Pierre-Étienne de Perier est un général de division français et grand officier de la Légion d'honneur, né le 31 octobre 1893 à Laghouat et décédé le 22 juin 1968 à Paris.

Biographie

Origines et famille

Pierre-Étienne de Perier est issu de la famille de Perier, une lignée normande d'officiers de marine et d'infanterie. Ses armes portent d'argent, à une fasce de sinople accompagnée de quatre quintefeuilles de mesme posées une à chaque canton de l'écu.

Il est né le 31 octobre 1893 à Laghouat, en Algérie française de Antoine Léonor de Perier (1842-1908), commandant du  bataillon d'infanterie légère d'Afrique et officier de la Légion d'honneur, et de Louise Loubère (1862-1939), fille du colonel Jean-Louis Loubère (1820-1893), gouverneur de la Guyane française.

Son père, né à Pressagny-l'Orgueilleux où sa famille possédait le château de la Madeleine, s'est engagé comme simple soldat en 1859 avant de devenir officier en 1867. Son arrière-grand-père, le colonel Antoine Daniel de Perier d'Oudalle (1751-1844), commandait la première brigade de la Garde nationale sédentaire de Rouen.

Formation (1912-1914)
De Perier intègre l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, promotion de Montmirail (1912-1914), et s'engage la même année pour être rapidement promu caporal.

Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1918)

Le 28 août 1914, au combat de La Besace (Ardennes), il est grièvement blessé par balle à la mâchoire en chargeant les Allemands à la baïonnette à la tête de sa section. Cette action d'éclat lui vaut d'être cité à l'ordre de l'armée : « Belle conduite au combat du 28 août 1914, a brillamment chargé à la baïonnette en tête de sa section, a été grièvement blessé ». En 1916, il est affecté à l'Armée d'Orient, et devient capitaine dans les zouaves en 1917.

Entre-deux-guerres (1918-1939)
Topographe régional au Maroc de 1919 à 1921, il intègre l'infanterie coloniale. Il est envoyé en Allemagne, dans l'armée française du Rhin, de 1921 à 1925.

Alors commandant, il est aide de camp du général Franchet d'Esperey de 1932 à 1934.

Seconde Guerre mondiale (1939-1945)

En juin 1940, la  armée dont il est sous-chef d'état-major est encerclée en Lorraine par Guderian, placé à la tête de l'opération Tiger. De Perier est capturé par les Nazis mais parvient à s'évader : « s'est particulièrement signalé par son initiative, son énergie et son courage pendant la période du  juin au 22 juin 1940. Fait prisonnier après l'encerclement de son armée, s'est évadé et a réussi à échapper aux cavaliers lancés à sa poursuite et a rejoint la zone non occupée du territoire français après avoir circulé huit jours dans les lignes allemandes ». La médaille des évadés lui est conséquemment décernée par décret en 1945.

De septembre 1940 à novembre 1941, promu colonel, il devient chef d'État-Major du général Maxime Weygand.

En 1941, l'Armée d'Afrique doit être mise en état d'entrer en campagne. Ce dessein requiert de compléter ses unités, créer des formations de sûreté remplaçant les garnisons et reconstituer leurs services d'entretien. Ces objectifs ne peuvent être remplis que par une mobilisation, que décide le colonel de Perier.

À partir de 1942, il prend part à la campagne de Tunisie. Nommé général en 1943, il termine la guerre comme inspecteur général des Troupes coloniales en octobre 1944.

Guerre d'Indochine (1946-1950)

En septembre 1946, Perier est nommé adjoint au commandement supérieur des troupes français d'Extrême-Orient, sous les généraux Valluy et Salan, durant la guerre d'Indochine. Il est cité à l'ordre de l'armée en 1947.

Fin de carrière (1950-1968)
En 1948, auditionné au procès de Weygand devant la Haute Cour, il effectue une longue déposition dans laquelle il défend l'accusé.

Il préside la Revue économique française lors de sa reparution en 1952, sous l'égide de la Société de Géographie commerciale. Celle-ci traite principalement des enjeux économiques et des territoires d'Outre-Mer.

Après sa prise de retraite en 1950, le général de Perier décède le 22 juin 1968 à Paris pour être inhumé dans l'Allier.

Grades militaires

 Aspirant (11 octobre 1913)
 Sous-lieutenant (5 août 1914)
 Capitaine (6 juillet 1917)
 Commandant (25 décembre 1929)
 Lieutenant-colonel (24 mars 1936)
 Colonel (25 juin 1940)
 Général de brigade ( juin 1943)
 Général de division ( novembre 1950)

Distinctions et décorations
 Citation à l'ordre de l'armée (1916, 1925, 1940 et 1947)

Décorations françaises, des colonies françaises ou interalliées
  (1950)

  (1945)

Décorations étrangères

  Médaille de la Paix du Maroc
  Croix Commémorative pour la guerre de Libération de 1914-1918 et l'Union

Publications

 Étude sur les débarquements par voie maritime pour la Revue militaire française

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Barnett Singer, Maxime Weygand : A biography of the French general in Two World Wars, 2008
 Maurice Schmitt, Le Double Jeu du Maréchal : légende ou réalité, Presses de la Cité, 1995, lire en ligne
 Augustin de Dainville, L'ORA : la résistance de l'armée: Guerre 1939-1945, 1974, lire en ligne
 Jacques Dalloz, Dictionnaire de la Guerre d'Indochine 1945-1954, notice "Pierre de Perier"
 Max Schiavon, Weygand, Tallandier, 2018, lire en ligne

Sources
 Dossier individuel à Vincennes
 Biographie de Pierre-Étienne de Perier sur le site de l'École Supérieure de Guerre
 Dossier individuel dans la base Léonore
 Notice du général de Perier sur generals.dk

Voir aussi
 Troupes de marine
 Général de division
 École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr

Militaire français de la Première Guerre mondiale
Militaire français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur
Élève de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
Naissance en octobre 1893
Naissance à Laghouat
Décès en juin 1968
Décès dans le 5e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 74 ans
Famille de Perier

Pierre-Étienne de Perier


جزيرة الثعبان (بالرومانية: Insula şerpilo، بالأوكرانية:Острів Зміїний) هي جزيرة تقع قي البحر الأسود بالقرب من السواحل الشرقية لكل من أوكرانيا ورومانيا.

ملكية الجزيرة متنازع عليها ما بين أوكرانيا ورومانيا حتى حكمت محكمة العدل الدولية قي 3 فبراير 2009 بأحقية أوكرانيا في ملكية الجزيرة، وترجع أهمية الجزيرة لكونها تحتوي مع مياهها الإقليمية على كميات كبيرة من الغاز الطبيعي والبترول.

جغرافيا تبلغ مساحة الجزيرة 0.17 كيلو متر مربع بطول 662م وعرض 440 م، أعلى نقطة بالجزيرة ترتفع لحوالي 41 م.

''''

مراجع

آخيل
الحدود الأوكرانية الرومانية
العلاقات الأوكرانية الرومانية
العلاقات الرومانية السوفيتية
تاريخ البحر الأسود العسكري
تضاريس مقاطعة أوديسا
جامعة أوديسا
جزر أوكرانية
جزر البحر الأسود
علاقات أوكرانيا الخارجية
علاقات رومانيا الخارجية
معارك ألمانيا البحرية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك الاتحاد السوفيتي البحرية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك رومانيا البحرية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
نفط

جزيرة الثعبان


ساغان توسو  نادي كرة قدم ياباني مركزه محافظة ساغا تأسس في العام 1997.

أهم اللاعبين الذين لعبوا للنادي خلال تاريخه
 ديفيد بيسكونتي
 خورخي ديلي فالديز
 ساتوشي أوتومو
 دراغيسا بينيتش
 فيرناندو توريس

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أندية الدوري الياباني
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1997
أندية كرة قدم في اليابان
تأسيسات سنة 1997 في اليابان
فرق رياضية في محافظة ساغا

ساغان توسو


Imogene Coca (born Emogeane Coca; November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was an American comic actress best known for her role opposite Sid Caesar on Your Show of Shows. Starting out in vaudeville as a child acrobat, she studied ballet and wished to have a serious career in music and dance, graduating to decades of stage musical revues, cabaret and summer stock. In her 40s, she began a celebrated career as a comedian on television, starring in six series and guest starring on successful television programs from the 1940s to the 1990s.

She was nominated for five Emmy Awards for Your Show of Shows, winning Best Actress in 1951 and singled out for a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting in 1953. Coca was also nominated for a Tony Award in 1978 for On the Twentieth Century and received a sixth Emmy nomination at the age of 80 for an episode of Moonlighting.

She possessed a rubbery face capable of the broadest expressions — Life magazine compared her to Beatrice Lillie and Charlie Chaplin and described her characterizations as taking "people or situations suspended in their own precarious balance between dignity and absurdity, and push(ing) them over the cliff with one single, pointed gesture". The magazine noted a "particularly high-brow critic" as observing "The trouble with most comedians who try to do satire is that they are essentially brash, noisy and indelicate people who have to use a sledge hammer to smash a butterfly. Miss Coca, on the other hand, is the timid woman who, when aroused, can beat a tiger to death with a feather." Aside from vaudeville, cabaret, film, theater and television, she voiced children's cartoons and was even featured in the 1984 MTV music video "Bag Lady" by the band EBN-OZN, ultimately working well into her 80s.  In a 1999 interview, Robert Ozn said during the shoot she was required to sit on the sidewalk in snow for hours during a blizzard with 15 degree (F) temperatures. "While the rest of us 20-somethings were moaning about the weather, warming ourselves by a heater, this little 75-year-old lady never once complained - put us all to shame. She was the most professional artist I've ever worked with."

