තායි නගර ජනපද ක්‍රමක්‍රමයෙන් දුර්වල වූ ක්මේර් රාජ්‍යයෙන් නිදහස ලැබීය. ක්‍රි.ව. 1238 දී ෆෝ කුන් සී ඉන්ද්‍රක්‍රීට් විසින් සුකෝතායි නම් රාජ්‍යය පිහිටිවන ලදි. මෙම රාජ්‍යයේ පියා විසින් දරුවන් පාලනය කරන්නා වූ ආකාරයට රජතුමා රට පාලනය කිරීම ප්‍රධානතම දේශපාලන ලක්ෂණය විය. එහිදි රට වැසියන්ගේ ප්‍රශ්ණ සෘජුවම රජතුමා ඉදිරියට ගෙනවිත් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ හැකියාව රට වැසියන්ට තිබුණි. මෙහි පහසුව තකා රජමාලිගාව ඉදිරිපිට සීනුවක් ඉදිකර තිබුණි. රම්කම්ගෙන්ගේ රජතුමා යටතේ මෙම නගරය පැවති අවධියේ දී එම නගරය, ප්‍රදේශය ද මෙම නගරය යටතේ පාලනය වුනි. තායි අක්ෂර මාලාව හඳුන්වා දීමට ද මුලික වුයේ මෙම රජතුමාය. 1365 දී මෙම රජතුමාගේ සිදුවු අභාවය සමඟ නගරය ක්‍රමක්‍රමයෙන් විනාශ වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉන්පසුව නැඟී ආ අයුත්තාය රජයට මෙය රුකුලක් විය. මෙය සිදුවුයේ පහළ චාවෝ ෆොරයා ප්‍රදේශයේය.

ලන්නා නම් ජනපදය සුකෝතායි රාජ්‍යයට සමගාමීව වියැන්ග් මෛයි ප්‍රදේශයේ කේන්ද්‍ර ගතවූ උතුරු රාජ්‍යයකි. එහි නිර්මාතෘවරයා වුයේ ෆියා බන්රායි  රජතුමාය. මෙම නගර ජනපදය සුකෝතායි ජනපදයට සමගාමීව දියුණු විය. සුකෝතායි රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ලන්නා රාජ්‍යය ඒකාබද්ධව කටයුතු කළේය. නමුත් අවුත්තාය රාජ්‍යයේ වර්ධනයත් සමඟ එය චාවෝ ෆරයා විය. අයුත්තාය හා ලන්නා රාජ්‍යය අතර  පැවති දරුණු ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව චියැන්ග් මෛයි අයුත්තාය රාජ්‍යය යටතට පත්විය.

ලන්නා රාජ්‍යයේ නිදහස් ඉතිහාසය ක්‍රි.ව. 1558 දී බුරුමයට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ අවසන් විය. ඉන් පසුව එහි පාලනය 18 වන ශතවර්ෂය තෙක් බුරුමය සතු විය. ඉන්පසුව මෙම රාජ්‍යය තුල ප්‍රාදේශිය නායකයන්ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් නිදහස් අරගල ඇතිවිය. එයට සහයෝගය දැක්වුයේ නෝන්බුරි රාජ්‍යයේ තක්සින් රජතුමාය. ඉන්පසුව උතුරු ජනපදයටත් සියල්ලමද, නොන්බුරි හා බැංකොක් රාජ්‍යය යටතට පත්විය. 20 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ මුල්භාගයේ දී මෙම ප්‍රදේශ නැවතත් කොටස් වී වර්තමාන තායිලන්ත රාජ්‍යය බවට පත්විය.

තායිලන්ත ඉතිහාසය - සුකොතයි හා ලන්නා


An Elymus flaccidifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier ngan Theodor Heinrich von Heldreich, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Aleksandre Melderis. An Elymus flaccidifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymus

Elymus flaccidifolius


An Panicum cordovense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier. An Panicum cordovense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum cordovense


Arapça (اللغة العربية,  ya da sadece عربي, ), Afroasya dilleri ailesinin Sami koluna mensup bir dildir. Günümüzde Arap devletleri başta olmak üzere Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika ile Mağrip ve azınlıkların  bulunduğu ülkelerde konuşulan Arapça, 22 ülkede resmiyete sahiptir ve Birleşmiş Milletler'de kabul edilen 6 resmî dilden birisidir. Tüm lehçeleri ile birlikte 420 milyonu aşkın Arapça konuşuru olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.

Arapça kendi içerisinde çeşitli değişkelere ayrılır. Bu değişkeler birbirleriyle farklı oranlarda karşılıklı anlaşılabilirllik gösterebilirler veya hiç göstermezler. Bu nedenden ötürü bazı kaynaklar bunları ayrı birer dil olarak ele almaktadır. Arapçanın standartlaştırılmış formu olan ve Kuran Arapçasını temel alan Fasih Arapça, Arap dünyasında yazı dili olarak kullanılan Arapça lehçesidir. İslam'ın kutsal kitabı Kur'an Kuran Arapçası ile yazılmıştır ve bu Müslümanların ibadet dilidir.

Sınıflandırma
Arapça ve ilgili değişkeleri, bir dil ailesi olan Afro-Asyatik diller içerisinde bulunur. Dil, bu aile içerisinde Sami dilleri kolunda yer alır. Glottolog'a göre Doğu Sami dilleri olan Akadca ve Ebla dili dışında kalan tüm Sami dilleri Batı Sami dilleri grubunda yer almaktadır. Aramice, Kenan dilleri (İbranice ve Fenikece) ve Amorice Kuzeybatı Sami dillerini oluştur ve Arapça bu grup ve Eski Güney Arapçası ile birlikte Orta Sami dilleri adlı bir ara grupta sınıflandırılır.

Coğrafî dağılım
Arapça, Arap Yarımadası'ndan Bereketli Hilâl boyunca Atlantik Okyanusu'na kadar ulaşan geniş bir alanda konuşulan bir dildir. Dünya'da yaklaşık 350 milyon insanın anadili olan Arapça, bir milyarı aşkın Müslüman'ın ibadet dili olması yanı sıra; Suudi Arabistan, Yemen, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri gibi 22 Arap ülkesinin resmî dilidir. Bu dilin Dünya'daki önemi ve rolünün büyüklüğü sonucunda Birleşmiş Milletler, 1974'te Arapçayı altıncı resmî dil kabul etmiştir.

Arapça, aşağıdaki ülkelerde tek resmî dildir, resmî dillerden biridir ya da azınlıkla konuşulur:

 Bahreyn
 Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri
 Cezayir
 Cibuti
 Çad
 Eritre
 Etiyopya
 Fas
 Filistin
 Irak
 İsrail
 Katar
 Komorlar
 Kuveyt
 Libya
 Lübnan
 Mali
 Mısır
 Moritanya
 Batı Sahra (Kısmen tanınan devlet)
 Senegal
 Suudi Arabistan
 Somali
 Sudan
 Suriye
 Tunus
 Umman
 Ürdün
 Yemen

Bununla birlikte Arapça ile yakında ilişkili bir dil olan Malta dili de Malta'da konuşulmaktadır.

Tarih

Arapça büyük medeniyetler, kültürler ve imparatorluklar doğuran dillerin başında gelir. Arapçanın kullanımı 7. yüzyıla kadar Arap Yarımadası içine sınırlı kalmış, İslamiyetin gelişiyle birlikte Arap Yarımadası'nın dışında büyük bir hızla yayılarak; Irak, Suriye, Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika'yı kuşatmış, oradaki dillerin yerini almış ve bir kültür ve medeniyet dili olmuştur. Sonraki asırlarda İslami fetihlerin sürmesiyle Arapça doğuda Afganistan ve en batıda İspanya'ya kadar uzanan bölgede konuşulan dil haline gelmiştir.

Arap alfabesi

Arap alfabesi 28 harften oluşur. Bu harfleri oluşturan temel şekil sayısı ise 17'dir. Arap yazısı sağdan sola doğru akış sergiler. Harflerin tamamına yakını sessizdir (sâmit). Harflerin seslenmesini sağlayan; ancak Kur'an, dil öğrenim kitapları ve şiirler dışında pek kullanılmayan işaretler hareke ismini alır. Arap harflerinin yazılışları, kelimenin başında, ortasında ve sonunda bulunmalarına göre kısmi değişiklikler gösterir.  Arap alfabesinde bulunan 28 ünsüzün 22 tanesi Sami alfabesinden geçerken şekil değişikliğine uğrayan sesler olup geri kalan altı ses Arapçaya özgüdür.

Arap alfabesinin, Arami alfabesi kökenli Nabatî alfabesinden türediği kabul edilmekle birlikte nasıl, ne zaman ve nerede oluştuğu konusunda kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktadır. İslam'dan önceki Cahiliye olarak adlandırılan dönemde edebiyat, özellikle şiir çok üst düzeylere çıkmıştı. Ancak yine de yazma konusunda ileri seviyelere ulaşılmamıştı. İslam peygamberi Muhammed devrinde iki alfabe kullanılıyordu:

 Nesih: Kitap ve yazışmalarda kullanılan, yuvarlak harflerle ve bitişik olarak yazılmış el yazısı şekli,
 Kufi: Çoğunlukla dekoratif amaçlar için kullanılan keskin köşeli harfleri olan yazı şekli.

Arap alfabesi tarihte ve günümüzde sadece Arapların kullandığı bir alfabe olmamış özellikle İslam'ın başka milletler tarafından da kabul edilmesiyle Türkler, İranlılar, Pakistanlılar gibi Asya'daki diğer Arap olmayan kavimler tarafından da kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde de Arap ülkeleri dışında İran, Pakistan, Afganistan gibi ülkelerde kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, Arapça dışında kullanıldığı dillerdeki farklı sesler için, alfabenin temel şekilleri üzerinde küçük değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Örneğin; Farsça ve Türkçedeki "ç" sesi Arap alfabesinde olmadığı için İranlılar ve Türkler, kendi alfabelerine, ج (cim/c) harfinin nokta sayısını üçe çıkararak چ (çîm/ç) şeklini verdikleri harfi eklemişlerdir.

Lehçeleri

Arapça, birbirleri ile farklı oranlarda karşılıklı anlaşılabilirlik gösteren (veya hiç göstermeyen) pek çok değişkeden oluşur; bu değişkeler Arapçanın lehçeleri olarak adlandırılır. Ethnologue ile Uluslararası Standardizasyon Örgütü, bu lehçelerden 30 kadarını kendi başına ayrı bir dil olarak sınıflandırmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Kongre Kütüphanesi ise bu değişkeleri lehçe statüsünde saymaktadır. Arapça değişkelerinin bir lehçe mi dil mi olduğu konusunun politik yönleri de vardır. Arapça konuşurları genellikle konuştukları değişkeleri siyasi veya dinî nedenlerden ötürü tek bir dil olarak ele alırlar. Arapça değişkeleri arasındaki farklılıklar dilbilimsel açıdan Romen dilleri arasındakiler ile kıyaslanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Fasih Arapça Latinceye, çağdaş Arap değişkeleri ise İtalyanca, Fransızca, Rumence ve İspanyolca gibi Halk Latincesinden evrilme Romen dillerine paralellik oluşturmaktadır.

Standart Arapça olarak kabul edilen Fasih Arapça (العربية الفصحى; El-Arabiyye el-fushâ) tüm Arap devletlerinin resmî dilidir. Arap Yarımadası ve Kuzey Afrika'da halkın çoğunluğunca, İran ve Türkiye'de ise Arap azınlıklarca kullanılan diller, Arapçanın lehçeleridir. Standart Arapça herhangi bir ülkede halk dili olarak konuşulmamakla beraber resmî dil olduğu için eğitim görmüş her Arap standart Arapçayı anlar ve konuşabilir. Bu bir iki dillilik örneğidir. Arap devletlerinin resmî dili olduğu için eğitim ve basın yayın da bu Standart Arapça ile yapılır.

Arapça, Arabistan yarımadası lehçeleri, Irak lehçeleri, Suriye lehçeleri, Mısır lehçeleri ve Kuzey Afrika lehçeleri gibi beş ana lehçe öbeğine ayrılır. Standart Arapçanın dışında en önemli Arapça lehçeleri; Mısır Arapçası, Şamî (Suriye, Lübnan, Filistin ve Ürdün'de) Arapça, Irak Arapçası, Körfez Arapçası, Hicaz Arapçası, Necd Arapçası, Yemen Arapçası ve Kuzey Afrika Arapçasıdır (Magribî Arapçası). Arapça ile kökensel ve dilbilimsel açıdan yakından ilişkili Maltaca ise Sicilya Arapçasından evrilmiştir. Buna karşın Mısır Arapçası, Fasih Arapçadan sonra en sık kullanılan Arapça lehçelerinden biridir.

