Robert Swan Mueller III (; born August 7, 1944) is an American lawyer who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013.

A graduate of Princeton University and New York University, Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War, receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart. He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law. Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington, D.C., and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama.

Mueller has served both in government and private practice. He was an assistant United States attorney, a United States attorney, United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division, a homicide prosecutor in Washington, D.C., acting United States deputy attorney general, partner at D.C. law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI.  He is the only FBI Director that Congress has allowed to serve more than the statutory limit of 10 years since the death of J. Edgar Hoover in 1972 by giving him a special two-year extension.

On May 17, 2017, Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and related matters. He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019. On April 18, the Department of Justice released it. On May 29, he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed.

Early life and education
Mueller was born on August 7, 1944, at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the first child of Alice C. Truesdale (1920–2007) and Robert Swan Mueller Jr. (1916–2007). He has four younger sisters: Susan, Sandra, Joan, and Patricia. His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II. His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse.

Mueller is of German, English, and Scottish descent. His paternal great-grandfather, Gustave A. Mueller, was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh, whose own father, August C. E. Müller, had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia (a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany). On his mother's side, he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale.

Mueller grew up in Princeton, New Jersey, where he attended Princeton Country Day School (now known as the Princeton Day School). After he completed eighth grade, his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire for high school, where he was captain of the soccer, hockey, and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the school's top athlete in 1962. A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St. Paul's School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry.

After graduating from St. Paul's, Mueller entered Princeton University, where he continued to play lacrosse, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled "Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases." Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton. Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967.

In 1968, Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps. After his military service, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973.

United States Marine Corps service

Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service. Of his classmate, Mueller has said, "One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend, a Marine in Vietnam, who was a year ahead of me at Princeton. There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service. And it flows from there." Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị province by small arms fire.

After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal, Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968, attending training at Parris Island, Officer Candidate School, Army Ranger School, and Army jump school. Of these, he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt "more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat."

In the summer of 1968, he was sent to South Vietnam, where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. On December 11, 1968, during an engagement in Operation Scotland II, he earned the Bronze Star with "V" device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties. In April 1969, he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh, recovered, and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969. For his service in and during the Vietnam War, his military decorations and awards include: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V", Purple Heart Medal, two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat "V", Combat Action Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal, and Parachutist Badge.

After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang, Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Division's commanding general, then–Major General William K. Jones, where he "significantly contributed to the rapport" Jones had with other officers, according to one report.

Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career, but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the corps to be unexciting. After returning from South Vietnam, Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall, before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain.

Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War, Mueller said, "I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam. There were many—many—who did not. And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam, I have always felt compelled to contribute." In 2009, he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments, he was still "most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines."

Career

Private practice and Department of Justice

After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law, Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976. He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices. He first worked in the office of the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco, where he rose to be chief of the criminal division, and in 1982, he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney, where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud, terrorism and public corruption cases, as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers.

After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow, Mueller returned to government service. In 1989, he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting deputy attorney general. James Baker, with whom he worked on national security matters, said he had "an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law".

In 1990, he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division. During his tenure, he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, the Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie bombing) case, and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti.

In 1991, he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure. Also in 1991, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers.

In 1993, Mueller became a partner at Boston's Hale and Dorr, specializing in white-collar crime litigation. He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorney's Office. In 1998, Mueller was named U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
President George W. Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5, 2001. He and two other candidates, Washington lawyer George J. Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb, were up for the job, but Mueller, described at the time as a conservative Republican, was always considered the front-runner. Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June, while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30, only three days before his prostate cancer surgery.

The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2, 2001, voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment. He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4, 2001, one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

On February 11, 2003, one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Mueller informed the American public that "[s]even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans. As Director Tenet has pointed out, Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction, willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community. Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material." Highlighting this worry in February 2003, FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that "the bureau will [not] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq" and encouraged Mueller to "share [her concerns] with the President and Attorney General."

On March 10, 2004, while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery, James Comey, the then deputy attorney general, received a call from Ashcroft's wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional. Ashcroft refused to sign, as he had previously agreed, but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway. Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign. On March 12, 2004, after private, individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House, the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller, Ashcroft, and Comey.

He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004.

As director, Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA. At a dinner, Mueller defended an attorney (Thomas Wilner) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees. Mueller stood up, raised his glass, and said, "I toast Tom Wilner. He's doing what an American should." However, the White House pushed back, encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects. When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S., Mueller responded, saying, "If they [suspects] don't commit a crime, it would be difficult to identify and isolate" them. Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying, "That's just not good enough. We're hearing this too much from the FBI."

In May 2011, President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term, which would have expired on September 4, 2011. The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27, 2011. On September 4, 2013, Mueller was replaced by James Comey.

In June 2013, Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing. He said that surveillance programs could have "derailed" the September 11 attacks. Congressman John Conyers disagreed: "I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call." Mueller also testified that the government's surveillance programs complied "in full with U.S. law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution". He said that "We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures."

On June 19, 2017, in the case of Arar v. Ashcroft, Mueller, along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W. Ziglar and others, was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place.

Return to private sector

After leaving the FBI in 2013, Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University, where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity.

In addition to his speaking and teaching roles, Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014. Among other roles at the firm, he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFL's conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée. In January 2016, he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S. consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal; as of May 11, 2017, the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements.

On October 19, 2016, Mueller began an external review of "security, personnel, and management processes and practices" at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T. Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency. On April 6, 2017, he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers, respectively, affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags.

Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy. In June 2017, he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance.

In October 2019, it was announced that Mueller, along with James L. Quarles and Aaron Zebley, would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice. On July 11, 2020, Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone "remains a convicted felon, and rightly so" after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation.

Special Counsel for the Department of Justice

On May 16, 2017, Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director. This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director. President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting; however, Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits, and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position.

The next day, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice. In this capacity, Mueller oversaw the investigation into "any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation".

Mueller's appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress. Newt Gingrich, former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator, stated via Twitter that "Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel. His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity." Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) said, "Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job. I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead." Senator Rob Portman (R-OH) stated, "former FBI dir. Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe". Some, however, pointed out an alleged conflict of interest. "The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey," Rep. Trent Franks (R-AZ), who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer, said in a statement to Fox News. "The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code. … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger."

Upon his appointment as special counsel, Mueller and two colleagues (former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L. Quarles III) resigned from WilmerHale. On May 23, 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel. The spokesperson for the special counsel, Peter Carr, told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry. In an interview with the Associated Press, Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey.

On June 14, 2017, The Washington Post reported that Mueller's office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice, in reference to the Russian probe. The report was questioned by Trump's legal team attorney Jay Sekulow, who said on June 18 on NBC's Meet the Press, "The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction, period." Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign, the transition, and the White House, the President's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller. Also in June, Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller, but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit.

During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21, 2017, former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller. He also said it was "the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that, again, are inconsistent with what this country is all about". After Peter Strzok, an investigator for Mueller, was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality, Senator Mark Warner, the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20, 2017, before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller. On June 22, 2018, Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying, "If you get me one more glass of wine, I'll tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know. If you think you've seen wild stuff so far, buckle up. It's going to be a wild couple of months."

On October 30, 2017, Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates. The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money, violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading FARA statements, and conspiracy against the United States.

On December 1, 2017, Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn, who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak. As part of Flynn's negotiations, his son, Michael G. Flynn, was not expected to be charged, and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trump's team directed him to make contact with the Russians. On February 16, 2018, Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump.

On February 20, 2018, Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe.

On May 20, 2018, Trump criticized Mueller, tweeting "the World's most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World!" Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr. and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign. Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaign's possible ties to Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.

On December 18, 2018, The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S. Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller.

On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the special counsel's final report to Attorney General William Barr. A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments. On March 24, Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress. He stated in his letter, "The Special Counsel's investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election." Mueller's report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice; Barr quoted Mueller as saying "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him."

On April 18, 2019, the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, the special counsel's final report and its conclusions.

On May 29, 2019, Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down, and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time. Saying "The report is my testimony," he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report. On the subject of obstruction of justice, he said, "under long-standing Department [of Justice] policy, a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office." He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a "process other than the criminal justice system." Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media. Referring to those actions, he declared that "there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election. That allegation deserves the attention of every American."

Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17, 2019, with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions, but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions. His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public, and to help Democratic leadership decide whether or not to impeach the President. In particular, the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trump's conduct. Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids, such as posters, to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report. Republicans, on the other hand, planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation.

On July 24, 2019, Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of Congress. His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report. In fact, many of his responses were one-word replies. He said he was "not familiar" with Fusion GPS, the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier. He rejected claims that his investigation was a "witch hunt" or that it totally exonerated the President. He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation, but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections. He noted that it continues, that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians, and that he considers it a great threat to the United States. According to the Nielsen Company, total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million, significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration, such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh's (20.4million), former FBI director James Comey's (19.5million), and former Trump attorney Michael Cohen's (15.8million). Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July, vacation time for many Americans, and months after the release of the Mueller report. Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating, with 3.03million views. Subsequently, Mueller's words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President. Mueller's testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing.