Early life
Born Emogeane Coca  in Philadelphia of Spanish and Irish descent, the only child of Joseph F. Coca Jr. (the family surname was originally Fernández y Coca), a violinist and vaudeville orchestra conductor, and Sarah "Sadie" Brady, a dancer and magician's assistant, she took lessons in piano, dance, and voice as a child and while still a teenager moved from Philadelphia to New York City to become a dancer. In 1925, still aged 16, she landed her first job in the chorus of the Broadway musical When You Smile. She became a headliner in Manhattan nightclubs with music arranged by her first husband, Bob Burton.

She gained prominence when she combined music with comedy; her first critical success was in New Faces of 1934. A well-received part of her act was a comic striptease, during which Coca made sultry faces and gestures but would manage to remove only one glove. She committed this routine to film in the Educational Pictures comedy short The Bashful Ballerina (1937). She received excellent notices for her Educational short Dime a Dance. In a review headlined "Swell Comic Scores," Film Daily wrote: "A real comedienne who will wow the cash customers with her zany antics, Imogene Coca is in a class all by herself, and her style of comedy does not suggest that of any other funster on the screen." Three other newcomers to films -- Danny Kaye, June Allyson, and Barry Sullivan—were featured in the short, filmed at Educational's New York studio.

Television
Imogene Coca was one of network television's first comics. She starred in an early ABC series, Buzzy Wuzzy, which lasted four episodes in 1948. She played opposite Sid Caesar on The Admiral Broadway Revue (January to June 1949), and then in the sketch comedy program Your Show of Shows (1950 to 1954), which was immensely popular, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Series in 1952 and 1953. The 90-minute show was aired live on NBC every Saturday night in prime time. She won the second-ever Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1951 and was nominated for four other Emmys for her work in the show. She won a 1953 Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. The Caesar-Coca partnership might have continued, but the network tried to generate more revenue by spinning off Coca into her own series. The Imogene Coca Show ran for one year (1954 to 1955).

In the 1963–64 TV season, Coca portrayed a comic temporary helper in the NBC sitcom Grindl. It competed with the second half of The Ed Sullivan Show and lasted only one season. Coca later starred as a cavewoman with Joe E. Ross in the 1966–67 time-travel satire sitcom It's About Time.

She continued to appear on comedy and variety series from the 1950s though the 1980s, including several appearances each on The Carol Burnett Show, The George Gobel Show, The Hollywood Palace and Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town and Bob Hope specials. She appeared on other shows and specials by Dean Martin, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Lewis, Dick Clark, Danny Kaye and Andy Williams. The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, and Howard Morris Special won a 1967 Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special. She made memorable guest appearances on sitcoms including two appearances on Bewitched, The Brady Bunch and Mama's Family. She appeared with Milton Berle and Your Show of Shows co-star Howard Morris in "Curtain Call", a 1983 episode of Fantasy Island.

Coca appeared in a number of literary adaptations for children. In 1960 she was Miss Clavel in Sol Saks' adaptation of Ludwig Bemelmans' Madeline for Shirley Temple's Storybook. In 1972, she voiced the character of Princess Jane Klockenlocher in The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye, a Rankin/Bass version of Hans Christian Andersen's The Emperor's New Clothes. In 1978, she appeared in A Special Sesame Street Christmas. In 1985, she played The Cook in Alice in Wonderland, an all-star TV miniseries adaptation of the book by Lewis Carroll. Among her final roles was voicing characters in Garfield and Friends.

In 1988, Coca appeared as the mother of Allyce Beasley's Agnes in the Moonlighting episode "Los Dos Dipestos", written by David Steinberg. She received her sixth Emmy nomination, as Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series, for the role. The same year she was the female recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy at the second annual American Comedy Awards, alongside male recipient George Burns.

Coca appeared only sporadically in films such as The Incredible Incident at Independence Square, filmed in her hometown of Philadelphia, as well as Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963), Nothing Lasts Forever, Papa Was a Preacher, Buy & Cell and National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), as "Aunt Edna".

After having appeared in several Broadway musical-comedy revues and plays between the 1930s and the 1950s, Coca returned to Broadway at the age of 70 with a Tony Award-nominated performance as religious zealot Letitia Primrose in On the Twentieth Century, a 1978 stage musical adapted from the film Twentieth Century (1934). Her role, that of a religious fanatic who plasters decals onto every available surface, had been a male in both the film and the original stage production, and was rewritten specifically as a vehicle for Coca.  She appeared in the Broadway run with Kevin Kline and Madeline Kahn, continued with the national tour starring Rock Hudson and Judy Kaye and returned for a later tour revival in the mid-1980s with Kaye and Frank Gorshin. She also co-starred with singer Maxine Sullivan in My Old Friends and touring productions including musicals such as Once Upon a Mattress and Bells Are Ringing and plays such as The Prisoner of Second Avenue and Luv. She rejoined Sid Caesar in 1961–62, 1977 and 1990–91 for a traveling stage revue and made an appearance with Caesar and Howard Morris at Comic Relief VI in 1994.

One of Coca's early stock characters on the Caesar series blended comedy with socially conscious pathos as a bag lady and she was frequently asked to reprise the role, including by Carol Burnett for her 60s series and by Red Skelton as love interest to one of his own familiar characters in the 1981 TV special Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner. New wave group Ēbn-Ōzn featured Coca as the title character in the music video to their song "Bag Lady (I Wonder)", which was a top-40 dance hit in 1984.

Personal life and legacy

Coca had no children, but was married twice: for 20 years to Bob Burton, from 1935 until his death in 1955, and later for 27 years to King Donovan, from 1960 until his death in 1987. Burton's death came only one month after her mother had died. Coca was a practicing Roman Catholic.

Coca was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election.

Hours after Coca and Donovan completed their New Year's Eve 1972 performance of  "Fourposter" at the Showboat Dinner Theater in  St. Petersburg, Florida, they were involved in a serious auto accident. They had been driving in foggy weather to their home in Clearwater, Florida, when Donovan collided with another car driven by 19-year-old Cheryl Lynn Rice. Rice was unharmed, but Donovan sustained a slight leg injury, and the rear-view mirror entered Coca's right eye, smashing her cheekbone. Transported to the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, Coca underwent plastic surgery and a cosmetic lens covered her now-blind eye for the rest of her career, which resumed with her long stint in Broadway's On the Twentieth Century beginning in 1978.

Performers citing Coca as an influence include Carol Burnett, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg and Tracey Ullman. Your Show of Shows is considered a television classic and was the basis for a well-received 1982 film, My Favorite Year. A 1992 musical version of the film made its way to Broadway, in which comedic actress Andrea Martin won a Tony Award for her portrayal of Alice Miller.

In 1995, Coca was honored with the second annual Women in Film Lucy Award, honoring women's achievement in television and named after Lucille Ball.

Death
On June 2, 2001, Coca died at her home in Westport, Connecticut, aged 92, from natural causes incidental to Alzheimer's disease. She was cremated and her ashes scattered.

Filmography

Television
 Buzzy Wuzzy (1948; ran for four weeks)
 The Admiral Broadway Revue (1949–1950)
 Your Show of Shows (139 episodes 1950–1954)
 The Imogene Coca Show (1954–1955)
 Playhouse 90 ("Made in Heaven" 1956)
 General Electric Theater ("Cab Driver" 1957)
 Sid Caesar Invites You (1958, U.S.)
 Sid Caesar Invites You (1958, UK [BBC])
 The George Gobel Show (4 episodes 1959–1960)
 Shirley Temple's Storybook: Madeline (1960)
 Grindl (32 episodes 1963–1964)
 It's About Time (18 episodes 1966–1967)
 The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris Special (1967)
 The Carol Burnett Show (4 episodes 1967–1969)
 Love, American Style (2 episodes 1970, 1972)
 Bewitched (2 episodes 1971)
Rod Serling's Night Gallery (The Merciful)- with husband, King Donovan.
 The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes (1972)
 The Brady Bunch (1972)
 The Incredible Incident at Independence Square
 Trapper John, M.D. ("Quarantine" 1980)
 Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner (1981)
 Return of the Beverly Hillbillies (1981)
 Fantasy Island ("Curtain Call" 1983)
 Mama's Family ("Aunt Gert Rides Again" 1983)
 One Life to Live (cast member from 1983–1984)
 As the World Turns (cast member in 1983)
 Alice in Wonderland (1985)
 Moonlighting ("Los Dos Dipestos" 1988)
 Monsters ("The Face" 1989)
 Garfield and Friends (Voice, 14 episodes 1994)
 Comic Relief VI (1994)

Film
 Bashful Ballerina (1937)
 Dime a Dance (1937)
 They Meet Again (1941)
 Promises! Promises! (1963)
 Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963)
 10 from Your Show of Shows (1973)
 Rabbit Test (1978)
 National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
 Nothing Lasts Forever (1984)
 Papa Was a Preacher (1985)
 Buy & Cell (1987)
 Hollywood: The Movie (1996)
 Her Alibi (1989) uncredited in court room

Broadway
 When You Smile (1925) Imogene
 Garrick Gaieties (1930)
 Shoot the Works (1931)
 Flying Colors (1932–1933) Jo-Jo, Miss Maris
 New Faces of 1934 (1934, with Henry Fonda)
 Fools Rush In (1934–1935)
 New Faces of 1936 (1936)
 Who's Who (1938)
 The Straw Hat Revue (1939, with Danny Kaye, Jerome Robbins)
 All In Fun (1940) Dancer, Esther, Mrs. Burton, Nymph, The Derelict
 Concert Varieties (1945)
 Janus (1955–1956) Jessica
 The Girls in 509 (1958–1959) Mimsy
 On The Twentieth Century (1978–1979) Letitia Primrose

