The 2012 Summer Paralympics, branded as the London 2012 Paralympic Games, were an international multi-sport parasports event held from 29 August to 9 September 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. They were the 14th Summer Paralympic Games as organised by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

They were the first Summer Paralympics to be hosted by London, and the first hosted solely by Great Britain; the English village of Stoke Mandeville co-hosted the 1984 Games with Long Island, New York after its original host, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, withdrew due to financial issues. In 1948, the village hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games—the first organised sporting event for athletes with disabilities, and a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games—to coincide with the opening of the 1948 Olympics in London.

Organisers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal, fuelled by continued enthusiasm over Great Britain's performance during the Olympics, awareness of England's role in the history of the Paralympics, South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius (who had become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside non-disabled athletes), and increasing media coverage and promotion of Paralympic sport (including a major advertising campaign by the Games' British broadcaster Channel 4). The Games ultimately met these expectations, breaking records for ticket sales, heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics, and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the "greatest Paralympic Games ever."

A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during the Games; events for athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) returned to the Paralympic programme after being suspended following the 2000 Summer Paralympics, The Games were contested by a record 4,302 athletes representing 164 National Paralympic Committees, with 14 countries making their Paralympic debut.  For the third Summer Paralympics in a row, China won the most medals overall, with a total of 231 (95 of them being gold), followed by Russia and Great Britain.

Bidding process

As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics was also to host the 2012 Summer Paralympics. At the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, the rights to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to London.

Development and preparation

As with the Olympics, the 2012 Summer Paralympics were overseen by LOCOG and the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA). LOCOG was responsible for overseeing the staging of the games, while the ODA dealt with infrastructure and venues.

The Government Olympic Executive (GOE) within the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) was the lead Government body for co-ordinating the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. The GOE reported through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister for Sports and the Olympics Hugh Robertson. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy.

England's role in the history of the Paralympics was emphasised as part of the Games: an event known as the Stoke Mandeville Games were hosted by the village of Stoke Mandeville—site of the National Spinal Injuries Centre—to coincide with the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. Contested between British veterans of the Second World War, it was the first organised sporting event for athletes with disabilities, and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games.

Venues and infrastructure

The 2012 Summer Paralympics used many of the same venues as the 2012 Summer Olympics, along with two new locations such as Eton Manor for wheelchair tennis and Brands Hatch for road cycling. London's purpose-built Olympic venues and facilities, including the Olympic Village itself, were designed to be accessible as possible so they could easily accommodate the Paralympics. Some venues also contained additional accessible seating areas during the Paralympics.

Public transport

Transport for London (TfL) operated the Paralympic Route Network (a downsized version of the Olympic Route Network operated during the Summer Olympics) to facilitate road traffic between venues and facilities. The network provided  of lanes specifically reserved for Paralympic athletes and officials. TfL continued to operate its Get Ahead of the Games website during the Paralympics, which provided updates and advice for commuters during the Games. Prior to the Games, concerns were raised by TfL commissioner Peter Hendy that London's transportation system might not be able to handle the Paralympics adequately. He feared that the end of the school summer holiday (which fell during the Games) would result in increased traffic, and that commuters might not heed traffic warnings or change their travel behaviour as they had during the Olympics.

Sevenoaks railway station was designated as the preferred station for spectators travelling to watch the cycling at Brands Hatch. Organisers chose Sevenoaks over the closer Swanley railway station because of its "existing step-free access and excellent transport links", and because Swanley did not yet have a wheelchair lift. Whilst organisers did not believe that Swanley would be able to have wheelchair lifts installed by the start of the Paralympics, the station finished their installation by early August 2012.

Lead-up and promotion

Handover ceremony
The formal handover occurred during the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, when Mayor of London Boris Johnson received the Paralympic Flag from Mayor of Beijing Guo Jinlong. This was followed by a cultural presentation by Britain, which was similar to its presentation during the Olympics' closing ceremony. It featured urban dance group ZooNation, the Royal Ballet, and Candoco, a physically integrated dance group, all dressed as London commuters and waiting for a bus by a zebra crossing. A double-decker bus drove around the stadium, guided by Ade Adepitan, to music composed by Philip Sheppard. The top of the bus was open and folded down to show a privet hedge featuring London landmarks such as Tower Bridge, The Gherkin and the London Eye. Cherisse Osei, drummer for Mika, and Sam Hegedus then performed, before the top of the bus folded up into its original form, sporting multi-coloured Paralympic livery. Both the Paralympic and Olympic flags were formally raised outside of London's City Hall on 26 September 2008. British Paralympians Helene Raynsford and Chris Holmes raised the Paralympic flag.

Paralympic Day and Super Saturday

On 8 September 2011 Trafalgar Square staged International Paralympic Day, hosted by Rick Edwards, Ade Adepitan and Iwan Thomas, to coincide with a visit to London by representatives of the IPC. The event featured showcases and demonstrations of the 20 sports that would feature during the Games, with some sessions also made inclusive to people with hearing disabilities. It also included appearances by Paralympic athletes Oscar Pistorius, Ellie Simmonds and Sascha Kindred, and the unveiling of a bronze statue of Pistorius by Ben Dearnley. British Prime Minister David Cameron and London's mayor Boris Johnson also appeared.

Two days later on 10 September, supermarket chain Sainsbury's and Channel 4 presented Sainsbury's Super Saturday, a family event at Clapham Common. The event featured showcases of Paralympic sports, and a concert featuring pop music acts including Nicola Roberts, Olly Murs, The Wanted, Will Young, Pixie Lott, Dappy, Sugababes, The Saturdays, Chipmunk and Taio Cruz.

Channel 4 promotional campaign
Channel 4—broadcaster of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the United Kingdom—held a multi-platform advertising campaign to promote its coverage. The broadcaster sought to change the public perception of the Paralympics, encouraging viewers to see them as an "event in its own right", rather than as an afterthought to the Olympics. The campaign included television adverts, online content, and billboard advertising, some of which carrying the slogan "Thanks for the warm-up".

As part of the campaign, Channel 4 produced a two-minute-long trailer for its coverage entitled Meet the Superhumans, which was directed by Tom Tagholm with input from Deborah Poulton, 2012 Paralympic Project Leader and Alison Walsh, Editorial Manager of Disability, both at Channel 4. The trailer, set to Public Enemy's song "Harder Than You Think", focused on the competitive and "superhuman" aspects of Paralympic sport, while acknowledging the personal events and struggles that reflected every athlete's participation in the Games. Meet the Superhumans premiered on 17 July 2012, airing simultaneously on 78 different commercial television channels in the UK (which included rival channels ITV and Sky1).

The advert was met with critical acclaim: Adweek Tim Nudd declared it "the summer's most stunning sports commercial", while Simon Usborne of The Independent felt it was "an act of branding genius" and "a clear bid to bring the Paralympics from the sporting wings to centre stage." The advert was seen by an estimated audience of 10 million viewers; Channel 4's marketing and
communications chief Dan Brooke estimated that reaction to the advert through social media was double that of the première of the BBC's trailer for its Olympics coverage.

Meet the Superhumans won a Golden Lion award at the Cannes Lions Festival in June 2013, losing the overall award to the railway safety PSA Dumb Ways to Die. Sir John Hegarty, the jury president said of it: "When you've got some really outstanding work it is tragic in some ways it can't get a bigger award, but there can only be one grand prix", while jury member Carlo Cavallone added "[Meet the Superhumans] is an amazing campaign, one of the golds that went through [the judging process] immediately ... Everyone felt it had the highest level of craft. It puts an issue that was really important before London 2012 to raise awareness of the Paralympics [and] they were hyper successful … Dumb Ways to Die was a tough contender."

Royal Mail stamps and gold post boxes

In August 2009, Royal Mail unveiled a series of 30 stamps (reflecting the 30th Olympiad) in honour of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, released in batches of ten between 2009 and July 2011. Each stamp featured an Olympic or Paralympic sport and the London 2012 logo.

As it had done during the Olympics, Royal Mail honoured Britain's Paralympic gold medallists by painting a post box gold in each of their home towns (along with an additional post box outside the National Spinal Injuries Centre in Stoke Mandeville, in honour of its role in the Games' history), and featured them on commemorative stamps released throughout the Games. Royal Mail originally planned only to release a series of six stamps with group portraits of Britain's medallists; however, the decision was met with backlash from critics, who argued that the organisation was discriminating against Paralympians by not granting them the same individual recognition as their Olympian counterparts. Olympic shadow minister Tessa Jowell was also critical of Royal Mail's plan, saying that the stamps were a symbolic aspect of Britain's celebration of the Olympics and that "it would be a shame if this important symbol was not offered to our Paralympian heroes as well."

Royal Mail initially defended its decision, arguing that it would have been "logistically and practically impossible" to issue individual stamps for each gold medallist, since it expected the British team to meet or exceed its performance at Beijing of 42 gold medals. As a result of the criticism, Royal Mail announced on 15 August 2012 that it would release individual stamps for each British gold medallist during the Paralympics.

Test events

Several Paralympics-specific events were held during the London Prepares series of test events for the Olympic and Paralympic Games; these included the London International Goalball Tournament, and the London Disability Grand Prix—which was also the first Paralympic event to be held at London's Olympic Stadium.

Torch relay

The Paralympic torch relay began on 22 August, when groups of integrated scouts kindled four Paralympic flames on the highest peaks of each Home Nation: Scafell Pike in England, Ben Nevis in Scotland, Slieve Donard in Northern Ireland, and Snowdon in Wales. On 24 August the four flames were used to light ceremonial cauldrons in London, Edinburgh, Belfast and Cardiff during special "Flame Festival" events; smaller "Flame Celebration" events were also held in various communities over the bank holiday weekend.

On 28 August the four flames were united during a ceremony at Stoke Mandeville Stadium. The flame then travelled a  route to Olympic Stadium in a 24-hour relay, with 580 torchbearers working in teams of five. After a two-hour weather delay, a backup flame was taken straight to the stadium as a contingency, and the relay route was modified. However, as the opening ceremony's parade of nations took longer than expected, the flame was able to arrive at Olympic Stadium in time.

