Bijesnici, Enražisti, (francuski: Les Enragés) su bili grupacija agitatora unutar jakobinaca poznati po zastupanju zahtijevanja radničke klase i radikalnih sankilota za vrijeme Francuske revolucije. Igrali su ključnu ulogu u ekspulziji žirondinaca iz Narodne skupštine, čime su osigurali vlast montanjara, tj. jakobinaca i kordeljera grupacije Planina.

Bijesnici su dobili ime po svojoj kritičkoj retorici Narodne skupštine prema potrebama siromaštva. Jacques Roux, Jean-François Varlet, Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc i Claire Lacombe, vođe Bijesnika, javno su isticali nezadovoljstvo nesposobnošću Narodne skupštine da provede ranija obečanja Francuske revolucije.

Zahtijevanja
Jacques Roux je 1793. godine održao govor u Narodnoj skupštini poznat kao Manifesto bijesnika (francuski: Le Manifeste des Enragés) u kojem su iskazana njihova glavna zahtijevanja. Tvrdio je da su sloboda i jednakost postali samo "uzaludni bauci" pošto su bogati profitirali na Francuskoj revoluciji nauštrb siromašnih. Predlagao je mjere kontrola cijena kao rješenje, tvrdeći: "Dobra potrebna za sve bi trebala biti cijene dostupne za sve". Također je tražio oštro kažnjavanje onih koji su sudjelovali u stvaranju ekonomskih monopola. Tražio je od Narodne skupštine da žustro reagira na kontrarevolucionarne aktivnosti.

Formacija Bijesnika
Bijesnici su formirani kao reakcija na nevoljkost jakobinaca da obuzdaju kapitalističku buržoaziju. Mnogi su se Parižani bojali da Narodna skupština štiti kriminalna djelovanja trgovaca nauštrb sankilota. Bijesnici su, iako nisu bili kohezivno tijelo, nudili osiromašenoj radničkoj klasi platformu za izražavanje nezadovoljstva. Njezino se nezadovoljstvo kroz Bijesnike često manifestiralo u obliku demonstracija, pobuna i plamenih govora.

Jacques Roux i Jean-Francois Varlet su ohrabrili pariško siromaštvo da jakobincima pristupi sa svojim zahtjevima te da ih nagovori na uspostavu kontrole cijena na osnovna dobra. Bijesnici su postavili i dvije predstavnice u Narodnoj skupštini da zastupaju njihov pokret. No, Narodna im skupština nije dopustila da zauzmu te pozicije, pošto je očekivano da samo muškarci mogu voditi uloge od političkog značaja u Republici. Takvo postupanje Narodne skupštine je izazvalo ljutnju stanovništva Pariza, i neki su je čak optužili da služi kao štit trgovačke elite. Daljnji pokušaji Bijesnika da se izjasne u Narodnoj skupštini su bili neuspješni. Odlučni u želji da ih se čuje, odgovorili su pobunom javnosti. Opljačkali su zemljišta bogate trgovačke elite, koristeći direktnu akciju kao alat zadovoljavanja potreba naroda. Bijesnici su poznati po korištenju legalnih i ilegalnih metoda kako bi postigli svoje ciljeve.

Bijesnike su činili članovi Narodne skupštine i sankiloti. Naglašavali su nedostupnost osnovnih dobara, posebno kruha. U svojem Manifestu bijesnika, Jacques Roux je Narodnoj skupštini izrazio i neposredne učinke rata nad udovicama i siročadi: "Zar je potrebno da udovice onih koji su poginuli za slobodu plate, po cijeni zlata, pamuk koji trebaju da obrišu svoje suze, te mlijeko i med koji trebaju njihovoj djeci?".

Optužili su trgovačku aristokraciju da namjerno zadržavaju pristup namirnicama i osnovnim dobrima kako bi dizali cijene. Bijesnici su takve aktivnosti prozvali kontrarevolucionarnim, urotom protiv interesa naroda. Isto su smatrali za simpatizere nedavno smaknutog kralja Luja XVI. Smatrali su da bi oni koji podržavaju ponovnu uspostavu monarhije ujedno i podržavali trgovce koji svojataju ključne resurse. Bijesnici su bili istaknuti protivnici žirondinaca, koji su svojevremeno tražili pomilovanje Luja XVI., kralja Francuske. Bijesnici su htjeli naglasiti Narodnoj skupštini da tiranija nije samo produkt monarhije, te da nepravda i opresija nisu završili s giljotiniranjem kralja. Smatrali su da se opresija javlja kada god jedan sloj društva pokušava monopolizirati većinu resursa, dokle istovremeno ne dopušta drugima pristup istim resursima.

Bijesnici su tražili od Narodne skupštine da ograniči trgovinu kako nebi "uništila, dovela u beznađe, ili izgladnila građane". Iako su se Bijesnici ponekada borili za svoje ciljeve unutar postoječih struktura vlasti, glavni cilj im je bila društvena i ekonomska reforma. Bili su grupa osnovana na direktnoj akciji, pokušavajući osigurati sve potrebe siromaštva.

Žene u Bijesnicima
Jean-Francois Varlet je bio svjestan velikog utjecaja žena u društvu, pogotovo Francuskoj revoluciji. Jean-Francois Varlet je oformio Bijesnike tako što je provocirao i motivirao siromašne žene radničke klase. Bijesnici su često postavljali žene kao zastupnike i govornike pokreta u Narodnoj skupštini. Revolucionarne proto-feministkinje su držale ključne pozicije u Bijesnicima, uključujući Claire Lacombe i Pauline Léon. Proto-feministkinje Francuske revolucije se smatraju kao uzor feminističkih pokreta ranog 19. stoljeća.

Istaknuti vođe
 Jacques Roux
Jacques Roux, katolički svećenik, bio je vođa Bijesnika. Roux je podržavao zahtijevanja narodnih masa i uspostavu prve Francuske republike. Sudjelovao je u seljačkim pokretima. Roux je tvrdio: "Spreman sam posvetiti i posljednju kap moje krvi Revoluciji koja je već promijenila sudbinu ljudskog roda tako što je ljude učinila međusobno jednakima, kao što su svi za svu vječnost pred očima Boga". Roux je vidio nasilje kao ključ uspjeha Francuske revolucije, te je čak bio onaj koji je kralja Luja XVI. otpratio do giljotine na dan njegova smaknuća.

 Jean Varlet
Jean Varlet, još jedan vođa Bijesnika, igrao je ključnu ulogu u rušenju monarhije i uspostave republike. Varlet nije polagao puno povjerenja u reprezentativnu demokraciju, te je zastupao direktnu demokraciju, te je zastupao i univerzalno pravo glasa. Htio je zaustaviti bogatu trgovačku elitu u svojim ambicijama da nakupljaju bogatstvo, te je tražio nacionalizaciju svih dobara podvrgnutih takvom tretmanu.

 Théophile Leclerc
Stekao je slavu u Parizu nakon govora u kojem je napao Luja XVI. pred Jakobincima. Nakon što se preselio u Lyon, oženio je Pauline Léon, revolucionarku. Tražio je smaknuće žirondinaca nakon insurekcije 2. lipnja.

 Claire Lacombe
Osnovala je Društvo revolucionarnih žena republikanki. Lacombe je poznata po svojoj nasilnoj retorici i akcijama. 26. svibnja 1793., Lacombe je skoro na smrt izbičevala žirondinku, Théroigne de Méricourt. Ubila bi je da Jean-Paul Marat nije intervenirao.

Izvori i poveznice

Bibliografija
 Hanson, Paul R. (2007). The A to Z of the French Revolution. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
 Giles, David (2003). "Représentation et souveraineté chez les Enragés (1792-1794)". In Le concept de Représentation dans la pensée politique. Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille.
 Guérin, Daniel (1977). Class Struggle in the First French Republic. Translated by Ian Patterson. London: Pluto Press.
 Leclerc, Théophile (2001). L'Ami du Peuple (1793). No. II. ed. Marc Allan Goldstein. New York: Lang.
 Mathiez, Albert (January 1977). "Les Enragés Et La Lutte Pour Le Maximum". Annales Révolutionnaires 9. pp. 456–483.
 Morris, Brian (1990). "The Sans-Culottes and the Enragés - Liberation Movements within the French Revolution". In The Anarchist Papers 3. Black Rose Books Ltd. pp. 132–152.
 Popkin, Jeremy D. (2015). A Short History of the French Revolution. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
 Richet, Denis (1989). "Enragés". In Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. ed. François Furet and Mona Ozouf. Harvard University Press.
 Rose, R. B. (1965). The Enragés: Socialists of the French Revolution?. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
 Roux, Jacques (1793). "Manifesto of the Enragés". Translation by Mitchell Abidor. Marxist Internet Archive.
 Slavin, Morris (1961). "Left of the Mountain: The Enragés and the French Revolution". Ph.D. diss. ProQuest. UMI Dissertations Publishing.
 Varlet, Jean-François (1793). "Declaration of the Rights of Man in the Social State". Translation by Mitchell Abidor. Marxist Internet Archive.
 Jean, Juares (2015). "The Enragés Against the High Cost of Living". In A Socialist History of the French Revolution. Pluto Press.

Francuska revolucija
Povijest
Francuska

Bijesnici


කොයින්රාඩ් එල්ස්ට් (උපත 1959 අගෝස්තු 7) බෙල්ජියම් පෙරදිගවාදියෙකු වන අතර පොත් විස්සකට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක කතුවරයා වේ. ඔහු හින්දු, ආගම, දේශපාලනය සහ ඉතිහාසය පිළිබඳ පොත් ලියා ඇත.

Bibliography
  (Also included in Vinay Chandra Mishra and Parmanand Singh, eds.: Ram Janmabhoomi Babri Masjid, Historical Documents, Legal Opinions & Judgments, Bar Council of India Trust, Delhi 1991.)
  IndiaStar: Koenraad Elst's "Ayodhya and After" review

  Desicritics.org: Book Review: Decolonizing the Hindu Mind, Dr. Koenraad Elst, Part I

New edition: Why I killed the Mahatma : uncovering Godse 	 Why I killed the Mahatma : uncovering Godse's defence (New Delhi : Rupa, 2018.)

  Lewiston, New York ; Lampeter, Wales : Edwin Mellen Press, [2016]
Pourquoi j'ai tué Gandhi, examen critique de la défense de Nathuram Godse par Koenraad Elst, Les Belles Lettres

 Book review: 'Ayodhya: The Finale'

  (2015)
 Still no trace of an Aryan invasion : a collection on Indo-European origins . Aryan Books International, 2018.
 Hindu Dharma and the Culture Wars. Rupa (2019)

 Het boek bij het Boek ("The companion book to the Book", Waregem 2009)
 The India chapter in Wim Van Rooy & Sam Van Rooy, eds.: De islam. Kritische essays over een politieke religie ("Islam: Critical Essays on a Political Religion"), ASP, Brussels 2010.
 De donkere zijde van het boeddhisme ("The Dark Side of Buddhism", Mens & Cultuur, Ghent 2010)
 Heidendom in India: hindoeïsme en christendom, dialoog tussen vreemden ("Paganism in India: Hindus and Christians, Dialogue between Strangers", Mens & Cultuur, Ghent 2014):

"Linguistic Aspects of the Aryan Non-Invasion Theory," In

Gujarat After Godhra: Real Violence, Selective Outrage/edited by Ramesh N. Rao and Koenraad Elst. New Delhi, Har-Anand Pub., 2003, 248 p., .

 (adapted from a paper of the International Ramayana Conference and the October 1995 Annual South Asia Conference in Madison, Wisconsin)
The Ayodhya debate: focus on the "no temple" evidence, World Archaeological Congress, 1998
"Ayodhya's three history debates", in Journal of Indian History and Culture (Chennai), September 2011.
"The gatherings of the elders: the beginnings of a Pagan international", Pomegranate (Equinox, Sheffield UK) 2012/1.
India's Only Communalist: In Commemoration of Sita Ram Goel (edited by Koenraad Elst, 2005)  (With contributions by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, Vishal Agarwal, N.S. Rajaram and others.)
An article on an attempt to ban a book by Ram Swarup, in Sita Ram Goel, ed.: Freedom of Expression (Voice of India 1998).

