Silent Hill: Shattered Memories (サイレントヒル シャッタードメモリーズ Sairento Hiru: Shattādo Memorīzu) je survival horror videoigra u serijalu Silent Hill. Igru je napravio Climax Studios, a objavio Konami Digital Entertainment za Nintendo Wii konzolu u prosincu 2009. godine. Igra je objavljena još za PlayStation 2, i PlayStation Portable u siječnju 2010. godine. U travnju 2014. pojavila se na PlayStation Networku u Europi. Igra se cjelokupno bazira na prvu igru. Sedma je igra u serijalu Silent Hill igara.

Shattered Memories se bazira na radnji prve igre iz 1999. godine - Harry Masonovoj misiji da pronađe nestalu kćer Cheryl u američkom gradu Silent Hill, ali u drugačijem svijetu, tj. paralelnom svijetu, gdje se susreću novi likovi, zadaci, lokacije pa čak i čudovišta. Također je pet završetaka dostupno. Gameplay sadrži dva dijela: Harry Masonov put kroz Silent Hill u potrazi za Cheryl i terapiju sa psihijatrom, koji igrača pita razna pitanja, koja kasnije utječu na igru u paralelnom svijetu.

Gameplay
Silent Hill: Shattered Memories se temelji na prvom dijelu serijala Silent Hill. Harry Masonovom zadatku da pronađe nestalu kćer Cherly nakon što se sudario autom u smetlište, iako radnja vodi u sasvim drugačiji plot. Osobnosti likova iz izvorne igre također su se promijenile te je dodano nekoliko novih likova.

Silent Hill: Shattered Memories dijeli gameplay na dvije lokacije. Prvu u uredu psihijatra Dr. Michaela Kaufmanna, a druga u gradu Silent Hill. Na prvoj lokaciji, tj. u prvom dijelu igre, igrač razgovara i odgovara na razna pitanja Dr. Kaufmanna. Odgovori na ta pitanja kasnije utječu na likove, radnju pa čak i svršetak igre u Silent Hillu.

U drugom dijelu, igrač igra s Harry Masonom, u potrazi za Cheryl Mason kroz Silent Hill. Igrač kroz igru može skupljati takozvane momentoe, tj. stare objekte koje liku imaju vrijednost.

Radnja

Igra započinje uvodnim videom u uredu doktora Kaufmanna. Također se prikazuju scene zasad još nepoznatog vozača na snježnoj cesti. Kaufmannova tajnica obavještava da je pacijent stigao te se za to vrijeme vozač zabija u smetlište zbog neoprezne vožnje po snijegu. Video završava s onesvještenim vozačem. Igra započinje te nas doktor Kaufmann uvodi u terapiju. Objašnjava kako se moramo vratiti na početak (igra je zamišljanje prve igre pa se vraćamo u nju) kako bi razumjeli što se zapravo dogodilo. Prije početka igranja, nepoznati pacijent tj. igrač mora ispuniti kratku anketu s pitanjima koja će kasnije utjecati na igru, pitanja o alkoholu, seksu i sličnim. Igrač je dužan samo označiti "DA" ili "NE" na postavljena pitanja. Nakon ankete, počinje igra.

Dosad nepoznati vozač - Harry Mason budi se nakon sudara te primjećuje da mu je kćer - Cheryl nestala. Uzima svijetlo te kreće u potragu za njom. Harry prolazi kroz razne lokacije pune snijega, dok konačno ne dođe do dvaju kafića, no može ući u samo jedan, to ovisi o odgovorima na pitanja u anketi. Također katkad kafići mijenjaju tematiku, katkad je sportski, a katkad noćni klub. Ovisi gdje uđe, Harry može upoznati policajku Cybil Bennett ili konobaricu. Više manje nije važno, no ako ne upozna Cybil tek će je nešto kasnije upoznati. Nakon što shvati gdje mu je kuća - u Silent Hillu, kreće do nje u nadi da će tamo pronaći Cheryl. Na putu do kuće, prima poziv od kuće, u kojem mu prestrašena curica - Cheryl govori kako se ne može boriti, tj. uvodi igrača da se ne može boriti protiv nadolazećih čudovišta tj. "noćnih mora". Nakon poziva svijet se smrzne te Harry mora pronaći izlaz. Nakon što ga pronađe, prvi put se susrećemo s "noćnim morama" koje će loviti Harryja sve do kuće. Harry prestrašen počinje bježati gdje počinje element straha i panike. Igrač se mora što prije snaći u prostoru, inače će ga noćne more ubiti. Orijentacija je veoma zahtjevna pošto postoji više od jednih vrata kroz koje igrač može proći što zahtjeva brzo i dobro snalaženje u prostoru. Harry, nakon što pobjegne, nađe se ispred svoje kuće, gdje nas igra vraća u ured doktora Kaufmanna. U ovoj terapiji, igrač odgovara na par predloženih pitanja o braku, prijateljstvu i obitelji te na kraju mora bojicama obojati sliku kuće u kojoj ćemo se nalaziti nakon terapije. Odgovori na pitanja su veoma važni jer utječu na Harryjevu osobnost i ponašanje. Bojanje pak ne prezentira ništa, već kako će kuća izgledati.

Vraćamo se u igru, Harry, nakon što shvati da mu u vlastitoj kući živi jedan bračni par, ovisno o odgovorima, može biti bijesan i drzak, ili pak smiren i drag. Nakon što ga obitelj istjera iz kuće, dolazi Cybil, policajka koju smo prethodno upoznali, no nije nužno. Ako smo je već upoznali bit će puno razumnija i draga, no ako je po prvi puta upoznajemo bit će drska i ljuta. Odgovori na pitanja također utječu na Cybil, može se pojaviti draga i razumna, te u jednostavnoj i običnoj odjeći, no može biti i drska i nerazumna. Također, ako je igrač odgovorio "DA" na pitanje "Da li ste uživali u igranju uloga tijekom seksa?" Cybil će se pojaviti u "sexy" odjeći, što specifiriaju naglašene grudi. Kako bilo, Cybil odvodi tj. trebala je odvesti Harryja u policijsku postaju kako bi razjasnili stvari, no auto zatrpava snijeg te Cybil izlazi vani kako bi provjerila gdje se nalazimo. Nakon par sekundi, Harry izlazi iz auta, kako bi shvatio da je Cybil nestala. Harry nastavlja u potrazi za Cheryl kroz kamp. Kroz potragu zove ga Cybil, ovisno o odgovorima može biti ljuta ili draga jer je Harry napustio službeno vozilo. Harry kaže kako će krenuti prema Silent Hillu te poklapa. Nakon što prijeđe malu rijeku, ulazi u prostoriju s krvavim bazenom te se prvi put susreće s "uhoditeljem" malom crnom figurom nalik na dječaka. Nakon što se svijet ponovno smrzne, ulazimo u novu "noćnu moru" gdje nas "noćne more" ponovno ganjaju. Nakon što Harry pobjegne, po prvi put u igrici nije noć, već dan. Ubrzo shvatimo kako se nalazimo ispred Srednje škole Midwich, nakon Harry prima poziv od Cybil, kako je moguće da je Cheryl odvedena u dvoranu, gdje se inače sklanjaju ljudi tijekom oluja. Ponovno se vraćamo na terapiju doktora Kaufmanna gdje nas pita pitanja vezana uz školu, tipa jesmo li u školi bili nasilnik, štreber i slično. Također nam daje papir na kojem slažemo najdraže školske sate, pitanja utječu na izgled škole i kasnije nadolazećih likova. Kroz školu nalazimo razne "momentoe" tj. stvari nekada bile važne. Skoro pa na izlazu iz škole, dobivamo prvu poruku od Dahlie, tinejdžerice koja Harryju pokazuje svoj novi "stil" odijevanja. Ovisno o odgovorima može biti, "Punk", "Stoner" ili pak "Seksi" odjeća. Svaka Dahlia ima svoju osobnost, ponašanje i izgled. Nakon što Harry uđe u dvoranu upoznaje u svakom obliku simpatičnu Michelle Valdez, koja je došla pjevati za školsko ujedinjenje, no jedina je koja se pojavila. Harry objašnjava Michelle kako je u potrazi za kćeri Cheryl Mason, na što Michelle odgovara kako je Cheryl Mason s njom išla u školu te mu pokazuje sliku. Harry sav zbunjen, predlaže provaljivanje u ured ravnatelja kako bi izvukao podatke o Cheryl. Nakon što izvuče podatke, ispostavi se da je to ustinu Harryjeva kćer. Harry zove Cherlyin broj mobitela, na koji se javlja Dahlia te mu govori da ga ostavi na miru. Svijet se ponovno smrzava te nastupa nova "noćna mora". Nakon more, Harry ponovno susreće Michelle te kreću zajedno do "The Balkana", kafića u kojem Michelle radi. Kafić također može izgledati drugačije, ovisno o odgovorima. Nakon što Michelle kaže da će sve biti u redu te da će ponovno vidjeti svoju ženu i kćer, Harry ostaje u čudu, jer se ne sjeća da ima ženu, a nosi vjenčani prsten. Ide u kupaonu da bi se umio, gdje bi ga zatim zatekla Dahlia.