Ticketing
2.7 million tickets were offered in total, including event-specific tickets and those granting access solely to the Olympic Park, along with multi-event passes offered for ExCeL London and Olympic Park that were intended to allow spectators to discover a variety of Paralympic events. Unlike previous Paralympics, tickets were in extremely high demand, and the ticket allocation was increased from the originally planned 2.5 million. Whilst the period during the Olympics has historically been the busiest for Paralympic sales, 1.4 million tickets were already sold before the start of the Summer Olympics, already surpassing the total number sold in Sydney. The high demand resulted in the Ticketmaster-operated website crashing under the load.

Organisers expected the first ever sell-out in the history of the Paralympics; LOCOG's chief executive Paul Deighton remarked that "the interest in attending the Paralympics has been extraordinary from the start." This success was attributed to the enthusiasm surrounding Great Britain's performance during the Olympics, fan interest in South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius—who had become the first ever double amputee to compete in the Olympics alongside non-disabled athletes, and affordable prices.

On 8 August, LOCOG announced that 2.1 million tickets had been sold (600,000 in the previous month alone), breaking the record of 1.8 million set in Beijing (1.6 million tickets were also distributed by the Chinese government). IPC president Philip Craven congratulated London for this achievement, crediting it to "the insatiable appetite the public has for top class elite sport", and noted it would be fitting for a Paralympics held in its spiritual birthplace to have filled venues. By the opening ceremony, 2.4 million had been sold, with the remaining 100,000 sold during the Games; 10,000 were offered each day. The last 800 tickets to the Opening Ceremony were distributed to police and the military, while Mayor Boris Johnson arranged for the distribution of 1,100 to members of London's youth athletics clubs. Due to popular demand, a further 100,000 contingency tickets were released on 6 September (which included multi-event passes, and event tickets given up by sponsors and partners), along with 100,000 giving access solely to the Olympic Park.

Logo

The 2012 Summer Paralympics used an emblem sharing a common design with that of the Summer Olympicsthe first time this had ever been done. The logo, designed by Wolff Olins, was unveiled on 4 June 2007, and is a representation of the number 2012. The Paralympic version has its own distinct colour scheme, and substitutes the Olympic Rings with the Paralympic "agitos".

Mascots

The official mascot of the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Mandeville, was unveiled alongside its Olympic counterpart Wenlock on 19 May 2010. As characters, they are portrayed drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton, and feature singular camera eyes representing "focus" with the cameras capturing aspects of the Games. Mandeville is named in honour of Stoke Mandeville due to its significance in the origins of the Paralympics. Mandeville also wears a helmet emblazoned in the red, green, and blue colours of the Paralympic emblem.

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony was held on 29 August at the Olympic Stadium. It was inspired by William Shakespeare's play The Tempest and themed around the concept of "Enlightenment", with actors Ian McKellen and Nicola Miles-Wildin playing the roles of Prospero and Miranda. It featured appearances by theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, and performances by British electronic music group Orbital, and the Graeae Theatre Company, who performed Ian Dury's 1981 protest song "Spasticus Autisticus".

The final bearers of the Paralympic flame represented several generations of Paralympic athletes. "Future" Paralympic athlete Joe Townsend, a Royal Marine who lost both of his legs after stepping on a land mine on duty in Afghanistan, delivered the flame to Olympic Stadium via a zipline from the ArcelorMittal Orbit tower. He passed the flame to long-time British Five-a-side football captain David Clarke, who then passed it to the lighter of the Paralympic cauldron, Margaret Maughan, who was the winner of Britain's first gold medal at the first official Paralympics, in Rome.

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony was held on 9 September at the Olympic Stadium. Entitled "The Festival of the Flame", the ceremony was themed around the gathering of people in celebration, and was directed by Kim Gavin, who also directed the closing ceremony of the Summer Olympics just a few weeks prior. The artistic programme of the ceremony was set to live performances by the British rock band Coldplay. They were accompanied by guest performers such as the British Paraorchestra (who accompanied the band on "Strawberry Swing", and also performed the Paralympic anthem), Barbadian singer Rihanna (who performed "We Found Love", and her collaboration with Coldplay, "Princess of China") and American rapper Jay-Z (who performed "Run This Town" with Rihanna and Coldplay, and joined in a reprise of "Paradise").

During their closing remarks, LOCOG chief Sebastian Coe and IPC president Philip Craven both congratulated London for its successful hosting of the Paralympics; Coe was proud that both the Olympics and Paralympics in London could be labelled "Made in Britain", while Sir Phillip felt that the Games were the "greatest Paralympic Games ever." The Paralympic flag was handed over from Boris Johnson, Mayor of London to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, host of the 2016 Summer Paralympics. Ellie Simmonds and Jonnie Peacock shared the honour of extinguishing the Paralympic cauldron, sharing its last flame on torches to others throughout the stadium to represent its eternal spirit.

The Games

Participating National Paralympic Committees

London 2012 had the largest number of athletes and participating nations of any Paralympic Games before. A total of 4,302 athletes from 164 countries competed in the Games. This represented an increase of 291 athletes and 18 countries from the 2008 Games, which had 4,011 athletes from 146 countries.

Fourteen countries made their Paralympic debut: Antigua and Barbuda, Brunei, Cameroon, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mozambique, North Korea, San Marino, the Solomon Islands and the US Virgin Islands. Trinidad and Tobago returned to the Games for the first time since 1988.

Andorra made its debut in the Summer Paralympics, having already made three appearances at the Winter Paralympics. Malawi, which would have been making its debut at the Games, and Botswana, were both due to send delegations but withdrew hours before the opening ceremony citing a lack of government funds.

The following National Paralympic Committees sent delegations to compete:

Sports
The programme of the 2012 Summer Paralympics featured events in 20 sports. The number of events in each sport is noted in parentheses.

 Archery  (9) ()
 Athletics  (170) ()
 Boccia  (7) ()
 Paralympic cycling ()
  Road (30)
  Track (20)
 Equestrian  (11) ()
 Football 5-a-side  (1) ()
 Football 7-a-side  (1) ()
 Goalball  (2) ()
 Judo  (13) ()
 Powerlifting  (20) ()
 Rowing  (4) ()
 Sailing  (3) ()
 Shooting  (12) ()
 Swimming  (148) ()
 Table tennis  (29) ()
 Volleyball  (2) ()
 Wheelchair basketball  (2) ()
 Wheelchair fencing  (12) ()
 Wheelchair rugby  (1) ()
 Wheelchair tennis  (6) ()

Events for athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID class) returned to the Paralympics in athletics, swimming, and table tennis for the first time since 2000. ID events had been suspended following the 2000 Summer Paralympics, after the Spanish basketball team was stripped of their gold medals when it was found that only 2 of their 12 team members actually had an intellectual disability. The IPC introduced a new procedure involving "sports intelligence" testing to better determine eligibility for the ID class.

Also beginning in 2012, sighted guides became eligible to receive medals in certain events; sighted goalkeepers in 5-a-side football, along with guides and pilots in athletics and cycling and boccia assistants were now able to receive medals for their contributions. Previously in the case of tandem cycling, where a visually-impaired rider takes the rear of the bike with a sighted pilot in front, only the visually-impaired rider actually received a medal.

Calendar
The official schedule was published on 25 August 2011.

Medal count

This table is based on the medal count of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

The ranking is sorted primarily by the number of gold medals earned by a National Paralympic Committee (NPC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC Country Code.

Multiple medallists

References:

Broadcasting

Broadcast rights to the 2012 Summer Paralympics were sold to local broadcasters by LOCOG, with production of the world feeds sub-contracted to Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS). The Games saw a significant growth in media coverage for the Paralympics; LOCOG reached deals with over 36 broadcasters to televise the Games in over 100 countries. LOCOG chief Sebastian Coe stated that "beyond how the commercial value of this package has raised the bar financially for the Paralympic movement, the fantastic broadcast coverage we have agreed will help us take advantage of this opportunity to inspire disabled people of all ages to take up sport and be a catalyst for continued change in public attitudes towards disability." LOCOG reached deals with broadcasters such as China Central Television, the Korean Broadcasting System, NHK, Rede Globo and SporTV in Brazil, the TV Pool (a consortium of free-to-air broadcasters in Thailand consisting of Channel 3, Channel 5, BBTV Channel 7, and Modernine TV), and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation to air coverage. The games were to be broadcast on television in the United Kingdom by Channel 4, replacing long-time Paralympic broadcaster BBC in a £9 million deal; the BBC still held radio rights, with coverage on BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra. The IPC webcast approximately 780 hours of its coverage through its YouTube channel, with four streams of coverage in English and one in Spanish.

Channel 4's coverage of the Games was billed as the most extensive Paralympic coverage ever broadcast in the United Kingdom; it promised over 150 hours of live coverage throughout the Games on Channel 4 and sister channel More4, and additional coverage online and through special channels carried by Freesat, Sky and Virgin TV (in both standard and high definition). The broadcaster also invested around £600,000 towards training new on-air personalities with expertise in parasports, with many of them also having disabilities themselves. They would be joined by Channel 4 News anchor Jon Snow, and BBC Sport personality Clare Balding. Channel 4 also broadcast supplemental programming to lead towards the Games, such as Paralympic-focused documentaries, other IPC championships, and That Paralympic Show, a weekly program focusing on disability sports. During the Games, comedian Adam Hills (who himself was born without a right leg, and hosted the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's coverage of the Beijing Paralympics) would host The Last Leg, a Paralympic-themed chat show that followed the conclusion of each night's coverage. Channel 4's coverage of the Games drew relatively high viewership; its coverage of the opening ceremony was seen by an average of 7.6 million viewers, a 40% share, and peaked at 11.2 million viewers—making it one of Channel 4's most-watched programmes in network history. Primetime coverage saw an average of 3.3 million viewers nightly, while viewership peaked at 4.5 million viewers during the men's T44 200m final where Alan Oliveira beat Oscar Pistorius for the gold medal. Its coverage of the closing ceremony peaked at 7.7 million viewers.

Similarly extensive coverage was televised by RTVE in Spain, with approximately 150 hours of live coverage on Teledeporte and TVE HD. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation aired over 100 hours of coverage across its networks during the Paralympics, with coverage on both ABC1 and ABC2. Coverage of the Games set viewership records for ABC, peaking at 1.6 million viewers on average (in comparison to 1.3 million in Beijing), while ABC2 peaked at a 4.7% viewership share, beating competing digital networks. ABC's coverage was also nominated for a Logie Award for "Most Popular Sports Program".