Dil bilgisi

Diğer Sami dilleri gibi, Arapçada da sözcüklerin çoğunluğu üç sessizden, daha az sayıda dört, ondan daha az sayıda beş sessiz harften oluşan bir kökten türetilirler. Bir kökten on değişik vezin üretilebilir. Bu vezinler üç sessiz harfe ünlülerle hareke sistemiyle ses ekleyerek ya da birtakım ön ekler ile elde edilir. Her vezinde aynı kökle alakalı ancak ayrı ayrı başka anlamlar ifade eden bir konsept vardır ve her vezinden kendi içinde bir fiil, bir ya da birkaç fiilden türetilmiş isim ve fiili yapan bir özne ile fiile maruz kalan bir nesne türetilebilir. Arapçada üç sözcük türü vardır: fiil, ad, harf ya da edat. Adların eril ve dişil biçimleri vardır.

Arapçada ismin üç hali vardır. İsmin halleri sözcüğün sonuna eklenen ünlü hareketleriyle betimlenir: (damme, fetha ve kesra). Dilin gramer yapısı büyük ölçüde bu hareke (seslendirme) sistemine dayanmaktadır. Kısa bir u sesi veren damme ismin yalın halini betimler. Takribi kısa bir e sesine denk gelen fetha nesneyi betimler. Kısa bir i sesine denk gelen kesra ise edatları ve tümleçleri betimler. Ancak bunun pek çok istisnası vardır ve hareke sistemi yan cümleciklerde ve dilin çeşitli yapılarında değişikliğe uğrayabilir. Günlük konuşmada ve yazıda bu hareke sistemi çoğunlukla ihmal edilir.

Arapçada zamanlar temelde geçmiş ve geniş olmak üzere iki zamandan oluşur. Ayrıca bir şimdiki zaman yoktur. Gelecek zaman şimdiki zaman çekiminin başına (س)se- öneki getirilerek oluşturulur. Ancak geniş zamanın da değişik türevleri bulunur ve bazı kişi çekimlerinde hareket değişebilir. Her fiil geçmiş ve geniş (şimdiki) zamanda on iki tip kişi zamirine göre çekilir (1. tekil ve çoğul, 2. erkek tekil, ikil (dual) ve çoğul, 2. dişi tekil ve çoğul, 3. erkek tekil, ikil ve çoğul, 3. dişi tekil ve çoğul).

Sıfatlar ve rakamlar da cinsiyete göre çekilir. İnsan olmayan çoğullar dişi tekil sıfat tamlaması alırlar.

Arapçada sessiz harflere ses veren harekeler yazıda gösterilmeyebilir. Kalın ve ince sesler için ünsüzler değişir. Bu yüzden Türkçede aynı harfin kullanıldığı pek çok sözcük Arapçada farklı iki sessizle yazılır. (Sayf=yaz (sad, ya, fe); Seyf=kılıç (sin, ya, fe); Kalb=kalp (kaf, lam, be); Kelb=köpek (kef, lam, be) gibi).

Söz varlığı ve diğer dillerle etkileşimleri
Günümüzde yaygın olan pek çok dil Arapçanın söz varlığından pek çok sözcük almıştır. Türkçede pek çok Arapça kökenli sözcük bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca İngilizceye, birçoğu Arapçanın ön eki "al-" ile başlayan birçok sözcük katmıştır. Bunlardan bazıları; algebra, alcohol, alchemy, alkali, alcove ve albatros, mosk, minaret, sultan, elixir, harem, girate, gazelle, cotton, amber, sofa, mattress, tariff, magazine, arsepial, syrup, sugar, sherbet ve artichoke gibi sözcüklerdir. "Coffee" (kahve) de İngilizceye Türkçe ve İtalyanca yoluyla giren Arapça bir sözcüktür. "Assassin" (suikast) sözcüğü "haşhaş bağımlıları" anlamındaki "haşhaşin" gibi bir Arapça sözcükten gelir. Ayrıca İspanyolcada 1600 civarında Arapça sözcük olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Arapça; Yunancadan İngilizceye, İspanyolcadan Farsçaya pek çok dünya dilini etkilediği gibi dilin Türkçe üzerindeki etkisi de çok büyüktür. Türkçede Arapça kökenli pek çok sözcük bulunur. Ancak gramer yapılarındaki büyük farklar dolayısıyla pek çok Arapça kökenli sözcük Türkçede anlam kaymasına ve değişimine uğramıştır.

Arapça kendi içerisinde de alıntı sözcükler barındırır. İslam öncesi Arapçayı söz varlığı açısından etkilemiş en önemli dilleri Aramice, Geez ve daha az oranda İbranice gibi diğer Sami dilleri oluşturmaktadır. İranî diller olan Orta Farsça, Partça ve Klasik Farsçadan da dile kültürel, dinî ve siyasi kelimeler girmiştir. Koini Grekçesi de Arapçayı etkilemiştir; bu dilden Arapçaya girmiş kelimeler arasında kīmiyā' (gr. khymia; metalleri dönüştürme ilmi) al-munaḳḳaḥ (gr. almenichiakon; takvim) ve al-anbiq (gr. alembic; kupa, distilasyon aparatı) bulunur.

Arapça Öğretimi
Türk halkları arasında Arapça öğretimi oldukça eski bir tarihe uzanır. Pek çok düşünür, Arapçanın nasıl öğretileceği hususundaki görüşlerini belirtmiştir. Bu düşünürler arasında, ünlü şair Mehmet Âkif Ersoy da bulunmaktadır. Mehmet Âkif, 1910 tarihli Hasbihal adındaki makalesinde, Osmanlı eğitim sisteminin Arapça öğretimi hususunda karşılaştığı sorunları mercek altına almıştır. Ona göre Arapça öğretiminde karşılaşılan en büyük problem, alışılageldik ezberciliktir. Mehmet Âkif kendi gözüne çarpan sorunları beyan ettikten sonra, bazı çözüm önerileri de sunmaktadır. Örneğin; Arapça öğretiminde kullanılabilecek eserlere değinmekte ve bu bağlamda Luvis Şeyho'nun Mecânî'l-Edeb adlı kitabının okutulabileceğini savunmaktadır.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 PAÜ Arapça Sözlük  (Latin harfleriyle de arama yapılabilen Arapça sözlük)

Sami dilleri
Orta Sami dilleri
Cezayir'deki diller
Bahreyn'deki diller
Kamerun'daki diller
Çad'daki diller
Cibuti'deki diller
Eritre'deki diller
İran'daki diller
Irak'taki diller
İsrail'deki diller
Ürdün'deki diller
Kuveyt'teki diller
Lübnan'daki diller
Libya'daki diller
Mali'deki diller
Moritanya'daki diller
Fas'taki diller
Nijer'deki diller
Umman'daki diller
Suudi Arabistan'daki diller
Senegal'deki diller
Sicilya'daki diller
Somali'deki diller
Sudan'daki diller
Suriye'deki diller
Tunus'taki diller
Yemen'deki diller
Komorlar'daki diller
Filistin'deki diller
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ndeki diller
Özne-fiil-nesne dilleri

Arapça


'''Savezne Države Mikronezije:
 Yap (savezna država)
 Yap (otočje)

 Yap (brazda), brazda u Tihom oceanu istočno od Filipina

Yap


Magicianul este un film românesc din 2010 regizat de Bogdan Mureșanu, Alex Tambala.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2010 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2010
Filme dramatice românești

Magicianul (film din 2010)


Derry Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Derry Township (Illinois)
 Derry Township (Dauphin County, Pennsylvania)
 Derry Township (Mifflin County, Pennsylvania)
 Derry Township (Montour County, Pennsylvania)
 Derry Township (Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania)

Derry Township


Elisabeth Maier (* 1967) ist eine ehemalige österreichische Tischtennis-Nationalspielerin. Sie gehörte in den 1980er Jahren zu den besten Spielerinnen Österreichs.

Werdegang
Elisabeth Maier spielte beim Verein ATUS Judenburg, der seit 1971 von ihrem Vater Alfred Maier († 2017), dem späteren Präsidenten des Steirischen Tischtennisverbandes, geleitet wurde. 1983 wurde sie zusammen mit Barbara Wiltsche österreichische Jugendmeister im Doppel.

Von 1985 bis 1988 und nochmals 1990 gewann sie die österreichische Meisterschaft im Einzel. Dazu kommen mehrere vordere Platzierungen:
 1983: Platz 2 im Einzel, Sieg im Doppel mit Dolores Fetter, Platz 2 im Mixed mit Heimo Glanzer
 1984: Sieg im Doppel mit Dolores Fetter
 1985: Sieg im Doppel mit Sigrid Awart, Sieg im Mixed mit Stanislaw Fraczyk
 1986: Platz 2 im Doppel mit Schell, Sieg im Mixed mit Stanislaw Fraczyk
 1987: Sieg im Mixed mit Stanislaw Fraczyk
 1989: Sieg im Doppel mit Schell, Platz 2 im Mixed mit Ding Yi
 1990: Sieg im Doppel mit Schell, Sieg im Mixed mit Peter Eckel
 1991: Platz 2 im Einzel

Zwischen 1983 und 1991 nahm sie viermal an Weltmeisterschaften und zweimal an Europameisterschaften teil. Dabei kam sie niemals in die Nähe von Medaillenrängen. In der ITTF-Weltrangliste belegte sie 1985 Platz 71. 1994 beendete sie ihre Laufbahn als Leistungssportlerin.

Elisabeth Maier ist seit 1994 verheiratet, führt dem Namen Elisabeth Egger und hat zwei Söhne. Seit 2007 arbeitet sie bei der Gemeinde St. Georgen ob Judenburg.

Turnierergebnisse

Literatur
 Heinz Köck: 50. Geburtstag von Gemeindesekretärin Elisabeth Egger, in: St. Georgener Gemeinde-Nachrichten, Nr. 50, Dezember 2017, Seite 43 Online (abgerufen am 13. Oktober 2018)

Einzelnachweise

Österreichischer Meister (Tischtennis)
Sportler (Judenburg)
Österreicher
Geboren 1967
Frau

Elisabeth Maier (Tischtennisspielerin)


දුරාන්තිකයක් යනු, යම් වස්තුවක  ඉලිප්සීය කක්ෂයෙහි නාභියන් අතුරින් එකක සිට  එම වස්තුවට වැඩිම හෝ අඩුම දුර ලබාදෙන ලක්ෂ්‍යයකි. නූතන බගෝල යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාවෙහි මෙම නාභිය ආකර්ෂණ කේන්ද්‍රයද වන අතර, එය සාමාන්‍ය ලෙසින් පද්ධතියෙහි ස්කන්ධ කේන්ද්‍රයද වෙයි. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, භූකේන්ද්‍රික පද්ධතීන්හී, දුරාන්තික මනිනුයේ පෘථිවියෙහි කේන්ද්‍රයෙහි සිටය.

පෘථිවිය
කක්ෂ

දුරාන්තිකය


(12301) Eötvös, denumire internațională (12301) Eotvos, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12301 Eötvös este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,37 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 3,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi cu nume de oameni
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

12301 Eötvös


GMA Network, Inc. (poznatiji kao GMA) je filipinska medijska tvrtka sa sjedištem u Quezon Cityju. Osnovao ju je 1950. godine Robert La Rue Stewart. Tvrtka upravlja s nekoliko radijskih i televizijskih postaja na Filipinima, uključujući GMA-7, GTV-27, Super Radyo DZBB 594 i Barangay LS 97.1.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena web-stranica

Tvrtke
Gospodarstvo Filipina

GMA


Budimír este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.202 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Budimír este atestată documentar din 1289.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Budimír


famille
 famille Papeians de Morchoven, une famille contemporaine de la noblesse belge ;

personnalité
 Christian Papeians de Morchoven (1924-2008), un moine bénédictin, écrivain, professeur et historiographe belge ;
 Pierre Papeians de Morchoven (1914-2008), un peintre belge et moine bénédictin de l'abbaye de Zevenkerke, qui fut successivement missionnaire en Chine et cofondateur de l'Abbaye de Valyermo.

Papeians de Morchoven (homonymie)


The existing Hong Kong honours system was created after the transfer of government of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China as a special administrative region in 1997. Before that, Hong Kong was a British dependent territory and followed the British honours system.

The Hong Kong SAR government releases an annual Honours List, which is published in the Government Gazette on Establishment Day (1 July).

Types of awards

General Awards

The Grand Bauhinia Medal
The Grand Bauhinia Medal, the highest award under the HKSAR honours and awards system, is to recognise the selected person's lifelong and highly significant contribution to the well-being of Hong Kong. The awardee is entitled to the postnominal letters GBM and the style The Honourable. (Bauhinia, Bauhinia blakeana, is the floral emblem of Hong Kong.)

The Bauhinia Star
The Bauhinia Star has three classes: Gold, Silver and Bronze.

The Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) is awarded to eminent persons who have given very distinguished services to the community or who have rendered public or voluntary services of a very high degree of merit.

The Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) is awarded to persons who have taken a leading part in public affairs and/or voluntary work over a long period of time.

The Bronze Bauhinia Star (BBS) is awarded to persons who have given outstanding service over a long period of time, but in a more limited field or way than that required for the Silver Bauhinia Star.

The Medal of Honour
The Medal of Honour (MH) is the basic award under the honours system and is awarded in recognition of community service in a district or in a particular field over a long period of time. It is also awarded to non-directorate civil servants who have served with distinction.