Harry ostaje u čudu, jer je očigledno Michelle zamijenjena Dahlijom. Harry sav u čudu, slijedi Dahliju u auto kako bi došao do kćeri što prije. U autu, sve ovisno o odgovorima vode različite razgovore. Kada krenu preko mosta, nastupa "noćna mora", svijet se ponovno smrzaje, a Dahlia i Harry, zajedno s autom upadaju u rijeku. Ovisno o igračevim potezima, Harry može ili pobjeći ili se utopiti. Oba scenarija završavaju ponovno u uredu doktora Kaufmanna. U ovoj terapiji tema je smrt, odgovaramo na pitanja o smrti te Kaufmann pretpostavlja kako bi igrač htio umrijeti. Može biti "okružen obitelji", "okružen prijateljima", "u snu", "napiti se do smrti" ili pak "voditi ljubav sve do smrti". Vraćamo se na igru, a Harryja pronalazi Cybil te ga presvlači u novu odjeću. Odjeća također varira, pa tako može biti sportska, zavodnička ili pak dva tipa običnog stila. Odjeća naravno ovisi o odgovorima na pitanja. Hodajući kroz bolnicu, svijet se ponovno smrzaje pa čak i Cybil te se nalazimo u novoj "noćnoj mori". Ovo je također jedna od dužih mora u igrici. Po završetku, Harry upoznaje Lisu Garland, medicinsku sestru, koja, ovisno o odgovorima, ili se zabila kamionom prve pomoći, ili pak vlastitim auto u zid bolnice. Lisa, sva uplakana objašnjava Harryiju situaciju te zajedno kreću prema njenom apartmanu. U apartmanu, Harry je u mogućnosti gledati Lisu kako se presvlači u ogledalo sobe, ili gledati TV. Ako igrač odluči gledati presvlačenje, može dobiti dvije reakcije Lise, jednu kako sramežljivim glasom govori da je perverzan te da joj ne smeta gledanje, ili agresivnu reakciju kako mu govori da se izgubi iz kuće. Ako je igrač gledao televiziju, reći će kako je dobar te da se osjeća sigurno pored njega. Kako bilo, zamolit će ga da donese žutu tabletu protiv bolova, igrač ponovno ima dvije mogućnosti, donijeti Lisi krivu ili točnu tabletu. Odabir će kasnije utjecati na Lisu. Nakon što napusti apartman, kreće prema trgovačkom centru Tolluca. No prije nego uđe, dobiva poziv od Lise. Ovdje nastupa odabir oko tablete, ako je igrač dao pravu tabletu, reći će kako je imala groznu noćnu moru te da se vrati u apartman, a ako je dao krivu reći će da je napravio nešto krivo i da se odmah vrati. Kako bilo, Harry će ili zateći Lisu već mrtvu, ili gotovo mrtvu Lisu, koja će samo reći "Harry" te umrijeti. Cybil će se zatim pojaviti, ovaj put kompletno protiv Harryja. Također će ga optužiti za ubojstvo Lise te za laž o svom imenu. Ponovno slijedi "noćna mora". Nakon more, Harry se sada nalazi u Tolluca centru. Koji ga vodi do zalagaonice u kojem će upoznati "stariju" Dahliju. Dahlia, zbunjena otkriva Harryju da su u braku te da je Cheryl kod svjetionika. Svijet se ponovno smrzaje, no ovaj put ne ulazimo u noćnu moru, već labirint. Labirint se sastoji od istih soba, puno vrata i nevidljivih mjesta. Harry, nakon što izađe iz labirinta, nađe se u Cherylinoj sobi, no ona nije ondje. Harry zaspe te slijedi nova terapija.

U zadnjoj terapiji odgovoramo na pitanja o seksu i seksualnosti. Nakon terapije, Harryja budi Michelle te ga zove da se upozna s Johnom - njenim dečkom te da ga odvedu do svjetionika. Tijekom vožnje, ovisno o odgovorima, John se može naljutiti na Michelle ili obrnuto. Harry, prepušten sam sebi, kreće do svjetionika. Na granici svjetionika i rijeke, naiđe na Dahliju u brodu "Orpheus". Dahlia predlaže da vode ljubav, no Harry zabrinut za kćer odbija te Dahlia namješta autovozača do svjetionika. Do svjetionika, Dahlija napije Harryja te završe vodeći ljubav. Harry se budi bez odjeće, u smrznutom svijetu. Srećom nalazi odjeću na ormaru te kreće prema svjetioniku. No prije nego što dođe, napadnu ga "noćne more". Kada igrač pomisli da su ga ubili, ispostavi se ta se to i trebalo dogoditi te se zaleđena rijeka otapa te Harry pada u vodu. Harry mora plivati do obale, no u međuvremenu se onesvijesti. Cyibil ga nalazi te ga vadi iz vode. Harry uvjeren da je još protiv njega, uzima joj pištolj te ga peri u Cybil. Cybil objašnjava kako nije protiv njega, već da je zbunjena, jer je provjerila dosje o Harry Masonu u postaji te se ispostavilo da je Harry Mason poginuo u prometnoj nesreći prije 18 godina. Harry sam zbunjen, i dalje ulazi u svjetionik. Kad dođe ispred vrata, igra je gotova te se vraćamo na terapiju. Kaufmann objašnjava pacijentu da mu otac nije bio heroj te da mora prestati opsesivno misliti o njemu. Nakon par sekundi, Harry ulazi u ured te se otkriva da pacijent nije Harry Mason, već Cheryl Heather Mason, sada 25-godišinja depresivna žena koja ne može pustit uspomenu na oca.
Kraj igre
Moguće je više svršetaka igre, svi ovise o odgovorima na pitanja, radnjama i ponašanju igrača tijekom igranja.
Prije završnog videa, moguća su tri razgovora Cheryl i Harryja:
Cheryl preboljeva očevu smrt te mu govori "Bio si uz mene tako dugo.", na što Harry odgovara, "Uvijek ću biti." Zatim se nasmiješi i po prvi puta smrzne u igri.
Cheryl odbija da ju otac dotakne po ramenu te kaže "Zašto si morao umrijeti? Nisam ja kriva! Netko mora preuzeti krivnju!". Harry se na to odmakne od nje te joj kaže "Zaboravi me." Nakon čega se smrzne i raspade u komadiće, na što Cheryl počne plakati.
Cheryl je u zabludi te govori svom "ocu": "Tata, ti jesi heroj. Čovjek koji je poginuo, to nije moj otac. Ne onakav kakvog se sjećam. Tvoje uspomene su sve što imam - ti si sve što imam." Harry zatim odgovori, "Uopće nisam duh." Cheryl zatim zagrli oca i počne plakati. Iako je Cheryl sretna, terapija nije bila uspješna.
Nakon razgovora, moguće su četiri videosnimke kraja. Svaka također ovisi o odgovorima na pitanja, radnjama i ponašanju igrača tijekom igranja.
Love Lost: Harry je pored auto s Dahlijom, spreman otići. Harry zatim kaže Cheryl da ona nije kriva za rastavu, kaže joj: "Dušo nemoj snimati ovo. Znaš da ovo nema veze s tobom zar ne? Ionako se mama i tata više ne vole, oboje volimo tebe, i uvijek ćemo te voljeti" Ova snimka smatra se najboljim krajem igre. Kraj se dobiva ako se igrač nije fokusirao na alkohol, seks, droge i slično, već se ponašao kao dobra osoba.
Drunk Dad: Harry se vraća kući pijan s bocom u ruci. Govori Cheryl da mu donese još jedno pivo. Harry je bio pijanac te je rijetko bio s obitelji. Kraj govori kako je Harry, dok je bio živ bio loša osoba s lošim utjecajem zbog alkoholizma. Kraj se dobiva ako se igrač fokusirao na alkohol, droge, cigarete i slično.
Sleaze and Sirens:  U brodu "Orpheus", Harry leži na krevetu s Lisom i Michelle. Zatim ga pitaju da li mogu biti u njegovoj sljedećoj knjizi te da je posveti njima, na što Harry odgovara da posvjećuje knjige ženi i kćeri jer jer je to "jedino pošteno", nakon čega se svo troje nasmije. Dok je Harry bio živ, varao je ženu. Ovaj kraj se dobiva ako se igrač fokusirao na seks, i kao perverznjak općenito.
Wicked and Weak: U dnevnoj sobi, Dahlia par puta udari Harryja. Dahlia optužuje Harryja da nema dovoljno novca, da su mu knjige smeće, da ih nitko ne čita te da je "bezvrijedni gubitak prostora". Harry primijeti Cheryl kako snima te se rastuži. Smatra se najtužnijim krajem igre, dobiva se ako osoba nije društvena, da teško postiže prijatelje te ako je osoba samo-kritična.

Vidi još
Silent Hill: Origins
Silent Hill 2
Harry Mason
Dahlia Mason

Izvori

Horor videoigre

Silent Hill: Shattered Memories


An Cynorkis quinquepartita in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie ngan Johan Hermans. An Cynorkis quinquepartita in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cynorkis

Cynorkis quinquepartita


Bridging loss ou perda de ponte , é a perda, em uma determinada frequência, que resulta quando uma impedância é conectada através de uma linha de transmissão. É expressa como a razão, em decibéis, da potência do sinal entregue a um determinado ponto em um sistema a jusante do ponto de conexão antes da ponte, para a potência do sinal entregue a um determinado ponto após a ponte. O termo é introduzido porque a perda de retorno não é aplicável às condições de entrada de alta impedância. O termo também é usado na prática telefônica e é sinônimo de perda de inserção que resulta da ponte de uma impedância em um circuito.

Telefonia
Engenharia elétrica
Eletromagnetismo

Bridging loss


Altınay, Samsun ilinin Bafra ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Muğamlı olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Harız köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 16 Ağustos 1954'te köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 60 km, Bafra ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Bafra'nın mahalleleri

Altınay, Bafra


Uikujärvi (en , en , en ) est une municipalité rurale du raïon de Segueja en république de Carélie.

Géographie
Uikujärvi est situé sur la rive orientale du lac Uikujärvi à 70 kilomètres au nord de Segueja.

La municipalité d'Uikujärvi a une superficie de .

Uikujärvi est bordée au sud par Poventsa et Tsolmuinen du raïon de Karhumäki, à l'ouest par Segueja et Papinkoski du raïon de Segueja, au nord par Suma du raïon de Belomorsk et par l'oblast d'Arkhangelsk.

Idel est traversé par l'Uikujoki, et entre-autres l'Umba, l'Unduža, la Šigerendža et la Vokša.
Les lacs de la commune dont le lac Uikujärvi, le Vikšozero, le Suhoje et le Samozero.

Démographie
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Bibliographie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon de Segueja

Uikujärvi (république de Carélie)


An Pleione microphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sing Chi Chen ngan Zhan Huo Tsi. An Pleione microphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleione, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleione (Orchidaceae)

Pleione microphylla


Ayumu Nakajima est un acteur japonais de cinéma.

Biographie
Ayumu Nakajima est né le  dans la préfecture de Miyagi, au Japon, mais a grandi à Tokyo. Son arrière-arrière-grand-père était le romancier naturaliste Kunikida Doppo. Il a fréquenté l'école secondaire de Koishikawa et a obtenu un diplôme en littérature de l'université Nihon Il a joué au football pendant le lycée et, à l'université, faisait partie d'un groupe d'étude du rakugo.

Ayumu Nakajima a commencé à être mannequin alors qu'il était encore à l'université, mais sa véritable aspiration était de devenir acteur. Pendant ses années de mannequinat, il était représenté par l'agence Gig Management. Il a arrêté le mannequinat en janvier 2012 et a passé des auditions tout en travaillant à temps partiel. Il a fait ses débuts d'acteur sur scène en avril 2013. En 2015, il incarna Jun'ichi Amamiya dans une adaptation théâtrale du Lézard noir, dans laquelle il jouait aux côtés d'Akihiro Miwa.

En 2014, Ayumu Nakajima obtent son premier rôle régulier dans la série , où il incarne Ryūichi Miyamoto. Lors de la septième édition des prix Tama, il reçoit le prix dans la catégorie "Meilleur nouvel acteur".