In the United States, NBC Sports, while not being certified as an official broadcaster, purchased and provided five-and-a-half hours of coverage in total, and no live coverage. Additionally, Pay TV channel NBC Sports Network aired one-hour highlight shows, and NBC broadcast a special recapping the Games on 16 September. The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee provided extensive coverage through its own digital outlets. Critics and American athletes expressed disappointment at NBC for its decision not to broadcast any live coverage of the Games. In Canada, rights were held by Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium; TSN (English) and RDS (French) produced daily hour-long highlight programs (some of which were aired by CTV Television), while tape-delayed airings of the opening ceremony were carried by Sportsnet One, TSN2, RDS, and RDS2. The coverage was simulcast with open audio descriptions by AMI-tv, a network which broadcasts programming with accommodations for those who are visually or hearing impaired. AMI-tv also broadcast supplemental programming, such as a daily news program from London and a documentary series focusing on Canadian athletes at the Paralympics.

Paralympic Media Awards
The Telegraph Media Group won the Best Written (print and online) award and Channel 4 won the best broadcast award. The best radio award went to BBC World Service and Larry Wong working for Edmonton Journal won the best photo prize for his image of Benoit Huot.

Controversies

Atos involvement

The role of IT company Atos as a technology provider and official sponsor of the Paralympic Games was criticised by disability-rights groups, due to its contract with Britain's Department for Work and Pensions to carry out capability assessments that determine eligibility for disability benefits. They argued that Atos's programme had lacked integrity and was intended to help cut government spending, since the assessments have resulted in many workers with disabilities being incorrectly judged as "fit for work" and denied benefits. Therefore, the groups considered it hypocritical for Atos to sponsor the Games, whilst simultaneously operating a programme that has negatively affected the lives of residents with disabilities. UK Uncut, a political group opposed to public-service budget cuts, held a series of protests dubbed "The Atos Games" to coincide with the start of the Paralympics, culminating with joint demonstrations with Disabled People Against Cuts outside the London headquarters of both Atos and the Department for Work and Pensions on 31 August 2012. Speaking at the protests, comedian Jeremy Hardy said that the programme's intent to "victimise people with disabilities" was "blatant and shameless."

During the opening ceremony some British athletes reportedly obscured the Atos logo on their accreditation passes in protest of their involvement. However, an official from the British Paralympic Association denied that this had been the case. LOCOG defended Atos's involvement, stating that the company was "a critical and valued member of [the companies] delivering these Games", due to the technologies it has provided, which included information systems for managing volunteers and distributing event results.

Ticketing
Controversy arose about seating rules for wheelchair users, after two mothers with disabilities accused LOCOG of having discriminatory policies. One claimed she had been told by a LOCOG staff member that spectators in a wheelchair area at the Velodrome could only be accompanied by one adult, and children could not attend without being accompanied by another non-disabled adult, while another was told that her ability to sit in a wheelchair area with her children at ExCeL London was "not guaranteed".  A petition for improved access for families with disabilities, started by one of the mothers on Change.org, quickly collected over 30,000 signatures. LOCOG denied having discriminatory policies, stating that parents with disabilities could steward their children in wheelchair seating areas at events with unreserved seats, but may not all be able to sit together at events with reserved seating.

LOCOG faced further criticism for how it handled the sale of tickets for the wheelchair areas within venues. In May 2012 the online sale of tickets for wheelchair areas was replaced by a dedicated telephone hotline. Organisers were criticised for their use of an 0844 revenue share number for this hotline, and for neglecting to mention on its ticketing website that calls would be charged by the minute. Former sports minister Gerry Sutcliffe viewed this as discrimination against wheelchair users, and called upon LOCOG to compensate those who had used the hotline. LOCOG denied that it was receiving additional profits from the phone line, and claimed that a dedicated line was being used to allow customers to receive a service tailored to their individual accessibility needs.

A minor incident occurred involving blind Member of Parliament David Blunkett, who was attending the opening ceremony alongside a Channel 4 director. Blunkett was denied access to his seat at Olympic Stadium because there was no room for his guide dog, and had to watch the ceremony from seats in the stadium's gantry instead. However, Blunkett noted that this was an isolated incident and chose not to make an issue of it, simply advising organisers to "seek to find a solution rather than impose a preconceived notion of what is or is not possible."

British television coverage
British official broadcaster Channel 4 received some criticism for its coverage of the Paralympics. Users of Twitter complained that its coverage of the opening ceremony contained too many commercial breaks, drawing comparisons to similar complaints faced by NBC during the Olympics' opening ceremony; unlike the BBC, who televised the Olympics in the United Kingdom, both NBC and Channel 4 are supported by advertising. Complaints noted that Channel 4 had shown five ad breaks within the first hour of the ceremony, and that ironically, it had recently broadcast a six-hour long late-night dance music special with no adverts at all. Channel 4 defended the criticism by stating that it had broadcast "significantly fewer" commercials than normal for primetime programming during the ceremony, and that the ad breaks were needed in order to help the channel invest in broadcasting programming such as the Paralympics. Criticism was also made towards comments made by Jon Snow and Krishnan Guru-Murthy during the telecast; Snow was criticized for making comments about war-torn countries during the parade of nations, while Guru-Murthy received similar criticism for quipping that "looking at the ages of these athletes, which have been helpfully provided to us, they're really quite old."

Channel 4 was also accused of showing too many studio segments during the first few days of the Games rather than live events, and for missing several notable events involving British athletes, including a swimming heat where Eleanor Simmonds set a new personal best and almost beat the world record, Sarah Storey winning her eleventh Paralympic medal, and Great Britain's opening wheelchair basketball game against Germany. Channel 4 noted that time was needed during the first few days to explain Paralympic events and the classification system to viewers, and that it was operating three additional channels' worth of live coverage throughout the Games. The broadcaster also stated that it had to make editorial decisions on which events to air during periods where a large number of events were in progress. The amount of live coverage was also affected by Olympic Broadcasting Services, who did not send cameras or provide official television coverage for sports such as cycling, the marathon, and shooting. Channel 4's news department did send its own cameramen to film the affected events for highlights, but was unable to broadcast them live.

American television coverage
In the United States, NBC Sports held the broadcast rights to both the Olympics and Paralympics in 2012. NBC had been frequently criticised in past years by American athletes and IPC officials for its minimal coverage of past Paralympics, and it was speculated by critics that NBC's history of inadequate coverage may have impacted New York City's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. In 2008, it did not air any coverage while the Games were in progress (neither live or delayed), choosing to air a recap documentary on NBC in November 2008, followed by a week of highlights on Universal Sports. While relatively larger than its Beijing coverage, NBC produced only five-and-a-half hours of specials featuring tape delayed highlights of the Games; most of them aired on pay-TV channel NBCSN, while the last aired on NBC a week following the conclusion of the Games. No coverage of the opening and closing ceremonies, nor any live coverage, was provided. By contrast, some broadcasters (such as the host broadcasters, and broadcasters in Australia and Spain) planned to air at least 100 hours or more of coverage from London, and NBC itself had provided extensive coverage of the London Olympics, which was heavily viewed.

NBC's lack of coverage drew the ire of American disability rights groups and IPC president Philip Craven, who expressed his disappointment for American athletes and viewers who were unable to fully experience the games on television. Craven remarked that "some people think that North America always [leads] on everything, and on this they don't. It's about time they caught up." Following the closing ceremonies, Craven hinted that the IPC might exercise greater scrutiny on broadcasters at future Paralympics by stating that "if we find our values don't fit, we'll have to go somewhere else." NBC acquired the rights to the 2014 and 2016 Paralympic Games in September 2013; the broadcaster vowed to air a relatively larger amount of Paralympic coverage from Sochi and Rio de Janeiro respectively—in particular, NBC and NBCSN were to air at least 66 hours from Rio. Craven praised NBC's decision to devote a relatively larger amount of airtime to future Paralympics, sharing his hope that U.S. audiences would be "as captivated and emotionally enthralled as the billions around the world who tuned in to London 2012 last summer."

Women's discus medals

During the women's class F35/36 discus competition, an error in scoring caused the wrong medals to be presented. In this combined class event, final standings were determined based on a points calculation. The calculation converted distances thrown into points, to account for the different functional impairments of the participating athletes. Due to an error in the scoring system, the gold medal in the event was originally awarded to Ukrainian athlete Mariia Pomazan. When the mistake was discovered, the recalculated points showed that Chinese athlete Wu Qing had finished first, with Pomazan in second place. A second medal ceremony was held, which Pomazan did not attend in protest. She was eventually required to return her gold medal.

See also

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

References

External links

London 2012 on the International Paralympic Committee website
Official Site of the 2012 Summer Paralympics (Archived)

Summer Paralympics
Summer Paralympics, 2012
Olympics
Multi-sport events in the United Kingdom
Summer Paralympic Games
2012 in disability sport
Paralympic Games
Paralympics
Paralympics

2012 Summer Paralympics


IC 2149 es una nebulosa planetaria situada en la constelación de Auriga al alcance de telescopios de aficionado. Su distancia se estima en 1,1 kiloparsecs (3600 años luz)

Visualmente se presenta con una magnitud aparente de 10,6 y un tamaño aparente de 12 segundos de arco, y cómo otros objetos de su tipo un filtro nebular resulta muy útil para facilitar su observación.

IC 2149 es una nebulosa planetaria de baja masa (0,03 masas solares) que parece haber sido producida por una estrella también poco masiva, y algunos autores creen que nuestro Sol al morir producirá una nebulosa planetaria similar a ella, aunque algo menor.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
IC 2149 (SIMBAD)

Constelación de Auriga
Nebulosas planetarias
Objetos IC

IC 2149


Limburgish (  or  ;  ;  ;  ), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in the Dutch and Belgian provinces of Limburg and in the neighbouring regions of Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia).

Although frequently misunderstood as such, Limburgish as a linguistic term does not refer to the regional variety of Dutch spoken in Dutch Limburg and Belgian Limburg. Within the modern communities of the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg, intermediate idiolects are also very common, which combine standard Dutch with the accent and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch" is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called  ("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined.