Gallantry Awards

The Medal for Bravery
The Medal for Bravery is awarded for display of bravery in an incident. It too has three classes, Gold, Silver and Bronze.

The Medal for Bravery (Gold) is awarded for acts of gallantry of the greatest possible heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger.

The Medal for Bravery (Silver) is awarded for gallantry of an extremely high order.

The Medal for Bravery (Bronze) is awarded for exemplary acts of gallantry of a lesser standard.

Disciplined Services and ICAC Awards
The Disciplined Services and ICAC Awards are awarded to officers of the six major disciplined formations as well as the Independent Commission Against Corruption. The disciplined formations are the Hong Kong Police, Hong Kong Fire Services, Hong Kong Immigration Service, Hong Kong Customs and Excise, Hong Kong Correctional Services, and the Government Flying Service. These awards replace the colonial awards issued before July 1997 that had profile of the reigning monarch and different ribbons. There are three types of awards:

Distinguished Service Medals
 Hong Kong Police Medal for Distinguished Service (PDSM)
 Hong Kong Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service (FSDSM)
 Hong Kong Immigration Service Medal for Distinguished Service (IDSM)
 Hong Kong Customs and Excise Medal for Distinguished Service (CDSM)
 Hong Kong Correctional Services Medal for Distinguished Service (CSDSM)
 Government Flying Service Medal for Distinguished Service (GDSM)
 Hong Kong ICAC Medal for Distinguished Service (IDS)

Meritorious Service Medals
 Hong Kong Police Medal for Meritorious Service (PMSM)
 Hong Kong Fire Services Medal for Meritorious Service (FSMSM)
 Hong Kong Immigration Service Medal for Meritorious Service (IMSM)
 Hong Kong Customs and Excise Medal for Meritorious Service (CMSM)
 Hong Kong Correctional Services Medal for Meritorious Service (CSMSM)
 Government Flying Service Medal for Meritorious Service (GMSM)
 Hong Kong ICAC Medal for Meritorious Service (IMS)

Long Service Medals and Clasps
 Hong Kong Police Long Service Medal and Clasps
 Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Long Service Medal and Clasps
 Hong Kong Fire Services Long Service Medal and Clasps
 Hong Kong Correctional Services Long Service Medal and Clasps
 Hong Kong Immigration Service Long Service Medal and Clasps
 Hong Kong Customs and Excise Long Service Medal and Clasps
 Government Flying Service Long Service Medal
 Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption Long Service Medal
 Hong Kong Auxiliary Medical Services Long Service and Clasps
 Civil Aid Service Long Service Medals and Clasps

General Awards
These awards consists of a frame certificate with the Emblem of Hong Kong, name of the award in English and Chinese, name of the recipient (Chinese or English) commending their extraordinary contribution to the community, government or public service:

 Chief Executive's Commendation for Community Service
 Chief Executive's Commendation for Government and Public Service

Order of precedence
The order of precedence is listed as follows in postnominals: GBM, GBS, MBG, SBS, MBS, BBS, MBB, MH, JP.

Nomination and awarding
The nomination is usually made by SAR Government departments, and evaluated by the Honours Committee.  The annual Honours List is published in the Gazette of the SAR Government on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (1 July)

Orders, decorations, and medals of British Hong Kong
List of awards available to people in Hong Kong prior to 30 June 1997:
 See Modern Honours from the United Kingdom
 See Chivalry orders from the United Kingdom
 Hong Kong Disciplined Services Medal – for long service and good conduct in the Disciplined Services between 1986 and 1997.

Recipients of Colonial Hong Kong Gallantry Awards

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#decorations-gallantry-and-distinguished-conduct-medals

Orders, Decorations and Medals conferred on Hong Kong residents or in respect of Hong Kong service up to 30 June 1997:

Victoria Cross (VC)John Robert Osborn (1941)

George Cross (GC)Mateen Ahmed Ansari (1946)Douglas Ford (1946)John Alexander Fraser MC & Bar (1946)Hector Bertram Gray AFM (1946)Lanceray Arthur Newnham (1946)Joseph Hughes (1946)

Distinguished Service Order (DSO)Henry William Moncrieff Stewart OBE, MC (1946)Wells Arnold Bishop (1946)Ernest Hodkinson (1946)Cecil Robert Templer (1946)Evan George Stewart (1946)Arthur John Dewar (1946)

Order of the British Empire (CBE) for GallantryAlfred Creighton Collinson (1946)Andrew Peffers OBE (1946)

Order of the British Empire (OBE) for GallantryOsmonde Hedworth Farrar (1930)Lindsay Tasman Ride (1942)Keble Theodore Andrews-Levinge (1946)Eustace Levett (1946)John Herbert Price MC (1946)

Order of the British Empire (MBE) for GallantrySher Singh (1945)Victor Stanley Ebbage BEM (1945)Hargraves Milne Howell (1945)William Nichols (1945)Harry Charles Spong(1945)David Louis Strellett (1945)Charles Gentry Turner (1945)Feroze Khan (1945)Sister Elizabeth Mosey (1946)Stanley Gordon Woods (1968)Frederick John Preston (1973)

Indian Order of Merit (IOM)Ali Mohd (1946)Phul Singh (1946)Nawaz Khan (1946)Lakhu Singh (1946)

Distinguished Service Cross (DSC)William Morley Wright (1942)John Christian Bolder DSC & Bar (1942) Arthur Luard Pears (1942)Bruce Graham Clarke (1946)

Royal Red Cross – Member (RRC)Sister Mary Ann Lockerbie Currie (née Davies; 1946)Sister Margaret Anna North (1946)

Military Cross (MC)E.W.M.L. Corbally (1942)R.H.D. Scriven (1942)Ivan Bernard Trevor (1942)David Ronald Holmes (1943)K.A. Munro (1943) P. Steyn (1944)R.A.S. Lane (1944)J.S. McKay (1945)James Allan Ford (1945) Abdul Jabaar (1945)Khan Sherrin (1945)Martin Pryce Weedon (1945)John Stanley Marcus Vintner (1945)Robert Leslie Berridge (1945)Caesar Edward Orway (1945)David Pinkerton (1945)Christopher Mark Maurice Man (1945)Frederick Temple Atkinson (1945)Uriah Laite  (1945)Robert William Philip (1945)Thomas Alexander Blackwood (1945)Collison Alexander Blaver (1945)William Francis Nugent (1945)Francis Gavan Power (1945)Michael George Carruthers (1945)B.C. Field (1945)Ivor Phillip Tamworth (1945)E.B. Teesdale (1945)Mehr Khan (1945)Shah Mohamed (1945)Kampta Phasad (1945)Haider Rehman Khan (1945)David Clive Crosby Trench (Solomon Islands; 1946)G.D.M. Williams (1965)

Air Force Cross (AFC)Danny Cheung Kwong (1965)Richard Paul Seymour (1973)Peter Stephen Boyland (1992)Christopher Jeremy Spencer Fynes (1993)Steven Derek Murkin (1993)

Royal Red Cross – Associate (ARRC)Sister Edith Butlin (1946)Sister Gwendoline Colthorpe (1946)Sister Edith Freda Davies (1946)Sister Kathleen Georgina Christie (1946)Sister Anna May Waters (1946)

Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM)Kishen Singh (1917)Rur Singh (1917)M.J. Muldowney (1920)Colin Alden Standish (1920)Derek Everard Rix (1920)Arthur David Manning (1920)Albert Edward Miller (1920)Thomas F. Stainton (1920)Charles Albert Clark (1920)Ronald John Routledge (1946)

George Medal (GM)N.G.A. Noble (1947)Ian P. Hyde (Malaya; 1947)Cheung On (1947)Chau Fook (1952)James Hidden (1952)Leung Yiu-tong (1953)P. Muskett (1958)William James Gorman (1960)Edward Louis Hanlon (1964) James Hall Matchett (1968) Choi Chor (1973)James Hogg Bruce (1973)John Caruth Gorman (1973)Leung Shiu-kay (1973)Chiu Yiu-nam (1983)Ng Hung-shek (1994)

King's Police Medal for Gallantry (KPM)Timothy Murphy (1923)Kenneth Andrew (1928)Roland Henry John Brooks (1947)David Loie Fook-wing (1947)Duncan George MacPherson (1947)Harold Tiplady (1949)Wong Wai Tsoi (1949)Li Fu (1949) Chiu Ho-ching (1949)

Queen's Police Medal for Gallantry (QPM)Cheng Kin Cheung (1955)

Indian Distinguished Service Medal (IDSM)Amanat Ali (1946)

Distinguished Service Medal (DSM)Bernard Charlie Lilley (1946)Albert John White (1946)

Military Medal (MM)Ghulam Mohamad (1917), Nihal Singh (1917), Lab Singh (1918), Ghulam Hussain (1918), Tika Khan (1918), A. Hutchins (1919), Patrick John Sheridan (1942), Francis Lee Yiu-piu (1942), D.I. Bosanquet (1943), W.G. Poy (1944), A.A. Iles (1944), E.G. Jones (1944), Walter Ivan Cook (1946), Charles Douglas Goddard (1946), Arthur Philip Hoxby (1946), Puran Singh (1946), Resham Khan (1946), Tularam Singh (1946), Gordon Edward Williamson (1946), Stanley Walter Wright (1946), Emile Gregory Bernard (1946), Seldon Grant Stoddard (1946), Cecil Thomas Whalen (1946), Murray Thomas Goodenough (1946), Lionel Curtis Speller (1946), Kenneth Stanley Cameron (1946), Ronald Edward Atkinson (1946), Meirion Price (1946), John Leslie Varley (1946), Ernest Irwin Bennett (1946), William Henry Morris (1946), Ban Tsan-chuen (1946), H.V. Pearse (1946), C.L. Salter (1946), C.D. Walker (1946), Victor White (1946), David William Yee (1946), Mohd Amir (1946), Alfred Thomas Goschen Lloyd (1946), Chau Sik-wah (1952), Li Hon To (1960), Lui Tong (1960).(NOTE: Further work required for 1946; see http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37521/supplements/1672)

Air Force Medal (AFM)Keith George Thomas Sturge (1992)

Sea Gallantry Medal (SGM) (records incomplete here)JOHN CROPPER, Chief Officer, GEORGE REGINALD JENKINS, Third Officer, BOND HUGGINS, Apprentice, WON JAH, HONG KAM, LAM POW, and LEONG YOE, Seamen, of the SS Bowes Castle; THOMAS LLOYD WILLIAMS, Chief Officer, KENNETH HENRY STUART, Second Officer, HAROLD WAINRIGHT, GEORGE ARTHUR PARKER, STANLEY LEONARD GARRETT, JOHN EDWARD SNAITH, Apprentices, GE LING LOW, Quartermaster, SING YUNG SANG, Boatswain, CHING CHIN FONG, LIN AH YOK, LEE VAN CHAN, CHANG CHIN PAN, CHANG PAN FAH and YING AH PAN, Seamen of the SS Egremont Castle; A. LEXOW, Chief Officer, ROLF FREDERIK MOLTZAU, Second Officer, G. DAKSERHOFF, Third Officer, CHEE AH KUN, Boatswain's Mate, HAN FAT SANG, TSE TOR, and LIN CHANG CHIN, Quartermasters, fireman, and cabin boy who formed part of the boat's crew from the SS Hwah Ping (all 1923); SO HAU, Fireman of SS Paul Beau of Hong Kong (1925)

Colonial Police Medal for Gallantry (CPM)Frederick Edward Evelyn Booker, Jack Cooper Fitz-Henry, Chan Ng, William Stirton McHardy, Christopher Stanley Pile, Tam Chung, Tang Ka, Gordon Charles Taylor, Frederick Douglas Bishop Tuckett (1939), George Allan Rodney Wright-Nooth (1946), Roland Henry John Brooks (1947), Charles William Brown (1947), Chan Sang (1947), Ho Yuk (1947), Lok So (1947), William Todd (1947), Yan Fuk (1947), Chan Wing (1948), Chiu Ho-ching (1948), Li Fu (1948), Li Hon-to (1960), Lui Tong (1960), Wong Kai-wan (1962), Cheung Tin (1964), William Roger Deane (1964), John Henry Douglas Bell (1964), Brian Gray Fender (1964), Cheng Yee Hung (1966), Cheung Kwai Chau (1966), Law Kim-chuen (1966), Wu Yun-tsung (1966), Chiu Sau-sum (1968), Trevor John Colley (1968), Kwok Chung (1968), David Pitt (1968), Edward Joseph Stevenson (1968), Tang Wong-yau (1968), Tsang Wing CPM & Bar (1968), Cheung Tin-fat (1972), Roberton James Patterson Burton (1972), Kong Yuk-sut (1972), Leung Kam-ming (1972), Choy Fut-po (1973), Chiu Yiu-chip (1973), Anthony Stuart Conway (1973), Leslie Burton (1973), Peter Michael Mullens (1973), Lun Kam-yat (1973), Luk Kai-lau (1973), Ng Kam-hung (1973), David Wilfred Frederick O'Brien (1973), John Reid (1973), Yau Shou-kit (1973), Chan Kam-ming (1974), Lau Piu (1974)

Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM)Yip Long-ping (1977), Ho Hing-chuen (1979), Aimansing Limbu (1979), Chan Kwai-fai (1980), Tung Chi-kan (1980), Yeung Chun-hing (1980), Nicholas Alexander McQueen (1981), Lo Wai-shing (1982), Cheung Wai-leung (1982), Chiu Shing-chau (1982), Leung Siu-lin (1984), Timothy Martin Adamson (1984), Martin John Lovatt (1986), Chiu Ka-ping (1987), Li Tam-shing (1989), Lui Tak-wah (1989), Chan Chi-choi (1989), Cheng Kwok-wai (1991), Anthony Martin Leahy (1991), Nicholas John Roberts (1991), Tsang Hung-lit (1991), Yeung Kwok-wing (1993), Nigel Mills (1993), Griffiths (1993), Chan Lun-fat (1993), Cheung Hin-yeung (1993), Yeung Chi-fai (1995), Cheung Kwok Keung (1995), Lee Man-ying (1995), WPC Leung Lai-fun (1995), Barry John Smith (1995), Andrew Mark Steeple (1996), Jason Chan Siu-kei (1997), Ma Hing-keung (1997), Ma Ka-kuen (1997)

British Empire Medal for Gallantry (BEM)Jalal Din (1946)Mohammed Afsar (1946)Richard Malig (1947)Emundo Da Silva (1947)David John Leonard (1947) Gordon Cleaver 1953, Peter Anderson (1955)Yu Kwong (1960)Tang Sai-bun (1962)Bhimraj Rai (1962)Lee Nai Liang (1965)David Lawrence Birch (1965)Anthony Charlwood (1968)Jack Cavie (1968)Anthony Roger Prouse (1973)

Mentions in Dispatches (MID)Charles Cranes, Albert Archibald Bennett, William Hook, William Barker Bradley, John Edward Dunderdale, James Forsyth Ross, Arthur Beresford Scott, Maurice D'Avignon, George Stuart MacDonnell, Kenneth Edward Porter, Charles John Sharp, Leslie Robert Stickles, James Murray Thom, Charles Watson, John Joseph Fitzpatrick, Edwin Harrison, Lorne Rayburn Latimer, Ernest Charles McFarland, George William McRae, Sydney Albert Sheffer, Edwin George Smith, Frank Brown, Bernard Castonguay, Robert Damant, Morgan Isaac Davies, Aubery Peacock Flegg, Nelson Carlisle Galbraith, Norman Charles Matthews, Lloyd Logan Roblee, James Austen Wallace, Ellis Taylor Edge, Sister E.A. Hills (all 1946)NOTE: Further work required for 1946 Posthumous MID/MID (see http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37636/start=1, http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37521/supplements/1672, http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37704/supplements/4342)

King's/Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct (KCBC/QCBC)
Charlie Leung Chung-yee MBE (1947)

Donald William Cuthbert, Robert Esson (1954),

Lo Chow, James Steele (1955),

Arthur Checksfield, Ronald Harry George McKinlay (1960),

Wong Kam-wah (1962),

Lau Cheung (1963),

Choi Yuk-shu, Ng Wing-hang (1964),

John Samuel Barker, Peter Christopher Bickmore, Francis Michael Digby Hoyal, Douglas Ralph Humphrey, Mark Gregory Richie, Dunraj Rai, Lakhdham Rai (1968),

Terence Arthur Berrecloth, Chan Shing-tak, Chan Shing-yuk, Cheung Shu-sing, Trevor George Collins, Hung Sui-to, Paul Kennedy, Kong Kin, Leung Shing-chau, Li Chuen, Liu Chiu-kwan, Lo Shiu-kuen, John Dominic Moran, Pun Wai-cheung, Tam Wai-hung, Tsui Hin-kwing, Wong Shiu-hung, Guy Sanderson Shirra (1973),

Yip Kai (1976),

Lam Sai-kit, Lo Wing-tai, Lo Yin-hok, Miu Wa-keung (1977),

Cheung Ching, Chu Yung-san, Jiwanprassad Gurung, Li Wai-leung, Ng Choi-leung (1978),

Chau Kwong-tak, Ng Chung-hung, Dalbahadur Rai, Tang Kwok-fung, To Kwok-chiu (1979),

Leung Kam-chu, Tsui Pui-ling (1980),

Chan Shiu-fai (1981),

Mohamad Aslam, Wong Chun-fai (1982),

Chan Chung-hing, Ko Wing-wah, Robert Ying Ka-wong (1983),

Chiu Kwok-yin, Li Kei-kit, Ma Shui-lun, Yan Ping-kuen (1984),

Fu Siu-wing, Li Hoi-chin, Ng Kwan-wai (1986),

Wong Kwai-leung (1989),

Kam Man-wei, Wong Chi-hung (1990),

Andrew Richard Harrison, Lam Kong, Christopher James O'Donnell, John Jamieson Oberg Stoddart, Tam Ting-kai, Tang Yau-keung (1992),

Chau Ka-keung (1994)

Queen's Commendation for Bravery (QCB)Brian James Morris, Stephen John Rule, Wut Chi-wai (1995)Cham Wui-wai, Chan Chi-man, Hon Wing-sang (1996)Wu Wai-cham, Chow Hau-leung (1997)

Queen's Commendation for Bravery in the Air (QCBA)Raymond Chang Yao-teng (1996)Ronald So Chi-yip (1997)

Kings/Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air (K/QCVSA)
The K/QCVSA was originally a British military award for gallantry equivalent to an MID (see above). It was later broadened to include meritorious acts and service by both military and civilian air crew. The award was replaced by the QCVS (non gallantry) and the QCBA (see above) in 1994.

Gerald Walter Cussans 1947,Danny Cheung Kong AFC (1962)Argo Chow Chong Yan, Thomas Douglas Lewis, Ronald Percy Smith (1965) Paul Henry Rosentall, Peter Dicky Yip (1983)Edward Ho Dick Sang, Ross Law Siu-hing, Frank James Pilkington, Elton Tang Sing Chung, David Arthur Walmsley, Richard Paul Cooke, Michael William Pedrick (1992)Grant Robertson, Raymong Chang Yao Teng, Jimmy Choi Chiu Ming, Michael Ellis, Mason Ng Wai Cheong (1993)German Tsoi Tak-man (1994)

Justice of the peace

Justice of the Peace (; JP) is a title of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. Official Justices of the Peace () is usually refer to those who is both a government official and a Justice of the Peace. The others may be referred as Non-Official Justice of the Peace (). For a person who is related to the New Territories, the Chief Secretary for Administration may appoint him/her as a New Territories Justice of the Peace ().

Justices of the Peace have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, administering statutory declarations, to serve any advisory panels, and other functions appointed by the Chief Executive.

See also
 List of people with Hong Kong SAR honours since 1997
 Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom: formerly granted in Hong Kong and ceased after 1997. Honour members can continue to carry the titles, but not officially recognised in Hong Kong by the government after 1997.
 Hong Kong order of precedence
 Orders, decorations, and medals of Macau

Footnotes

External links
 Honours and Awards – Website of the Administration Wing, Chief Secretary for Administration's Office
 Order of precedence in Hong Kong – Website of the Protocol Division
 Honours, hkvca.ca; accessed 9 January 2014

Honours system

Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong


Serdar Lazar Previšić, jedan od vođa Hercegovačkog ustanka

Potkomandir Lazar Previšić bio je vrlo cijenjeni vođa Hercegovačkog ustanka. Bio je važan u hrvatskoj zajednici. Godine 1908. bio je u izaslanstvu Hrvata katolika koje je posjetila cara i Beč. Iz tog posjeta datira anegdota. Pri jednom dočeku cara car je upitao Previšića očekujući standardni podanički odgovor. Na pitanje "Čija je ovo zemlja" umjesto očekivana "Vaša, visosti", Previšić ne samo da nije ostao na mjestu, nego je istupio i glasno izgovorio "Slavni gospodine, zemlja je naša, a vlast vaša". Odgovor bijaše lukav, jer zadovoljio je cara, a u isto vrijeme iskazao vječitu težnju ljudi svoga kraja, da svoju zemlju nikom ni po koju cijenu ne da. Hrabri serdarov istup dirnuo je cara u dušu i potakao ga nagraditi odličjima. Sedam odličja koje je Previšić primio za života uklesani su na Previšićev grob. Grob mu se nalazi na Previši.

Sedam uklesanih odličja na njegovu grobu su: prvi je križ, drugi i treći su krug, četvrti je krug s križem te još tri kruga.

Izvori

Hrvatska vojna povijest
Hrvati u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bosna i Hercegovina u Osmanskom Carstvu

Lazar Previšić


Kružno este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rimavská Sobota din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 375 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Sušany.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Kružno


En Synoptisk vejrstation er en vejrstation med en samling af forskellige instrumenter der automatisk og på regelmæssige og bestemte tidspunkter registrerer forskellige meteorologiske parametre. De synoptiske vejrstationer gør dette på samme tid over alt på kloden, og sender de opmålte data til centrale centre, der videreformidler disse til div. meteorologiske beregningscentre. Dette muliggør beregninger af vejrprognoser flere dage frem i tiden.

Hver 3. time dvs. kl. 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18, 21 (UTC) registreres typisk vindhastighed, vindretning, lufttryk, lufttemperatur, fugtighed og evt. nedbør.

Disse data sendes videre i en simplificeret kodet form – typisk i METAR format, dette gælder især for lufthavne.

Nogle synoptiske stationer sender også data til det nationale meteorolgiske institut med en højere frekvens, typisk ned til 10 min. interval på bestemte parametre som f.eks. vind og nedbør.

Kilder
| dmi.dk/nyheder , Hentet 31. marts 2017.

Meteorologi

Synoptisk vejrstation


In mathematics, a Dirichlet problem is the problem of finding a function which solves a specified partial differential equation (PDE) in the interior of a given region that takes prescribed values on the boundary of the region.

The Dirichlet problem can be solved for many PDEs, although originally it was posed for Laplace's equation.  In that case the problem can be stated as follows:

Given a function f that has values everywhere on the boundary of a region in Rn, is there a unique continuous function u twice continuously differentiable in the interior and continuous on the boundary, such that u is harmonic in the interior and u = f on the boundary?

This requirement is called the Dirichlet boundary condition.  The main issue is to prove the existence of a solution; uniqueness can be proven using the maximum principle.

History

The Dirichlet problem goes back to George Green, who studied the problem on general domains with general boundary conditions in his Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, published in 1828. He reduced the problem into a problem of constructing what we now call Green's functions, and argued that Green's function exists for any domain. His methods were not rigorous by today's standards, but the ideas were highly influential in the subsequent developments. The next steps in the study of the Dirichlet's problem were taken by Karl Friedrich Gauss, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, after whom the problem was named, and the solution to the problem (at least for the ball) using the Poisson kernel was known to Dirichlet (judging by his 1850 paper submitted to the Prussian academy). Lord Kelvin and Dirichlet suggested a solution to the problem by a variational method based on the minimization of "Dirichlet's energy". According to Hans Freudenthal (in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 11), Bernhard Riemann was the first mathematician who solved this variational problem based on a method which he called Dirichlet's principle. The existence of a unique solution is very plausible by the "physical argument": any charge distribution on the boundary should, by the laws of electrostatics, determine an electrical potential as solution. However, Karl Weierstrass found a flaw in Riemann's argument, and a rigorous proof of existence was found only in 1900 by David Hilbert, using his direct method in the calculus of variations. It turns out that the existence of a solution depends delicately on the smoothness of the boundary and the prescribed data.

General solution
For a domain  having a sufficiently smooth boundary , the general solution to the Dirichlet problem is given by

where  is the Green's function for the partial differential equation, and

is the derivative of the Green's function along the inward-pointing unit normal vector . The integration is performed on the boundary, with measure . The function  is given by the unique solution to the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind,

The Green's function to be used in the above integral is one which vanishes on the boundary:

for  and . Such a Green's function is usually a sum of the free-field Green's function and a harmonic solution to the differential equation.

Existence
The Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions always has a solution, and that solution is unique, when the boundary is sufficiently smooth and  is continuous. More precisely, it has a solution when

for some , where  denotes the Hölder condition.

Example: the unit disk in two dimensions
In some simple cases the Dirichlet problem can be solved explicitly. For example, the solution to the Dirichlet problem for the unit disk in R2 is given by the Poisson integral formula.

If  is a continuous function on the boundary  of the open unit disk , then the solution to the Dirichlet problem is  given by

The solution  is continuous on the closed unit disk  and harmonic on

The integrand is known as the Poisson kernel; this solution follows from the Green's function in two dimensions:

where  is harmonic () and chosen such that  for .

Methods of solution
For bounded domains, the Dirichlet problem can be solved using the Perron method, which relies on the maximum principle for subharmonic functions. This approach is described in many text books. It is not well-suited to describing smoothness of solutions when the boundary is smooth. Another classical Hilbert space approach through Sobolev spaces does yield such information. The solution of the Dirichlet problem using Sobolev spaces for planar domains can be used to prove the smooth version of the Riemann mapping theorem.  has outlined a different approach for establishing the smooth Riemann mapping theorem, based on the reproducing kernels of Szegő and Bergman, and in turn used it to solve the Dirichlet problem. The classical methods of potential theory allow the Dirichlet problem to be solved directly in terms of integral operators, for which the standard theory of compact and Fredholm operators is applicable. The same methods work equally for the Neumann problem.

