Uma árvore tombada é tipicamente uma grande árvore individual com valor único, que é considerada insubstituível e portanto é reconhecida como patrimônio cultural. Os principais critérios para o tombamento de árvores são idade, raridade e tamanho, bem como valor estético, botânico, ecológico e histórico. Os tombamentos servem para impor limites à remoção dessas árvores; os tombamentos são geralmente específicos para uma árvore, não para um bosque .

Ver também
 Árvore classificada
 Árvores de interesse público

Árvores notórias
Patrimônios culturais

Árvore tombada


ඉක්වටෝරියල් ගිණියා නොහොත් ඉක්වටෝරියල් සමූහාණ්ඩුව මධ්‍යම අප්‍රිකාවේ පිහිටි රටකි. භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කි.මී. 28,000 වන අතර අප්‍රිකානු ප්‍රාන්තයේ කුඩාම රටකි. එය සමහර EU රටවල් අතර දල ආදායම අතින් සෞභාග්‍යමත් රටකි. එය ලිබියාවට හා දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට ඉදිරියෙන් සිටී. මේ සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වර්ධනය වූ අප්‍රිකානු රටවල් දෙකකි. මෙහි මෑතක සිදුකළ සංගණනයට අනුව ජනගහනය 1,014,999 කි. ඒ මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රදේශයක් (රියෝ මුනි) හා කුඩා දුපත් වන තොරිස්නෝ, එලෝබි, ග්‍රන්ඩේ සහ එලෝබි ඩිකෝ සහ ඉන්සුලා ප්‍රදේශයයි. අනොබන් දූපත් සහ බිතෝ දූපත් (මුලින් ෆෙනෑන්ඩෝ වෝ), බාලඹේ අගනගරය පිහිටි අනෝබාන් ඉක්වටෝරියල් ගිනියාහි වඩා දකුණට වූ දූපත් වන අතර, මෙම රාජ්‍යය සමකයට දකුණට වන්නට පිහිටා ඇත. ඉක්වටෝරියල් ගිනියාහි උතුරු තුඩුව ලෙස බියෝතෝ දූපත සඳහන් වේ. දූපත් දෙක අතර නැගෙනහිරට වන්නට පිහිටියේ මේන්ලන්ඩ් ප්‍රාදේශිකයයි. ඉක්වටෝරියල් ගිනියාවට උතුරින් කැමරූන් මායිම් වන අතර දකුණු දෙසින් නැගෙනහිර ගැබෝන්ද බටහිරින් ගල්ෆ් ගිනියාවද පිහිටයි. සාබෝ ටොමෝ දූපත්, ප්‍රින්සි‍පේ බියාතෝ හා ඇනෝබොන් අතර පිහිටා ඇත. මෙහි රාජ්‍ය භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වේ.

සමක ගිනියා


Celia Suñol i Pla (Barcelona, 5 mai 1899 - 8 iunie 1986) a fost o scriitoare spaniolă de limbă catalană.

Biografie

Fiica Antonia Pla i Manent și politic Antonio Sunol i Pla, după câțiva ani de formare și de stabilitate copilărie și adolescență, moartea părinților săi a marcat un punct de cotitură în viața lui. In 1921 a devenit bolnav de tuberculoză și a plecat în Elveția pentru a se vindeca. Acolo a întâlnit Kaj Hansen, cu care sa căsătorit în Danemarca în 1922. Un an mai târziu, din nou împreună în Catalonia, unde a fost nascut lui fiul Antoni. În 1929, Hansen a murit.

Celia Sunol, ulterior, sa căsătorit cu Joaquim Figuerola, cu care a avut-o, în 1931, fiica lui Rosa. În 1932 sa alăturat în calitate de secretar la Departamentul de Cultură al Generalitat de Catalunya. Joaquim Figuerola a murit în 1945. Doi ani mai târziu, a câștigat Joanot Martorell Premiul, actualul Premi Sant Jordi, cu romanul său Primera part. În 1950 a publicat L'home de les fires i altres contes. La șaizeci și cinci și-a pierdut vederea.

Celia Suñol a murit în 1986, la vârsta de 87 de ani.

Opere publicate
 1947 — Primera part, Barcelona, Aymà. Reeditat de Adesiara în 2014, cu fragmentele cenzurate de către Franco.
 1950 — L'home de les fires i altres contes, Barcelona, Selecta.

Premii
 Roman Joanot Martorell Premiul 1947 pentru Primera part.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1899
Decese în 1986
Scriitori spanioli

Celia Suñol Pla


Plads søges (originaltitel: Speedy) er en amerikansk Stumfilm med komikeren Harold Lloyd i hovedrollen. Det var Lloyds sidste stumfilm som blev vist i biografen.
Filmen blev skrevet af Albert DeMond, John Grey, J.A. Howe, Lex Neal og Howard Emmett Rogers med ukrediteret assistance fra Al Boasberg og Paul Gerard Smith. Filmen blev instrueret af Ted Wilde. Det var den sidste stumfilm han instruerede.
Filmen blev optaget i Hollywood og i New York City.

Ted Wilde blev nomineret til Oscar for bedste instruktør af en komedie, der kun blev uddelt ved den første oscaruddeling i 1929. Han tabte til Lewis Milestone der havde instrueret filmen Flugten til Stamboul

Eksterne Henvisninger

Stumfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1928
Komediefilm fra USA

Plads søges


Kemenesmihályfa é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 497 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Kemenesmihályfa


A 44.ª edição da Paris-Roubaix teve lugar a 21 de abril de 1946 e foi vencida pelo belga Georges Claes.

Classificação final

Ligações externas
 Resultados em cyclebase.nl ''''

1946
1946 no ciclismo
1946 na França

Paris-Roubaix de 1946


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Oberschönegg

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Dietershofen bei Babenhausen

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Märxle

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Weinried

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Oberschönegg

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Oberschonegg
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Oberschönegg


Pe urmele unui film dispărut este un film românesc din 1968 regizat de Ion Bostan.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1968 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1968

Pe urmele unui film dispărut


Der Klotzberg ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Gemeinde Hedeper in der Samtgemeinde Elm-Asse im Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.

Allgemeines
Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 012 ist 4,9 Hektar groß. Das Gebiet, das seit 1988 von der Kreisgruppe Braunschweig des BUND betreut wird, steht seit dem 2. Juli 1977 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.

Beschreibung
Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt südöstlich von Hedeper in der Gemarkung des Ortsteils Wetzleben und stellt eine etwa 30 Meter aufragende Schichtrippe aus Keupersandstein unter Schutz. Im Westen des Gebietes befindet sich ein ehemaliger Steinbruch. Im Ostteil und im Bereich der Kuppe wird der Höhenrücken von Halbtrockenrasen sowie von Trockengebüsch und Felsbandgesellschaften geprägt. Im Naturschutzgebiet sind u. a. Adonisröschen, Kuhschelle, Graslilie, Prachtnelke und Gelbe Skabiose zu finden. Zahlreiche Pflanzenarten erreichen hier ihre westliche Verbreitungsgrenze.

Zum Schutz des nährstoffarmen Bodens wurden ab dem Winter 1995 Robinien, die dort früher angepflanzt worden waren und über ihre Wurzeln Stickstoff in den Boden einbringen, gefällt. Zur Pflege wird das Gebiet regelmäßig mit Schafen und Ziegen beweidet.

Durch das Schutzgebiet verläuft die ehemalige Bahntrasse von Börßum nach Jerxheim, die es in einen nördlichen und einen südlichen Bereich teilt. Das Gebiet ist vollständig von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen umgeben.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Wolfenbüttel
Hedeper
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland

Klotzberg


Rhodomeleae, tribus crvenih algi, dio porodice Rhodomelaceae. Priznato je šest rodova s 39 vrsta.

Rodovi
 Choreocolax Reinsch
 Harveyella F.Schmitz & Reinke
 Lophura Kützing
 Neorhodomela Masuda
 Odonthalia Lyngbye
 Rhodomela C.Agardh

Izvori

Rhodomelaceae

Rhodomeleae


Mikojan-Gurevitj MiG-25 (russisk Микоян и Гуревич МиГ) (NATO-rapporteringsnavn: Foxbat) er et supersonisk jager- og rekognosceringsfly, der er blandt de hurtigste militærfly, der har været i brug. Det blev designet af Sovjetunionens Mikojan-Gurevitj-bureau. Den første prototype fløj i 1964, og flyet begyndte at blive brugt militært i 1970. Den operative tophastighed er Mach 2,83 (Mach 3,2 er mulig men kan skade motorerne) og udstyret med en kraftfuld radar og fire luft til luft-missiler.

Da flyet første gang blev set på rekognosceringsfotografier indikerede det store vingeareal at det var et stort og manøvredygtig jagerfly, på et tidspunkt hvor man også i USA udviklede designteorier til bedre manøvredygtighed som følge af erfaringer fra vietnamkrigen. Fremkomsten af MiG-25 forårsagede store bekymringer i Vesten, og gjorde at F-15 Eagle, der var under udvikling i slutningen af 1960'erne, blev opgraderet voldsomt. Funktionerne i MiG-25'eren blev bedre forstået i 1976, da den sovjetiske pilot Viktor Belenko deserterede i en MiG-25 til USA via Japan. Det viste sig, at flyets store vægt nødvendiggjorde de store vinger.

Produktionen af MiG-25-serien sluttede i 1984 efter at der var blevet fremstillet 1.190 fly. Flyet var et symbol på den kolde krig og det blev brugt af sovjetiske allierede og tidligere sovjetrepublikker. Det er fortsat i brug i Ruslands militær og flere andre lande, men i begrænset omfang. Det er et af de militærfly, der kan flyve højest, og er det næsthurtigste rekognosceringsfly efter Lockheeds SR-71 Blackbird.

Referencer

Litteratur

 Aloni, Shlomo. Israeli F-15 Eagle Units in Combat. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2006. .
 Atkinson, Rick. Crusade: The Untold History of the Persian Gulf War. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. .
 Barron, John. MiG Pilot: The Final Escape of Lt. Belenko. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. .
 Belyakov, R.A. and J. Marmain. MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. .
 Bhonsle, Brig. Rahul K. India: Security Scope 2006 The New Great Game. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications, 2006. .
 Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. Iranian F-14 Units in Combat. London: Osprey Publishing, 2004. .
 Davies, Steve. Combat Legend, F-15 Eagle and Strike Eagle. London: Airlife Publishing, Ltd., 2002. .
 Eden, Paul, ed. "Mikoyan MiG-25 'Foxbat'". "Mikoyan MiG-31 'Foxhound'". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. .
 Frawley, Gerald. "Mikoyan MiG-25." The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2002. .
 Gordon, Yefim. MiG-25 'Foxbat' & MiG-31 'Foxhound': Russia's Defensive Front Line. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1997. .
 Gordon, Yefim. Mikoyan MiG-25 Foxbat: Guardian of the Soviet Borders (Red Star Vol. 34). Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2008. .
 Gordon, Yefim and Bill Gunston. Soviet X-Planes. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2000. .
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Great Book of Fighters. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishing, 2001. .
 Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide to Modern Fighters and Attack Aircraft. London: Salamander Books, 1980. .
 Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick. "Mikoyan/Gurevich MiG-25." Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Combat Today. New York: Crescent Books, 1983. .
 Jenkins, Dennis R. McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle: Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 1998. .
 Lake, Jon. "Variant Briefing: MiG-25 'Foxbat' and MiG-31 'Foxhound'". World Air Power Journal, Volume 34, Autumn/Fall 1998, pp. 98–123. London: Aerospace Publishing. . .
 Nicolle, David and Tom Cooper. Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat (Osprey Combat Aircraft 044). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2004. .
 Rich, Ben and Leo Janos. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed. New York: Little, Brown & Company, 1994. .
 Spick, Mike. The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishing, 2000. .
 Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. .

Eksterne henvisninger

 MiG-25 page on Milavia.net
 MiG-25 page on GlobalSecurity.org
 MiG-25/31 at Greg Goebel's Air Vectors site
 MiG-25 Foxbat at Russian Military Analysis
 Foxhound vs Blackbird: How the MiGs reclaimed the skies
 MiG-25 vs. SR-71 Blackbird discussion
 Foxbat and Foxhound – Australian Aviation
 Recce Incursion – Famous incident of IAF MiG-25 intruding into Pakistan airspace
 Photo Russian MiG-25 in flight – 2007
 Photo Russian MiG-25 in flight – 2011
 MiG-25 Foxbat on hronotop2012.narod.ru

MiG-025
MiG-025
MiG-025
MiG-025
MiG-025

Mikojan-Gurevitj MiG-25


La bataille de Sebou était un conflit militaire en 740 entre le califat omeyyade et les rebelles berbères insurgés de la grande révolte berbère.

