Duncan'ın payı büyüktür. Leica makinesinde Nikon objektifler kullanan Duncan'ın çektiği fotoğraflar özellikle keskinlikleri ve zıt tonlarıyla beğeni kazanmıştır. Böylelikle fotomuhabirler arasında tercih edilen bir marka konumuna gelen Nikon, 1959 yılından itibaren üretimine başladığı F serisi SLR fotoğraf makineleri ile yıllar içerisinde bu konumunu pekiştirmiştir.

1990'ların sonuna dek fotoğraf endüstrisinde pazar lideri konumunu sürdüren Nikon, bu dönemde fotoğraf endüstrisinde yaşanan bir dizi teknolojik gelişmeyi (örn. titreşim azaltıcı sistemler, sessiz netleme motorları gibi) ürün gamına yeterince hızlı yansıtamamış, bunun sonucunda da özellikle profesyonel fotoğrafçılık pazarında ezeli rakibi Canon'un gerisinde kalmıştır. Dijital SLR kamera sistemlerinde CCD sensör ile yola çıkan Nikon, keskinlik açısından başarılı ancak gren ve gürültü açısından zayıf olan bu sensörü kullanmakta ısrarcı olunca satışlarında rakiplerine karşı bir güç kaybına uğramıştır. 2005 yılında değişen Nikon yönetimi ile daha saldırgan bir tutuma giren pazarlama ve arge departmanları Sony ile birlikte geliştirdikleri ışığa duyarlı ve yüksek ISO değerlerine çıkabilen yeni CMOS sensörlü kameraları ile eski itibarını yeniden kazanmayı başarmıştır. Bu çalışmaların sonucunda Nikon'un ilk tam ölçü (İngilizce: Full frame) sensörlü, FX kodlu, tam profesyonel D3 kamerası 2007 yılında piyasaya sürülmüştür. Kısa bir süre sonra da yarı amatör D700 ile daha ekonomik modeli de pazardaki yerini almıştır.

Nikon, tam ölçü sensörlü modellerin yanında APS-C adı verilen ve DX kodlaması ile pazara verilen 35 mm film ölçüsünün 2/3'ü büyüklüğündeki CMOS sensörler ile donatılmış yarı profesyonel D300 ve ileri amatör D90 serisi ile piyasada yeniden boy göstermiştir. Özellikle düşük ışık şiddetine karşı duyarlı ve düşük enerji tüketimi ile öne çıkan CMOS sensörler ile donatılmış bu kameralar, düşük diyafram hızlı lensler ile düşük bütçeli amatör ve ileri amatör fotoğrafçıların beğenisini kazanmıştır. 2008 yılında piyasaya sürülen D90, ayrıca sesli video kaydı yapabilen ilk D-SLR olam özelliğine de sahiptir.

2000'li yılların başında dijital görüntüleme teknolojilerinin hızlı gelişimi sonucunda pek çok firma 35 mm film kullanan fotoğraf makinelerinin üretimine son verirken Nikon, 2004 yılında üretimine başladığı F6 modeli ile bu alana yatırımını sürdüren az sayıda firmadan biri olmuştur.

1982 yılından itibaren ABD'nin Kaliforniya eyaletinde yarı-iletken üretimine yönelik işleme (fotolitografi) cihazları üretimine başlayan Nikon, hızla genişleyen müşteri kitlesi sayesinde kısa sürede alanının lider firmalarından biri olmuştur. 1990 yılından itibaren bu alandaki ARGE çalışmalarına hız veren Nikon, bünyesinde kurduğu Nikon Research Corporation of America (NRCA) şirketi vasıtasıyla ABD ve Japonya'daki ARGE faaliyetleri arasında eşgüdüm sağlamaktadır.

Nikon, günümüzde yaklaşık 17.000 çalışanı ile faaliyetini sürdürmektedir.