Since Limburgish is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in the aforementioned region, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life. Limburgish shares vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both German and Dutch, but has some unique features as well.
Many dialects of Limburgish (and of Ripuarian) have a pitch accent.

Etymology
The name Limburgish (and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of Limbourg (Laeboer in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the Duchy of Limburg during the Middle Ages. More directly it is derived from the more modern name of the Province of Limburg (1815–39) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which has been split today into a Belgian Limburg and a Dutch Limburg. In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of Limburgish is first attested at the close of the 19th century.

People from Limburg usually call their language plat, similar as Low German speakers do. This plat refers simply to the fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in "High German", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with the platteland (Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions.

Terminology

The term Limburgish can refer to all varieties spoken within either the Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of Flemish Brabant, the North-East of Liège as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in a Limburgian-Ripuarian context.

 In everyday speech, Limburgish refers to the varieties spoken in Dutch and Belgian Limburg. It is likewise legally defined through the Dutch recognition of Limburgish as a regional language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
 In a traditional linguistic definition, Limburgish is defined as consisting of the Low Franconian varieties positioned between the Uerdingen and Benrath line.
 In more recent linguistic publications, some linguists further narrow this traditional definition by defining Limburgish as the dialects between the Uerdingen and Benrath isoglosses marked by pitch accent.

Regardless of the exact definition used, the term Limburgish itself is specific to the Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of the inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as Limburgish. In German linguistic discourse too, the term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use Southern Low Franconian (German: ) to refer to the same dialect grouping.

Classification and history

The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Dutch dialectology groups Limburgish together with the Hollandic, Brabantic, Flemish (West Flemish, East Flemish), Zealandic and South Guelderish varieties. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of Middle Dutch, although this is not considered to be a homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language.

German and French dialectology considers Limburgish part of the Rhenish Fan. Sometimes it is also called a variety of Meuse-Rhenish, especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian, together with the Ripuarian varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer Heinrich von Veldeke is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology.

From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed a sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German, as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language  which politically decouples Limburgish from Dutch in the eyes of the Dutch government.

Limburgish developed from Old East Low Franconian, which had evolved itself from earlier Weser-Rhine Germanic, a language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both side of the Roman limes since at least the 4th century. During the High Middle Ages, the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around the city of Cologne, resulting in certain High German features being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian.

In the past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as West Central German, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian.

The traditional terminology can be confusing as the differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and the presence of Ingvaeonic features) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of High German features in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of the Middle Dutch period.
The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the Duchy of Brabant extended its power, which resulted in a marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to Genk) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants.

Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as Flemish, Brabantic and Hollandic, serves as the standard language (or Dachsprache) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache.

Form
Limburgish is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous varieties instead of one single standard form. Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL (Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs, "Generally written Limburgish") was developed and proposed, but found too little support. Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in a specific Limburgish dialect. In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003 the Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish.  On the basis of this standard orthography the Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries.

Contemporary usage
Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the Low Countries and by many hundreds of thousands in Germany. It is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on the local and regional radio. According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children. Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings. Hendrik van Veldeke wrote in a Middle Limburgish dialect. Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in a Limburgish dialect, for example during Carnival. Jack Poels writes most of his texts for Rowwen Hèze in Sevenums, a local dialect.

To what degree Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001) 50% to 90% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation. Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations. In Belgium, the Limburgish dialects are more endangered than in the Netherlands.

Linguistic versus societal status

In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as a regional language (Dutch: streektaal) in the Netherlands. As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

However, it has been argued by some linguists that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on sociolinguistic than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the Dutch Language Union, the de facto language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed the recognition. From the Limburgish side it has been argued that the arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the dominance of the Dutch language.

On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in the Netherlands, failed in the Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition. Because in Belgium political power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State.

Subdivisions of Limburgish

Principal dialects
Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are:

  (around Lommel)

  (West Limburgish)

  (cp. Beringen)

  (Central Limburgish)

  (cp. Bilzen)
  (cp. Tongeren)
  (East Limburgish)
  (Northern East Limburgish)
  (Southern East Limburgish)
  (around Venlo)
  or

Expanded

The Limburgish group belongs to the Continental West Germanic dialect continuum. As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as Mönchengladbach, Krefeld, and Düsseldorf have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside the area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as Kleverlandish or Ripuarian.

A few sample dialects are:  of  near ,  of  in ,  of central ,  of ,  of ,  of  in Krefeld,  of central ,  of  in ,  of northern and central ,  of ,  of ,  of ,  of ,  of , and many more.

The group combines Low Franconian properties with some Ripuarian properties, such as tonal accents, the pronoun "I" translates as  or , the word "but" most often as , all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as , "to have" mostly as , "today" as , all typical for Low Franconian.

 (also called ) is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the Uerdingen line, i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to the North in the Dutch province of Limburg. These dialects share many features with both the  and Brabantian dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term  is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality, the language north of this region then being considered Kleverlandish.

The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of Arcen and Horst aan de Maas and just above the meej/mich isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the meej/mich isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect is the only one with both forms ik and mich/dich. All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are South Guelderish in linguistic respect.

The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of North Brabant (i.e. in and around Budel and Maarheeze) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and the adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun  gij is here used instead of doe, as in "purely" Brabantian dialects.

Centraal-Limburgs (Central Limburgish) includes the area around Maastricht, Sittard, Roermond, the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian Voeren area, and stretches further Northeast.
Belgian linguists  use a more refined classification.
Dutch linguists use the term Oost-Limburgs (East Limburgish) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian Voeren south of Maastricht in the Netherlands to the German border. For them, West-Limburgs (West Limburgish) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in Belgium in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around Hasselt and Tongeren. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like Ool, Maria Hoop and Montfort) and Dutch Brabant. The border of West-Limburgs and Oost-Limburgs starts a little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of Voeren.

Meuse-Rhenish

Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of Cleves, Viersen and Heinsberg, stretching out to the Rhine river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with the Cleves dialects (). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called Meuse-Rhenish ().

Both Limburgish and Low Rhenish belong to this greater Meuse-Rhine area, building a large group of Low Franconian dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern Rhineland. The northwestern part of this triangle came under the influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and was subject to High German language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders.

The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the Rhine) are unambiguously Low Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001).

South Low Franconian
South Low Franconian () is a concept used in Germany to describe the Limburgish language of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. It also includes a group spoken in a part of the Bergisches Land Region near Düsseldorf east of the Rhine and in the lower Rhine area between the rivers Rhine and Maas.

Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects:
  (East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area; Uerdingen, Düsseldorf, Solingen, Remscheid, Mönchengladbach, Eupen)
  (East Limburgish; Panningen, Krefeld, Dülken, Sittard)
  (Central Limburgish; Maastricht, Vroenhoven)
  (West Limburgish - Central Limburgish transitional area; around and southern of Genk)
  (Tongeren)
  (Genk, Bilzen)
  (West Limburgish; Veldeke, Hasselt, St.-Truiden, Loon)
  (South Brabantian - West Limburgish transitional area)
  (Beringen)
  (Tienen)

Orthography
Limburgish has many varieties hence there isn't a standard written form. However the Limburgish Language Council has adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish since 2003 and it is used in its websites as well as  dictionaries. This is the form presented below.

Alphabet

Limburgish orthography

Digraphs

Monophthong vowels

Diphthongs vowels

Phonology
The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort.

Consonants

  may not show up in the Hasselt dialect, but is common in other Limburgish dialects, e.g. zègke (Dutch: zeggen) "to say".
 Other Limburgish dialects also have the following sounds:  (landj);  (tenj, teeth).
  is realized as  in Belgian Limburgish.
  is a common allophone of , especially in coda position. It is rare in the Montfortian dialect.
  and  are allophones of  and , occurring in a front-vowel environment. This is termed Soft G in Dutch dialectology.
  is an allophone of . In some dialects, it may be the usual realization of .
 In most modern dialects,  is  uvular.

Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to Peter Ladefoged, the vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs.

In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of Panningen—for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen— appears at the beginning of words in the consonant clusters sp, st, sl, sm, sn and zw. The same sound is realized as  elsewhere (e.g. sjtraot/straot, "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt.

Vowels

Monophthongs

  only occurs in unstressed syllables.
  are realised as  before alveolar consonants.

Diphthongs
The diphthongs  occur, as well as combinations of  + .  only occurs in French loanwords and interjections.

 is realized as  before alveolar consonants.  can be realized as  or . In the dialect of Geleen,  is realized as  and  as . In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel  in Dutch cognates is most of the time realized as , as in nao ("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are na  and naar .

In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects, the rounded front vowels  are unrounded to  in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as dzjuus .

Tone

The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single lexeme and minimal tone pairs one from the other.

With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as sjtoettoen ("push tone") and sjleiptoen ("dragging tone"). For example,  daãg with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects  daàg with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition,  can also be articulated in a neutral tone as a third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye"). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word  biè which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with  biẽ, which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in Central Franconian dialects spoken to the southeast of Limburgish.

Other Indo-European pitch accent languages that use tone contours to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include Lithuanian, Latvian, Swedish, Norwegian, Standard Slovene (only some speakers), and Serbo-Croatian. This feature is comparable to tone systems as found e.g. in Chinese or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distincitions when compared to Limbugish.

Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be recostructed for Proto Indo-European, it was completely lost in Proto-Germanic. Its reemergence in Limburgish (and Central Franconian) was phonetically triggered by vowel height, vowel length, and voicing of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of schwa in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and merger of vowels that had been distinct before.

Particular local features

Bitonality
It has been proven by speech analysis that in the Belgian Limburgish dialect of Borgloon, the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of Tongeren and Hasselt.

Steeper fall
Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both the phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and dragging tone seem to be mora-bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters.

Diphthongization
Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the mid and high vowels tend to diphthongize when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard  means "to choose" while in the dialect of Maasbracht no diphthongization takes place, so  means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp.

Other examples include plural
  steĩn "stone"
  steìn "stones"
and lexical
  "grave"
  "hole next to a road"

Verbs distinguish mood with tone:
  "We conquer!"
  "May we conquer!"