Déroulement
Les forces berbères de Maysara rencontrent la colonne d'avant-garde ifriqiyenne de Khalid ibn Abi Habib quelque part dans la périphérie de Tanger. Après une brève escarmouche avec la colonne arabe, Maysara ordonna brusquement aux armées berbères de se replier sur Tanger. Le commandant de cavalerie arabe Khalid ibn Abi Habiba n'a pas lancer de poursuite, mais a juste tenu sa ligne au sud de Tanger, bloquant la ville tenue par les Berbères, en attendant les renforts de l'expédition sicilienne de Habib.

Dans ce répit, les rebelles berbères se réorganisent et entreprennent un coup d'État interne. Les chefs tribaux berbères ont rapidement déposé (et exécuté) Maysara et élu le chef berbère zénète, Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati comme nouveau « calife » berbère. Les raisons de la chute de Maysara restent obscures. Peut-être la lâcheté soudaine montrée devant la colonne de cavalerie arabe l'a-t-elle prouvé militairement inapte, peut-être parce que les prédicateurs puritains soufrites ont trouvé un défaut dans la piété de son caractère, ou peut-être simplement parce que les chefs tribaux zénète, étant plus proches de la ligne de front ifriqiyenne, ont estimé qu'ils devraient être ceux qui mènent la rébellion.

L'historien Ibn Khaldoun affirme que Khalid ibn Abi Obeïda a rencontré les forces berbères et a maintenu sa position sur la rivière `` Shalif '', que de nombreux commentateurs ont considérée comme la célèbre rivière Chelif (Wadi ash-Shalif) dans le centre de l'Algérie. Cependant, il est hautement improbable que l'armée rebelle berbère ait été aussi loin à l'est à ce moment-là. Les historiens modernes ont suggéré qu'Ibn Khaldoun ou ses transcripteurs aient fait une erreur ici. Charles André-Julien (1961 : p. 30) suggère qu'Ibn Khaldoun voulait en fait dire le fleuve Sebou, dont le cours supérieur placerait en effet à juste titre la colonne ifriqiyenne près de Tanger. Le chroniqueur En-Nuweri rapporte en effet que l'escarmouche s'est déroulée hors des murs de Tanger.

Notes et références

Rébellion du VIIIe siècle
Histoire des Berbères
Bataille du VIIIe siècle
Bataille des Omeyyades

Bataille de Sebou


Olaylar
 Emily Dickinson Massachusetts eyaletindeki Amherst kentinde bulunan evine kapanarak, 24 yıl sonraki ölümüne değin bir daha dışarı çıkmadı ve ölümünden sonra kendisini üne kavuşturan 1.800 şiiri yazdı.
 1 Ocak – ABD'de Özgürlük Bildirisi yayınlandı.
 19 Haziran - ABD'de kölelik resmi olarak kaldırıldı.

Doğumlar
 24 Ocak - Edith Wharton, Amerikalı yazar ve moda tasarımcısı.
 22 Ağustos - Claude Debussy, Fransız besteci (ö. 1918)
 11 Eylül - O. Henry, Amerikalı öykü yazarı (ö. 5 Haziran 1910)
 9 Ekim - Fatma Aliye Hanım, Türk edebiyatının ilk kadın romancısı (ö. 1936)

Doğduğu gün ve ay bilinmeyenler
 Nabizâde Nâzım, Tanzimat dönemi Osmanlı-Türk yazarı. (ö. 6 Ağustos 1893)
 Augustine Sackett, Alçıpanın yaratıcısı.

Ölümler
 10 Ocak - Samuel Colt, Amerikalı kâşif ve sanayici.
 24 Temmuz - Martin Van Buren, 8. ABD başkanı (d. 5 Aralık 1782)
 7 Kasım - Bahadır Şah II, Son Babür hükümdarı, şair, müzisyen ve hattat (d. 1775)

1862


Wolfgang Hipp (* 16. Juli 1952) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler.

Der Mittelfeldspieler der im Reutlinger Stadtteil Betzingen aufwuchs spielte ab der Saison 1973/74 für die erste Mannschaft des SSV Reutlingen 05, der in der Vorsaison in die 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee abgestiegen war. Als Württembergischer Amateurmeister spielte Wolfgang Hipp mit dem SSV in der Endrunde um die Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft 1974. In dieser Endrunde gewann er mit dem SSV Reutlingen die erste Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft der Vereinsgeschichte. Am Ende der Amateurligaspielzeit 1974/75 nahm Hipp mit Reutlingen als Meister an der anschließenden Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga teil, in der er mit seiner Mannschaft durch 5 Siege in 6 Gruppenspielen in die zweithöchste deutsche Fußballspielklasse aufstieg. Wolfgang Hipp war für den SSV Reutlingen in der Zweitligasaison 1975/76 in 23 Spielen im Einsatz und dabei 2 Mal vor dem Tor erfolgreich. Diese Spielzeit endete für Hipp und den SSV mit dem Abstieg. In den folgenden beiden Spielzeiten wurde er mit den Reutlingern jeweils erneut Schwarzwald-Bodensee-Meister ohne in der Aufstiegsrunde den Erfolg von 1975 zu wiederholen.

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Deutscher
Geboren 1952
Mann

Wolfgang Hipp


Giancarlo Alessandrini (Jesi, 20. ožujka 1950.) talijanski je crtač stripa.

Životopis
Rođen u Jesiju, Alessandrini je diplomirao na Umjetničkom institutu u Anconi, a strip počinje profesionalno crtati 1972. za Il Corriere dei Ragazzi s pričom Il Cifrario del Maggiore Martin koju je napisao Mino Milani. Sljedeće je godine producirao deset epizoda fantastične serije Anni 2000, koju je ponovno napisao Milani, i dvanaest epizoda Lork Morskog psa dvije godine kasnije.

Godine 1975. Alessandrini se pridružio Studiju Giolitti i stvorio nekoliko ratnih priča za britanskog izdavača Fleetway. Nastavio je suradnju s Il Corriere dei Ragazzi, crtajući dvije epizode serije Il Maestro, koju je napisao Milani. Kad je 1976. urednik odbio neke stranice serije tražeći od njega da ih precrta, Alessandrini je umjesto toga odlučio otići.

Zatim je nacrtao Evu Kant za talijansko izdanje Cosmopolitana. Seriju je napisao Alfredo Castelli i označava prvu u nizu suradnji. Dvojac je 1976. godine producirao L'uomo di Chicago za Bonellijevu Un Uomo un'Avventura, zatim su 1978. radili zajedno na Allanu Quatermainu za Supergulp, u izdanju Mondadorija i na Mister No, opet za Bonelli.

Počevši od 1977., Alessandrini je radio na vestern seriji Ken Parker, koju je napisao Giancarlo Berardi. Njegova suradnja nastavit će se do 1980., rezultirajući u šest epizoda na 96 stranica. Iste godine Alessandrini je počeo raditi za katolički tjednik Il Giornalino, gdje je crtao neke epizode serijala Ai confini dell'avventura i Storie di tutti i tempi. 1981. stvorio je sa scenaristom Claudiom Nizzijem seriju Rosco & Sonny, koristeći se kao model za Sonnyjeve crte.

No prilika zbog koje će Alessandrini postati ime na međunarodnoj sceni stripa ukazala se 1982. godine: Castelli je uvjerio Bonellija da osvijetli seriju koja se temelji na njegovom novom liku i zatražio od Alessandrinija da osmisli lik i nacrta priče. U travnju te godine rođen je Martin Mystère. Serija je uspjela, a Alessandrini je trebao proizvesti sve naslovnice i mnoge priče, uključujući posebne akcije i izdvajanja.

Godine 1990. Alessandrini je nacrtao L'Uomo di Mosca, napisao Roberto Dal Prà za magazin Torpedo. Osobni stil umjetnosti nije prošao nezapaženo u Francuskoj, gdje je izdavač Bagheera stekao prava za francusko tržište.

Godine 1991. Alessandrini i Dal Prà stvorili su detektivku Anastasiju Brown za časopis Comic Art. Iste je godine Alessandrini ANAF dodijelio nagradu za najboljeg umjetnika.

Prvi samostalni napor Alessandrini objavljen je 1992. godine na temu Strip : to je serija kratkih priča pod naslovom Fatti e misfatti a Planet Arium. Zatim je nacrtao izdvojenu seriju Zona X tvrtke Martin Mystére.

Godine 1993. Alessandrini je za Bagheeru producirao tri epizode filma Indiana Jones, a 2001. nacrtao je Outremer, koji je napisao Vincenzo Beretta za francuskog izdavača Albin-Michel.

Alfredo Castelli je o njemu izjavio:

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Giancarlo Alessandrini at Lambiek

Talijanski crtači stripa

Giancarlo Alessandrini


Antje Göhler (geborene Antje Riedel, * 18. Oktober 1967 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Autorin und Schachspielerin. Von der FIDE erhielt sie 1988 den Titel Internationaler Meister der Frauen (WIM). Sie ist promovierte Germanistin.

Leben
Antje Göhler wurde von Peter Höhne trainiert. Sie war Schülerin der EOS Heinrich Schliemann, als sie 1985 erstmals an einer DDR-Meisterschaft der Frauen teilnahm und auf Anhieb Vierte wurde. Im gleichen Jahr erfüllte sie die Norm einer FIDE-Meisterin und leitete mit Erfolg eine Trainingsgruppe von acht- bis zehnjährigen Jungen und Mädchen. 1988 gewann sie die 37. DDR-Schachmeisterschaft der Frauen.
Nach dem 1992 in Leipzig abgeschlossenen Studium der Germanistik lebte sie mit ihrer Familie in Berlin, Bonn, Warschau, Rom und Taschkent. Ihre Forschungen zum literarischen Expressionismus und seiner Antikerezeption schloss sie 2011 mit einer Promotion an der Fernuniversität in Hagen ab. 2014 veröffentlichte sie ihren Debütroman Balcke oder Der hypermoderne Prometheus. 2023 veröffentlichte Antje Göhler Salziger Wein, einen Roman über die »erste Liebe« in Anlehnung an Theodor Storms Immensee, der im Ost-Berlin der 1970er und 1980er Jahre spielt.

Schach

Einzelmeisterschaften
Als Antje Riedel spielte sie bei den DDR-Schachmeisterschaften der Frauen in den Jahren 1985 in Jüterbog (Marion Heintze gewann), 1986 in Nordhausen (Carola Manger gewann), 1987 in Glauchau (Dritte hinter Iris Bröder und Marion Heintze), 1988 in Stralsund (Erste vor Marion Heintze, Annett Wagner-Michel, Iris Bröder und Gundula Nehse) und 1989 in Zittau (Kerstin Kunze gewann).

1985 und 1987 gewann sie die DDR-Blitzmeisterschaft der Frauen.

Im Frauengroßmeisterturnier 1988 in Sotschi holte sie 6 Punkte aus 13 Partien, hinter fünf Frauengroßmeisterinnen: Irina Levitina 10, Tatiana Stepovaia 9, Tatiana Shumiakina und Tatiana Rubzova je 8 sowie Valentina Kozlovskaya 7,5 Punkte.

Mannschaftsmeisterschaften
Sie gewann fünfmal die DDR-Blitzmannschaftsmeisterschaft der Frauen: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989 und 1990 jeweils mit der Mannschaft der BSG AdW Berlin.

In der Deutschen Schachbundesliga der Frauen holte sie in der Saison 1991/92 für die Mannschaft des SSV Rotation Berlin 7,5 Punkte aus 11 Partien. Sie spielte dann 1992/93 bis 1996/97, 1998/99 und 1999/00 sowie 2001/02 bis 2003/04 für den SSV Rotation Berlin. 2004/05, 2006/07, 2008/09 und 2011/12 trat sie für die Mannschaft des Vereins Rotation Pankow an. In den Jahren dazwischen spielte sie in der zweiten Frauenbundesliga.

