O monedă suferă o devalorizare când autoritățile monetare decid să-i scadă cursul de schimb în raport cu o monedă de referință, sau cu un coș monetar. Contrarul devalorizării este "reevaluarea", decisă și ea de autoritățile monetare.

Când valoarea monedei scade pe piața valutară, fără o decizie oficială, se vorbește de o depreciere, contrarul fiind o apreciere. Diferite cauze sunt posibile: recesiune, deficit comercial, emisiune de monedă de către banca centrală.

Efectele devalorizării
Devalorizarea vizează creșterea competivității economice, restabilind un echilibru, printr-o corectare a dezechilibrului apărut (deficit comercial). Efectele previzibile sunt de două naturi:

Pe termen scurt, scăderea valorii monedei naționale face să crească prețul și valoarea importurilor efectuate în alte monede. Acest "efect preț" degradează balanța comercială. Petrolul, importat în dolari, va cântări, de exemplu mai greu;

Pe termen mediu, joacă "efectul volum": scăderea prețurilor produselor exportate de țară permite creșterea cantităților vândute în străinătate, în timp ce creșterea prețurilor produselor importate incită să se importe mai puține produse, cu excepția produselor dificil de diminuat, cum sunt materiile prime strategice (uraniu, staniu, zinc etc.).

Aceste efecte contradictorii sunt rezumate într-o curbă în J: devalorizarea  cauzează mai întâi o scurtă degradare a balanței comerciale (efectul preț, în partea stângă a lui J), înainte de a permite  o ameliorare de o mai mare amploare  (efectul volum, în partea dreaptă a lui J).

Pe plan financiar, devalorizarea penalizează investitorii străini care dețin împrumuturi publice și acțiuni. Istoric, ei sunt întotdeauna neîncrezători.

Riscul cercului vicios
Riscul cercului vicios se concretizează dacă o țară devalorizându-și moneda, văzând că balanța comercială se deteriorează ("efectul preț" din partea stângă a literei J), dă dovadă de nerăbdare și decide să o devalorizeze din nou fără să aștepte "efectul volum" din partea dreaptă a curbei lui J. Se expune riscului de a antrena noi degradări ale balanței sale comerciale.

Riscul cercului vicios este mai ridicat în perioada unei inflații puternice cauzate de triplarea sau împătrirea prețului petrolului, cum a fost cazul după șocurile petroliere din 1973 și 1979. A fost crescut prin fragilitățile sistemului monetar european, prost organizat care oferea o recompensă cvasisigură speculanților: pentru a-și apăra moneda, țara atacată își creștea dobânzile, fapt ce slăbea, cu atât mai mult, întreprinderile exportatoare, făcând devalorizarea foarte probabilă, chiar sigură, încurajând specula.

Note

Vezi și
 Monedă | Balanța de plăți | Curs de schimb | Piața valutară
 Paritatea puterii de cumpărare
 Legea lui Gresham | Curbă în J
 Sistemul Bretton Woods | Dolar american | Euro |Franc francez | Leu românesc

Politică monetară
Economie internațională
Economie monetară

Devalorizare


El bulbul de anteojos (Pycnonotus erythropthalmos) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Pycnonotidae. Es propio del Sureste Asiático, encontrándose en la península Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra e islas adyacentes.

Subespecies
Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:
 Pycnonotus erythropthalmos erythropthalmos
 Pycnonotus erythropthalmos salvadorii

Referencias

Enlaces externos

erythropthalmos
Aves del Sureste Asiático
Animales descritos en 1878
Taxones descritos por Allan Octavian Hume

Pycnonotus erythropthalmos


Der Unicode-Block Bamum, Ergänzung (U+16800 bis U+16A3F, englisch: Bamum Supplement) enthält weitere Schriftzeichen der Bamum-Schrift, mit denen die Sprache der Bamum darstellbar ist.

Tabelle
Alle Zeichen haben die Kategorie "Anderer Buchstabe" und die bidirektionale Klasse "Links nach rechts".

Weblinks
 PDF des Unicode-Konsortiums (englisch)

Unicodeblock Bamum, Ergänzung


An Sphenopus ehrenbergii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Carl Haussknecht. An Sphenopus ehrenbergii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sphenopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sphenopus (Poaceae)

Sphenopus ehrenbergii


Mændenes 85 kg vægtklasse i græsk-romersk stil under sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro fandt sted d. 15. august 2016 på Carioca Arena 2 i Barra da Tijuca.

Tidsoversigt
Alle tider brasilianske tider (UTC−03:00)

Placering

Referencer

85 kg græsk-romersk stil (herrer)

Brydning under sommer-OL 2016 - 85 kg græsk-romersk stil (herrer)


Pusté Úľany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Galanta din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.791 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Sládkovičovo.

Istoric
Localitatea Pusté Úľany este atestată documentar din 1301.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Pusté Úľany


Şükrü Hulki Aktunç (27 Ocak 1949 - 29 Haziran 2011, İstanbul), Türk şair ve yazar.

Biyografi
Askeri okullardaki orta ve lise yıllarından sonra İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ne girdi. Yükseköğrenimi sürdürmedi.

Yazı yaşamı, dönemin önemli dergilerinden Yeni Ufuklar'da başladı (1968). İlk kitabı Gidenler Dönmeyenler ile Türk Dil Kurumu Öykü Ödülü'nü (1977), Bir Çağ Yangını romanı ile Abdi İpekçi Ödülü'nü (1981), Bir Yer Göstericinin Hayatı ile Yunus Nadi Öykü Ödülü'nü (1990) kazandı. 1976 sonrasında şiire özel bir ağırlık verdi. İnsan Aşklarının Külüdür ile Halil Kocagöz Şiir Ödülü'nü (1994), Istıraplar Ansiklopedisi ile de Cemal Süreya Ödülü'nü aldı (1995). On yılı aşan bir çalışmanın ürünü olan Büyük Argo Sözlüğü (1990) gerek Türkiye'de, gerek yurt dışı Türkoloji çevrelerinde yoğun ilgi gördü. 1998 öyküye dönüş yılı oldu (Güz Her Şeyi Bilir). Hulki aktunç 2009 yılında YKY tarafından basılan Sönmemiş Dizeler kitabıyla da iki büyük şiir ödülünün, Behçet Necatigil ve Metin Altıok ödüllerinin sahibi olmuştur.

Aktunç, kendisine özgü bir üslup geliştirdiği öykülerinde ve romanlarında, bir yandan Türkiye'de düzyazı/anlatı geleneklerini günümüze doğru değerlendirirken, bir yandan da öncü anlatım denemelerine girişir. Aktunç'un şiiri de bugünün insanında aradığı 'kendiliğinden-şiirsel-bakış'ın araştırılması ve saptanmasının peşindedir; şiirimizin henüz tükenmemiş olanaklarını sınaya sınaya gelişir ve yeni bir 'şiirsel blok' yaratmaya yönelir. Denemeleri (Erotologya?, 2000), içinde bulunduğumuz coğrafyanın kendisine özgü erotizmini çözümlemeye çalışan ilk yapıt sayılır. İki öyküsü, filme dönüştürülmüştür: "Aşka Kimse Yok" (yönetmen Osman Sınav), "Bir Yer Göstericinin Hayatı" (yönetmen Tülay Eratalay).

İrlanda'da gerçekleştirilen şiir çeviri seminerleri doğrultusunda bazı şiirleri İngilizceye çevrilmiş ve Twelfth Song başlığıyla yayınlanmıştır (1998).

Uzun bir süredir kanser tedavisi gören Hulki Aktunç, 29 Haziran 2011'de hayata gözlerini yummuştur. Cenazesi Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'nda toprağa verildi.

Yapıtları

Şiir
 Sır Kâtibi (1989)
 Islıkla Tarihçe (1989)
 Adresim Aynalar (1991)
 Şarkılar (1992)
 İnsan Aşklarının Külüdür (1993)
 Istıraplar Ansiklopedisi (1994),
 Şiirlerinden bir seçme, şairin de katıldığı kolektif çeviri çalışmalarında, Theo Dorgan, Tony Curtis ve Orhan Koçak tarafından İngilizceye çevrildi: Twelfth Song, On İkinci Şarkı (1998)
 Bir Şeyin Varoluşu (1999)
 Firak (Toplu Şiirler, 2000).
 Sönmemiş Dizeler (2009)
Opus (Gültekin Emre ile) (2009)

Öykü
 Gidenler Dönmeyenler (1976)
 Kurtarılmış Haziran (1977)
 Ten ve Gölge (1985)
 Bir Yer Göstericinin Hayatı (1989)
 Güz Her Şeyi Bilir (1998)
Kutsal Kumru isimli müstakil bir öyküsü ilk kez Mart 2020'de Öykü Gazetesi'nde yayımlandı.

Roman
 Bir Çağ Yangını (1981)
 Son İki Eylül (1987)

Deneme
 Erotologya? (2000)
 Aforistika (2001)

Sözlük
 Büyük Argo Sözlüğü (1990)

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

1949 doğumlular
Erzincan Askerî Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
2011 yılında ölenler
Resim aranan yazarlar
Cemal Süreya Şiir Ödülü sahipleri
Metin Altıok Şiir Ödülü sahipleri
Necatigil Şiir Ödülü sahipleri
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk araştırmacılar
Yunus Nadi Ödülü sahipleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Hulki Aktunç


An Machaerina in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Machaerina in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Machaerina acuta
 Machaerina anceps
 Machaerina angustifolia
 Machaerina arthrophylla
 Machaerina articulata
 Machaerina aspericaulis
 Machaerina austrobrasiliensis
 Machaerina ayangannensis
 Machaerina bidwellii
 Machaerina complanata
 Machaerina cubensis
 Machaerina deplanchei
 Machaerina disticha
 Machaerina ekmanii
 Machaerina ensifolia
 Machaerina ensigera
 Machaerina falcata
 Machaerina ficticia
 Machaerina filifolia
 Machaerina flexuosa
 Machaerina glomerata
 Machaerina gunnii
 Machaerina hirta
 Machaerina huttonii
 Machaerina insularis
 Machaerina involuta
 Machaerina iridifolia
 Machaerina juncea
 Machaerina lamii
 Machaerina laxa
 Machaerina maingayi
 Machaerina mariscoides
 Machaerina milnei
 Machaerina montana
 Machaerina monticola
 Machaerina muelleri
 Machaerina myriantha
 Machaerina nuda
 Machaerina nukuhivensis
 Machaerina preissii
 Machaerina raiateensis
 Machaerina restioides
 Machaerina rubiginosa
 Machaerina scirpoidea
 Machaerina sinclairii
 Machaerina tenax
 Machaerina teretifolia
 Machaerina tetragona
 Machaerina vaginalis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Machaerina

Machaerina


Kvalifikacije za Međupodručnu nogometnu ligu Karlovac – Gospić
 NK Vatrogasac Gornje Mekušje - NK Udarnik Perušić 2:2
 NK Udarnik Perušić - NK Vatrogasac Gornje Mekušje 5:3

U Međupodručnu nogometnu ligu Karlovac – Gospić se plasirao NK Udarnik Perušić

Unutarnje poveznice
 Međuopćinska liga Karlovac – Kutina – Sisak 1976./77.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 NK Kupa Donje Mekušje: natjecanja
 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 297.