The difference between push tone and dragging tone may also purely mark grammatical declension without there being any difference in meaning, as in the dialect of Borgloon: gieël ("yellow", with dragging tone) as opposed to en gieël peer ("a yellow pear", with push tone). This tonal shift also occurs when the adjective gets an inflectional ending, as in nen gieëlen appel ("a yellow apple").

In some parts of Limburg, the tonal plural is being replaced with the Dutch forms among the younger generation, so that the plural for daag becomes dage ().

Samples
The sample texts are readings of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun.

Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)

Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)

Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)

Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)

 Grammar

 Nouns

 Gender
Limburgish has three grammatical genders. In some of the Limburgish dialects,  is used before masculine words beginning with b, d, h, t or with a vowel and in many other dialects  is used before all masculine words. In most dialects, the indefinite article is  for masculine nouns,  for feminine nouns and  or  for neuter nouns. Without stress, these forms are most of the time realized as ,  and .

 Plural
For some nouns, Limburgish uses simulfixes (i.e. umlaut) to form the plural:

  –  (brother – brothers)
  –  (shoe – shoes): note this can also be 'sjoon' with  (pushing tone).

Plural and diminutive nouns based on Umlaut start to prevail east towards Germany. However, towards the west, the phonemic distinction between dragging and pushing tone will stop just before Riemst.

 Diminutives
The diminutive suffix is most often -ke, as in Brabantian, or -je/-sje after a dental consonant. For some nouns an umlaut is also used and in breurke for 'little brother' and sjeunke for 'little shoe'.

 Adjectives
According to their declension, Limburgish adjectives can be grouped into two classes. Adjectives of the first class get the ending -e in their masculine and feminine singular forms and always in plural, but no ending in their neuter singular form. When combined with a masculine noun in singular adjectives may also end on -en, under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles. To this class belong most adjectives ending on a , -d, -k, -p, -t or -s preceded by another consonant or with one of the suffixes ,  and . The other declension class includes most adjectives ending on -f, -g, -j, -l,-m,-n, -ng, -r, -w or -s preceded by a vowel; these adjectives only get the ending  in their masculine singular form.

When used as a predicate, Limburgish adjectives never get an ending:  (Maastrichtian: "That man is crazy"). Except for neuter adjectives which sometimes get -t: "'t Eint of 't angert", though this is dying out.

 Pronouns

 Personal pronouns

 Possessive pronouns

In the masculine singular forms of mien, dien, zien and oos, final -n is added under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles and adjectives. Deletion of the final -n in the neuter forms of mien, dien, zien no longer occurs in the dialect of Venlo and is also disappearing in the dialect of Roermond.

 Demonstrative pronouns
The most common demonstrative pronouns in Limburgish are:

Vocabulary
Most of the modern Limburgish vocabulary is very similar to that of Standard Dutch or to that of Standard German due to a heavy influence from the two. However, some of the basic vocabulary is rooted in neighboring Central German dialects.

Historically, the vocabulary of the varieties of Limburgish spoken within current Belgian territory has been more influenced by French than that of the Limburgish dialects spoken on Dutch and German soil, as appears form words such as briquet ("cigarette-lighter"), camion ("truck") and crevette ("shrimp"). The language has similarities with both German and Dutch, and Hendrik van Veldeke, a medieval writer from the region, is referred to as both one of the earlier writers in German and one of the earliest writers in Dutch.

See also
Limburgish Wikipedia
Southeast Limburgish

Notes

References

Sources

 Bakkes, Pierre (2007): Mofers Waordebook.

 Driessen, Geert (2012): Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011. Nijmegen: ITS.
Frins, Jean (2005): Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreilãndereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht. Groningen: RUG Repro [Undergraduate Thesis, Groningen University]
Frins, Jean (2006): Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die plattdůtsche Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck''. Groningen: RUG Repro [Master's Thesis, Groningen University]

Further reading

External links

On Limburgish Tones (in Dutch)
Map of dialects spoken in Dutch Limburg
Limburgish Wiktionary – De Limburgse Wiktionair
Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie) with dictionaries Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish and a history of the Limburgish language
Veldeke Genk (in Genk dialect and Dutch)

Languages of Belgium
Languages of the Netherlands
Languages of Germany
Limburg (region)
Low Franconian languages
Subject–object–verb languages
Tonal languages
Verb-second languages
Culture of Limburg (Netherlands)
Limburg (Belgium)
Liège Province
Rhineland

Limburgish


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 Anti-trafficking
Instituttet driver projektet Fredsfostran i grundskolerne på Åland. Formålet er at inddrage kundskaber og erfaringer om konflikthåndtering, ikke-vold, tolerance og skolemægling i grundskolen på Åland. Projektet gennemføres i samarbejde med Ålands regering og grundskolerne.

Samarbejde i nærområdet
Ålands fred institut har udviklet et fungerende netværk med borgerorganisationer i Litauen, Hviderusland og i Kaliningrad-området som er en del af Rusland. Fundamentet for samarbejdet er de erfaringer som er udviklet ved forum for kvinder og børn, Nendre, i Vilnius, Litauen. Nendre startedes 1998 af Ålands Fredsinstitut og kvindeklubben Devyndarbe. I dag tilbyder forrummet sociale services til familier med enlige mødre. Mødrene får støtte, til småbørnene er der dagpleje og for skoleeleverne er der eftermiddagsaktiviteter. Nendre er blevet en af de førende organisationer inden for ligestilling, pædagogik og ligestillingsfremmende aktiviteter i Litauen.

Siden 2005 har Nendre delt ud af sine kundskaber til organisationer i Hviderusland og Kaliningrad. Formålet er at give marginaliserede grupper styrke at håndtere og bestemme over sine eget liv. Projektindsatsen omfatter uddannelse, rådgivning og udviklende aktiviteter for kvinder og barn.

Ålands Fredsinstitut har også bidraget til at udbrede pigegruppe metoden i Litauen. Metoden som er udviklet i Norden og tilpasset til lokale forhold støtter unge piger og bidrager til at forebygge menneskehandel. Metoden er også begyndt at blive anvendt i Hviderusland.

Ungdomsarbejde & EU-programmet Aktiv Ungdom
Ålands Fredsinstitut deltager i internationalt ungdomssamarbejde inden for blandt andre følgende områder:
 European Voluntary Service (EVS). Instituttet udsender og tager imod frivillige.
 Ungdomudvekslinger.
 Seminarier, kurser og andre aktiviteter for at fremme dialog og viden om andres levevilkår.

Ålands mæglingskontor
Ålands mæglingskontor administreres af Ålands Fredsinstitut på vegne af selvstyret på Åland. Mæglingskontoret tilbyder mulighed for at mægle i henhold til loven om mægling ved forbrydelse og i visse tvister (FFS 1015/2005).

Mægling er en gratis service og tanken er at parterne gennem møder og dialog skal kunne komme overens om en godtgørelse, for eksempel i form af en monetære eller arbejdsydelser. Ved mægling deltager parterne til forbrydelsen eller tvisten og to frivillige, uddannede og upartiske mæglere.

Publikationer
  Fredens öar. Ålands självstyrelse, demilitarisering og neutralisering. Susanne Eriksson, Lars Ingmar Johansson, Bar bro Sund back, 2006 (findes kun på engelsk og finsk).
 International Obligations and National -Debates: Minorities around the Baltic Sea. Sia Spiliopoulou Ager område (red.), 2006.
 Territoriella autonomier i världen. Maria Ackrén, 2005.
 Litauisk-svenska alfabetet. Danute Mituziene (red.), 2005.
 Demilitariserade och neutraliserade områden i Europa. Christer Ahlström, 2004 (findes kun på engelsk).
 Åland, Finland och europeisk säkerhet. Teija Tiilikainen, 2002 (findes endda på finsk).
 Human Rights of Minority Women – a Manual of International Law. Sia Spiliopoulou Ager område, 2000.

Eksterne links
 Officiell websted
 Medlingsbyrån

Ålandsøerne
Fred
Etableret i 1992

Ålands Fredsinstitut


تل إربد يعتبر التل من أكبر التّلال الواقعة شمال غرب الأردن، ويحتوي على آثار وبقايا مدينة إربد القديمة.  يقع في مدينة إربد شمال الأردن، وهو مركز مدينة إربد الحديثة ويشغل مساحة 10 هكتارات (Lenzen and others 1985: 151)، ويعتبر من أكبر التلال الواقعة شمال غرب الأردن، ويرتفع بمقدار 577م عن مستوى سطح البحر.

تاريخ البحث الأثري
أشار إلى أهمية الموقع كل من "S. Merril" و"G. Schumacher" ولاحظ كل من جلوك وهأردنج أهمية الموقع قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية (Lenzen and others 1985: 151).
بدأت فيه الحفريات لأول مرة في الستينيات(Lenzen 1988: 268)، أجريت الحفريات الإنقاذية في الموقع عام 1984م من قبل دائرة الآثار العامة والمنقبين "Lenzen" و"Mcquitty" على إثر الأعمال التوسيعية التي قامت بها بلدية إربد والتي تطلبت إزالة أجزاء مهمة من التل (Lenzen and Mcquitty 1984: 297)، شكلت هذه الحفريات القاعدة الأساسية لحفريات عام 1985 و 1986م، حيث تم تقسيم التل إلى مناطق هي: A, B, C, D (Lenzen 1988: 268).
ثم أجريت الحفريات الأثرية قي الموقع في ربيع عام 1985م وذلك في الجزء الشمالي والشمالي الغربي من التل من قبل دائرة الآثار العامة ومعهد الآثار والأنثروبولوجيا وبلدية إربد وفريق أجنبي (Lenzen 1986: 3)، وكان الهدف من الحفريات الحصول على أكبر قدر من المعلومات بأقصر وقت ممكن (Lenzen and others 1985: 152).

مراحل الاستيطان
تم تحديد ثلاث سويات أثرية في التل:
السوية الأولى: 1150 – 800 ق.م.
السوية الثانية: 1300 – 1150 ق.م.
السوية الثالثة: 3200 ق.م.

السوية الأولى
تم تحديد الاستيطان فيها على الجوانب الشمالية والجنوبية للمنطقة C، عثر فيها على فخار لا يشير إلى انقطاع في الاستيطان بل على العكس يشير إلى استمرارية في الاستيطان.