Generalizations
Dirichlet problems are typical of elliptic partial differential equations, and potential theory, and the Laplace equation in particular. Other examples include the biharmonic equation and related equations in elasticity theory.

They are one of several types of classes of PDE problems defined by the information given at the boundary, including Neumann problems and Cauchy problems.

Example: equation of a finite string attached to one moving wall

Consider the Dirichlet problem for the wave equation describing a string attached between walls with one end attached permanently and the other moving with the constant velocity i.e. the d'Alembert equation on the triangular region of the Cartesian product of the space and the time:

As one can easily check by substitution, the solution fulfilling the first condition is

Additionally we want

Substituting

we get the condition of self-similarity

where

It is fulfilled, for example, by the composite function

with

thus in general

where  is a periodic function with a period :

and we get the general solution

See also

 Lebesgue spine

Notes

References

 S. G. Krantz, The Dirichlet Problem. §7.3.3 in Handbook of Complex Variables. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, p. 93, 1999. .
 S. Axler, P. Gorkin, K. Voss, The Dirichlet problem on quadratic surfaces, Mathematics of Computation 73 (2004), 637–651.
 .
 Gérard, Patrick; Leichtnam, Éric: Ergodic properties of eigenfunctions for the Dirichlet problem. Duke Math. J. 71 (1993), no. 2, 559–607.
 .
 .

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

External links

Potential theory
Partial differential equations
Fourier analysis
Mathematical problems
Boundary value problems

Dirichlet problem


Samuel Leroy Jackson (d. 21 Aralık 1948, Washington, DC), Amerikan sinema oyuncusudur.

Uzun yıllar tiyatro sahnelerinde oyunlar oynayan Jackson ününe kırklı yaşlarından sonra kavuştu. Die Hard serisinin üçüncüsünde Bruce Willis'le ve The Long Kiss Godnight'ta Geena Davis'le beraber rol alarak tanındı. Ona sinemada ilk önemli şansı, yönetmen Spike Lee tanımıştır. Do the Right Thing ve Jungle Fever gibi birkaç filminde yardımcı rollerde çok iyi performanslar ortaya koyan Jackson, daha sonra Tarantino'nun kült filmi Pulp Fiction'ında İncil'den ezbere bölümler okuyan gangster Jules karakteriyle Hollywood'un unutulmazları arasına girmiştir. Amerikan film endüstrisindeki, siyahi oyunculara rol vermeme ya da ayak işleri vb. rolleri vermek gibi ön yargıları yıkan ilk siyahi oyunculardandır.

Filmografi

 Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas, Officer Tepenny

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1948 doğumlular
Washington, DC doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı erkek dizi oyuncuları
Gümüş Ayı Ödülü sahibi oyuncular
Yaşayan insanlar
En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
BAFTA En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü sahipleri
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
Akademi Onur Ödülü sahipleri
Gümüş Ayı En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü sahipleri
Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Los Angeles Britanya Ödülleri sahipleri

Samuel L. Jackson


78. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 78. nordlige breddekreds
 78. sydlige breddekreds

78. breddegrad


සුසිත ආර්. ප්‍රනාන්දු යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ පදනම් කරගත් ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා දිනපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ඩේලි මිරර් සහ එහි ඉරිදා සතිපතා සංස්කරණය වන ද සන්ඩේ ටයිම්ස් හි මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු සහ චිත්‍රපට විචාරකයෙකි.

අධ්‍යාපනය සහ පුහුණුව
2005 දී, ඔහු උපාධි අපේක්ෂකයෙකු ලෙස, තරුණ චිත්‍රපට විචාරකයින් සඳහා වූ 34 වන ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙල Rotterdam (IFFR) හි පුහුණු වැඩසටහනට සහභාගී විය.

එවකට ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉංග්‍රීසි දිනපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ඩේලි මිරර් හි සිනමා විචාරකයා බවට පත්විය.

ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඩේලි මිරර් සහ එහි සතිපතා ඉරිදා පුවත්පත වන ද සන්ඩේ ටයිම්ස් සඳහා චිත්‍රපට සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රවෘත්ති වාර්තා කර ඇත.

මතභේදය
2006 නොවැම්බර් 8 වැනි දින ඩේලි මිරර් පුවත්පතේ පළ වූ "නිලධාරීන් රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන පිටුබලය ලබන වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ අසත්‍ය චෝදනාවෙන් පීඩා විඳිති" යන ඔහුගේ එක් ප්‍රවෘත්ති ගිණුමක්, ආසියානු මානව හිමිකම් කොමිසම විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද මාධ්‍ය නිවේදනයක් සහ කර්තෘ වෙත ලිපියක් සඳහා විෂය විය.

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ශ්‍රී ලංකා සන්ඩේ ටයිම්ස් හි පළ වූ සුසිත ආර් ප්‍රනාන්දුගේ ලිපි (ප්‍රතිඵල)  (සෙවුම් පහසුකම)
 ඩේලි මිරර් - මුල් පිටුව (සෙවුම් පහසුකම).
 FIPRESCI: චිත්‍රපට විචාරකයන්ගේ ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මේලනය - නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය
Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා

සුසිත ආර්. ප්‍රනාන්දු


The Violent Sleep of Reason osmi je studijski album švedskog metal-sastava Meshuggah. Diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast objavila ga je 7. listopada 2016. Članovi grupe zajedno su snimili uradak uživo u studiju, što se razlikuje od načina tipičnijeg za suvremeno snimanje u kojem se svako glazbalo snima zasebno. Skupina je 5. kolovoza 2016. na sajtu Blabbermouth.net i u časopisu Revolver najavila album, njegovo ime i popis pjesama.

O albumu
Ime albuma djelomično je nadahnuto bakropisom španjolskog slikara Francisca Goye pod imenom San razuma stvara čudovišta. Naziv uratka i teme pjesama odnose se na terorizam, ekstremna stajališta o idealima, vjerske dogme i nasilne posljedice do kojih dolazi kad "netko spava odnosno ne reagira ispravno na ono što se događa". O ilustraciji albuma Tomas Haake izjavio je:

"Bilo ju je teško izraditi jer nemate istog trena sliku za naziv The Violent Sleep of Reason ("Nasilni san razuma") – kako to uopće prikazati? Kad sam raspravljao o tome s Keerychem Luminokayom, koji je autor ilustracija na box setu objavljenom u počast našoj 25. godišnjici postojanja, ali i ilustracija na Kolossu, jednostavno smo mu dopustili da portretira tu ideju kako želi. Ono što vidite na naslovnici jest ljudsko biće koje je dugo vremena bilo u stagnaciji. Već smo na početku zamislili da u njega urastaju puzavice. Ali to je tijelo koje toliko dugo spava da ga je zauzelo nešto drugo."

Kako bi se odvojila od produkcije koja je okarakterizirala prethodne albume poput Kolossa i obZena, skupina je The Violent Sleep of Reason snimila uživo. To joj je, prema Haakeovim riječima, omogućilo da svoj zvuk snimi na "iskreniji način" i da na album prenese "sirovost" uradaka s kraja osamdesetih odnosno početka devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća koji su je "nadahnuli dok su njezini članovi odrastali". Haake dodatno objašnjava:"Ako sve to sastavite koristeći se računalima, često nakon toga morate popravljati probleme. Vraćao sam se albumima za koje nisam znao sve bubnjarske dionice. Jednom kad to učinite, možete početi s bubnjevima i onda dodavati slojeve gitara, zatim bas-gitaru i na kraju sve zvuči savršeno. ObZen i Koloss odlični su albumi, ali smatram da su malo previše savršeni. Nisu baš prikazali kako doista zvučimo. No sad smo snimali uživo i tako možete čuti dinamiku, jedna je osoba možda brža dok druga pomalo kaska. Ako ubijete to, ubijete energiju."

Popis pjesama

Objava
Prije izdanja samog albuma tri su skladbe objavljene na YouTubeu Nuclear Blasta, dotadašnje diskografske kuće sastava. "Born in Dissonance" objavljena je 25. kolovoza 2016., "Nostrum" 15. rujna 2016., a "Clockworks" (objavljena sa službenim glazbenim spotom) 7. listopada 2016. Dana 20. rujna 2016. grupa je objavila poseban videozapis za pjesmu "Nostrum", na kojemu je bilo prikazano Haakeovo bubnjanje.

Recenzije
The Violent Sleep of Reason dobio je pohvale kritičara i obožavatelja. Max Frank, glazbeni kritičar na internetskoj stranici Metalsucks.net, u svojoj je recenziji albumu dao pet od pet zvjezdica i opisao ga kao "tour-de-snage; potpuna dekonstrukcija žestoke glazbe". U recenziji se usredotočuje na paradoks između složenih struktura pjesama koje kao da kritiziraju norme metala i toga da se članovi skupine navodno ne razumiju u glazbenu teoriju. Frank je dodao: "Neki bi teoretičari mogli reći da Violent Sleep 'komentira samog sebe'. Meshuggah bi vjerojatno odgovorio 'začepi i poslušaj ovaj odličan rif'". Kritičar časopisa Terrorizer, Adrien Begrand, izjavio je da je album "vrhunski", da je "tipičan zvuk grupe prisutan na cijelom ovom uratku" i da se "kao i na svakom prethodnom albumu poigrava s formulom do najsitnijih detalja". Stefan Andonov iz Prog Spherea napisao je: "[Članovi Meshugge] nastavljaju stvarati vrlo agresivnu glazbu koju se teško može slijediti, ali The Violent Sleep of Reason potpuno će zadovoljiti obožavatelje sastava i zasigurno privući više metalaca koji će se zaljubiti u ovu odličnu umjetnost koju stvaraju". Uradak se našao u užem izboru IMPALA-e (Nezavisne udruge glazbenih tvrtki) za nagradu album godine 2016.; navedena se nagrada jednom godišnje uručuje najboljem albumu koji je objavila nezavisna europska diskografska kuća.

Meshuggina je pjesma "Clockworks" na 60. dodjeli nagrada Grammy bila nominirana u kategoriji "najbolja metal izvedba".

Osoblje

Meshuggah
Jens Kidman – vokali
Fredrik Thordendal – glavna gitara
Tomas Haake – prateći vokali, bubnjevi
Mårten Hagström – ritam gitara
Dick Lövgren – bas-gitara

Ostalo osoblje
Luminokaya – naslovnica, ilustracije
Rob Kimura – omot albuma, dizajn
Tue Madsen – snimanje, miksanje
Thomas Eberger – mastering
Olle Carlsson – fotografija

Izvori

Bilješke

Albumi iz 2016.
Meshuggini albumi

The Violent Sleep of Reason


Trei scurtmetraje cu Cai Putere este un film românesc din 2015 regizat de Daniel Sandu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2015 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2015

Trei scurtmetraje cu Cai Putere


المُقَصَّر أو الباجة أو الكولوت أو بانتس  هو نوع من الألبسة الداخلية مصمم خصيصاً لترتديه النساء والفتيات في منطقه المنفرج تحت الخصر مباشرة، ولكن يرتديه بعض الرجال أيضاً. يتكون من ربطة حول الخصر ومنطقة لحماية مهبل المرأة (تصنع من مادة ممتصة مثل القطن) وفتحتين للأرجل.

قديماً صُمّم لتغطية الجزء الأسفل من جسم المرأة، لكن مع تقدم الموضة أصبح شكله يتغير، ففي بعض الأحيان يكون بدون فتحة الرجل أو يكون قصيراً جداً، ويستخدم المُقصّر عادة لإثارة الشهوة الجنسية عند الرجال، واهتمت بعض الشركات ببيع وتصميم الملابس الداخلية للنساء منها شركة فيكتوريا سيكريت الشهيرة.

معرض صور

المراجع

لانجري
ملابس نسائية

كولوتيس


Vettakollen Station (Vettakollen stasjon) er en metrostation på Holmenkollbanen på T-banen i Oslo. Stationen ligger 196,7 meter over havet. Stationen hed oprindeligt Greveveien, men navnet blev ændret allerede et par måneder efter, at banen åbnede 31. maj 1898.
 Vettakollen var bakken Grimelund gård ligger på. Navnet kommer af ordet "vete", der betyder varde.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1907 og var i en periode tjenestebolig for banen. Stationen havde tidligere et postkontor, der tog imod post og sendte det ned mod Majorstuen i banens tidlige tid. I dag er det et pizzeria i lokalerne.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1898

Vettakollen Station


Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead (7 December 1907 – 10 June 1975) was a British biographer and Member of the House of Lords. He is best known for writing a biography of Rudyard Kipling that was suppressed by the Kipling family for many years, and which he never lived to see in print.

Biography
The son of F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead, he was known as Viscount Furneaux from 1922, when his father, then 1st Viscount Birkenhead, was created Earl of Birkenhead. He had two sisters, Eleanor (1902–1945) and Pamela (1914–1982). Lord Furneaux was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He inherited his father's peerages in 1930.