1976-77 1
Karlovac-1

Područna nogometna liga NSP Karlovac 1. razred 1976./77.


Santa Clara University is a private Jesuit university in Santa Clara, California. Established in 1851, Santa Clara University is the oldest operating institution of higher learning in California. The university's campus surrounds the historic Mission Santa Clara de Asís which traces its founding to 1777. The campus mirrors the Mission's architectural style and is one of the finest groupings of Mission Revival architecture and other Spanish Colonial Revival styles. The university is classified as a "Doctoral/Professional" university.

The university offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its six colleges, the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Education and Counseling Psychology, Leavey School of Business, School of Engineering, Jesuit School of Theology, and School of Law. It enrolls about 5,400 undergraduate students and about 3,300 postgraduate students.

Santa Clara's sports teams are called the Broncos. Their colors are red and white. The Broncos compete at the NCAA Division I levels as members of the West Coast Conference in 19 sports. Broncos have won NCAA championships in both men's and women's soccer. Santa Clara's student athletes include current or former 58 MLB, 40 NFL, and 12 NBA players and 13 Olympic gold medalists.

History

California mission era
Inheriting the grounds of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, Santa Clara University's campus, library holdings, art collection, and many of its defining traditions date back to 1777, almost 75 years before its founding. In January of that year, Saint Junipero Serra, a Spanish Franciscan friar, established Mission Santa Clara as the eighth of 21 Alta California missions. Fray Tomás de la Peña chose a site along the Guadalupe River for the future church, erecting a cross and celebrating the first Mass a few days later. The campus was built on the land of the Ohlone people who relocated after suffering a decline in population due to epidemics and a loss of natural resources in the area.

Natural disasters forced early priests to relocate and rebuild the church on several occasions, moving it westward and away from the river. Built of wood, the first permanent structure quickly flooded and was replaced by a larger adobe building in 1784. This building suffered heavy damage in an 1818 earthquake and was replaced six years later by a new adobe edifice.

Early college history

The mission flourished for more than 50 years despite these setbacks. Beginning in the 1830s, however, the mission lands were repossessed in conjunction with government policy implemented via the Mexico's secularization, and church buildings fell into disrepair. The Bishop of Monterey, Dominican Joseph Sadoc Alemany, offered the site to Italian Jesuits John Nobili and Michael Accolti in 1851 on condition that they found a college for California's growing Catholic population when it became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War (1846–48).

Two colleges were organized during 1851 in the small agricultural town of Santa Clara, at the height of the Gold Rush, less than a year after California was granted statehood. Santa Clara College, forerunner of Santa Clara University, was the first to open its doors to students and is the state's oldest operating institution of higher education. Shortly after Santa Clara began instruction, the Methodist-run California Wesleyan College (now known as University of the Pacific) received a charter from the State Superior Court on July 10, 1851—the first granted in California—and it began enrolling students in May of the following year. Santa Clara's Jesuit founders lacked the $20,000 endowment required for a charter, which was eventually accumulated and a charter granted on April 28, 1855.

Santa Clara bears the distinction of awarding California's first bachelor's degree, bestowed upon Thomas I. Bergin in 1857, as well as its first graduate degree granted two years later.

The California Historical Society, the official state historical society of California, was founded in June 1871 on the campus of the College of Santa Clara by a group of prominent Californian politicians and professors, led by Californian Assemblyman John W. Dwinelle (an influential founder of the University of California).

Modern era

In 1912, the College of Santa Clara became the University of Santa Clara, with the addition of the School of Engineering and School of Law.

In 1925 the Leavey School of Business was founded.

Women were first admitted in 1961 to what had been an all-men's university, making Santa Clara University the first Catholic university in California to admit both men and women.

In 1985, in part to avoid confusion with the University of Southern California (USC), the University of Santa Clara, as it had been known since 1912, changed its name to Santa Clara University. Diplomas were printed with the new name beginning in 1986.

In 2001 the School of Education and Counseling Psychology was formed to offer Master's level and other credential programs.

In 2012, Santa Clara University celebrated 50 years of having women attend Santa Clara University.

Campus

The university address is in Santa Clara, California, though a significant part of the campus lies over the border into San Jose, California. Over the last century and a half, the Santa Clara University campus has expanded to more than .

In the 1950s, after the university constructed Walsh Hall and the de Saisset Museum on two of the last remaining open spaces on the old college campus, Santa Clara began purchasing and annexing land from the surrounding community. The first addition, which occurred slightly earlier, brought space for football and baseball playing fields. Thereafter, particularly in the 1960s when women were admitted to the school, more land was acquired for residence halls and other new buildings and facilities.

In 1989 the Santa Clara University campus was unified when The Alameda (California State Route 82), a major thoroughfare that had bisected the university, was rerouted. Several interior roads were also closed and were replaced by sparsely landscaped pedestrian malls and plazas. The current five-year campus plan calls for integration of these areas with the gardens of the campus core.

The 1990s brought a number of campus additions, including the Music and Dance Building, a new science wing, the Arts and Sciences Building, the Malley Fitness Center, the Sobrato Residence Hall, and the first on-campus parking structure. Santa Clara carried out all deferred maintenance, including the renovation of Kenna Hall, the Adobe Lodge, and many other historic buildings. One unique feature of Santa Clara University's undergraduate education is the Residential Learning Community program. Eight Residential Learning Communities (RLCs), each with a distinct theme, integrate the classroom and resident life experience.

Recent development

Recently completed expansion projects include a new baseball field (Stephen Schott Stadium, 2005), a renovated basketball arena (Leavey Center, 2000), Kennedy Mall – the campus' first "green building" (2005), a Jesuit community residence (2006), a 194,000-square-foot (1.8 ha) library (2008), a new 85,000-square-foot (0.79 ha) building for the Leavey School of Business (2008), a new residence hall, Graham (2012), a new Admission and Enrollment Services building (2012) and a new Art and Art History Building (2016). The new Charney Hall (2018) replaces and consolidates Bannan Hall and the Heafey Law Library into the new Law School.

Future changes are to include a new dorm and the Sobrato Campus for Discovery and Innovation.

The main entrance to the campus, Palm Drive, is closed to automobiles in order to create a pedestrian mall that "highlight[s] the Mission Church as the centerpiece of the campus." This effort will eventually create a new gateway to the Santa Clara campus.

Santa Clara University is constructing a new STEM campus (Sobrato Campus for Discovery and Innovation) and plans to complete it in 2022.

Points of interest

 Mission Santa Clara de Asís: University Chapel and historical mission dating back to 1777. The current location is the third site; it was built in 1828, destroyed by fire in 1925, and rebuilt in 1929.
 Bellomy Field: Bellomy is used for intramural sports and for casual student use.
 Malley Fitness Center: Santa Clara University's center for recreational sports, indoor intramurals, weightlifting, and fitness classes. Malley Fitness Center has three full basketball/volleyball courts, a large weight room, two locker rooms, a 2,100-square-foot (200 square meter) multipurpose room, lounge space, and new offices for recreation and wellness programs.
 Saint Clare School: The mission's first elementary school (K-8). Founded by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in 1856. Located behind Nobili Hall at Lafayette and Lexington Street.
 Saint Clare Parish and St. Clare Parish Hall: In 1926 St Clare's Parish was built one block behind the Mission Santa Clara to take over the parish functions of the Mission church after it suffered a fire in 1925.

Sustainability

In 2014, Santa Clara University received the STARS Gold Rating by Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE). In 2015, Santa Clara University ranked No.19 on the Princeton Review's new "Top 50 Green Colleges" list and is also featured in The Princeton Review Guide to 353 Green Colleges as one of the most environmentally responsible colleges.

In 2013, the Center for Sustainability was established to advance academic and public understanding of the ways in which social justice and sustainability intersect by integrating principles of social, environmental, and economic sustainability into campus operations, academic and student life, and outreach programs.

Santa Clara University is a member of The Green Building Council, the overseeing body of the LEED rating system. In the fall of 2011, Paul Locatelli, S. J. Student Activities Center was certified LEED Gold. In addition, Schott Admission and Enrollment Services, Donohoe Alumni House, and Graham Residence Hall have all been designed to LEED gold standards and are pending certification. All new buildings are designed with the Sustainable Building Policy, adopted in May 2014.

Administration

Santa Clara University is a private corporation owned and governed by a privately appointed board of trustees composed of 44 members. Built around historic Mission Santa Clara, the present university is home to a population of approximately 5,435 undergraduate and 3,335 master's, Juris Doctor, and PhD students. The institution employs 522 full-time faculty members, who are divided between four professional schools and the College of Arts and Sciences, all of which are located on the  mission campus. In July 2009 the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley (JST), formerly an independent institution, legally merged with the university, taking the name "Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University." Although a division of SCU, it retains its campus in Berkeley, California. JST is one of two Jesuit seminaries in the United States with ecclesiastical faculties approved by the Vatican's Congregation for Catholic Education. The other, Weston Jesuit School of Theology, completed a similar affiliation with Boston College in June 2008, becoming Boston College School of Theology and Ministry.