السوية الثانية
تعتبرهذه السوية مرحلة الاستيطان الرئيسية وقد وجدت بقايا هذه السوية فقط في الجزء الجنوبي من التل وقسمت إلى مراحل فرعية هي: a, b, c, d.

السوية الثالثة
تتمثل بمنطقة قياساتها 2×2م في الجزء الجنوبي من المنطقة C، أرخ الفخار في هذه السوية إلى 3200 ق.م وعثر على هذا الفخار مع بقايا جدار محطم (Lenzen and others 1985: 152 – 155).

البقايا الأثرية
كشفت حفريات عام 1984م عن جدار يحيط بالمدينة القديمة والجانب الغربي للتل، ربما بني في العصر البرونزي المتوسط وأعيد بناؤه في المرحلة الأولى من العصر الحديدي I1A كان بناؤه من حجارة بازلتية كبيرة (Lenzen and Mquitty 1988: 297).

وفي موسم حفريات عام 1985م عثر على مجموعة من القطع التي استعملت لأغراض دينية وثنية عثر عليها ضمن طبقات أثرية أرخت للمرحلة الانتقالية بين العصر البرونزي المتأخر والعصر الحديدي، عرفت هذه الطبقات بالسوية الثانية، أرخت بواسطة C14 إلى حوالي 1200 ق.م وهي الآن معروضة في متحف كلية الآثار والأنثروبولوجيا في جامعة اليرموك، تمثلت هذه الأدوات بقاعدة مبخرة على شكل شجرة نخيل وكأس وصحن صغير استعمل كمصباح ومصباح فخاري وقارورتين، جميع هذه القطع كانت في حجرة واحدة.
تغطي المنطقة المكتشفة تراكماً من الدمار مساحته 2.5 م2 ويمتد لحوالي 100م باتجاه الشرق والجنوب الشرقي، جاءت هذه التراكمات كنتيجة لاتهيار بناء مكون من عدة طبقات وعثر ضمن الحطام على آنية فخارية تحمل ميزات العصر البرونزي المتأخر والعصر الحديدي كانت بجانب الوجه الداخلي من الجدار المقوس (Lenzen 1988: 9 – 10).
كان الحطام عبارة عن عوارض خشبية وطابوق وبسبب تركيبة البناء والبقايا المرافقة له التي أشرنا إليها سابقا يعتقد أن هذه المنطقة كانت منطقة مقدسة لمدينة القرن الثاني عشر ق.م، ولا يعتقد أن هذا الدمار كان بفعل إنسان وانما نتيجة زلزال، ومن الجدير بالذكر أنه لم يتم العثور على بقايا إنسانية (Lenzen 1986: 3 – 4).
أما الحامل البازلتي الذي عثر عليه فإنه يشكل الجزء السفلي لتمثال آدمي مكسور يعلوه هذا الحامل، أما حامل المبخرة الفخاري فيمكن مقارنته مع مثيلات له عثر عليها ضمن طبقات العصر الحديدي الأول من تل التسلم وبيسان، أما الكأس والصحن فيمكن مقارنتهما مع مثيلات لهما من موقع تل الدوير من العصر البرونزي المتأخر وتل القدح من العصر الحديدي.

يمكن تتبع مظاهر السوية الثانية من الجنوب إلى الشمال كما يلي:

- بناء مربع ربما برج، ثم ثلاثة أعمدة من الحجر والطين يبدو أنها استعملت لحمل سقف الفناء الخارجي.
- جدار بني بشكل جيد يظهر على شكل عقد ثم حجرتين داخل هذا الجدار.

وقد أزيل جدار المدينة العائد إلى العصر البرونزي المتأخر قبل موسم عام 1985م وبقي منه القسم الداخلي المقوس المبني من الحجارة الجيرية والبازلت والصوان.
ويعتقد أن هذه المنطقة كانت جزءاً من الساحة العامة لمدينة العصر البرونزي المتأخر (Lenzen 1988: 9 – 10).

المصادر
 .Issue 6. Pp 9 – 10.أنباءLenzen, C. J. 1988; the Irbid Cultic Object
 .Issue 1. pp 3– 4.أنباء.Lenzen, C. J. 1986; Tell Irbid
 Lenzen, C. J.; and Mcquitty, A. M. 1988; the 1984 Survey of the Irbid / Beit Ras Region. ADAJ. Vol 32, Pp 265 – 274.
 Lenzen, C. J.; and Mcquitty, A. M. 1984; Tell Irbid. ADAJ. Vol 28, P 297
 Lenzen, C. J.; Gordon, R. L.; and Mcquitty, A. M. 1985; Excavation at Tell Irbid and Beit Ras, 1985. ADAJ. Vol 29, Pp 151 – 159.

مراجع

إربد
مواقع أثرية في الأردن

تل إربد


Lup din Novae (în , în  ) (d. după 306) a fost un martir creștin de origine daco-romană care a trăit în timpul împăraților Dioclețian (284-305) și Galerius (305-311). El a fost pentru o perioadă sclavul militarului Dimitrie din Tesalonic, martirizat în anul 306 de împăratul Galerius din cauza faptului că era creștin.

Sfântul Lup este prăznuit de Biserica Ortodoxă Română, dar și de celelalte biserici ortodoxe, în ziua de 23 august. Este considerat unul dintre cei mai vechi sfinți de origine daco-romană. A fost contemporan cu preotul roman Montanus și cu Anastasia, martirizați aproape în același timp la Sirmium (lângă Belgrad) și venerați, de asemenea, de Biserica Ortodoxă Română.

Viața
Lup a trăit la sfârșitul secolului al III-lea și începutul secolului al IV-lea, fiind contemporan retragerii administrației romane din Dacia. Era originar din Novae, o cetate romană din provincia Moesia Inferior (aflată în sudul Dunării), astăzi orașul bulgăresc Sviștov. A ajuns mai târziu la Tesalonic, unde a fost sclavul credincios al militarului creștin Dimitrie (viitor martir) și a devenit la rândul său creștin. Atunci când a aflat că noul împărat Galerius, prigonitor al creștinilor, va trece în toamna anului 306 prin Tesalonic, Dimitrie s-a pregătit pentru moartea sa și a dăruit jumătate din avere sclavului său, Lup, și cealaltă jumătate săracilor din oraș.

Lup a asistat la arestarea stăpânului său și apoi la martiriul acestuia (ce a avut loc în data de 26 octombrie); el și-a înmuiat veșmintele în sângele sfântului și a luat inelul acestuia. Cu aceste relicve se spune că Lup a făptuit numeroase miracole în Tesalonic, vindecându-i pe cei ce sufereau de boli și neputințe omenești. El s-a dedicat propovăduirii Evangheliei și a atacat idolii păgâni.

A fost prigonit de păgâni din acest motiv, dar a scăpat nevătămat; soldații urmăritori nu au reușit să-l atingă cu săgețile lor, deși Lup a rămas nemișcat. El s-a predat de bună voie și a fost bătut crunt, după care a fost condamnat la moarte din porunca împăratului Galerius și a fost decapitat cu sabia, la puțină vreme după moartea Sf. Dimitrie, probabil pe 23 august 307. Este considerat unul dintre cei mai vechi sfinți de origine daco-romană.

Novae
Fortăreața romană Novae a fost refăcută de romano-bizantini și a devenit oraș în secolele V-VI. Au rămas multe ruine din acele vremuri: o biserică încăpătoare, case cu băi somptuoase și o clădire mare pentru a-i găzdui pe pelerinii care veneau la sărbătoarea Sf. Lup. La vest de intrarea în biserică a fost descoperit și un baptisteriu folosit pentru creștinarea localnicilor.

Novae a făcut parte din provincia romano-bizantină Paristrion (sau Paradunavion), care a fost mult timp un teritoriu populat de români (valahi), bulgari, greci și migratori. Petru, fratele împăratului bizantin Mauriciu (582-602), a trecut prin Novae în fruntea unei armate la sfârșitul secolului al V-lea, cu prilejul unei campanii militare în teritoriile dacilor. Acesta a remarcat festivitățile organizate în cinstea Sfântului Lup de către localnici, vizita lui Petru la Novae fiind consemnată într-o cronică.

În Novae, actualul Sviștov, există o biserică din secolul al XVI-lea, cu hramul "Sf. Dimitrie". Inscripția de pe cea mai frumoasă cruce din biserică poartă numele lui Ioan Matei (voievodul român Matei Basarab) din 1642. În apropierea sa se află Mănăstirea Petru și Pavel, o altă ctitorie a lui Ioan Matei și a soției sale, Elena, ce datează din 1644.

Istoricul N.A. Constantinescu consemna, în anul 1941, următoarele: "În josul Dunării, de la Lom în jos, malul drept al fluviului este acoperit de o lungă fâșie de sate românești care se întind fără întrerupere până la Șiștov (denumirea românească veche a orașului Sviștov), iar cu întreruperi până la Turtucaia și Silistra". În mod similar și G. Weigand făcea, la 1900, o listă a satelor cu populație românească dintre Lom și Șiștov găsind peste 30 de localități populate de români.

Note

Martiri creștini
Sfinți în Biserica Ortodoxă

Lup din Novae


Le Training Squadron 7 (VT-7) ou TRARON SEVEN  est un escadron d'entraînement primaire du Naval Air Training Command de l'US Navy. Créé en 1960, il est basé actuellement à la Naval Air Station Meridian, dans le Mississippi. Il est l'un des deux escadrons du Training Air Wing One (TRAWING ONE).

Historique
Le VT-7 est à l'origine un escadron de formation située à la base aéronavale de Memphis, dans le Tennessee. Il était initialement composé de deux unités de formation avancée. Elles ont été regroupées, en juillet 1960, pour former le Training Squadron 7, qui employait le T-28 "Trojan" et le T-29 "Seastar" pour former les élèves aviateurs au vol aux instruments de base au NAS Meridian, dans le Mississippi, un an plus tard.

Le VT-7 fut ensuite scindé pour former un escadron «sœur», le Training Squadron NINE (VT-9) en décembre 1961.

Le T-2 "Buckeye" a été utilisé dans VT-7 de 1962 à 1971. Il est ensuite passé au TA-4J "Skyhawk" pour former des pilotes pour des missions de frappe avancées. En 1999, le VT-7 est passé au T-45 "Goshawk".