An article in the second edition of Ishwar Sharan's The Myth of Saint Thomas and the Mylapore Shiva Temple (Voice of India 1997).
A paper in Angela Marcantonio & Girish Nath Jha, eds.: Perspectives on the Origin of Indian Civilization (DK Printworld, Delhi 2013).
Elst, Koenraad. "Humour in Hinduism." Humour and Religion: Challenges and Ambiguities (2011): 35-53., in Hans Geybels & Walter Van Herck, eds.: Humour and Religion, Challenges and Ambiguities (Continuum, London 2011).
A paper  in P. Paramesvaran, ed.: Expressions of Christianity, with a focus on India (Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan, Chennai 2007).
Elst, Koenraad. "Manu as a weapon against egalitarianism: Nietzsche and Hindu political philosophy." Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought (2008): 543. Herman Siemens & Vasti Roodt, eds.: Nietzsche, Power and Politics (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2008).
Foreword to: The Prolonged Partition and Its Pogroms: Testimonies on Violence against Hindus in East Bengal (1946–1964) by A. J. Kamra (2000).

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු

Koenraad Elst
Blog
Twitter
Academia
 India Facts
 Pragyata
 Koenraad Elst, (2012) Meera Nanda against Hinduism and its friends: Koenraad Elst's real identity
 Koenraad Elst, (2013) The Wikipedia lemma on "Koenraad Elst": a textbook example of defamation

1959 උපත්

කොයින්රාඩ් එල්ස්ට්


Duncan McNab McEachran, né le 27 octobre 1841 et décédé le 13 octobre 1924, est un vétérinaire, éleveur et universitaire canadien originaire d'Écosse.

Biographie
Né à Campbeltown, en Écosse, il est le fils de David McEachran et de Jean Blackney.

Formation
Il entre à l'Edinburgh Veterinary College en 1858 et en est diplômé en 1861. Il reçoit son permis d'exercice du Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.

Émigration au Canada et enseignement
En 1862, il émigre au Canada et s'installe à Woodstock où il exerce. En 1863, il aide Andrew Smith à fonder à Toronto l'Upper Canada Veterinary School (devenu plus tard l'Ontario Veterinary College) où il enseigne. McEachran quitte l'établissement après trois ans, en raison d'un conflit sur les conditions d'admission de l'établissement, et s'installe à Montréal pour y exercer. En 1867, il publie avec Smith le premier manuel vétérinaire au Canada destiné aux agriculteurs, The Canadian horse and his diseases.

Fondation du Montreal Veterinary College
En 1866, McEachran participe à la création du Montreal Veterinary College, rattaché à l'Université Mc Gill à partir de 1889. Une section francophone ouvre en 1877. L'institution devient plus tard la Faculté de médecine comparée et des sciences vétérinaires de l'Université McGill.

McEachran participe à l'élaboration de mesures sanitaires pour lutter contre les épidémies chez les animaux et effectue de nombreux voyages aux États-Unis pour en étudier la prévention et le traitement notamment chez les chevaux. En 1885, il devient le premier inspecteur vétérinaire en chef au Canada. À la fin des années 1880, il aide à établir deux grands ranchs d'élevage de chevaux en Alberta, puis assure la gestion d'autres ranchs depuis sa maison de Montréal .

Fin de vie
Il meurt d'une crise cardiaque, après deux années de maladie.

Bibliographie

Articles de médecine vétérinaire
 Bulletin on typhoid fever in horses, improperly called influenza (Ottawa, 1901)
 Hog cholera and swine plague and verminous broncho-pneumonia (Ottawa, 1899)
 Maladie du coït (equine syphillis) (Ottawa, 1901)
 « On the intercommunicability of tuberculosis from animals to man and from man to animals », Montreal Medical Journal, 21 (1892–1893) : 801–812
 « On the prevention of tuberculosis in animals », Montreal Medical Journal, 28 (1899) : 410–422 ; Opening address ; Society of Comparative Psychology (in connection with the Montreal Veterinary College) (Montréal, 1888)
 « Osler and the Montreal Veterinary College », dans Sir William Osler memorial number ([Toronto], 1920) : 35–38 ; Tuberculosis in cattle (Ottawa, 1900) ; « Veterinary education », American Veterinary Rev. (Schaumburg, Ill.), 1 (1877) : 12s., 45–50, 85–92, 113–115.
« Sanitary measures in preventing disease in the U.S. and Canada » (communication ; United States Veterinary Medical Association à Philadelphie, 1876)

Récits de voyage
Impressions of pioneers, of Alberta as a ranching country, commencing 1881 (Ormstown, Québec, [1916 ?])
A journey over the plains : from Fort Benton to Bow River and back (Montréal, 1881)
Notes of a trip to Bow River, North-West Territories (Montréal, 1881)
Report of a visit to Great Britain and the continent of Europe in the winter of 1897–98 (Ottawa, 1898)

Postérité
Pour sa contribution au domaine de l'agriculture dans la province de Québec et au Canada, McEachran est intronisé à titre posthume au Temple de la renommée agricole du Canada en 1962 et au Temple de la renommée agricole du Québec en 1992. Il a été nommé personnage historique national par le gouvernement fédéral en 2016.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Études vétérinaires au Canada

Liens externes

Personnage historique national du Canada
Professeur à l'Université McGill
Étudiant de l'université d'Édimbourg
Monde équestre au Canada
Éleveur canadien
Histoire de la médecine vétérinaire
Naissance en octobre 1841
Décès en octobre 1924
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Duncan McNab McEachran


8681 Burs este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8681 Burs este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla în cadrul programului UESAC. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,05 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 2,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

8681 Burs


L'  (A.C.E.S.) est une technologie informatisée de prise de vue pour le contrôle du mouvement de la caméra. Le seul film utilisant cette technologie est  Le Trou noir (1979)

Historique

À la demande Ron Miller qui avait entendu parler de la Dykstraflex utilisée sur Star Wars que le studio lance le développement du A.C.E.S, le système de Matte scan a été amélioré pour intégrer une caméra multiplane et plus de contrôle informatique jusqu'à devenir le système  (A.C.E.S.). David Snyder indique toutefois que le studio avait contacté Lucasfilm pour utiliser le système Dykstraflex mais que la location était trop onéreuse.

L'équipe chargée du développement comprend Art Cruickshank, Eustace Lycett, Bob Otto, Don Iwerks et deux personnes du services informatiques de WED Entreprises David Inglish et David Snyder. Pour leur travail nécessitant beaucoup d'espace, l'équipe prend possession du Stage 3 des studios construit pour le film Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers (1954) et qui contient un réservoir. Le studio a dépensé un million d'USD pour développer la technologie A.C.E.S. qui est un système de caméra dont les détails techniques ont été déposé à l'.

Don Iwerks, fils d'Ub Iwerks, se souvient que le projet final a été présenté fin avril 1978, la construction et l'assemblage en mai 1978. Le système est prêt vers l'été 1978 et opérationnel en septembre, la partie informatique l'étant en octobre. Le système a été utilisé pour les vaisseaux spatiaux. Le studio espérait obtenir un Oscar technique pour Don Iwerks, Bob Otto, David Inglish, David Snyder et Steven Crane. Dave Smith indique que le système a été utilisé sur la séquence surnaturelle finale du film Les Yeux de la forêt (1980).

Le système

Il permet avec une caméra dirigée par ordinateur montée sur un support de filmer des miniatures et maquettes sans vibration, et cela de manière identique et répétée, offrant la possibilité de nombreuses prises tout en changeant les éclairages. Cruickshank précise que l'appareil basé sur une caméra multiplane peut effectuer deux révolutions et non pas une seule comme c'est souvent le cas quand on parle d'un objet tournant à 360°, Don Iwerks parle lui d'une rotation à 720°. L'A.C.E.S. ajoute quatre axes à ceux déjà existant de la caméra multiplane. Dykstra explique que les ordinateurs ont été utilisé comme catalogue des milliers mouvements de caméra nécessaire pour produire les effets spéciaux de lumière et les prises de vues des maquettes. Cela a permis de réduire le temps passé à calibrer les appareils. Selon David Inglish, les deux principales différences entre A.C.E.S. de Dykstraflex sont l'usage de l'informatique et le déplacement, le Dykstraflex propose un déplacement pas-à-pas et utilise l'ordinateur pour enregistrer la vidéo alors que le système Disney se déplace en continu et utilise l'informatique pour déplacer et positionner précisément la caméra. Cruickshank indique que dorénavant si une mise en place nécessite plus de 15 min, on refuse de tourner la scène avec une caméra multiplane alors qu'avant quatre heures pouvaient être nécessaires. Le système utilise un fond bleu de 16 par 25 pieds (5 x 8 m) fabriqué par Stewart Filmscreen.

Un système de plongée avait été envisagé en réutilisant le  de Paul Kenworthy et William R. Latady inventé en 1978, Kenworthy travaillant aussi pour Disney sur la série  True-Life Adventures. Mais il n'est pas adaptable à leur invention et l'équipe préfère utiliser une lentille de tangage. Bob Otto décrit cette lentille comme un périscope de  avec une lentille anamorphique, un objectif et des prismes en bas afin de pouvoir s'approcher au plus des maquettes et uniquement pour les maquettes.  Le système permettait aussi de définir le temps d'exposition de la caméra que l'appareil soit situé loin ou non des cadreurs. Pour la partie informatique, le studio achète un Data General Nova III avec des écrans et une imprimante Dasher, le tout assemblé dans le New Jersey.

Références

Effets spéciaux
Matériel de machinerie
Technique cinématographique
Technologie Disney

Automatic Camera Effects Systems


Neoklasični metal (eng. Neoclassical metal) je podvrsta heavy metala. Nastao je pod velikim utjecajem klasične glazbe, s posuđenim elementima speed metala. Često sadrži vrlo vješto sviranje instrumenata, pogotovo gitare. Ritchie Blackmore, gitarist rock sastava Deep Purple, smatra se pionirom žanra, tako što je spojio elemente klasične glazbe i blues rocka. Kasnije, Yngwie Malmsteen postao je jedan od najutjecajnijih glazbenika u žanru te je uvelike doprinosio razvoju žanra tijekom 1980-ih. Ostali utjecajni glazbenici su Randy Rhoads, Jason Becker, Tony MacAlpine, Vinnie Moore, Uli Jon Roth, Stéphan Forté, Timo Tolkki.

Povijest
Tijekom 1960-ih i 1970-ih, mnogo je radova utjecalo na ovaj žanr, album Deep Purplea Concerto for Group and Orchestra se vodi kao najvažniji. Drugi sastavi, kao Rainbow također su utjecali na žanr. Neoklasični metal bio je slabo razvijen i popularan žanr, sve do 1980-ih, kada je postao izrazito popularan.

"Zlatno doba" neoklasičnog metala počinje sredinom 1980-ih, gdje je mnoštvo samostalnih gitarista snimalo albume s brzim gitarskim solo dionicama. Švedski gitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, smatra se osnivačem, te još uvijek "kralj" neoklasičnog metala.

Neki od najpopularnijih sastava koji sadrže elemente neoklasičnog metala su: Rhapsody of Fire, Dark Moor, DragonForce, Stratovarius, Sonata Arctica, Nightwish itd.

Izvori

Podvrste heavy metala

Neoklasični metal


La Fédération populaire démocratique(, abrégé en FPD) est un parti politique espagnole fondé le 13 mars 1975 par l'ancien leader de la CEDA, José María Gil-Robles.

Voir aussi
 «Federación Popular Democrática prepara su congreso», El País, 4 de enero de 1977. consulté le 28 avril 2009.
 Resultados de las elecciones de 1977. consulté le 28 avril 2009.

Transition démocratique espagnole
Ancien parti politique en Espagne
Parti politique fondé en 1975
Parti politique disparu en 1977

Fédération populaire démocratique


Dudley Lincoln Steinwall - em cingalês: ඩඩ්ලි ලින්කන් ස්ටයින්වෝල් (Anuradhapura, 9 de novembro de 1974) é um ex-futebolista e treinador de futebol cingalês que jogava como zagueiro.

Carreira em clubes
Em 11 anos de carreira, Steinwall defendeu 5 equipes, com destaque para Renown e Negombo Youth, tendo 2 passagens por ambos, além de ter vestido as camisas de Blye Star e Ratnam SC. A única experiência fora de seu país foi em 2002, quando atuou no Valencia (Maldivas).

Carreira internacional
Pela Seleção Cingalesa, é o quarto jogador com mais partidas (45, entre 1993 e 2009), tendo feito 3 gols.

Carreira como treinador
Entre 2016 e 2018, Steinwall comandou a seleção do Sri Lanka, substituindo Sampath Perera. Comandou também o Defenders por uma temporada e, desde 2021, treina a seleção feminina dos Simha Lions.