Music video
 Bag Lady (1984 EBN-OZN)) The Bag Lady

Selected regional theater, national tours
 Bubbling Over (1926)
 Queen High (1928)
 Up to the Stars (1935)
 Calling All Men (1937)
 A Night at the Folies Bergere (1940)
 Happy Birthday (1948)
 Wonderful Town (1954) Ruth
 The Great Sebastians (1957)
 Once Upon a Mattress (1960–61)
 A Thurber Carnival (1961–62)
 Caesar-Coca Revue (1961–62)
 Bells Are Ringing (1962)
 Luv (1967)
 You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running (1968–69)
 Why I Went Crazy (1969)
 A Girl Could Get Lucky (1970)
 The Rivals (1972) Mrs. Malaprop
 The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1973–74, with husband King Donovan)
 "Plaza Suite" ( c. 1976 Tidewater Dinner Theatre of The Stars, with King Donovan)
 Makin' Whoopee (1981, with Mamie Van Doren)
 The Gin Game (1984)
 My Old Friends (1985)
 On the Twentieth Century (1986–87) Letitia Primrose

References

Further reading

External links

1908 births
2001 deaths
Actresses from Philadelphia
American people of Spanish descent
American women comedians
American film actresses
American sketch comedians
American stage actresses
American voice actresses
American television actresses
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in Connecticut
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Peabody Award winners
20th-century American actresses
American Roman Catholics
20th-century American comedians
California Democrats
Connecticut Democrats
Pennsylvania Democrats

Imogene Coca


An Leymus pseudoracemosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Chi Yen ngan Jun Liang Yang. An Leymus pseudoracemosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Leymus

Leymus pseudoracemosus


El Proyecto X es una unidad especial de Gendarmería Nacional Argentina que contaría con una base de datos creada en el año 2002 y actualizada en el año 2006. En octubre de 2017 se reveló que el proyecto no había sido desmantelado y estaba siendo utilizado para espiar a la familia de Santiago Maldonado.

Historia

Denuncia periodística
El diario Página/12  en noviembre de 2011 dio a conocer la denuncia judicial donde gendarmes se "entremezclaron en la multitud vestidos de civil para identificar a los cabecillas" de las manifestaciones y que en el caso del exdelegado de Kraft Ramón Bogado, informaron sobre reuniones que se hicieron en su casa y lo que allí se decidía. Legisladores de la oposición pidieron que la ministra de Seguridad, Nilda Garré, vaya al Congreso para dar explicaciones sobre la acusación.

Averiguación de responsabilidades

El gobierno reaccionó descabezando a la cúpula de la Gendarmería Nacional, mediante la jubilación de 19 de los 30 comandantes de la Gendarmería, decidida por la ministra de Seguridad, Nilda Garré, si bien confirmó en el cargo de comandante general de la fuerza a Héctor Schenone, quien días antes había reconocido ante el juez interviniente la existencia y ejecución del 'Proyecto X' y al jefe de Inteligencia Criminal, comandante Marcelo Martinengo, supuesto responsable directo de las tareas de espionaje político. En respuesta a la polémica levantada en el ámbito nacional, la Ministra de Seguridad Nilda Garré intervino la inteligencia de Gendarmería Nacional. Posteriormente, Garré pasó a retiro a 19 comandantes de la fuerza.

Investigación judicial

Mediante un pedido judicial sobre informes del Proyecto X e intervenciones por parte de Gendarmería Nacional, se dio a conocer un informe en el que se especifica el accionar de mencionada base de datos, firmado por Héctor Schenone. Según el documento es una base de datos que "se utiliza como herramienta de análisis y orientativa en causas judiciales, así como en apoyo informativo a Unidades Operativas, de Investigaciones Judiciales e Inteligencia Criminal". La base de datos cuenta con información como "nombres, teléfonos, direcciones, apodos, vinculaciones, vehículos, lugares, peritajes, etc.". Y detalla que su función principal es "auxiliar el trabajo de entrecruzamiento de datos (comunicaciones telefónicas –por informe judicial-, lugares, personas, períodos de tiempo, etc.) a los fines de una mejor investigacióncriminal judicial".

Por su parte, la ministra Nilda Garré lo definió como:

Además afirmó que el sistema fue utilizado en 285 causas judiciales desde el año 2006 hasta principios de 2012.

Según el informe brindado por Gendarmería, el encuadre de los tres sistemas que poseen (el SAG, el SGO y el Proyect X) se utilizan ante la presunta comisión de un delito de acción pública, según el artículo 183 del Código Procesal, en el que el personal de la fuerza podrá realizar tareas en "forma discreta o encubierta con el fin de impedir que cometidos sean llevados a consecuencias ulteriores, individualizar a los culpables y reunir las pruebas para dar base a la acusación".

La ley no impide hacer inteligencia para investigar un delito mientras que se envíe el material a la justicia. Aunque los informes otorgados a la justicia por parte de Gendarmería son extremadamente detallados.

El juez Norberto Oyarbide investigó el accionar por parte de Gendarmería y el Proyecto X en una causa relacionada con una protesta por despidos de trabajadores de la firma Kraft.

Proyecto X durante el gobierno de Mauricio Macri
En agosto de 2016 Patricia Bullrich, la ministra de Seguridad del gobierno de Mauricio Macri, publicó una foto en sus redes sociales para mostrar el nuevo Centro de Comando y Control de la Gendarmería, sin advertir que se observaba en una de las pantallas que Gendarmería estaba controlando lo que los usuarios decían y publicaban en sus cuentas y en las redes sociales.

En el marco por la desaparición de Santiago Maldonado durante el gobierno de Mauricio Macri, el 13 de octubre de 2017 la abogada Myriam Bregman, patrocinada por Liliana Mazea y Matías Aufieri del CeProDH, denunció penalmente a Gendarmería por espionaje ilegal a la familia Maldonado y organismos de derechos humanos. Según la investigación que lleva el juez Gustavo Lleral sobre el caso la Gendarmería Nacional de Argentina realizó tareas de espionaje a la familia de Maldonado, que fueron realizados días después de la desaparición del joven argentino, y se conocieron tras un hallazgo en las pericias que se efectuaron a los teléfonos de miembros de la Gendarmería. Un total de siete documentos con información de inteligencia fueron encontrados por la Policía Federal argentina, material que ocupó unas 20 hojas del expediente, en el que se puede corroborar que la Gendarmería espió de manera ilegal a la familia Maldonado.

La denuncia  recayó en el juzgado de Sebastián Casanello, donde la abogada Myriam Bregman aportó pruebas a la causa y denunció que la Gendarmería Nacional realizó espionaje ilegal sobre la familia de Santiago Maldonado. Sergio Maldonado denunció tener "el teléfono pinchado", y las nuevas revelaciones del expediente judicial demuestran que los gendarmes también hicieron un seguimiento de los pasos de su hermano desaparecido.

Críticas a Proyecto X

Según Myriam Bregman, abogada activista de derechos humanos, se trata de un refinado aparato de vigilancia de ciudadanos que incluye hasta características de personalidad y que las operaciones son realizadas con los agentes vistiendo ropa de civil. Al respecto opinó "Lo único que falta es que la Presidenta diga que también es un invento y un escandalete que Jorge Julio López esté desaparecido desde el año 2006."

Los movimientos sociales que apoyan al kirchnerismo también rechazaron el Proyecto mediante el dirigente Luis D'Elía, quien además declaró confiar en que el Gobierno revertirá la situación.
En una declaración fechada el 1° de abril de 2013 la Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos expresó su solidaridad y acompañamiento con todos aquellos dirigentes y activistas sociales que fueron investigados en el marco del proyecto y reclamó el esclarecimiento y las sanciones a los responsables, si correspondieren.

El titular de Gendarmería, Héctor Schenone, admitió la existencia del Proyecto X, aunque negó que tuviera como objetivo espiar a dirigentes sociales.

El senador kirchnerista y ex jefe de Gabinete Aníbal Fernández desmintió la existencia del Proyecto X, pero el periodista Horacio Verbitsky, dijo que Fernández no sólo conocía su existencia, sino que además lo impulsó.

Las noticias de este escándalo tuvieron alcance internacional, calificándose en el exterior como una iniciativa «orwelliana» y de «policía política».

El padre Pepe, reconocido por su lucha contra el narcotráfico y uno de los que habría sido espiado por las fuerzas de seguridad a cargo del ministerio conducido por Nilda Garré, comparó el Proyecto X con la dictadura:

Véase también
 Escándalo por espionaje en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Los expedientes secretos X, por Diego Rojas.
 Se confirma que Gendarmería espió a dirigentes sociales

Argentina en 2012
Presidencia de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Presidencia de Mauricio Macri
Programas gubernamentales secretos
Espionaje
Servicios de inteligencia de Argentina

Proyecto X (Argentina)


Alvsnosi er et bjerg i Aurland kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Det ligger nordvest for Geiterygghytta i Skarvheimen, lige nord for Hallingskarvet nationalpark og har en højde på 1.708 meter over havet. Der er to mindre gletsjere på henholdsvis nordøst- og sydøstsiden.

Se også
 Liste over Norges højeste fjelde

Kilder og henvisninger

Aurland
Bjerge i Vestland

Alvsnosi


Telford puede referirse a:

Telford, pueblo en el condado inglés de Shropshire;
Telford & Wrekin, autoridad unitaria en el condado inglés de Shropshire;

Telford (Pensilvania), pueblo en el estado estadounidense de Pensilvania;
Telford (Tennessee), pueblo en el estado estadounidense de Tennessee; o
Thomas Telford, ingeniero y arquitecto escocés.

Telford (desambiguación)


The Welsh Highland Railway (WHR; ) is a  long, restored  narrow gauge heritage railway in the Welsh county of Gwynedd, operating from Caernarfon to Porthmadog, and passing through a number of popular tourist destinations including Beddgelert and the Aberglaslyn Pass. At Porthmadog it connects with the Ffestiniog Railway and to the short Welsh Highland Heritage Railway. In Porthmadog it uses the United Kingdom's only mixed gauge flat rail crossing.