In 1935, he married The Hon Sheila Berry (1913–1992), second daughter of the 1st Viscount Camrose. The couple had a son, Frederick William Robin Smith, 3rd Earl of Birkenhead, in 1936 and a daughter, Lady Juliet Margaret Smith (later Lady Juliet Townsend), in 1941. Lady Juliet served as Lady in Waiting to Princess Margaret from 1965 to 2002; her daughter Eleanor Townsend is a god-child of the Princess. Lady Juliet was made a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) in the 2014 Birthday Honours having previously received the LVO in 1981 and was Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire from 1998 to 2014. She died on 29 November 2014.

For the first three years of the Second World War, Lord Birkenhead served with a Territorial Army Anti-Tank unit.  Following a course at the Staff College, Camberley, Major "Freddy" Birkenhead was assigned to the Foreign Office's Political Intelligence Department, popularly known as the Political Warfare Executive, or PWE for short.  He saw action in Croatia, as second-in-command of a sub-mission headed by Randolph Churchill, under Brigadier Fitzroy Maclean's 37th Military Mission, which included Evelyn Waugh. As a result, he plays a prominent role in Waugh's diaries.

Lord Birkenhead served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Lord Halifax (1938–1939), and as Lord-in-waiting to King George VI (1938–1940 and 1951–1952) and Queen Elizabeth II (1952–1955).

As a writer, Lord Birkenhead primarily authored political biographies, including books on Lord Cherwell and Lord Halifax. In the late 1940s, Lord Birkenhead was commissioned by Rudyard Kipling's daughter Elsie Bambridge to write a biography of Kipling. An agreement with Lord Birkenhead gave Bambridge control over the contents, ownership of copyright, and two-thirds of any profits. Ultimately, Bambridge did not accept Lord Birkenhead's work, and it remained unpublished through his death in 1975 and her death in 1976. The biography was finally published in 1978 with the agreement of Bambridge's heirs.

Lord Birkenhead died in June 1975 at age 67. At the time of his death, he was working on a biography of Winston Churchill (who was his godfather); the completed portion, covering Churchill's life until 1922, was published in 1989.

Books
 F.E.: The Life of F.E. Smith, first Earl of Birkenhead (London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1960).

 Frederick Edwin Earl of Birkenhead (1933 and 1936)
 Strafford (Hutchinson & Co. Ltd, 1938)
 Lady Eleanor Smith: a memoir (1953)
 Life of Lord Halifax (1965)
 The life of Viscount Monckton of Brenchley (1969)
 Rudyard Kipling (1978)
 Churchill, 1874–1922 (1989)

Arms

References

1907 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
People educated at Eton College
Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the third Churchill government, 1951–1955
Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars officers
British Army personnel of World War II
20th-century English male writers

Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead


Kashō Takabatake ( - ) est un illustrateur et peintre japonais.

Biographie

Kashō Takabatake naît le  dans la préfecture d'Ehime sur l'île de Shikoku dans un endroit isolé appelé Uwajima. Après avoir étudié les arts plastiques à Osaka puis à Kyoto, il s'installe à Tokyo. Là il réalise d'abord des cartes postales puis de nombreuses illustrations pour des magazines comme Shōjo Sekai qui lui valent une grande célébrité. Il est surtout remarqué par sa représentation des femmes, très éloignée de ce qui se faisait et de l'image traditionnelle. Ces personnages féminins apparaissent plus libres, plus émancipées sexuellement que ceux attendus dans la société patriarcale du début du  siècle. L'expansionnisme guerrier du Japon à partir des années 1930 l'amène à se retirer de l'illustration. Il y revient après-guerre mais avec moins de succès. C'est seulement à partir des années 1960 qu'il est redécouvert. Il meurt le .

Analyse
Les personnages féminins dessinés par Kashō Takabatake ont très souvent des traits androgynes .

Références

Bibliographie

Naissance en avril 1888
Naissance à Uwajima
Illustrateur japonais
Illustrateur dont l'œuvre est marquée par les thèmes LGBT
Décès en juillet 1966
Décès à 78 ans

Kashō Takabatake


Wilhelm "Will" Grosse (* 26. Februar 1899 in Metz; † 2. Juli 1960 in Bonn) war ein deutscher Agent und Publizist.

Leben und Tätigkeit
In den 1920er Jahren promovierte Grosse zum Dr. ing. rer. pol. Zum 1. Mai 1932 trat er in die NSDAP ein (Mitgliedsnummer 1.113.994).

Grosse war bereits in der Spätphase der Weimarer Republik Mitarbeiter in der Abwehr-Abteilung des Reichswehrministeriums. Diese Stellung behielt er vermutlich ohne Unterbrechung bis 1945 bei: Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs ist er jedenfalls im Rang eines Hauptmannes als Mitarbeiter von Wilhelm Canaris nachweisbar.

In der Nachkriegszeit lebte Grosse, der nun den Titel eines Diplomingenieurs führte, in Bonn. Zu dieser Zeit gehörte er dem Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung an oder arbeitete zumindest eng mit diesem zusammen. Öffentlich tat er sich in den 1950er Jahren durch eine Reihe von Publikationen zur Geschichte der Abwehr während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und zu Belangen der Sicherheitspolitik in den frühen Jahren des Bundesrepublik hervor, so z. B. zur Frage einer eventuellen atomaren Bewaffnung der westdeutschen Streitkräfte. Ferner versuchte die Bonner Regierung während der Zeit der Nichtanerkennung der DDR durch die BRD (vgl. Hallstein-Doktrin) auf Grundlage von durch Grosse zusammengestelltem Material den Nachweis zu erbringen, dass die BRD der einzige deutsche Staat, "die DDR hingegen kaum existent" sei.

Schriften
 "Geheimdienst, Fahneneid und Hakenkreuz. Ein kritischer Bericht aus der Tätigkeit der militärischen Abwehr", in: Echo der Woche vom 7. Februar bis 9. Juni 1950. (unter dem Pseudonym Observator)
 Der Judenstern – eine Idee von Canaris, unveröffentlichtes Manuskript o. D., hinterlegt im Institut für Zeitgeschichte (um 1950).
 "Admiral Canaris, die Sphinx des OKW – sein Leben und sein Sterben", in: Hamburger Morgenpost vom 26. Oktober 1950.
 Das ABC der Welt-Organisationen. Anschriften, Abkürzungen, Kommentare. Ein aktueller Führer durch die internationale Zusammenarbeit, 1954.
 "NATO des Fernen Ostens. Die SEATO, ihre Mit- und Gegenspieler", in: Internationales Jahrbuch der Politik, 1954.
 Taschenbuch der Weltorganisationen, 1955.
 Internationale Organisationen der Naturwissenschaften und Technik und ihre Zusammenarbeit, 1959.

Einzelnachweise

Abwehr-Agent
Publizist
NSDAP-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1899
Gestorben 1960
Mann

Will Grosse


Türkiye'de esen başlıca rüzgârlar iki gruba ayrılabilir;
Yönlerine göre rüzgârlar
Özel Rüzgârlar

Yönlerine göre Rüzgârlar
Estikleri yönlere göre rüzgârlar;

Gündoğusu
Doğudan esen soğuk ve kuru rüzgârdır. Güney Rusya ile Kafkaslar'da yüksek basıncın görülmesi durumunda bu rüzgâr tipi daha çok gözlemlenir. Gündoğusu genellikle yağışın kesilmesine sebep olur.

 Sıcaklık 24-22 °C

Keşişleme
İstanbul yöresinde güneydoğudan esen rüzgâra denizcilerin verdiği addır. Uludağ'ın eski adı olan Keşiş dağının yönüne göre adlandırılmıştır. Gündoğusu ve Kıble arasında 135 dereceden esmektedir. Bir diğer adı da Akyeldir. Samyeli de denir.

Kıble
Güneyden esen, güney yönünü simgeleyen kıbleden ismini alan, oldukça sıcak ve nemli rüzgâr. Orta Akdeniz'de oluşan alçak basınç merkezi Türkiye'de bu tür rüzgârın gözlenmesini sağlayan etkenlerdendir.

 Sıcaklık 27-36 °C

Lodos
Türkiye'nin batı kesimlerinde, güneybatı yönlerinden esen sıcak rüzgâr (İsmi Yunan tanrısı Notos'dan çevirme). Kabayel ve kumkarası olarak da bilinir. Bazen hızı ve hamlesi 60 ile 130 km/s'ye kadar ulaşarak etkili olur. Denizciler için oldukça önemli ve tehlikeli varsayılan rüzgâr tipidir. Bilhassa Marmara Bölgesi'nde deniz ulaşımını aç şekilde etkiler. Görüş mesafesini, içerdiği nem (mikro damlacıklar) nedeniyle yüzde 10 kadar düşürebilir. Bazen yağmurun peşinden sıcak bir havaya neden olur. Yağmur öncesinde ise ılık ve nemli bir ortama neden olabilir. Kıyı erozyonuna neden olan rüzgâr tiplerindendir.

Özellikle kış mevsiminde, sıcak esme özelliği nedeniyle karların erimesine neden olarak zaman zaman taşkın, sel ve su baskınları yaratır. Aynı zamanda, estiği sürece sıcaklıkların da normalin üstünde artmasına neden olan bir rüzgârdır. Zaman zaman Ege, Marmara ve Batı Akdeniz'de deniz ulaşımını etkilediği gibi kara ve denizde can ve mal güvenliğini tehlikeye sokacak olaylara neden olarak yaşamı etkiler.
Mekanizması henüz anlaşılamamış olmakla birlikte, migren ağrılarını tetiklediği bilinmektedir.

 Sıcaklık 9-12 °C

Günbatısı
Batıdan esen sıcak ve nemli rüzgâr. Günbatısı özellikle Türkiye'nin batı kesimlerinde yağışlara neden olur. Marmara ve Karadeniz üzerinden alçak basınç ve cephe sistemlerinin her geçişinde gözlenir ve zaman zaman denizde ve karada yaşamı etkiler.

 Sıcaklık 25-29 °C

Karayel
Yağmurlu bir dönemi izleyen 2-3 gün boyunca devamlı olarak kuzeybatıdan esen rüzgâr. Balkanlar'ın kuzeyinde, Rusya stepleri içerisinde oluşan alçak basınç merkezi ve buna bağlı cephe sistemlerinin geçişi sırasında gözlenen rüzgâr cinsidir.

Esme yönündeki yüksek dağların kuytu taraflarında yamaç aşağı alçalan rüzgâr ısınarak fön tipi rüzgâr etkisi ve özellikleri taşır. Bu yerlerde sıcak, kuru ve hoş bir hava yaratırlar.

 Sıcaklık 13-16 °C

Yıldız
Kuzeyden esen, ismi kutup yıldızına istinaden yerel balıkçılar tarafından verilen soğuk rüzgâr. Genellikle Karadeniz ve Marmara denizi üzerinden bir soğuk cephenin geçişinden sonra eser. Yazın serin, kışın ise soğuk hava taşır.

 Sıcaklık 8-14 °C

Poyraz
Kuzeydoğudan esen bir rüzgâr çeşidi (İsmi Yunan tanrısı Boreas'dan çevirme). Kışın kar ve soğuk getirir. Deniz hafif çalkantılı ve dalga üstünde beyaz köpükler olur.

 Sıcaklık -14-9 °C

Özel Rüzgârlar

Samyeli
Çölden esen rüzgârdır. Günümüzde Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde, Irak yönünde yani güneydoğu yönünden esen rüzgârdır.

Meltem
Meltemler, genellikle orta enlemlerde, yaz mevsiminde esen hafif şiddette yerel rüzgârlardır. Isınma farkına bağlı yerel basınç farkından oluşurlar. Esme sürekleri kısa, etki alanları dardır. İklim üzerinde etkileri azdır.

Deniz ve kara arasındaki sıcaklık farkı ile Deniz meltemi ve Kara meltemi eser. Dağ zirveleri ile vadiler arasındaki sıcaklık farkından Dağ meltemi ve Vadi meltemi oluşur.

İmbat
Yunancadan ya da İtalyanca "İmbatto" sözcüğünden dilimize geçmiş, yazları gündüz denizden karaya doğru esen mevsim rüzgârıdır. Ege Bölgesinde görülür. Deniz meltemidir.

Etezyen
Doğu Akdeniz ve Ege Denizinde kuzeyden esen kuru yeldir. Mayıs-Eylül döneminde etkili olan bu rüzgâr, zaman zaman fırtına şeklinde sert eser.

Bora
Yağmur getiren sert rüzgâr. Kuzey kökenlidir. Bora ismi kimi zaman Poyraz yerine de kullanılır.

Föhn
Föhn rüzgârları, hava kütlelerinin dağ yamacını aşması sureti ile diğer yamaçta alçalması neticesinde ortaya çıkan kurak ve sıcak rüzgârlardır.

Kaynakça

Meteoroloji
Rüzgâr

Türkiye'deki rüzgârlar


Klaus König (né le  à Berlin, mort le  à Munich) est un directeur de la photographie et réalisateur allemand.