Veröffentlichungen
 Antje Göhler: Antikerezeption im literarischen Expressionismus, Frank & Timme, Berlin, 2012. ISBN  978-3865963772
 Antje Göhler: Balcke oder Der hypermoderne Prometheus. Roman. Elektrischer Verlag, Berlin 2014. ISBN 978-3-943889-62-8
 Antje Göhler: Salziger Wein. heptagon Verlag, Berlin 2023, ISBN 978-3-96024-100-3

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schachspieler (Deutschland)
Schachspieler (DDR)
Schachspieler (Rotation Pankow)
DDR-Bürger
Schachspieler
Deutscher Einzelmeister (Schach)
Geboren 1967
Deutscher
Frau

Antje Göhler


USS Kinkaid (DD-965), named for Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid USN (1888–1972), was a  built by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries at Pascagoula, Mississippi. Launched in 1974, she was decommissioned in 2003 and sunk in 2004. She was the third "Spru-can" to be built.

History
Between the late evening of 22 February and the early morning of 23 February 1979, 25 construction workers from Texas, constructing a naval base in the port of Char Bahar, were evacuated in the early morning hours by Kinkaid, and they were brought to the small island of Bahrain. This became known as the "Gulf of Aden/Yemen Indian Ocean Contingency Operation of 12/8/78 – 6/6/79". The crew of Kinkaid were awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal and the Armed Forces Humanitarian Service Medal.

In November 1989, Kinkaid and the Panamanian-registered freighter M/V Kota Petani were involved in a collision in the Strait of Malacca. The collision caused one death and 15 other casualties to the Kinkaids crew, and US$15 million in damages to Kinkaid. She made Singapore under her own power for temporary repairs, then Subic Bay, Philippines, then San Diego for permanent repairs.

On 4 July 1993, Kinkaid paid a three-day port visit to Acajutla, marking the first visit by a United States warship to El Salvador in more than a dozen years. Kinkaid was then assigned to Destroyer Squadron 13 in San Diego and was, at the time, conducting two months of routine operations under the operational command of Joint Task Force Four, located in Key West, Florida. Kinkaid returned to San Diego in mid-August 1993.

Kinkaid deployed on 10 November 1994, as part of the  carrier battle group for a six-month deployment to the western Pacific, Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. She spent most of December in the Western Pacific. With the Constellation carrier battle group, she entered the Persian Gulf, on 11 January 1995, and departed it on 23 March. The Constellation carrier battle group conducted several exercises during the deployment, including Beachcrest 95, a routine annual exercise that included air combat, air control and air-to-ground combat support training in designated areas on Okinawa and Ie Shima; Nautical Swimmer 95-2 and Nautical Artist 95–2, naval air and surface exercises intended to improve interoperability between forces of the United States and friendly Persian Gulf nations; Beacon Flash 95–1, a combined naval tactical air exercise to improve readiness with friendly Persian Gulf nations; Eager Archer 95–1, an air training exercise between units of CVW 2 and Kuwait that provided dissimilar air combat training, formal joint strike training and in-flight refueling training for the Kuwaiti air force; and Sharem 110, a United States anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training exercise in the Gulf of Oman involving several battle group units. The battle group also conducted exercises with units of the Royal Australian Navy off the coast of western Australia. Kinkaid made its seventh deployment and supported the battle group by performing the anti-submarine warfare mission.

Kinkaid underwent a period of overhaul in June 1995. As a result of a reorganization of the Pacific Fleet's surface ships into six core battle groups and eight destroyer squadrons, Kinkaid was reassigned to Destroyer Squadron 21. The reorganization was scheduled to have been completed by 1 October 1995, with homeport changes to be completed within the next year.

In mid-1997, as part of the  carrier battle group, Kinkaid took part in Pacific Joint Task Force Exercise 97-2 (JTFEX 97–2). The exercise was conducted off the coast of southern California and also included units from the Air Force, Army and Japan. Nimitz, from 20 July through 24 July, then conducted a warfighting demonstration called Surge Exercise (SURGEX), during which it demonstrated the firepower of the carrier/airwing team and its ability to sustain continuous operations in support of forces ashore in the initial four days of a conflict when a deployed carrier might be the only asset available to provide such support. During the exercise, , Kinkaid and  practiced maritime interception operations. Kinkaid also escorted the civilian merchant ship Viking Serenade through the simulated "war zone".

Kinkaid then deployed as part of the Nimitz carrier battle group. After Western Pacific visits in Yokosuka, Japan, and Hong Kong, a planned visit to Singapore was canceled when Iraq violated a United Nations imposed "no fly" zone. With Nimitz directed to proceed to the region immediately to reinforce Operation Southern Watch operations, Kinkaid arrived in the Persian Gulf on 12 October after transiting the Strait of Hormuz.

During Nimitzs deployment in the Persian Gulf, Kinkaid was accused by Iran of spying on its military exercises. Kinkaid was, however, in port in Bahrain at the purported time Iran claimed the spying was taking place.

Kinkaid returned on 28 February 1998, from a six-month Persian Gulf deployment. During the deployment Kinkaid served as Tomahawk ready strike platform, helped enforce the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq and conducted maritime interception operations.

Kinkaid was part of the Constellation carrier battle group, as Constellation officially relieved  in the Persian Gulf in September 1999. The Constellation carrier battle group then spent the next 10 weeks in the Persian Gulf and conducted maritime interception operation boardings as well as flew combat air patrols over the Iraqi no-fly zones in support of Operation Southern Watch. During the period, Kinkaid rescued the merchant vessel Sima Star, a container ship, from sinking  off the coast of Bahrain after taking on over 40 tons of water. Kinkaid sailors dewatered the fully loaded container ship, which was listing 15 degrees to the port side. After seven hours of battling poor ventilation and flooding below decks, Kinkaids rescue and assistance team was able to return the Sima Star to a five-degree list, allowing its crew to sail into Bahrain the following Monday morning for repairs. Kinkaid returned home on 17 December 1999, after a six-months deployment. During its 10-week patrol in the Persian Gulf region, the Constellation carrier battle group flew more than 5,000 casualty-free sorties, including nearly 1,300 in support of Operation Southern Watch. These flights included nine separate combat strikes and more than 43 tons of ordnance expended on various Iraqi air defense sites in response to Iraqi aggression against coalition aircraft.

Kinkaid began, on 15 March 2001, a scheduled six-month 2001 Western Pacific (WestPac) deployment while attached to the Constellation carrier battle group (CVBG) and  Amphibious Ready Group (ARG). The entire battle group had trained the previous six months in preparation for this deployment through a series of increasingly challenging exercises and operations. These pre-deployment exercises culminated in February 2001 with the successful completion of Joint Task Force Exercise 01–1. Over the following six months, battle group ships conducted multi-national and joint operations with the navies of various allied countries and visit ports in Western Pacific and Persian Gulf nations. The ships and squadrons were scheduled to return home in September.

Sea swap

The United States Navy Surface Force was scheduled to begin, in the summer of 2002, an initiative to test the effectiveness of deploying a single ship for 18-months while swapping out crews at six-month intervals. Called Sea Swap, this initial two-phased initiative would involve three Spruance-class destroyers (DDs)—, Kinkaid and , and three  destroyers (DDGs)—, , and . For the DD phase, Fletcher and her crew would deploy with their battle group this summer, but after six months, only the crew would return. The ship would remain deployed and be manned by the crew from Kinkaid. After completing their training cycle and decommissioning Kinkaid, these sailors would fly to a port in either Australia or Singapore to assume ownership of Fletcher and steam her back on-station. After six months, they would be replaced by the crew from Oldendorf who would have completed the same training and decommissioning schedule with their ship before flying out to relieve the Kinkaid crew. After four more months on station, the Oldendorf crew would then bring Fletcher back to the United States where it too would be decommissioned. Additionally, by executing this plan, the Navy would be able to eliminate the deployment of  because the additional on-station time generated by swapping out the crews meant a ship would already be in theater meeting that requirement.

Gallery

Awards
 Navy Unit Commendation – (Oct 1997-Apr 1998)
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation – (Sep 1985-Dec 1986, Jan 1999-Sep 2001)

Fate
Kinkaid was decommissioned 7 January 2003 and placed at Pearl Harbor NISMF. Kinkaid was stricken 6 April 2004 and sunk during RIMPAC 2004 exercise as a target 14 July 2004 in the Pacific Ocean at  in  of water.

References

External links

 Kinkaid decommissions article from Navy News

 navsource.org: USS Kinkaid
 navysite.de: USS Kinkaid

Spruance-class destroyers
Cold War destroyers of the United States
1974 ships
Ships sunk as targets

USS Kinkaid


A temporada de furacões no Atlântico de 1851 foi a primeira temporada de furacões no Atlântico a ser incluída no registro oficial de ciclones tropicais no Atlântico. Seis ciclones tropicais conhecidos ocorreram durante a temporada, o primeiro dos quais se formou em 25 de junho e o último dos quais se dissipou em 19 de outubro. Essas datas estão dentro da faixa de maior atividade de ciclones tropicais do Atlântico. Nenhum dos ciclones existia simultaneamente com outro. Das seis tempestades, três têm apenas um único ponto conhecido em sua trajetória.

Dois outros furacões foram relatados durante a temporada, um perto de Tampico e outro perto da Jamaica; no entanto, eles não estão no banco de dados oficial de furacões. Pode ter havido outros ciclones tropicais não confirmados durante a temporada. O meteorologista Christopher Landsea estima que entre zero e seis tempestades foram perdidas no banco de dados oficial, devido ao pequeno tamanho do ciclone tropical, relatórios esparsos de navios e costeiros relativamente despovoadas.

Resumo da temporada
Cinco dos seis ciclones tropicais afetaram a terra, incluindo três atingindo a terra com ventos de mais de . O primeiro atingiu o Texas como um furacão, que causou danos moderados a pesados, principalmente à navegação na Baía de Matagorda. Uma morte foi indiretamente relacionada ao furacão, bem como pelo menos dois feridos.

O furacão mais forte e mortal da temporada seguiu do leste das Pequenas Antilhas, através das Grandes Antilhas, e através do sudeste dos Estados Unidos antes de ser observado perto de Terra Nova; foi empatado por ter a maior duração de um furacão antes de 1870.  Quando atingiu perto de Panama City, Flórida, com ventos de , causou pelo menos 23 mortes, incluindo cinco quando um farol foi destruído. Muitas casas foram destruídas ao longo de seu caminho, principalmente ao longo do Panhandle da Flórida.

O outro furacão que atingiu a costa foi aquele que atingiu perto de Tampico, onde causou grandes danos. A última tempestade tropical da temporada atingiu Rhode Island, embora os danos associados sejam desconhecidos. Uma tempestade tropical afetou as Pequenas Antilhas no início de julho, e outra tempestade tropical permaneceu quase estacionária por três dias a sudeste da Carolina do Norte.

Resumo sazonal

Sistemas

Furacão Um

um furacão pequeno de ventos de 150 km/h foi observado pela primeira vez em 25 de junho, cerca de 120 km/h a sudeste de Freeport, Texas. Ele seguiu para o oeste, movendo-se para a costa perto da Baía de Matagorda mais tarde naquela noite perto do pico de intensidade, com uma pressão barométrica central mínima estimada de 977 mbar; devido à falta de observações, é possível que o furacão tenha atingido o equivalente a um furacão de categoria 2 na escala Saffir-Simpson. O ciclone enfraqueceu lentamente ao virar para noroeste, com rajadas de vento com força de furacão relatadas em 24 horas após o desembarque no atual condado de Medina. Estima-se que a tempestade se dissipou no início de 28 de junho sobre o centro do Texas.

O furacão produziu grandes danos perto de onde se moveu para a costa, tendo sido descrito como o mais desastroso ocorrido até hoje. Os ventos destruíram todos os cais e várias casas em Porto Lavaca. Na Ilha Matagorda, a água salgada contaminou o abastecimento de água doce e, na Baía de Matagorda, foram relatadas perdas pesadas de navios. À medida que o ciclone avançava para o interior, caiu chuva leve a moderada, com pico em torno de 5 mm em Corpus Christi. Um forte perto do dia atual Laredo relatou 63 mm de precipitação. Em seu caminho, os ventos derrubaram várias árvores e casas, deixando duas pessoas feridas e contribuindo para uma morte quando um doente foi exposto à tempestade.

Furacão Dois

Um furacão moderado atingiu a costa perto de Tampico, que foi descrito como tendo chegado à costa antes de 7 de julho; a Divisão de Pesquisa de Furacões avaliou a data como 5 de julho. Grandes danos foram relatados em Tampico.