Títulos
Renown
 Copa do Sri Lanka: 2002–03
Ratnam SC
 Campeonato Cingalês: 2008
Sri Lanka
 AFC Challenge Cup: 2006

Ligações externas
 Perfil de Dudley Steinwall- OGol.com.br

Futebolistas do Sri Lanka

Dudley Steinwall


Orlando Aliro Ramírez Vera (Santiago, 7 de mayo de 1943-ibíd., 26 de julio de 2018), apodado Chocolito, fue un futbolista chileno que se desempeñaba como volante y delantero.

Trayectoria
Si bien fue captado desde la primera infantil de Audax Italiano, debutó en  Primera División defendiendo los colores de Universidad Católica, club con el cual festejó el título de Primera División 1961, tras ganarle en la final de esa temporada a Universidad de Chile 4-3 en el marcador global (1-1 en la ida y 3-2 en la vuelta), en otra de las definiciones entre Universidad Católica y Universidad de Chile. Tras su paso por el club cruzado, jugó en Palestino entre 1965 y 1971, el último año en la Segunda División. Tras su retiro, volvió a jugar en la Primera División en 1977 defendiendo a Santiago Morning.

Cuando jugaba en Palestino fue convocado por la selección de fútbol de Chile para la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1966. Según compañeros de la época, tuvo una vida bohemia en paralelo a su trayectoria deportiva.

Clubes

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales

Referencias

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Chile en los años 1960
Futbolistas de Chile en la Copa Mundial de 1966
Futbolistas de Santiago de Chile
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Deportivo Universidad Católica
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Palestino en los años 1960
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Universidad Católica en los años 1950
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Universidad Católica en los años 1960
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Palestino en los años 1970

Orlando Ramírez


Calvagese della Riviera ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Brescia in der Lombardei. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 20 Kilometer östlich von Brescia. Die westliche Gemeindegrenze bildet der Chiese.

Geschichte
1928 wurde der Ortsteil Carzago, der bis dahin eigenständige Gemeinde war, eingemeindet.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Lombardei

Calvagese della Riviera


Ahal Region (; from , also ) is one of five provinces of Turkmenistan. It is in the south-center of the country, bordering Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range. Its area is  and population 939,700 (2005 est.).

Overview
In 2000, Ahal Region accounted for 14% of Turkmenistan's population, 11% of the total number of employed, 23% of agricultural production (by value), and 31% of the country's total industrial production.

Ahal's agriculture is irrigated by the Karakum Canal, which stretches all the way across the province from east to west, tracking Turkmenistan's southern border. Another water source is the Tejen River, which flows north from Afghanistan in the southeast corner of the province, passing through two large reservoirs south of the city of Tejen.

Ahal is known for the Battle of Geok Tepe of 1881, today the site of the imposing Saparmurat Hajji Mosque, and for the Bäherden underground warm lake (in the Kov Ata karst cave), both west of Ashgabat.

The administrative centre of Ahal Province is Arkadag, a $1.5 billion mostly greenfield development just west of the city limit of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan's capital city. The city was named in honor of former President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, whose official nickname is Arkadag.  The capital until 20 December 2022 was Änew (or Anau), a city on the south-eastern outskirts of Ashgabat. One other notable city is Tejen in the south-east near the border with Mary Province. Turkmenistan's largest city, Ashgabat, is surrounded by Ahal Province, but as the national capital it enjoys status equal to that of a province and is outside Ahal Province's jurisdiction.

History
From antiquity through the early 1800s, the area was populated by Persian-speaking peoples. Nisa, since 2013 located within the city limits of Ashgabat, was likely founded in the third century BCE and was the first capital of the Parthian Empire. The area just north of the Kopet Dag mountains forms an oasis due to runoff from the mountains and was thus part of the Silk Road caravan route from roughly 2000 BCE until around 1500 CE.

Turkmen period
British Lieutenant Colonel H.C. Stuart reported in 1881 that the Ahal branch of the Teke tribe of the Turkmen ethnic group arrived in the area around 1830 and established several semi-nomadic villages (auls) between what is now the city of Serdar and village of Gäwers, inclusive. The Ahal area was formally part of Persia but de facto autonomous under Turkoman tribal control until Russian forces defeated the Teke army at the Battle of Geok Tepe in January 1881.

Soviet period
Originally named Ashgabat oblasty in Turkmen (, Cyrillic Turkmen ), the future Ahal Province was initially formed on 21 November 1939, abolished on 25 May 1959, and reconstituted on 27 December 1973. In 1977 Ashgabat oblasty was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Independent Turkmenistan
On 14 December 1992, the People's Council () adopted Law No. 783-ХП, "On the Order of Deciding Issues of Administrative-Territorial Structure of Turkmenistan", and Resolution XM-6.  These statutes changed the Russian word oblast' (область), rendered in Turkmen Cyrillic as област, to the Persian loan word welaýat in reference to provinces.  The resolution renamed Ashgabat oblasty (, Turkmen Сyrillic: Ашгабат областы) to Ahal welaýaty. Anau was designated the capital of Ahal. The capital was moved to the new city of Arkadag on 20 December 2022.

Etymology
Ataniyazov wrote,The meaning of the name is not clear. Khiva historians Munis and Agahi write that the name means "drainage ditch" and it was so named because the Ahal lands were swampy and suitable for rice cultivation (MITT, II, p. 359)...Vambery, on the other hand, writes that the word is derived from the word ak [white] and the addition of -al (Vambery, p. 264).

Administrative subdivisions

Districts
Effective January 5, 2018, Ahal Province (Ahal welaýaty) is subdivided into 7 districts (etrap, plural etraplar):
Ak bugdaý (formerly Gäwers)
Babadaýhan (formerly Kirov)
Bäherden (formerly Baharly)
Gökdepe
Kaka
Sarahs
Tejen

Municipalities
As of 9 November 2022, the province included 9 cities (города or şäherler), 9 towns (посёлки or şäherçeler), 82 rural or village councils (сельские советы or geňeşlikler), and 231 villages (села, сельские населенные пункты or obalar).

 Altyn Asyr
 Änew
 Arkadag (provincial capital)
 Babadaýhan
 Bäherden
 Gökdepe
 Kaka
 Sarahs
 Tejen

As of May 2013 Ruhabat District and the city of Abadan (today called Büzmeýin), until then in Ahal Province, were incorporated into the city of Ashgabat and abolished as separate municipalities.  In January 2018, the Babadaýhan District of Ahal Province was re-established, and the Kaka, Tejen, Sarahs Districts were reaffirmed.  Baharly's former name, Bäherden, was restored in the same decree, and the Altyn Asyr District was abolished.

On 9 November 2022 the new city of Arkadag was formally incorporated as the new capital city of Ahal and was accorded district status.

Economy

Agriculture

Ahal produces wheat and cotton.  Cotton grown in Ahal is ginned at mills in Akdepe, Gökdepe, Kaka, and Tejen, and spun into cotton yarn at mills in Ashgabat, Gökdepe, and Kaka. Textile complexes are found in Ashgabat, Akdepe (Bäherden), Gökdepe, and Kaka.

Cotton seed is crushed for extraction of oil and meal at the Ahal Vegetable Oil Enterprise plant near Ovadandepe. It was opened on 17 May 2010 with a design capacity to process 96,000 tons of cotton seed per year, with daily production of 50 tons of cottonseed oil, 10 tons of margarine, 140 tons of cottonseed meal and 70 tons of soybean hulls.

Industry
On June 28, 2019, a $1.7 billion factory for producing gasoline out of natural gas was commissioned in Ovadandepe, Gökdepe District.  Built by Rönesans and Kawasaki using technology from Haldor Topsoe, the factory has a design capacity of 600,000 tonnes of gasoline, 12,000 tonnes of Diesel fuel, and 115,000 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gas per year, produced from 1.7 billion cubic meters of natural gas.

In 2019, Turkmenistan produced 5.1 million standard square meters (4mm thickness) of sheet glass, all of it in Ahal. A $375 million float glass and glass container plant built by Tepe Inşaat of Turkey was opened February 14, 2018, in Ovadandepe north of Ashgabat. It replaced a Soviet-era glass factory located in central Ashgabat.  In 2019, the value of Turkmenistan's glass exports as reported by trading partners was $9.5 million.

A steel smelter, Türkmen Demir Önümleri Döwlet Kärhanasy (), operating on scrap metal is located at kilometer 22 on the Ashgabat-Dashoguz Automobile Highway near Ovadandepe.  It produces mainly rebar and channel iron.

The $240 million Tejen urea (carbamide) plant, inaugurated on March 18, 2005, has a design capacity of 350,000 tonnes of urea per year.

The Baherden Cement Plant, put into operation in 2005, has a design capacity of one million tons of cement per year. In 2019 the Baherden plant reportedly was operating at 64% of capacity. The Kelete Cement Plant has a design capacity of one million tons per year, but as of 2019 was producing at 8.1% of that level.

The Derweze State Electrical Power Station (), a 504.4 megawatt power plant built by Çalık Enerji in 2015, is located near Ovadandepe. The Ahal State Power Station (), located about 9 kilometers NE of Anau, with design capacity of 650 megawatts, was constructed in 2010 to power the city of Ashgabat and expanded in 2013 and 2014 to power the Olympic Village.

Government installations
The Ovadandepe Prison is located approximately 30 kilometers NNW of G. Orazow adyndaky oba, the seat of the Ovadandepe Rural Council ().  The National Space Agency's ground station for communicating with the TurkmenÄlem-52E satellite is located approximately 6 kilometers north of the Ashgabat city limit off the P-1 highway.

People
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Nurmuhammet Hanamow
Berdi Kerbabayev
Saparmurat Niyazov

See also
 Teke (Turkmen tribe) § History
 Darvaza gas crater, a persistent natural gas fire
 OpenStreetMap Wiki: Ahal Province
 OpenStreetMap Wiki: Districts in Turkmenistan

References

External links

Regions of Turkmenistan
Khorasan

Ahal Region


Mehanički čekić može biti ručni i strojni, a najčešće je pogonjen stlačenim zrakom (komprimiranim zrakom - pneumatski čekić). Kao ručni primjenjuju se u građevinarstvu za prekopavanje cesta, razbijanje betona i kamena, u kotlogradnji za zakivanje, podbijanje, porubljivanje ili za izradbu žljebova za zavarene spojeve. Kao strojni primjenjuju se za izradu bušotina u rudarstvu, klesarstvu i građevinarstvu. Osnovicu mehanizma čine stublina (cilindar) i stap, koji služi kao malj. On se s pomoću stlačenog zraka ubrzava i udara po dlijetu ili alatu ritmom od 1500 do 3500 hodova u minuti. Tlak je zraka od 5 do 7 bara. Udarci po dlijetu, svrdlu ili alatu mogu se proizvesti posebnim mehanizmom uz pomoć rotacije osovine elektromotornim pogonom (udarni čekić). Takav mehanizam omogućuje i do 22 000 udaraca u minuti.

Pneumatski udarni cilindar

Pneumatski udarni cilindar koristi se kad je potrebno ostvariti udarno djelovanje (kovanje, zakivanje, utiskivanje i slično). Karakteristika ovih cilindara je masivni klip bez klipnjače koji na jednom kraju hoda udara u alat. Svojim kretanjem naprijed-nazad klip naizmjenično otvara i zatvara dva aksijalna (uzdužna)
provrta u cilindru. Time se kroz provrte naizmjenično odzračuje prednja i stražnja komora cilindra. To dovodi do naizmjeničnih promjena tlaka koje prebacuju položaj ventila za napajanje ("bistabil"). Tako se kroz taj ventil tlak napajanja naizmjenično dovodi u prednju i stražnju komoru, što dovodi do oscilatornog kretanja klipa naprijed-nazad.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pneumatika
Alati

Mehanički čekić


Brontosaurus excelsus (del gr. "lagarto trueno excelso") es una especie y tipo del género extinto Brontosaurus de dinosaurio saurópodo diplodócido que vivió a finales del periodo Jurásico hace aproximadamente entre 155 a 152 millones de años en el Kimmeridgiense  de Norteamérica.
Brontosaurus fue originalmente nombrado por su descubridor Othniel Charles Marsh en 1879. Brontosaurus por mucho tiempo había sido considerado como un sinónimo más moderno de Apatosaurus, y la especie original, Brontosaurus excelsus fue reclasificada como A. excelsus en 1903. Sin embargo, un extenso estudio publicado en 2015 concluyó que Brontosaurus es un género válido de saurópodo y distinto de Apatosaurus. En el mismo estudio se reclasificó a dos especies que habían sido consideradas anteriormente como parte de Apatosaurus como Brontosaurus parvus y Brontosaurus yahnahpin. Las especies de Brontosaurus se extienden en un rango temporal de 155 a 152 millones de años, durante la época del Kimmeridgiense de la zona inferior a media de la Formación Morrison en Wyoming y Utah, en Estados Unidos.