Santa Clara University is civilly chartered and governed by a board of trustees, which appoints the president. By internal statute, the president must be a member of the Jesuit order, although the members of the board are primarily non-Jesuits. About 42 Jesuit priests and brothers are active teachers and administrators in various departments and centers located on the main campus in Santa Clara. An additional 15 Jesuits currently hold faculty positions at the university's Jesuit School of Theology in Berkeley. Jesuits comprise around 7% of the permanent faculty and hold teaching positions in biology, computer engineering, counseling psychology, economics, English, history, law, philosophy, physics, political science, psychology, religious studies, and theater arts in addition to theology. They also serve in campus and residence-hall ministry, and some act as faculty directors in residential learning communities (RLC's).

For the 2013–2014 academic year, the university's operating budget was $387 million, and its endowment was $760 million. For the same period, undergraduate tuition and fees totaled $42,156 and the average cost of room and board was $12,546.

On March 18, 2021, Santa Clara University Board of Trustees Chairman John M. Sobrato announced Kevin F. O'Brien had been placed on leave pending an inquiry into "exhibited behaviors in adult settings, consisting primarily of conversations, which may be inconsistent with established Jesuit protocols and boundaries". On May 12, 2021, John M. Sobrato announced to students and faculty that Kevin F. O'Brien resigned May 9, 2021 at the conclusion of this inquiry, coinciding with his enrollment in a therapeutic outpatient program to address "related personal issues, including alcohol and stress counseling".

Julie H. Sullivan, Ph.D., the first layperson and first woman to serve as president, began her term on July 1, 2022. She was formerly the president of the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota. As of June 30, 2021, Santa Clara University's endowment was $1.54 billion.

Colleges and schools

Santa Clara University is organized into six professional schools, the School of Arts and Sciences, School of Education and Counseling Psychology, SCU Leavey School of Business, School of Engineering, Jesuit School of Theology, and the School of Law. The university's professional schools are all led by an academic dean.

College of Arts and Sciences

The College of Arts and Sciences offers Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees.

Leavey School of Business

The Leavey School of Business was founded in 1923 and accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business thirty years later. Students can earn a Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Master of Business Administration, Executive Master of Business Administration, and Master of Science in Information Systems (MSIS).

Drew Starbird has been Dean of the school since 2010. Starbird is to be replaced by Caryn Beck-Dudley starting in the 2015–16 school year.

Education, Counseling Psychology, and Pastoral Ministries

The School of Education, Counseling Psychology, and Pastoral Ministries was created in fall 2001, bringing together graduate programs in Counseling Psychology, Education, and Pastoral Ministries. Approximately 800 graduate students are enrolled in the school, with 200 studying psychology, 400 studying education, and the remainder studying pastoral ministries.

School of Engineering

The School of Engineering was founded and began offering bachelor's degrees in 1912. Over the next century, the school added Master's and doctoral programs designed to meet Silicon Valley's growing need for expert engineers. Today, the Valley provides opportunities for the school's students and faculty, particularly those in electrical engineering and information technology, to work closely with high-tech companies and government institutions. This ranges from individual internships to larger partnerships with projects such as O/OREOS.

Jesuit School of Theology

The Jesuit School of Theology is a Divinity School of Santa Clara University located in Berkeley, California, and one of the member colleges of the Graduate Theological Union. The school was founded in 1934 and merged with Santa Clara University in 2009. Prior to its merger with Santa Clara University, it was known as the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley.

School of Law

The School of Law was founded in 1911. The school offers the Juris Doctor degree. It also offers several double degree programs, including JD/Master of Business Administration and JD/Master of Science in Information Systems offered in conjunction with Santa Clara University's Leavey School of Business.

The school offers Master of Laws degrees in Intellectual Property. Santa Clara Law features specialized curricular programs in High Tech and Intellectual Property law, International law, and Public Interest and Social Justice law.

Academics and rankings

As of Fall 2019, Santa Clara had an enrollment of 5,438 undergraduate and 3,296 graduate and professional students (total of 9,015 students). Men make up 50% of the total student population; women 50%.

Santa Clara offers undergraduates the opportunity to pursue 45 majors in its three undergraduate schools and colleges: the College of Arts and Science, the School of Engineering, and the Leavey School of Business. Santa Clara University also has six graduate and professional schools, including the School of Law, School of Engineering, the Leavey School of Business, the School of Education and Counseling Psychology, and the Jesuit School of Theology (campus located in Berkeley, California).

The student to faculty ratio is 11:1 with 99.5% of all classes being fewer than 50 students.

The 2019 annual ranking of U.S. News & World Report categorizes it as 'more selective'. For the Class of 2023 (enrolled fall 2019), Santa Clara received 16,300 applications and accepted 7,958 (48.8%). Of those accepted, 1,391 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 17.5%.  SCU's freshman retention rate is 95%, with 86% going on to graduate within six years.

The enrolled first-year class of 2023 had the following standardized test scores: the middle 50% range (25th percentile-75th percentile) of SAT scores was 630-700 for SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and 650-740 for SAT Math, while the middle 50% range of ACT scores was 28–32. The middle 50% high school grade point average (GPA) was 3.56-3.87 (unweighted 4-point scale).

For SCU's 2020–2021 school year, undergraduate tuition and fees were $54,987, room and board cost $15,972, a university enhancement fee cost $642, and total indirect costs (including books, transportation, and personal expenses) estimated at $4,014, totaling $75,615.

SCU maintains its Catholic and Jesuit affiliation and supports numerous initiatives intended to further its religious mission. Students are encouraged, but not required, to attend the Sunday evening student Masses in the mission church and are also encouraged to participate in campus ministry programs and lectures. All bachelor's degrees require three religious studies courses as part of the academic core. An emphasis on social justice is furthered through the Pedro Arrupe Partnership and Kolvenbach Solidarity programs, which offer service opportunities in the community and immersion opportunities throughout the world.

Rankings

In U.S. News & World Report'''s 2021 ranking of national universities, Santa Clara University tied for 53rd overall and tied for 25th for best undergraduate teaching.  In 2020 U.S. News & World Report also ranked the School of Engineering tied for 133rd among 218 engineering schools that grant doctoral degrees, and Santa Clara's School of Law tied for 107th among 198 law schools in the nation, with its Intellectual Property Law program recognized as fourth best.

The undergraduate business program was ranked 51st in the nation by Bloomberg Businessweek in 2016.

In 2017, Money Magazine ranked the Leavey School of Business tenth in the nation.

In 2019, Forbes ranked Santa Clara University 51st out of 650 rated private and public colleges and universities in America, 42nd among private colleges and tenth in the west. In 2008, the first year of the list, Santa Clara was ranked No. 318 out of 569.Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked SCU 39th on the 2019 Best Values in Private Universities list, 123rd overall, and fifth in California.PayScale in 2012 ranked Santa Clara 17th in the nation out of 606 schools in the category "Mid-Career Salary Rank for Private Schools", 28th out of 1,248 in "Overall College ROI Rank," and 23rd out of 458 in "ROI Rank for Private Universities."

Santa Clara University was named to the 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll for community service programs and student involvement.Newsweek in 2012 ranked Santa Clara University as the second most beautiful college in America.

Centers and institutes

Three Centers of Distinction:
 The Ignatian Center for Jesuit Education is the result of a 2005 merger between the Bannan Center for Jesuit Education and the Pedro Arrupe Center for Community-Based Learning. In addition to maintaining the functions of these two programs, the center has added Kolvenbach Solidarity Programs, which focus on student immersion trips to developing countries.
The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics provides an academic forum for research and dialogue concerning all areas of applied ethics. The center engages faculty, students, and members of the community as well as its own staff and fellows in ethical discussions in a number of focus areas, including business, health care, and biotechnology, character education, government, global leadership, technology, and emerging issues in ethics.
 The Miller Center for Social Entrepreneurship accelerates global, innovation-based entrepreneurship in service to humanity. Its strategic focus is on poverty eradication through its three areas of work: The Global Social Benefit Institute, Impact Capital, and Education and Action Research.
 The Center for Professional Development is a professionally oriented organization geared towards working professionals with graduate degrees in the areas of counseling psychology and education. The accredited Center offers classes in seminar and workshop form over the weekend.
 The Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) at Santa Clara University is endowed by the Osher Foundation and seeks to support students over the age of 50 by providing university-level courses to OLLI members.
 The Executive Development Center (EDC) is part of Santa Clara University's Leavey School of Business. The center creates custom programs to help business leaders drive success.
 The Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIE) prepares students for entrepreneurial leadership through opportunities such as networking and educational and advisor services.
 The Center for Accounting Education and Practice (CAEP) seeks to create and develop relationships between business students and faculty and Silicon Valley accounting professionals.
 The Center for Nanostructures (CNS) conducts activities in the interdisciplinary research and education of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and collaborates with the Miller Center for Social Entrepreneurship.
 The Equity Professional Instituter
 The Civil Society Institute
 The Food & Agribusiness Institute
 The Retail Management Institute
 The Center for Global Law & Policy
 The Center for Social Justice and Public Service
 The High Tech Law Institute
 The Institute for Redress and Recovery
 The Katherine & George Alexander Community Law Center
 The Northern California Innocence Project
 The Center for Advanced Study and Practice

Student life

Student organizations
Santa Clara offers its students the opportunity to engage in over 125 registered student organizations (or clubs). RSO's are partially funded by the university via the student government, ASG. These Organizations span from Athletic/Recreational, Careers/Pre-professional, Community Service, Ethnic/Cultural, Business Fraternities, Health/Counseling, Media/Publications, Music/Dance/Creative Arts, Political/Social Awareness to Religious/Philosophical.

RSO groups include:
 SCEO, Santa Clara Entrepreneurs Organization is an organization that hosts speakers, workshops and helps connect student entrepreneurs to investors and potential partners.
 Santa Clara Accounting Associations is a pre-professional organization aimed at mentoring students who want to enter a career in accounting, through professional and social activities.
 Santa Clara Finance is a pre-professional organization aimed at mentoring students who want to enter a career in accounting, through providing an open forum for networking, and mentoring with the business community.
 Society of Women Engineers is an organization that empowers women to succeed and advance in the field of engineering, and to be recognized for their life-changing contributions as engineers and leaders through an array of training and development programs, networking opportunities, scholarships, outreach and advocacy activities.