Tempestade tropical Três

Uma tempestade tropical passou pelo sul das Pequenas Antilhas em 10 de julho. A documentação geral sobre a tempestade era fraca e seu rastro em outros lugares é desconhecido.

Furacão Quatro

O Grande furacão Flórida Meio do Panhandle de agosto de 1851 ou furacão San Agapito de 1851 foi observado pela primeira vez em 16 de agosto sobre 1 250 km a leste de Barbados. Seguiu para oeste-noroeste, atingindo o status de furacão em 17 de agosto ao se aproximar das Pequenas Antilhas. Pouco tempo depois, o furacão passou entre Antígua e São Cristóvão e posteriormente ao sul de Saint Croix. Em 18 de agosto roçou a costa sul de Porto Rico, embora tenha afetado toda a ilha devido ao grande tamanho da tempestade. No dia seguinte, atingiu a costa sul da República Dominicana. O ciclone enfraqueceu rapidamente para o status de tempestade tropical sobre Hispaniola, embora tenha recuperado o status de furacão ao se aproximar da costa sul de Cuba, próximo à costa. No final de 20 de agosto, o ciclone cruzou o oeste de Cuba, enfraquecendo brevemente para o status de tempestade tropical antes de recuperar novamente o status de furacão no sudeste do Golfo do México. Ele rapidamente se fortaleceu e atingiu ventos de pico de  no início de 23 de agosto sobre 345 km ao sul-sudeste de Pensacola, Flórida. Virando para nordeste, o furacão se moveu para a costa perto de Panama City, Flórida, em pico de intensidade, com uma pressão barométrica estimada de 960 mbar. Ele acelerou no sudeste dos Estados Unidos, enfraquecendo para uma tempestade tropical antes de sair da Carolina do Norte para o Oceano Atlântico em 25 de agosto. Em 27 de agosto, foi observado pela última vez sobre a Terra Nova como uma tempestade tropical fraca.

O furacão passou perto de Santa Lúcia em 17 de agosto, onde foram relatadas marés altas e mar agitado. Inundações foram relatadas no norte de Porto Rico durante sua passagem. O impacto é desconhecido em Hispaniola e Cuba. O furacão produziu uma maré de tempestade estimada em 3,7 m em São Marcos; a combinação de ondas e marés fortes inundou áreas costeiras, destruindo 50% das plantações de algodão em algumas áreas. Mar agitado destruiu um brigue, matando 17 pessoas, e outra pessoa se afogou devido a um naufrágio. Esperava-se que muitos navios se perdessem na tempestade, resultando em receio de terem existido potencialmente centenas de mortes. A tempestade causou grandes danos ao longo da costa e em Apalachicola os ventos destruíram os telhados de todos, exceto dois ou três edifícios. O farol de Dog Island Light foi destruído, resultando em cinco mortes. Mais para o interior, muitas casas foram destruídas em Tallahassee, totalizando $ 60 000 em danos (1851 USD ). Grandes danos foram relatados no Alabama, incluindo plantações destruídas e casas danificadas; os danos no estado foram menores do que na Flórida. Ventos com força de furacão se estenderam até o sudoeste da Geórgia, enquanto ventos com força de tempestade tropical foram relatados ao longo da costa. Em Savannah, os ventos danificaram muitas casas e derrubaram muitas árvores. Na Carolina do Norte e na Virgínia, os ventos da tempestade destruíram campos de cultivo e pequenos edifícios; na região, foi descrita como a pior tempestade em 30 anos. Os danos da tempestade foram relatados no extremo norte de Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Tempestade tropical Cinco

Em 13 de setembro, uma tempestade tropical foi observada pela primeira vez por volta de 360 km a sudeste de Cabo Hatteras, Carolina do Norte. Um navio próximo com o indicativo de chamada Cushnoc relatou ventos estimados de , que foi considerado o pico de intensidade da tempestade tropical. Outro navio em 16 de setembro relataram ventos semelhantes no mesmo local; Assim, estima-se que tenha permanecido quase estacionário por três dias. Sua trilha completa é desconhecida.

Tempestade tropical Seis

Uma tempestade tropical se desenvolveu em 16 de outubro a 250 km a leste de Cabo Canaveral, Flórida. Seguiu para nordeste, fortalecendo-se gradualmente para atingir ventos máximos de  no início de 17 de outubro. Em 18 de outubro, a tempestade virou mais para o norte-nordeste à medida que seu movimento para frente aumentava. Enfraquecendo gradualmente, a tempestade se dissipou no final de 19 de outubro depois de atingir a costa em Rhode Island.

Outros sistemas
Em 2 de agosto, um furacão foi relatado nas proximidades de Tampico. No entanto, não foi listado como um ciclone tropical no banco de dados oficial de furacões.

Uma avaliação do estudioso Michael Chenoweth indicou a presença de um furacão nas proximidades do oeste da Jamaica por volta de 7 de novembro. Atualmente, não está listado no banco de dados oficial de furacões.

Ver também

 Lista de ciclones tropicais
 Temporada de furacões no Atlântico
 Observação de ciclones tropicais
 Projeto de reanálise de furacões no Atlântico

Referências

1851
Desastres naturais em 1851

Temporada de furacões no Atlântico de 1851


Rhodostannit ist ein sehr selten vorkommendes Mineral aus der Mineralklasse der "Sulfide und Sulfosalze" mit der chemischen Zusammensetzung Cu2FeSn3S8 und damit chemisch gesehen ein Kupfer-Eisen-Zinn-Sulfid. Strukturell gehört Rhodostannit zur Spinell-Supergruppe. Um die Beziehung zu dieser Gruppe mit der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung AB2X4 besser darzustellen, wird daher die international gültige chemische Formel mit Cu1+(Fe2+0,5Sn4+1,5)S4 angegeben.

Rhodostannit kristallisiert im tetragonalen Kristallsystem, konnte bisher jedoch nur in Form von sehr feinkörnigen, porösen Massen entdeckt werden. Das Mineral ist in jeder Form undurchsichtig (opak) und zeigt auf den Oberflächen der rötlichen bis rötlichbraunen Aggregate einen metallischen Glanz.

Etymologie und Geschichte

Entdeckt wurde Rhodostannit in einer Mineralprobe (Nr. 12124), die bei Vila Apacheta in der bolivianischen Provinz Rafael Bustillo gesammelt wurde. Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte durch G. Springer, der das Mineral aufgrund seiner rötlichen Farbe nach dem altgriechischen Wort  [rhodon] für Rose und seiner Verwandtschaft mit Stannit, der wiederum nach seinem Zinngehalt (lateinisch stannum) benannt wurde.

Springer reichte seine Analyseergebnisse und den gewählten Namen 1968 zur Prüfung bei der International Mineralogical Association ein (interne Eingangs-Nr. der IMA: 1968-018), die den Rhodostannit als eigenständige Mineralart anerkannte. Die Publikation der Erstbeschreibung erfolgte im gleichen Jahr im Fachmagazin Mineralogical Magazine unter dem Titel Electronprobe analyses of stannite and related tin minerals.

Das Typmaterial des Minerals (Holotyp) wird im Institut für angewandte Mineralogie und Lagerstättenlehre (IML) der Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) unter der Sammlungs-Nr. 12124 aufbewahrt.

Klassifikation
Die strukturelle Klassifikation der IMA zählt den Rhodostannit zur Spinell-Supergruppe, wo er zusammen mit Carrollit, Cuproiridsit, Cuprokalininit, Fletcherit, Florensovit, Malanit und Toyohait die "Carrollit-Untergruppe" innerhalb der "Thiospinelle" bildet (Stand 2019).

Die bekannten und zunächst nach chemischer Zusammensetzung ordnenden Mineralsystematiken sortieren den Rhodostannit in die Mineralklasse der "Sulfide und Sulfosalze" ein.

In der veralteten 8. Auflage der Mineralsystematik nach Strunz gehörte der Rhodostannit dort zur Abteilung der "Sulfide mit [dem Stoffmengenverhältnis] M(etall) : S(chwefel) = 1 : 1", wo er zusammen mit Cadmoselit, Greenockit, dem inzwischen diskreditierten Hexastannit und Wurtzit die "Wurtzit-Reihe" mit der System-Nr. II/B.06 bildete.

Im Lapis-Mineralienverzeichnis nach Stefan Weiß, das sich aus Rücksicht auf private Sammler und institutionelle Sammlungen noch nach dieser alten Form der Systematik von Karl Hugo Strunz richtet, erhielt das Mineral die System- und Mineral-Nr. II/C.06-150. In der "Lapis-Systematik" entspricht dies der Abteilung "Sulfide mit [dem Stoffmengenverhältnis] Metall : S,Se,Te ≈ 1 : 1", wo Rhodostannit zusammen mit Barquillit, Briartit, Černýit, Famatinit, Ferrokësterit, Hocartit, Kësterit, Keutschit, Kuramit, Luzonit, Permingeatit, Petrukit, Pirquitasit, Sakuraiit, Stannit, Toyohait und Velikit die "Stannit-Gruppe" (II/C.06) bildet (Stand 2018).

Die seit 2001 gültige und von der IMA zuletzt 2009 aktualisierte 9. Auflage der Strunz'schen Mineralsystematik ordnet den Rhodostannit dagegen in die Abteilung der "Metallsulfide mit M : S = 3 : 4 und 2 : 3" ein. Diese ist zudem weiter unterteilt nach dem genauen Stoffmengenverhältnis, so dass das Mineral entsprechend seiner Zusammensetzung in der Unterabteilung "M : S = 3 : 4" zu finden ist, wo es zusammen mit Toyohait die "Rhodostannitgruppe" mit der System-Nr. 2.DA.10 bildet.

In der vorwiegend im englischen Sprachraum gebräuchlichen Systematik der Minerale nach Dana ist Rhodostannit zusammen mit Toyohait in der unbenannten Gruppe 02.10.03 innerhalb der Unterabteilung "Sulfide – einschließlich Seleniden und Telluriden – mit der Zusammensetzung AmBnXp, mit (m + n) : p = 3 : 4" zu finden.

Chemismus
In der theoretisch idealen Zusammensetzung von Rhodostannit – Cu2FeSn3S8 beziehungsweise Cu1+(Fe2+0,5Sn4+1,5)S4 – besteht das Mineral im Verhältnis aus zwei Teilen Kupfer (Cu), einem Teil Eisen (Fe), drei Teilen Zinn (Sn) und acht Teilen Schwefel (S). Zusammengenommen besteht also ein Stoffmengenverhältnis aller Metalle zum Schwefel von 6 : 8 oder auch 3 : 4. Dies entspricht einem Massenanteil (Gewichtsprozent) von 15,97 Gew.-% Cu, 7,02 Gew.-% Fe, 44,77 Gew.-% Sn und 32,24 Gew.-% S.

Die analysierten Mineralproben aus der Typlokalität Vila Apacheta in Bolivien hatten mit durchschnittlich 15,9 bis 16,0 Gew.-% Cu, 6,5 bis 6,8 Gew.-% Fe, 45,4 bis 45,5 Gew.-% Sn und 31,3 bis 32,8 Gew.-% S nur eine geringe Abweichung von der Idealzusammensetzung.

Mit Toyohait (Ag2FeSn3S8) als silberhaltigem Endglied bildet Rhodostannit eine Mischkristallreihe.

Kristallstruktur
Rhodostannit kristallisiert in der tetragonalen  mit den Gitterparametern a = 7,31 Å und c = 10,33 Å sowie 2 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle.

Die Kristallstruktur von Rhodostannit entspricht der Spinellstruktur, wobei das Cu1+-Ion die T-Stelle einnimmt, während Fe2+ und Sn4+ zufällig über die äquivalenten M-Stellen verteilt sind.

Bildung und Fundorte
Rhodostannit bildet sich als Verwitterungsprodukt aus Stannit und kommt entsprechend mit diesem, aber auch mit Pyrit vergesellschaftet vor.

Weltweit sind bisher (Stand: 2012) nur etwas mehr als 10 Fundorte für Rhodostannit dokumentiert. Neben seiner Typlokalität Vila Apacheta in der Provinz Rafael Bustillo (Departamento Potosí) trat das Mineral in Bolivien noch in der "San José Mine" bei Oruro, der "Huanuni Mine" nahe der gleichnamigen Stadt und der "Santa Cruz Mine" bei Poopó im Departamento Oruro auf.