The restoration, which had the civil engineering mainly built by contractors and the track mainly built by volunteers, received a number of awards. Originally running from , near Caernarfon, to , the current line includes an additional section from Dinas to Caernarfon. The original line also had a branch to  and the slate quarries around Moel Tryfan, which has not been restored. (This branch forms a footpath "rail trail", the lower section of which has been resurfaced and supplied with heritage notice-boards.)

There is also the  long Welsh Highland Heritage Railway which runs from Porthmadog along the trackbed of the former Cambrian Railways exchange siding and connects to the WHR main line at Pen-y-Mount junction.

History

The original Welsh Highland Railway was formed in 1922 from the merger of two companies – the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways (NWNGR) and the Portmadoc, Beddgelert and South Snowdon Railway (PBSSR), successor to the Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway. It was never a commercial success; the carriages of the 1890s were outdated and uncomfortable for so long a ride, the journey took too long and the service had a reputation for being unreliable.

Forerunners: 1863–1921
The Croesor Tramway had run from Porthmadog since 1863 up into the Croesor Valley and the slate quarries in this area. This was a horse-worked line laid to a nominal  gauge.

The NWNGR had originally built a  narrow gauge line from a junction with the  London and North Western Railway line at Dinas to Bryngwyn with a branch from Tryfan Junction via Waunfawr to Llyn Cwellyn (Snowdon Ranger). The line was opened in 1877 and was extended to South Snowdon (Rhyd Ddu) in 1881, a total of . This closed to passengers in 1914 but goods traffic continued up to its absorption by the WHR in 1922.

In 1902, the newly formed PBSSR took over the failed Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway with the aim of extending it to South Snowdon slate quarry in the Nant Gwynant Pass. Work was abandoned by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, although the tunnels through the Aberglaslyn Pass were mostly completed.

Formation and construction: 1921–1923
The name Welsh Highland Railway first appeared in 1921 when a 1914 light railway order (LRO) was processed. It was originally drawn up by the local Caernarfonshire authorities and aimed to link the PGSSR and NWNGR but had been delayed by the First World War. It was revived by two local politicians and a Scottish distillery owner, Sir John Henderson Stewart. In July 1921, Stewart also obtained control of the Festiniog Railway, to obtain extra rolling stock for the WHR.

The LRO was passed in 1922, following a public inquiry. The budget was £75,000 and much of the funding was borrowed from the Ministry of Transport and local authorities. According to the historian Peter Johnson, this would become a burden as the railway needed to generate the unlikely sum of £3,750 profit each year to service the debt.

Two further LROs enabled improvements to the railway's alignment at Beddgelert, a new station site in Porthmadog and a link to the Festiniog Railway. McAlpine & Sons were contracted to refurbish the existing lines and complete the link between Rhyd Ddu and Croesor Junction, thus creating a railway that ran from Dinas to join the Festiniog Railway at Porthmadog. Like the modern day WHR, the railway was opened in stages. The former NWNGR section re-opened on 31 July 1922 and the remainder on 1 June 1923.

Fall into receivership: 1923–1933
The WHR venture was not a success and was beset with problems from the start. Indeed, 1923 was its most successful year. Much hoped-for revenue from quarry traffic never materialised as the slate industry had fallen into decline. Its passenger services were also unsuccessful and could not compete with the local bus services, which often took half the time to complete the same journey. Its rolling stock was out of date, it lacked locomotives and carriages and its marketing was inadequate. In 1924, winter passenger services were discontinued due to poor traffic. A dispute with the Great Western Railway over the costs of the crossing over its line at Porthmadog also caused problems, despite the crossing having been used since 1867 without any charges or problems. The railway even had to resort to escorting passengers across the crossing on foot.

After 1923, it was unable to pay debenture interest and, in 1927, the county council sued and put the railway into receivership. Services continued and by 1933, it was run down and the local authorities decided to close it.

Control by the Festiniog Railway Company: 1934–1937
In 1934, the company agreed to lease the line to the Festiniog Railway Company for 42 years. It was a disaster, with the FR forced to pay rent even if the WHR made a loss.

The FR Co. attempted to change the line's fortunes by re-focussing on the tourist market. This included painting the carriages bright colours, including yellow and blue and promoting the Aberglaslyn Pass as a destination by renaming Nantmor station as Aberglaslyn. They also tried to promote round trip (return) journeys, with passengers taking the standard gauge line to Dinas, travelling on the WHR and the Festiniog Railway to Blaenau Ffestiniog and then changing again to take the standard gauge railway to their original starting point.

Despite these attempts, the FR Co. were unsuccessful, the last passenger train ran in 1936 and the last goods service in 1937. The early tourist industry did not provide sufficient visitors to make the railway pay, especially during the Depression. Competition from buses which ran a faster and more regular service from Caernarfon and Beddgelert also played a part. The last passenger train ran on 5 September 1936 and, in February 1937, the FR decided not to run the WHR again.

Fall into liquidation 1937–1941
As there was no provision for the Ffestiniog Railway Company to hand back its lease and the WHR was bankrupt, the line became dormant. In 1941, the authorities decided to requisition the movable assets for use in the Second World War. Much of the rolling stock was sold off and most of the track was lifted. The Croesor Tramway section was left intact in case the slate quarries re-opened and remained until finally lifted in 1948–9.

In 1943, the Ffestiniog Railway surrendered its lease and, in exchange for £550 compensation, it was allowed to keep 'Single Fairlie' Moel Tryfan (although it only paid £150).

Various legal manoeuvres followed this, including a serious application to turn the route into a long-distance footpath. Although these plans were ultimately unfruitful, the statutory powers ensured that the trackbed was kept mainly intact, rather than sold off bit by bit, which would have made restoration much more difficult and potentially expensive. However, some parts, such as the sites of  and  stations, were sold off.

Restoration

The Welsh Highland Railway's restoration has a long, complicated and controversial history and includes several court cases and public enquiries.

The origins of the WHRL restoration efforts, tentatively began in 1961 when disagreements within the volunteers of the Festiniog Railway and a group of like-minded railway enthusiasts, joined to form The Welsh Highland Railway Society. This group is the precursor of what eventually became WHR Ltd., which owns and operates the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway (WHHR). Legal problems meant they were unable to take over the old company so, in the 1970s, the group purchased the former standard gauge exchange sidings (the Beddgelert Siding) near Tremadog Road, Porthmadog, from British Railways to use as a base. In 1980, they began running passenger services over the line that is now known as the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway. They also acquired an original WHR locomotive Russell, which began working passenger services in 1987.

In the mid-1980s, a number of FR Co. employees became concerned about impact of possible competition from a rebuilt WHR and passed this view on to the FR management. In 1987, this resulted in a confidential offer to buy the WHR track bed from the official receiver for £16,000 to prevent the WHR being developed. In 1989, the offer became public, causing a backlash against the FR Co.

In 1990, a change of directors resulted in the FR Co.'s decision to take over the restoration of the WHR. After a long legal battle between the two companies, the FR Co. won control of the WHR track bed and it re-opened the railway in stages, starting in 1997. The line was completed in 2011.

Extension
With Caernarfon Council having a longer-term plan to reinstate the town's rail transport link to Bangor, speculation mounted that the FR/WHR would potentially later extend itself. However, the Ffestiniog Railway wrote to the council in January 2014 to confirm that they would not themselves be supportive of such a scheme in narrow gauge, but supported the reconnection of the town to the national rail network using standard gauge.

The present day WHR
The modern Welsh Highland Railway is a tourist railway owned and operated by the Festiniog Railway Company. It is longer than the original line and starts from Caernarfon rather than Dinas. The extension was built on the trackbed of the former standard gauge railway. Dinas station is also built on the standard gauge railway site, rather than the original narrow gauge site, with the line moving onto the original WHR alignment just south of the station.

It is marketed by the FR Co. as The Welsh Highland Railway and Rheilffordd Eryri (In the Welsh language, Eryri = "Snowdonia"). The WHR's connection to the Ffestiniog Railway means that the FR Co. controls almost 40 miles of narrow gauge railway and it promotes both lines jointly as the Ffestiniog and Welsh Highland Railways or Rheilffyrdd Ffestiniog ac Eryri.

The Welsh Highland Heritage Railway

The Welsh Highland Heritage Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru) is a 1-mile (1.6 km) long heritage narrow gauge railway owned and operated by Welsh Highland Railway Ltd. (WHR Ltd.). It operates from its main station at Tremadog Road, Porthmadog to its terminus at Pen-y-Mount, where it connects to the Ffestiniog Railway Company owned Welsh Highland Railway.

WHR Ltd's primary focus is on recreating the atmosphere of the original Welsh Highland Railway. This includes replicas of original buildings, using original and replica carriages and rolling stock and the staff wearing period costume. It also has a museum at its Gelert's Farm Works and every train halts there on the return journey to allow passengers to visit it. There is also a miniature railway and a tea room at its main Porthmadog station.

Relationship with the Festiniog Railway Company

Although WHR Ltd lost the battle for control of the WHR to the Festiniog Railway Company, they have also been involved in its restoration.

On 12 January 1998, both companies signed an agreement, commonly known as the "98 agreement". In return, for dropping its objections to the Festiniog Railway Company's application to restore the railway; WHR Ltd would be allowed to construct the section of the railway from  to Pont Croesor and then operate their own services over it until such time as the "Head of Steel" arrived at Pont Croesor from the north. The Pen y Mount to Pont Croesor section would then be handed over to the FR's construction company for incorporation into the rest of the WHR. Finally, in between its principal services, the FR would then operate trains from the WHR Ltd's Porthmadog (WHHR) railway station, to unspecified destinations on the WHR, using WHR Ltd locomotives, rolling stock and (where possible) WHR Ltd staff. Revenue from these trains would be retained by the FR, but they would, in turn, pay a hire fee for the use of the locomotive and rolling stock and a track access fee for the use of WHR Ltd's line between Porthmadog (WHR) and Pen y Mount.