SCU also has nine Chartered Student Organizations (CSO's), including:
 APB, the Activities Programming Board (est. 1994), provides university-wide programs.
 SCCAP, Santa Clara Community Action Program is a community-based, service organization providing students the ability to volunteer in areas of empowerment, education & mentoring, homelessness, health & disabilities.
 The Redwood is the university's student run yearbook. It was founded in 1904 and is published every spring. On June 3, 2013, The Redwood published its first complete digital interactive yearbook to the Apple App Store.
 The Santa Clara is the university's weekly student newspaper. It has been published since 1922.
 KSCU 103.3 FM is Santa Clara's own student-operated radio station.
 Santa Clara Review is a literary magazine. It publishes poetry, fiction, non-fiction, art, which are drawn nationally from students, staff, and community members.

Finally, SCU has several organizations that are not linked to the RSO or CSO structure, including:
 SCU EMS, Santa Clara University Emergency Medical Services, is a volunteer, student-run emergency service that responds to on-campus emergencies from 5 pm until 8 am.
 SCU Ruff Riders, the Athletics-focused student spirit organization

 Outreach programs

The Center for Sustainability hosts the Sustainability Liaison Network. The Network consists of over 150 Sustainability Liaisons that act as peer educators for sustainability and experts on how sustainability interplays with their respective groups. The Network is a resource and collaborative space for people who are interested in working/living more sustainably in their life on and off campus.

At the start of the 2015 academic year, Santa Clara University announced the creation of the Campus Sustainability Investment Fund (CSIF) as a revolving green fund to support sustainability projects on the SCU campus. Similar green funds at other college campuses have netted projects like installing motion-sense lights in classrooms or information campaigns to encourage the use of re-usable water bottles.

Student government

The Associated Student Government of Santa Clara University (ASGSCU) is Santa Clara University's student government, an elected representative body for undergraduate students. The Associated Student Government is made up of the executive board, the Senate, Community Development, and the Judicial Branch.

ROTC
The Santa Clara US Army ROTC Battalion was established in 1861 due to the outbreak of the American Civil War. The unit was known as the Senior Company of Cadets. On September 10, 1863, Leland Stanford, then Governor of California, presented the Corps of Cadets with forty Springfield rifles, Model 1839. Today, the rifles are preserved in the University Museum. In return for his generosity, an armory was built in his honor in 1936. The armory was located southwest of the athletic field with the pistol range located below the stage of the auditorium.

Paul Locatelli, (former) president of Santa Clara, was a cadet at the university prior to his military service and his entrance into the Jesuit Order. Two Jesuits from Santa Clara, McKinnon and McQuaide, volunteered as chaplains in the Spanish–American War. Both were part of Theodore Roosevelt's American Expeditionary Force that attacked San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898.

On February 2, 2010, the Santa Clara University ROTC "Bronco Battalion" won the MacArthur Award granted by the U.S. Army's Cadet Command and the General Douglas MacArthur Foundation. In 2011 the Santa Clara ROTC once again won the MacArthur Award. The award, named after late General Douglas MacArthur, is granted to the year's most excellent Reserve Officers' Training Corps program among 33 battalions in the West Coast eighth Brigade. The award takes into consideration factors such as the battalion's physical fitness, navigation skills, leadership, and success in commissioning officers after ROTC.

Athletics

Santa Clara participates in NCAA's Division I and is a member of the West Coast Conference. It also participates in the West Water Polo Association for both men's and women's waterpolo. Santa Clara has 19 varsity sports (10 female, 9 male) and 18 club sports. The school colors are Santa Clara red and white (the school's football team uniforms featured gold trim) and the team mascot is the "Bronco," in past illustrations depicted as a "bucking bronco." The school is renowned for its successful men's and women's soccer programs in addition to historically successful men's basketball teams. Santa Clara athletes have participated in 12 different Olympic Games.

Athletic programs
On February 2, 1993, Santa Clara president Paul Locatelli, S.J. announced the discontinuation of football at the university. For many years, Santa Clara participated in NCAA Division II in football, including reaching the NCAA Division II Championship semi-finals in 1980, because of an NCAA bylaw that allowed Division I schools to participate in lower divisions in football; however, the rule was changed in the mid-1990s, and the program was forced to move into Division I-AA (now FCS). Other teams were Division I, including the men's and women's soccer teams, both of which are past NCAA Division I National Champions. The basketball teams have made regular appearances in NCAA Division I playoffs.

 The women's soccer team is consistently ranked in the top 25 nationally. Jerry Smith is the current head coach and led the program to a national title in the 2001 and 2020 NCAA Women's Soccer Championship. The 2001 team was led by future United States Women's National Soccer Team member Aly Wagner. Now married to Jerry Smith, Brandi Chastain was a member of the team's 1988 and 1989 final four seasons. Actresses Keira Knightley and Parminder Nagra win football scholarships to Santa Clara in the BAFTA nominated film Bend It Like Beckham.
 The men's basketball team has participated in the NCAA tournament on several occasions in past decades; the 1992–1993 team (led by future NBA MVP Steve Nash) was the second of seven No. 15 seeds to defeat Arizona the No. 2 seed in the tourney. On February 12, 2007, the men's basketball team snapped Gonzaga's 50-game home winning streak. At the time, it was the longest home winning streak in the NCAA.
 The women's basketball team started in 1963. Their most notable accomplishment was winning the WNIT in 1991. In 2014, JR Payne was hired as the coach.
 The men's baseball program holds the best single-season record in program history, 43–18–1, participated in the West I Regional at Fresno State. That 1988 team lost in the regional to a John Olerud–led Washington State Cougar team, twice. The team was led by current Long Beach State coach Troy Buckley, World Series Champion Ed Giovanola (Atlanta Braves 1996), Detroit Tiger first round pick Greg Gohr (1989), Kansas City Royal draft choice Victor Cole (1988), San Diego Padres draftee Matt Toole (1989), and Wes Bliven, a California Angel draft choice (1988). During the regular season, the 1988 squad snapped the 33 game winning streak of Fresno State. That team also knocked off nationally ranked teams such as Stanford University, UC Berkeley, Loyola Marymount University, and Pepperdine University. The coach of the 1988 team was John Oldham.

Club sports programs
Sports include boxing, cycling, equestrian, paintball, men's lacrosse, women's lacrosse, men's rugby, women's rugby, men's Ultimate, women's Ultimate, men's volleyball, women's volleyball, men's ice hockey, sailing, Shotokan karate, swimming, triathlon, and women's field hockey.

Athletic facilities
Buck Shaw Stadium: Named after Lawrence T. "Buck" Shaw, the school's football coach (1936–1942) and an inductee into the College Football Hall of Fame. Shaw later coached at the University of California, Berkeley, and with the San Francisco 49ers and Philadelphia Eagles, whom he guided to the NFL Championship in 1960. The stadium, longtime home of Bronco football and baseball, is now entirely dedicated to SCU's soccer programs. The stadium was expanded to 10,300 seats after the 2007 season, and the soccer pitch and stadium facilities were modernized and improved. The stadium was temporarily home to Major League Soccer's San Jose Earthquakes, who began their return to the league in April 2008.
Leavey Center: Santa Clara University's Arena is home to the men's and women's basketball teams and volleyball team. The Leavey Center is used as a concert venue and a hall for large lectures and speeches. The Leavey Center houses athletic department offices, a weight room, an academic center, team rooms, a video control room, lower and upper-level seating, and a suite that overlooks the court. The university's pool is adjacent to the arena. The Leavy Center has a capacity of 4,500.
SCU Softball Stadium; Located adjacent to Bellomy Field and the Leavey Center. Prior to the construction of this stadium, home games were played at West Valley College.
Stephen Schott Stadium: Home to Santa Clara's baseball team, the $8.6 million Stephen Schott Stadium opened in April 2005.  The Stadium seats 1,500 fans in the stands and has additional seating in a suite.
Degheri Tennis Center: Home to Santa Clara's Men's and Women's tennis team, the Santa Clara University tennis center opened in 1999 at a cost of $2.5 million. The facility includes nine championship-lighted courts and seats for 750 spectators.
The Sullivan Aquatic Center: Home to Santa Clara's men's and women's water polo teams, it opened in late 2008.

Faculty and alumni

Notes

References

Sources
 Giacomini, George F., Jr., and McKevitt, Gerald, S.J. Serving the Intellect, Touching the Heart: A Portrait of Santa Clara University, 1851–2000. Santa Clara University: 2000
 McKevitt, Gerald. The University of Santa Clara : A History, 1851–1977. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1979
 Corporate Authorship. University of Santa Clara: A History, From the Founding of Santa Clara Mission in 1777 to the beginning of the University in 1912. Santa Clara: University Press, 1912
 Corporate Authorship. Souvenir of Santa Clara College. Santa Clara: University Press, 1901
 Corporate Authorship. Santa Clara College Prospectus''. Santa Clara, 1906

External links

Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States
Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California
Universities and colleges established in 1851
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Universities and colleges in Santa Clara County, California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Tourist attractions in Santa Clara, California
Buildings and structures in Santa Clara, California
Catholic universities and colleges in California
1851 establishments in California

Santa Clara University


Bohemund III. poznat pod nadimcima Dijete ili Mucavac (engleski Bohemond the Child ili Stammerer, francuski  Bohémond le Bambe ili le Baube) (1145. – 1201.), knez Antiohije od 1163. do 1201. Sin Raymonda od Poitiersa i Konstance, kćeri Bohemunda II.

Rene od Chatillona (engleski Reginald, Raynald ili Reynald of Châtillon, francuski Renaud de Châtillon), čitaj Rene od Šatijona, je došao u Svetu zemlju 1147. i stavio se prvo u službu jeruzalemskog kralja Baldvina III., a potom antiohijske kneginje Konstance, 1151. Konstanca, čiji je prvi suprug Raymond od Poitiersa poginuo 1149., zaljubila se u Renea i udala se 1153. Kao knez Antiohije, Rene je bio okrutan i nasilan. Prema latinskom patrijarhu Antiohije Aimeriju od Limogesa postupao je s nevjerojatnom okrutnošću kako bi iznudio novac od njega. Na poticaj bizantskog cara Manuela I. Komnena napao je armensku Ciliciju (današnja jugoistočna Anatolija), ali je nakon toga uspostavio mir s knezom Torosom II. i pridružio mu se u invaziji bizantskog Cipra. Manuel se osvetio 1159. kada je Rene morao postati njegov vazal. Sljedeće godine, muslimani su zarobili Renea i držali ga u zatočeništvu do 1176., kada se on vraća u Jeruzalem.