Au cours de sa première année de service Goshawk, le VT-7 a effectué plus de 18 000 sorties et effectué près de 1 300 atterrissages de porte-avions. De septembre 2015 à décembre 2016, l'escadron a effectué plus de 28 200 heures de vol et a piloté 80 élèves formés par un effectif de 37 pilotes en service actif et 24 pilotes instructeurs de réserve. À ce jour, les "Eagles" du VT-7 ont piloté plus de 4 280 aviateurs de l'US Navy et de l'United States Marine Corps, dont 361 étudiants internationaux de France, d'Italie, du Koweït, d'Espagne, de Thaïlande, de Taïwan et du Brésil.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Naval Air Training Command
 Histoire de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
 NAS Meridian - Sitecnic.navy.mil
 VT-7 Eagles - Site cnatra.navy.mil
  Naval Air Training Command - Site jetwashaviationphotos.com

Training squadron de l'United States Navy

VT-7


Ucrânia (em russo antigo: ѹкраина, translit.: ѹkraina; em fontes posteriores: украйна, вкраина, окраина, окрайна, translit.: ukraina, vkraina, okraina, okrajna; "subúrbio", "periferia") na Rus, até o séc. XVIII, o nome dos territórios fronteiriços do país e das áreas das cidades localizadas na fronteira com outros Estados, semelhante às marcas da Europa Ocidental (do Lat. margo "borda"). As cidades e terras nesse território eram chamadas de "ucrainianas". A população de ucrainianos, que era submetida a frequentes ataques, era chamada de ucrainianos, ocrainianos, ucranianos ou povo ucraniano em Rus. O termo "Ukraina", no sentido de "fronteira", também foi encontrado nos idiomas eslavos ocidentais.

Historiografia

Antigo Estado Russo
O primeiro uso conhecido de uma palavra "ѹкраина" (ѹkraina) está contido no Código de Ipatiev, conhecido nas listas dos séc. XV-XVI, em conexão com a morte do príncipe de Pereiaslavl, Vladimir Gleboviche, em 1187: "ѡ нем же ѹкраина много постона". Aqui se referia às fortalezas da linha defensiva de Posúlia, que defendia o Principado de Pereiaslavl e a Rus como um todo contra os polovtsianos. Em 6697 (1189) consta "ѹкраина галицкая" ("Ucrânia da Galícia"), em 6721 (1213) é listado as cidades pelas quais o príncipe Daniel Romanoviche passou: Brest, Ugrovsk, Vereschin, Stolp, Komov "и всю ѹкраинѹ" ("e toda a ѹkraina").

A menção de uma palavra ѹkraina em um significado semelhante está contida nas Crônicas de Pskov publicados na Coleção Completa de Crônicas Russas. Em "O Conto de Dovmont" da 3ª crônica de Pskov de 6779 (1271), fala-se sobre aldeias da "ѹkraina" de Pskov. Em "Palavra de São Gregório, inventada na multidão (Palavra sobre ídolos)", o escriba russo escreveu que o paganismo recuou para as "ukrainas", onde as pessoas continuavam a rezar para deuses antigos, mas o faziam secretamente: "…и ныня по украинам их молятся проклятому богу их Перуну, Хорсу и Мокоши и вилам, но творят акы оттай" ("...e agora eles rezam na "ukraina" para seu deus amaldiçoado, perun, khors e mokosh e vila, mas eles estão fugindo").

Referências

Rússia de Kiev
Fronteiras da Rússia
Fronteiras
Ambiguidade

Ucrânia (fronteira)


Mesingw (Mising; Mask Spirit), Mesingw je duh maske plemena Lenape, moćan, sveti duh medicine koji održava ravnotežu prirode, pojavljuje se muškarcima Lenapea (i Shawneeja) u snovima i njihovo središte određenih tradicionalnih vjerskih rituala. Neki ljudi (osobito ne-domoroci) nedavno su počeli povezivati Mesingwa s Bigfootom, ali to nije tradicionalno gledište-- mnoga indijanska plemena doista imaju legende o sasquatchu/dlakavom čovjeku, ali Lenape Mask Spirit nije jedan od njih. Mising se obično prikazuje kao nadnaravno lice s jednom polovicom crvenom, a drugom crnom bojom. Mising je zaštitnik svih šumskih životinja, ali je najjače povezan s jelenima. Neki Lenape ljudi opisuju Misinga kao osobu koja je preuzela humanoidni oblik i jahala kroz šumu na leđima jelena, pomažući poštovanim lovcima i kažnjavajući one koji pljačkaju šumu.

Ostali nazivi: Misingw, Msingw, MÄ—singw, Msiingw, Mising, Mesing, Mee Sing, Misink, Mesingwe, Msingwe, Misingwa, Masing, Mesingk, Messingq, Misi'ngwe, Mesingwe, Mizi'nk, Misink, Misignwa.  Mask Spirit, Masked Being, Spirit Face, Living Solid Face, Master of Game. Mesingholikan (ili MÄ—singholikan, Misinkhalikan, Misinghalikun, Misinghali'kun, Mizinkhali'kun, Wsinkhoalican, i drugi) bilo je ime obrednog plesača Lenapea koja je kanalizirala ulogu Mesingwa za ceremonije lova i liječenja.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (bogovi lova)
Lenape mitologija
Shawnee mitologija

Mesingw


Karl von Fischer (1782-1820), architecte
 Karl Philipp Fischer (1807-1885), philosophe
 Karl Fischer (1901-1958), chimiste allemand

Karl Fischer (homonymie)


Çin Komünist Partisi (ÇKP) (Çince: 中国共产党/中國共產黨, Pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng), Çin'in kurucu ve iktidar partisidir. 1 Temmuz 1921 tarihinde Şanghay'da kurulmuş olan Çin Komünist Partisi, 2022 yılında açıklanan ve toplam Çin nüfusunun ciddi kısmına tekabül eden 97 milyona yakın üye sayısıyla dünyadaki en büyük ikinci siyasi parti konumundadır. (Büyüklük açısından rakibi Hindistan'da kurulu olan yaklaşık 180 milyon üye sayısına sahip Hindistan Halk Partisi'dir.)

Çin Komünist Partisi'nin bütün devlet kademelerinin ve yasama süreçlerinin kontrolünü elinde tutmasıyla Çin'de ÇKP'nin üst düzey bir siyaset otoritesi ve gücü olması gerçekleşmiştir.

ÇKP'nin çekirdeği Mayıs 1920'de Şanghay'da oluşturuldu ve Çin İç Savaşı'nda rakibi olan Kuomintang'ı (KMT) yendikten sonra bütün Çin'de yönetime el koydu.

İdeoloji
Günümüzde Çin Komünist Partisi, Çin'in kapitalistleştiği söylemlerini reddederek Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'ni günümüzün en büyük sosyalist devleti olarak tanımlar. Parti başkanı Şi Cinping, 2018 yılında komünist filozof Karl Marx'ın 200. doğum günü kutlamasında Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin komünizm ve Marksizm bayrağını Dünya'da daha da yükselteceğini açıkladı.

Çin Komünist Partisi, çeşitli ülkelerden komünist partilerin çağırıldığı "Dünya Marksist Partiler Forumu" düzenledi. 70 ülkeden 100'e yakın komünist partinin katıldığı toplantıda Çin Komünist Partisi lideri Şi Cinping; "Marksizm, 21. yüzyılda yeniden dirilişte" yorumunu yaparak "Marksizm'in 21'inci yüzyılda yeni ufuklara açıldığını ve giderek daha fazla canlılık gösterdiğini" belirtti.

Din

Çin Komünist Partisi resmî olarak Marksist felsefe üzerine kurulu bir ateizmi benimser. Herhangi bir dini inancı olanların partiye üye olması yasaktır.

Tarihçe

Kuruluşu ve erken tarihi (1921-27)
ÇKP'nin kökeni 1919'da gerçekleşen 4 Mayıs Hareketi'ne dayanmaktadır ve Rus politikacı Vladimir Lenin'in Öncü parti teorisine göre kurulmuştur. Kuruluş Ulusal Kongresi 23-31 Temmuz 1921 tarihleri arasında Şanghay'da bulunan bir kız okulunda yapıldı.

Çin İç savaşı ve İkinci Dünya savaşı (1927-49)

Tek parti rejimi (1949–günümüz)
Mao, 1949 yılında Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşunu ilan etti. Böylece Komünist Parti devletin karar ve yürütme mekanizması haline geldi. 1950'li yıllarla beraber, Çin'in Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birliği ile ilişkileri bozulmaya başladı. Yapılmaya çalışılan reformların başarısız olması Mao'nun Komünist Parti içerisindeki gücünü büyük ölçüde zayıflattı. Partinin kontrolünü ele almak ve Çin Devrimi'nin ruhunu tekrar canlandırmak için 1966 yılında Kültür Devrimi'ni başlattı. Mao'nun ölümünün ardından Komünist Parti içerisinde iktidar mücadelesi başladı. 1978 yılında partinin başına Deng Şiaoping geçti.

Parti örgütü
Parti örgütü Kültür Devrimi sırasında tamamen dağıtılmıştı. Çin değerleri ile sosyalizm hareketini başlatan Deng Şiaoping tarafından yeniden oluşturuldu ve bütün devlet yapılarının kontrolünü tekrar ÇKP'nin elinde toplandı.

Kuramsal olarak, partinin en yüksek organı her beş yılda bir toplanan Çin Komünist Partisi Ulusal Kongresi'dir. Parti tüzüğünde detaylı bir şekilde anlatılan Komünist Parti içinde yetkinin temel dağılımı şöyledir:

 Merkez Komitesi şu birimlerden oluşur:
 Çin Komünist Partisi Politbüro Yürütme Komitesi 9 üyeli
 Çin Komünist Partisi Politbürosu 24 üyeli (Çin Komünist Partisi Politbüro Yürütme Komitesi üyeleri de dahildir)
 Sekreterya, Çin Komünist Partisi Genel Sekreteri'nin başkanlık ettiği bu yapı Çin Komünist Partisinin ana idari mekanizmasıdır.
 Merkezi Askeri Komite Merkezi Disiplin Soruşturma Komitesi'''; Çin Komünist Partisi Ulusal Kongresi'nin altında Merkez Komitesi ile aynı düzeyde, görevi parti kademelerindeki görevi kötüye kullanma ve yozlaşma ile mücadele olan birimdir.