Fotoğraf makineleri

35 mm film kullanan SLR fotoğraf makineleri

Elle netleme

 Nikon F series (1959-1972)
 Nikon FTN
 Nikkorex series (1960-1964)
 Nikkormat FT series (1965-1977)
 Nikon F2 series (1971-1980)
 Nikkormat EL series (1972-1977)
 Nikon EL2 (1977)
 Nikon FM (1977)
 Nikon FE (1978)
 Nikon EM (1979)
 Nikon F3 series (1980-1997)
 Nikon FG (1982)
 Nikon FM2 series (1982-2000)
 Nikon FE2 (1983)
 Nikon FA (1983)
 Nikon FG20 (1984)
 Nikon F301 (1985)
 Nikon F601m (1990)
 Nikon FM10 (1995)
 Nikon FE10 (1996)
 Nikon FM3A (2001)

Otomatik netleme

 Nikon F3AF (1983)
 Nikon F501 (1986)
 Nikon F401 (1987)
 Nikon F801 (1988)
 Nikon F4 (1988)
 Nikon F401S (1989)
 Nikon F601 (1990)
 Nikon F401X (1991)
 Nikon F801S (1991)
 Nikon F90 (1992)
 Nikon F50 (1994)
 Nikon F70 (1994)
 Nikon F90x (1994)
 Nikon F5 (1996)
 Nikon F60 (1999)
 Nikon F100 (1999)
 Nikon F65 (2000)
 Nikon F80 (2000)
 Nikon F55 (2002)
 Nikon F75 (2003)
 Nikon F6 (2004)

35 mm film kullanan telemetreli fotoğraf makineleri

 Nikon I (1948)
 Nikon M (1949)
 Nikon S (1951)
 Nikon S2 (1954)
 Nikon SP (1957)
 Nikon S3 (1958)
 Nikon S4 (1959)
 Nikon S3M (1960)
 Nikon S3 2000 (2000)

Dijital SLR fotoğraf makineleri

Üst Seviye
 Nikon D1   (1999)
 Nikon D1X  (2001)
 Nikon D1H  (2001)
 Nikon D2X  (2004)
 Nikon D2H  (2004)
 Nikon D2Hs (2005)
 Nikon D2Xs (2006)
 Nikon D3   (2007)
 Nikon D700 (2008)
 Nikon D3X  (2008)
 Nikon D3S  (2009)
 Nikon D800 (2012)
 Nikon D800E (2012)
 Nikon D810 (2014)
 Nikon D4   (2012)
 Nikon D600 (2012)
 Nikon D610 (2013)

Orta Seviye

 Nikon D100 (2002)
 Nikon D200 (2005)
 Nikon D300 (2007)
 Nikon D80 (2006)
 Nikon D90 (2008) (Dünya'nın ilk video çekebilen DSLR'ı -720p)
 Nikon D300S (2009)
 Nikon D7000 (2010)
 Nikon D7100 (2013)
 Nikon D7200 (2015)

Giriş Seviyesi

 Nikon D70 (2004)
 Nikon D70s (2005)
 Nikon D50 (2005)
 Nikon D40 (2006)
 Nikon D40X (2007)
 Nikon D60 (2008)
 Nikon D7000 (2008)
 Nikon D3000 (2009)
 Nikon D5000 (2009)
 Nikon D3100 (2010)
 Nikon D5100 (2011)
 Nikon D3200 (2012)
 Nikon D5200 (2012)
 Nikon D5300 (2013) (Nikon'un ilk dahili GPS ve Wifi olan modeli)
 Nikon D3300 (2014)
 Nikon D5500 (2015)

Nikon FX Full Frame  Sensörlü Makineler
 Nikon D3
 Nikon D3S
 Nikon D3X
 Nikon D4
 Nikon D700
 Nikon D800
 Nikon D800E
 Nikon D600
 Nikon D610
 Nikon D810

Ayrıca bakınız
 Nikon Aw100
 Nikon D40

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Nikon fotoğraf makineleri tarihçesi (İngilizce)
 List of Nikon lenses in lenses DB (İngilizce)
 Fotomuhabir David Douglas Duncan'ın Nikon ile tanışması (İngilizce)
 Fotoğraf endüstrisinin en büyük firmaları, 2007 (İngilizce)

Fotoğraf makinesi üreten şirketler
Nikkei 225
1917'de kurulan şirketler

Nikon


جي إم كوريا هي شركة عملاقة لصناعة السيارات تأسست عام 1937م على يد كيم جونق وو في بوبيونغ - غو، انشيون، كوريا الجنوبية.

وبعد ذلك تم تغيير اسمها إلى سانيرا للسيارات في عام 1962م والتي اشترتها فيما بعد شركة شينجن الصناعية وذلك في عام 1965م، والتي غيرت اسمها إلى شينجن للسيارات بعد إقامة علاقات تعاون مع شركة تويوتا اليابانية.