Filmographie sélective
 2019 : Saturday Fiction de Lou Ye
 2021 : Contes du hasard et autres fantaisies de Ryūsuke Hamaguchi

Références

Liens externes

Naissance dans la préfecture de Miyagi
Naissance en octobre 1988
Acteur japonais de cinéma
Mannequin homme japonais

Ayumu Nakajima


Pancake sorting is the mathematical problem of sorting a disordered stack of pancakes in order of size when a spatula can be inserted at any point in the stack and used to flip all pancakes above it.  A pancake number is the minimum number of flips required for a given number of pancakes. In this form, the problem was first discussed by American geometer Jacob E. Goodman. A variant of the problem is concerned with burnt pancakes, where each pancake has a burnt side and all pancakes must, in addition, end up with the burnt side on bottom.

All sorting methods require pairs of elements to be compared. For the traditional sorting problem, the usual problem studied is to minimize the number of comparisons required to sort a list. The number of actual operations, such as swapping two elements, is then irrelevant. For pancake sorting problems, in contrast, the aim is to minimize the number of operations, where the only allowed operations are reversals of the elements of some prefix of the sequence. Now, the number of comparisons is irrelevant.

The pancake problems

The original pancake problem
The minimum number of flips required to sort any stack of  pancakes has been shown to lie between  and  (approximately 1.07n and 1.64n,) but the exact value is not known.

The simplest pancake sorting algorithm performs at most  flips. In this algorithm, a kind of selection sort, we bring the largest pancake not yet sorted to the top with one flip; take it down to its final position with one more flip; and repeat this process for the remaining pancakes.

In 1979, Bill Gates and Christos Papadimitriou gave a lower bound of 1.06n flips and an upper bound of . The upper bound was improved, thirty years later, to   by a team of researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas, led by Founders Professor Hal Sudborough.

In 2011, Laurent Bulteau, Guillaume Fertin, and Irena Rusu proved that the problem of finding the shortest sequence of flips for a given stack of pancakes is NP-hard, thereby answering a question that had been open for over three decades.

The burnt pancake problem
In a variation called the burnt pancake problem, the bottom of each pancake in the pile is burnt, and the sort must be completed with the burnt side of every pancake down. It is a signed permutation, and if a pancake i is "burnt side up" a negative element i` is put in place of i in the permutation. In 2008, a group of undergraduates built a bacterial computer that can solve a simple example of the burnt pancake problem by programming E. coli to flip segments of DNA which are analogous to burnt pancakes. DNA has an orientation (5' and 3') and an order (promoter before coding). Even though the processing power expressed by DNA flips is low, the high number of bacteria in a culture provides a large parallel computing platform. The bacteria report when they have solved the problem by becoming antibiotic resistant.

The identical pancakes stack problem

This is inspired from the way Indian bread (roti or chapati) is cooked. Initially, all rotis are stacked in one column, and the cook uses a spatula to flip the rotis so that each side of each roti touches the base fire at some point to toast. Several variants are possible: the rotis can be considered as single-sided or two-sided, and it may be forbidden or not to toast the same side twice. This version of the problem was first explored by Arka Roychowdhury.

The pancake problem on strings
The discussion above presumes that each pancake is unique, that is, the sequence on which the prefix reversals are performed is a permutation. However, "strings" are sequences in which a symbol can repeat, and this repetition may reduce the number of prefix reversals required to sort. Chitturi and Sudborough (2010) and Hurkens et al. (2007) independently showed that the complexity of transforming a compatible string into another with the minimum number of prefix reversals is NP-complete. They also gave bounds for the same. Hurkens et al. gave an exact algorithm to sort binary and ternary strings. Chitturi  (2011) proved that the complexity of transforming a compatible signed string into another with the minimum number of signed prefix reversals—the burnt pancake problem on strings—is NP-complete.

History
The pancake sorting problem was first posed by Jacob E. Goodman, writing under the pseudonym "Harry Dweighter" ("harried waiter").

Although seen more often as an educational device, pancake sorting also appears in applications in parallel processor networks, in which it can provide an effective routing algorithm between processors.

The problem is notable as the topic of the only well-known mathematics paper by Microsoft founder Bill Gates (as William Gates), entitled "Bounds for Sorting by Prefix Reversal" and co-authored with Christos Papadimitriou. Published in 1979, it describes an efficient algorithm for pancake sorting. In addition, the most notable paper published by Futurama co-creator David X. Cohen (as David S. Cohen), co-authored with Manuel Blum, concerned the burnt pancake problem.

The connected problems of signed sorting by reversals and sorting by reversals were also studied more recently. Whereas efficient exact algorithms have been found for the signed sorting by reversals, the problem of sorting by reversals has been proven to be hard even to approximate to within certain constant factor, and also proven to be approximable in polynomial time to within the approximation factor 1.375.

Pancake graphs

An n-pancake graph is a graph whose vertices are the permutations of n symbols from 1 to n and its edges are given between permutations transitive by prefix reversals. It is a regular graph with n! vertices, its degree is n−1. The pancake sorting problem and the problem to obtain the diameter of the pancake graph is equivalent.

The pancake graph of dimension n, Pn can be constructed recursively from n copies of Pn−1, by assigning a different element from the set {1, 2, …, n} as a suffix to each copy.

Their girth:

.

The γ(Pn) genus of Pn is:

Since pancake graphs have many interesting properties such as symmetric and recursive structures, small degrees and diameters compared against the size of the graph, much attention is paid to them as a model of interconnection networks for parallel computers. When we regard the pancake graphs as the model of the interconnection networks, the diameter of the graph is a measure that represents the delay of communication.

The pancake graphs are Cayley graphs (thus are vertex-transitive) and are especially attractive for parallel processing. They have sublogarithmic degree and diameter, and are relatively sparse (compared to e.g. hypercubes).

Algorithm
An example of the pancake sorting algorithm is given below in Python. The code is similar to bubble sort or selection sort.
def flip(arr, k: int) -> None:
    left = 0
    while left < k:
        arr[left], arr[k] = arr[k], arr[left]
        k -= 1
        left += 1

def max_index(arr, k: int) -> int:
    index = 0
    for i in range(k):
        if arr[i] > arr[index]:
            index = i
    return index

def pancake_sort(arr) -> None:
    n = len(arr)
    while n > 1:
        maxdex = max_index(arr, n)
        if maxdex != n - 1:
            if maxdex != 0:
                flip(arr, maxdex)
            flip(arr, n - 1)
        n -= 1

arreglo = [15, 8, 9, 1, 78, 30, 69, 4, 10]
pancake_sort(arreglo)
print(arreglo)

Related integer sequences
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="float: center; text-align: right;"
|+ Number of stacks of given height  that require unique flips   to get sorted
! rowspan=2 | Height !! colspan=16 |
|-
! width="65px" |  0 !! width="65px" |  1 !! width="65px" |  2 !! width="65px" |  3 !! width="65px" |  4 !! width="65px" |  5 !! width="65px" |  6 !! width="65px" | 7
! width="65px" |  8 !! width="65px" |  9 !! width="65px" | 10 !! width="65px" | 11 !! width="65px" | 12 !! width="65px" | 13 !! width="65px" |  14 !! width="65px"|15
|-
! 1
| 1 || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 2
| 1 || 1 || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 3
| 1 || 2 || 2 || 1 || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 4
| 1 || 3 || 6 || 11 || 3 || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 5
| 1 || 4 || 12 || 35 || 48 || 20 || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 6
| 1 || 5 || 20 || 79 || 199 || 281 || 133 || 2 || || || || || || || ||
|-
! 7
| 1 || 6 || 30 || 149 || 543 || 1357 || 1903 || 1016 || 35 || || || || || || ||
|-
! 8
| 1 || 7 || 42 || 251 || 1191 || 4281 || 10561 || 15011 || 8520 || 455 || || || || || ||
|-
! 9
| 1 || 8 || 56 || 391 || 2278 || 10666 || 38015 || 93585 || 132697 || 79379 || 5804 || || || || ||
|-
! 10
| 1 || 9 || 72 || 575 || 3963 || 22825 || 106461 || 377863 || 919365 || 1309756 || 814678 || 73232 || || || ||
|-
! 11
| 1 || 10 || 90 || 809 || 6429 || 43891 || 252737 || 1174766 || 4126515 || 9981073 || 14250471 || 9123648 || 956354 || 6 || ||
|-
! 12
| 1 || 11 || 110 || 1099 || 9883 || 77937 || 533397 || 3064788 || 14141929 || 49337252 || 118420043 || 169332213 || 111050066 || 13032704 || 167 ||
|-
! 13
| 1 || 12 || 132 || 1451 || 14556 || 130096 || 1030505 || 7046321 || 40309555 || 184992275 || 639783475 || 1525125357 || 2183056566 || 1458653648 || 186874852 || 2001
|}

Sequences from The Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences:
  – maximum number of flips
  – number of stacks requiring the maximum number of flips (above)
  – maximum number of flips for a "burnt" stack
  – the number of flips for a sorted "burnt-side-on-top" stack
  – the above triangle, read by rows

References

Further reading

External links
 Cut-the-Knot: Flipping pancakes puzzle, including a Java applet for the pancake problem and some discussion.
 Douglas B. West's "The Pancake Problems"

 Animation explaining the bacterial computer that can solve the burnt pancake problem.
 "Tower1/Pancake Flip" by Arka. A game based on pancake problem principle

Sorting algorithms
Pancakes
Articles with example Python (programming language) code

Pancake sorting


A Revisão Anual Coordenada da Defesa (CARD) é um processo de monitoramento dos planos de defesa dos estados membros da União Europeia (UE) para ajudar a coordenar os gastos e identificar possíveis projetos colaborativos. Opera em regime de teste desde 2017 no âmbito da Agência Europeia de Defesa (EDA), em cooperação com o Serviço Europeu de Ação Externa (SEAE). Após um primeiro teste em 2017/2018, a primeira implementação completa do CARD foi lançada no outono de 2019 e concluída em novembro de 2020 com um relatório final apresentado aos Ministros da Defesa reunidos no Conselho de Direção da EDA.