In late September 2019, it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaign's contacts with WikiLeaks, citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller report.

Political scientists William G. Howell and Terry M. Moe described Mueller's decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump—despite "compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence"—as something that "will surely go down as one of the strangest—and most consequential—moves in modern legal history." They added, "in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence, Mueller simply didn't do his job... because he didn't, he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trump's lawless behavior, and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds."

The University of Virginia Law School announced in June 2021 that in the coming fall Mueller would participate in a six-session course called "The Mueller Report and the Role of the Special Counsel," along with three of his colleagues from the investigation.

Personal life
Mueller met his future wife, Ann Cabell Standish, at a high school party when they were 17. Standish attended Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, and Sarah Lawrence College, before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities. In September 1966, they married at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. They have two daughters and three grandchildren. One of their daughters was born with spina bifida.

In 2001, Mueller's Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer. He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000, postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician.

Although raised Presbyterian, he became an Episcopalian later in life.

Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Mueller's special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends. Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barr's daughters, and their wives attend Bible study together.

Military awards
Mueller received the following military awards and decorations:

References

Further reading

External links

 Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff

1944 births
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
American Episcopalians
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Scottish descent
Assistant United States Attorneys
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Identity theft victims
Lawyers from New York City
Living people
Members of the 2017 Special Counsel investigation team
Military personnel from New York City
New York (state) Republicans
New York University alumni
People from Manhattan
People from Philadelphia
Princeton University alumni
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Special prosecutors
St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni
United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Criminal Division
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of California
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr partners

Robert Mueller


سيرجو إندريغو (Sergio Endrigo) (بولا 15 يونيو، 1933 - روما، 7 سبتمبر 2005) أحد أشهر المؤلفين المغنين الإيطاليين.

وُلد في بولا بشبة جزيرة إستريا. غالباً ما يتم تصنيفه ضمن «مدرسة جنوة» لأسلوبه وطـَبعه مع جينو باولي وفابريتسيو دي أندريه ولويجي تينكو، وبرونو لاوزي.

فاز بمهرجان سان ريمو للموسيقى عام 1968 بأغنية "Canzone per te"، وقد غناها مع روبيرتو كارلوس. وفي العام نفسه مثل إيطاليا في مسابقة الأغنية الأوروبية لعام 1968 مع أغنية «ماريان».

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من بولا (مدينة)
مغنون إيطاليون
مغنون إيطاليون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور إيطاليون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور في القرن 20
مغنون وكتاب أغان إيطاليون
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان إيطاليون
منافسو مسابقة الأغنية الأوروبية 1968
مواليد 1933
مواليد في بولا (مدينة)
وفيات 2005
وفيات في روما

سيرجو إندريغو


Assédio est une série télévisée brésilienne produite par Estúdios Globo et O2 Filmes et diffusée à l'origine par le service de streaming Globoplay. Il a été rendu disponible le 21 septembre 2018 sur la plateforme avec 10 épisodes. Écrit par Maria Camargo, avec des scénarios de Bianca Ramoneda, Fernando Rebello et Pedro de Barros, réalisé par Guto Arruda Botelho et Joana Jabace, direction générale par Joana Jabace et direction artistique par Amora Mautner.

Synopsis
Roger Sadala (Antonio Calloni) est un médecin publiquement respecté et renommé dans le domaine de la fécondation humaine, qui cache un autre visage sombre derrière une fausse intégrité. Lorsque sa réceptionniste Daiane (Jessica Ellen) brise le silence et le dénonce pour harcèlement, plusieurs autres victimes se joignent à elle avec des histoires similaires, notamment des abus sexuels. Qui donne la parole aux victimes est la journaliste Mira (Elisa Volpatto), qui compile les histoires racontées dans chaque épisode par d'autres femmes : Stela (Adriana Esteves), Eugênia (Paula Possani), Maria José (Hermila Guedes) et Vera (Fernanda D ' Umbra).

Distribution

Acteurs principaux

 Antonio Calloni :  Roger Sadala
 Elisa Volpatto : Mira Simões
 Adriana Esteves : Stela Nascimento
 Jéssica Ellen : Daiane de Palma
 Hermila Guedes : Maria José
 Paula Possani : Eugênia Constantino
 Fernanda D'umbra : Vera
 Paolla Oliveira : Carolina Malfatti
 Mariana Lima : Glória Sadala
 Sílvia Lourenço : Clarice Sadala
 Juliana Carneiro da Cunha : Olímpia Sadala
 Bianca Müller : Tamires Sadala
 Gabriel Muglia : Henrique Sadala

Invités

 João Miguel : Odair José Miranda
 Jarbas Homem de Mello : Werther
 Denise Weinberg : Julieta Nascimento
 Pedro Nercessian : Pedro Paulo
 Luana Tanaka : Duda
 Noemi Marinho : Abigail
 Monica Iozzi : Carmen
 Gabriel Godoy : Leandro
 Vera Fischer : Haydée
 Sabrina Greve : Leila
 Bete Coelho : Suzana Almendra
 Bárbara Paz : Lorena
 Felipe Camargo : Ronaldo Constantino
 Celso Frateschi : Milton
 Paulo Miklos : Artur Castelo
 Dani Ornellas : Niara Flores
 Susana Ribeiro : Irene Navarro de Mello
 Theo Werneck : Francisco Navas
 Marco Antônio Pâmio : Neville
 Leonardo Netto : Homero
 Beatriz Damini : Maria Antônia
 Kiko Vianello : Emir Jarouche
 Simone Iliescu : Elisa
 Séfora Rangel : Socorro
 Aury Porto : Rubinho
 Wanderlucy Bezerra : Lurdinha
 Elvis Chelton : Domênico
 Mariana Leme : Ingrid
 Daniel Granieri : Alan
 Ricardo Ripa : Evandro Loyola
 Henrique Schäffer : Oswaldo Badin

Épisodes
 Stela
 Eugênia
 Maria José
 Vera
 Daiane
 Eva
 As Vozes
 O Processo
 O Julgamento
 A Busca

Réception
Audience sur Rede Globo

Avec la diffusion des débuts promotionnels de la série le 15 octobre 2018, elle a obtenu 24,9 points, le score le plus élevé de tous les programmes diffusés après les feuilletons de 21h00.

La diffusion du premier épisode le 3 mai 2019, a enregistré 13,7 points, ne changeant pas l'audience.

Récompenses et nominations

Références et Notes

Liens externes

 Ressource relative à l'audiovisuel : Internet Movie Database

Série télévisée créée en 2018
Série télévisée brésilienne des années 2010
Série télévisée dramatique
Série télévisée se déroulant au Brésil
Série télévisée en portugais

Assédio


Mirage, op. 171, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose Mirage pour voix moyenne et piano sur un poème d'Édouard Guinand. L'œuvre ne sera éditée qu'à titre posthume en 2000 par les éditions Armiane.

Analyse
Mirage, comme beaucoup des mélodies sur des textes d'Amédée-Louis Hettich ou de Guinand, propose un style musical plutôt léger.

Réception

Discographie
Mel Bonis, l'œuvre vocale. Doron musique, 2006

Références

Sources

Liens externes

 Mel Bonis, compositrice, site officiel: les mélodies

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Mélodie française

Mirage de Bonis


Ulongué (auch Ulongwe) ist eine Gemeinde in der Provinz Tete in Mosambik. Bis zur Unabhängigkeit Mosambiks hieß die Ortschaft Vila Coutinho.

Geographie
Die Stadt ist Verwaltungssitz des Distrikts Angónia und liegt in der Nähe der Grenze zu Malawi.

Bevölkerung
Ulongué hat etwa 27.697 Einwohner (Schätzung 2012).

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Ulongué verfügt über einen Flughafen.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Mosambik
Ort in Afrika
Grenze zwischen Malawi und Mosambik

Ulongué


ඇනුබිස් හෝ ඉන්පු,අන්පු යන නාමයන්ගෙන් හදුන්වන මේ දෙවියන් පුරාණ ඊජිප්තු මිත්‍යා කතා වල සිටින ප්‍රසිද්ධ දෙවියෙකු වේ. මරණයට, මමීකරණය ට, මීලග ජීවිතයට,සොහොන් වලට සහ පාතාල ලෝකයට අධිපති දෙවියන් වන මොහුට සිවල් හෝ වෘක හිසක් ඇත. මේ දෙවියන්ට සිවල් හිසක් ලැබීමට මත පල කරන පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයන් පවසන්නේ සිවලුන්ට සොහොන් සාරා මිනී අනුභව කල හැකි නිසා මෙලෙස සිවල් හිසක් ලැබීම සාමාන්‍ය දෙයක් බවය.

ඇනුබිස් හට ඇත්තේ අප්‍රිකානු රන් හිවලාගේ හිසක්ය. එහෙත් බොහෝ මිනිසුන් අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇනුබිස් හට වෘක හිසක් ඇති බවය.