Weitere Fundorte liegen unter anderem in der argentinischen Provinz Jujuy (Mina Pirquitas und Cusi Cusi), in der "Tongkeng-Changpo Mine" im Kreis Nandan im Chinesisch Autonomen Gebiet Guangxi, auf den japanischen Inseln Hokkaidō (Toyoha Mine) und Shikoku (Besshi Mine) sowie in den US-Bundesstaaten Arizona (Campbell Mine, Bisbee) und Nevada (Dean Mine und Lucky Rocks Claim, Lander County).

Siehe auch
 Liste der Minerale

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Anerkanntes Mineral
Tetragonales Kristallsystem
Sulfide und Sulfosalze
Kupfermineral
Eisenmineral
Zinnmineral
Schwefelmineral

Rhodostannit


Jesús López Cobos () a fost dirijor spaniol.

López Cobos a studiat mai întâi filozofia la Universitatea Complutense din Madrid și a absolvit cu o disertație.  Abia mai tarziu și-a început studiile muzicale și a studiat printre altele dirijatul cu Franco Ferrara, Hans Swarowsky și Karl Österreicher.

Din 1981 până în 1990 a fost director general muzical la Deutsche Oper Berlin și din 1984 până în 1988 și director muzical al Orchestrei Naționale Spaniole. Din 1986 până în 2000, Jesús López Cobos a fost dirijorul principal al Orchestrei Simfonice din Cincinnati, iar în perioada 1990-2000 a fost dirijor principal al Orchestrei de Cameră de la Lausanne. Din 2002 până în 2010 a fost director muzical al teatrului Teatro Real din Madrid.

Premii
 În 1981 a fost distins cu Premiul Prințul Asturiei.

Referințe

Legaturi externe

 Jesús Lópengleză)ez Cobos    în engleză)
 Biografie a lui Jesús López-Cobos. Agenția de artiști dr. Raab & Dr. Boehm, arhivate din original la 14 Ianuarie 2013; accesat pe al doilea Martie 2018.
 Jesús López-Cobos. Harrison Turner Artist Management, arhivate din original la 20 Aprilie 2013; accesat pe al doilea  Martie 2018 (În limba engleză).
 Jesús López Cobos. Fundación Princesa de Asturias, 2008 arhivate din original la 29 August 2008; accesat pe al doilea   Martie 2018 (În limba engleză).
 Biografía de Jesús López Cobos. PubliSpain.com, arhivate din original la 19 Octombrie 2011; accesat pe al doilea Martie 2018 (Spaniolă).

Nașteri în 1940
Decese în 2018
Dirijori spanioli
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Ofițeri ai Ordinului Crucea Federală de Merit a Republicii Federale Germania
Pages with unreviewed translations

Jesús López Cobos


El 61º Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo (61. Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung) fue una unidad de la Luftwaffe de la Alemania nazi.

Historia
Fue formado el 1 de noviembre de 1938 en Oschatz, a partir del 23º Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo. El 1 de abril de 1939 es reasignado al I Batallón de Instrucción del 61º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea.

Comandantes
 Mayor Wilhelm Branning (1939)

Referencias
 WW2 - 61. Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Batallones aéreos de reemplazo
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

61.º Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo


Münkershütten war eine von sieben Hüttensiedlungen Weidenaus und später Teil dieser Gemeinde im nördlichen Siegener Stadtgebiet im Kreis Siegen.

1475 wurde Münkershütten als Geburtsort der Frau des späteren Besitzers des Dielman Monckershammer, der späteren Münkershütte genannt. Münkershütten ist überwiegend evangelisch geprägt, zwischen 1711 und 1743 jedoch katholisch. 1861 lebten 170 Menschen im Ort. Zum 1. Dezember 1885 hatte Münkershütten 208 Einwohner. Durch "Allerhöchsten Erlaß" des deutschen Kaisers Wilhelm II. wurde 1888 festgelegt, "daß die die Gemeinde Weidenau, im Kreis Siegen, bildenden Ortstheile Haardt, Fickenhütten, Schneppenkauten, Münkershütten, Müßnershütten, Meinhardt und Weidenau unter Wegfall der bisherigen Bezeichnung für die einzelnen Ortstheile fortan einheitlich den Namen 'Weidenau' führen" sollten.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Siegen)
Geschichte (Siegen)

Münkershütten


Das Amtsgericht Bad Säckingen ist ein Gericht der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit in Baden-Württemberg und eines von fünf Amtsgerichten im Bezirk des Landgerichtes Waldshut-Tiengen.

Gerichtssitz und -bezirk
Das Amtsgericht hat seinen Sitz in Bad Säckingen, Hauensteinstraße 9. Der Gerichtsbezirk umfasst die Gemeinden Bad Säckingen, Wehr, Laufenburg, Murg, Herrischried und Rickenbach.

Zuständigkeit
Das Gericht ist erstinstanzliches Gericht in Zivil-, Betreuungs-, Vereins-, Güterrechtsregister- und Strafsachen. Die Zuständigkeit für die Handels-, Genossenschafts- und Partnerschaftsregister liegen jedoch beim Amtsgericht Freiburg im Breisgau.

In Familiensachen und Strafsachen, die vor das Schöffengericht gehören, ist es auch für die Bezirke der Amtsgerichte Schönau und Schopfheim zuständig.

Als Vollstreckungsgericht ist das AG Bad Säckingen zuständig für alle Vollstreckungsangelegenheiten, bei denen der Schuldner seinen Wohnsitz im Gerichtsbezirk hat. Jugendschöffengerichts-, Zwangsversteigerungs- und Insolvenzverfahren werden beim Amtsgericht Waldshut-Tiengen bearbeitet.

Übergeordnete Gerichte
Dem Amtsgericht Bad Säckingen ist im Instanzenzug das Landgericht Waldshut-Tiengen übergeordnet. Zuständiges Oberlandesgericht ist das Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe.

Siehe auch
 Liste deutscher Gerichte
 Liste der Gerichte des Landes Baden-Württemberg

Weblinks
 Internetpräsenz des Amtsgerichts Bad Säckingen

Bad Sackingen
Bad Säckingen
Gegründet 1857

Amtsgericht Bad Säckingen


USS Manila Bay (CVE-61) was a  of the United States Navy.

She was laid down as Bucareli Bay (ACV-61) under Maritime Commission contract by Kaiser Company, Inc., Vancouver, Washington on 15 January 1943; renamed Manila Bay on 3 April 1943; launched on 10 July 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Robert W. Bockius; reclassified CVE-61 on 15 July 1943; acquired by the Navy on 5 October 1943; and commissioned the same day at Astoria, Oregon, Captain Boynton L. Braun in command.

Service history

World War II
After a shakedown cruise along the west coast, Manila Bay sailed for Pearl Harbor on 20 November and returned a load of damaged planes to San Diego on 4 December. After training exercises, with Composite Squadron 7 (VC-7) embarked, she departed Hawaii on 3 January 1944. A week later she embarked Rear Admiral Ralph Davidson and became flagship for Carrier Division 24. Joining Task Force 52 (TF 52), she sortied 22 January for the invasion of the Marshall Islands. Between 31 January-6 February, she launched air and antisubmarine patrols as well as dozens of combat missions. Her planes bombed and strafed enemy positions from Kwajalein Island north to Bigej Island and destroyed ammunition dumps and ground installations. She remained in the Marshalls during the next month and extended her operations late in February first to Eniwetok and then to Majuro.

Departing Majuro on 7 March, Manila Bay reached Espiritu Santo on the 12th. Three days later she joined TF 37 for airstrikes and surface bombardments against Kavieng, New Ireland on 19–20 March. During the next month she cruised between the Solomons and the Bismarck Archipelago supporting the protracted offensive to neutralize the Archipelago and the Japanese fortress at Rabaul. Thence, on 19 April she steamed so that her planes could attack enemy positions on New Guinea.

New Guinea
American naval and ground forces began a three–pronged invasion along northern New Guinea at Aitape, Hollandia, and Tanahmerah Bay on 22 April. During and after the invasion Manila Bay launched protective air patrols and sent fighters and bombers to attack and destroy Japanese installations in the Aitape area. On 4 May she returned to Manus Island where Rear Admiral Felix Stump relieved Admiral Davidson as Commander, Carrier Division 24. Admiral Stump transferred his flag to  on 6 May, and the following day Manila Bay sailed for overhaul at Pearl Harbor where she arrived on 18 May.

After loading 37 Army Republic P-47 Thunderbolts of the Army Air Forces' 73rd Fighter Squadron, 318th Fighter Group, Manila Bay sailed on 5 June for the Mariana Islands. Steaming via Eniwetok, she reached the eastern approaches to Saipan on 19 June. During the next 4 days, she remained east of the embattled island as ships and planes of the Fast Carrier Task Force repulsed the Japanese Fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and inflicted staggering losses on the enemy, crippling the Imperial Navy's air strength permanently.

On 23 June, Manila Bay came under enemy air attack during refueling operations east of Saipan. Four Aichi D3A Val dive bombers attacked her from dead ahead, dropping their bombs which exploded wide to port. As a precautionary and rather unusual move which Raymond A. Spruance later characterized as "commendable initiative", Manila Bay launched four of the P-47 Thunderbolts she was ferrying to fly protective CAP until radar screens were clear of contacts. The Army fighters then flew to Saipan, their intended destination. Manila Bay launched the remaining planes the next day and returned to Eniwetok, arriving on 27 June. After embarking 207 wounded troops, she departed on 1 July, touched Pearl Harbor on the 8th, and reached San Diego on 16 July.

Manila Bay returned to Pearl on 31 August. Two days later, Captain Fitzhugh Lee III took command of the veteran carrier, and after embarking VC-80, Manila Bay departed on 15 September as a unit of Carrier Division 24 (CarDiv 24). Steaming via Eniwetok, she reached Manus 3 October and began final preparations for the invasion of the Philippines at Leyte Gulf.

Leyte Gulf
Assigned to the Task Group 77.4 (TG 77.4), Manila Bay departed on 12 October for waters east of the Philippines. Prior to the invasion, her planes pounded enemy ground targets on Leyte, Samar, and Cebu Islands. She launched ground support, spotting, and air cover strikes during the amphibious assaults on 20 October, and she sent bombers and fighters to support ground forces during the critical first few days at Leyte.

As Manila Bay cruised to the east of Leyte Gulf with other carriers of Admiral Stump's "Taffy 2" (Task Unit 77.4.2, TU 77.4.2), powerful Japanese naval forces converged upon the Philippines and launched a three-pronged offensive to drive the Americans from Leyte. In a series of masterful and coordinated surface attacks, an American battleship, cruiser, and destroyer force met and destroyed enemy ships in the Battle of Surigao Strait early on 25 October. Surviving Japanese ships retreated into the Mindanao Sea pursued by destroyers, PT boats, and after sunrise by carrier-based bombers and fighters.

Manila Bay sent an eight-plane strike against ground targets on Leyte before sunrise; subsequently, these planes bombed and strafed retiring enemy ships southwest of Panaon Island. A second strike about midmorning pounded the cruiser . In the meantime, however, Manila Bay turned her planes against a more immediate threat: the enemy attack against ships of Taffy 3.

Samar

A running battle ensued between the escort carriers of Rear Adm. Clifton Sprague's Taffy 3 and the larger, vastly more powerful surface ships of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force. The self-sacrificing attacks by American destroyers and destroyer escorts, and the prompt, aggressive, and unceasing torpedo, bomb, and strafing strikes by planes from Taffy 2 and Taffy 3 contributed to the American victory against great odds in the Battle off Samar.

Manila Bay launched two airstrikes during the enemy pursuit of Taffy 3 and two more as the Japanese retreated. At 08:30, she sent four torpedo-laden Grumman TBM Avengers and a seven-plane escort to join the desperate fight. Three launched torpedoes at a battleship, probably , but they missed. The fourth plane launched her torpedo at a heavy cruiser, most likely . It hit the ship to starboard near the fantail, forcing her out of control. The second strike an hour later by two Avengers resulted in one torpedo hit on the portside amidships against an unidentified battleship.

As the Japanese ships broke off attack and circled off Samar, the airstrikes continued. At 11:20, Manila Bay launched four Avengers, carrying 500 pound bombs, and four bombers from other carriers. Escorted by General Motors FM-2 Wildcats and led by Commander R. L. Fowler, they soon joined planes from other Taffy carriers. Shortly after 12:30, some 70 planes surprised and attacked the retiring Center Force, strafing and bombing through intense antiaircraft fire. Manila Bays bombers made a hit and two near misses on the lead battleship, probably  or . Manila Bay launched her final strike at 12:45, strafing destroyers and getting two hits on a cruiser.