Juntamente com a Cooperação Estruturada Permanente (PESCO) e o Fundo Europeu de Defesa (FED), forma um novo pacote abrangente de defesa para a UE

Política da União Europeia

Revisão Anual Coordenada da Defesa


Íslam á Írlandi er iðkun íslams á Írlandi, íslam er minnihlutatrú á Írlandi. Skjalfest saga íslams í Írska lýðveldinu nær aftur til 1950. Fjöldi múslima í Írska lýðveldinu hefur aukist síðan á tíunda áratugnum, aðallega vegna innflytjenda. Samkvæmt írska manntalinu 2016 var fjöldi múslima sem búa í lýðveldinu 63.443 (1,26% af heildaríbúafjölda)

Tengt efni
 Íslam
 Íslam í Evrópu
 Íslam á Íslandi
 Evrabía

Tilvísanir

Íslam í Evrópu

Íslam á Írlandi


Virgilio Norberto Cordero Jr. ( - ) est un général de brigade portoricain qui a servi dans l'armée américaine. Cordero est l'auteur de deux livres sur ses expériences en tant que prisonnier de guerre et sa participation à la marche de la mort de Bataan pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Le 8 décembre 1941, lorsque des avions japonais attaquent les installations militaires américaines aux Philippines, le colonel Cordero est le commandant du bataillon du 31 régiment d'infanterie. Le 31 d'infanterie a couvert le retrait des forces américaines et philippines vers la péninsule de Bataan et a combattu pendant quatre mois sans aucune aide extérieure après qu'une grande partie de la flotte américaine du Pacifique a été détruite à Pearl Harbor et les bases médio-océaniques de Guam et de Wake ont été perdues.

Cordero est nommé commandant du régiment du 52 régiment d'infanterie de la nouvelle armée philippine, devenant ainsi le premier portoricain à commander un régiment de l'armée philippine. Les forces de défense de Bataan se rendent le 9 avril 1942 et Cordero et ses hommes subissent des tortures et des humiliations pendant la marche de la mort de Bataan. Cordero est l'un des près de 1 600 membres du 31 d'infanterie faits prisonniers. La moitié de ces hommes périrent aux mains des forces japonaises. Cordero survit et retrouve la liberté lorsque les troupes alliées lors de la reddition des troupes japonaises en 1945.

Il prend sa retraite avec le grade de général de brigade, et écrit des ouvrages sur ses expériences en tant que prisonnier de guerre et sur ce qu'il a vécu pendant la marche de la mort de Bataan. Il est l'auteur de My Experiences during the War with Japan, publié en 1950. En 1957, il est l'auteur d'une version espagnole révisée intitulée Bataan y la Marcha de la Muerte ; Volume 7 de Colección Vida e Historia.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire de Porto Rico pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 Histoire militaire de Porto Rico

Bibliographie
 Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck;

Récipiendaire de la Legion of Merit
Récipiendaire de la Silver Star
Militaire américain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Naissance en juin 1893
Militaire portoricain
Décès en juin 1980
Décès à 87 ans
Général de brigade de l'United States Army

Virgilio N. Cordero Jr.


An Imperata tenuis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Imperata tenuis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Imperata, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Imperata

Imperata tenuis


Caernarfon bymur er et middelalderligt forsvarsanlæg der går rundt om byen Caernarfon i North Wales. Murene blev opført mellem 1283 og 1292 efter Caernarfon var blevet grundlagt af Edvard 1., sammen med den tilstødende borg. Muren er 734 meter lang og inkluderer otte tårne og to middelalderlige porte. En stor del af de arbejdere, der medvirkede til opførslen, blev bragt til stedet fra England. Muren kostede omkring £3.500 at opfører, hvilket var en stor sum på dette tidspunkt. Det blev meget skadede under Madog ap Llywelyns oprør i 1294, og blev efterfølgende repareret for en betragtelig sum. Politiske ændringer i 1500-tallet ændrede behovet for at vedligeholde forsvarsværkerne omkring byen. I dag er muren en del af UNESCOs Verdensarvssted Kong Edvards borge og bymure i Gwynedd, der bliver administreret af Cadw. Historikerne Oliver Creighton og Robert Higham har beskrevet murene som "usædvanligt intakte".

Se også
 Bymure i England og Wales

Referencer

Litteratur
 Ashbee, Jeremy A. (2007) Conwy Castle. Cardiff: Cadw. .
 Brown, R. Allen. (1962) English Castles. London: Batsford. .
 Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2005) Medieval Town Walls: an Archaeology and Social History of Urban Defence. Stroud, UK: Tempus. .
 Given-Wilson, Chris. (1996) The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge. .
 Lilley, Keith D. (2010) "The Landscapes of Edward's New Towns: Their Planning and Design," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Lott, Graham. (2010) "The Building Stones of the Edwardian Castles," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Prestwich, Michael. (2010) "Edward I and Wales," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Taylor, Arnold. (2008) Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls. Cardiff: Cadw. .
 Thompson, M. W. (1991) The Rise of the Castle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Wheatley, Abigail. (2010) "Caernarfon Castle and its Mythology," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Williams, Diane M. and John R. Kenyon. (eds) (2010) The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. .

Eksterne henvisninger
 The Castles and Town Walls of Edward I in Gwynedd  på Cadws hjemmeside, der beskriver beskyttelsen af murene og borgen som UNESCO Verdensarvsliste

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Wales
Bymure i Storbritannien

Caernarfon bymur


Coriolis kuvveti, dönen bir platformun merkezinden karşı tarafına yürümeye çalışan biri tarafından anlaşılabilir. Yürümek istediği tarafa doğru dik açıyla itildiğini görür. Benzer şekilde, dönen yer kürenin yüzeyi üzerinde hareket eden hava, kuzey yarım kürede hareket yönünün sağına, güney yarım kürede soluna saptırır. Bu saptırma gücüne coriolis kuvveti denir. Fransız matematikçi ve fizikçi Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (1792-1843) onuruna atfen bu ad verilmiştir.

Coriolis kuvveti nedeniyle rüzgârlar irtifada izobarlara yaklaşık 10° açı ile neredeyse paralel, alçak basınca meyilli eser. Yeryüzünün sürtünme etkisi sonucu rüzgâr alçak irtifada daha yavaştır, dolayısıyla coriolis kuvveti de daha zayıftır. Bunun sonucunda rüzgârın izobarlara yaptığı açı denizde yaklaşık 20°, karada da 30°ye kadar çıkar.

Havaya düşey atılan bir topun dönen dünyanın merkezine olan mesafesi büyüyecektir. Tekrar yerine düşmesinde atıldığı noktanın aynı zaman aralığında aldığı mesafeden daha büyük bir yay boyunca hareket eder. Bu, topun bir çeşit ivmelendirilmiş olması gerektiği ve dolayısıyla kuvvet etkisi altında bulunduğunu gösterir. Bu tür kuvvetler, meteorolojide ve okyanus biliminde önemlidir. Genel olarak dönen bir referans sisteminde hareket eden cismin yörüngesine dik olarak etki eder. Bunlar görünen zahiri kuvvetlerdir. Mesela; dönen bir plak üzerine düz bir çizgi eğri şeklinde belirir. Eğer plak ortasında bir gözleyici bulunursa, o kimse tepesinin bir kuvvetle kenara doğru itildiği zannına kapılır.

Benzer olay, dünya gibi üç boyutlu dönen bir sisteme nazaran hareket ettiğinde müşahede edilir. Rüzgâr ve okyanus akımlarında bu kuvvetin etkisi görülür. Yörüngelerine dik hareket etme eğilimi gösterirler, bu kuvvetler uzun menzilli füzelerin yörüngelerinin hesaplanmasında önemli rol oynar.

Dış bağlantılar

The definition of the Coriolis effect from the Glossary of Meteorology
Anders Persson The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885 History of Meteorology 2 (2005)
10 Coriolis Effect Videos and Games- from the About.com Weather Page
Coriolis Force  – from ScienceWorld
Coriolis Effect and Drains
Catalog of Coriolis videos
Do bathtubs drain counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere?  by Cecil Adams.
Bad Coriolis.
The Coriolis Effect: A (Fairly) Simple Explanation
Coriolis Effect: A graphical animation
Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect over Earth's surface
Animation clip
Vincent Mallette The Coriolis Force @ INWIT
NASA notes
Interactive Coriolis Fountain

Klasik mekanik
Fiziksel olaylar
Atmosfer dinamiği
Yalancı kuvvetler
Dönme

Coriolis etkisi


Republikken Amalfi (italiensk: Repubblica di Amalfi) eller senere: Hertugdømmet Amalfi (italiensk: Ducato di Amalfi), også kaldet den amalfitanske republik, var en de facto uafhængig føderation af bystater i Syditalien gennem det 10. og 11. århundrede. Føderationen bestod af byerne Cetara, Maiori, Minori, Ravello, Amalfi, Praiano og Positano. Hertil kom øen Capri. Hovedbyen var Amalfi, selv om hele området oprindelig var en del af det noget større ducatus neapolitanus. Byen blev regeret af en patricier under byzantinsk overhøjhed. Området gjorde sig fri af Byzans, og man valgte den første hertug (latin: dux, senere italiensk: doge) i 958. Amalfi menes at have haft en befolkning på 50.000-70.000 i det 10. og 11. århundrede. Republikken voksede og blev et handelscentrum, hvis købmænd dominerede handlen på Middelhavet og i Italien gennem hundrede år, indtil den blev overgået og fortrængt af andre sørepublikker i Norditalien, Pisa, Venezia ,og Genova. I 1073 mistede Amalfi sin uafhængighed og kom under normannisk styre. Robert Guiscard tog titlen dux Amalfitanorum og trods to oprørsforsøg i 1096-1101 og 1130-1131 lykkedes det ikke at genvinde friheden. Da Pisa tilmed plyndrede byen i 1135 og 1137, var Amalfis storhedstid bragt til ende.

Historie
Byen Amalfi blev grundlagt som en handelsstation i 339. Dens første biskop blev udnævnt i 596. I 838 blev byen erobret af Sicard af Benevento med hjælp fra forrædere, som førte ham ind via byens havneforsvar. I 839 befriede Amalfi sig selv fra det langobardiske herredømme og valgte en præfekt. Den nærliggende Atrani deltog i disse tidlige valgt til præfekturet. Senere hjalp Amalfi med at befri Siconulf for at sætte sig op imod Beneventos regerende fyrste. I 897 led den selvstyrende republik, der på papiret var underlagt det byzantinske rige, nederlag i en krig mod Sorrento, der blev støttet af Napoli. På den måde blev Amalfis præfekt taget til fange og måtte senere løskøbes. I 903 gjorde Amalfi fælles sag med Napoli ved et angreb på de arabere, der havde slået sig ned på bredden af floden Garigliano. Men Amalfis og Napolis samlede styrker blev drevet tilbage af araberne og deres allierede, Gaeta. I 914 blev præfekten Mastalus 1. udnævnt til overdommer. I 915 holdt Amalfi sig fri af Slaget ved Garigliano i kampen mod araberne. Det skyldes mest sandsynligt, at Amalfi deltog kraftigt i handlen med Fatimide-kalifatet efter 909, og man ville ikke udsætte forholdet til denne magtfulde handelspartner for fare. I 958 blev Mastalus 2. snigmyrdet og Sergius 1. blev valgt som den første hertug (eller doge). I årene 981-983 herskede Amalfi over Fyrstendømmet Salerno. I 987 blev bispedømmet Amalfi ophøjet til ærkebispedømme.