මොහුගේ පෞද්ගලික තොරතුරු ගැන පවසන විට එය ගැටලු කාරී වේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සලකන්නේ සෙට් සහ නෙෆ්තිස් ඇනුබිස්ගේ දෙමාපියන් බවය.සමහර තැන් වල ඇත්තේ ඔසිරිස් සහ නෙෆ්තිස් බවය.තවත් සමහර තැන් වල ඇත්තේ රේ සහ නෙෆ්තිස් බවය. මොහුගේ ප්‍රධාන බිරිඳ වූයේ අන්පුට් ය. සමහර තැන් වල නෙෆ්තිස් ඇනුබිස්ගේ භාර්යාවක් බව ද සදහන් වේ. පුතුන් වන්නේ කෙබෙචෙට් (Kebechet) ය.

මොහු ඔසිරිස් දෙවියන් ගේ පාතාල ලෝකයේ මුරකරු වේ. තවද ඔහු ඒ ලෝකය පාලනය කිරීමට ඔසිරිස් හට සහය දෙන බවද සදහන් වේ. පාතාල ලෝකයේ ඔහුගේ කාර්යය වුයේ ඔසිරිස් දෙවියන් ලගට මිය ගිය ඇත්තන් රැගෙන යාම සහ ඒ පුද්ගලයන්ගේ හදවත ඔසිරිස් දෙවියන් ඉදිරියේ කිරා බැලීමය.ඇනුබිස්ගේ වර්ණය වන්නේ කලු පැහැයයි.වෙප්වවෙට් (Wepwawet) ඔහුගේ එක කුස උපන් සහෝදරාය වෙප්වවෙට් හට ඇත්තේ සුදු පැහැති සිවල් හිසකි.

●මෙය කතෘ විසින් සම්පාදිත ලිපියකි.

ඇනුබිස්


Biserica Învierea Domnului din Sebeș este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Sebeș.

Istoric
Arhitect și constructor al bisericii a fost meșterul Antal Balog din Cluj, cel pe care un an mai devreme l-au angajat și greco-catolicii, pentru construirea Bisericii Bob, situată în imediata vecinătate.

Din 1851 până în 1895 paroh al bisericii și protopop ortodox de Sebeș a fost Ioan Tipeiu (1818-1898).

Note

Galerie de imagini

Biserica Învierea Domnului
Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici ortodoxe din județul Alba
Biserici cu hramul Învierea Domnului
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România

Biserica Învierea Domnului din Sebeș


João Pedro Gonçalves Neves (nascido em 27 de setembro de 2004) é um jogador de futebol português nascido em Tavira, joga como um meio-campista no SL Benfica.

Carreira
João Neves assinou o seu primeiro contrato profissional com Benfica em 11 dezembro de 2020

Títulos
Benfica (Sub-19)
 Campeonato Nacional de Juniores: 2021–22
 UEFA Youth League: 2021–22
 Taça Intercontinental Sub-20: 2022
Benfica
Primeira Liga: 2022–23
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2023

Referências

Futebolistas de Portugal
Futebolistas do Sport Lisboa e Benfica
Jogadores da Seleção Portuguesa de Futebol

João Neves


Aadel Lampe (Stranda, 10 de maio de 1857 – 1944) foi uma ativista dos direitos das mulheres, política liberal, professora de crianças surdas e sufragista norueguesa. Ela foi eleita suplente do Parlamento da Noruega em 1922, sendo uma das primeiras mulheres eleitas para o parlamento do país, e foi presidente da Associação Norueguesa pelos Direitos das Mulheres de 1922 a 1926.

Biografia
Aadel Lampe nasceu em Stranda, Møre og Romsdal, Noruega. Seu pai, Claus Ernst Lampe, era pároco. Ela se formou como professora na Escola Hartvig Nissen em Christiania (hoje denominada Oslo), e passou a lecionar na instituição. Posteriormente Lampe trabalhou como professora na escola da professora Hedevig Rosing, voltada para o ensino de crianças surdas em Christiania.

Ela foi uma das primeiras líderes da Associação Norueguesa pelos Direitos das Mulheres e serviu como presidente da instituição de 1922 a 1926. Ela se juntou ao conselho da organização em 1895 e foi presidente durante os mandatos de 1899–1903 e 1912–1922, quando Fredrikke Marie Qvam e Randi Blehr eram presidentes.

Lampe era originalmente membro do Partido Liberal, mas posteriormente se filiou ao liberal-conservador Frisinnede Venstre, onde foi vice-membro da executiva nacional e membro do conselho da associação de mulheres do partido. Ao lado de Randi Blehr e Cecilie Thoresen Krog, ela foi co-signatária de uma carta ao governo nacional que pedia que as mulheres fossem admitidas no serviço público. Na eleição parlamentar de 1921 ela foi eleita suplente para o Parlamento da Noruega para o mandato 1922–1924, representando o círculo eleitoral de Christiania. Lampe foi uma das cinco mulheres eleitas para o parlamento, das quais quatro eram suplentes e uma, Karen Platou, foi a primeira mulher membro pernamente do Parlamento da Noruega, representando o mesmo partido e círculo eleitoral que ela. Aadel Lampe morreu em 1944.

Bibliografia

 Lønnå, Elisabeth (1996) Stolthet og kvinnekamp : Norsk kvinnesaksforenings historie fra 1913 (Oslo: Gyldendal)

Nascidos em 1857
Mortos em 1944
Feministas da Noruega
Sufragistas da Noruega
Membros da Associação Norueguesa pelos Direitos das Mulheres

Aadel Lampe


An Poa macroclada in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Per Axel Rydberg. An Poa macroclada in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa macroclada


Hurricane Gilbert was the second most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin in terms of barometric pressure, only behind Hurricane Wilma in 2005. An extremely powerful tropical cyclone that formed during the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Gilbert peaked as a Category 5 hurricane that brought widespread destruction to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico, and is tied with 1969's Hurricane Camille as the second-most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Atlantic Ocean. Gilbert was also one of the largest tropical cyclones ever observed in the Atlantic basin. At one point, its tropical storm-force winds measured  in diameter. In addition, Gilbert was the most intense tropical cyclone in recorded history to strike Mexico.

The seventh named storm, third hurricane and first major hurricane of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Gilbert developed from a tropical wave on September 8 while located  east of Barbados. Following intensification into a tropical storm the next day, Gilbert steadily strengthened as it tracked west-northwestward into the Caribbean Sea. On September 10, Gilbert attained hurricane intensity, and rapidly intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on September 11. After striking Jamaica the following day, rapid intensification occurred once again, and the storm became a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale with peak 1-minute sustained winds of , late on September 13. Gilbert then weakened slightly, and made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula later that day while maintaining Category 5 intensity. After landfall, Gilbert weakened rapidly over the Yucatán Peninsula, and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 storm on September 15. Gradual intensification occurred as Gilbert tracked across the Gulf of Mexico, and the storm made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane in mainland Mexico on September 16. The hurricane gradually weakened after landfall, and eventually dissipated on September 19 over the Midwestern United States. On the island of Cozumel, a pressure of 900 millibars was recorded when the Hurricane Gilbert made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 165 mph.

Gilbert wrought havoc in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico for nearly nine days. In total, it killed 318 people and caused about $2.98 billion (1988 USD) in damages along its path. As a result of the extensive damage caused by Gilbert, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name in the spring of 1989; it was replaced with Gordon for the 1994 hurricane season.

Meteorological history

The origins of Hurricane Gilbert trace back to an easterly tropical wave—an elongated low-pressure area moving from east to west—that crossed the northwestern coast of Africa on September 3, 1988. Over the subsequent days, the wave traversed the tropical Atlantic and developed a broad wind circulation extending just north of the equator. The system remained disorganized until September 8, when satellite images showed a defined circulation center approaching the Windward Islands. The following day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified it as the twelfth tropical depression of the annual hurricane season using the Dvorak technique, when it was located about  east of Barbados. The depression proceeded toward the west-northwest, and while moving through the Lesser Antilles near Martinique, it gained enough strength to be designated as Tropical Storm Gilbert.

After becoming a tropical storm, Gilbert underwent a period of significant strengthening. Passing to the south of Dominican Republic and Haiti, it became a hurricane late on September 10 and further strengthened to Category 3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale the next day. At that time, Gilbert was classified as a major hurricane with sustained winds of  and a minimum barometric pressure of . On September 12, the hurricane made landfall on the eastern coast of Jamaica at this intensity; its -wide eye moved from east to west across the entire length of the island.

Gilbert strengthened rapidly after emerging from the coast of Jamaica. As the hurricane brushed the Cayman Islands, a reporting station on Grand Cayman recorded a wind gust of  as the storm passed just to the southeast on September 13. Explosive intensification continued until Gilbert reached a minimum pressure of  with maximum sustained flight-level winds of , having intensified by 72 mbar in a space of 24 hours. This pressure was the lowest ever observed in the Western Hemisphere and made Gilbert the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record until it was surpassed by Hurricane Wilma in 2005.