Later that afternoon, Manila Bays CAP intercepted a Japanese bomber-fighter strike about 50 miles north of Taffy 2. Her four fighters broke up the enemy formation, and with reinforcements drove off the attackers before they reached the carriers. Her planes continued to attack enemy ships the following day. Laden with rockets and bombs, one of her Avengers scored two hits on the cruiser  and several rocket hits on the destroyer . Both ships sank about noon in the Visayan Sea after numerous air attacks.

Manila Bay resumed air operations in support of Leyte ground forces on 27 October. During ground support and air cover missions, her planes shot down an Aichi D3A "Val" on 27 October and bagged two Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscars" on 29 October. Late on 30 October she sailed for the Admiralty Islands, arriving at Manus on 4 November.

Mindoro
After steaming to Kossol Passage late in November, Manila Bay departed on 10 December to provide air cover for the Mindoro invasion convoys. The task force entered Mindanao Sea early on 13 December. Late that afternoon in the Sulu Sea south of Negros, they encountered enemy aircraft. The fighter cover shot down or repulsed most of the attackers. Accurate fire from Manila Bay shot down one kamikaze. A second kamikaze hit the destroyer .

During and after the Mindoro landings on 15 December, Manila Bay sent her planes on ground support and air cover missions. As troops poured ashore, more kamikazes attempted to break the air cover and crash into ships of the covering and carrier group. The few that escaped the combat air patrols were either shot down or driven off by accurate antiaircraft fire. Manila Bay helped down three of the raiders and her fighters knocked out two more. After recovering her planes on 16 December, she sailed in convoy via Surigao Strait and reached Kossol on 19 December.

After a trip to Manus, Manila Bay sortied New Year's Day 1945 with ships of the Luzon Attack Force. With five other escort carriers she provided air cover for Vice Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's Bombardment and Fire Support Group, and direct air support for Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey's San Fabian Attack Force.

The task groups steamed via Surigao Strait and the Mindanao Sea into the Sulu Sea where they turned north for the Mindoro Strait. Enemy nuisance and suicide raids began in earnest on 4 January; and despite the tight air cover provided by CVE aircraft, a kamikaze crashed into the flight deck of  causing her to sink.

Lingayen Gulf
The enemy air attacks intensified on 5 January. Patrolling fighters broke up morning and early afternoon strikes, shooting down numerous raiders. At 16:50, a third attack sent all hands to general quarters. Vectored CAP shot down several enemy planes and anti-aircraft fire accounted for others. Three planes got through to the cruisers , the destroyer , and the Australian cruiser .

Kamikaze strike
Just before 17:50, two kamikazes dove at Manila Bay from the portside. The first plane hit the flight deck to starboard abaft the bridge, causing fires on the flight and hangar decks, destroying radar transmitting spaces, and wiping out all communications. The second plane, aimed for the bridge, missed the island close aboard to starboard and hit the sea off the fantail.

Firefighting parties promptly brought the blazes under control, including those of two fueled and burning torpedo planes in the hangar deck. Within 24 hours, she resumed limited air operations. Most repairs to her damaged electrical and communication circuits were completed by 9 January, when the amphibious invasion in Lingayen Gulf got underway.

Manila Bay had 14 men killed and 52 wounded, but by 10 January she resumed full duty in support of the Lingayen Gulf operations. In addition to providing air cover for the task force, her planes flew 104 sorties against targets in western Luzon. They gave effective close support for ground troops at Lingayen and San Fabian and bombed, rocketed, and strafed gun emplacements, buildings, truck convoys, and troop concentrations from Lingayen to Baguio.

Manila Bay departed in convoy late on 17 January. Steaming via Leyte, Ulithi, and Pearl Harbor, she arrived San Diego on 15 February. Battle damage repairs completed late in April, with VC-72 embarked she trained in Hawaiian waters until sailing for the western Pacific on 24 May. She closed the coast of Okinawa on 13 June and during the next week launched rocket and strafing strikes in the Ryukyu Islands. She departed for the Marianas on 20 June and operated out of Guam and Eniwetok during the closing weeks of the war.

Manila Bay steamed to the Aleutians in mid-August. As a unit of TF 44, she departed Adak Island on 31 August to support occupation operations in northern Japan. From 7–12 September her planes carried out photographic and reconnaissance missions over northern Honshū and southern Hokkaidō and dropped emergency supplies at POW camps. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 24 September, unloaded her aircraft, and steamed to the Marshall Islands carrying replacement troops.

Post-war
Assigned to "Magic Carpet" duty, Manila Bay embarked 1,031 veterans at Eniwetok, and from 6–18 October sailed to San Francisco. In November, the carrier aided the disabled Boeing 314 Honolulu Clipper 650 miles east of Oahu. After completing 2 more "Magic Carpet" runs, she departed Pearl Harbor on 27 January 1946 and reached Norfolk, Va. on 18 February.

She steamed to Boston from 15–17 April, decommissioned there on 31 July 1946, and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was reclassified CVU-61 on 12 June 1955; her name was struck from the Navy list on 27 May 1958; and she was sold for scrap to Hugo Neu Corp., 2 September 1959.

Awards
Manila Bay received eight battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links

 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1943 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Manila Bay


Biserica "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" - Broșteni din Buzău este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Buzău. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 44827.16.

Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
 Biserica "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" - Broșteni ()
 Turn clopotniță ()

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Buzău
Buzău
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Maria

Biserica „Adormirea Maicii Domnului” - Broșteni din Buzău


Toulouse Business School er en europæisk handelshøjskole med campusser i Paris, London, Barcelona, Casablanca og Toulouse.. Skolen blev grundlagt i 1903. TBS har fået en 100. plads på verdensplan for dens Executive MBA. Skolens MS - Mastère Spécialisé - program minder om en fuldtids-MBA, men med en tværkulturel tilgang. TBS har ligeledes et ph.d.-program såvel som adskillige masterprogrammer inden for specifikke managementområder, såsom marketing, finans eller iværksætteri.
TBS' programmer har de tre internationale akkrediteringer AMBA, EQUIS og AACSB. Skolen har over 30.000 alumner inden for handel og politik.

Skolen er kendt for sine uddannelsestilbud inden for luftfarten (i partnerskab med École nationale de l'aviation civile).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel website

Uddannelsesinstitutioner i Frankrig
Business School

Toulouse Business School


Itsuki Oda (født 16. juli 1998) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashima Antlers.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Itsuki Oda


Thomandersia, maleni biljni rod smješten u vlastitu porodicu Thomandersiaceae. dio reda medićolike. Postoji šest priznatih vrsta grmova i drveća koje rastu u zapadnoj tropskoj Africi

Rod i porodica ime su dobili po škotskom botaničaru Thomasu Andersonu (1832. – 1870.)

Vrste roda tradicionalno su uključivane u porodicu Acanthaceae na temelju morfologije nekoliko autora, uključujući APG I 1998, APG II suatava 2003.  Filogenetska analiza 2005 i 2007 svih dostupnih dokaza temeljena na analizama genetskog materijala stavila je Thomandersiju u Lamiales, ali van porodice Acanthaceae, kojoj je tradicionalno klasificirana. Štoviše pokazalo se da je Thomandersia morfološki različita skupina, izvan svih porodica koje se trenutno vode pod red Lamiales. Predlaženo je uskrsnuće porodice Thomandersiaceae, koja je opisana još 1977. godine na temelju anatomije lista i morfologije antera.

Vrste
 Thomandersia anachoreta Heine
 Thomandersia butayei De Wild.
 Thomandersia congolana De Wild. & T.Durand
 Thomandersia hensii De Wild. & T.Durand
 Thomandersia laurentii De Wild.
 Thomandersia laurifolia (T.Anderson ex Benth.) Baill.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Botanical Journal, Floral anatomy of Thomandersia (Lamiales), ...

Medićolike

Thomandersia


Der Jüdische Friedhof in Hemmerden, einem Stadtteil von Grevenbroich im Rhein-Kreis Neuss in Nordrhein-Westfalen, liegt an der Straße nach Bedburdyck. Der Friedhof wurde im Film Mariannes Heimkehr. Die Jüdin, der Beamte und das Dorf beschrieben und gezeigt.

Geschichte
Die jüdische Filialgemeinde in Hemmerden gehörte zum Synagogenbezirk Grevenbroich, an die sie 1932 angeschlossen wurde. Die Größe der Gemeinde belief sich im Jahr 1806 auf 27, 1822 auf 44, 1885 auf 17 und 1930 auf 26 Mitglieder. Ein erstes Bethaus ist 1787 belegt und 1859 ein Neubau, der 1938 verwüstet wurde. Später mehrfach umgenutzt ist das Gebäude heute ein Wohnhaus. Der Friedhof wurde Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts angelegt. Auf ihm sind noch 39 Grabsteine (Mazewot) aus den Jahren 1809 bis 1982 vorhanden.

Gedenkstein
Auf dem Gedenkstein ist folgende Inschrift zu lesen:  Den Opfern der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationsläger  1933–1945zum Gedenken Karl Aussen
Lima Aussen, geb. Winter
Arthur Baroch
Frieda Baroch
Elise Kaufmann
Eva Kaufmann
Sybille Kaufmann
Ernst Rübsteck
Fritz Rübsteck Hannelore Rübsteck
Jakob Rübsteck
Jeanette Rübsteck, geb. Blum
Paul Rübsteck
Sabine Rübsteck
Henriette Sachs
Jenni Sachs
Meier Sachs
Philip Sachs Herta Schmitz, geb. Winter
Richard Schmitz
Julius Strauch
Elise Theisebach, geb. Winter
Fried Theisebach
Karl Winter
Rosa Winter, geb. Seligmann
Hilde Wolf, geb. Daniel
Walter Wolf

Grabsteine

Grabstein der Familie Aretz
Jakob Aretz Veronika Aretz, geb. Winter Zum Gedenken an  David Baruch  Hanna Baruch, geb. Aretz

Grabstein der Familie Cohnen
Hier ruhen unsere lieben Eltern
Julie Cohnen, geb. Leven
geboren 6. Juli 1850, gestorben 22. Nov. 1907
Hermann Cohnen,
geboren 29. Juni 1854, gestorben 8. Okt.1821

Grabstein der Familie Stern
Marianne Stern, geb. Winter
1919–1998
Josef Stern
1910–1982

Grabstein der Familie Winter
Lazarus Winter
1850–1925
Jenny Winter, geb. Wolf
1856–1938

Weblinks

 Hemmerden (Neuer Friedhof) In: Übersicht über alle Projekte zur Dokumentation jüdischer Grabinschriften auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Nordrhein-Westfalen. Jüdische Friedhöfe in Nordrhein, H-L

Baudenkmal in Grevenbroich
Hemmerden
Geschlossener Friedhof
Sakralbau in Grevenbroich
Friedhof
Hemmerden

Jüdischer Friedhof (Hemmerden)


Luigi Ercolani (Foligno, 17 de outubro de 1758 - Roma, 10 de dezembro de 1825) foi um cardeal italiano.

Nascimento
Nasceu em Foligno em 17 de outubro de 1758. Penúltimo filho de Ascanio Ercolani, dos marqueses de Fornovo e Rocca Lanzona, patrício de Senigallia e Ancona, que se mudou para Foligno para se casar com Lucrezia Cirocchi Girolami, de Foligno. Ele tinha um irmão mais velho, Giuseppe; e um mais jovem, Lorenzo. Seu sobrenome também está listado como Hercolani.

Educação
Inicialmente, estudou em Foligno com preceptores; depois, no Collegio Nazareno , Roma, de 4 de novembro de 1770 a 1776; seus irmãos Giuseppe e Lorenzo também estudaram no Collegio ; depois frequentou a Pontifícia Academia dos Nobres Eclesiásticos , Roma, em 1776; quando seu pai morreu, ele voltou para Foligno e continuou seus estudos sob a orientação de preceptores de 1776 a 1782; então, ele voltou para a Academia.