Godine 1163., Bohemund je dobio podršku u Antiohiji, preuzeo vlast i prognao svoju majku Konstancu, koja je ubrzo umrla. Sljedeće godine pretrpio je poraz i zarobili su ga muslimani. Utjecaj bizantskog cara Manuela I. Komnena osigurao je Bohemonduvo rano puštanje iz zatočeništva. Godine 1180. napušta svoju drugu ženu, Teodoru Komnenu, Manuelovu nećakinju zbog stanovite Sibile zbog čega je izopćen. S prvom ženom, princezom Orguilleuseom, imao je dva sina, Raymonda i Bohemunda (budući Bohemund IV.). Raymond je umro 1197., ostavivši iza sebe sina Raymonda Rubena.

Problem koji je okupirao posljednje godine vladavine Bohemunda III. bio je utvrditi hoće li ga naslijediti njegov unuk Raymond Ruben ili njegov mlađi sin Bohemund, koji je postao grof Tripolija 1187. Bohemund mlađi je želio silom prigrabiti vlasti i čak je protjerao svog oca oko 1199. Oslobođen je naporima Lava II., armenskog kralja milošću cara Henrika VI. pa je Bohemund stariji ponovno postao knez. Bohemund III. umro je 1201., a naslijedio ga je sin Bohemund IV.

Izvori

Poitiers od Antiohije

Bohemund III.


Dreptul de vot sau sufragiul  permite cetățenilor unui stat să voteze pentru a-și exprima voința cu ocazia unui scrutin. În aplicația sa contemporană, permite cetățeanului fie să își aleagă reprezentanți care să guverneze, fie să răspundă unei întrebări puse de guvernare sub forma unui referendum. Democrațiile moderne prezintă dreptul de vot ca un drept civic fundamental.

Dreptul de vot este adesea conceput în termeni de alegeri pentru reprezentanți. Cu toate acestea, sufragiul se aplică în egală măsură referendumurilor și inițiativelor.  Sufragiul descrie nu numai dreptul legal de a vota, ci și întrebarea practică dacă o întrebare va fi supusă la vot. Utilitatea votului este redusă atunci când întrebările importante sunt decise în mod unilateral, fără o dezvăluire amplă, conștiincioasă, completă și publică.

Dreptul la vot se acordă cetățenilor calificați, odată ce au atins vârsta de vot. Ceea ce constituie un cetățean calificat depinde de decizia guvernului. Rezidenții fără cetățenie pot vota în unele țări, care pot fi limitate la cetățenii țărilor strâns legate (de exemplu, cetățenii Commonwealth-ului și cetățenii Uniunii Europene) sau la anumite birouri sau întrebări.

Vezi și
 Alegere
 Sistem de vot
 Vot cenzitar
 Vot universal

Note

Alegeri
Drept electoral

Drept de vot


معركة الشوابير هي معركة جرت بمنطقة الشوابير بجبال القعدة في 3 أكتوبر من سنة 1956 بين جيش التحرير الوطني الجزائري والجيش الفرنسي، حيث تكبد فيها الجيش الفرنسي خسائر فادحة في الأرواح وصلت إلى 1375 قتيل منهم 91 من الضباط الكبار وخسائر في العتاد حسب شهادة العقيد لطفي في الاستجواب الذي أجرته معه جريدة المجاهد في ماي سنة 1959 بينما سقط 40 قتيلًا من صفوف المجاهدين. هذه المعركة التي تحولت من كمين سمي بكمين الخطيفة يوم 02 أكتوبر 1956 إلى أم المعارك وكتبت عنها كبريات الصحف والجرائد العالمية آنذاك مثل: The dealy GleanerK، وجريدة The New York Times الأمريكية، وجريدة Le Monde الفرنسية.

الشوابير الموقع والقوة
تقع الشوابير في الجهة الشمالية الغربية من جبال القعدة وهي المنطقة علي طول الطريق الرابط بين الغيشة وافلو بين نقطة سيدي خالد ونقطة لولالده لمسافة 08 كلم وقعت أحداثها في: الاربعاء 03 أكتوبر 1956 أي يوم واحد بعد معركة الخطيفة.

وتعد أم معارك جبل عمور والوطن التي خاضها جيش التحرير الوطني على مستوى الغرب الجزائري بعد اندلاع ثورة التحرير وأول هزيمة كبرى تتلقاها فرنسا بالمنطقة على أيدي الثوار الذين لا يملكون من القوة سوى زاد الإيمان بالله وبعدالة قضيتهم.

الكتائب المشاركة
وقد شارك في هذه المعركة أربع كتائب لجيش التحرير قادمة من منطقة البيض بقيادة مولاي عبد الله وهي:

 كتيبة: لعماري محمد المدعو*المقراني*
 كتيبة: مولاي إبراهيم المدعو *الرائد عبد الوهاب*
 كتيبة: أحمد الزرزي.
 كتيبة: يوسفي بوشريط المدعو *سي لحسن * ويقودها نور البشير

أسباب وظروف المعركة
في بداية شهر أكتوبر 1956 بدأت فرنسا تحضر لعمليات هجوم شامل في كل من (جبال القعدة * الغيشة * الأغواط * أفلو* المشرية * عين الصفراء) لأن جيش التحرير قد بدأ في حشد وتنسيق قواته بالمناطق المذكورة.

• في هذه الفترة تتوجه الكتائب الأربعة نحو آفلو قادمة من منطقة البيض مرورا ببريزينة بالبيض تاويالة الغيشة بغية:

 فك الحصار على منطقة البيض خاصة بعد الكمين الذي قامت به كتيبة مولاي إبراهيم في بريزينة بحيث قضى فيه على 20 جندي من العدو وغنم كم معتبر من الأسلحة الهامة (من نوع مات وقطعتان سلاح من نوع رشاش وثلاث رشاشات ثقيلة بياسة).
 الهجوم على مدينة أفلو وإطلاق سراح 400 معتقل سياسي من سجن أفلو.

وقائع المعركة
في 03 أكتوبر 1956 وبعد توجه الكتائب الأربعة من منطقة البيض في الغرب الجزائري إلي مدينة الغيشة بولاية الأغواط تنفصل كتيبة لعماري عن بقية الكتائب الأخرى لتقع في اشتباك مع العدو الذي كان في عملية تمشيط للمنطقة في المكان المسمى الخطيفة بالغيشة  شمال شرق قرية ترقلل (الغيشة) قرب تاويالة في حدود الساعة الرابعة مساء حتى حلول الظلام خسر العدو خلاله عدد كبير من جيشه وحرق 03 شاحنات وأسر03 عساكر أما من جانب الكتيبة فقد أستشهد واحد وجرح آخر، وتعتبر معركة الخطيفة أول معركة جرت بتراب الغيشة، وصل خبر الكمين إلى بقية الكتائب التي رأت بأن أمرها قد كشف للعدو وبالفعل ومع حلول الليل حتى خرجت قافلة مكونة من 16 شاحنة مرت بقرية سيدي إبراهيم. تجمعت الكتائب الثلاث مع قائد الجيش «مولاي عبد الله» لاتخاذ التدابير والاحتياطات اللازمة بعدها بدأت القافلة بالمرور وأمامها أربع (04) طائرات من نوع (ت 6) تمشط الطريق وعلى ارتفاع قريب من الأرض، وبعد لحظات حتى بدأ المجاهدون يسمعون دوي الآليات العسكرية تخرج من أفلوا متجهة نحو الطريق المؤدي إلى الغيشة، فأعطيت الأوامر للمجاهدين بأخذ مواقعهم على حافة الطريق فتم حفر خنادق صغيرة مقدار كل جندي ليكمن فيها المجاهدون في الجهة الجنوبية للطريق (من ملتقي الطرق الغيشة ـ أنفوس موقع القبة حاليا إلي منطقة لولالدة عند النصب التذكاري وبداية صعود الجبل على مسافة 07 كلم) وعدم إطلاق النار على العدو إلا بعد وصول أول شاحنة لأخر فيلق عسكري فرنسي حتى تحدث عملية التفاف على القافلة.

يذكر أن هذه المسافة كانت عبارة عن غابة أحرقت من طرف العدو بعد المعركة، لكن هذه الخطة لم تكتمل فقد توقف جزء من القافلة عند الكتيبة التي كان يقودها «مولاي إبراهيم» التي باشرت في إطلاق النار، ومن هنا دخلت كل الكتائب في القتال حيث دب الرعب والهلع في صفوف العدو وحسب شهود عيان من مدينة الغيشة فإن القافلة بعد خروجها إلى منطقة الشوابير كانت لا تزال الشاحنات المحملة بالعساكر تخرج من القاعدة وعلى مسافة حوالي 30 كلم إلى مكان المعركة دلالة على قوة الحشود العسكرية التي كانت فرنسا تعد لإقحامها في مواجهة الثورة وكان من بين الجنود الفرنسيين أفارقة ومغاربة.

نتائجـها
كانت حصيلة هذه المعركة كبيرة والدليل على ذالك مخاطبة المجاهد حديشو إلى مولاي إبراهيم وهو يقول:

خسائر العدو

 1375 قتيل
 500 جريح
 تدمير أكثر من 90 شاحنة

خسائر جيش التحرير

 25 شهيد 14 شهيدا من المجاهدين.و11 شهيدا من الشعب الاعزل..
 تدمير قرية أنفوس تدميرا كاملا وتهجير سكان مدينة الغيشة تهجيرا كاملا
 أخذت فرنسا 800 رئس من الغنم و20 بقرة و12 حصانا
 حرق أكثر من 30 خيمة.

وبعد وصول صدى وهول المعركة لقيادة جيش التحرير التي كان على رأسها العقيد لطفي الذي أصدر قرار خروج الكتائب وعدم تدخلها في القسم (16) والعودة إلى القسم (15).