Referencias

Véase también
 Brontosaurus

Diplodocoidea
Dinosaurios del Jurásico
Dinosaurios de América del Norte
Animales extintos descritos en 1879

Brontosaurus excelsus


العملة الإلكترونية (أو الرقمية) أو نقود إلكترونية  تشير إلى المال أو العملة التي تتبادل فقط إلكترونيا. عمليا يتضمن ذلك شبكات حواسيب، الإنترنت وبرامج تخزين معلومات إلكترونية. تشمل العملة الإلكترونية حوالات الأموال الالكترونية والدفع المباشر. كذلك فهي تعبير جامع للتعمية الاقتصادية والتقنية التابعة لها.

مع أن العملة الإلكترونية كانت موضوعا مثيرا للتعمية، فان العملة الرقمية لا تزال قليلة الانتشار في سوق الإنترنت حتى اليوم. ومن بين أشهرها نذكر بتكوين.

التاريخ
في 1983، قدم ديفيد تشوم ورقة أبحاث شرحت فكرة العملة الإلكترونية. وفي 1990، أسس شركة ديجي كاش وهي شركة مختصة بالعملات الرقمية مقرها في أمستردام لتسويق الأفكار في بحثه. قدمت دعوى للإفلاس في عام 1998. في عام 1999، غادر تشوم الشركة.

في عام 1997، عرضت شركة كوكا كولا الشراء من ماكينات البيع باستخدام مدفوعات الهاتف المحمول. بعد ذلك ظهرت باي بال في عام 1998. وتبعتها أنظمة أخرى، مثل إي-غولد، ولكنها واجهت مشاكل لأنها كانت تستخدم من قبل المجرمين وأغلقت من قبل وزارة العدل الأمريكية في عام 2005. في عام 2008، تم تقديم بيتكوين، والذي يمثل بداية العملات الرقمية.

ترجع أصول العملات الرقمية إلى فقاعة الإنترنت في تسعينيات القرن العشرين. واحدة من الأولى كانت إي-غولد، والتي تأسست في عام 1996 وبدعم من الذهب. وهناك خدمة أخرى معروفة للعملات الرقمية هي ليبرتي ريسيرف، التي تأسست في عام 2006؛ وكانت تتيح للمستخدمين تحويل الدولارات أو اليورو إلى ليبرتي ريسيرف دولار أو يورو، وتبادلها بحرية مع بعضهم البعض برسوم 1٪. كانت كلتا العملتين مركزيتين، ويشتهران باستخدامهما لغسل الأموال، مما استدعى إغلاقها من قبل الحكومة الأمريكية. استخدمت العملة كيو أو كيو كيو، كنوع من العملة الرقمية القائمة على السلع الأساسية على منصة الرسائل كيو كيو وظهرت في أوائل عام 2005. كانت عملات كيو فعالة للغاية في الصين حيث قيل إن لها تأثير مزعزع للاستقرار على عملة اليوان الصيني بسبب المضاربة. وقد أثار الاهتمام الأخير بالتبادلات المشفرة اهتمامًا متجددًا بالعملات الرقمية، مع استخدام بيتكوين، في عام 2008، لتصبح العملة الرقمية الأكثر استخدامًا وقبولًا.

انظر أيضاً
 انترنت
 التسويق الإلكتروني
 تسوق عبر الانترنت
 تجارة إلكترونية
 سوق الإنترنت
 عملة معماة
 بيتكوين

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 البيتكوين العربي: أول مدونة عربية تهتم بالعملات الالكترونية من بيتكوين ولايت كوين ودوغ كوين

عملات إلكترونية

نقود إلكترونية


Pont de Neuilly () is a station on Paris Métro Line 1, situated in the prosperous suburban commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine. Between 1940 and 1950 it was known as Pont de Neuilly, Avenue de Madrid.

Location
The station is located under Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle (RN 13) at its intersection with Avenue de Madrid. Oriented approximately along a north-west/south-east axis, it is situated between the Esplanade de la Défense and Les Sablons metro stations, separated from the former by an above-ground crossing of the Seine river in the centre of the Pont de Neuilly bridge, with a grade of 6%, the steepest in the network. In the direction of La Défense, it is the last classic station available on this part of the line.

It is named after the Pont de Neuilly, a nearby bridge. The bridge - which carries parallel road and rail links between Neuilly and La Défense, over the river Seine - is in fact nearer to the Esplanade de la Défense metro station than to the Pont de Neuilly metro station.

It was the western terminus of Line 1 from 1937 until 1992, before the western extension to La Défense metro was opened. Above the station lies an esplanade from which one can see the area of La Défense.

History
The station was opened on 29 April 1937 as the western terminus of line 1 from Château de Vincennes, replacing the original terminus at Porte Maillot. It owes its name to its relative proximity to the Neuilly bridge, linking Neuilly-sur-Seine on the right bank of the Seine to the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux on the left bank, in line with the historic Parisian axis. The station was named Pont de Neuilly - Avenue de Madrid from 1940 to 1950 to highlight its location at the intersection of the Avenue de Madrid, which takes its name from the capital of Spain.

The station was modernized after 1988 by the adoption of the decorative style Ouï-dire on the platforms, green in this case.

On 1 April 1992, it became a transit station with the inauguration of the extension to Grande Arche de la Défense (now La Défense). This extension required the complete takeover of the rear station in order to allow the passage of the line on the Pont de Neuillyy, the basement constrained at that time by the presence of the tunnel of RER A line, built during the 1960s.

As part of the automation of line 1, the platforms were raised to accommodate platform screen doors, installed between mid-June and mid-July 2009, making this station the second on the line to benefit from these doors after Bérault.

In 2019, according to RATP estimates, 6,902,027 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 41st position of metro stations for its usage out of 302. In the same year, the docks lost their asphalt pavement to dark tiles.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 3,678,074 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 36th position of metro stations for its usage.

In 2021, attendance gradually increases, with 4,822,599 passengers entering this station which places it in the 41st position of metro stations for its usage.

Passenger services

Access
The station has three entrances divided into six metro accesses, established on the side medians of Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle:
 Access no. 1 Rue du Château: two fixed stairs, one decorated with a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle, leading to no. 168 of the avenue;
 Access no. 2 Avenue de Madrid: a fixed staircase to the right of no. 205 Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle and an escalator facing Nos. 203 and 203 bis;
 Access no. 3 Rue de l'Église: a fixed staircase with a yellow totem "M" leading to the right of no. 185 Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle and an escalator going up to the Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Neuilly-sur-Seine at no. 158.

Each stair hopper has the particularity, treated in flat brown tiles laid vertically and aligned.

Station layout

Platforms
Pont de Neuilly is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms, 105 meters long, separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the Ouï-dire green style. The lighting canopies, of the same colour, are supported by curved braces in the shape of a scythe. The direct lighting is white as well as, unlike most light canopies of this style, indirect lighting. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, vault, tunnel exits and outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are green and cylindrical and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The platforms are tiled in anthracite grey and equipped with green Motte style shell seats as well platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by bus lines 43, 73, 93, 157, 158, 174 and 176 of the RATP Bus Network and by lines N11, N24 and N153 of the Noctilien night bus service.

Some of these lines terminate at the bus station overlooking the station; this space is extended to the northwest by an esplanade from which emerges a view of the business district of La Défense.

Nearby
 Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Neuilly-sur-Seine

Gallery

References

Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in Neuilly-sur-Seine
Railway stations in France opened in 1937
Articles containing video clips

Pont de Neuilly station


مجلة أسامة هي مجلة سورية نصف شهرية للأطفال تصدر في دمشق عن وزارة الثقافة السورية، صدر العدد الأول منها في تاريخ 1 شباط من عام 1969، وهي متخصصة بكل ما يتعلق بالطفل وتنمية وثقافة الأطفال واليافعين وتنشر اليوم المجلة في كافة المحافظات السورية والأقطار المجاورة، ولم تتأثر المجلة كثيراً بالأزمة السورية وما زالت تبدع أفكار ثقافية جميلة.

ترأس المجلة نخبة من الأساتذة عادل أبو شنب ثم زكريا تامر ثم ميشيل كيلو ثم دلال حاتم. وقد رسم بها ممتاز البحرة مبدع شخصية أسامة وماجد وشنتير وغيرهم، كذلك رسم بها طه الخالدي و نذير نبعة والفنان نعيم إسماعيل كما رسم بها يوسف عبدلكي ولجينة الأصيل ونزار غازي. ويبلغ سعر المجلة في سورية خمساً وثلاثين ليرة سورية، وسعرها عالميا دولار وخمسين سنت.

وفي مطلع عام 2016 تم تكليف الشاعر السوري قحطان بيرقدار برئاسة تحرير مجلة أسامة، ولا يزال يترأس تحريرها حتى الآن.

انظر أيضا

 أروى (مجلة)
 مجلة ماجد

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الصفحة الرسمية لمجلة أسامة على موقع الهيئة العامة السورية للكتاب.

تأسيسات سنة 1969
مجلات أطفال سورية
مجلات أسست في 1969
مجلات باللغة العربية

مجلة أسامة


Old Santeclaus with Much Delight est un poème illustré anonyme pour enfants publié à New York en 1821, antérieur de deux ans à la première publication de A Visit from St. Nicholas. C'est la première publication à mentionner (et à illustrer) un renne du Père Noël et son traîneau, ainsi que la première à décrire son arrivée la veille de Noël. Les illustrations qui l'accompagnent sont les premières représentations artistiques publiées d'une figure du Père Noël.

Publication
Le poème, avec huit illustrations gravées en couleur, a été publié à New York par William B. Gilley en 1821 sous la forme d'un petit livre de poche intitulé The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve. Les noms de l'auteur et de l'illustrateur ne sont pas connus. Les illustrations ont été reproduites lithographiquement, le premier exemple de lithographie aux États-Unis.

Publié dans la même ville que le portrait antérieur du Père Noël de Washington Irving dans l'Histoire de New York de Knickerbocker, le poème a peut-être directement inspiré un autre New Yorkais, Clement Clarke Moore, pour créer le Père Noël moderne dans «' Twas the Night before Christmas ».

Développement de la figure du Père Noël
Le livre de Gilley comprend quelques éléments importants dans le développement précoce du Père Noël : son lien avec l'hiver nordique, le renne et le traîneau, et son arrivée la veille de Noël plutôt que le 6 décembre (le jour de la fête traditionnelle de la Saint-Nicolas).

Les gravures qui l'accompagnent sont les premières images d'une figure du Père Noël. Ils montrent Santeclaus vêtu d'une tenue rouge et sont la première référence à un vêtement de cette couleur. Bien que le rouge ait été traditionnellement associé aux robes d'évêque, telles que celles que saint Nicolas aurait pu porter, la tenue montrée n'est pas celle d'un évêque et ne représente pas non plus les anciens vêtements hollandais de saint Nicolas tels que décrits par Washington Irving et James Kirke Paulding.

Le Santeclaus n'apporte de cadeaux que pour les "bons" enfants, et dans la première illustration, ils sont explicitement appelés "récompenses". Les enfants « vilains » reçoivent une « longue tige de bouleau noir » dont l' utilisation pour la punition parentale est approuvée comme un « ordre de Dieu ».

Le poème

Old SANTECLAUS with much delight
His reindeer drives this frosty night,
O'r chimney tops, and tracts of snow,
To bring his yearly gifts to you.

The steady friend of virtuous youth,
The friend of duty, and of truth,
Each Christmas eve he joys to come
Where peace and love have made their home.

Through many houses he has been,
And various beds and stockings seen;
Some, white as snow, and neatly mended,
Others, that seemed for pigs intended.

To some I gave a pretty doll,
To some a peg-top, or a ball;
No crackers, cannons, squibs, or rockets,
To blow their eyes up, or their pockets.

Where e're I found good girls or boys,
That hated quarrels, strife and noise,
I left an apple, or a tart,
Or wooden gun, or painted cart;

No drums to stun their Mother's ear,
Nor swords to make their sisters fear;
But pretty books to store their mind
With knowledge of each various kind.