Gilbert then weakened some, but remained a Category 5 hurricane as it made landfall for a second time on the island of Cozumel, and then a third time on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula on September 14. This made it the first Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the Atlantic basin since        Hurricane David hit Hispaniola in 1979. The minimum pressure at landfall in Cozumel was estimated to be , along with maximum sustained winds of . The storm weakened quickly while crossing land before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane. Gilbert re-strengthened rapidly, however, and made landfall for a final time as a Category 3 hurricane near La Pesca, Tamaulipas on September 16, with winds of about .

On September 17, Gilbert brushed the inland city of Monterrey, Nuevo León before taking a sharp turn to the north. The storm spawned 29 tornadoes in Texas on September 18, and then moved across Oklahoma. It was absorbed by a low-pressure system over Missouri on September 19, and finally became extratropical over Lake Michigan.

Preparations

Late on September 10, a tropical storm warning was issued by the National Hurricane Center for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic alongside a hurricane watch for the Barahona Peninsula. The hurricane watch for Barahona was upgraded to a hurricane warning early on September 11. Later that day, hurricane watches were posted for the Dominican Republic's southern coast, Jamaica, and the southern coast of Cuba east of Cabo Cruz; the hurricane watch in Jamaica was upgraded to a hurricane warning by the end of the day. Hurricane warnings for the southern coast of Haiti were also posted on September 11. Cayman Airways evacuated residents from the Cayman Islands ahead of Gilbert.

On September 12, a hurricane watch was issued for the Cayman Islands, and the hurricane watch for the southern coast of Cuba was extended to Cienfuegos, with the portion of the watch east of Camagüey upgraded to a hurricane warning. That evening, the Yucatán Peninsula was placed under a hurricane watch between Felipe Carrillo Puerto and Progreso. This area included the resort cities of Cancún and Cozumel. The following day, hurricane watches were posted for Pinar del Río and Isla de la Juventud, and the Cayman Islands were placed under a hurricane warning. The watches in western Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula were replaced with warnings at about mid-day September 13. As Gilbert approached the Yucatán Peninsula on September 14, the hurricane warning in the region was extended to cover the entire coast between Chetumal and Champotón, while a hurricane watch was posted for the northern district of Belize.

Once Gilbert entered the Gulf of Mexico on September 15, hurricane watches were posted for the portion of the shore between Port Arthur and Tampico. Around noon that day, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning between Tampico and Port O'Connor.

Texas governor Bill Clements issued a decree allowing municipalities to lift laws in the name of public safety, including contraflow lane reversals and speed limits.

Impact

Gilbert claimed 318 lives, mostly in Mexico. Exact monetary damage figures are not available, but the total for all areas affected by Gilbert is estimated to be near $2.98 billion (1988 USD).

Eastern Caribbean and Venezuela
As a tropical storm, Gilbert brought high winds and heavy rains to many of the eastern Caribbean islands. In St. Lucia heavy rains peaking at  in Castries resulted in flash flooding and mudslides, though no major structural damage was reported. At Hewanorra International Airport, a dam ruptured and flooded one of the runways. Offshore, six fishermen went missing as Gilbert approached the Lesser Antilles. Banana crop losses from the storm in St. Lucia reached $740,000, with Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, and Dominica reporting similar damage. Several mudslides were reported in Dominica, though no damage resulted from them. Roughly  of rain fell in Barbados, leading to flash floods and prompting officials to close schools and government offices. The U.S. Virgin Islands experienced widespread power outages and flooding, with many residents losing electricity for several days. Damage was less severe in the nearby British Virgin Islands, where only some flooding and power outages took place. In Puerto Rico, dozens of small communities lost power and agricultural losses reached $200,000.

In Venezuela, outflow bands from Gilbert produced extreme torrential rain which triggered widespread flash floods and landslides in the northern part of the country, killing five people and leaving hundreds homeless. Damage from the storm was estimated at $3 million. A combined and confirmed death toll of seven dead from the Dominican Republic and Venezuela.

Hispaniola
Heavy rains from the outer bands of Hurricane Gilbert triggered significant flooding in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. At least nine people perished in the Dominican Republic as many rivers, including the Yuna, overtopped their banks. The main electrical relay station in Santo Domingo was damaged by the storm, causing a temporary blackout for much of the city. Losses in the country were estimated in the millions of dollars. In nearby Haiti, more substantial losses took place; 53 people died, including 10 offshore. Most of the casualties took place in the southern part of the country. The port of Jacmel was reportedly destroyed by  waves stirred up by the hurricane. In light of extensive damage, the government of Haiti declared a state of emergency for the entire southern peninsula. Losses throughout Haiti were estimated at $91.2 million.

Jamaica

Hurricane Gilbert produced a  storm surge and brought up to  of rain in the mountainous areas of Jamaica, causing inland flash flooding. 49 people died. Prime Minister Edward Seaga stated that the hardest hit areas near where Gilbert made landfall looked "like Hiroshima after the atom bomb." The storm left $700 million (1988 USD) in damage from destroyed crops, buildings, houses, roads, and small aircraft. Two people eventually had to be rescued because of mudslides triggered by Gilbert and were sent to the hospital. The two people were reported to be fine. No planes were going in and out of Kingston, and telephone lines were jammed from Jamaica to Florida.

As Gilbert lashed Kingston, its winds knocked down power lines, uprooted trees, and flattened fences. On the north coast,  waves hit, forcing hotels to be evacuated in the popular tourist destination. Kingston's airport reported severe damage to its aircraft, and all Jamaica-bound flights were cancelled at Miami International Airport. Unofficial estimates state that at least 30 people were killed around the island. Estimated property damage reached more than $200 million. More than 100,000 houses were destroyed or damaged and the country's banana crop was largely destroyed. Hundreds of miles of roads and highways were also heavily damaged. Reconnaissance flights over remote parts of Jamaica reported that eighty percent of the homes on the island had lost their roofs. The poultry industry was also wiped out; the damage from agricultural loss reached $500 million (1988 USD). Hurricane Gilbert was the most destructive storm in the history of Jamaica and the most severe storm since Hurricane Charlie in 1951.

Cayman Islands
Gilbert passed  to the south of the Cayman Islands early on September 13, with one reported gust of . However, the islands largely escaped the hurricane due to Gilbert's quick forward motion. Damage was mitigated because the depth of the water surrounding the islands limited the height of the storm surge to  There was very severe damage to crops, trees, pastures, and a number of private homes. At least 50 people were left homeless and losses were expected to be in the millions.

Central America and Mexico

Across parts of northern Central America, heavy rains from the outer bands of Hurricane Gilbert triggered deadly flash floods. Its rainfall and high winds reached Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. In Honduras, at least eight people were killed and 6,000 were left homeless. Additionally, approximately  of crops were flooded. Sixteen people perished in Guatemala and another five died in Nicaragua, leaving a total of 21 people dead in Central America.

35,000 people were left homeless and 83 ships sank when Gilbert struck the Yucatán Peninsula. 60,000 homes were destroyed, and damage was estimated at between $1 and 2 billion (1989 US$). In the Cancún region, Gilbert produced waves  high, washing away 60% of the city's beaches; the storm surge from the storm penetrated up to  inland. A further loss of $87 million (1989 USD) due to a decline in tourism was estimated for the months of October, November and December in 1988. Rainfall in the Yucatán Peninsula peaked at  in Progreso.

As Gilbert lashed the third largest city of Mexico, Monterrey, it brought very high winds, torrential rains, and extensive flash floods. More than 60 people died from raging flood waters, and it was feared that more than 150 people died when five buses carrying evacuees were overturned in the raging floodwaters. Six policemen died when they were swept away while trying to rescue passengers on buses stranded by the Santa Catarina River. The residents of Monterrey had no power or drinking water, and most telephone lines were down. As the water receded, vehicles began appearing with their wheels up, jammed with mud and rocks. Quintana Roo Governor Miguel Borge reported that damages in Cancún were estimated at more than 1.3 billion Mexican pesos (1988 pesos; $500 million in USD). More than 5,000 American tourists were evacuated from Cancún. In Saltillo, five people died in road accidents caused by heavy rain, and almost 1,000 were left homeless. Rainfall in northeastern Mexico peaked at over  in localized areas of inland Tamaulipas. In Coahuila, rainfall from Gilbert caused the deaths of 5 people who were swept away by rising waters. Among these were a paramedic and a pregnant woman who died when a Mexican Red Cross ambulance fell into a flooded arroyo near Los Chorros after a bridge collapsed. Gilbert dumped torrential rains and spawned some tornadoes.

In Quintana Roo, Gilbert caused significant defoliation in the jungle. The debris eventually fueled a fire in 1989, which ultimately burned . Damage to the vegetation of Cozumel Island combined with human habitat alteration is blamed for the rapid decline and possible extinction of the endemic Cozumel Thrasher.