وصلة خارجية

 معركة الشوابير

مراجع

معارك ضد الاستعمار الفرنسي
نزاعات في 1956
تاريخ الأغواط

معركة الشوابير


توبياس لينارت بلسترم  (من مواليد 27 ديسمبر 1973، مالمو) هو سياسي في السويد حاليا يشغل منصب وزير الهجرة وسياسات اللجوء في الحكومة السويدية. بيلسترم، وهو عضو من الحزب المعتدل ، وكان عضوا في البرلمان منذ عام 2002 تمثل في بلدية مالمو (مقعد رقم 122). بلسترم بسبب واجباته بوصفه وزيرا ، مقعده في البرلمان التي تحتلها حاليا من يحل محله ، ستافان ابرلوس. بلسترم كان عضوا في اللجنة البرلمانية للتأمينات الاجتماعية ، وكما قال المتحدث باسم الحزب المعتدل الهجرة والاندماج. أنه رئيس لحزب المعتدلين في مالمو.

بلسترم حامل شهادة الماجستير في التاريخ والعلوم السياسية من جامعة لند، ودرجة الماجستير في الدراسات التاريخية من جامعة كامبريدج. بلسترم تم تعيينه وزير الهجرة وسياسات اللجوء في يوم 6 أكتوبر 2006 في حكومة يمين الوسط التي يقودها رئيس الوزراء فريدريك راينفيلدت.

في سنه يعد بلسترم أصغر عضو في مجلس الوزراء. وهو أيضا أول شخص علنا من المخنثين لمنصب وزير في الحكومة السويدية.

جدل ترخيص تلفزيون
يوم 11 أكتوبر 2006 ، بعد أقل من أسبوع من توليه مهام منصبه ، كشف عن أن بلسترم أهمل عمدا عن دفع رخصة التلفزيون لمدة عشر سنوات ، على الرغم من امتلاكه التلفزيون(الاجور التي يدفعها عادة السويديون بسبب حيازتهم تلفزيون)بلسترم أن الإهمال كان له استنادا إلى وجهة النظر السياسية ضد الخدمة العامة ، بل انه جاء لتقدير الخدمة العامة وأنه يعتقد أن المواطنين وخاصة النواب وينبغي أن يتبع القانون. وأعرب أيضا عن طموحاته لسداد الديون مع الفوائد. ولكن ، في 12 أكتوبر 2006 رفعت مؤسسة كيرونا ط أ ب ، وكالة خاصة مكلفة بجمع رسوم التراخيص ، اتهامات جنائية ضد بلسترم مع اثنين من وزراء آخرين في مجلس الوزراء : سيسيليا ستكو شيلو وماريا بوريليوس واجبرت الأخيرتين على الاستقالة في 14 تشرين الأول / أكتوبر و 16 أكتوبر ، 2006. بلسترم ذكر أنه يعتزم البقاء في منصبه وليس لديها أية نية للاستقالة.

الروابط الخارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لبلسترم
 الموقع الرسمي في موقع الحكومة السويدية

مراجع

أعضاء البرلمان السويدي 2022–2026
أعضاء البرلمان السويدي 2018–2022
أعضاء البرلمان السويدي 2014–2018
أعضاء البرلمان السويدي 2010–2014
أعضاء البرلمان السويدي 2006–2010
أعضاء البرلمان السويدي 2002–2006
أعضاء البرلمان السويدي من حزب التجمع المعتدل
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مالمو
أعضاء برلمان السويد
خريجو جامعة كامبريدج
خريجو جامعة لوند
رجال ثنائيو الميول الجنسية
سياسيون مثليون من السويد
سياسيون مزدوجو التوجه الجنسي
سياسيون من مالمو
مدونون سويديون
مشرعون مثليون
مواليد 1973
مواليد في مالمو
وزراء خارجية السويد
مدونون ذكور سويديون

توبياس بلسترم


Rafael Benshalom (în ebraică:רפאל בנשלום, numele la naștere:Rafael Friedl,  n. 6 mai 1920 Cluj - d. 5 septembrie 1996) a fost un diplomat israelian, evreu originar din Transilvania, România, care a fost, începând din anul 1969,  cel dintâi ambasador extraordinar și plenipotențiar al Israelului în România. Benshalom a fost în tinerețe, militant al mișcării sioniste socialiste Hashomer Hatzair și a activat, în anii Holocaustului, în cadrul mișcărilor subterane de tineret evreiesc în Slovacia și Ungaria, contribuind la organizarea salvării și emigrării unor supraviețuitori evrei din Europa ocupată de naziști și la echiparea cu arme a statului evreiesc în curs de întemeiere.

Biografie

Copilăria în România, Germania și Slovacia
Rafael Benshalom s-a născut la Cluj sub numele Rafael Friedl, ca cel mai mic dintre cei trei copii ai lui Alfred Friedl, care a ajuns la Cluj ca ofițer în armata austro-ungară, și al soției acestuia, Erna, născută în Germania.
A devenit orfan de tată la vârsta de trei ani, și s-a mutat cu mama sa la Timișoara, unde a crescut până la vârsta de 11 ani. Din tinerețe a fost talentat la limbi, la muzică și în alte domenii, talente care l-au ajutat în perioade din cele mai grele. În 1931 a emigrat în Germania, în orașul Neustadt, unde locuiau bunicii săi materni și unde a învățat la școli locale. După ascensiunea naziștilor la putere în Germania, s-a stabilit la Bratislava (pe atunci în Cehoslovacia), unde au locuit părinții săi în tinerețea lor, și a învățat un timp la gimnaziul german din oraș.  De la 14 ani a fost activ în mișcarea de tineret Hashomer Hatzair, în 1937 plecând la Praga pentru a înființa acolo o secție a acesteia.

Activitatea în mișcarea subterană de tineret evreiesc în Slovacia și Ungaria
După ocuparea Cehiei de către Germania nazistă Friedl s-a întors în Slovacia, în care se constituise un stat marionetă declarat independent.  El a fost încorporat în armata slovacă, servind ca fotograf.În anul 1941, din cauza primejdiei pentru evrei, a coborât în ilegalitate, participând în zona Trencin la activitatea de apărare și salvare a tinerilor evrei din mișcarea pluripartinică sionistă Hehalutz (Pionierul). În această calitate a ajutat tineri refugiați evrei fugiți din Polonia. În acea perioadă a început să folosească documente și identități false, ajutat fiind și de aspectul sau fizic "arian" și excelenta stăpânire a limbii germane. La Anul Nou 1944 consiliul organizației sale întrunit pentru ultima oară l-a însărcinat să treacă în Ungaria, împreună cu un alt tânăr vorbitor și el de maghiară, Moshe Alpan (Elefant). Colegii săi din Slovacia s-au alăturat mișcării de partizani antifasciști slovaci. În Ungaria a fost uimit de libertățile de mișcare și asociere pe care încă le mai aveau evreii, dar ele au încetat foarte curând, odată cu ocuparea Ungariei de către armata aliată nazistă la 19 martie1944. În lunile următoare majoritatea evreilor din Ungaria au fost izolați, adunați și trimiși la exterminare în lagărele naziste din Polonia. Friedl a fost in acele zile reprezentantul miscarii Hashomer Hatzair în contactele cu organizațiile sioniste și evreiești locale, de asemenea a reușit să stabilească legături cu factori guvernamentali, militari, polițienești și grupuri de rezistență ne-evreiești sau factori din lumea interlopă în scopul salvării de evrei, inclusiv din cei arestati de autorități. În această activitate a cooperat și cu prietena sa, Tamara, originară din estul fostei Cehoslovacii, și care avea să devină soția sa.

După 1945
După sfârșitul războiului Friedl a înființat "Oficiul palestinian" evreiesc din Praga, în cadrul căruia a participat la organizarea emigrației "ilegale" a suprviețuitorilor evrei în Palestina, aflată la sfârșitul perioadei de administrație britanică. De asemenea. in acea perioadă și mai apoi ca diplomat israelian oficial la Praga a deținut un rol însemnat în procurarea de armament necesar apararii Statului Israel în curs de întemeiere.

Kibuțnik și diplomat
În anul 1947 Friedl a emigrat în Palestina împreună cu soția și copilul și s-a stabilit în kibuțul Haoghen din valea Emek Hefer .
În Israel și-a ebraizat numele de familie în Benshalom. A lucrat o perioadă ca muncitor în întreprinderea din kibuț, apoi a fost primit în serviciu de afaceri externe al Statului Israel, recent creat pe o parte a teritoriului Palestinei. A fost, mai întâi prim-secretar și consul la legația Israelului la Praga, ulterior devenind primul ambasador al Israelului în Mali și apoi în Cambodia, iar în 1969 a fost cel dintâi ambasador al Israelului la București, unde l-a înlocuit pe ministrul Eliezer Doron.

Benshalom a murit în anul 1996 la vârsta de 73 de ani. Fiul sau, Dani Benshalom (născut la Budapesta în 1945) a devenit un cunoscut profesor și instructor de dansuri populare israeliene, având la rândul său 3 copii și 4 nepoți.

Premii și onoruri
Medalia pentru eroism din partea Ungariei

Legături externe
Pe urmele lui Rafi Benshalom, reportaj pe saitul de știri ynet cap 4, în ebraică (Nadav Mann 1.09.2009)
scurtă biografie, în ebraică
saitul dedicat luptătorilor evrei din zilele celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial
filme video:
interviu cu Rafael Benshalom, film documentar închinat lui și sotiei de către fiul, Dan Benshalom

Diplomați israelieni
Diplomați evrei
Sioniști
 Socialiști evrei
 Evrei din Transilvania
 Ambasadori în România

Rafael Benshalom


Sezonul 2004-2005  este primul sezon în liga a II-a, după ce echipa s-a reîntors din liga a III-a. Antrenori au fost aleși Viorel Ion și Nicolae Burcea respectiv, Mihai Ciobanu a plecat la Dacia Unirea Brăila care nu a mai dorit să continue cu echipa mai departe, cea mai interesantă alegere a echipei este cea de președinte unde a fost pus fostul jucător al echipei Oțelul Galați Cătălin Tofan, care oricum nu va sta cu echipa decât un sezon plănuind să se întoarcă mai degrabă la Oțelul Galați, decât să stea la Dunărea Galați mai departe. Acest sezon putea să garanteze promovarea în liga I, dacă echipa ar fi câștigat mai multe meciuri și nu ar fi acumulat multe înfrângeri sau chiar egaluri, oricum echipa nu va mai promova sau mai bine zis spus nu va mai putea să garanteze promovarea în liga I sub nici o formă, drept urmare echipa trebuie așadar să joace numai în liga a-II-a.