Another key part of the agreement defined the names of the two companies' operations during the period that the line was restored. The FR Co. promoted their section as The Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon) (WHR C) and WHR Ltd. changed its operational name from The Welsh Highland Railway to The Welsh Highland Railway (Porthmadog) (WHR P). When the two sections were connected in 2008, WHR Ltd. changed its operational name to The Welsh Highland Heritage Railway and the FR Co. started to promote their operation as The Welsh Highland Railway or, in a largely Welsh-speaking area, Rheilffordd Eryri.

In the end, WHR Ltd was only able to build around a third of the way to Pont Croesor, with trains terminating at a location known as Traeth Mawr Loop (opened in 2007). The reasons behind this and the consequences, continue to be a subject of debate and led directly to a breakdown of relations between the two companies in 2008. Since then efforts have been made to improve relations and these are still ongoing.

 Welsh titles
The original Welsh Highland never had an official Welsh translation of its name, despite the fact that North Wales has always been a heartland for the Welsh language. Local people tended to refer to it by informal names such as Y Lein Bach or Lein Bach Beddgelert (the little Beddgelert railway).

In contrast, the restored lines are known as Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru and Rheilffordd Eryri.Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru (= Welsh Highland Railway) has been used since 1980 by WHR Ltd. and its predecessors.Rheilffordd Eryri (Eryri = Land of Eagles, the Welsh name for Snowdonia) is the Welsh title used by the Festiniog Railway Company for its Welsh Highland Railway operations.

 Rolling stock

 Original locomotives
Two locomotives were inherited from the predecessor companies: Moel Tryfan and Russell. When these proved insufficient, Baldwin 590 was acquired by H.F. Stephens and several Festiniog Railway locomotives saw regular use on the Welsh Highland Railway throughout its entire pre-closure existence from 1923 to 1937. 590 was planned to be part of a larger fleet to replace Moel Tryfan and Russell but it gained so little popularity that Stephens never bought another. By 1936 Moel Tryfan was out of use at Boston Lodge. When Russell and 590 were withdrawn the following year, they were placed in Dinas shed, but when the Second World War broke out, the Ministry of War came to see about appropriating them for the war effort. After some examination of the engines and questioning of those who had worked them, Russell (regarded as a good engine) was removed for further use, and 590 (seen as an unreliable, rough rider with difficult controls and inadequate adhesion) was broken up at Dinas. Despite the unpopularity of 590, the WHHR (Porthmadog) is currently refurbishing a similar Baldwin to act as a replica.

During the ownership of the WHR by the Festiniog Railway Company, Moel Tryfan and Russell were cut down to allow them to traverse the Festiniog Railway to Blaenau Ffestiniog. Moel Tryfan proved suitable, but Russell, even in cut down form, was not low or narrow enough to fit the FR's highly restrictive loading gauge. Russell is now owned by WHR Ltd and has been restored to its original profile. 590 notably retained its original form until its demise.

 Current rolling stock – Welsh Highland Railway

 Current rolling stock – Welsh Highland Heritage Railway

 Operation

The railway is a single track line with passing loops at , , ,  and  halt. There is also a loop at , which is normally locked out of use as a stabling point for engineering trains.

As with any single track railway, there are strict rules managing the movement of trains to prevent more than one entering a section. The line is managed from a single "Control" office at Porthmadog Harbour Station, which also performs the same task for the Ffestiniog Railway. Control is responsible for the safe and efficient operation of trains, logs train movements on a train graph and acts as a single point of contact in emergencies. A system of tokens is used to control train access to single line sections.

Communication between train crew and Control always occurs using a landline at stations. There is no in-cab radio system and current regulations forbid use of such whilst in motion. As a backup system only, the guard carries a company mobile telephone for use in an emergency. This is not a primary system as cellular coverage is intermittent over the length of the line. His Majesty's Railway Inspectorate, the organisation responsible for safety on British railways, insists on landlines as the main form of safety critical communication.

 Signalling

The signalling on the WHR is much simpler than that used on the Ffestiniog Railway or the UK national rail network.

To enter any section of line, the train crew must obtain permission from Control and the relevant token. Each section of line is a token block section. The WHR uses the traditional Staff and Ticket system in which trains can either be issued with the section token staff or a numbered ticket. Tickets allow multiple trains to pass one-at-a-time through a section in one direction. The Controller advises the train crew which method they will be using. Tickets are kept in a locked box opened by a key on the token staff. This means the last train must use the token staff to pass through the section, so it can be used for trains to travel in the opposite direction. For additional protection, both the footplate crew and the guard must see the token or ticket before the train can depart.

At some stations an additional "Shunt" token is used to allow shunting to take place (such as a locomotive "running round" a train). They are provided at Dinas, Rhyd Ddu, Beddgelert and at Pont Croesor. The shunt token can only be withdrawn (used) with permission from Control and if there are no trains approaching the station in the adjacent single line sections. Withdrawing the token causes two yellow lights to go out on a red warning board on the line approaching the station, preventing other trains from entering the station.

The majority of the points at passing loops are operated automatically using the Automatic Train Operated Trailable (ATOTP) system, rather than a manually operated lever or point motor. There are also no signals to indicate that a train can enter a section. A "Stop" board at the end of the platform orders the train to stop until the train crew have obtained permission to proceed from control and a token. At the end of the section, the train can proceed into the platform provided the lights are lit on the home (shunt token warning) board, the point indicator is lit and the relevant platform is clear.

 Future signalling – ETS
One of the disadvantages of the staff and ticket system is that it is very inflexible. If a locomotive fails in a station, for example, a token staff may be at the wrong end of a section and will have to be moved by road. This situation does not occur under the Electric Token System (ETS), a more advanced system in which tokens can be obtained at either end of a section from a token instrument.

ETS has been used on the Ffestiniog Railway for many years and the FR Co. were anxious to obtain enough ETS instruments to equip the WHR. After a long search, sufficient ETS equipment to operate the entire railway has been obtained from the Irish railway company Iarnród Éireann. The equipment became redundant after Iarnród Éireann modernised its signalling systems in the early 2000s.

As the WHR has no telephone cabling to connect the system, the FR Co. is developing a more modern alternative method of connecting the ETS machines. Until the system is finished, the WHR will continue using its current token systems.

 Cae Pawb – The Cambrian crossing
Just outside Porthmadog, the railway crosses the Network Rail-owned Cambrian Coast line using a flat crossing. It existed on the old Welsh Highland Railway and was the source of much conflict between the old company and the Great Western Railway over the cost of WHR trains using the crossing. On the modern WHR, the crossing is called Cae Pawb. Cae Pawb means "everybody's field" and is a reference to the nearby field of allotments.

Information, from the engineers involved, is that the Network Rail line crosses on solid steel billets to the same head, foot and height measurements as the adjacent standard gauge rail, but that the narrow gauge crosses on rail of a similar section which is joined on either side in succession to 80 lb/yd (36 kg/m)rail and then to the normal 60 lb/yd (30 kg/m) rail used for the narrow gauge.

Cae Pawb is at the north-western end of the Network Rail Harlech to Porthmadog signalling section, which is controlled from Machynlleth Control Centre. Standard gauge trains are protected by signals and wide-to-gauge trap points on the WHR line, which are interlocked with the standard gauge European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) signalling. The crossing is activated locally and ERTMS automatically gives permission for WHR trains to cross provided the standard gauge section is available. A crossing controller operates the crossing when passenger trains are running, with operation at other times being carried out by the train crew.

A set of replica white wooden crossing gates separate the narrow gauge line from the standard gauge track and continue the Network Rail boundary fencing. They are left open when a crossing controller is present. The gates open inwards to prevent them blocking the standard gauge line. A replica signal box was constructed for this crossing but has now been installed at Pen y Mount to control the junction with the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway.

 Porthmadog cross-town link

South of the Cambrian crossing, WHR cross town link trains move direct to Porthmadog Harbour, where passengers alight.

At Harbour Station there is a platform between the Welsh Highland and Ffestiniog lines so that passengers may transfer from one train to the other. There are also the usual facilities including a respectable eating house.

 Timetable
Historically, the WHR was split into two operational sections:
 Dinas to Beddgelert and Beddgelert to Porthmadog (using present day form)

For the 2009 timetable operation, a "two set" operation was employed, with rolling stock being based at Dinas. During the year, operations were extended from Rhyd Ddu, first to Beddgelert on 7 April 2009, and then to Hafod y Llyn on 21 May 2009, site of a small halt on the original line. Although passengers could board and alight at Hafod-y-Llyn, its remote location meant that it could only be accessed by self-sufficient walkers and cyclists as there were no parking or other facilities at the halt and the platform was very short. It closed when  was opened in 2010.

The Festiniog Railway Company had, at one point, planned to open the entire railway in 2007. Delays from government processes, a foot-and-mouth epidemic and funding restrictions meant that the opening was repeatedly delayed, with the full opening not happening until 2011. The line could not be opened to Beddgelert until the track left the national park at Pont Ynysferlas; this restriction was imposed by the Snowdonia National Park Authority to be sure that the railway really meant what it said, but this suspicious attitude lost the railway a year's income from Beddgelert. From the end of May 2010, the line was extended a further  to . Shortly thereafter the railway announced that as it had approval for service by the Safety Directorate of the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR), the remaining section would be completed before the end of September 2010. The cause of this sudden rush was the transition from legislation enshrined in the Railways and Other Transport Systems (Approval of Works, Plant and Equipment) Regulations 1994 (ROTS) to new legislation enshrined in the Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems (Safety) Regulations 2006 (ROGS). This should have happened in 2006, but heritage railways gained an extension of the transition period to 1 October 2010. It was foreseen that this change in regime would bring additional costs to the railway, so it was decided to complete the line before that date. A minor delay was incurred by the necessity to build a new culvert where the new Porthmadog A487 bypass road was being built.