Fra 1034 kom Amalfi under kontrol af Fyrstendømmet Capua og i 1039 under Salerno. I 1073 erobrede Robert Guiscard byen og tog titlen dux Amalfitanorum ("Amalfitanernes hertug"). Amalfi gjorde oprør i 1096, men blev nedkæmpet i 1101. Revolten gentog sig i 1130 og blev endeligt afsluttet i 1131, da Emir Johan angreb Amalfi fra landsiden, mens Georg af Antiokia blokerede byen fra søsiden og oprettede en base på Capri. I 1135 og igen i 1137 plyndrede Pisa byen, og dette afsluttede Amalfis storhedstid.

Noter

Litteratur
 Ferdinand Chalandon: Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. Paris, 1907.
 Edmund Curtis: Roger of Sicily and the Normans in Lower Italy 1016–1154. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912.
 Hubert Houben: Roger II of Sicily: Ruler between East and West, 2002,
 Donald Matthew: The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks), 1992, .
 John Julius Norwich: The Normans in the South 1016–1130, 2011, .
 John Julius Norwich: The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194, 2011, .
 Patricia Skinner: Family Power in Southern Italy: The Duchy of Gaeta and its Neighbours, 850–1139, genoptryk 2003, .

Italiens historie

Hertugdømmet Amalfi


المنصورة مدينة وبلدية من بلديات دائرة المنصورة بولاية تلمسان الجزائرية.

بفضل تاريخها التليد كونها تزخر برمز منطقة تلمسان وهي صومعة مسجد المنصورة والذي بناه المرينيون أثناء حصار عاصمة الزيانيين تلمسان (1299-1307) وبالطبيعة الجميلة التي تمتاز بها، وذلك بفضل تربتها الخصبة وهيمنة أشجار الزيتون والكرز على المنطقة، يجعل من بلدية المنصورة مركزا هاما بالتجمع تلمسان الكبرى.

تطور العمران
تعتبر بلدية المنصورة وخاصة حي إمامة الذي يعتبر القلب النابض للبلدية، وسط مدينة تلمسان الكبرى الذي بدأ يخطف الأنوار من المدينة القديمة. ويعود النمو الهائل للمدينة ليس فقط لإعادة التنظيم الإداري 1984 ولكن أيضا وقبل كل شيء ظاهرة التعمير كونها رافدا مهما للمدينة تلمسان ولتوسعها الطبيعي . ويتهم النمو القوي، أي بزيادة قدرها 15.451 نسمة بمعدل 82.5 بالمائة في الفترة من 1987 إلى 1998، بينما خلال الفترة السابقة تضاعف عدد السكان ثلاث مرات.

وفي آخر تعداد للسكان في عام 1998 كان هناك 34.701 نسمة. ولا تزال عملية التوسع جارية، مثل القطب الجامعي الذي لعب دورا هاما في الإجار عمراني لم يسبق له مثيل. بحيث سيكون في القطب الجديد وحده ما يربو عن 90.000 مقعد بيداغوجي. إضافة إلى 30.000 مقعد موجود زيادة على المشاريع بنيوية كدار القضاء الجديدة ومديرية الحماية المدنية مديرية لمجاهدين مديرية الصيد البحري، ثلاث مراكز للتكوين المهني ثلاث ثانويات يجعل من بلدية المنصورة البديل الطبيعي عن وسط المدينة بتلمسان.

</div>

الآفاق
وبالتالي يشكل ضغطا كبيرا على تسيير هذا القطب الحضري. مثلا تغطية الحاجة من مياه الشرب. مع قدرة تخزين 15000 م3 و حجم التداول يقل عن 14000 م3 ، السد المفروش لا يمكن أن تستجيب وحده لتغذية جزء كبير من تلمسان على الرغم من أن منصورة استفادت مؤخرا عملية نقل المياه من آبار ارتوازية (بني مستار) بمعدل 300 ل/س وكذلك المجيء بمياه سد سكاك بعين يوسف إلا أن المشكلة تبقى مطروحة على الأقل في المدى البعيد.

ومما لا شك فيه، بسبب التوسع العمراني الجاري، وتواصل تطور على حساب المناطق الخضراء، سواء من جنوب جبال الناظور التي تبلغ ارتفاعه 1597 م، أن شمال البلدية يتألف عموما من التلال والهضاب ينبؤ بأن الترارة قريبة جدا.

المصادر

منصورة

المنصورة (ولاية تلمسان)


Saudade, saudade est une chanson interprétée par la chanteuse Maro.

Elle est sélectionnée pour représenter le Portugal au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, à l'issue du Festival da Canção 2022, le . Lors de la première demi-finale, la chanson parvient à se qualifier pour la Finale du 14 mai. Elle se classe finalement en  position dans le classement de la grande finale.

La chanson, en anglais et en portugais, est nommé d'après le mot portugais saudade et aborde le décès du grand-père de la chanteuse.

Classements

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Portugal au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
 Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2021

Chanson représentant le Portugal au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
Chanson de l'Eurovision de 2022
Chanson en portugais

Saudade, saudade


Emiliana / Ahora te toca a ti minero es un sencillo del cantautor cubano Carlos Puebla y sus Tradicionales, lanzado en 1971 bajo el sello chileno DICAP, y perteneciente al álbum colectivo Saludo cubano, lanzado ese mismo año por la misma casa discográfica.

Si bien la canción «Emiliana» es interpretada por Carlos Puebla junto con la Orquesta Aragón, sólo aparece el primero como autor del sencillo.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1971
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular

Emiliana / Ahora te toca a ti minero


An Lagenandra in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Lagenandra in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lagenandra

Lagenandra


Victor Meirelles (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 18 de agosto de 1832 - Río de Janeiro 22 de febrero de 1903) fue un pintor y profesor brasileño.

Fue discípulo en la Academia de Bellas Artes de Río de Janeiro, de Félix Taunay. Se dedicó a la pintura de escenas históricas y de batallas. En 1852 obtuvo una pensión de estudio para perfeccionarse en Europa, trabajando en Italia en los estudios de Minardi y Canzoni y en la Escuela de Bellas Artes de París. Al regresar a su patria (1862) fue nombrado profesor de la Academia.

Pintó varios retratos de la emperatriz de Brasil y algunos cuadros de historia (Combate de Riachuelo y Paso del Humaytá). En colaboración con el pintor belga Henri Langerock pintó los panoramas de Río de Janeiro, el descubrimiento del Brasil, el primero de los cuales se expuso en París en 1899. El lienzo La primera misa en Brasil pasa por ser su obra capital.

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pintores de Brasil del siglo XIX
Pintores del Romanticismo
Profesores de Brasil
Pintores de escenas mitológicas
Fallecidos en Río de Janeiro

Victor Meirelles


Auf immer und ewig bezeichnet:
 Auf immer und ewig (1986), deutscher Spielfilm
 Auf immer und ewig (Fernsehserie), deutsch-österreichische Fernsehserie aus dem Jahr 1995
 Auf immer und ewig (1998),  US-amerikanischer Märchenfilm
 Auf immer und ewig (Roman), Roman von Margret Steenfatt aus dem Jahr 2010

Auf immer und ewig


Princes Highway is a major road in Australia, extending from Sydney via Melbourne to Adelaide through the states of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. It has a length of  (along Highway 1) or  via the former alignments of the highway, although these routes are slower and connections to the bypassed sections of the original route are poor in many cases.

The highway follows the coastline for most of its length, and thus takes quite an indirect and lengthy route. For example, it is  from Sydney to Melbourne on Highway 1 as opposed to  on the more direct Hume Highway (National Highway 31), and  from Melbourne to Adelaide compared to  on the Western and Dukes Highways (National Highway 8). Because of the rural nature and lower traffic volumes over much of its length, Princes Highway is a more scenic and leisurely route than the main highways between these major cities.

Route

New South Wales

Princes Highway starts at the junction of Broadway (Great Western Highway) and City Road in the Sydney suburb of Chippendale. City Road in fact forms the first section of the highway, and becomes King Street, Newtown, also part of Princes Highway. Where King Street ends at Sydney Park Road, Princes Highway continues in its own right.

The highway in this section is constructed as a six-lane divided carriageway, other than along King Street (four-lane undivided) and along the western edge of the Royal National Park, where it is built as four-lane dual carriageway.

The only major engineering structures along its route are the twin Tom Uglys Bridge across Georges River. The northbound bridge is of steel truss construction, opened in 1929, whilst the southbound bridge is of prestressed concrete girders, opened in 1987.

It runs through Sydney's southern suburbs (the St George area and Sutherland Shire), via Kogarah, Sutherland and Engadine to the village of Waterfall.

South of Waterfall the highway is paralleled by the  Princes Motorway (national route M1) to the top of Bulli Pass outside the city of Wollongong, which carries the majority of traffic. The Princes Highway then enters the northern suburbs of Wollongong and the Illawarra region via the Bulli Pass, whilst Mount Ousley Road, which is designated as part of national route 1, bypasses Wollongong's northern suburbs to meet the Princes Highway at , and carries inter-city traffic. Where Mount Ousley Road enters Wollongong, the Princes Motorway branches off Mount Ousley Road, and parallels the highway through the suburbs of Wollongong to .

The Mount Ousley Road-Princes Motorway route is the inter-city and main urban arterial through Wollongong's southern suburbs, whereas the Princes Highway acts as a local arterial.

From the interchange with the Princes Motorway at Yallah, the Princes Highway continues through the bypassed Albion Park Rail before reaching the southern terminus of the motorway at the Oak Flats interchange. From Oak Flats, the Princes Highway is dual carriageway, mostly of freeway standard, with the exception of the Kiama bends at Kiama Heights.

The highway then travels along the upgraded sections through Gerringong and Foxground before bypassing the town of Berry, where the highway follows larger gradients, compared to the flat terrain the Illawarra railway line follows immediately to the east.

Beyond Mullers Lane, Berry, the highway is a single two lane carriageway to Cambewarra Road, . Construction is underway for the duplication of the highway from Mullers Lane to Cambewarra Road and is expected to be completed in 2022.

From Cambewarra Road the highway is four lane divided through Bomaderry and  to near the junction with Warra Warra Road in South Nowra. Duplication to dual carriageway standard of a  length south from here to Forest Road was scheduled for completion in early 2014, following a three-month cessation of work while measures were put in place to protect a hitherto unknown area of habitat of the endangered green and golden bell frog. Beyond this section is  of four lane single carriageway from Forest Road to the junction with Jervis Bay Road.