Echipă

Echipă

Transferuri

Sosiri

Plecări

Clasamentul după 30 de etape se prezintă astfel:

Sezon

Seria II

Rezultate

Sezon intern

Sezoanele echipei Dunărea Galați

Dunărea Galați în sezonul 2004-2005


Lise Steffensen (født 1975) er dansk idrætspædagog, forfatter, sanger og debattør. Lise har udviklet bevægelseskonceptet Tigertræning og har skrevet flere bøger der omhandler dette. Som debattør har hun skrevet kritisk om yoga i daginstitutioner.

Uddannelse
Student fra Christianshavns Gymnasium 1995. Uddannet pædagog fra Hovedstadens Pædagogseminarium (2002), efteruddannet i pædagogisk idræt fra DIF og Peter Sabroes Seminarium i (2004), Rytmikpædagog fra Gøsselskolen (2010).

Familie og opvækst
Lise er barnebarn af Henriette Riskær Steffensen, der i fra 1933 til 1976 morgengymnastik i radioens P1. Hun er datter af Jesper Sølling og Helle Vibeke Steffensen. Jesper er autodidakt smed som i 1970'erne genopdagede Pedersen cyklen, som han satte i produktion. Helle Vibeke Steffensen er bygningskeramiker. Lise er født og opvokset på Christiania. Som barn medvirkede hun i filmen Negerkys og labre larver.

Tigertræning
Arbejde som idrætspædagog i københavnske institutioner fra 2002-2010 førte til udviklingen af bevægelsesmetoden Tigertræning i 2010. Tigertræning er en metode der giver pædagogiske værktøjer til at rumme børns vilde lege og pædagogiske kamplege. Tigertræning som bevægelsesmetode er stærk inspireret af pædagogisk idræt.

Kampregler
Samtidig udviklede hun også Tigertræning Kampregler, som er 3 simple regler som børn (og voksne) kan følge for at undgå slåskamp: 1) Spørg først og respekter svaret. 2) Undgå hovedet, maven og skridtet og lad være at slå så hårdt du kan. 3) Når én siger STOP, så stopper man. Som tillægsregel hilser deltagerne før kampen med "god kamp" og efter kampen med et "tak for kampen".

Forskellen på at "kæmpe" og "slås"
Tigertræning definerer meget skarpt mellem at "slås" og at "kæmpe".
Kilde: Plads til de vilde lege, Dafolo 2014

Bibliografi
 Twang! (Strombolin 2013)
 Plads til de vilde lege (Dafolo 2014)
 Twang 2 (Strombolin 2014)
 Tigeren er løs! (Strombolin 2016)
 Dragekamp og koglekast (Strombolin 2017)

Diskografi
 Twang! (MRB 2013)
 Twang 2 (MRB 2014)
 Tigeren er løs! (MRB 2016)
 Dragekamp og koglekast (MRB 2017)

Referencer
 Radio 24syv - Fitness M/K
 DR P1 - Sundhed på P1
 LFS artikel
 BUPL artikel
 Anmeldelse af Twang 2

Eksterne henvisninger
 Lise Steffensen på Discogs
 Lise Steffensen på IMDB
 Negerkys og labre larver på IMDB
 www.tigertraening.dk
 Dafolo

Sangere fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Kvindelige forfattere i det 21. århundrede

Lise Steffensen


Fritz Göbel (* 29. Mai 1950) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler.

Der Mittelfeldspieler spielte bereits in der Jugend für den SSV Reutlingen 05 und absolvierte in der Saison 1971/72 zwei Spiele für die erste Mannschaft der Reutlinger in der Regionalliga Süd. In der Saison 1974/75 nahm Göbel mit dem SSV als Meister der 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee an der Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga teil. Durch fünf Siege in sechs Gruppenspielen, in denen Fritz Göbel drei Mal vor dem Tor erfolgreich war, schloss er diese Aufstiegsrunde mit seiner Mannschaft erfolgreich ab. In der Zweitligasaison 1975/76 war Göbel für den SSV Reutlingen in 32 Profispielen im Einsatz und verfehlte am Saisonende mit den Reutlingern den Klassenerhalt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Deutscher
Geboren 1950
Mann

Fritz Göbel (Fußballspieler)


An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger layer, but the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary geologic record.  The significance of angular unconformity (see below) was shown by James Hutton, who found examples of Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in 1787 and at Siccar Point in Berwickshire in 1788, both in Scotland.

The rocks above an unconformity are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity represents time during which no sediments were preserved in a region or were subsequently eroded before the next deposition. The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area.  The interval of geologic time not represented is called a hiatus. It is a kind of relative dating.

Types

Disconformity

A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition. Disconformities are marked by features of subaerial erosion. This type of erosion can leave channels and paleosols in the rock record.

Nonconformity

A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, then the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.

Angular unconformity

An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.  The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by further orogenic activity. A typical case history is presented by the Briançonnais realm (Swiss and French Prealps) during the Jurassic.

Angular unconformities can occur in ash fall layers of pyroclastic rock deposited by volcanoes during explosive eruptions. In these cases, the hiatus in deposition represented by the unconformity may be geologically very short – hours, days or weeks.

Paraconformity

A paraconformity is a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel, but there is no obvious erosional break between them. A break in sedimentation is indicated, for example, by fossil evidence. It is also called nondepositional unconformity or pseudoconformity. Short paraconformities are called diastems.

Buttress unconformity
A buttress unconformity also known as onlap unconformity, occurs when younger bedding is deposited against older strata thus influencing its bedding structure.

Blended unconformity
A blended unconformity is a type of disconformity or nonconformity with no distinct separation plane or contact, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or beds of pebbles derived from the underlying rock.

Gallery

See also
 Great Unconformity

References

Further reading
 U.S. Bureau of Mines Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms published on CD-ROM in 1996.

Historical geology
Stratigraphy
+

Unconformity


نهر هارلم  هو ممر مائي ملاحي ومضيق مرتبط بالمد والجزر في مدينة نيويورك يفصل بين حي مانهاتن الشهير وحي برونكس.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

مدينة نيويورك
مضائق ولاية نيويورك
هارلم
النقل في ولاية نيويورك

نهر هارلم


Yükseköğretim, yüksekokullar ve üniversitelerde yapılan öğretim. İlköğretim ve ortaöğretim'den sonra gelir. Yükseköğretim, önlisans, lisans ve lisansüstü eğitim'i kapsayacak şekilde ele alınır. Orta öğretimin ötesindeki mesleki eğitim, Birleşik Krallık'ta ileri eğitim olarak bilinir ve Birleşik Devletler'de sürekli eğitim kategorisine dahil edilir.

Bu öğretim, Türkiye'de lise diplomasına ve üniversite giriş sınavını (Yükseköğretim Kurumları Sınavı, YKS) kazanma şartına bağlıdır. Ülkelerin eğitim sistemine göre farklılık gösterebilir. Ortaöğretim kademesindeki bazı kurumların uzantısı olan yükseköğretim kurumları da vardır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yükseköğretim Kanunu
 Yükseköğretim Kurulu
 Türkiye'de yükseköğretim öğrencileri için ceza afları
 Yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu
 Yükseköğretim Kurumları Sınavı
 Öğrenci Seçme ve Yerleştirme Sistemi
 Yükseköğretim Planlama, Denetleme, Akreditasyon ve Koordinasyon Kurulu
 Ölçme, Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi
 Yükseköğretime Geçiş Sınavı
 Yükseköğretim Kurumları Yabancı Dil Sınavı

Dış bağlantılar
 ÖSYM

Türkiye'de öğretim
Eğitim aşamaları

Yükseköğretim


Mellemøst-kvartetten er en gruppe af lande og organisationer, der arbejder sammen om at mægle i konflikten i Mellemøsten. Gruppen består af USA, Rusland, EU og FN, der begyndte at arbejde i 2002, efter konflikten i Mellemøsten eskalerede.

James Wolfensohn, tidligere præsident for Verdensbanken, var gruppens særlige udsending for Israels tilbagetrækning fra Gaza mellem maj 2005 og april 2006. SRSG fik mandat fra gruppen til at lede, styre og koordinere det internationale samfunds bestræbelser på at støtte tilbagetrækningen.

Tony Blair, tidligere premierminister i Storbritannien, var gruppens officielle udsending fra den 27. juni 2007 til maj 2015.

Gruppen består af:
  EU's højtstående repræsentant for udenrigsanliggender Federica Mogherini
  Ruslands udenrigsminister Sergej Lavrov
  FN's Specielle Koordinator for the Mellemøst-fredsprocessen Nikolay Mladenov
  Storbritanniens specielle udsending Tony Blair (afgået)
  USA's udenrigsminister Rex Tillerson.

FN
Mellemøsten
Israels udenrigsrelationer
Ruslands udenrigspolitik
USA's udenrigspolitik
EU's udenrigspolitik

Mellemøst-kvartetten


An Neocogniauxia monophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Neocogniauxia monophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neocogniauxia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Jamaica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Neocogniauxia

Neocogniauxia monophylla


حركة المقاومة هي جميع الأعمال الاحتجاجية التي تقوم بها مجموعات ترى نفسها تحت وطأة وضع لا ترضى عنه. فالشعوب تقاوم من يحتل أراضيها. وتختلف الأساليب من العصيان المدني إلى استخدام العنف والعنف المسلح وما بينهما من درجات.

أسباب الكفاح التحرري
ترجع أسباب هذه المقاومة أو الكفاح التحرري إلى
 الظروف الداخلية: الوجود الاستعماري وممارساته المختلفة *ظهور الفكر التحرري في المناطق الخاضعة للتواجد الاستعماري *انتشار الفكر الإصلاحي والقومي السياسي الفلسفي..إلخ
 السياسة الاستعمارية من قمع وكبت الحريات.
 ظهور نخبة المواطنين (بروز قادة لتحرير المجتمعات وذلك من خلال التوعية الاصلاحية)
 اكتساب الخبرة من خلال الحروب العالمية الأولى والثانية والحروب الأوروبية مثل حرب القرم والحروب البوروسية.