But where I found the children naughty,
In manners crude, in temper haughty,
Thankless to parents, liars, swearers,
Boxers, or cheats, or base tale-bearers,

I left a long, black, birchen rod,
Such as the dread command of GOD
Directs a Parent's hand to use
When virtue's path his sons refuse.

Galerie

Références

Noël aux États-Unis

Old Santeclaus with Much Delight


بلدية لاغران (بالإسبانية: Lagrán) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية لاغران 184 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية لاغران

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

لاغران


فلاوي (أو فليوه) أو (فلاوة) هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء بعلبك في محافظة البقاع.

الموقع والخصائص.
تقع فلاوى في قضاء بعلبك ، محافظة البقاع، مركز المحافظة زحلة ومركز القضاء بعلبك، ترتفع عن سطح البحر حوالي (1200)م ، تبعدها عن بيروت مسافة تقدر بحوالي (104) كم عبر بعلبك وعبر بيت شاما، وعن مركز المحافظة زحلة (53) كم، وعن مركز القضاء بعلبك (18) كم، أهم الزراعات بها الأشجار المثمرة والزيتون والحبوب والحنطة . يبلع متوسط مساحة أراضيها حوالي (2798) هكتاراً.

التسمية والأثار.
هناك من يري أن اسم فلاوى روماني ومعناه"المحطة" ، في حين يري البعض أنه اسم جمع لكلمة FILA الآرامية ، التي تعني "الشق والانفراج بين جبلين" ، ويقال أن البلدة كانت مصيفاً لسكان بعلبك الرومان. وقد حفظ وسط البلدة مغاور عملت فيها يد الإنسان، في داخلها نواويس ونقوش محفورة في الصخور، كما يوجد بها بقايا أبنية بالغة القدم ، وكثيراً ما تم الكشف عن آنية فخارية تحت ترابها.

عائلاتها.
التركيبة السكانية في فلاوى تتألف من : الشيعة (أغلبية حوالي 96%) ، وقليل من السنة ، والمسيحية المارونية ، ويبلغ عدد العائلات المميزة بها حوالي (157) عائلة نذكر من بينها: السبلاني، شمص ، ناصيف، فخرالدين، اذا، شريف، المصري، هدوان، أوذا (أوزا)، عساف، دياب، مظلوم ، مشيك،الموسوي، فرحات، أيوب، المقداد،كنعان، الملاح، هاشم، خير الدين ، عرب.

حديقة حيوان فلاوي
من المعالم الحديثة في فلاوى، وهي عبارة عن حديقة كبيرة للحيوانات ، جاءت فكرة تأسييسها من قبل أحد أبناء البلدة والذي كان عاشقاً للحيوانات، وهو محمد أركان السبلاني، والذي أراد تنفيذ مشروع فريد من نوعه في البلدة لتكون معلمًا سياحياً ولتضع فلاوى علي الخريطة السياحية للبنان، بدات فكرة انشاء الحديقة بأسد ولبوة ، ثم تطورت لتضم عدداً كبيراً من الحيوانات المختلفة التي جلبها السبلاني من افريقيا مثل: النمر السيبيري، النمر البنغالي ، الفهد الأسود، الاسود، اللاما ، الغزلان، الجمال، بالإضافة إلي مجموعة كبيرة من الطيور. ولم يكن هدف السبلاني التجارة والربح بقدر ما كان إحياء وانعاش المنطقة وتعريف الناس بها ، تم افتتاح الحديقة في 2016م.

المراجع.

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء بعلبك
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
قضاء بعلبك
مدن لبنان
مستوطنات العصر الحجري الحديث
مواقع أثرية في لبنان

فلاوي


Volkswagen, Almanya'da, 1937 yılında tek model halk tipi otomobil üretimi için Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi lideri yani Adolf Hitler tarafından Alman Otomotiv Birliğine kurdurulan otomobil firması. Şirketin adı, Almanca'da halkın arabası anlamına gelmektedir. Volkswagen AG bünyesinde hizmet verir. Brezilya'daki fabrikalarında VW Titan Tractor adıyla kamyon üretimine başlamıştır. Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'ndeki fabrikasında Volksbus adıyla otobüs üretmektedir. 1967'den beri Brezilya Sao Bernardo Campo fabrikasında üretilen Combi modeli, çağdaş güvenlik şartlarına uyum sağlayamadığı için Temmuz 2013'te üretimi durdurulmuştur. Volkswagen ABD'de aldığı ceza için slogan olarak "Volkswagen (Halkın Arabası)"i 2014 yazından beri kullanmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Volkswagen aslen Alman Emek Cephesi (Deutsche Arbeitsfront) tarafından 1937 yılında kuruldu. 1940'tan sonra Alman savaş gücünü arttırmak için harekete geçirilen Volkswagenwerk (Wolfsburg), kara ve hava taşıtlarının, özellikle uzun menzilli V-1 ve V-2 güdümlü füzelerin yapımı için sanayi gücünü ordunun emrine verdi. II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra Volkswagen'in denetimini, Milli İktisat Bakanlığı, Maliye Bakanlığı, Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti, Aşağı Saksonya Hükumeti, fabrika yönetici ve personeli temsilcilerinden kurulu on beş kişilik bir kurul üzerine aldı. Volkswagen "biz teknoloji üretiriz, diğerleri uygular" sloganını doğrularcasına dünyanın ilk hava soğutmalı motor sistemini üretti. Bunun nedeni su soğutmalı motorların II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Rusya'nın sert iklimine dayanamayıp zarar görmesinden kaynaklanır. 1948'de Heinz Nordhoff (Berlin-Charlottenburg Politeknik okulu mühendisi, doğ. 1899) tarafından yeniden teşkilatlandırılan Volkswagenwerk, 1950'den sonra başlangıçtaki üretim kapasitesine ulaştı. 1953'te Batı Almanya'nın en çok otomobil üreten fabrikası haline geldi. Volkswagen, Adolf Hitler'in Alman halkını otomobil sahibi yapmak için yaptığı en geniş kapsamlı proje olarak kabul ediliyor.

1980'li yıllarda Volkswagen
Volkswagen, 1980'li yıllarda dünya çapında genişleme hedefine ulaşmak için çalışmalara hız verdi. Uluslararası alanda faaliyete girişmeden önce kendi ürün çeşitlerini tamamen modernleştiren şirket, yeniden Avrupa'nın 1 numaralı markası olma yolunda kararlı adımlarla ilerledi. Markanın en başarılı modeli olan Golf'ün yanı sıra Polo ve onun sedan versiyonu Derby, sportif coupé modeli Scirocco, orta sınıf otomobili Passat ve Eylül 1981'de, Passat'ın sedan versiyonu olarak tanıtılan Santana modeli bulunuyordu. Efsanevi Beetle'ın üretimi, Meksika'da ve yeni yapılan bir anlaşmayla Mısır'da devam etmekteydi. Bu modelin toplam üretim sayısı, 15 Mayıs 1981 günü 20 milyon adede ulaştı. Sıra, en çok talep gören modelin, yani Golf'ün yenilenmesine gelmişti ve ikinci nesil Golf, birinci nesil gibi büyük bir ilgiyle karşılandı. Benzinli ve dizel motorların yanı sıra yeni Golf'ün bir de çevre kirlenmesini önleyen katalitik egzoz sistemli motor seçeneği vardı. Çevreye duyarlı emisyon sistemi, zamanla yaygınlaşıp tüm modelleri kapsayacaktı.

Genç bireyler arasında çok popüler olan "GTI" modeline yüksek performanslı 16 supaplı bir motor, Mayıs 1985'te ilave edildi. Bu modelin uluslararası otomobil sporundaki başarıları kısa zamanda gündeme gelmeye başlamıştı ve 1986'da Grup A Dünya Ralli Şampiyonu oldu.

23 Mart 1987 günü üretim bandından inen beyaz bir Golf CL modeliyle Volkswagen, hiçbir markanın kıramadığı bir rekora imza attı: Bu modelle Volkswagen, dünya çapında ürettiği 50 milyonuncu otomobilini üretim bandından indirdi. Ve böylece Golf, sadece Almanya'nın değil, artık bütün Avrupa'nın en çok beğenilen otomobili olmuştu. Bir yıl sonra, yani 8 Haziran 1988'de, Golf'ün toplam üretim adedi 10 milyona ulaştı. 4 Temmuz 1989'da ise emektar Wolfsburg fabrikasından 25 milyonuncu adet, üretim bandından indi. Bütün bu rekorlar birbiri ardına devam ederken, otomobil pazarındaki yerini sağlamlaştıran Volkswagen, kendini 1990'lı yılların getireceği daha da çetin bir rekabete hazırlıyordu.

1990'lı yıllarda Volkswagen
1990'lı yıllar Volkswagen için diğer markalara göre oldukça inovatif bir dönem olmuştur. Özellikle, Japon ve Güney Kore pazarının Avrupa, Amerika ve diğer pazarlara agresif bir şekilde girmesi, Volkswagen'i daha stratejik davranmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Volkswagen 1990'lı yılların başında Golf MK2 modeliyle oldukça ün salmış ve ciddi boyutta kar marjına ulaşmayı başarmıştır. Bu süreç içerisinde Passat modelini de ihmal etmemiş ve D sınıfına da hitap eden otomobillerin arasında yer almıştır. 1990'lı yılların sonunda gelindiğinde ise, Volkswagen milenyum çağına ait olacak olan yeni Golf ve Passat modellerini tanıtmış ve satışlarına 2000 yılına gelmeden başlamıştır. Aynı zamanda Volkswagen, B sınıfı otomobil grubuna ağırlık vermeye başlamış ve Polo modeliyle de pazar payını büyütme konusunda zirveye oynamıştır.

Volkswagen tasarım modelleri
1980'li yıllarla birlikte Volkswagen yeni bir hamle daha geliştirerek, gelecek yılların tekniğine ışık tutacak model tasarımları çıkarmaya başladı. Şirketin araştırma ve geliştirme faaliyetleri içinde yürütülen bu çalışmalar için 9.000 m² ofis ve laboratuvar alanı ile 6.000 m² atölye ve deney alanı tahsis edildi. Geliştirilmiş konfor, yüksek hızda güvenlik ve çevre kirliliği sorunları, bu bölümde derinlemesine inceleniyordu. AUTO 2000 projesi bu amaçla geliştirilen ilk model oldu. Hız denemelerinde kullanılan IRVW II modelinden sonra çarpıcı stili olan IRVW 4-Futura modeli geliştirildi. Bu modelin taşıdığı özellikler arasında martı kanadı gibi açılan geniş yan kapılar, ABS fren sisteminin yanı sıra otomatik park etme sistemi de vardır. Bu nedenle de hem ön, hem de arka lastikleri yön değiştirebiliyordu.

İlk otomobilleri, Hitler'in her Alman ailesini bir otomobil sahibi yapma düşüncesi doğrultusunda, Porsche firması tarafından tasarlanıp üretilmeye başlanan, oldukça ekonomik ve kullanışlı olan, Türkiye'de "kaplumbağa" ya da "tosbağa" olarak bilinen (İngilizcede Beetle, yani böcek) modeliyle Volkswagen'in ünü tüm dünyaya yayıldı. Tüm dünyada 20 milyondan fazla üretilmiş olan bu modelin üretimi 2003 yılına kadar devam etti. Aynı modelin günümüze uyarlanmış yeni versiyonu olan New Beetle ise 1999 yılında piyasaya sürüldü. Volkswagen, bugün birçok modeliyle dünya pazarında söz sahibi olan önemli bir otomobil firmasıdır.

Şu sıralar, TSI kodlu yeni motorunu Polo, Golf,Jetta, Scirocco modellerine monte edip satışa sürmektedir. Bu motor, 1.4 litre hacme sahip olup 160 beygir (170 beygir ve 140 beygir güç üreten sürümleri üretimden kaldırılıp, 125 beygir ve 150 beygirlik modeller ile değiştirilmiştir.) güç üretebilmektedir.