United States

Despite concerns that Texas might suffer a direct hit, there was only minor damage reported in southern Texas from Gilbert's landfall  to the south. Winds gusted to hurricane force in a few places, but the main impact felt in the state was from beach erosion caused by a 3-5-foot storm surge, and tornadoes, which mainly affected the San Antonio area. 29 tornadoes were spawned by Gilbert in Texas, at least two of which were killer tornadoes. Estimates ranged from 30 to more than 60 hitting 25 Texas counties. Nine of them hit San Antonio, where a 59-year-old woman was killed as she slept in her mobile home. 40 tornadoes were spawned in an area from Corpus Christi and Brownsville north to San Antonio and west to Del Rio. Gilbert also provided a good look at a particular unusual hurricane-spawned tornado in Del Rio, two hundred and fifty miles from the ocean. It was the first of this type of tornado to be captured on film since a tornado spun from Hurricane Agnes in 1972. Despite the massive appearance of the tornado, it did not produce a wide range damage path. Few hurricane-spawned tornadoes do. In the state, a major disaster was declared on October 5, 1988.

Oklahoma recorded the highest rainfall in the United States at , in Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Isolated locations in Texas and Oklahoma reported over , while moderate rainfall of up to  fell in central Michigan. Overall damage in the United States was estimated at $80 million (1988 USD).

Aftermath, retirement, and records

The overall property damage was estimated at $2.98 billion (1988 USD). Earlier estimates put property damage from Gilbert at $2.5 billion but were as high as $10 billion. A final count of Hurricane Gilbert's victims is not possible because many people remained missing in Mexico, but the total confirmed death toll was 433 people. Gilbert was the worst hurricane in the history of Jamaica and the most destructive tropical cyclone on record to strike Mexico. Due to its widespread impact, extensive damage, and extreme loss of life, the name Gilbert was retired in the spring of 1989 by the World Meteorological Organization and was the first name to be retired since Hurricane Gloria in 1985. The name will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced by Gordon during the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season.

The destruction in Jamaica was so heavy that Lovindeer, one of the country's leading dance hall DJs, released a single called Wild Gilbert a few days after the storm. It was the fastest selling reggae record in the history of Jamaican music. In 1989, the PBS series Nova released the episode "Hurricane!" that featured Gilbert (later modified in 1992 to reflect Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Iniki).

On September 13, Hurricane Gilbert attained a record low central pressure of 888 mb (hPa; 26.22 inHg), surpassing the previous minimum of  set by the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. This made it the strongest tropical cyclone on record in the north Atlantic basin at the time. It was surpassed by Hurricane Wilma in 2005, which attained a central pressure of . Gilbert is the most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike Jamaica. The storm also produced record-breaking rainfall in Jamaica, amounting to . This ranked it as the fourth-wettest known storm to strike Jamaica; however, it has since been surpassed by three other storms.

See also

 List of Atlantic hurricanes
 List of Atlantic hurricane records
 List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
 Hurricane Debby (1988) – A Category 1 hurricane that impacted Eastern Mexico
 Hurricane Diana (1990) – A Category 2 hurricane that devastated Eastern Mexico

Notes

References

1988 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands
Hurricanes in the Windward Islands
Hurricanes in Puerto Rico
Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic
Hurricanes in Haiti
Hurricanes in Dominica
Hurricanes in Martinique
Hurricanes in Jamaica
1988 natural disasters
1988 in Jamaica
1988 in the Caribbean
1988 in Mexico
1988 natural disasters in the United States
1988 meteorology
Gilbert
Hurricanes in Coahuila
Hurricanes in Quintana Roo
Hurricanes in Tamaulipas
Hurricanes in Yucatán
Hurricanes in Belize

Hurricane Gilbert


Crocy () is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France. It is situated close to Falaise.

The name is believed to derive from the Gallo-Roman personal name Crossius.

Population

See also
Communes of the Calvados department

References

Communes of Calvados (department)
Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Crocy


Doce fue una banda de pop portuguesa de la década de 1980 conformada por cuatro mujeres. La banda es conocida por su participación en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1982.

Biografía

El grupo vio la luz en 1979, con las integrantes: Fátima Fá Padinha, Teresa Miguel, Lena Coelho y Laura Diogo.

En enero de 1980 editan el sencillo "Amanhã de Manhã". A continuación concurren al Festival RTP da Canção de ese año con el tema "Doce" que acaba en segundo lugar.

En 1980 es editado el primer álbum del grupo, OK KO.

Regresan al Festival RTP da Canção en 1981 com el tema "Ali-Bábá" que acaba en 4º lugar. El álbum É Demais es editado en octubre de ese año.

Finalmente vencen en el Festival RTP da Canção de 1982 con el tema "Bem Bom". Con esta victoria alcanzaron el objetivo de participar en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1982 celebrado en Harrogate, Reino Unido. Las Doce fueron las encargadas de abrir el festival, acabando en 13.ª posición de un total de 18 países.

En 1983 graban varias canciones en inglés como "For The Love Of Conchita", "Starlight", "Rainy Day", "Steping Stone" y "Choose Again".

Vuelven a participar en el Festival RTP da Canção de 1984 con "O Barquinho da Esperança", donde finalizan en quinta posición.

La banda se disolvió en 1987.

En 2020 se anuncia que la banda tendrá su propia película bajo el título Bem Bom.

Discografía

Álbumes
OK KO (LP, Polygram, 1980)
É Demais (LP, Polygram, 1981)

Recopilatorios
Doce 1979-1987  (Polygram, 1986)
O Melhor de 2 Doce/Gemini  (Universal, 2001)
15 anos Depois (Universal, 2002)
Doce Mania (Uiversal, 2003)
A Arte e a Música - Doce (Universal, 2004)

Sencillos
Amanhã de Manhã/Depois de Ti (Single, Polygram, 1980)
Doce/Um Beijo Só (Single, Polygram, 1980)
OK KO/Doce Caseiro (Single, Polygram, 1980)
Ali-Bábá (Um Homem das Arábias)/Jingle Tónico (Single, Polygram, 1981)
É Demais/Dói-dói (Single, Polygram, 1981)
Bem Bom/Perfumada (Single, Polygram, 1982)
For The Love Of Conchita/Choose Again (Single, Polygram, 1982)
Starlight/Stepping Stone (Single, Polygram, 1983)
Quente, Quente, Quente/Eu e o meu namorado (Single, Polygram, 1984)
O Barquinho da Esperança/A história do barquinho (Single, Polygram, 1984)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Doce en Discogs
 Doce en allmusic
 Doce en Rate Your Music
 Doce en last.fm

Grupos de pop de Portugal
Cuartetos de música de Portugal
Representantes de Portugal en Eurovisión
Participantes en Eurovisión 1982
Grupos de música de los años 1980

Doce (banda)


محافظة كان هوا  ( بالفيتنامية : Khánh Hòa ) هي إحدى محافظات فيتنام. وتقع في الساحل وسط جنوبي.

المصادر

روابط إضافية
 Official website of the provincial government
 Official news agency off the province
 Khanh Hoa Province map

 Nha Trang Sea Festtival Website
 Tour Guide to Nha Trang
 Khanh Hoa Online
 About Nha Trang Festival

محافظات فيتنام

محافظة كان هوا


السفاحون الأربعة في فترة باكوماتسو 幕末四大人斬り (نطقا: باكوماتسو شيداي هيتوكيري) كان مصطلحا أطلق على أربعة ساموراي في فترة باكوماتسو من تاريخ اليابان، هؤلاء هم كاواكامي غنساي، كيرينو توشياكي (المعروف أيضا باسم ناكامورا هانجيرو)، تاناكا شيبيي، وأوكادا إيزو. ناهض الأربعة نظام توكوغاوا شوغون (وبعدها ناصروا الإمبراطور ميجي)، كانوا نخبة المقاتلين وعدوا أناسا لا يمكن للأشخاص العاديين هزيمتهم، المعنى لكلمة هيتوكيري حرفيا هو «السفاح».

إضافة إلى لقب هيتوكيري، لقب هؤلاء الأربعة «الجزارون الأربعة» 四大肉屋 (نطقا: شيداي نيكويا)، أو «العقاب السماوي على أعداء الثورة الإمبراطوية» 帝国復帰の敵に対する天誅 (نطقا: تيكوكو فوكي نو تكي تايسورو تنتشو)، أغلبهم أتى من مقاطعتي تشوشو وساتسوما المعروفتان بمعارضة نظام شوغون في ذلك الوقت.

في فنون القصص
 هيتوكيري (تنتشو) فيلم عام 1969 من إخراج هيديو غوشا.
 سلسلة مانغا وأنمي روروني كنشين، بطلها شخصية هيمورا كنشين المبنية على كاواكامي غنساي.

اقرأ أيضا
 كاواكامي غنساي
 إيشين شيشي
 باكوماتسو
 نظام توكوغاوا شوغون
 استعراش ميجي

ساموراي
مصطلحات تاريخية يابانية

السفاحون الأربعة في فترة باكوماتسو


Valeri Nikolaïevitch Solodtchouk (en ), né le  à Astrakhan, est un officier russe, commandant de la  combinée depuis janvier 2020, lieutenant-général (2021).

Biographie
Après des études à l'École militaire Souvorov de Léningrad, Valeri Solodtchouk entre à l'École de commandement aéroporté de Riazan, dont il sort diplômé en 1992.