Following the visit from the ORR on 15 October 2010, approval was given for passenger operation. On 30 October 2010 the first passenger trains, departing from Caernarfon to Porthmadog and return, were operated for the benefit of sponsors of the project. The commissioning of the ERTMS signalling on the Cambrian Line was completed during a possession from Harlech to Pwllheli between 24 and 27 October.

As a result of the A487 Porthmadog bypass works, the Ffestiniog Railway was severed just east of Minffordd station from 3 January to 16 February 2011 to build a new bridge. Therefore, the regular Winter FR trains were scheduled to operate from Porthmadog to . The first through services between Caernarfon and Porthmadog Harbour station began on 19 February 2011, with regular services recommencing from 27 March 2011.

 Whole of line operations
Although, with completion of the main track laying it is now possible to run trains from  through to , there are initially no plans to do so on a regular basis. The WHR is built to a slightly larger loading gauge than the Ffestiniog Railway and therefore through trains would, of necessity, be exclusively of FR stock.

 Accidents and incidents
On 4 March 1881, a passenger train was blown off the line near Snowdon Ranger Halt. The sole passenger on board was injured.
On 10 June 2018, whilst hauling a passenger train, locomotive 143 was derailed near Clogwyn y Gwin South foot crossing due to the failure of part of the suspension of the front bogie. There were no injuries amongst the 74 passengers and seven staff on board.
On 16 April 2019, the diesel locomotive Vale of Ffestiniog'' passed a signal at danger and entered a single line section without authority while travelling light engine from Dinas to Porthmadog. The locomotive did not have sufficient brake force to stop on the steep downhill gradient through Beddgelert, as a result of in-house modifications to the brake system and poor adhesion conditions. There were no injuries, and no damage was caused.

Stations

Original

 Bettws Garmon
 Salem Halt

  (aka Quellyn Lake)
  (aka South Snowdon)
 Pitts Head
 Hafod Ruffydd Halt
 Beddgelert
 Nantmor
 Hafod-y-Llyn Halt
 Hafod Garregog Halt
 Croesor Junction
 Ynysfor Halt

 Portmadoc New (1933) station
 Portmadoc New (1923) station

Restored Welsh Highland Railway / Rheilffordd Eryri
  0 miles (0 km) Inaugural Train departed 11 October 1997

  2.7 miles (4.3 km)
  Sponsors' Train stopped here in 2010. Reopened in 2011.
  6.5 miles (10.4 km)

  12.1 miles (19.4 km)
  (Forest Campsite)
  16.8 miles (27.0 km)
  (opened 27 May 2010)
 (Closed)
  22.3 miles (35.9 km) (opened 27 May 2010)
  23.9 miles (38.4 km) (Not open, WHR platform to be built)
  24.7 miles (39.7 km) Inaugural Train arrived 30 October 2010

Welsh Highland Heritage Railway / Rheilffordd Ucheldir Cymru

  (Current terminus)
 Traeth Mawr Loop (Never a station. Temporary terminus loop in 2007 & 2008, now removed.)

See also
 British narrow gauge railways
 Slate operations on the Welsh Highland Railway
 South African Class NG G16 2-6-2+2-6-2
 South African Class NG15 2-8-2
 Two foot gauge railways in South Africa

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways – official site
 Welsh Highland Railway timetables
 Welsh Highland Railway – official construction site
 Rebuilding the Welsh Highland Railway – unofficial site
 Welsh Highland Railway History
 WHR Current and Historic Information
 Welsh Highland Heritage Railway – official site

Beddgelert
Betws Garmon
Bontnewydd, Gwynedd
Caernarfon
Dolbenmaen
Llanfrothen
Llanwnda, Gwynedd
Porthmadog
Heritage railways in Snowdonia
Narrow gauge railways in Snowdonia
1 ft 11½ in gauge railways in Wales
HF Stephens

Welsh Highland Railway


Takashi Akiyama (født 7. oktober 1992) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Fujieda MYFC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takashi Akiyama


Rødøjet and (Netta erythrophthalma) er en fugleart, der lever i det Subsahariske Afrika og Sydamerika.

Noter
  Avibase - the world bird database

Andefugle
Afrikas fugle
Sydamerikas fugle

Rødøjet and


is a district located in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of September 1, 2008, the district has an estimated Population of 56,219 and a Density of 85.8 persons/km2. The total area is 655.49 km2.

Towns and villages
Hidaka
Hidakagawa
Inami
Mihama
Minabe
Yura

Merger
On October 1, 2004 the village of Minabegawa merged into the expanded town of Minabe.
On May 1, 2005 the towns of Kawabe, Nakatsu and Miyama merged to form the new town of Hidakagawa.
On May 1, 2005 the village of Ryūjin merged into the city of Tanabe.

Districts in Wakayama Prefecture

Hidaka District, Wakayama


Die Polish International 1990 im Badminton fanden Anfang April 1990 statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=4F2E846C-6757-40D1-A7C4-0BFD0334A0C0

 1990
Badminton 1990
EBU Circuit 1989/90

Polish International 1990


Meroë (; also spelled Meroe; Meroitic: ;  and ; ) was an ancient city on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan, approximately 200 km north-east of Khartoum. Near the site is a group of villages called Bagrawiyah (). This city was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries from around 590 BC, until its collapse in the 4th century AD. The Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë gave its name to the "Island of Meroë", which was the modern region of Butana, a region bounded by the Nile (from the Atbarah River to Khartoum), the Atbarah and the Blue Nile.

The city of Meroë was on the edge of Butana. There were two other Meroitic cities in Butana: Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa. The first of these sites was given the name Meroë by the Persian king, Cambyses, in honor of his sister who was called by that name. The city had originally borne the ancient appellation Saba, named after the country's original founder. The eponym Saba, or Seba, is named for one of the sons of Cush (see Genesis 10:7). The presence of numerous Meroitic sites within the western Butana region and on the border of Butana proper is significant to the settlement of the core of the developed region. The orientation of these settlements exhibit the exercise of state power over subsistence production.

The Kingdom of Kush which housed the city of Meroë represents one of a series of early states located within the middle Nile. It was one of the earliest and most advanced states found on the African continent. Looking at the specificity of the surrounding early states within the middle Nile, one's understanding of Meroë in combination with the historical developments of other historic states may be enhanced through looking at the development of power relation characteristics within other Nile Valley states.

The site of the city of Meroë is marked by more than two hundred pyramids in three groups, of which many are in ruins. They have the distinctive size and proportions of Nubian pyramids.

History

Meroë was the southern capital of the Kingdom of Kush. The Kingdom of Kush spanned the period  800 BC – c. 350 AD, initially, its main capital was farther north at Napata. King Aspelta moved the capital to Meroë, considerably farther south than Napata, possibly c. 591 BC, just after the sack of Napata by Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II.

Martin Meredith states the Kushite rulers chose Meroë, between the Fifth and Sixth Cataracts, because it was on the fringe of the summer rainfall belt, and the area was rich in iron ore and hardwood for iron working. The location also afforded access to trade routes to the Red Sea. The city of Meroë was located along the middle Nile which is of much importance due to the annual flooding of the Nile river valley and the connection to many major river systems such as the Niger which aided with the production of pottery and iron characteristic to the Meroitic kingdom that allowed for the rise in power of its people. According to partially deciphered Meroitic texts, the name of the city was Medewi.

First Meroitic Period (542–315 BC)
The Kings ruled over Napata and Meroë. The seat of government and the royal palace were in Meroë. The Main temple of Amun was located in Napata. Kings and many queens are buried in Nuri, some queens are buried in Meroë, in the West Cemetery. The earliest king was Analmaye (542–538 BC) and the last king of the first phase is Nastasen (335–315 BC)

In the fifth century BC, Greek historian Herodotus described it as "a great city...said to be the mother city of the other Ethiopians."

Excavations revealed evidence of important, high ranking Kushite burials from the Napatan Period (c. 800 – c. 280 BC) in the vicinity of the settlement called the Western Cemetery. The importance of the town gradually increased from the beginning of the Meroitic Period, especially from the reign of Arakamani (c. 280 BC) when the royal burial ground was transferred to Meroë from Napata (Gebel Barkal). Royal burials formed the Pyramids of Meroë, containing the remains of the Kings and Queens of Meroë from c. 300 BC to about 350 AD.

Second Meroitic Period (3rd century BC)

The seat of government and the royal palace are in Meroë. Kings and many queens are buried in Meroë, in the South Cemetery. Napata remained relevant for the Amun Temple. The first King of the period was Aktisanes (Early 3rd century BC) and the last king of the period was Sabrakamani (first half 3rd century BC).

Third Meroitic Period (270 BC1st century AD)
The seat of government and the royal palace are in Meroë. Kings are buried in Meroë, in the North Cemetery, and Queens in West Cemetery. Napata remained relevant for the Amun Temple. Meroë flourished and many building projects were undertaken. The first king of the period is Arakamani (270–260 BC), the last ruler is Queen Amanitore (mid/late 1st century AD)

Many artifacts were found in Meroitic tombs from around this time.

Conflict with Rome
Rome's conquest of Egypt led to border skirmishes and incursions by Meroë beyond the Roman borders. In 23 BC, in response to a Nubian attack on southern Egypt, the Roman governor of Egypt, Publius Petronius, invaded Nubia to end the Meroitic raids. He pillaged northern Nubia and sacked Napata (22 BC) before returning home. In retaliation, the Nubians crossed the lower border of Egypt and looted many statues from the Egyptian towns near the first cataract of the Nile at Aswan. Roman forces later reclaimed many of the statues intact, and others were returned following the peace treaty signed in 22 BC between Rome and Meroë under Augustus and Amanirenas, respectively. Though one looted head, from a statue of the emperor Augustus, was buried under the steps of a temple. It is now kept in the British Museum.