Uluslararası başarılar
Volkswagen'i 1980'li yıllara hazırlayan Toni Schmücker, 1981'in sonuna doğru şirketin idaresini Dr. Carl Hahn'a bıraktı. Otomotiv dünyasının globalleşme sürecine girdiği bu dönemde Dr. Hahn'ın liderliğinde birçok gelişmelere imza atıldı. Bunlardan en önemlisi Çin'de Volkswagen Santana modelinin üretimine başlamak olmuştu. Bakir sayılan bu pazarda Volkswagen, bugün hâlen güçlü pozisyonda öncülüğünü devam ettirmektedir. Hahn döneminin ikinci büyük anlaşması ise İspanyol Seat markası ile yapıldı. Önceleri teknik işbirliği ile başlayan ilişkiler, sonraları FIAT'ın çekilmesiyle tam bir devir teslimle sonuçlandı. Volkswagen yönetimi altında SEAT'ta gelişmeler hızla ilerledi. Diğer taraftan Güney Amerika ülkelerine araç temin etmek için % 51 Volkswagen hissesiyle güçlü bir kuruluş olan AUTOLATINA kuruldu. Ünlü Berlin Duvarı henüz yıkılmamıştı ama Volkswagen yetkilileri Almanya'nın doğu kesimindeki otomotiv kuruluşlarıyla görüşmeleri başlatmışlardı. Dünya, yeni bir dönemin eşiğindeydi ve Volkswagen yönetimi de bunun bilinciyle gelişmeleri izliyordu.

Şimdiye kadar üretilen Volkswagen modelleri

Avrupa

 Amarok
 CC
 Caddy
 Caravelle
 Crafter
 EOS
 Fox
 Golf
 Golf Sportsvan
 Golf Plus
 Golf Variant
 Jetta
 Multivan
 New Beetle
 New Beetle Convertible

 Passat
 Passat Variant
 Phaeton
 Polo
 Scirocco
 Sharan
 Touran
 Tiguan
 Tiguan Allspace

 Touareg
 Transporter
 T-Roc
 Up
 Taigo
 T-Cross

Amerika

Kuzey Amerika

Orta Amerika ve Karayipler

Asya

 Golf
 Polo
 Golf/Golf Plus/Golf Variant
 Jetta
 Bora
 Sagitar
 New Beetle/New Beetle Cabriolet
 Passat Lingyu
 Santana

 Santana Vista
 Passat/Passat Variant
 Magotan
 Phaeton
 Sharan
 Tiguan
 Touareg
 Touran

Afrika

Logoları

Ayrıca bakınız
Volkswagen Derby

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Volkswagen Türkiye resmî web sitesi

Almanya merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Otomobil markaları
Alman markaları
1937'de Almanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1937'de kurulan şirketler

Volkswagen


Lista de vereadores de Porangatu da 9.ª legislatura, essa lista abrange os 10 vereadores que cumpriram mandato de 1983 até 1989 na Câmara Municipal do referido munícipio.

Composição das bancadas

Vereadores por votação

Lista de Mesas Diretoras
Houve 3 Mesas Diretoras, elas constam no Website oficial da Câmara, na seção TV Câmara.

Referências

Vereadores de Goiás
Porangatu_da_9.ª_legislatura


İsmail Hakkı Altunbezer (1873, İstanbul - 1946, İstanbul), Türk hattatı, tezhip sanatçısı ve tuğrakeşidir.

Yaşamı

1873 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. Bazı kaynaklarda 1869 olarak geçen doğum tarihi mezar taşında 1873 olarak geçmektedir. Hattat İlmî Efendi'nin oğlu olan İsmail Hakkı Altunbezer, Fatih Rüştiyesi'nde öğrenim görüp, hat çalışmalarında ilk kez babasından ders aldı. Divan-ı Hümayun kalemine girip (1890), Sami Efendi'den celî, sülüs, tuğra yazı üsluplarını öğrendi. İki yıl sonra birinci tuğrakeşliğe getirilip, Sanayii Nefise'nin hattatlık bölümünü bitirdi (1896). Üsküdar İdadisi'nde yazı, Topkapı Rüştiyesi'nde resim, Galatasaray Sultanisi'nde ve Darülmuallimi'nde yazı öğretmenliği yaptı. Medreset Ülhattatin'de tuğra ve celi-sülüs yazı öğretmenliğine atandı. Cumhuriyet döneminde Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi doğu süsleme sanatları şubesi müdürlüğüne getirilip, birçok öğrenci (Halim Özyazıcı, Mecit Bey gibi) yetiştirdi.

Selimiye, Edirnekapı, Zeynep Sultan, Abdi Subaşı camilerindeki yazılarıyla ün salan İsmail Hakkı Altunbezer, tezhipte zamanla kendine özgü bir üslup geliştirmiş, resimde klasik akımı izlemiştir. 1946 yılında vefat eden Altunbezer Karacaahmet mezarlığında yatmaktadır.  Mezar Kitabesi, kendisinden yirmi iki yıl önce vefat eden babasınınkiyle beraber, Hezarfen Hattat Necmeddin Okyay tarafından 1957'de celî talik hatla yazılmıştır.

Kaynakça

1873 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu sanatçılar
1946 yılında ölenler
Türk hattatlar
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
İstanbul'da ölenler

İsmail Hakkı Altunbezer


The following is a list of political parties on the Isle of Man.

Active parties
 Isle of Man Green Party
 Liberal Vannin Party
 Manx Labour Party
 Mec Vannin

As of January 2023, all bar three members of both branches of Tynwald are independents.

Political pressure groups
 Alliance for Progressive Government (APG)
 Positive Action Group (PAG)

 Manx Independence Movement (MIM)
 Manx Progressive Party (MPP)
 Isle of Man Climate Change Coalition (CCC)
 Isle of Man Student Climate Network (IOMSCN)
 Isle of Man Libertarians (IOMLUK)
 Free Public Transport: Isle of Man (Fare Free Campaign)

, although an electoral party in its early years (several MHKs are ex-members) has evolved into a quasi-pressure group.

Defunct parties

 Independent Labour
 National Party
 Manx National Party
 Liberal Party
 Manx People's Political Association

See also

 Politics of the Isle of Man
 List of political parties by country

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082404/http://mhkstheyworkforyou.org/default.aspx Access to work & info of members of Tynwald

Man, Isle of

Political parties
Isle of Man
Political parties

List of political parties on the Isle of Man


Rona () is an uninhabited Scottish island in the North Atlantic. It is often referred to as North Rona to distinguish it from the island of South Rona in the Inner Hebrides. It has an area of  and a maximum elevation of . It is included within the historic county of Ross-shire.

The island lies  northwest of Cape Wrath, the same distance north-northeast of the Butt of Lewis, and  east of Sula Sgeir. More isolated than St Kilda, it is the most remote island in the British Isles ever to have been inhabited on a long-term basis. It is also the closest neighbour to the Faroe Islands.

Etymology
The name "Rona" may come from , Old Norse for "rough island," a combination of  and , Gaelic and Old Norse for "seal" and "island" respectively. Alternatively, it may have been named after Saint Ronan. The English language qualifier North is sometimes used to distinguish the island from Rona off Skye. In Gaelic, it is also known as , which is literally 'Rona of the stag,' but may be derived from , containing the Norse word , meaning "ocean," and conveying the meaning "Rona of the Atlantic."

History
Rona is said to have been the residence of Saint Ronan in the eighth century, and he is said to have been the first inhabitant. St. Ronan founded a small monastic community on the island and was reputedly buried there along with his sister Mionagan. His other sister St. Brianuil (Brenhilda) and St. Flannan went to live on other islands.

A tiny early Christian oratory, which may date as early as the eight century and is built of unmortared stone, survives virtually complete on the island – the best-preserved structure of this type in Scotland.  A number of simple cross-slabs of early medieval date are preserved within the structure, probably the grave markers of Dark Age monks or hermits from Scotland or Ireland.

The island continued to be inhabited until the entire population of thirty died shortly after 1685 due to an infestation by rats, probably the black rat (Rattus rattus), which reached the island after a shipwreck. The rats raided the food stocks of barley meal, and it is possible that the inhabitants starved to death, although plague may have been a contributory factor. This occurred in a year in which it is reported that no further ships reached the isolated island to supply or trade. The rats themselves eventually starved to death, as the huge swells the island experiences prevented their hunting along the rocky shores.

It was resettled, but again depopulated by around 1695 due to a boating tragedy, after which it remained home to a succession of shepherds and their families. It had a population of nine in 1764.

"On one occasion ... a crew from Ness in Lewis had their boat wrecked in landing at Sula Sgeir in the month of June, and lived on the island for several weeks, sustaining themselves on the flesh of birds. Captain Oliver, who commanded the Revenue cruiser Prince of Wales, visited Sula Sgeir in the month of August to look for the lost boat. He found the wreck of it, also an oar on end with an old pair of canvas trousers on it, and over the remains of a fire a pot containing birds' flesh; but there being no trace of the men, it was thought they must have been picked up by a passing vessel. Nothing more was heard of them until the month of October following, when a Russian vessel on her homeward voyage met a Stornoway craft in the Orkney Islands and informed the crew of the latter that they had taken the men off Sula Sgeir and landed them in Rona. Captain Oliver at once went to Rona, and found the crew consuming the last barrel of potatoes which the poor shepherd had. He took away the former and left the latter sufficient provision for the winter." Captain Benjamin Oliver commanded the vessel from 1811 until 1847.

"The last family which lived upon Rona was that of a shepherd named Donald M'Leod, otherwise the 'King of Rona,' who returned to Lewis in 1844." Sir James Matheson, who bought Lewis in 1844, offered the island to the Government for use as a penal settlement. The offer was refused.

Although farmers from Lewis have continued to graze sheep on Rona ever since, the island has remained uninhabited, apart from a short period in 1884–85. In June 1884, two men from Lewis, Malcolm MacDonald and Murdo Mackay, having reportedly had a dispute with the minister of their local church, went to stay on Rona to look after the sheep. In August, boatmen who had called at the island reported that the men were well and in good spirits, and had refused offers to take them back to Lewis. In April 1885, the next people to visit Rona found the two men had died during the winter.

During World War I, the commander of German U-boat U-90, Walter Remy, stopped his submarine at North Rona during each of his wartime patrols, weather permitting, and sent crewmen onto the island to shoot sheep to obtain mutton for on-board consumption.

The island was occupied temporarily in 1938–1939 by author and conservationist Frank Fraser Darling with his wife Bobbie and their son Alasdair, while they studied the grey seals and the breeding seabirds.

North Rona, with Sula Sgeir, historically formed part of the Barvas estate on Lewis, but a community buy-out of the estate in 2016 did not include the two islands, which would have increased the purchase price by £80,000.

The island is the site of the Celtic ruins of St Ronan's Chapel. Together with Sula Sgeir, the island was formerly managed by Scottish Natural Heritage as a nature reserve, for its important grey seal and seabird colonies. These include the European storm-petrel and the larger Leach's storm-petrel, for which North Rona is an important breeding locality. It remains a protected area for nature and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Protection Area.

In "Island at the edge of the world", the poet Kathleen Jamie describes a visit to the island, as well as in an essay in her collection Sightlines.

The island hosts an automatic light beacon, remotely monitored by the Northern Lighthouse Board.

See also

 List of islands in Scotland
 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses
 List of outlying islands of Scotland

Gallery

Footnotes

References

Modern sources

Pre-1900 sources
  - Contains information about Malcolm MacDonald and Murdoch Mackay.

  in  (account given to Sir Robert Sibbald
  (Describes the swarm of rats on pages 24–5).

External links

 BBC Radio 3 Feature on North Rona

 Joint Nature Conservation Committee - North Rona - Special Area of Conservation
 Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland - Information on the church and oratory
 Scotland's National Nature Reserves - Rona and Sula Sgeir
 Charles Tait Photographs of North Rona
 Article in the Herald Scotland - 13 July 2002
 Northern Lighthouse Board

Uninhabited islands of the Outer Hebrides
Former populated places in Scotland
Seabird colonies
Archaeological sites in the Outer Hebrides
Important Bird Areas of Scotland
Protected areas of the Outer Hebrides

North Rona


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Astaroth Ive Brešana

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 28. siječnja – Ranko Marinković, hrvatski književnik i akademik (* 1913.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 2001.


La Carretera de Nebraska 62, y abreviada NE 62 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 62) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la Segmento del oeste  sur de Tecumseh - Segmento del este  oeste de Stella hacia el Este en la Segmento del oeste  este de Elk Creek - Segmento del este este de Shubert. La carretera tiene una longitud de 29,3 km (18.21 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera de Nebraska 62 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de NDOR

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska

Carretera de Nebraska 62


Termenul de casetă video definește o cutie de plastic care conține o bandă magnetică folosită la înregistrarea și redarea unor semnale video și a sunetului aferent. Informațiile pot fi stocate sub forma unui semnal analogic sau digital. Caseta video este utilizată cel mai frecvent la înregistrări audio-video. Ele sunt, de asemenea, folosite pentru stocarea de date științifice sau medicale, cum ar fi datele produse de o electrocardiogramă.