Il sert d'abord en tant que commandant de peloton, puis de chef d'état-major régimentaire. En 2004, il est diplômé de l'Académie interarmes des Forces armées de la fédération de Russie.

En 2012, il est diplômé de l'Académie militaire de l'état-major général des forces armées. De 2012 à 2014, il commande la  d'assaut aéroporté de Novorossiïsk des troupes aéroportées de la fédération de Russie.

De 2015 à 2017, il est commandant adjoint de la  du district militaire est. De 2017 à 2020, il sert comme chef d'état-major de la  stationnées en république de Bouriatie, au sud-est du lac Baïkal. Depuis janvier 2020, Solodtchouk est le commandant de la , passant au grade de lieutenant-général en janvier 2021.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Le commandant des forces de défense aérienne a présenté la norme au nouveau commandant de l'armée interarmes
 Après tout, ce sont nos montagnes. . .
 Oulan-Oude. Le général de division Valery Nikolaevich Solodchuk, commandant de la  armée interarmes, lors du défilé "coronavirus" (24/06/2020)
 Le légendaire char IS-2 sera restauré en Bouriatie pour la célébration du Jour de la Victoire

Étudiant de l'Académie militaire de l'État-major général des forces armées de l'Union soviétique
Récipiendaire de la médaille de l'ordre du Mérite pour la Patrie, 2e classe
Naissance à Astrakhan
Naissance en mars 1971
Lieutenant-général russe

Valeri Solodtchouk


An Rhynchospora davidsei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Wayt Thomas. An Rhynchospora davidsei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora davidsei


Das Wilhelmtheater war ein Bauwerk in der ostsächsischen Stadt Görlitz. Es wurde zwischen 1888 und 1889 auf dem Gelände des einstigen Theaters im Kaiser-Garten nach Plänen des Görlitzer Architekten Gerhard Röhr erbaut.

Geschichte
Das nach dem deutschen Kaiser Wilhelm I. benannte Theater eröffnete am 26. Mai 1889. Das Haus bot im großen Theatersaal – dem sogenannten Kaisersaal – bis zu 2000 Zuschauern Platz. Neben dem Kaisersaal existierten mehrere kleinere Räume, wie z. B. der Feldherrensaal. Im Gartenrestaurant fanden etwa 3000 Gäste Platz.

In dem Haus fanden während der Sommerpause des Stadttheaters Aufführungen statt, weiterhin wurden Amateurtheaterstücke aufgeführt sowie Konzerte, Bälle und andere gesellschaftliche Veranstaltungen abgehalten. Um 1911 wurde das Theater umgebaut und eröffnete anschließend als Varietétheater und Kino Union-Theater. Ab 1915 wurde es ausschließlich als Lichtspielhaus genutzt. Im Jahr 1936 wurde das Haus um das Varieté und Kabarett Scala erweitert.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde es zwischen 1950 und 1951 modernisiert und am 30. Juni 1951 unter dem Namen Karl-Marx-Klubhaus des VEB Waggonbau Görlitz wieder eröffnet. Während der DDR-Zeit fanden hier für politische Kongresse und Bälle statt. In den 1980er Jahren wurde der Innenraum in seiner ursprünglichen Ausstattung wiederhergestellt, jedoch 1989 infolge der Wende geschlossen. Das Haus hatte zu dieser Zeit bereits seinen zahlreichen Dachschmuck verloren. Lediglich die Türme auf den dreieckigen Erkern waren noch in einfacherer Gestalt erhalten.

In den 1990er Jahren wurde es wieder als Theater unter dem Namen Theater am Karstadt – TAK genutzt. Den einstigen Kaisersaal nutzte zwischen 1991 und 1993 eine Bankfiliale und anschließend bis 1999 das benachbarte Kaufhaus Karstadt als Verkaufsräumlichkeit für die Technikabteilung. Trotz starker Proteste aus der Görlitzer Bürgerschaft und von Seiten der Denkmalpflege mussten das intakte Gebäude und einige Nachbarvillen am Postplatz im Jahr 2001 einem neuen Einkaufszentrum mit Parkhaus weichen.

Weblinks

 Bilder vor dem Abriss

Einzelnachweise

Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Zerstört in den 2000er Jahren
GorlitzWilhelmtheater
GorlitzWilhelmtheater
Gorl
Innenstadt (Görlitz)
Bauwerk des Historismus in Görlitz
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Görlitz

Wilhelmtheater (Görlitz)


Elmapınarı, Erzurum ilinin Çat ilçesine bağlı bir kırsal mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski adı 1916 yılı kayıtlarında Mağara olarak geçmektedir. 1993 yılında Büyükşehir olan Erzurum'da, 2012 yılında 6360 Sayılı Yasa ile, tüm köylerin tüzel kişiliği kaldırılmıştır. Bu köy de Çat Belediyesi'nin bir mahallesi olmuştur.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Erzurum il merkezine 87 km, Çat ilçe merkezine 35 km uzaklıktadır. Mahalle, Çat'ın batısında olup,  numaralı Çat-Yavi-Tercan il yolu üzerindedir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çat'ın mahalleleri

Elmapınar, Çat


An Diploprora truncata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe ngan Dorothy Downie. An Diploprora truncata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Diploprora, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Diploprora

Diploprora truncata


لوار وشير 41  هو إقليم فرنسي تابع لمنطقة سانتر .

أعلام
 أوكتاف مانوني

معرض صور

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1790 في فرنسا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1790

لوار وشير (إقليم فرنسي)


Volodymyr Kirilovitch Tcherniak (en ), né le  et mort le , est un homme politique ukrainien. Membre du Mouvement populaire d'Ukraine, il a été membre de la Verkhovna Rada de 1998 à 2006.

Il décède de la COVID-19 le , à l'âge de 79 ans.

Références

Économiste ukrainien
Personnalité politique ukrainienne
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Ukraine
Décès en janvier 2021
Naissance en octobre 1941
Décès à 79 ans
Membre de la Rada (Ukraine)

Volodymyr Tcherniak


L'antibore est l'atome d'antimatière « symétrique » de celui de bore (11B, bore ordinaire).

Il est composé de cinq positons formant un nuage autour de cinq antiprotons et de six antineutrons comme noyau atomique.

Représentation
Il est souvent représenté par le symbole chimique , dont l'usage n'est cependant pas reconnu par l'Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée.

Notes et références

bore

Antibore


An Kobresia kanaii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Rajbh. ngan Hideaki Ohba. An Kobresia kanaii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kobresia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Nepal. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kobresia

Kobresia kanaii


Maria Flechtenmacher (născută Maria Mavrodin; ) a fost o actriță, scriitoare, traducătoare, publicistă, pedagogă română și militantă feministă.

Biografie
Părinții Mariei Flechtenmacher, Ana, fiica unui paharnic, și Costache, provenind din familia înstărită a Mavrodinilor, s-au căsătorit în secret pentru că Mavrodinii nu își doreau o noră lipsită de zestre. Mama, bolnavă fiind, se retrage în casa părintească, unde se mută și mirele. Costache are să moară subit de ciumă. Neștiind despre căsnicia lui, Mavrodinoaia îl înmormântează conform tradiției cu "12 fete îmbrăcate în alb, cu brad, muzică și cal de călărie". Moartea lui Costache a fost urmată la trei zile distanță de cea a Anei, lăsând în urmă cele două fiice, anume pe Cleopatra de 3 ani, care avea să moară copil, și pe viitoarea poetă, Maria, de șase luni. Bunica Mavrodinoaia le reneagă și orfanele vor fi crescute de administratorul moșiei, care o va înscrie pe Maria la pensionatul Știrboaica unde își va termina cele 4 clase primare.

La 12 ani  Maria are debutul artistic și se mută pentru trei ani la teatrul din Craiova, unde îl va cunoaște pe muzicologul Alexandru Flechtenmacher (1823-1898) cu care se va mărita în 1853. Unicul lor fiu moare la vârsta de 17 ani, fiind rămași cu fiica adoptivă, Mărioara, pe care au găsit-o la 20 februarie 1866 pe treptele Bisericii Sf. Dumitru.  Deși aveau recunoaștere și statut, compozitorul și actrița sunt nevoiți să joace într-o reprezentație la 21 august 1877 ca să acopere costurile studiilor fiicei lor. Maria Flechtenmacher moare la 14 august 1888. Ultimii ani ai poetei au fost "întunecați de boală, suferință și lipsuri", susține Lelia Nădejde.