Biographie
König suit d'abord une formation commerciale, puis étudie la sociologie avant de venir au cinéma. À partir de 1954, il est assistant réalisateur dans le film Geliebtes Fräulein Doktor. Il apprend son métier en tant qu'assistant de directeurs de la photographie expérimentés tels que Günther Rittau, Göran Strindberg et Heinz Hölscher.

À partir de 1961, König est le directeur de la photographie de films de réalisateurs renommés tels que Wolfgang Staudte, Maximilian Schell, Johannes Schaaf, May Spils, Rolf Hädrich, Claus Peter Witt, Kurt Wilhelm, Oswald Döpke, Franz Josef Wild, Peter Weck, Peter Beauvais et Thomas Fantl.

En 1982, il devient réalisateur : le producteur Alois Brummer lui confie La Tsarine nue, un film pornographique qu'il réalise sous le nom de Scott Hunt.

Dans ses dernières années, King travaille beaucoup pour des séries télévisées.

Filmographie
 1957 :
 1962 : Flying Clipper – Traumreise unter weißen Segeln (documentaire)
 1964 : Doktor Murkes gesammeltes Schweigen (TV)
 1964 :
 1965 : Das Gespenst von Canterville (TV)
 1966 : Die letzte Reise des Kapitän Scott (documentaire TV)
 1966 :  (documentaire)
 1967 : Mädchen, Mädchen
 1967 :  (documentaire)
 1967 : John Icks, der singende Astronaut (TV)
 1968 :
 1968 :
 1968 : Sabina Englender (TV)
 1969 : Hürdenlauf (TV)
 1969 : Les Cancres des premiers bancs
 1969 :
 1969 :  (TV)
 1970 : Abseits (TV)
 1971 : Die Untaten des Fräulein Mikova (TV)
 1971 : Cream – Schwabing-Report (documentaire)
 1972 :  (série télévisée)
 1972–1973 :  (série télévisée)
 1973 : Le Piéton
 1973 :
 1974 : Summer Run
 1974 : Zerfall einer Großfamilie (TV)
 1974 : Goldfüchse (TV)
 1975 : Eine 'emanzipierte' Frau (TV)
 1975 : Lehmanns Erzählungen (TV)
 1975 : Double Jeu
 1975 :
 1976 : Ein Mädchen aus zweiter Hand
 1978 :  (TV)
 1978 : Sachrang (TV)
 1979 : Der Ruepp (TV)
 1979 : Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald
 1979 : Die Überführung (TV)
 1980 :  (TV)
 1982 : Frau Jenny Treibel (TV)
 1982 : Der Jagerloisl (TV)
 1982 :  (TV)
 1983 : La Tsarine nue (uniquement réalisation)
 1984 : Die ewigen Gefühle (TV)
 1985 :  (série télévisée)
 1986–1989 :  (série télévisée, 4 épisodes)
 1988 : Die letzte Fahrt der San Diego (TV)
 1989 : Der Weg nach Lourdes (TV)
 1989 : Carmen on Ice
 1990–1991 : Ein Schloß am Wörthersee (série télévisée, 12 épisodes)
 1992–1996 : Inspecteur Derrick (série télévisée, 30 épisodes)
 1997 : Teneriffa – Tag der Rache (TV)
 1997–1999 :  (série télévisée, 26 épisodes)
 2000–2001 : Samt und Seide (série télévisée, 7 épisodes)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Directeur de la photographie allemand
Réalisateur allemand
Naissance en janvier 1935
Naissance à Berlin
Décès à Munich
Décès en décembre 2020
Décès à 85 ans
Naissance dans le Troisième Reich

Klaus König (directeur de la photographie)


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 İmparator Kōtoku, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 36. imparatoru (ö. 654)

Ölümler

596


Feargus Edward O'Connor (18 July 1796 – 30 August 1855) was an Irish Chartist leader and advocate of the Land Plan, which sought to provide smallholdings for the labouring classes. A highly charismatic figure, O'Connor was admired for his energy and oratory, but was criticised for alleged egotism. His newspaper Northern Star (1837–1852) was widely read among workers (and read aloud in taverns), becoming the voice of the Chartist movement.

After the failure of his Land Plan, O'Connor's behaviour became increasingly erratic, culminating in an assault on three MPs and a mental breakdown, from which he did not recover. After his death three years later at the age of 59, 40,000 people witnessed the funeral procession.

Early life
Feargus O'Connor was born on 18 July 1796 in Connorville house, near Castletown-Kinneigh in west County Cork, into a prominent Irish Protestant family. He was originally christened Edward Bowen O'Connor, but his father chose to call him Feargus. His father was Irish nationalist politician Roger O'Connor, who like his uncle Arthur O'Connor was active in the United Irishmen. His elder brother Francis became a general in Simón Bolívar's army of liberation in South America.
Much of his early life was spent on his family's estates in Ireland, which included Dangan Castle, the childhood home of the Duke of Wellington. He was educated mainly at Portarlington Grammar School and had some elementary schooling in England.

O'Connor's father Roger was notorious for his eccentric lifestyle. At one point Feargus and Francis decided to leave, stealing horses from their brother Roderic, travelling to London and asking to be taken in by family friend M.P. Francis Burdett. Burdett looked after them, and financed Feargus to run a farm in Ireland, but it was unsuccessful. He studied law at Trinity College, Dublin, before inheriting his uncle's estate in 1820. He took no degree, but was called to the Irish bar about 1820. Since he had to take an oath of allegiance to the crown to become a member of the Bar, his father disinherited him because he regarded it as inconsistent with the dignity of a descendant of the Kings of Ireland.

Political career
O'Connor's first known public speech was made in 1822 at Enniskeen, County Cork, denouncing landlords and the Protestant clergy. During that year he composed a pamphlet State of Ireland. Around this time he was wounded in a fight with soldiers, perhaps as a member of the Whiteboys covert agrarian organisation. Going to London to escape arrest, he tried to make a living by writing. He produced five manuscripts at this time, but none were ever published.

In 1831 O'Connor agitated for the Reform Bill in County Cork, and, after its passage in 1832, he travelled about the county organising registration of the new electorate. During the 1830s he emerged as an advocate for Irish rights and democratic political reform, and a critic of the British Whig government's policies on Ireland. In 1832, he was elected to the British House of Commons as Member of Parliament for County Cork, as a Repeal candidate rather than a Whig.

Feargus O'Connor came into Parliament as a follower of Daniel O'Connell, and his speeches during this time were devoted mainly to the Irish question. He was sarcastically described by Fraser's Magazine as active, bustling, violent, a ready speaker, and the model of an Irish patriot, but as one who did nothing, suggested nothing, and found fault with everything. He voted with the radicals: for tax on property; for Thomas Attwood's motion for an inquiry into the conditions that prevailed in England; and in support of Lord Ashley's 1847 Factory Bill. He quarrelled with O'Connell, repudiating him for his practice of yielding to the Whigs, and came out in favour of a more aggressive Repeal policy.

In the general election of 1835 O'Connor was re-elected, but disqualified from being seated because he lacked sufficient property to qualify. However, it appears that he did have property valued at £300 a year. O'Connor next planned to raise a volunteer brigade for Isabella II of Spain in the First Carlist War, but when William Cobbett died in April 1835, he decided to run for Cobbett's seat at Oldham. Oldham was a two-member constituency and Cobbett's colleague John Fielden strongly advocated that Cobbett's son John Morgan Cobbett should be the Radical candidate to replace his father. O'Connor presented himself as an alternative Radical candidate, but eventually withdrew, alleging Fielden had not been straightforward with him: whether because of the controversy over the selection of the candidate or the refusal of J M Cobbett to support disestablishment, Cobbett lost narrowly to a local 'Liberal Conservative'.

In the 1837 general election he was nominated at Preston, but with no intention of taking votes from John Crawfurd, the only other anti-Tory candidate. Having been nominated and made his hustings speech, he withdrew once he and Crawfurd had won the show of hands traditionally called for before any polling took place

Radicalism and Chartism

From 1833 O'Connor had spoken to working men's organisations and agitated in factory areas for the "Five Cardinal Points of Radicalism," which were five of the six points later embodied in the People's Charter. In 1837 he founded at Leeds, Yorkshire, a radical newspaper, the Northern Star, and worked with others for a radical Chartism through the London Democratic Association. O'Connor was the Leeds representative of the London Working Men's Association (LWMA). He travelled Britain speaking at meetings, and was one of the most popular Chartist orators; some Chartists named their children after him. He was at various points arrested, tried and imprisoned for his views, receiving an 18-month sentence in 1840. He also became involved in internal struggles within the movement.

When the first wave of Chartism ebbed, O'Connor founded the Chartist Cooperative Land Company in 1845. It aimed to buy agricultural estates and subdivide the land into smallholdings which could be let to individuals. The impossibility of all subscribers acquiring one of the plots meant it was considered a lottery, and the company was declared illegal in 1851.

When Chartism again gained momentum O'Connor was elected in 1847 MP for Nottingham, and he organised the Chartist meeting on Kennington Common, London, in 1848. This meeting on 10 April proved a turning point: it was supposed to be followed by a procession. When the procession was ruled illegal, O'Connor asked the crowd to disperse, a decision contested by other radicals such as William Cuffay.

Chartist Movement

As early as 1833, while MP for Cork, O'Connor had delivered an address to the National Union of the Working Classes, a political society of London working men, expressing radical sentiments. However O'Connor truly came into his own not when addressing audiences of London artisans or in the House of Commons, but when he went north as a public speaker.

He began to spend a large part of his time travelling through the north of England, addressing huge meetings, in which he denounced the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act and advocated manhood suffrage.  Only by securing the vote, O'Connor argued, could working people be rid of the hated New Poor Law.

O'Connor was a superb public speaker.  He expressed defiance, determination and hope, and flavoured these speeches with comic similes and anecdotes. He looked the part of a popular leader, too.  His physique was to his advantage: over six feet, muscular and massive, the "model of a Phoenician Hercules". There is no doubt that the working people who heard O'Connor at these great meetings in the north of England in the late 1830s adored him.

The voice of the organization was O'Connor's newspaper, the Northern Star, which first appeared on 18 November 1837 in Leeds. It met with immediate success and was soon the most widely bought provincial newspaper in Britain. Its editor was William Hill, a former Swedenborgian minister; Joshua Hobson was its publisher; and Bronterre O'Brien, former editor of the Poor Man's Guardian, became the principal leader-writer. Perhaps the most popular part of the paper was Feargus' weekly front page letter, often read aloud at meetings; but the inclusion of reports of Chartist meetings from around the country and of readers' poetry were also vital sections of a paper made it a very important instrument in unifying and promoting the Chartist cause.

When the London Working Men's Association published the People's Charter in 1838, O'Connor and the Star endorsed it but not the London leadership. O'Connor was not ready to accept the political leadership of the London Working Men's Association.  He knew that the workers wanted something more immediate than political education. He became the "constant travelling, dominant leader of the movement" He, not William Lovett, became the voice of Chartism.

Physical Force vs. Moral Force
From the beginning O'Connor was attacked by Lovett and other leaders of the London Working Men's Association.  They did not like his assertive leadership or the confrontational style of politics he represented. O'Connor, who had seen at first hand the embittered relations between workers and capitalists in the north of England, did not like the strategy of reasonable argument advocated by men like Lovett. He considered the situation was too urgent for that.  O'Connor was not an insurrectionist but, like O'Connell in Ireland, he was not adverse to intimidating the authorities by a show of numbers.  This was his thinking behind the organisation the monster meetings and mass petitions. On the question of moral force vs physical force, he chose his words carefully:

I have always been a man of peace. I have always denounced the man who strove to tamper with an oppressed people by any appeal to physical force. I have always said that moral force was the degree of deliberation in each man's mind which told him when submission was a duty or resistance not a crime; and that a true application of moral force would effect every change, but in case it should fail, physical force would come to its aid like an electric shock — and no man could prevent it; but that he who advised or attempted to marshal it would be the first to desert it at the moment of danger. God forbid that I should wish to see my country plunged into horrors of physical revolution. I wish her to win her liberties by peaceful means.

When the Chartist petition with 1,283,000 signatures was rejected by Parliament in summer 1839, tension grew, culminating in the Newport Rising.  O'Connor was not involved in the planning of this event, though he must have known that there was a mood for rebellion among Chartists. He was a dangerous man to the authorities, and a sentence of 18 months in York Castle was passed on him in May 1840. In his farewell message, he made clear what he had done for the movement:

Before we part, let us commune fairly together. See how I met you, what I found you, how I part from you, and what I leave you. I found you a weak and unconnected party, having to grace the triumphs of the Whigs.
I found you weak as the mountain heather bending before the gentle breeze. I am leaving you strong as the oak that stands the raging storms.
 I found you knowing your country but on the map. I leave you with its position engraven upon your hearts.
I found you split up into local sections. I have levelled all those pigmy fences and thrown you into an imperial union…

O'Connor was jailed; while in prison he continued to write for the Northern Star. He was now the unquestioned leader of Chartism. It was at this time that the song Lion of Freedom was published in his honour. It was widely sung at Chartist meetings. Lovett, meanwhile, left the movement, full of anger at O'Connor but O'Connor's energy and commitment was to keep Chartism alive for the rest of the 1840s.