From Jervis Bay Road southward the highway is mostly single two lane carriageway along the NSW South Coast, passing through Ulladulla, Batemans Bay (where the  town centre bypass is built as dual carriageway), Moruya, Narooma, then bypassing Bega and Merimbula and passing through Eden, before crossing the border at the Black-Allen Line into Victoria,  from Sydney and  from Melbourne.

A substandard alignment at Victoria Creek  south of  was upgraded in 2012–13, as well as the  Bega bypass. Realignments with associated new bridges are also proposed at Termeil Creek, some  south of Ulladulla, and Dignams Creek, some  south of Narooma. Current identified future projects are a bypass of Nowra-Bomaderry (definite route identified only for section south of Shoalhaven River), and a bypass of Ulladulla-Milton.

In 2007 the NRMA claimed Princes Highway was a dangerous road with ten fatalities and 729 people injured on the highway between Sydney and the state border in 2006.

Victoria

In Victoria, Princes Highway follows a very long and complex route. The route within metropolitan Melbourne carries the original individual names of sections of Princes Highway on signage. Each road section has Princes Highway labelled in bold and the individual name in brackets, such as Dandenong Road or Geelong Road.

Apart from the routes Alt National Route 1, C101 and C109 (in the outer metropolitan areas – such as Berwick and Werribee), the M1 Freeway route intersects (Monash Freeway/CityLink/West Gate Freeway/Princes Freeway) and this carries the much higher volume of traffic, including congestion in the peak periods, serving as the major, most direct and quickest route for Route 1 in Australia.

In Victoria the length from the South Australian border to the New South Wales border is . The highway passes (from east to west) through Orbost, Bairnsdale and Sale in the Gippsland region. The highway then passes through the Latrobe Valley, bypassing Morwell, Warragul and Pakenham to Dandenong and into the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Most of this section is freeway standard, with the main outstanding work being a freeway bypass of Traralgon, although the highway through Traralgon has already been built to urban dual carriageway standard.

As the road passes through Melbourne, it first follows the route of Lonsdale Street (through Dandenong), then Dandenong Road to St Kilda, and Queens Road through Albert Park (this section of highway is shown in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as part of the F14 freeway corridor). Closer to Melbourne city centre, it follows the route of Kings Way, and then King Street through central Melbourne. It then follows Curzon Street after leaving the central business district to enter North Melbourne, and then follows Flemington Road northwest, then Racecourse Road, Smithfield Road and Ballarat Road. It starts again as Geelong Road where Geelong Road branches southwest off Ballarat Road, and Ballarat Road leads onto Western Freeway. The reason for the confusing dual naming of the highway through Melbourne is that it follows streets and roads which were already named when the highway was named in 1920.

Through much of Melbourne and its suburbs, the designation of National Route 1 is not along Princes Highway, but rather Monash Freeway, which intersects the Princes Highway on the eastern outskirts of Melbourne, then the southern link of the CityLink tollway, and then West Gate Freeway which bypasses central Melbourne. This avoids the confusing and congested arrangement of roads that is the Princes Highway in central Melbourne. The M1 include an advanced freeway management system for its entire  urban length, between Narre Warren and Werribee. Along with freeway sensors and associated data stations, overhead lane use management system (LUMS) gantries that show speed and lane availability, electronic message boards, real-time drive time signs and arterial road real-time Information signs (before the on-ramps); there are the 64+ ramp signal and metering sites. Hence, the majority of the on-ramps are traffic light controlled, depending on the density and speed of the traffic.

Heading towards Geelong in a south-west direction, the West Gate Freeway and Geelong Road join and become the Princes Freeway. Which, unusually for an Australian inter-city freeway, carries enough traffic to merit four to three lanes in either direction (often still being congested in the morning and afternoon peaks). On the northern outskirts of Geelong, the highway reverts from freeway to three lane dual carriageway through Geelong and its suburbs, with traffic light-controlled at-grade intersections. Through Geelong the highway is often heavily congested.

With the completion of the freeway standard Geelong Ring Road during 2008–9, the M1 route follows the freeway-standard road from Winchelsea to Traralgon, without encountering any traffic lights (with the exception of Yarragon and Trafalgar, which are yet to be bypassed). The ring road rejoins the original highway at Waurn Ponds on the western edge of Geelong.

Within Geelong, Princes Highway starts at the junction of Princes Freeway in the northern Geelong suburb of Corio, and runs through Geelong's northern and southern suburbs via an inner-city western bypass of the Geelong City Centre, to the current Highway 1 segment of the Princes Highway at Waurn Ponds in Geelong's southern suburbs. The highway is six lane dual carriageway from Corio to Latrobe Terrace, continuing as a four-lane dual carriageway to Waurn Ponds. The 1989 re-alignment of Princes Highway (along La Trobe Terrace) provides a dual carriageway, four-lane limited access road to replace the original route along Moorabool Street in South Geelong and High Street in Belmont. Upon the completion of the final section of the Geelong Ring Road, another section of the Princes Highway was superseded in 2013 at Waurn Ponds.

After Geelong the highway heads in a generally western direction, continuing with the 'M1' designation as a dual carriageway road to Winchelsea (opened 2015). West of Winchelsea, the road is presently being reconstructed to dual carriageway standard, passing through Colac, before reaching Camperdown - ultimately reaching the port of Warrnambool. The section from Geelong to Warrnambool runs inland, and so avoids the slower, but scenic Great Ocean Road. From here, Princes Highway passes through Portland before crossing the border into South Australia. At this point the highway is  from Sydney,  from Melbourne and  from Adelaide.

South Australia
At Mount Gambier the highway takes a more northward tack as the coast curves to the northwest, passing the Coorong National Park. After Kingston SE, it turns inland (north) to avoid the lakes at the mouth of the River Murray. Shortly before Tailem Bend it is joined by Dukes Highway, part of the main route between Melbourne and Adelaide. The highway then turns north-west and becomes South Eastern Freeway, crosses the Murray River, bypasses Murray Bridge and continues to Glen Osmond on Adelaide's southeastern outskirts.

At this point, Princes Highway is  from Adelaide and  from Sydney. It continues north-west via Glen Osmond Road to eventually terminate just south of the Adelaide city centre.

History
The section of Princes Highway between West Helensburgh and Bulli Tops was the original coastal route between Sydney and Wollongong, first used in 1843. From Bulli Tops this route continued south along today's Mount Ousley Road as far south as Mount Keira Road, and then followed Mount Keira Road around the west of Mount Keira. This route replaced the inland route from Sydney via  to Bulli Tops.

As a named route, the highway came into being when pre-existing roads were renamed Prince's Highway after the planned visit to Australia by the Prince of Wales (later to become king Edward VIII and, after abdicating, the Duke of Windsor) in 1920. The original submissions in January 1920 were in order for the Prince to have the opportunity during his visit to make the trip from Melbourne to Sydney overland along the route. Different routes were considered, including the inland route via . That idea never came to fruition, due partly to the limited amount of time and the cost of upgrading the road to a suitable standard for him to undertake the trip. The Prince did, however, give his permission for the naming.

The highway had opening ceremonies in both New South Wales and Victoria during 1920. The first section of road from Melbourne was opened on 10 August in Warragul. The road from Sydney was opened in Bulli on 19 October, by the NSW Minister for Local Government, Thomas Mutch.

Within New South Wales, the passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). Main Road No. 1 was declared along Prince's Highway on 8 August 1928, heading south from the City of Sydney through Sutherland, Wollongong, Nowra, Bateman's Bay and Eden to the southern boundary of the state towards Genoa in Victoria (for a total of 351.5 miles). With the passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, this was amended to State Highway 1 on 8 April 1929. Before the adoption of the "Prince's Highway" name in 1920, the road between Sydney and the border was referred to as the Coast Road.

Within Victoria, approval was given by the Victorian executive in January 1922 to extend the highway west from Melbourne through Geelong, Camperdown, Warrnambool and Portland to the South Australian border. The passing of the Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924 through the Parliament of Victoria provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads). Prince's Highway was declared a State Highway on 1 July 1925, traversing the whole length of the State from its western boundary near Mount Gambier in South Australia, through Port Fairy, Warrnambool, Geelong to Melbourne, through Dandenong, Warragul, Sale, Bairnsdale and Orbost to the eastern boundary of the state towards Eden in New South Wales (for a total of 540 miles); before the adoption of the "Prince's Highway" name in 1920, the road between Melbourne and Bairnsdale was referred to as (Main) Gippsland Road, between Bairnsdale and the NSW border as Orbost-Genoa Road and Genoa-Eden Road, and between Melbourne and Port Fairy as Melbourne-Geelong Road, Geelong-Warrnambool Road and Warrnambool-Port Fairy Road.

Within South Australia, roads from Adelaide to the South Australian border with Victoria were renamed by the State government in February 1922. At that time, the route from Adelaide was via Aldgate, Mylor, Macclesfield, Strathalbyn, Langhorne Creek, crossing the Murray River at Wellington, then continuing along the present towns of Meningie, Kingston SE, Robe, Beachport, Millicent and Gambier Town (Mount Gambier). By 1928, the route went through Mount Barker and Wistow to Langhorne Creek. By 1935, the Princes Highway passed through Nairne and Kanmantoo, Murray Bridge and Tailem Bend (now known as the Old Princes Highway). That road was superseded by the South Eastern Freeway (Crafers-Murray Bridge in stages 1967–1979), Swanport Bridge (1979), finally extended from Crafers to Glen Osmond (2000). The section between Kingston SE and Millicent has also been replaced by a more direct inland route. The coastal route through Robe and Beachport is now route B101, the Southern Ports Highway.

In 1942, as part of wartime defence measures, a road was built from Mount Keira Road to . This route forms part of Mount Ousley Road.

The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through the Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, Princes Highway today retains its declaration as Highway 1, from the intersection with Broadway in Chippendale in Sydney, to the state border with Victoria.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 through the Parliament of Victoria granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: VicRoads re-declared the road in 2010 as Princes Highway West (Arterial #6500), beginning at the state border with South Australia to Geelong, then from Altona North to Parkville; and in 2008 as Princes Highway East (Arterial #6510), beginning at the Melbourne CBD to Narre Warren, then through Yarragon, Trafalgar and Morwell, the from Morwell to the state border with New South Wales.

In August 2011, the stretch of the highway in South Australia between Adelaide and Port Augusta (commonly referred to as "Highway 1") was renamed Port Wakefield Highway (between Adelaide and Port Wakefield) and Augusta Highway (between Port Wakefield and Port Augusta) as part of a process to standardise the rural property addressing system across the state.