Carieră
 Debutul său actoricesc a avut loc la vârsta de 12 ani în orașul Brăila. Ia lecții de actorie la școala lui Costache Mihăileanu, întemeietorul teatrului din Craiova. După căsătoria cu compozitorul Alexandru Flechtenmacher, se stabilește la București, debutând în rolul Luizei din "Intrigă și amor". Joacă timp de 18 ani pe scena Teatrului cel Mare, de unde se retrage în 1877 din cauză că îi este înlocuită poziția fruntașă de către Eufrosina Popescu. Înființează propria companie dramatică, Teatrul Tineretului. Pe lângă poezii și proză, a publicat articole despre Teatrul Național în revista "Românul" și în 1877 a scos o broșură despre Situațiunea Teatrului Național sub direcțiunea d-lui Ion Ghica. A tradus comediile Rebeca, Armele femeii și Ministromania de E. Scribe. A întregit repertoriul școlar cu traduceri din Eugene Scribe și cu compoziții proprii, scriind vodeviluri și piese educative pentru elevele de la "Azilul Elena Doamna", printre care se numără Gelozia orfanei.  Regina Elisabeta o răsplătește pentru activitatea de actriță cu un medalion de 35 de galbeni, iar Carol I îi acordă medalia de aur pentru activitatea de profesoară de declamație la "Azilul Elena Doamna".

Activitatea feministă
 Maria Flechtenmacher a militat pentru cauza feministă încă din timpul activității de conferențiar la Ateneu din 1866, unde a susținut două discursuri: "unul asupra învățământului femeii și educațiunii copiilor, și al doilea în privința limbii și a muzicii". Cel dintâi e publicat în prima ediție a volumului Poesii și prosă.

Din ianuarie 1878 și până în aprilie 1881 a editat revista "Femeea Română", unde a publicat o serie de articole în care milita pentru drepturile cetățenești ale femeilor. Alături de ea au semnat în revistă, printre alții, Sofia Nădejde, Adela Xenopol, Vasile Alecsandri, Constantin Bacalbașa, Constantin Mille sau Iosif Vulcan. Maria Flechtenmacher a abordat problema lipsei educației.:

Se declară nemulțumită față de lipsa de reacție a femeilor române în ce privește statutul lor în societate:

Maria Flechtenmacher critica legea telegrafistelor  din 1880 prin care doar femeile nemăritate sau măritate cu un telegrafist puteau să obțină o slujbă. Puținele slujbe ce se întrevedeau era de prezis că vor fi date soțiilor de telegrafiști, lăsând fără serviciu multe alte femei tinere fără dotă.

Flechtenmacher a publicat dezbaterile și hotărârile Congresului Internațional al drepturilor femeilor desfășurat la Paris, în perioada iulie-august 1878. Ea a făcut apel la organizațiile feministe din România să susțină frontul în timpul Războiului de Independență (1877-1878).

Note

Bibliografie
 George Marcu (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților feminine din România, Editura Meronia, București, 2009.

 Cistelecan Al., "O liră patrioată (Maria Flechtenmacher)", Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Philologia: Philologia; Târgu-Mureș, Iss. 11, apud. Vasile Gr. Pop, Conspect asupra literaturei române și literaților ei de la început și până astăzi în ordine cronologică, Editura Eminescu, București, 1982

 Vasile Gr. Pop, Conspect asupra literaturei române și literaților ei de la început și până astăzi în ordine cronologică, Editura Eminescu, București, 1982

 Lelia Nădejde, Studii și cercetări de istoria artei, Tom 12, nr. 1/1965, p.67

 George Marcu, Femei de seamă din România, Editura Meronia, București, 2017

 Maria Flechtenmacher, Poesii și prosă, Tipografia Națională, București, 1871

 Stănuța Crețu, Dicționarul general al literaturii române, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, București, 2005, p. 162

 "Femeia Română", an II, nr.95, 25 ianuarie 1879.

 "Femeia Română", anul I, nr. 70, 5 octombrie 1878.

 Liliana Popescu, "Condiția femeii în secolul XIX – începutul secolului XX", din Alin Ciupală, Despre femei și istoria lor în România, București, 2004

Nașteri în 1838
Decese în 1888
Actrițe române din secolul al XIX-lea
Actrițe de teatru române
Actrițe de voce române
Bucureșteni
Decese în București
Editori de reviste români
Educatori români
Ieșeni
Învățători și profesori români
Pedagogi români
Profesoare române
Profesori universitari români
Publiciști români
Scriitori români din secolul al XIX-lea
Traducători români

Maria Flechtenmacher


Erich Beyer (* 18. Juli 1911 in Leipzig; † 25. März 2012) war ein deutscher Hochschullehrer, Sportwissenschaftler und Sportfunktionär.

Leben
Beyer kam in Leipzig zur Welt und erlangte am Helmholtz-Reform-Realgymnasium den Abiturabschluss. Von 1932 bis 1936 absolvierte er in Leipzig ein Lehramtsstudium in den Fächern Englisch, Geschichte, Leibesübungen, Philosophie und Erziehungswissenschaft. Von 1936 bis 1938 war er für den Deutschen Reichsbund für Leibesübungen als  Wandersportlehrer tätig, ehe er 1938 in Leipzig sein Referendariat antrat. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er in den Sprachen Englisch und Französisch als Nachrichtendolmetscher beschäftigt.

Im Anschluss an das Ende des Krieges nahm Beyer in Bad Soden am Taunus eine Stelle als Gymnasiallehrer an und war zudem als Lehrer von US-Soldaten in den Fächern  Deutsch und Französisch tätig. 1948 schloss er seine Doktorarbeit (Thema: "Die amerikanische Sportsprache unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Baseballspiels und seines Wortschatzes") ab. Im Jahr 1951 weilte er im Vereinigten Königreich, wo er als Sportlehrer an der Prince Henry's Grammar School in Evesham arbeitete. 1954 wurde er Vorsitzender des Hessischen Turn-, Sport- und Gymnastiklehrerverbandes wurde und 1960 Vizepräsident des Bundes Deutscher Leibeserzieher.

Beyer war von 1962 bis 1974 Direktor des "Instituts für Leibesübungen" an der Technischen Hochschule Karlsruhe, des späteren Instituts für Sport und Sportwissenschaft am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie. Er wurde 1976 zum Professor ernannt und war jahrzehntelang der deutsche Vertreter im Vorstand der Fédération Internationale d'Éducation Physique (FIEP) und später deren Ehrenmitglied. Schwerpunktgebiete seines beruflichen Engagements waren die Befassung mit der "Geschichte des Sports", die Pflege internationaler Sportkontakte und die leitende Mitarbeit an der Redaktion verschiedener Publikationsreihen, etwa den "Beiträgen zur Lehre und Forschung der Leibeserziehung".

Im Zeitraum von 1965 bis 1969 war Beyer Vorsitzender der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Direktoren der Institute für Leibesübungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AID). Ab 1973 arbeitete er an einem mehrsprachigen sportwissenschaftlichen Wörterbuch, welches 1987 unter anderem nach Zusammenarbeit mit Peter Röthig veröffentlicht wurde ("Wörterbuch der Sportwissenschaft. Deutsch-Englisch-Französisch").

Weblinks
 Nachruf Prof. Dr. Erich Beyer

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie)
Sportwissenschaftler
Deutscher
Geboren 1911
Gestorben 2012
Hundertjähriger
Mann

Erich Beyer


Fotostarenje pojam je koji se odnosi na preuranjeno starenje kože uzrokovano nekontroliranim izlaganjem suncu odnosno UV zračenju. Gotovo 90 % svih simptoma starenja kože uzrokovano je izlaganjem UV zračenju. Iako su UVA zrake zaslužne za preplanuli ten manje je poznato kako prodiru duboko u potkožno tkivo te su odgovorne za nastanak bora i dugoročna oštećenja uzrokovana djelovanjem sunca poput raka kože. UVB zrake uzrokuju opekline i oštećenja DNK stanica. Kako UVA zrake imaju mogućnost prodiranja kroz oblake i staklo, prisutne su tijekom cijele godine, pa je potrebna svakodnevna prevencija i njega kože proizvodima koji sadrže visoki zaštitni faktor od sunca.

Vrste starenja

Iako je starenje povezano i za genetskim karakteristikama većina nas od 25. godine počinje polako starjeti. Do starenja kože dolazi zbog pada količine elastina i kolegena koji su zaduženi za elastičnost i čvrstoću kože. To je prirodan proces kojeg ne možemo zaustaviti, ali adekvatnom njegom i odgovarajućom skrbi o koži svakako ga možemo itekako usporiti. Ova vrsta starenja naziva se intrinzično starenje. Čimbenici koji na njega utječu uključuju pripadnost etničkoj skupini, hormonalne promjene i anatomske varijacije. Suprotno od intrinzičnog starenja nalazi se ekstrinzično na koje možemo utjecati svojim načinom života. Čimbenici koji utječu na ekstrinzično starenje su uvjete iz okoliša, lijekove, pušenje i izloženost UV zračenju. Fotostarenje je dio ekstrinzičnog starenja što znači da ga možemo spriječiti pravilnom brigom o koži.