Vida pregressa
Ele herdou uma fortuna considerável com a morte de seus irmãos, Giuseppe em 1776 e Lorenzo em 1783. Durante esse período de sua vida, ele permaneceu celibatário, mas viveu uma vida mundana e ao mesmo tempo correta em todos os aspectos, especializando-se em economia e finanças. . Em 1796, entrou ao serviço da administração papal como membro da Comissão Militar; em 1799, recebeu a função de delegado de finanças; e no ano seguinte, em julho de 1800, tornou-se membro da SC para a Reforma do Governo dos Estados Pontifícios, como ecônomo geral provisório. Em outubro de 1800, tornou-se membro da Congregação encarregada dos negócios financeiros. Ele deixou Roma durante a ocupação francesa e residiu em uma das propriedades de sua família em Perugia. Em março de 1814, tornou-se membro da Comissão de Governo como pró-tesoureiro. Em maio de 1814, foi nomeado tesoureiro geral da Câmara Apostólica. Prelado doméstico de Sua Santidade, setembro de 1814. Foi membro da Junta de Estado, que deixou o cargo em março-junho de 1815, durante a fuga do papa para Gênova após a fuga de Napoleão Bonaparte da ilha de Elba.

Sacerdócio
Ele provavelmente foi ordenado sacerdote em 1816 ou 1817.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal diácono e reservado in pectore no consistório de 8 de março de 1816; publicado em 22 de julho de 1816; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 25 de julho de 1816; e o título de S. Marco, in commendam , em 22 de julho de 1816; transferido da ordem dos diáconos para a ordem dos presbíteros por autoridade apostólica em 14 de abril de 1817, após sua ordenação sacerdotal e sem ter que esperar dez anos para passar de uma ordem para outra; atribuído o título de S. Marco em 14 de abril de 1817. Nomeado protetor da Ordem dos Carmelitas em 12 de junho de 1817. Abade commendatario e ordinário das abadias de S. Maria em Farfa e de S. Salvatore Maggiore em janeiro de 1818. Prefeito do Economat da SC de Propaganda Fide e Economous ofCollegio Romano em 10 de outubro de 1819. Participou do conclave de 1823 , que elegeu o Papa Leão XII. Ele sofria de vários anos de uma paralisia avançada.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 10 de dezembro de 1825. Exposta na igreja de S. Marco, onde decorreu o funeral; e sepultado naquela mesma igreja.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VII

Luigi Ercolani


Den Britiske landbrugsrevolution var hidtil uset stigning i landbrugsproduktion i Storbritannien på grund af stigninger i arbejdskraftens og jordens produktivitet i perioden mellem i midten af det 17. århundrede. og slutningen af det 19. århundrede. Landbrugsproduktionen voksede hurtigere end befolkningen i løbet af århundredet til 1770, og derefter forblev produktiviteten blandt de højeste i verden. Denne stigning i madforsyningen bidrog til den rivende befolkningsstigning i England og Wales, fra 5,5 millioner i 1700 til over 9 millioner i 1801, selvom den indlandske produktion i stigende grad gav plads til fødevareimport i det 19. århundrede, eftersom befolkningen blev mere end tredoblet til over 32 millioner. Produktivitetsstigningen fremskyndede faldet i den landbrugsmæssige andel af arbejdsstyrken, hvilket frigjorde mange mennesker til den bymæssige arbejdsstyrke, som industrialiseringen var afhængig af; den landbrugsmæssige revolution er derfor blevet citeret som en årsag til Den industrielle revolution.

Historikere fortsætter imidlertid med at strides om, præcist hvornår sådan en "revolution" fandt sted og hvad den bestod af. I stedet for en enkelt begivenheder angiver G.E. Mingay at der var en "overflod af landbrugsrevolution, en i to århundreder før 1750, en anden lægger vægt på århundredet efter 1650, en tredje i perioden 1750-1880, og en fjerde i de midterste årtier i det 19. århundrede". Dette har fået nyere historikere til at hævde, at enhver generel udtalelse om "landbrugsrevolutionen" er vanskelig at opretholde.

En vigtig ændring i landbrugsmetoder var ændringen i sædskifte, hvor man dyrkede majroer og kløver, i stedet brak. Majroer kan dyrkes om vinteren og er rodfæstet dybt, hvilket gør det muligt for dem at samle mineraler, der er utilgængelige for overfladiske afgrøder. Kløver fikserer nitrogen fra atmosfæren til en form for gødning. Dette muliggjorde den intensive opdykning af lyse jorde på indhegnede gårde og skaffede foder nok til at kunne støtte forøgede antal husdyr, hvis møg bidrog yderligere til jordens frugtbarhed.

Større udviklinger og opfindelser
Den Britiske Landbrugsrevolution fandt sted som følge af det komplekse samspil mellem forandringer i samfundets sociale og økonomiske aspekter samt ændringer i landbrugsteknologien. Større udviklinger og innovations omfatter:

 Norfolk fire-mark vekseldrift: Foderafgrøder, især majroe og kløver, erstattede den tidligere praksis med at lade jorden ligge brak.
 Hollænderne forbedrede den kinesiske plov, så den kunne trækkes med fære okser eller heste.
 Enclosure: Fjernelsen af fælles rettigheder for i stedet at etablere eksklusivt ejerskab af jord.
 Udvikling af et nationalt marked fri for tariffer, vejafgifter og toldmæssige hindringer.
 Transportinfrastruktur, såsom forbedrede such as veje, kanaler og senere jernbaner.
 Jordomdannelse, jordafløb og landvinding.
 Stigning i gårdenes størrelse.
 Kunstig selektion

Vekseldrift

En af den Britiske landbrugsrevolutions mest betydningsfulde opfindelser var udviklingen af Norfolk fire-felt vekseldrift, der i høj grad øgede afgrøder- og husdyrudbytter ved at forbedre jordens frugtbarhed og reducere brak.

Vekseldrift er den dyrkningspraksis, der indebærer, at en række forskellige former for afgrøder dyrkes i det samme område i sekventielle sæsoner for at hjælpe med at bevare plantenæringstoffer og afbøde opbygningen af patogener og skadedyr, der opstår, når en planteart dyrkes kontinuerligt. Vekseldrift kan endvidere forbedre jordens struktur og frugtbarhed ved at veksle mellem dybtrodede og overfladiske planter. Majroe-rødder kan foreksempel genoprette jordens næringsstoffer, der kommer fra dybt under jorden takket være plantens dybe pælerod. Norfolk systemet, som det nu er kendt som, roterer afgrøder således, at forskellige afgrøder beplantes med det resultat, at forskellige typer og mængder af næringstoffer optages af planter fra jorden, når de vokser. En betydningsfuld egenskab ved Norfolk fire-mark var at den brugte arbejdskraft på tidspunkter hvor efterspørgsel var på sit højeste.

Tilsåningen af dækafgrøder såsom majroer og kløver var ikke tilladt under fælledsystemet, fordi de hindrede adgangen til markerne. Andre folks husdyr kunne desuden græsse majroerne.

I Middelalderen havde det åbne marksystem oprindeligt brugt et to-marks vekseldrift system, hvor en mark lå brak eller blev omdannet til overdrev for en tid, med det formål at forsøge at genoprette nogle af dens plantenæringsstoffer. Senere anvendte de en treårs, tre-marks vekseldrift rutine, med en anden afgrøde på hver af de to marker f.eks. mark havre, rug, hvede og byg på den første mark, på den anden dyrkede mark de en bælgplante, eksempelvis ærter eller bønner og den tredje mark lå brak.

Normalt lå 10-30% af agerjorden i et tre afgrøde vekseldrift system brak. Hver mark, der blev "roteret", blev tilsået med en anden afgrøde næsten hvert eneste år. I løbet af de følgende to århudreder, genoprettede den regelmæssige beplantning af bælgplanter, såsom ærter og bønner på de marker som tidligere lå brak, langsomt nogle dyrkede arealers frugtbarhed. Dyrkningen af bælgfrugter hjalp med at øge plantevæksten på den tomme mark, på grund af knoldbakterierne på bælgplante-røddernes evne til at fiksere nitrogen (N2) fra luften og ned i jorden i en form som planter kunne bruge. Af andre afgrøder der lejlighedsvis blev dyrket kan nævnes hør og medlemmer af korsblomst-familien.

Convertible husbandry medførte at en mark vekslede mellem græs og korn. Fordi nitrogenindholdet i et græsseområde langsomt bygger sig over tid, resulterede pløjningen af græsningsarealer og plantningen af korn i højt udbytte i et par år. En stor ulempe ved convertible husbandry var det hårde arbejde med at bryde græsseområderne op og vanskeligheder ved etableringen af dem. Convertible husbandry var betydningsfuld, fordi den inkorporerede græsgangene i vekseldriften.

Landmændene i Flandern (i dele af Frankrig og dagens Belgien) opdagede et stadig mere effektivt fire-marks vekseldrift system, der benyttede majroer og kløver (en bælgplante) som foderafgrøder som erstatning for treårs vekseldriftens år med brak.

Fire-marks vekseldrift systemet gjorde det muligt for landmændene at genoprette jordens frugtbarhed og nogle af de plantenæringsstoffer, der var blevet fjernet med afgrøderne. Majroer dykkede så tidligt som 1638 op i Englands skifteretlige optegnelser, men blev ikke udbredt indtil ca. 1750. Brakmarkerne udgjorde i 1700 20% af Englands dyrkbare område, inden majroer og kløver i vid udstrækning blev dyrket. I midten af det 19. århundrede blev guano og nitrater fra Sydamerika introduceret, og området der lå brak faldt støt til kun 4% i 1900. På hver mark ville hvede, byg, majroer og kløver ideelt set, efter hinanden, blive dyrket i førnævnte rækkefølge. Majroerne hjalp med at holde udkrudtet nede og var en fremragende foderafgrøde; drøvtyggende dyr kunne spise planternes toppe og rødder i løbet af stor del af somrene og vintrene. Der var ikke behov for at lade jorden ligge brak, eftersom kløver kunne gentilføre jorden nitrater (nitrogenholdige salte). Kløver var fortræffelig som græsningsareal og græsmark, der blev brugt til høslæt, og lavede endvidere fortræffelig grøngødning, når den blev pløjet ned efter et eller to år. Inkorporeringen af kløver og majroer i landbruget, gjorde det muligt at holde flere dyr gennem vinteren, som til gengæld producerede mere mælk, ost, kød og møg, der bevarede jordens frugtbarhed.

Afgrødesammensætningen ændrede sig også: arealet under hvede steg ved 1870 til 1.4 millioner hektarer, byg til 0.9 millioner hektarer og havre mindre dramatisk til 1.1 millioner hektarer, imens ryg faldt til 25.000 hektarer, mindre end en tredjedel af dens højdepunkt i senmiddelalderen. Kornudbytter drog fordel af nye og bedre frø side om side med forbedret vekseldrift og frugtbarhed; hvedeudbytter steg med en fjerdedel i det 18. århundrede og næsten 50% i det 19. århundrede, hvor de i 1890'erne gennemsnitligt var 2.080 kg/hektar.

Se også
 Historieafsnit i artiklen Jordbrug i Storbritannien

Noter

Litteratur

 Ang, James B., Rajabrata Banerjee, and Jakob B. Madsen. "Innovation and productivity advances in British agriculture: 1620-1850." Southern Economic Journal 80.1 (2013): 162-186.
 Campbell, Bruce M. S., and Mark Overton. "A new perspective on medieval and early modern agriculture: six centuries of Norfolk farming c. 1250-c. 1850." Past and Present (1993): 38-105. in JSTOR
 Clark, Gregory. "Too much revolution: Agriculture in the industrial revolution, 1700–1860." in The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (2nd ed. 1999) pp: 206-240.

 Fletcher, T. W. "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896." Economic History Review (1961) 13#3 pp: 417–432. online

 Mingay, Gordon E. "The" Agricultural Revolution" in English History: A Reconsideration." Agricultural History (1963): 123-133. in JSTOR
 --do.-- The Agricultural Revolution: Changes in Agriculture, 1650-1880. (Documents in Economic History.) Black, 1977

Historiografi
 Allen, Robert C. "Tracking the Agricultural Revolution in England." Economic History Review (1999) 52#2 pp: 209-235. online

Eksterne henvisninger
 "Agricultural Revolution in England 1500-1850" af professor Mark Overton. BBC History fra Bbc.co.uk

Landbrugshistorie
Storbritanniens økonomi

Britiske landbrugsrevolution


An Poa flaccidula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier ngan George François Reuter. An Poa flaccidula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa flaccidula


The NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament (officially styled by the NCAA as a "Championship" instead of a "Tournament") is an annual championship tournament for colleges and universities that are members of NCAA Division II, a grouping of schools in the United States (plus one school in Canada) that are generally smaller than the higher-profile institutions grouped in Division I. The tournament, originally known as the NCAA College Division Basketball Championship, was established in 1957, immediately after the NCAA subdivided its member schools into the University Division (today's Division I) and College Division. It became the Division II championship in 1974, when the NCAA split the College Division into the limited-scholarship Division II and the non-scholarship Division III, and added the "Men's" designation in 1982 when the NCAA began sponsoring a Division II women's championship.