In 1842 a convention of the newly formed National Charter Association was held in order to draw up a new petition that was finally signed by 3,315,752 persons. The petition was denied a hearing, which added to the frustrations felt by working people at a time of great economic hardship.  Across Britain in summer 1842 a wave of strikes broke out, calling both for an end to wage cuts and the implementation of the People's Charter.

Anti-Corn Law League
From its inception the Anti-Corn Law League vied with the Chartists for the support of working people. Bread was dear, and the League claimed that repealing the taxes on import of grain would allow the price to drop. Chartists argued that without the Charter, a repeal of the Corn Law would be of little use. Other factors in their favour were the distrust by working people of anything supported by the employers, and the fear that free trade would cause wages to drop still lower. This last point was stressed by O'Connor. He made biting attacks on the Anti-Corn Law League. In some towns – for example, Birmingham – O'Connorite Chartists broke up League meetings. O'Connor himself was certainly not afraid of taking on the leaders of the League head-on in debate – in 1844 he took on Richard Cobden in Northampton.

National Land Company and the Petition of 1848

Faced with the declining strength of Chartism after the defeats of 1842, O'Connor turned to the idea of settling working people on the land. While in prison, he had advocated just such a scheme in the Northern Star under the heading "Letters to the Irish Landlords". In 1835, he had given notice of his intention to introduce a bill to modify the rights of Irish tenants moved in Parliament. He later said his bill would have sought
to compel landlords to make leases of their land in perpetuity — that is, to give to the tenant a lease for ever, at a corn rent; to take away the power of distraining for rent; and in all cases where land was held upon lease and was too dear, that the tenant in such cases should have the power of empaneling a jury to assess the real value in the same manner as the crown has the power of making an individual sell property required for what is called public works or conveniences according to the evaluation of a jury.

O'Connor considered that the "law of primogeniture is the eldest son of class legislation upon corruption by idleness". At the same time, he was opposed to the state ownership of land:

I have ever been, and I think I ever shall be opposed to the principles of communism, as advocated by several theorists.  I am, nevertheless, a strong advocate of cooperation, which means legitimate exchange, and which circumstances would compel individuals to adopt, to the extent that communism would be beneficial.

As well as re-invigorating the Chartist Movement, O'Connor's plans were a powerful answer to emigration schemes for working people. He declared that Great Britain could support its own population if its lands were properly cultivated. In his book A Practical Work on the Management of Small Farms he set forth his plan of resettling surplus factory workers on smallholdings of two, three and four acres. He had no doubts of the yields obtainable under such spade-husbandry.

He proposed a stock company in which working men could buy land on the open market. The land was to be reconditioned, broken up into small plots, equipped with appropriate farm buildings and a cottage, and the new proprietor was to be given a small sum of money with which to buy stock. Consideration was not given to the difficulties for town people, many who had never lived in the country, of becoming farmers. O'Connor's plan was built on the assumption that land could be bought in unlimited quantities and at reasonable rates, and that all subscribers would be successful farmers who would repay promptly.

O'Connor's Land Plan had its opponents in the movement, among them Thomas Cooper. On 24 October 1846 the Chartist Cooperative Land Company, later known as the National Land Company, came into being. A total of £112,100 was received in subscriptions, and with this six small estates were purchased and divided into smaller parcels.  In May 1847 the first of the estates was opened at Heronsgate, renamed O'Connorsville. O'Connor's colleague Ernest Charles Jones wrote of this development:
See there the cottage, labour's own abode,
The pleasant doorway on the cheerful road,
The airy floor, the roof from storms secure,
The merry fireside and the shelter sure,
And, dearest charm of all, the grateful soil,
That bears its produce for the hands that toil.

The subscribers who got the land were chosen by ballot; they were to pay back with interest and ultimately all subscribers would be settled. O'Connor and Jones started The Labourer magazine to promote the project. Soon hundreds of working people were settled, and an outcry of opposition went up from the enemies of Chartism in the newspapers and in Parliament. Among the working people the Land Plan was very popular, O'Connor's assertion that the land was theirs meaning a great deal to them.

In 1847 O'Connor ran for parliament and, remarkably, defeated Thomas Benjamin Hobhouse in Nottingham but the Land Plan ran into trouble. When he had taken his seat he proposed in The Labourer that the government take over the National Land Company to resettle working people on a large scale. Those Chartist leaders with whom he had quarrelled accused him of being "no longer a 'five-point' Chartist but a 'five acre' Chartist." O'Connor replied to his critics at a meeting in Manchester but the political elite was moving to crush O'Connor's Land Plan, declaring it illegal.

In April 1848, a new Chartist petition was presented to Parliament with six million signatures. O'Connor accepted a declaration by the police that the Chartists could not march en masse with their petition from a mass meeting on Kennington Common. He made this decision to avoid bloodshed – he feared soldiers shooting down Chartists, as they had at Newport. An investigating committee in Parliament concluded that the petition contained not quite 2 million genuine signatures – it is unlikely, however, that the clerks could have counted this many signatures in the 17 hours they spent examining the petition.

On 6 June 1848, the House of Commons investigation found that the National Land Company was an illegal scheme that would not fulfil the expectations held out to the shareholders and that the books had been imperfectly kept.

A man under huge pressure, O'Connor began to drink heavily. In July 1849, the House of Commons finally voted on the People's Charter, and rejected it by 222 votes to 17. In 1850 O'Connor once more made a motion in favour of the Charter, but would not be heard. The tragedy that was O'Connor's story was nearing its end.

Last years

O'Connor quarrelled with his closest colleagues, including Ernest Jones, Julian Harney and Thomas Clark. The circulation of the Northern Star fell steadily and it lost money. O'Connor's health was failing, and reports of his mental breakdown regularly appeared in the newspapers. In the spring of 1852 O'Connor visited the United States, where his behaviour left no doubt that he was not a well man. It is possible (though we have only the evidence of the unreliable diagnostic methods of the time) that O'Connor was in the early stages of general paralysis of the insane, brought on by syphilis.

In 1852 in the House of Commons O'Connor struck three fellow MPs, one of them Sir Benjamin Hall, a vocal critic of the Land Plan. Arrested by the Deputy Sergeant-at-Arms, O'Connor was sent by his sister to Dr Thomas Harrington Tuke's private Manor House Asylum in Chiswick, where he remained until 1854, when he was removed to his sister's house. He died on 30 August 1855 at 18 Albert Terrace, Notting Hill Gate. and on 10 September was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. No fewer than 40,000 people witnessed the funeral procession. Most Chartists preferred to remember O'Connor's strengths rather than his shortcomings.

Family
O'Connor never married, but had a number of relationships and it is believed that he fathered several children.

Reputation

According to Dorothy Thompson, O'Connor was the "most well-loved man" of the movement:For the chartists ... O'Connor was the acknowledged leader of the movement. Abler men among the leadership there certainly were and men with a clearer sense of direction in which a working-class movement should go, but none of them had the appeal which O'Connor had nor his ability to win the confidence and support of the great crowds who made up the Chartist meetings in their heyday. Over 6 ft tall—he was almost the tallest man in the House of Commons—and with a voice which could easily carry an open-air meetings of tens of thousands, with a handsome appearance, a quick wit and a rich vein of scurrility when it came to abusing his opponents, Connor possessed all the qualities of the first rate popular orator.

Many of the early historians of Chartism attributed the failure of Chartism at least in part to O'Connor. He was accused of egotism and of being quarrelsome. In recent years, however, there has been a trend to reassess him in a more favourable light.

{{quote box|The Lion of Freedom is come from his den;
We'll rally around him, again and again;
We'll crown him with laurel, our champion to be:
O'Connor the patriot, for sweet Liberty!

—from Lion of Freedom, a popular song about Feargus O'Connor}}
According to the historian G. D. H. Cole, O'Connor was inconsistent but a sincere friend of the poor. Important as that sympathy for working people was, there is more to be said in O'Connor's favour.  His resilience and optimism in his speeches, and in his letters in the Northern Star spurred on rank-and-file Chartists, who came to share his determination to keep up the struggle for their political rights. If O'Connor was egotistical, perhaps that is what a leader of the people, condemned and castigated by the aristocracy and the middle class and by their newspapers, needed to be.

The attacks on O'Connor by some on his own side are well-known. Lovett called him "the great 'I am' of politics"; Francis Place said of him that he would use every means he could to lead and misled the working people. George Holyoake characterised as "the most impetuous and most patient of all tribunes who ever led the English Chartists".

References

Bibliography
 Chase, Malcolm. Chartism: A New History (Manchester University Press, 2007), A standard scholarly history of the entire movement excerpt
 Cole, G.D.H., Chartist Portraits (1965 edn.).
 Cooper, Thomas, Life of Thomas Cooper (1872).
 Epstein, James. "Feargus O'Connor and the Northern Star", International Review of Social History 21 (1976) online
 Epstein, James, The Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement 1838–1842 (1982)
 Gammage, R.G., History of the Chartist Movement (1894).
 Holyoake, G.J. Sixty Years of an Agitators Life (1900).
 Kemnitz, Thomas Milton. "Approaches to the Chartist Movement: Feargus O'Connor and Chartist Strategy." Albion 5.1 (1973): 67–73.
 Lovett, William, Life and Struggles of William Lovett (1876).
 Pickering, Paul, Feargus O'Connor: A Political Life (2007).

 Roberts, Stephen, 'Feargus O'Connor in the House of Commons, 1847-52' in Ashton, O., Fyson, R., and Roberts, S., The Chartist Legacy (1999).
 Thompson, Dorothy, The Chartists (1984). (Reprinted, Breviary Stuff Publications, 2013).
 Thompson, Dorothy. The Dignity of Chartism (Verso Books, 2015). ch 9.

Primary sources
 The trial of Feargus O'Connor, Esq., barrister-at-law, and fifty-eight others at Lancaster : on a charge of sedition, conspiracy, tumult, and riot'' (1843) online

External links

Feargus O'Connor & The Chartists - UK Parliament Living Heritage
 Spartacus entry on O'Connor
 Spartacus entry on the Kennington mass meeting

1796 births
1855 deaths
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Irish expatriates in England
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1847–1852
Chartists
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
Irish newspaper founders
Irish Repeal Association MPs
19th-century Irish businesspeople
People with mental disorders

Feargus O'Connor


Mikania microdonta é uma espécie de planta do gênero Mikania e da família Asteraceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1836 por Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e trepadeira.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de cerrado e mata ciliar.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Ritter, M.R.; Gandara, A.; Simão-Bianchini, R.; Souza-Buturi, F.O.; Abreu, V.H.R. Mikania  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Mikania microdonta no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Mikania microdonta no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Mikania
Plantas descritas em 1836
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Mikania microdonta


Northwest Africa 8686 (abrégé en NWA 8686)  est une météorite trouvée au Maroc en 2014, reconnue comme une météorite martienne et classée parmi les shergottites.

Histoire et description
NWA 8686 (NWA pour , « Afrique du Nord-Ouest ») a été trouvée en 2014 dans le Sahara marocain. Elle est constituée d'un unique fragment de , partiellement recouvert d'une croûte de fusion. Les surfaces de fracture montrent une matrice grise à grain fin et des cristaux verdâtres d'olivine, visibles à l'œil nu.

Pétrologie et minéralogie
La matrice de NWA 8686 est constituée de petits cristaux d'augite, de pigeonite et de , avec comme minéraux accessoires de la merrillite, de la pyrrhotite et des oxydes. Elle abrite des phénocristaux d'olivine, dont la longueur peut atteindre . Sur la base de sa minéralogie, de sa texture et de ses concentrations en terres rares, NWA 8686 est classée comme une shergottite intermédiaire olivine-phyrique.

Géochimie
Les isotopes de l'oxygène indiquent qu'il s'agit d'une météorite martienne (ΔO = + 0,23 ‰).

Certains phénocristaux d'olivine sont les plus riches en fer (Fo = 51,5 ± 3,5 %) de toutes les shergottites olivine-phyriques connues. L'olivine est en revanche absente de la matrice, ce qui est unique pour les shergottites olivine-phyriques. Le rapport Mg/(Mg+Fe) n'est que de 0,59 alors que les éléments fortement sidérophiles sont en proportions chondritiques (à une concentration d'environ 0,5 % de celle des chondrites CI). Les terres rares montrent un appauvrissement à la fois en terres rares lourdes et en terres rares légères. Ces caractéristiques indiquent que NWA 8686 s'est formée, soit à partir du mélange entre une lave évoluée et des phases riches en éléments fortement sidérophiles (notamment des alliages Os-Ir), soit par la fusion d'une source mantellique de faible rapport Mg/(Mg+Fe) avec des abondances chondritiques en éléments fortement sidérophiles. Le rapport Gd/Yb élevé, dans NWA 8686 comme dans d'autres shergottites intermédiaires olivine-phyriques, indique que leur  a impliqué la séparation de grenat.

Notes et références

Shergottite
Météorite trouvée au Maroc

Northwest Africa 8686