Timeline of significant upgrades and bypasses

Projects

Route allocation
Princes Highway was signed National Route 1 across its entire length in 1955. The Whitlam government introduced the federal National Roads Act 1974, where roads declared as a National Highway were still the responsibility of the states for road construction and maintenance, but were fully compensated by the Federal government for money spent on approved projects. As an important interstate link between the capitals of South Australia and Victoria, the parts of Princes Highway not already replaced by South Eastern Freeway between Adelaide and Tailem Bend were declared a National Highway in 1974. With all three states' conversion to their newer alphanumeric systems between the late 1990s to the early 2010s, its former route number for the most part was updated to A1 for the highway within Victoria (in 1997), South Australia (in 1998), and eventually the New South Wales section (in 2013), but with many exceptions: see below.

Due to its history of bypasses, many sections of Princes Highway today have different route allocations. These allocations, from its northern terminus in Sydney to its western terminus in Adelaide, are:

Former routes
Within New South Wales, Princes Highway formerly entered Wollongong as State Route 60 down the Bulli Pass and ran a largely separate route from  and  through to the southern suburbs from the parallel Princes Motorway, the latter of which today is designated part of route M1. The gazetted route of Princes Highway today differs from the route of State Route 60 (and from that shown on road signs). The gazetted route was designated State Route 60 (now part of route B65, Memorial Drive) for its length, but deviated from the road that is signposted as Princes Highway between  and .

Major intersections

New South Wales

Sydney (City Road)

Victoria

East

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Melbourne (Narre Warren–Southbank)

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Melbourne (Southbank–Laverton North)

West

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South Australia

See also

 Highway 1 (Australia)
 Highway 1 (South Australia)
 Highways in Australia
 Highways in Victoria
 List of highways in New South Wales
 List of highways in South Australia
Princes Freeway

References

External links

 RTA Webcam Suburban Sydney
VicRoads (Victorian road departmen)

Highways and freeways in Melbourne
Highways in New South Wales
Highways in South Australia
Highways in Victoria (state)
Streets in Sydney
Transport in Geelong
Highway 1 (Australia)
City of Shellharbour
Georges River Council
Bayside Council
Transport in Barwon South West (region)

Princes Highway


An Spathoglottis alpina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Richard Sanders Rogers. An Spathoglottis alpina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spathoglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Spathoglottis

Spathoglottis alpina


"Anaconda" er en sang af den amerikanske rapper og sanger Nicki Minaj fra sit tredje studiealbum, The Pinkprint (2014).

Sange fra USA
Singler fra 2014

Anaconda (sang af Nicki Minaj)


O Lycée Saint-Louis é uma escola pós-secundária altamente seletiva localizada no 6º arrondissement de Paris, no Quartier Latin. É o único liceu francês público dedicado exclusivamente ao ensino de classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE; aulas preparatórias para Grandes Écoles como École Polytechnique, CentraleSupélec em engenharia e ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School e HEC Paris em comércio). É conhecida pela qualidade de seu ensino, baixa taxa de aceitação e pelos resultados que alcança em seus vestibulares intensamente competitivos.

Alunos famosos
 Serge Dassault, um empresário francês e político conservador
 Gabriel Koenigs, um matemático francês
 Jean-Luc Lagardère, um empresário francês
 Édouard Lucas, um matemático francês
 Alain Poher, um político centrista francês
 Yves Tanguy, um pintor surrealista francês

Ligação externa
 Página oficial

Construções de Paris
Escolas da França

Lycée Saint-Louis


Svanegade er en gade i kvarteret Nyboder i Indre By i København, der ligger mellem Eidsvoll Plads og Krokodillegade. Gaden er opkaldt efter fuglen svane og udgør en del af en række gader i kvarteret med dyrenavne.

Gaden er belagt med brosten og er omgivet af klassiske gule toetages Nyboder-huse på begge sider, fra da Nyboder blev udvidet nordpå i 1780'erne. En stor del af gaden er optaget af et overgroet beskyttelsesrum, der forhindrer gennemkørsel med bil, men som kan passeres til fods.

Kilder
 Storbyens stednavne, s. 283, af Bent Jørgensen. Gyldendal, 1999.
 København før og nu - og aldrig, bind 5, Kgs. Nytorv, Rosenborg og Nyboder, s. 398, 428-429, af Sys og Godfred Hartmann. Palle Fogtdal, 1988.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Svanegade på Indenforvoldene.dk.

Nyboder
Gader i Indre By (København)

Svanegade


Torzijska opruga je obično ravna opruga i u obliku okrugloga štapa upetoga na krajevima. Ravne torzijske opruge upotrebljavaju se kao prigušivači torzijskih vibracija (na primjer zglobna vratila na motornim vozilima), za mjerenje sile pritezanja kod momentnih ključeva, elastičnih spojki i slično.

Osim takvih ravnih ili šipkastih torzijskih opruga, sve su ostale metalne opruge opterećene na uvijanje (torziju) ustvari zavojne opruge. Za razliku od zavojnih opruga opterećenih na savijanje, koje su cilindričnog oblika, u zavojne torzijske opruge spadaju opruge stožastog i paraboličnog oblika. One se dalje dijele s obzirom na sile koje djeluju u smjeru osi na tlačne i vlačne, i s obzirom na presjek žice od koje su napravljene.

Kao najvažnije među njima najviše se upotrebljavaju cilindrične opruge s kružnim, cilindrične opruge s pravokutnim presjekom i stožaste opruge. Zbog naročitih svojstava, u posebnu skupinu su izdvojene još i zavojne opruge od žica upredenih oko jezgre. Ravne ili šipkaste opruge opterećene na uvijanje strojni dijelovi su kod kojih opruženje nastaje uvijanjem njihovog srednjeg otanjenog dijela kružnog presjeka. Materijal za izradu tih opruga je kaljen i popušten čelik. Takve opruge se upotrebljavaju u torzijskim dinamometrima, u elastičnim spojkama, i vrlo rijetko u gradnji automobila.

Ravna torzijska opruga
Ravne šipkaste (okrugle) torzijske opruge upotrebljavaju se kao prigušivači torzijskih vibracija (na primjer zglobna vratila na motornim vozilima), za mjerenje sila pritezanja kod momentnih ključeva, elastičnih spojki i slično. One djeluju opružno zakretanjem stanjenog struka opruge. Kod krajeva s trokutastim ozubljenjem moguće je premještanje od zuba do zuba.

Zbog zareznog djelovanja na mjestima učvršćenja krajevi opruge su pojačani, a prijelaz na struk pažljivo je zaobljen. Naknadno valjanje struka (sačmarenje pomoću čeličnih kuglica) ili fino brušenje povisuje dinamičku izdržljivost. Čvrstoća materijala se kreće i do 1 500 N/mm2.

Proračun ravnih torzijskih opruga
Djelovanje momenta torzije Mt = F∙r pri uvijanju (torziji) tih opruga prikazano je na slici. Taj je moment konstantan po čitavoj dužini opruge L, a prema tome pri konstantnom presjeku štapa (opruge) maksimalno torzijsko naprezanje τt ostaje duž čitave dužine opruge konstantno.

Na temelju jednadžbe:

gdje je:

za kružni presjek, dobije se za naprezanje tih opruga izraz:

Veličine dopuštenog naprezanja potrebne za kontrolu po ovoj jednadžbi nalaze se u tablicama priručnika prikazane za određeni materijal u zavisnosti od vrste opterećenja, obrade površine i od promjera opruge. Pod opterećenjem momenta Mt = F∙r točka A na izvodnici štapa dođe u položaj A', a prema tome slobodni kraj opruge zaokrene se za odgovarajući kut φ, što i predstavlja njezinu deformaciju, koja u lučnoj mjeri iznosi:

gdje su: Wp i Ip – odgovarajući polarni momenti otpora, odnosno tromosti, G – modul klizanja materijala, a značenje ostalih simbola već je spomenuto. Iz tih jednadžbi i prije spomenutih definicija za krutost ovih opruga slijede izrazi:

za krutost opruge:

i za mehanički rad:

Prema tome karakteristika opruge je pravac.

Torzijska vaga

Torzijska vaga je vaga kojom se iznos neke sile određuje putem zakretnoga momenta torzije (uvijanje) napete niti (konstruirao Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, 1777.). Sastoji se od okomite, na jednom kraju učvršćene metalne niti, na drugom kraju koje je obješena transverzalna šipka kao kod torzijskoga njihala. Za male zakrete šipke sila je razmjerna (proporcionalna) kutu uvijanja ili torzije. Tom je vagom Coulomb 1785. eksperimentalno utvrdio zakon privlačenja električnih naboja (Coulombov zakon), a nešto kasnije (1798.) je Henry Cavendish sličnom vagom vlastite konstrukcije odredio gravitacijsku konstantu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Strojarstvo

Torzijska opruga


Pompeu Fabra i Poch () a fost un filolog catalan recunoscut ca fiind personalitatea care a pus ordine în limba catalană datorita aportării lui la normarea limbii catalane moderne. Pornind de la o formare cu profil științific (în sensul că a absolvit facultatea de inginerie industrială) a devenit un lingvist care a reformat gramatica și ortografia limbii catalane, sistemul lui ortografic fiind astăzi cel al Institut de Studii Catalane (academia). Pasionat de studiul limbilor străine, i-a acordat atenției și limbii române într-o perioadă în care limba română începea să capete vizibilitate în Europa occidentală.

În anul 1891 editura L'Avenç îi publică gramatica Ensayo de gramática del catalán moderno, în limba spaniolă, opera în care pentru prima dată și cu o metodologie științifică se descrie limba vorbită cu o transcriere fonetică amânunțită.

În 1906 participă la I Congres Internațional al Limbii Catalane unde prezintă comunicarea Aspecte despre ortografia limbii catalane (Qüestions d'ortografia catalana). Prestigiul lui intelectual a căpătat recunoștință, astfel încât Prat de la Riba îi propune să conducă proiectul de normarea limbii catalane. Cu această ocazie a fost numit membru fondator al Secției Filologice al Institutului de Studii Catalane (Academia Catalană). În 1912 edită o gramatică a limbii catalane, încă redactată în spaniolă; după un an de zile publică Normele Ortografice (Normes ortogràfiques, 1913), o vastă reformă ortografică, aprobată și promovată de către Institutul de Studii Catalane. Aceste reforme au provocat adeziuni aprinse dar și un curent de opinie contrar acestora. Unul dintre punctele de bază al ortografiei fabriene a fost respectul pentru pronunția în diferitele graiuri și etimologia cuvintelor. Dicționarul ortografic (Diccionari ortogràfic, 1917) completează Normele din 1913.