بداياتها مع جنرال موتورز

في العام 1972م امتلكت جي إم كوريا شركة جنرال موتورز، فحينها بدأت شينجن للسيارات مشروع مشترك مع جنرال موتورز تحت اسم جنرال موتورز الكورية. وفي عام 1976م تم تغيير اسمها إلى مسمى سِاهان موتورز، وفي عام 1982م قامت مجموعة جي إم كوريا الكورية بالسيطرة على النسبة الأكبر من أسهم الشركة لتصبح تحت مسمى جي إم كوريا موتورز، ومنذ بداية العام 1990م بدأت الشركة بالتوسع إلى أن وصلت للعام 1996م حتى امتلكت شركة جي إم كوريا معظم أسهم جنرال موتورز الأمريكية، وعند اندلاع الأزمة المالية الآسيوية عام 1997م تكبدت الشركة الكثير من الخسائر حتى بقيت في صارعٍ مع الإفلاس حتى باعت اسهم شركة جاكور التي كانت تمتلكها في سبيل إعادة وضع الشركة المالي، وقد بدأت الشركة العمل تحت الآلية العالمية في 17 أكتوبر 2002م هي وشركاؤها سوزوكي وسايك وجنرال موتورزهولدن التي تشغل مقعداً في مجلس الشركاء، وتملكت جي إم كوريا جميع مصانع شركة تاتا الهندية، وأيضاً هناك حصة مقدارها 11% من شركة سوزوكي
اليابانية وفي عام 2010 صدرت جي إم الكورية ماليبو الجديده بعلامة شيفروليه بالشرق الأوسط واما في الصين فأصبحت بعلامة لينكون. وفي عام 2004 صدرت جي إم كوريا «اوبترا» لأول مرة بعلامة شيفرولية في جميع انحاء العالم، وفي نفس العام صدرت «ابيكا» للشرق الأوسط وتوقف انتاجها في عام 2009

أماكن التصنيع والتجميع

تقوم شركة جي ام كوريا بتصنيع سياراتها وقِطَعِها في مصانعها في كوريا الجنوبية، كما أنها تملك مصانع لتجميع السيارات في فيتنام، وفي الصين وو تايلند والهند وكولومبيا، حيث أنها تسوق سياراتها في أكثر من 140 بلداً حتى الآن، وكما أنها قد باعت في عام 2004م ما يقارب 900.000 تسع مئة ألف مركبة من مختلف الطرازات وهو يعتبر إنجاز غير مسبوق في عالم السيارات في كوريا الجنوبية.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1937 في كوريا
تأسيسات سنة 2002 في كوريا
شركات تصنيع مركبات أسست في 1937
شركات تصنيع مركبات أسست في 2002
شركات سيارات كورية
علامات تجارية كورية جنوبية
فروع جنرال موتورز
مصانع الشاحنات في كوريا الجنوبية

جي إم كوريا


Die Sri-lankische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2002 fand Ende November 2002 in Colombo statt. Es war die 50. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Sri Lanka.

Austragungsort
 Royal College Sports Complex, Colombo

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
http://web.archive.org/web/20121015194501/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2002/12/01/spo08.html

2002
Badminton 2002
Badmintonwettbewerb in Colombo


Sotis Volanis (Yunan: Σώτης Βολάνης, 20 Şubat 1971), Çingene kökenli Yunan şarkıcı-şarkı yazarıdır. İlk albümünü 2002 yılında çıkaran Volanis bu albümde yer alan "Poso Mu Lipis" adlı şarkıyla iyi bir çıkış yapmıştır. Şarkı daha sonra Bulgar, Sırp, Arap, Türk ve İsrailli şarkıcılar tarafından kendi dillerinde tekrar yorumlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Allmusic'te Sotis Volanis
 Discogs'ta Sotis Volanis
 Last.fm'de Sotis Volanis

Yaşayan insanlar
1971 doğumlular
Yunanistan Çingeneleri
Yunan erkek şarkıcılar
Yunan pop şarkıcıları
Yunan şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları

Sotis Volanis


Hans Schümann ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hans-Joachim Schümann (1919–1998), deutscher Pharmakologe
 Hans-Otto Schümann (1916–2014), deutscher Segelsportler, Segelsportfunktionär und Unternehmer

Hans Schümann