Înregistrările pe un suport cu banda magnetică se fac cu ajutorul unor echipamente care amplifică și transformă un semnal electric provenind de la un echipament audio-video, într-un câmp magnetic generat de o bobină, care în contact cu suportul magnetic, banda, produce o magnetizarea locală a particulelor feromagnetice înglobate în bandă. Banda se deplasează cu o anumită viteză în fața capetelor de scriere-citire, iar cantitatea de informație care poate fi înregistrată pe un suport magnetic, va depinde de propietățile materialelor feromagnetice utilizate la realizarea benzii și de viteza de deplasare a benzii. Cu cât este necesară înregistrarea unei cantități de informații mai mare, cu atât dimensiunea particulelor magnetice trebuie să fie mai mică și viteza benzii mai mare.

Deoarece semnalele video au o lățime de bandă foarte mare, comparativ cu semnalele audio, iar suportul magnetic, banda, are limitări de natură tehnologică la realizarea particulelor magnetice, dacă înregistrarea s-ar face similar cu dispozitivele analogice audio clasice, tip casetofon-magnetofon, prin utilizarea de capete fixe, banda ar necesita viteze extrem de mari pentru deplasare, iar acest lucru nu este practic posibil. De aceea, pentru înregistrarea semnalelor video se utilizează un cap de înregistrare cu mișcare elicoidală, care se rotește împotriva benzii în mișcare pentru a înregistra datele sub forma unor piste oblice.

Banda magnetică este o metodă liniară de stocare a informațiilor și are dezavantajul că timpul de acces necesar accesării unor date nu se poate face foarte rapid, ci va impune întârzieri necesare pentru a derula o parte din banda care nu este deja în zona capetele de citire-scriere.
Casetele video au fost fabricate sub diferite tipo-dimensiuni, în funcție de natura echipamentelor utilizate, și a tehnologiilor folosite la întregistrare-redarea semnalelor electrice.

Legături externe

 The Loss of Early Video Recordings
 History of Recording Technology (WayBack Machine)
 History of Magnetic Tape (WayBack Machine)

Invenții americane
Terminologie din televiziune

Casetă video


Karacaören, Ankara ilinin Güdül ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin ilk adı "Karacaviran" iken daha sonra "Karacaören" olarak değiştirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Ankara il merkezine 101 km, Güdül ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

İklim
Mahallenin iklimi karasal iklimin etki alanı içerisindedir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Güdül'ün mahalleleri

Karacaören, Güdül


Die Siedlung Weißenböckstraße ist eine städtische Wohnhausanlage in der Simmeringer Hauptstraße 192–198 und der Weißenböckstraße 1–27 im 11. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, Simmering, zwischen dem historischen Ortszentrum und dem Wiener Zentralfriedhof.

Achleitner bezeichnete sie 1990 als eine der schönsten und liebenswürdigsten Anlagen des Wiener Siedlungsbaus.

Geschichte
Im Roten Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit entstanden zahlreiche kommunale Wohnbauten, vor allem in den von vielen Arbeitern bewohnten Außenbezirken Favoriten und Simmering. Die Siedlung Weißenböckstraße wurde von 1922 bis 1928 in zwei Bauetappen nach Entwürfen von Alfons Hetmanek und Franz Kaym errichtet.

Auf dem Grundstück im Bereich Weißenböckstraße / Petzoldgasse / Reischekgasse sollten Häuser für Bedienstete der Wiener Gaswerke und Straßenbahner errichtet werden, da sich im Bezirk ein großes städtisches Gaswerk befand und unweit des Siedlungsareals bis heute eine Remise der Städtischen Straßenbahnen besteht.

Da dieses Projekt nicht realisiert wurde, ließ die Gemeinde Wien 1922 / 1923, als Selbstversorgersiedlung geplant, 71 Reihenhäuser errichten, die über Nutzgärten (je 350 Quadratmeter) und Ställe verfügten. In der zweiten Bauetappe wurden 1927 / 1928 Wohnhäuser mit insgesamt 56 Wohnungen entlang der Simmeringer Hauptstraße gebaut.

Benannt ist die Wohnsiedlung nach der angrenzenden Weißenböckstraße, die wiederum 1884 nach dem Gastwirt und Hausbesitzer Johann Weißenböck (1812–1871) benannt wurde, der einst in der nahegelegenen Kaiserebersdorfer Straße 72 wohnte und sich wohltätig für Simmering engagierte.

Von 2004 bis 2005 wurde die Wohnsiedlung saniert, dabei wurden unter anderem die Fenster und Türen erneuert, das Dach neu gedeckt sowie Maßnahmen zur Wärmedämmung durchgeführt.

Architektur und Gestaltung
Die 128 Wohneinheiten umfassende, denkmalgeschützte Siedlung wird (im Uhrzeigersinn) durch Simmeringer Hauptstraße, Reischekgasse, Petzoldgasse, Wilhelm-Kreß-Platz und Weißenböckstraße begrenzt. Die im Zuge des ersten Bauabschnitts errichteten Reihenhäuser sind schlicht gehalten und wirken eher rustikal.

Die 1928 fertiggestellten, zwei- bis dreigeschoßigen Mehrparteienhäuser hingegen weisen teilweise villenartiges Äußeres auf und verfügen über historistische Fassadenelemente. Die Risalite und Gesimse wurden im Stil der kommunalen Architektur des Roten Wien gestaltet. Die Gebäude aus der zweiten Bauetappe umgeben einen "Marktplatz" (Achleitner: Gartenstadtidylle), auf dem sich ein von Fritz Tiefenthaler nach 1950 geschaffener Zierbrunnen befindet.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Wiener Gemeindebauten

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Hans und Rudolf Hautmann: Die Gemeindebauten des Roten Wien 1919–1934. Schönbrunn-Verlag, Wien 1980, .
 Helmut Weihsmann: Das Rote Wien. Sozialdemokratische Architektur und Kommunalpolitik 1919–1934. Promedia, Wien 1985/2002, ISBN 3-900478-07-4.

Weblinks

Wiener Gemeindebau der Zwischenkriegszeit
Simmering
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren

Siedlung Weißenböckstraße


Billion Star Hotel este un film românesc din 2015 regizat de Alecs Năstoiu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Rudy Moca, Nicu Mihoc, Dan Rădulescu, Theo Marton.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2015 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2015
Filme dramatice românești

Billion Star Hotel


Karaahmetli, Adana ilinin Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 28 km, Yüreğir ilçesine 28 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Yüreğir'in mahalleleri

Karaahmetli, Yüreğir


Kalleby Sogn (på tysk Kirchspiel Kahleby) er et sogn i det sydlige Angel i Sydslesvig, tidligere i Strukstrup Herred og delvis Fysing Herred (Gottorp Amt), nu Skålby i Slesvig-Flensborg Kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Området syd for Fysing Å / Løjt Å (Fysing) hørte under Slis og senere under Fysing Herred, området nord for åen (Kalleby, Skålby) under Strukstrup Herred.

I Kalleby Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 Broholm Skov (også Braaholm Skov)
 Egebjerg
 Gammeltoft
 Hestholm
 Kalleby (Kahleby)
 Fysing (Füsing)
 Palør
 Skålby (også Skaleby, Schaalby)
 Tolkvad (Tolkwade)
 Vindingmaj

Litteratur
 M. Mørk Hansen: Kirkelig Statistik over Slesvig Stift: Med historiske og topografiske bemærkninger, bind 2, Kjøbenhavn 1864, s. 352
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, s. 522

Eksterne henvisninger
 Brodersby-Kalleby-Moldened Menighed / Kirchengemeinde Brodersby-Kahleby-Moldenit

Noter

Sogne i Sydslesvig

Kalleby Sogn


Småbladet berberis (Berberis wilsoniae var. parvifolia) er en busk med en tæt og afrundet vækst. Blomsterne har hver seks guldgule kronblade. Arten bruges som prydplante – især på grund af dens efterårsfarver.

Kendetegn
Småbladet berberis er en lille, tætvoksende og løvfældende busk. De etårige skud er furede og fint hårede. Veddet er bleggult. Bladene er spredt stillede og omvendt lancetformede med hel rand og nogle få eller slet ingen randtorne. Oversiden er mørkegrøn, mens undersiden er lyst blågrøn. Blomstringen foregår i juni-juli. Høstfarven er klart rød. Bladtornene er tredelte og nåletynde. Blomstringen foregår i månederne juni-september, hvor man finder blomsterne samlet 5-6 ad gangen i små stande fra dværgskud. De enkelte blomster er 6-tallige med guldgule kronblade. Frugterne er laks- eller koralrøde bær, som bliver hængende vinteren over.

Rodsystemet består af tæt forgrenede, filtagtige rødder med orange-gult ved.

Småbladet berberis når en højde på 1 m og en kronediameter på ca. 1 m.

Hjemsted
Småbladet berberis hører hjemme i skovbryn og på skråninger, flodbredder og langs små vandløb i Mongoliet og det vestlige og mellemste Kina. Her klatrer den op gennem buske og træer. . På bjerget Wa Shan i provinsen Sichuan findes der i højder over 1.800 m nogle lyse blandingsskove med Abies faberi (en art af ædelgran) som det dominerende træ. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. almindelig kvalkved (subsp. calvescens), bjergskovranke, blåbælg, dværgkvalkved, Enkianthus deflexus (en art af pagodebusk), etagekornel, Euonymous sanguineus (en art af benved), guldskovranke, havehortensia, himalayabirk, kamæleonbusk, kinesisk lind, kinesisk prydæble, kinesisk styrax, klatrebrombær, klatrehortensia, komarovsyren, koreakornel (subsp. chinensis), lancetbladet berberis (var. lanceifolia), moupinepil, nikkende skovranke, omeirose, pernykristtorn, Primula incisa (en art af kodriver), Pterocarya macroptera var delavayi (en art og underart af vingevalnød), Quercus serrata (en art af eg), Rhododendron argyrophyllum, Rhododendron calophytum, Rhododendron discolor, Rhododendron nitidulum, Rhododendron pingianum (arter af rododendron), rubladet hortensia, sargentrøn, sort gedeblad, tyrkisk løn (subsp. sinicum), udspærret dværgmispel, vorteberberis og Tsuga yunnanensis (en art af hemlock)

Galleri

Note

Gule blomster
Buske
Haveplanter
Høstfarver

Småbladet berberis


Neuromancer, William Gibson'ın dünya çapında üne kavuşmasını sağlayan ilk siberpunk romanı. 1984 yılında yayınlandıktan sonra bilimkurgunun üçlü tacı olarak adlandırılan Nebula, Philip K. Dick'i Anma ve Hugo ödüllerini kazanmıştır. Bu Gibson'un Sprawl Üçlemesinin başlangıç romanıdır. Kitap, Türkçede önce Neuromancer adı yayınlanmış olup Matrix Avcısı adı altında yeniden yayınlanmıştır.

Edebi önemi

Kültürel önemi
Başrolünde Keenu Reeves'ın bulunduğu Johnny mnemonic filmi romanda "Molly" nin "Case" e başından geçen küçük bir hikâyeyi anlattığı bölümden yola çıkarak uyarlanmıştır.
Ayrıca Matrix, Ghost in the shell gibi birçok filme ilham vermiştir.

Konu
Case eski işvereni sinir sistemini sakatlayana dek Siberuzaydaki en usta veri hırsızıdır.
Yeni işvereniyle yapacağı anlaşmada sinir sistemini tedavi ettirecek, karşılığında ise güçlü bir yapay zekayı yok etmesi gerekecektir.

Ana Karakterler
Case  - "Konsol Kovboyu"

Molly - Albay Armitage adına çalışan bir "Jilet Kız"

Armitage - Emekli olmuş fakat düşmanlarının peşini bırakmayan eski bir asker

Wintermute - Case'in Armitage ile yaptığı anlaşma sonucu yok etmek için peşine düştüğü yapay zeka

Dixie - Bir zamanlar yaşayan bir hacker olan, Case'in kişisel bilgisayarı (hosaka) içinde bulunan sinirsel kimlik yansıması. Bir çeşit yapay zeka.