Începând cu anul 1918, odată cu publicarea Gramaticii catalane (Gramàtica catalana), declarată oficială, deschide o etapă care se termină în 1932 cu publicarea Dicționarului General al Limbii Catalane (Diccionari General de la Llengua Catalana). Din același an este Curs de nivel mediu de gramatică catalană (Curs mitjà de gramàtica catalana), conceput pentru școală și reeditat în 1968 cu titlul Introducere la gramatica limbii catalane (Introducció a la gramàtica catalana). Lucrarea Convorbiri filologice (Converses filològiques, 1924) s-au ivit din dorința lui de a promova ideile lui lingvistice. Sunt articole relativ scurte care pun și rezolv probleme foarte frecvente despre limba catalană. Anul următor va publica Principalele greșeli ortografice (Les principals faltes de gramàtica).

Dicționarul din 1932 a fost bazat pe următoarele criterii: excluderea arhaismelor și a cuvintelor răspândite pe arii geografice restrânse, neadmiterea unor cuvinte din alte limbii în locul unor alte cuvinte propii limbii catalane; introducerea și adaptarea în catalană a unor cuvinte de origine latină sau greacă din domenii tehnice cu caracter universal.

După Războiul Civil din Spania Pompeu Fabra va pleca în exil. Pe 31 ianuarie 1939, după cinci zile de când trupele generalului Franco au intrat în Barcelona,  traversează granița cu Franța. A locuit la Paris, Montpeller, Perpignan și până la urmă s-a stabilit în Prada de Conflent, unde va muri pe 25 decembrie 1948. În ultimii ani de viață, în ciuda dificultăților, a tot scris și lucrat și a și terminat o nouă gramatică a limbii catalane, publicată cu titlul postum de către Joan Coromines.

Note

Nașteri în 1868
Decese în 1948
Filologi catalani
Lingviști catalani

Pompeu Fabra i Poch


පැස්බරා යනු පියෑඹීමට නොහැකි විශාල පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපය අතුරින් එකකට අයත් අප්රිකාව නිජ බිම වූ පක්ෂියෙකි. එසේම ස්ට්රූතියෝ  විශේෂය සතු එකම ජීවියා ද වේ. ඇතැම් විශලේෂණයන් පෙන්වා දෙන්නේ සෝමාලියානු පැස්බරා සාමාන්ය පැස්බරාගෙන් වෙන්වූ වෙනමම විශේෂයක් වියයුතු බවයි. නමුත් බොහෝ සත්ත්ව විදයාඥයින් සලකන්නේ උප විශේෂයක් ලෙසය.

order Struthioniformes ට අයත් පක්ෂීන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු වන්නේ කිවි, එමූ, සහ අනිකුත් රැටයිට් (ratite)ය. පැස්බරාගේ බාහිර පෙනුමේ කැපී පෙනෙන ලක්ෂණ වන්නේ, දිගු බෙල්ලක් හා දිගු පාද යුගලකින් සමන්විත වීමයි. මෙම ශක්තිමත් පාද යුගලය නිසාවෙන් , පමණ වේගයෙන් දිවීමට හැකියාව ලැබී ඇති අතර එය ගොඩබිම පක්ෂියෙකු සතු උපරිම දිවීමේ වේගය ලෙස සැලකේ.  ගොඩබිම ජීවත් වන විශාලතම පක්ෂියා වන පැස්බරා හට විශාලතම බිත්තරය ද හිමි ය.(වඳවී ගිය පක්ෂීන් වූ මැඩගස්කරයේ elephant bird හා නවසීලන්තයේ (giant moa) යෝධ මෝවා ද විශාල බිත්තර දමනු ලැබීය.

පැස්බරාට ආමාශ තුනක් ඇත.

පෑබරගේ මොලයට වඩා ඇස් විශාල වේ

පැස්බරාගේ ප්රධාන ආහාරය වන්නේ ශාඛ කොටස් වන නමුත් අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික කුඩා සතුන් ද ආහාරයට ගනියි. උන් තැනින් තැන යන කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ලෙස ජීවත්වන අතර ඊට පහත් පනහත් අතර සංඛයාවක් අයත්වේ. අනතුරකදී පැන දිවීම හෝ සිටින තැනම බිම වැතිරීම උගේ සිරිත වුවද හසුවුවහොත් උගේ ශක්තිමත් පාද වලින් පහරදීමට හැකියාව ඇත. නමුත් Mating patterns differ by geographical region, but territorial males fight for a harem of two to seven females.  These fights usually last just minutes, but they can easily cause death through slamming their heads into opponents.

The Ostrich is farmed around the world, particularly for its feathers, which are decorative and are also used as feather dusters. Its skin is used for leather products  and its meat marketed commercially.

මූලාශ්‍ර

Domesticated birds
Flightless birds
Genera of birds
Heraldic birds
පශු සම්පත්
Ratites
Struthio
Birds of Africa
Birds of Angola
Birds of Botswana
Birds of Chad
Birds of Djibouti
Birds of Eritrea
Birds of Ethiopia
Birds of Tunisia
Birds of Kenya
Birds of Mali
Birds of Mauritania
Birds of Namibia
Birds of Niger
Birds of Somalia
Birds of Sudan
Birds of Tanzania
Birds of Uganda
Birds of Zambia
Birds of Zimbabwe
Megafauna of Africa
Animals described in 1758

පැස්බරා


Chifteluțele marinate sunt o specialitate românească, un fel de chiftele prăjite care se marinează într-un sos special de roșii. Ele pot fi mâncate calde sau reci.

Ingrediente
 Carnea
Ingredientele pentru 500 g de carne sunt aceleași ca la pârjoalele moldovenești, dar fără cartofi și morcovi, mai departe, chiftelele se tăvălesc prin faină și nu prin pesmet. În loc de mărar se poate adăuga cimbru.
 Sosul de roșii
Este nevoie de: 500 g roșii, o linguriță pastă de tomate concentrat, o lingură de oțet, puțin zahăr, 2-3 foi de dafin, sare și cel puțin 10 boabe de piper negru.

Preparare
Se fac perișoare mici rotunjoare care se tăvălesc prin faină și se turtesc ușor. Apoi se pune untdelemn într-o tigaie la foc și când este bine încinsă, se prăjesc chifteluțele pe o parte și pe alta. Dacă sunt gata, se așază într-o cratiță.
Se rumenește concentratul de roșii pe foc mic, apoi se adaugă roșiile cojite și tăiate mărunt împreună cu foile de dafin și boabele de piper. Sosul se potrivește în gust cu sare, ceva oțet și zahăr și se fierbe pentru un sfert de oră. Dacă sosul devine pre gros, se adaugă câteva linguri de apă sau supă de carne. Adăugarea de ceapă la acest sos nu este corespunzător cu rețeta originară. În sfârșit se toarnă sosul deasupra chifteluțelor și se lasă la cuptor un trei sfert de oră, ca să se formeze sosul și să ridice uleiul.

Mod de servire
Chifteluțele marinate se pot mânca cald cu mămăligă, piure de cartofi sau orez ori reci cu pâine albă.

Variații
 Oțetul se înlocuiește prin lămâie și ceva coajă de lămâie rasă.
 Foile de dafin se înlocuiesc prin tarhon.
 Chifteluțele se pregătesc fără usturoi.

Note

Legături externe
 Chifteluțe marinate, rețetă simplă

Bucătăria românească
Mâncăruri românești

Chifteluțe marinate


is a railway station in the Takadanobaba area of Tokyo's Shinjuku ward, situated between the commercial districts of Ikebukuro and Shinjuku.

The station is a major commuting hub, linking the Seibu Shinjuku Line, Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line and Yamanote Line. It also serves the surrounding Takadanobaba area, known as a popular student district, and is linked by bus to nearby Waseda University. It is the busiest station on the Seibu Shinjuku Line, and the second-busiest in the Seibu Railway network after Ikebukuro Station. It is the ninth-busiest station in the Tokyo Metro network and the eleventh-busiest station in the JR East network.

Lines
Takadanobaba Station is served by the following lines:

East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
 Yamanote Line
Seibu Railway
 Seibu Shinjuku Line
Tokyo Metro
Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line

Station layout

Platforms

Yamanote and Seibu Shinjuku Line
The Yamanote Line island platform and two Seibu Shinjuku Line platforms are located parallel to each other, and are connected by an overhead transfer concourse, as well as transfer gates at ground level by the main Waseda exit.

The theme music from Astro Boy is played prior to each train departure from the Yamanote Line platform, a homage to the series being set in the Takadanobaba area. Chest-high platform edge doors were brought into use on the Yamanote Line platform on 21 December 2013.

The Yamanote Freight Line tracks (used by Saikyo Line and Shonan-Shinjuku Line services) pass Takadanobaba running between the Yamanote Line and Seibu Shinjuku Line tracks.

Tozai Line

History
The Yamanote Line station opened on 15 September 1910.

Seibu Railway opened a temporary station perpendicular to the Yamanote Line in April 1927, followed by a permanent station parallel to the Yamanote Line in April 1928. The original station buildings were burned to the ground during the bombing of Tokyo in April 1945. Takadanobaba was the Tokyo terminal of the Seibu Railway Murayama Line (now Seibu Shinjuku Line) until it was extended to Seibu-Shinjuku Station in 1952.

The Tozai Line began service to Takadanobaba in December 1964 under the auspices of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority. Takadanobaba was the western terminus of the Tozai Line until the connection to Nakano Station and the Chuo Main Line opened in March 1966.

The station facilities of the Tozai Line were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.

Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, with Takadanobaba being assigned station number SS02. Numbering was expanded to the JR East platforms in 2016 with the Yamanote Line station being assigned station number JY15.

Surrounding area
The surrounding area of Takadanobaba is often referred to as "Baba". It lacks the history of nearby Waseda and Mejiro, often conjuring up images of a student spot with its many cheap bars and izakaya serving the needs of students at nearby Waseda and Gakushuin universities. Numerous prep and vocational schools reinforce this image in the eyes of many Japanese.

The symbol of Takadanobaba is the monolithic and appropriately named Big Box building next to the station. Big Box houses a sports gym, swimming pool, Uniqlo clothing store, cafe, bowling alley, arcade, and a fast food restaurant. It has recently been reopened after an extensive renovation.

Passenger statistics
Daily average passenger figures for each operator are as shown below.

 Note that JR East figures account for boarding passengers only.

See also

 List of railway stations in Japan
 Transportation in Greater Tokyo

References

External links

 JR East station information
 Seibu station information
 Tokyo Metro station information

Yamanote Line
Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
Seibu Shinjuku Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Stations of Tokyo Metro
Stations of Seibu Railway
Railway stations in Tokyo
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1910

Takadanobaba Station