ظروف خارجية
تنافي الدول الاستعماري وانعكاساته *نجاح الثورة البلشفية 1917 ومواقفها من الاستعمار
 مواثيق المنظمات الدولية(عصبة الأمم والأمم المتحدة).
 الاستفادة من المبادئ والأفكار التحررية (المبادئ الأربعة عشرة لولسون أولها حق الشعوب في تقرير المصير)
 مؤازرة الاتحاد السفياتي للحركات التحررية بهدف نشر الشيوعية في اطار الحرب الباردة
 الاستفادة من المنظمات الدولية والإقليمية مثل هيئة الامم المتحدة 24 أكتوبر 1945 والجامعة العربية 22 مارس 1945
 ظهور الكتلة الأفروآسيوية بمؤتمرباندونغ18-24 أبريل 1955 وظهور حركة عدم الانحياز 1 سبتمبر 1961.
 الاستفادة من الخبرة العسكرية للحروب العالمية.

المقاومة السلمية
الكفاح التحرري أو المقاومة هو رد فعل مناهض للوجود الاستعماري بطرق ووسائل مختلفة، كما أنها شكل من أشكال المقاومة السلمية والرفض المنظمة التي تقوم بها جماعات بشرية أو شعب من الشعوب، وهي حق إنساني طبيعي تكفله المواثيق والقوانين الدولية يهدف إلى استعادة السيادة بجميع مضامينها. ومن أشهر أساليب المقاومة كانت مقاومة المهاتما غاندي للاستعمار البريطاني في الهند فقد وصفت بالمقاومة السلمية التي تستند على العصيان المدني وذلك بالامتناع عن شراء البضائع البريطانية والتوقف عن العمل وإحداث شلل تام بالاقتصاد في البلاد. ويمكن وصف إضراب 1936 في فلسطين بصورة من صور العصيان المدني وكذلك الانتفاضة الأولى في فلسطين وما عرف بأطفال الحجارة وهي مقاومة الصغار للآلية العسكرية الإسرائيلية بالحجارة.

المقاومة المسلحة
من أشهر حركات المقاومة المسلحة كانت قوات المقاومة الأوروبية كحركات المقاومة والبارتيزان خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية في قتالهم ضد قوى الاحتلال النازي بالتعاون مع قوات الحلفاء.

المقاومة العربية تاريخيا
 1. مقاومة الاستعمار الفرنسي في الجزائر
 2. مقاومة الاستعمار الإيطالي في ليبيا
 3. مقاومة الاستعمار البريطاني في مصر
ساهم كريم التقي في تحرير الصومال

المقاومة العربية حاليا

لأسباب عديدة بدأ الخلط بين مفهوم الإرهاب وبين مفهوم المقاومة، وأكثر حركات المقاومة تأثرا بهذا الخلط:
 1. مقاومة الاحتلال الإسرائيلي في لبنان.
 2. المقاومة الفلسطينية.
 3.مقاومة النفوذ الإيراني في سوريا.
 4.مقاومة الإحتلالين الأمريكي والإيراني في العراق.

مصادر

حركات مقاومة
مصطلحات سياسية
مصطلحات عسكرية

حركة مقاومة


Carpații Albi (în cehă: Bílé Karpaty; slovacă: Biele Karpaty; germană: Weiße Karpaten; maghiară: Fehér-Kárpátok) reprezintă un lanț montan situat la granița dintre Cehia și Slovacia și care face parte din marele lanț al Munților Carpați.

Cele mai înalte vârfuri sunt:
 Veľká Javorina (), 970 m;
 Chmeľová, 925 m;
 Jelenec, 925 m;
 Veľký Lopeník (), 911 m;
 Kobylinec, 911 m.

Deținând o floră și o faună specifică, arealul este protejat, atât de partea cehă, cât și de cea slovacă.
Un obiectiv turistic important îl constituie castelul Lednica, construit la mijlocul secolului al XIII-lea, distrus de trupele austro-ungare pe la începutul secolului al XVIII-lea și din care au rămas doar ruinele.

Carpații de Vest
Munți din Slovacia
Munți din Cehia

Carpații Albi


90672 Metrorheinneckar este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
90672 Metrorheinneckar este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Lutz Dieter Schmadel. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,06 ua, o excentricitate de 0,30 și o înclinație de 20,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 90001-91000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1977
Centura de asteroizi

90672 Metrorheinneckar


Nahija Zammar () je nahija u okrugu Jabal Sam'an, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Nahija je oformljena 2009., izdvajanjem iz nahije Al-Zirbah. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Zammar.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Zammar (nahija)


L'ordre de succession des Tonga est régie par la constitution de 1875. La couronne est transmise selon la primogéniture cognatique à préférence masculine. Seuls les descendants légitimes à travers la lignée légitime du fils et du petit-fils du roi George Tupou  ont le droit à la succession au trône. Un descendant perd son droit à la succession et déprive ainsi également ses propres descendants de leur droit à la succession s'il se marie sans la permission du monarque.

Ligne de succession actuelle

Notes et références

Annexe

Article connexe
 Liste des souverains des Tonga

Tonga

Liste en rapport avec les Tonga

Ordre de succession au trône tongien


Phoebe Buffay (ayrıca Buffay-Hannigan) (d. 16 Şubat, 1967), 1994 ve 2004 yılları arasında yayınlanan Friends dizisinde Lisa Kudrow tarafından canlandırılan karakterdir.

Monica'nın eski ev arkadaşıdır. Profesyonel masözdür ve amatör çapta müzikle uğraşır. Ursula Buffay adında bir ikiz kardeşi vardır. Phoebe ve ikiz kardeşi Ursula 13 yaşlarındayken anneleri intihar etmiş, babaları ise küçükken onları terk etmiştir. Babasının diğer eşinden olma, Frank, Jr. Adında bir erkek kardeşi vardır fakat Phoebe Frank'ı çok sonraları tanır. Frank kendisinden yaklaşık 20 yaş büyük biriyle evlenir ve çocuk sahibi olmak için tek şanslarının taşıyıcı anne olduğunu öğrenirler. Phoebe kardeşinin çocukları için taşıyıcı anne olmayı kabul eder ve üçüz doğum yapar.

Phoebe ergenlik çağında, sokakta, evsiz hayatı yaşamıştır. Çeşitli batıl inançlara ve ruhlar alemi ile ilgili görüşlere sahiptir. Çocuk ruhludur: değişik, nev-i şahsına münhasır bir karakteri vardır. Dizideki en garip karakterdir. Hayvansever ve vejetaryendir, ayrıca zincir mağazalara ve büyük şirketlere antipati besler. Dizi boyunca 6 kişilik gruplarından herhangi biriyle ilişkisi olmayan tek kişi Phoebe'dir.

Farklı ve komik sözlere sahip şarkılar yazmakta onan Phoebe'nin bu şarkılarından en sevilmiş olanı "Smelly Cat" (Kokuşmuş Kedi) bir kedi kumu reklamına jenerik müziği olmuştur. Joey, Phoebe ile birbirlerine ayarlayacakları randevuları unutunca Mike Hannigan ile tanışır ve onu Phoebe ile tanıştırır. Son sezonda Mike ile Phoebe evlenirler. Joey adlı yan dizide Joey diğer herkesin evlenip çocuk sahibi olduğunu söyler bu sözünden Phoebe ile Mike'ın sonradan çocuklarının olduğunu anlıyoruz.

Kurgusal Fransız asıllı Amerikalılar
Kurgusal kadın karakterler
Friends karakterleri
Kurgusal şarkıcılar
Kurgusal evsizler
New York doğumlu kurgusal karakterler

Phoebe Buffay


Jakob Jensen (født 1974) er en dansk departementschef, der siden 1. juni 2023 har været departementschef i Børne- og Undervisningsministeriet

Han er  tidligere departementschef i Beskæftigelsesministeriet og var administrerende direktør i Dansk Boldspil-Union fra 2020 til 2023.

Han er uddannet cand.scient.pol. fra Aarhus Universitet.

Karriere
Departementschef i Børne- og Undervisningsministeriet (2023-)
 Administerende direktør i Dansk Boldspil-Union (2020-2023)
Departementschef i Beskæftigelsesministeriet (2017-2020)
 Afdelingschef i Beskæftigelsesministeriet (2014-2017)
 Beskikket censor (statskundskab, samfundsfag m.v.) ved CBS, samt Aarhus, Syddansk og Københavns Universiteter (2013-)
 Direktør for Styrelsen for Fastholdelse og Rekruttering (2012-2014)
 Afdelingschef i Ministeriet for Ligestilling og Kirke (2011-2012)
 Afdelingschef i Klima- og Energiministeriet (2010-2011)
 Ministerråd på den danske EU-repræsentation i Bruxelles (2008-2010)
 Kontorchef i Socialministeriet (2005-2007)
 Ledende ministersekretær i Ministeriet for Familie- og Forbrugeranliggender (2004-2005)
 Ministersekretær i Socialministeriet (2003-2004)
 Fuldmægtig i Socialministeriet (2001-2003)

Eksterne henvisninger

Departementschefer i Beskæftigelsesministeriet
Politologer fra Danmark
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Danskere i 2000-tallet
Personer fra Hjørring

Jakob Jensen (født 1974)


Yukio Tsuchiya (født 31. juli 1974) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy, Vissel Kobe, Kashiwa Reysol, Omiya Ardija, Ventforet Kofu og Kyoto Sanga FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yukio Tsuchiya


L'avenue Jean-Moulin, en référence au haut-fonctionnaire et résistant français Jean Moulin (1899-1943), peut désigner :

 L'avenue Jean-Moulin à Belfort ;
 L'avenue Jean-Moulin à Montbéliard ;
 L'avenue Jean-Moulin à Paris ;
 L'avenue Jean-Moulin à Toulouse.

Homonymie de toponyme

Avenue Jean-Moulin


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 17. travnja – Juraj Habdelić, hrvatski katolički svećenik, isusovac, duhovni pisac, propovjednik i leksikograf († 1678.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1609.