 Ayrıca bakınız
 Deng Şiaoping Teorisi

 Kaynakça

 Dış bağlantılar
 Official News of the Communist Party of China
 Official newspaper
 The Communist Party of China—Council on Foreign Relations
 "A Struggle Within the Chinese Communist Party"—Monthly Review'' article from May 2002

Çin'deki komünist partiler
İktidardaki komünist partiler
1921'de kurulan siyasi partiler
Çin İç Savaşı
Maoist kuruluşlar
Çin hükûmeti
1921'de Çin'de kurulan oluşumlar
Tek parti rejimlerinde iktidar olmuş siyasi partiler

Çin Komünist Partisi


Crkva sv. Duha nalazi se u Omišu.

Opis
Crkva sv. Duha sagrađena je u 16. st. u stilu renesanse i predstavlja najviši stilski domet omiške sredine. Vertikalnost sklopa istaknuta je zvonikom na preslicu sred fino klesanog pročelja, priljubljenom kulom gradskog sata i dvostrukim nizom stepenica koje iz ulice vode do crkve. Prozori s lučnim završetkom i skošenim okvirom su postavljeni samo na bočnim stijenkama apside dok je sred pročelja manji kolut razdijeljen stupićima. Središnji otvor u obliku četverolista okružen je gotičkim motivom izmjeničnih zubaca. Glavni portal ima bogat višestruko profilirani okvir s natpisom o obnovi crkve 1585. godine. Unutrašnjost je presvođena prelomljenim svodom s kamenim vijencem na njegovom podanku.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5059 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Duh

Crkva sv. Duha u Omišu


Lophostemon grandiflorus é um membro da família Myrtaceae endêmica da Austrália Ocidental, Território do Norte e Queensland.

A árvore normalmente cresce a uma altura de  . Floresce entre janeiro e dezembro, produzindo flores branco-creme. A casca é persistente e de cor castanha pálida e quase fibrosa. Plantas epífitas e parasitas são frequentemente encontradas crescendo na casca. As lâminas foliares grossas, ovadas e verde-escuras têm cerca  de comprimento e  largura. A lâmina inferior da folha é muito mais pálida, quase branca, de cor. Geralmente cresce como um reófito ao longo de riachos através de florestas abertas, mas também é encontrado nas margens de florestas tropicais.

É encontrado em áreas úmidas, como margens de rios e desfiladeiros de arenito na região de Kimberley, na Austrália Ocidental na extremidade superior do Território do Norte e depois na costa leste até Central Queensland.

Existem duas subespécies conhecidas:

 Lophostemon grandiflorus subsp. grandiflorus
 Lophostemon grandiflorus subsp. riparius

Referências

Plantas descritas em 1982
Myrtaceae

Lophostemon grandiflorus


The Danse Society  est un groupe de rock gothique et post-punk formé à Barnsley en 1980. Actif jusqu'en 1987, il se reforme en 2011.

Historique

Première incarnation
Le groupe est créé par deux anciens membres de Y?, le chanteur Steve Rawlings et le batteur Paul Gilmartin, avec deux musiciens de Lips-X, le guitariste Paul Nash et le claviériste Lyndon Scarfe. D'abord baptisés Danse Crazy, ils changent de nom en raison de la similitude avec Danse Craze, un film documentaire consacré au mouvement 2 Tone, et choisissent The Danse Society. Lors de leurs premières représentations, ils font un usage intense du maquillage et des costumes spectaculaires comme des capes noires ou des mâchoires de vampire factices. En partie grâce à ce show théâtral, le groupe gagne progressivement en popularité. Le , ils jouent en ouverture du festival Futurama 2 de Leeds avec Siouxsie and the Banshees, Echo and the Bunnymen et d'autres groupes débutants comme U2 ou Soft Cell. Ils recrutent ensuite Tim Wright à la basse et enregistrent leur premier single, Clock, sorti en 1980 sur leur propre label Society. Le disque est tiré à . Courant 1981, le groupe accompagne The Cure en tournée. Seduction, leur premier album studio, sort en 1982 et atteint la  dans le palmarès UK Indie Chart.

Leur deuxième album studio, Heaven Is Waiting, sort en  sur le label Arista. Il atteint le  dans le classement des albums britanniques. L'album contient une reprise de la chanson 2000 Light Years from Home des Rolling Stones, éditée en 1984 en single 12" et en double single en édition limitée. L'album sera réédité à plusieurs reprises (en 1992, 2002 et 2007). Les ventes ne sont malheureusement pas sufffisantes pour Arista, qui refuse de leur financer une tournée américaine. Lyndon Scarfe est remplacé par David Whitaker (ancien membre de Music for Pleasure) après cet album. Le groupe s'orient ensuite vers une musique plus commerciale et enregistre le single Say It Again avec les producteurs Stock, Aitken et Waterman, à la demande de leur maison de disques.

En 1986, après la sortie de leur troisième et dernier album, Looking Through, sous le nom de The Danse Society International, tous les membres du groupe, à l'exception du chanteur Rawlings, partent pour former Johnny in the Clouds. Rawlings continue sous le nom de Society et sort un single, Saturn Girl, en 1987. Après cette date, Rawlings continue à se consacrer à la musique avec le groupe d'electronic dance music Meridian Dream.

Reformation
Une campagne intitulée « The Danse Society Reformation Plot » est lancée fin 2009 sur Facebook et réussi à rassembler la plupart des membres du groupe. Un titre inédit intitulé Towers est enregistré fin 2010 avec Steve Rawlings au chant. Ce sera sa seule contribution à la reformation. The Danse Society, avec la nouvelle chanteuse italienne Maethelyiah (du groupe Blooding Mask), sort son quatrième album studio, Change of Skin, en . La chanson titre de l'album réutilise la musique composée pour Towers. Un premier single extrait de l'album, God Cry, sort en novembre, suivi d'un deuxième, Vatican, en . Leur premier concert depuis 25 ans a lieu au festival allemand Wave-Gotik-Treffen en , suivi de plusieurs dates dans d'autres festivals. Le cinquième album studio, Scarey Tales, sort en .

Le , Danse Society annonce officiellement que Paul Gilmartin et Martin Roberts ont soudainement quitté le groupe, entraînant l'annulation d'une série de dates de concerts prévues. Paul Nash, David Whitaker et Maethelyiah continuent Danse Society, rejoints par le nouveau bassiste Lee Jones et le batteur Iain Hunter. David Whitaker est remplacé à son tour par Sam Bollands fin 2014, et Jack Cooper prend la place de Lee Jones. Le  sort le single If I Were Jesus / Sound of Silence, suivi du sixième album studio le , intitulé VI.

En , le groupe sort un EP, The FUTUR1ST, comprenant une reprise de Hurt de Nine Inch Nails dédiée à la Fondation Sophie Lancaster, et les morceaux One Thought in Heaven et Scream avec le batteur Joss Rylance qui remplace Iain Hunter, lui-même remplacé par la suite par Tom Davenport.  voit la sortie du  studio du groupe, Sailing Mirrors, célébrant leur . En , Dylan Riley remplace Tom Davenport et Jono Mori remplace Sam Bollands pour une courte tournée au Royaume-Uni, et Billy Bostanci remplace temporairement Jack Cooper. Le groupe est actuellement en production de son  studio The Loop.

Discographie

Albums
 1982 : Seduction
 1983 : Heaven Is Waiting
 1986 : Looking Through — en tant que The Danse Society International
 2011 : Change of Skin
 2013 : Scarey Tales
 2015 : VI
 2020 : Sailing Mirrors

Compilations
 1983 : The Danse Society
 1984 : The Danse Society
 2011 : Demos Vol. 1
 2020 : ON'T BBC 1980-82
 2021 : A-Z 40 Years of Danse
 2021 : 40 Years of Danse - EXTENDE

Singles et  EPs

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe anglais de rock gothique
Groupe anglais de post-punk
Groupe musical formé en 1980

The Danse Society


Márcia Real (pseudonim artistic pentru Eunice Alves; ) a fost o actriță de film și de dublaj braziliană. Este cunoscută pentru că a câștigat premiul presei pentru cea mai bună actriță în anul 1961.

Márcia s-a căsătorit de două ori și a avut două fiice.

Filmografie

Televiziune
2003 - SPA TV Fantasia .... Dona Meire
2001 - O Direito de Nascer .... Augusta Monteiro
1999 - Ô Coitado .... Heliodora (Lili)
1997 - Canoa do Bagre .... Matilda
1997 - O Olho da Terra
1996 - Irmã Catarina .... Irmã Serafina
1994 - Quatro por Quatro .... Isadora Herrera Franco
1992 - De Corpo e Alma .... Sálvia Lopes
1990 - Mico Preto .... Áurea Menezes Garcia
1988 - Copilul la bord .... Valquíria
1979 - Gaivotas .... Idalina
1978 - Aritana .... Guiomar
1973 - Vidas Marcadas
1973 - Venha Ver o Sol na Estrada
1972 - O Leopardo .... Odete
1972 - O Tempo Não Apaga
1971 - Os Deuses Estão Mortos .... Emília
1970 - As Pupilas do Senhor
1969 - Dez Vidas
1969 - Sangue do Meu Sangue .... Prințesă Isabel
1969 - Os Estranhos .... Ofélia
1968 - Legião dos Esquecidos .... Teresa
1966 - Redenção .... Lola
1966 - A Grande Viagem .... Marion
1965 - Vidas Cruzadas .... Andréa
1965 - Pecado de Mulher
1964 - Mãe
1964 - Isabella
1964 - Corações em Conflito .... Isabel

Film
Avassaladoras (2002)
Possuída pelo Pecado (1976)
O Rei da Noite (1975)
A Ilha do Desejo (1975) .... Madame Geny
Amadas e Violentadas (1976)
O Vigilante Contra o Crime (1964)
O Sobrado (1956)
Liana, a Pecadora (1951)
Carnaval no Fogo (1949)

Note

Legături externe

Actrițe braziliene
Actori de voce brazilieni
Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 2019

Márcia Real