Like all other NCAA basketball divisions for men and women, the champion is decided in a single-elimination tournament.  The Division II tournament normally involves 64 teams.  The Division II tournaments for men and women differ in a major respect from those in Divisions I and III. The finals of both Division II tournaments consist of eight teams, instead of the four in the other two divisions. The eight survivors of regional play meet in the Elite Eight at a predetermined site.

Qualification
A total of 64 bids are normally available for each tournament: 23 automatic bids (awarded to the champion of each Division II all-sports conference) and 41 at-large bids. Due to COVID-19 issues, the 2020 tournament was canceled, and the 2021 tournament was reduced to 48 teams when nine all-sports conferences chose not to compete in men's basketball in 2020–21.

The bids are allocated evenly among the eight NCAA-designated regions (Atlantic, Central, East, Midwest, South, South Central, Southeast, and West), all but one of which contain three of the 23 Division II conferences that sponsor men's basketball. The South Central region contains only two conferences. Each regional tournament involves an appropriate number of automatic qualifiers (teams that won their respective conference tournaments), with the remaining participants entering via at-large bids (which are awarded regardless of conference affiliation).

Conference tournaments
Schools in italics are, as of the next Division II basketball season in 2023–24, no longer members of that specific conference.

Results

Source:

Records and statistics

Championships by school

Team appearances

Former Division II champions now in other classes

Division I
Source:

Division III
Source:

Statistical Leaders
 NCAA Division II season scoring leaders

Broadcasting
CBS Sports holds rights to the semi-final and final rounds of the Division II tournament, with the semi-final games broadcast on CBS Sports Network and the final on CBS (covered as part of the NCAA March Madness package). In 2015, CBS Sports reached a long-term deal to continue broadcasting the Division II men's semi-final on CBS Sports Network through 2024.

See also
 NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament
 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament
 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
 NAIA Division II men's basketball tournament

References

External links
 Awards history through 2020-2021 (Archived)
 Coaching records through 2020-2021 (Archived)
 Attendance records through 2020-2021 (Archived)

Recurring sporting events established in 1957


ස්මාර්ත (සංස්කෘත:स्मार्त) යනු ප්‍රධාන හින්දු නිකායකි. එය මිමංසා, අද්වෛත, යෝග සහ දේවවාදයේ සංයෝගයක් වේ. ස්මාර්ත සම්ප්‍රදාය දේවවාදි නිකායන් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරයි. එහි ශිව, විෂ්ණු, සූර්‍ය, ගනේෂ සහ ශක්ති යන පස් ස්වරූප එක හා සමාන ලෙස පිළිගනි.

ශෛවවාදය සමඟ ඓතිහාසික සම්බන්ධකම් තිබුණද අද්වෛත සම්ප්‍රදාය ශෛව නිකායක් නොවේ. අඅද්වෛතයන් නිකායික නොවන අතර, ශක්ති, ගණපති සහ හින්දු ආගමේ අනෙකුත් දෙවිවරුන්ට සමානව ශිව සහ විෂ්ණු වන්දනා කිරීම සඳහා ඔවුන් පක්ෂපාති වේ. අභිනවගුප්ත පරම යථාර්ථය එකක් බවත් පරා ශිව බොහෝ ස්වරූප බවට පත් වන බවත් ඕනෑම දෙවියෙකු එකම සමාන කාර්‍යක් ඉටු කරන බවත් ප්‍රකාශ කළේය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ස්මාර්ත


Jekaterina Barkalova (født 5. juni 1995 i Kropotkin, Rusland) er en kvindelig russisk håndboldspiller som spiller for HK Kuban Krasnodar og Ruslands kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Rusland
Håndboldspillere fra HK Kuban Krasnodar

Jekaterina Barkalova


Prvi hrvatski redarstvenik, hrvatski dokumentarni film iz 2001. godine. Snimljen je u produkciji umjetničke organizacije Zora film. U realizaciji sudjelovala je Udruga Prvi hrvatski redarstvenik, MORH i HRT.

Izvori
 Odjavna špica

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi o Domovinskom ratu
Filmovi 2000-ih

Prvi hrvatski redarstvenik (dokumentarni film)


Los romáleidos (Romaleidae) o saltamontes perezosos son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos. Se distribuye por América y este de Asia.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Bactrophorinae Amédégnato, 1974
 Bactrophorini Amédégnato, 1974
 Andeomezentia Amédégnato & Poulain, 1994
 Bactrophora Westwood, 1842
 Bora Amédégnato & Descamps, 1979
 Cristobalina Rehn, 1938
 Hyleacris Amédégnato & Descamps, 1979
 Mezentia Stål, 1878
 Panamacris Rehn, 1938
 Rhicnoderma Gerstaecker, 1889
 Silacris Amédégnato & Descamps, 1979
 Ophthalmolampini Descamps, 1977
 Adrolampis Descamps, 1977
 Aphanolampis Descamps, 1978
 Apophylacris Descamps, 1983
 Caenolampis Descamps, 1978
 Chromolampis Descamps, 1977
 Drypetacris Descamps, 1978
 Elutrolampis Descamps, 1978
 Euprepacris Descamps, 1977
 Habrolampis Descamps, 1978
 Hekistolampis Descamps, 1978
 Helicopacris Descamps, 1978
 Helolampis Descamps, 1978
 Lagarolampis Descamps, 1978
 Nautia Stål, 1878
 Nothonautia Descamps, 1983
 Ophthalmolampis Saussure, 1859
 Othnacris Descamps, 1977
 Peruviacris Descamps, 1978
 Poecilolampis Descamps, 1978
 Pseudonautia Descamps, 1978
 Tikaodacris Descamps, 1978
 Xenonautia Descamps, 1977
 Zoumolampis Descamps, 1978
 Taeniophorini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
 Hylephilacris Descamps, 1978
 Megacephalacris Descamps & Amédégnato, 1971
 Megacheilacris Descamps, 1978
 Taeniophora Stål, 1873
 Romaleinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
 Eurostacrini Amédégnato, 1997
 Eurostacris Descamps, 1978
 Pseudeurostacris Descamps, 1978
 Hisychiini Descamps, 1979
 Acrideumerus Descamps, 1979
 Acridophaea Descamps, 1979
 Cloephoracris Descamps, 1979
 Hisychius Stål, 1878
 Pareusychius Amédégnato & Poulain, 1994
 Porphoracris Descamps, 1979
 Pseudhisychius Descamps, 1979
 Leguini Amédégnato & Poulain, 1986
 Ampiacris Amédégnato & Poulain, 1986
 Legua (animal)Legua Walker, 1870
 Proracris Uvarov, 1940
 Phaeopariini Giglio-Tos, 1898
 Abila  Stål, 1878
 Albinella Carbonell, 2002
 Aristia Stål, 1876
 Costarica Koçak & Kemal, 2008
 Epiprora Gerstaecker, 1889
 Graciliparia Amédégnato & Poulain, 1994
 Maculiparia Jago, 1980
 Phaeoparia Stål, 1873
 Pseudaristia Carbonell, 2002
 Stornophilacris Amédégnato & Descamps, 1978
 Tepuiacris Carbonell, 2002
 Procolpini Giglio-Tos, 1898
 Aeolacris Scudder, 1875
 Munatia Stål, 1875
 Procolpia Stål, 1873
 Prorhachis Scudder, 1875
 Xomacris Rehn, 1955
 Romaleini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
 Agriacris Walker, 1870
 Alcamenes Stål, 1878
 Alophonota Stål, 1873
 Antandrus Stål, 1878
 Aplatacris Scudder, 1875
 Aprionacris Descamps, 1978
 Brachystola Scudder, 1876
 Brasilacris Rehn, 1940
 Callonotacris Rehn, 1909
 Chariacris Walker, 1870
 Chromacris Walker, 1870
 Cibotopteryx Rehn, 1905
 Colpolopha Stål, 1873
 Coryacris Rehn, 1909
 Costalimacris Carbonell & Campos-Seabra, 1988
 Diponthus Stål, 1861
 Draconata Pictet & Saussure, 1887
 Dracotettix Bruner, 1889
 Eidalcamenes Rosas Costa, 1957
 Gurneyacris Liebermann, 1958
 Helionotus Rehn, 1909
 Limacridium Carbonell & Campos-Seabra, 1988
 Litoscirtus Bruner, 1907
 Phrynotettix Glover, 1872
 Prionacris Stål, 1878
 Prionolopha Stål, 1873
 Radacridium Carbonell, 1984
 Romalea Serville, 1831
 Securigera Bolívar, 1909
 Spaniacris Hebard, 1937
 Staleochlora Roberts & Carbonell, 1992
 Taeniopoda Stål, 1873
 Thrasyderes Bolívar, 1881
 Titanacris Scudder, 1869
 Tropidacris Scudder, 1869
 Tytthotyle Scudder, 1897
 Xestotrachelus Bruner, 1913
 Xyleus Gistel, 1848
 Zoniopoda Stål, 1873
 Trybliophorini Giglio-Tos, 1898
 Trybliophorus Serville, 1831
 sous-famille indéterminée
 Quitus Hebard, 1924

Referencias

 Brunner von Wattenwyl , 1893 : Révision du système des orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie.  Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 'Giacomo Doria', Genova, vol. 33, 1–230.

Enlaces externos

  Romaleidae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Acridoidea

Romaleidae


Água lunar é a água que está presente na Lua. Moléculas de água difusas podem persistir na superfície lunar iluminada pelo Sol, conforme descoberto pelo observatório SOFIA em 2020. Gradualmente, o vapor de água é decomposto pela luz solar, deixando o hidrogênio e o oxigênio perdidos no espaço sideral. Os cientistas encontraram gelo de água nas crateras frias e permanentemente sombreadas nos polos lunares. As moléculas de água também estão presentes na atmosfera lunar, que é extremamente fina e tênue.

A água (H2O) e o grupo hidroxila quimicamente relacionado (-OH), existem em formas quimicamente ligadas como hidratos e hidróxidos a minerais lunares (em vez de água livre), e as evidências sugerem fortemente que este é o caso em baixas concentrações como para grande parte da superfície da Lua. De fato, da matéria superficial, calcula-se que a água adsorvida existe em concentrações de traços de 10 a 1 000 partes por milhão. Evidências inconclusivas de gelo de água livre nos polos lunares se acumularam durante a segunda metade do século XX a partir de uma variedade de observações sugerindo a presença de hidrogênio.

Em 18 de agosto de 1976, a sonda soviética Luna 24 pousou em Mare Crisium, coletou amostras das profundezas de 118, 143 e 184 cm do regolito lunar, e depois os levou para a Terra. Em fevereiro de 1978, foi publicado que a análise laboratorial dessas amostras mostrou que continham 0,1% de água em sua massa. As medições espectrais mostraram mínimos perto de 3, 5 e 6 µm, bandas de vibração de valência distintas para moléculas de água, com intensidades duas ou três vezes maiores que o nível de ruído.

Em 24 de setembro de 2009, foi noticiado que o espectrômetro do Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) da NASA, a bordo do orbitador indiano Chandrayaan-1, detectou características de absorção próximo de 2,8-3,0 µm na superfície lunar. Em 14 de novembro de 2008 a Índia fez o Moon Impact Probe, a bordo da sonda Chandrayaan-1, pousar na cratera Shackleton, onde foi confirmada a presença de gelo de água. Para corpos de silicato, tais características são tipicamente atribuídas a materiais contendo hidroxila e/ou água. Em agosto de 2018 a NASA confirmou que o M3 mostrou que o gelo de água está presente na superfície dos polos lunares. A água foi confirmada pela NASA na superfície ensolarada da Lua em 26 de outubro de 2020.

A água pode ter chegado à Lua em escalas de tempo geológicas através bombardeio regular de cometas, asteroides e meteoroides ou continuamente produzida in situ pelos íons de hidrogênio (prótons) do vento solar impactando minerais contendo oxigênio.

Ver também
Exploração da Lua
Colonização da Lua

Água extraterrestre
Exploração da Lua

Água lunar