The next recorded contact between Rome and Meroë was in the autumn of 61 AD. The Emperor Nero sent a party of Praetorian soldiers under the command of a tribune and two centurions into this country, who reached the city of Meroë where they were given an escort, then proceeded up the White Nile until they encountered the swamps of the Sudd. This marked the limit of Roman penetration into Africa.

The period following Petronius' punitive expedition is marked by abundant trade finds at sites in Meroë. L. P. Kirwan provides a short list of finds from archeological sites in that country. The kingdom of Meroë began to fade as a power by the 1st or 2nd century AD, sapped by the war with Roman Egypt and the decline of its traditional industries.

Meroë is mentioned briefly in the 1st century AD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:

Fourth Meroitic Period (1st century4th century AD)

Kings were buried in Meroë, in the North Cemetery, and Queens in West Cemetery. In 350 AD Meroë was destroyed by Axum. The first king of the fourth period was Shorkaror (1st century AD), while the last rulers may have been King Yesebokheamani or King Talakhidamani in the 4th century AD. The Aksumite presence was short lived before Meroë was taken by the Kingdom of Alodia.

A stele of Ge'ez of an unnamed ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum thought to be Ezana was found at the site of Meroë; from its description, in Greek, he was "King of the Aksumites and the Omerites," (i.e. of Aksum and Himyar) it is likely this king ruled sometime around 330. Another inscription in Greek gives the regnal claims of Ezana:

While some authorities interpret these inscriptions as proof that the Axumites destroyed the Kingdom of Kush, others note that archeological evidence points to an economic and political decline in Meroë around 300. Moreover, some view the stele as military aid from Aksum to Meroë to quell down the revolt and rebellion by the Nuba. However, conclusive evidence as to which view is correct is not currently present.

Meroë in Jewish legend
Jewish oral tradition avers that Moses, in his younger years, had led an Egyptian military expedition into Sudan (Kush), as far as the city of Meroë, which was then called Saba. The city was built near the confluence of two great rivers and was encircled by a formidable wall, and governed by a renegade king. To ensure the safety of his men who traversed that desert country, Moses had invented a stratagem whereby the Egyptian army would carry along with them baskets of sedge, each containing an ibis, only to be released when they approached the enemy's country. The purpose of the birds was to kill the deadly serpents that lay all about that country. Having successfully laid siege to the city, the city was eventually subdued by the betrayal of the king's daughter, who had agreed to deliver the city to Moses on condition that he would consummate a marriage with her, under the solemn assurance of an oath.

Civilization

Meroë was the base of a flourishing kingdom whose wealth was centered around a strong iron industry, as well as international trade involving India and China. Metalworking is believed to have taken place in Meroë, possibly through bloomeries and blast furnaces. Archibald Sayce reportedly referred to it as "the Birmingham of Africa", because of perceived vast production and trade of iron (a contention that is a matter of debate in modern scholarship).

The centralized control of production within the Meroitic empire and distribution of certain crafts and manufactures may have been politically important with their iron industry and pottery crafts gaining the most significant attention. The Meroitic settlements were oriented in a savannah orientation with the varying of permanent and less permanent agricultural settlements can be attributed to the exploitation of rainlands and savannah-oriented forms of subsistence.

At the time, iron was one of the most important metals worldwide, and Meroitic metalworkers were among the best in the world. Meroë also exported textiles and jewelry. Their textiles were based on cotton and working on this product reached its highest achievement in Nubia around 400 BC. Furthermore, Nubia was very rich in gold. It is possible that the Egyptian word for gold, nub, was the source of name of Nubia. Trade in "exotic" animals from farther south in Africa was another feature of their economy.

Apart from the iron trade, pottery was a widespread and prominent industry in the Meroë kingdom. The production of fine and elaborately decorated wares was a strong tradition within the middle Nile. Such productions carried considerable social significance and are believed to be involved in mortuary rites. The long history of goods imported into the Meroitic empire and their subsequent distribution provides insight into the social and political workings of the Meroitic state. The major determinant of production was attributed to the availability of labor rather than the political power associated with land. Power was associated with control of people rather than control of territory.

The sakia, was used to move water, in conjunction with irrigation, to increase crop production.

At its peak, the rulers of Meroë controlled the Nile Valley north to south, over a straight-line distance of more than .

The King of Meroë was an autocratic ruler who shared his authority only with the Queen Mother, or Candace. However, the role of the Queen Mother remains obscure. The administration consisted of treasurers, seal bearers, heads of archives and chief scribes, among others.

Although the people of Meroë also had southern deities such as Apedemak, the lion-son of Sekhmet (or Bast, depending upon the region), they also continued worshipping ancient Egyptian gods that they had brought with them. Among these deities were Amun, Tefnut, Horus, Isis, Thoth and Satis, though to a lesser extent.

The collapse of their external trade with other Nile Valley states may be considered one of the prime causes of the decline of royal power and disintegration of the Meroitic state in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD.

Language

The Meroitic language was spoken in Meroë and the Sudan during the Meroitic period (attested from 300 BC). It became extinct around 400 AD. The language was written in two forms of the Meroitic alphabet: Meroitic Cursive, which was written with a stylus and was used for general record-keeping; and Meroitic Hieroglyphic, which was carved in stone or used for royal or religious documents. It is not well understood due to the scarcity of bilingual texts. The earliest inscription in Meroitic writing dates from between 180–170 BC. These hieroglyphics were found engraved on the temple of Queen Shanakdakhete. Meroitic Cursive is written horizontally, and reads from right to left like all Semitic orthographies.

By the 3rd century BC, a new indigenous alphabet, the Meroitic, consisting of twenty-three letters, replaced Egyptian script. The Meroitic script is an alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs, used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Kush. It was developed in the Napatan Period (c. 700 – 300 BC), and first appears in the 2nd century BC. For a time, it was also possibly used to write the Nubian language of the successor Nubian kingdoms.

It is uncertain to which language family the Meroitic language is related. Kirsty Rowan suggests that Meroitic, like the Egyptian language, belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family. She bases this on its sound inventory and phonotactics, which, she proposes, are similar to those of the Afro-Asiatic languages and dissimilar from those of the Nilo-Saharan languages. Claude Rilly, based on its syntax, morphology, and known vocabulary, proposes that Meroitic, like the Nobiin language, instead belongs to the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family.

Archaeology

The site of Meroë was brought to the knowledge of Europeans in 1821 by the French mineralogist Frédéric Cailliaud (1787–1869), who published an illustrated in-folio describing the ruins. His work included the first publication of the southernmost known Latin inscription.

As Margoliouth notes in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, small scale excavations occurred in 1834, led by Giuseppe Ferlini, who, as Margoliouth states, "discovered (or professed to discover) various antiquities, chiefly in the form of jewelry, now in the museums of Berlin and Munich." Margoliouth continues,

World Heritage listing

In June 2011, the Archeological Sites of Meroë were listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.

See also
Sedeinga pyramids
List of modern names for biblical place names
Kandake

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

External links

 LearningSites.com – Gebel Barkal
 UNESCO World Heritage – Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region
 Nubia Museum – Meroitic Empire
 Voyage au pays des pharaons noirs Travel in Sudan and notes on Nubian history
 Labelled map of the pyramids at Meroe
 Sudan's forgotten pyramids – BBC News
 Pictures of Meroë – An online slide show as part of a detailed travelogue (in German)

Ancient cities
Archaeological sites in Sudan
Former populated places in Sudan
Roman frontiers
World Heritage Sites in Sudan
Ancient Greek geography of East Africa
Kushite cities
6th-century BC establishments

Meroë


was a village located in Chikujō District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,075 and a density of 83.23 persons per km². The total area was 48.96 km².

On October 11, 2005, Taihei, along with the village of Shin'yoshitomi (also from Chikujō District), was merged to create the town of Kōge.

External links
 Kōge official website

Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in Japan

Taihei, Fukuoka


Yaşamak, 1994 Cannes Film Festivali'nde Jüri Büyük Ödülü'nü kazanırken, filmin oyuncusu You Ge da en iyi aktör ödülüyle onurlandırılır. Yimou filmini yaşamın gerçek problemleri üstüne kurar. Yaşamak, Kültür Devrimi sırasındaki köklü değişimlere sıradan birey ve ailelerin nasıl tepki verdiğini gösterir. 1940'lı yıllarda geçen öykü bir çiftin yaşamından bir kesit sunar. Zengin bir ailenin büyük oğlu, saplanıp kaldığı kumar tutkusunun bir sonucu olarak evlerini kaptırır. Yaşanılan büyük iç savaşta oradan oraya sürüklenir. Savaşın bitiminde evlerini kaptırdığı toprak ağasının asılışına tanık olur. Bir burjuva eğlencesi olarak gösterilip yasaklanıncaya kadar, yaşamını kukla oynatıcısı olarak kazanır.

Yönetmen bireysel bir trajediyi sosyal bir dramın parçası olarak verir ancak trajik olanı değil dramatik olanı vermeyi amaçlar. Yaşamanın güçlükler karşısında umut beslemek olduğu mesajı belirgindir. "Amacım sıradan bir Çin ailesinin yaşamını yansıtmaktı. Bu insanların yaşamlarında çok boyutlu planları yok, elinde olanlarla yetinmeyi biliyorlar. Birçok insan filmdeki karakterlerle kendi yaşamları arasında paralellikler kurdu."

Kaynakça

1994 çıkışlı filmler
Çin filmleri
Çince filmler
Hong Kong filmleri
Kumar filmleri
Cannes Film Festivali Büyük Ödülü alan filmler
Zhang Yimou'nun yönettiği filmler
Yabancı Dilde En İyi Film BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri

Yaşamak (film, 1994)


8. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 8. nordlige breddekreds
 8. sydlige breddekreds

8. breddegrad


Fram-ekspeditionen 1898-1902 var en polarekspedition ledet af Otto Sverdrup til det nordvestlige Grønland og området nord for det daværende østlige Canada, områder som delvis var hvide pletter på kortet.