Türkiye baskısı
Kitap Türkiye'de önce Sarmal Yayınları tarafından, daha sonra Matrix filminin gişe rekorları kırmasıyla Matrix Avcısı adı altında Altın Kitaplar tarafından yayınlanmıştır. Altın Kitaplarca yayınlanan sürümü bu özelliğiyle eleştirilmiştir. Bu basımda bazı çeviri hataları da bulunmaktadır. 15 Mart 2023 tarihinde İthaki Yayınları tarafından İthaki Bilimkurgu Klasikleri dizisi altında N. Can Kantarcı çevirisiyle Neuromancer adıyla yayınlanmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Sprawl Üçlemesi
 Johnny Mnemonic (film)
 The Matrix (film)

Dış bağlantılar
 Paul Brians tarafından hazırlanmış Neuromancer için çalışma rehberi  (ingilizce)
 Razor kızları: Siberpunk Kurgusunda Tür ve Cinsiyet (ingilizce)

Kaynakça

Amerikan romanları
1980'lerde bilimkurgu romanları
1984 romanları
Hugo ödüllü romanlar
İngilizce romanlar
Kurguda beyin-bilgisayar arayüzü
Kurguda III. Dünya Savaşı
En İyi Roman Hugo Ödülü kazanan eserler
Nebula Ödülü kazanan eserler
En İyi Roman Nebula Ödülü kazanan eserler

Neuromancer


Transformice (uneori abreviat TFM) este un joc online independent free-to-play creat de designerii francezi Melibellule și Tigrounette. Melibellule produce arta și grafica jocului, iar Tigrounette se ocupă de programarea și mecanicile jocului. Jocul a fost lansat inițial pe 1 mai 2010. Transformice a fost lansat pe Steam la 30 ianuarie 2015.

Moduri de joc
Transformice are câteva moduri de joc, fiecare având obiective diferite.

Transformice
Acesta este modul de joc normal, care conține mapele create de jucători. Ocazional, pot apărea mape din modul de joc Racing. În acest mod de joc, jucătorii sunt ajutați de un șaman ales prin rotație.

Vanilla
Vanilla este modul de joc similar celui obișnuit, fiind preferat de jucători datorită nivelului scăzut de dificultate. Mapele din modul Vanilla sunt create numai de administratori.

Survivor
În acest mod, șamanul încearcă să omoare ceilalți jucători, invocând ghiulele și alte obiecte.

Bootcamp
Nivelele de Bootcamp sunt de cele mai multe ori extrem de grele. Ele sunt create de jucători experimentați, și finalizarea lor necesită întotdeauna cunoștințe de wall-jump și corner jump.

Defilante
În acest mod, mapa este orizontală, iar șoarecii trebuie să o termine în cel mai scurt timp posibil. Există puncte distribuite pe mapă, care trebuie coletate într-un număr cât mai mare. Jucătorii sunt ajutați de arcuri și alte obiecte asemănătoare. Acest mod nu are un șaman.

Village
Nu există obiective în acest mod. Jucătorii îl folosesc pentru a socializa și pentru a face schimburi între ei. De asemenea, există locuri în care se pot cumpăra insigne, titluri și consumabile.

Module
Acestea sunt dezvoltate de jucători, în limbajul de programare Lua. Ele necesită o aprobare înainte de a deveni oficiale.

Tribul
Tribul este un grup de jucători, având un chat special unde pot pune întrebări și discuta. Există o casă a tribului unde anumiți utilizatori pot alege mape și module. Fiecare trib are o cateogorie proprie pe forumul Atelier801, care este moderată de șeful spiritual și cei aleși de el.

Forumul
Forumul este platfoma în care utilizatorii pot discuta între ei și cu moderatorii jocului. Acesta este împărțit în mai multe categorii, și este folosit în general pentru sugestii, propunerea de mape noi și diverse discuții la care iau parte utilizatorii.

Referințe

Legături externe

Jocuri video din 2010
Jocuri browser
Jocuri video dezvoltate în Franța

Transformice


Bulbophyllum nocturnum es una especie de orquídea epífita que crece en Nueva Bretaña. Fue descrita en el 2011, y es la primera especie de orquídea conocida que florece durante la noche y cierra sus pétalos durante el día.

Distribución
Bulbophyllum nocturnum crece como una epifita en la selva de Nueva Bretaña a una altitud de 240-300 metros. El tipo de espécimen fue recolectado en la zona de tala de Agengseng, alrededor de la cuenca alta del río Argulo en Nueva Bretaña del Oeste. Bajo el criterio usado por la IUCN Red List, B. nocturnum, se considera que se tienen datos insuficientes.

Descripción y fenología

Bulbophyllum nocturnum tiene hojas de hasta 6.2 cm de longitud y 3.2 cm de ancho. Produce tallos de floración de solo 5 mm de longitud, teniendo una sola flor. Estas son de 2 cm de largo con sépalos verde amarillentos, de color rojizo en la base el borde es rojo oscuro, mientras que la columna es rojo teñido de amarillo; los apéndices de los pétalos son grisáceos.

Se cree que la B. nocturnum es la única especie de orquídea que florece de forma normal durante la noche Another species of orchid, Dendrobium amboinense, has been reported by some to open its flower at midnight and close them before noon, while other reports state that its flowers open at dawn. Otra especie de orquídea, Dendrobium amboinense, abre su flor a medianoche, cerrándola antes del mediodía, mientras existen informes de que abren al amanecer. Se desconoce como poliniza la B. nocturnun, dado que la flor abre en un espacio tan corto de tiempo.

Taxonomía

Bulbophyllum es el género más grande de la familia Orchidaceae, y uno de los mayores géneros de plantas con flor. B. sect. Epicrianthes es una sección del género que comprende 38 especies, 18 de ellas endémicas de Nueva Guinea. Las flores de esta sección han sido descritas como "raras", con los apéndices de los pétalos frecuentemente unidos a los largos y delicados tallos, y los apéndices se asemejan a los cuerpos fructíferos de los hongos, como la Arcyria y Stemonitis. B. nocturnun fue descrito en el 2011 por el equipo de científicos del Jardín Botánico Real, Kew y la Universidad de Leiden, en el Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. El epíteto de nocturnun hace referencia al hecho de que la planta florece por la noche.

Referencias

noct
Flora de Nueva Guinea

Bulbophyllum nocturnum


The Symphony No. 1 in F minor, Op. 10, by Dmitri Shostakovich was written in 1924–1925, and first performed in Leningrad by the Leningrad Philharmonic under Nicolai Malko on 12 May 1926. Shostakovich wrote the work as his graduation piece at the Petrograd Conservatory, completing it at the age of 19.

Structure

The work has four movements (the last two being played without interruption) and is approximately half an hour in length.

Instrumentation

The work is written for:

Woodwinds
Piccolo (doubling 3rd Flute)
2  Flutes (with 2nd doubling 2nd Piccolo)
2 Oboes
2 Clarinets
2 Bassoons

Brass
4 Horns
2 Trumpets
Alto trumpet
3 Trombones
Tuba

Percussion
Timpani
Bass drum
Snare drum
Tam-tam
Cymbals
Triangle
Glockenspiel

Keyboard
Piano

Strings
1st Violins
2nd Violins
Violas
Cellos
Double basses

Overview
While Shostakovich wrote this piece as his graduation exercise from Maximilian Steinberg's composition class, some of the material may have dated from considerably earlier. When the composer's aunt, Nadezhda Galli-Shohat, first heard the work at its American premiere by Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra, she recognised in it many fragments she had heard young Mitya play as a child. Some of these fragments were associated with La Fontaine's retelling of Aesop's fable of The Ant and the Grasshopper and Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid.

The immediate parallel to the 19-year-old composer presenting his first symphony was Alexander Glazunov, himself a child prodigy who had his First Symphony performed at an even younger age. Glazunov may have recognised in Shostakovich an echo of his younger self. As director of the Petrograd Conservatory, Glazunov had followed Shostakovich's progress since his entrance at age 13. He also arranged for the premiere of Shostakovich's symphony, which took place 44 years after Glazunov's First Symphony had first been presented in the same hall.

This symphony was a tremendous success from its premiere, and is still considered today as one of Shostakovich's finest works. It displays an interesting and characteristic combination of liveliness and wit on the one hand, and drama and tragedy on the other. In some ways it is reminiscent of the works of Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev. The transparent and chamber-like orchestration of the First Symphony is in quite a contrast to the Mahlerian orchestrations found in many of his later symphonies, and the assurance with which the composer imagines, then realises large-scale structure, is as impressive as his vigour and freshness of gesture.

Influences
Because of the traditionalist mindset of the Conservatory, Shostakovich did not discover the music of Igor Stravinsky until his late teens. The effect of hearing this music was instant and radical, with Stravinsky's compositions continuing to hold a considerable influence over Shostakovich. Some critics have suggested the First Symphony was influenced by Stravinsky's Petrushka, not just due to the prominence of the piano part in its orchestration but also due to the overall tone of satire in the first half of the symphony. Because the plot in Stravinsky's ballet chronicled the doomed antics of an animated puppet, it would have reflected his observations on the mechanical aspects of human behaviour and appealed directly to the satirist in him.

Still another musical influence, suggested by the opening clarinet phrase which becomes used considerably in the course of the symphony, is Richard Strauss's tone poem Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks.

Notable recordings

Notable recordings of this symphony include:

* = Mono recording
Source: arkivmusic.com (recommended recordings selected based on critics reviews)

References

Bibliography
 Layton, Robert, ed. Robert Simpson, The Symphony, Volume Two: Mahler to the Present Day (New York: Drake Publishers Inc., 1972).
 MacDonald, Ian, The New Shostakovich (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990). .
 Steinberg, Michael, The Symphony (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). .
 Volkov, Solomon, tr. Bouis, Antonina W., Saint Petersburg: A Cultural History (New York: Harper & Row, 1979). .

External links

 Full orchestral score from the New York Philharmonic's archives

Symphony No. 01 (Shostakovich)
Compositions in F minor
1925 compositions

Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich)


CryptoCompare.com (fostă cryptocoincomparsion.com) este un site web dedicat  criptomonedelor. Platforma oferă utilizatorilor un conținut ce se extinde de la informații referitoare la cursul de piață, secțiune de forum, până la posibilitatea de a deschide un portofel virtual.

Origini
Compania din spatele CryptoCompare, Crypto Coin Comparison LTD, a fost fondată în Marea Britanie în 2014 de englezul Charles Hayter și românul Vlad Cealicu. . Platforma a fost prezentată publicului la sfârșitul lunii iulie 2015. Compania operează de la sediul din Londra, dar CryptoCompare are de asemenea angajați în România, Portugalia, Germania și Ungaria. La sfârșitul lunii octombrie 2017, erau 330185 membri înregistrați. Conform testului Alexa, CryptoCompare a fost unul din cele mai populare site-uri într-un clasament alcătuit în anul 2017.

Conținut
Platforma CryptoCompare.com prezintă prețuri actuale, grafice și analize de piață ale schimburilor criptomonedelor la nivel mondial. În plus față de datele de piață, pot fi consultate articole analitice, precum și peste 1000 de active criptate, ghiduri și recenzii. Membrii pot interacționa cu ceilalți sau pot împărtăși experiențe despre produse și servicii în beneficiul altor utilizatori. Există, de asemenea, posibilitatea de a deschide un portofel virtual. Cu acesta, utilizatorii pot monitoriza criptomonedele și poziția lor pe diferite platforme de tranzacționare.

Site-ul Web este construit în jurul serverelor front-end Umbraco cu integrare Redis și PostgreSQL, dar cele mai multe date provin de la serverele API folosind AngularJS. În 2017, a fost înființată o colaborare cu MVIS pentru transferurile de date în timp real.

Indici de piață
 MVIS CryptoCompare Digital Assets 25 Index    (MVDA25)
 MVIS CryptoCompare Digital Assets 10 Index    (MVDA10)
 MVIS CryptoCompare Digital Assets 5 Index     (MVDA5)
 MVIS CryptoCompare Digital Assets 100 Index   (MVDA100)

CryptoCompare oferă o serie de indici de referință pentru piața de active digitale. Acești indici oferă acces instituțional la cele mai mari și mai lichide active digitale. Prețul este oferit de CryptoCompare dintr-o listă globală de peste 50 de burse de criptomonede. Indicele utilizează un mecanism special de stabilire a prețurilor bazat pe schimbul de lichidități pentru fiecare activ digital și este o reprezentare echitabilă a prețurilor la nivel global.

Note

Vezi și
Bitcoin.com, 12 iulie 2017
International Business Times, 6 aprilie 2017
Cointelegraph, 4 juli 2016
The Merkle, 19 februarie 2016
Wealth Adviser, 7 noiembrie 2017

Legături externe
CryptoCompare.com Pagina web

Criptomonedă

CryptoCompare