Forløb
Ekspeditionen blev finansieret af brødrene Ellef Ringnes og Amund Ringnes og Axel Heiberg.

Om bord på "Fram" havde Sverdrup fem forskere og en besætning på ti mand. Forskerne var Gunnar Isachsen, kartograf; Per Schei, geolog; Herman Georg Simmons, svensk botaniker; Edvard Bay, dansk zoolog og Johan Svendsen, doktor. Harpunér Peder Leonard Hendriksen deltog som i den første "Forward". Besætningen bestod ellers af ekspeditionen stedfortræder Victor Baumann, mate Oluf Raanes, maskinist Karl Olsen, kok Henrik Lindstrøm, Jacob Nødtvedt, Rudolf Stolz, Ove Braskerud, Ivar Fosheim og Sverre Hassel, som senere deltog i Roald Amundsens Sydpolsekspedition. Svendsen og Braskerud døde på rejsen. En mand Sverdrup ville have, men som faldt på grund af undersøgelser, Herman Smith-Johannsen.

Ekspeditionen videreutforskede Ellesmere Island og udforskede og satte navne på Ellef Ringnes Island, Amund Ringnes Island og Axel Heiberg Island vest for Ellesmere Island i Canada. Et fælles navn for disse øer er Sverdrupøerne.

Ekspeditionen kortlagde et område på ca. 150 km²  af, hvad i dag er canadisk territorium Nunavut i Arktis Canada. Ekspeditionen undersøgte også flora, fauna og gjorde geologiiske og oceanografiske observationer.

Sverdrup havde planlagt tre vintre, men isforholdene gjorde det umuligt at komme ud i de åbne farvande i 1901, ekspeditionen varede derfor til 1902.

Noter

Litteratur
 Einar-Arne Drivenes og Harald Dag Jølle (red.): Norsk polarhistorie, vol. I; Gyldendal 2004;
 Gerard Kenney: Skibe af træ og mænd af jern; Dundurn Press (Natural Heritage Books), Toronto 2005;

Polarekspeditioner

Fram-ekspeditionen 1898-1902


Michael Addison,  vicomte Addison ( - ), est un fonctionnaire et universitaire britannique.

Biographie
Addison est le deuxième fils de Christopher Addison (1er vicomte Addison), et de sa première épouse, Isobel Mackinnon Gray. Son père, médecin et homme politique, est nommé vicomte en 1945. Il fait ses études à la Hele's School d'Exeter et au Balliol College d'Oxford.

Il est dans la fonction publique entre 1936 et 1965. Il sert comme officier du renseignement pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale entre 1941 et 1945 en tant que Flying Officer avec la Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Il est maître de conférences entre 1965 et 1976 à la Polytechnic of Central London, School of Management Studies, Londres. Il accède à la vicomté à la mort de son frère, décédé sans héritier mâle en 1976 .

Lord Addison épouse Kathleen Wand, fille du très révérend William Wand, le 22 août 1936, avec qui il a les enfants suivants :
 Eleanor Brigit Addison (née le 11 juin 1938)
 Caroline Ruth Addison (née le 30 juillet 1942)
 William Addison (4e vicomte Addison) (né le 13 juin 1945)

Il est décédé en 1992 et est remplacé par son fils unique.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de Balliol College
Vicomte de la pairie du Royaume-Uni
Décès en mars 1992
Naissance en avril 1914
Décès à 77 ans

Michael Addison (3e vicomte Addison)


The saccule is a bed of sensory cells in the inner ear.  It translates head movements into neural impulses for the brain to interpret.  The saccule detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plane.  When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain.  These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.

The vestibular system is important in maintaining balance, or equilibrium.  The vestibular system includes the saccule, utricle, and the three semicircular canals.  The vestibule is the name of the fluid-filled, membranous duct that contains these organs of balance.  The vestibule is encased in the temporal bone of the skull.

Structure

The saccule, or sacculus, is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the vestibular duct of the cochlea.  Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the statoacoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII.

Within the macula are hair cells, each having a hair bundle on the apical aspect. The hair bundle is composed of a single kinocilium and many (at least 70) stereocilia.  Stereocilia are connected to mechanically gated ion channels in the hair cell plasma membrane via tip links.  Supporting cells interdigitate between hair cells and secrete the otolithic membrane, a thick, gelatinous layer of glycoprotein.  Covering the surface of the otolithic membrane are otoliths, which are crystals of calcium carbonate.  For this reason, the saccule is sometimes called an "otolithic organ."

From the posterior wall of the saccule is given off a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus (endolymphatic duct).  This duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquæductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch saccus endolymphaticus (endolymphatic sac) on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater.

From the lower part of the saccule a short tube, the canalis reuniens of Hensen, passes downward and opens into the ductus cochlearis near its vestibular extremity.

Both the utricle and the saccule provide information about acceleration. The difference between them is that the utricle is more sensitive to horizontal acceleration, whereas the saccule is more sensitive to vertical acceleration.

Function

The saccule gathers sensory information to orient the body in space. It primarily gathers information about linear movement in the vertical plane, including the force due to gravity. The saccule, like the utricle, provides information to the brain about head position when it is not moving. The structures that enable the saccule to gather this vestibular information are the hair cells. The 2 by 3 mm patch of hair cells and supporting cells are called a macula. Each hair cell of a macula has 40 to 70 stereocilia and one true cilium called a kinocilium. The stereocilia are oriented by the striola, a curved ridge that runs through the middle of the macula; in the saccule they are oriented away from the striola  The tips of the stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in a gelatinous otolithic membrane. This membrane is weighted with protein-calcium carbonate granules called otoliths, which add to the weight and inertia of the membrane and enhance the sense of gravity and motion.

Not much is known of how this organ is used in other species. Research has shown, like songbirds, females in some species of fish show seasonal variation in
auditory processing and the sensitivity of the saccule of females peaks during the breeding season. This is due to an increase in the
density of saccular hair cells, partly resulting from reduced apoptosis. The increase the hair cells make also increase the sensitivity to male mating calls. An example of this is seen in Porichthys notatus, or plainfin midshipman fish.

Clinical significance

Assessment
Saccular function can be assessed by the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP). This is a middle latency (P1 between 12-20 ms) waveform denoting inhibition of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle ipsilateral to the stimulus. While not truly a unilateral reflex (response waveforms can be detected in the SCM contralateral to the stimulus in approximately 40% of cases), cVEMPs are more unilateral than the closely related ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP). The most reliable points on the cVEMP waveform are known as P1 and N1. Of all waveform characteristics, P1-N1 amplitude is the most reliable and clinically relevant. cVEMP amplitude is linearly dependent upon stimulus intensity and is most reliably elicited with a loud (generally at or above 95 dB nHL) click or tone burst. The cVEMP can also be said to be low-frequency tuned, with largest amplitudes in response to 500–750 Hz tonebursts. This myogenic potential is felt to assess saccular function, because the response is present in completely deafened ears and because it is routed through the inferior vestibular nerve, which is known to dominantly innervate the saccule. .

Evolution of the Ear from Saccule

Research suggests that in vertebrate evolution, sensory cells became specialized as gravistatic sensors after they became assembled to form the ear. After this aggregation, growth, including duplication and segregation of existing neurosensory epithelia, gave rise to new epithelia and can be appreciated by comparing sensory epithelia from the inner ears of different vertebrates and their innervation by different neuronal populations. Novel directions of differentiation were apparently further expanded by incorporating unique molecular modules in newly developed sensory epithelia. For example, the saccule gave rise to the auditory epithelium and corresponding neuronal population of tetrapods, starting possibly in an aquatic environment.

See also
Saccular acoustic sensitivity

References

Ear
Vestibular system

Saccule


مدرسة تونس، هي مدرسة للرسم على غرار مدرسة باريس التي نجد من بين أعضائها بيكاسو ويطلق عليها اسم "" تيار في الرسم "" لشدة تعلقها بالفن التشكيلي .

ظهورها
تأسست مدرسة تونس عام 1936، وتعود فكرة تأسيسها إلى الرسام الفرنسي بيار بوشارل الذي كان يقيم آنذاك بتونس، وتكونت المجموعة في البداية من أربعة رسامين هم بالإضافة إلى بوشارل  انطونيو كوربورا وموزس ليفي وكلود للوش، وبعد نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية سنة 1949 وقع ضم كل من يحيى التركي وعبد العزيز القرجي وعمار فرحات ثم الهادي التركي وزبير التركي و صفية فرحات وعلي باللاغة و ادقار نقاش. وقد ترأسها منذ البداية بوشارل ثم تولاها بعده يحيى التركي إلى عام 1969 تاريخ وفاته، ثم عبد العزيز القرجي.

أعمالها
تمثل أهم ما كانت تقوم به مدرسة تونس في تنظيم معارض دورية. وكان أعضاؤها مهيمنين على الساحة التشكيلية إلى ما بعد الاستقلال، حيث كانوا يحوزون على طلبيات إنجاز الجداريات، وكانوا منغلقين على أنفسهم. وخلال السبعينات انفتحت المدرسة على بعض الشبان ومن بين من انضم إليها رفيق الكامل وحسن الصوفي. والملاحظ أن هذه المدرسة لم تخطط للاستمرارية.

ميزاتها
لم تكن لأعضاء مدرسة تونس اهتمامات فكرية ولم يكونوا مواكبين للتحولات الجذرية التي يعرفها الحقل التشكيلي في القرن العشرين، وإنما كانوا يهتمون بالرسم في هدوء. وربما أهم من يميزهم هو براعتهم التقنية والحرفية.

وصلة خارجية
 الحياة التشكيلية في ظلّ مدرسة تونس
 جريدة "الصباح"، 27 أكتوبر 2009، مدرسة تونس لفن الرسم.. أين هي؟

الفنون في تونس
حركات فنية
فنون تشكيلية

مدرسة تونس