Znakovi fotostarenja

Dugo godina preplanula put bila je simonim ljepote pa su mnogi sate provodili na suncu bez ikakve zaštite želeći postići brončanu boju. Nakon godina istraživanja danas znamo kako nekontrolirano izlaganje suncu može trajno oštetiti našu kožu. Zaštita od UV zraka je neophodna, ali više nije dovoljna. Kako bi svoju kožu zaštitili i od nevidljivih sunčevih zraka potrebno je izabrati preparate koji pružaju zaštitu od UVA, UVB i HEVIS svjetlosti. Vidljivi znakovi fotostarenja su:

 smanjenje elastičnosti kože
 pojava dubokih bora i finih linija
 hiperpigmentacija
 rak kože
 staračke pjege

Kako spriječiti fotostarenje

Najbolje i jedino ispravno rješenje koje bi sprječilo fotostarenje je adekvatna zaštita kože proizvodima sa zaštitomod UVA, UVB i HEVIS svjetlosti tijekom cijele godine. Za lice izaberite zaštitu s hijaluronskom kiselinom koja će vas štititi od negativnog utjecaja sunčevih zraka i utjecati na smanjenje već postojećih bora.
Svakim danom je sve izraženija svijet o štetnosti sunčevih zraka i važnosti kvalitetne zaštite kože. Povremena zaštita kože (npr. za vrijeme boravka na ljetovanju) je važna i poželjna ali dijelovi tijela koji su svakodnevno izloženi direktnoj sunčevoj svjetlosti, poput lica, ruku i dekoltea, zahtijevaju svakodnevnu zaštitu kako bi se spriječilo preuranjeno starenje kože. Kvalitetna zaštita od sunca, za lice, koja će spriječiti preuranjeno starenje mora sadržavati širokospektarni, fotostabilni UV sustav filtera (što uključuje UVA i UVB zaštitu), antioksidanse za zaštitu DNA kože te neki od sastojaka koji će utjecati na već postojeće znakove starenja, kao što je hijaluronska kiselina.

Vanjske poveznice

 Visokoenergetska vidljiva svjetlost - Koži nije dovoljna samo zaštita od UV zračenja https://ext11.eucerin.hr/29/vas-eucerin/savjetnikzasunce/
 Posljedice oštećenja uvjetovanih djelovanjem sunca na kožu https://www.eucerin.hr/kozna-oboljenja/sun-protection/fotostarenje
 Starenje kože: Njega kože koja stari, već od prve bore https://www.eucerin.hr/kozna-oboljenja/ageing-skin
 Utjecaj sunca na osjetljivu i problematičnu kožu https://www.eucerin.hr/o-kozi/indikacije/sun-and-sensitive-and-problematic-skin

Izvori

Dermatologija

Fotostarenje


Alchemilla japonica er fjölær jurt af rósaætt (Rosaceae). Hún vex í Japan og Kína.

Heimildir

Maríustakkar

Alchemilla japonica


Histamin, lokal bağışıklık cevabı oluşturulması, bağırsaktaki fizyolojik fonksiyonların düzenlenmesinde işe karışan ve nörotransmitter olarak salgılanan bir azot bileşiğidir. Ayrıca vücutta enflamasyon oluşturulması ve kaşıntı ile de ilgilidir. histidinden karboksil giderilerek üretilir. Tüm memelilerin dokularında ve çavdar mahmuzunda değişik oranlarda bulunur.

Histamin denemesi (histamin tübajı)
Mide salgısını histamin tuzuyla inceleme yöntemi. (Çok az dozda (0,5 mg) histamin, klorhidrat, sırıngayla deri altına verilir, daha sonra tübajla mideden alınan suyun hacmi, serbest ve toplam asitliği, petik (sindirim) gücü incelenir)

Nörobiyol: Histamin mastositlerde bazofillerin hücre içi keseciklerinde bulunur. Orada bir protein ve heparinden oluşan komplekse bağlıdır. Histamin özellikle ani aşırı duyarlılık hallerinde serbest hale geçer. Bu geçiş, bir antijen organizmaya yeniden girdiğinde mastosit zarına bağlı bir antikorla tepkimeye girişince ortaya çıkar. Bazı fiziksel olgular (deri irkilmeleri, yanıklar) sırasında da histamin serbestleşir; bazı kimyasal etkenler de onu serbest hale geçirebilir.

Histaminin etkileri
Histaminin histaminerjik alıcılara yapışması yoluyla ortaya çıkar. Histamin kılcal damarların genişlemesiyle beraber yerel geçirgenliğin artmasına (karıncalanma), bronşların ve bağırsakların büzüşmesine, mide, tükürük ve böbrek üstü bezi özeği salgılarının artmasına ve vazodilatasyona (damarların genişlemesi) sebep olur. Dolayısıyla tansiyon düşürücü etkisi vardır.

Histaminik reseptörler
Uzunca bir süre iki tip histamin reseptörü olduğu biliniyordu. Ancak son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda aslında 3. bir tipin olduğu saptanmıştır. Başlıca H1, H2 ve H3 histaminik reseptörden bahsedilir.

Tip-1 histaminik reseptör (veya H1 reseptörü): Tüm vücutta yaygın olarak bulunmasına karşın en önemli bulundukları bölgeler damar endoteli ve damar duvarlarıdır. Bu reseptörler alerji vb immun yanıt veya yangısal olaylarda mast hücrelerinden ve nötrofillerden salgılanan histaminlerin bağlandığı başlıca reseptörlerdir.Bu reseptörlerin etkinliğine en güzel örnek alerjik reaksiyonlardır. H1 tipi antihistaminikler (veya antialerjikler) alerjik tepkilere ve taşıt tutmalarına karşı kullanılırlar ve esasta yatıştırıcılardır (örneğin klorfeniramin, meclizin, cetrizin).
Tip-2 histaminik reseptör (veya H2 reseptörü): Bu tip reseptörlerin başlıca bulunduğu yerler mide mukozasına ait paryetal hücreler'dir. Histaminin bu reseptörlere bağlanması sonucu gastrik asit ve buna bağlı pepsin enzimi salınımı artarak mide faaliyetleri artırılır. H1 tipi antihistaminikler (H2 reseptör antagonistleri örneğin: ranitidin, cimetidin) bu asit ve enzim sekresyonunun azaltılması amacıyla kullanılır.
Tip-3 histaminik reseptör (veya H3 reseptörü): Bu reseptörler yapılan çalışmalar sonucu beyinde bulunmuş, ancak işlevleri tam olarak açığa çıkarılamamıştır.

Aminler
Biyomoleküller
Bağışıklık sistemi
Vazodilatörler
Nörotransmitterler
İmidazoller
Bağışıklık uyarıcılar

Histamin


Halil Jaganjac (Rijeka, 22. lipnja 1998.) hrvatski je reprezentativni rukometaš koji trenutno nastupa za RK NEXE Našice. Karijeru je započeo u Kozali, a od 2018. godine član je našičkog NEXE-a.

Rani život
Počeo je trenirati rukomet s 8 godina, a pomagao mu je stariji brat koji ga je i usmjerio u rukomet. Njegov uzor je Blaženko Lacković.

Klupska karijera
Profesionalnu karijeru u MRK Kozali započeo je u sezoni 2014./15. U sezoni 2016./17. Jaganjac je prešao u Paris Saint-Germain nakon višemjesečnih špekulacija o njegovoj novoj destinaciji. Nekoliko mjeseci prije potpisivanja ugovora trenirao je s mnogim zvijezdama: Karabatićem, Omeyerom, Hansenom, Vorijem i ostalima. Nakon jedne sezone, u ljeto 2017. napustio je Pariz te je na poziv Line Červara otišao u sjevernomakedonski Metalurg gdje je igrao iznad svih očekivanja. U sezoni 2017./18. bio je drugi strijelac EHF Lige prvaka. Proglašen je najboljim igračem SEHA lige. Godine 2018. Jaganjac je napustio Metalurg te je karijeru odlučio nastaviti u Hrvatskoj. Iako su svi očekivali da će otići u RK Zagreb s kojim je tog ljeta i pregovarao, otišao je u našički NEXE.

Reprezentativna karijera
Sa seniorskom hrvatskom reprezentacijom osvojio je zlato na Mediteranskim igrama u Tarragoni 2018.

Među igračima koje je Lino Červar poveo na Svjetsko prvenstvo 2019. bio je i Jaganjac, no u prvom krugu označen je kao višak te se vratio u Hrvatsku.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
RK NEXE Našice

Halil Jaganjac


Die Fukkō-chō () ist eine Behörde der japanischen Zentralregierung zur Koordinierung des Wiederaufbaus nach dem Großen Ostjapanischen Erdbeben von 2011. Sie wurde am 10. Februar 2012 eingerichtet und ersetzte das bisherige Higashi-Nihon Daishinsai fukkō taisaku hombu (etwa "Hauptabteilung für Wiederaufbaumaßnahmen nach dem Großen Ostjapanischen Erdbeben"; engl. Reconstruction Headquarters in response to Great East Japan Earthquake) beim Kabinettssekretariat; seitdem ist ein eigener "Wiederaufbauminister" (fukkō-daijin) im Kabinett für die Behörde zuständig.

Sitz der Fukkō-chō ist im Stadtteil Akasaka, Bezirk Minato, Präfektur Tokio; daneben verfügt sie über drei Außenstellen, sechs Zweigstellen im Hauptkatastrophengebiet in den Präfekturen Iwate, Miyagi und Fukushima und zwei weitere Büros in den Präfekturen Aomori und Ibaraki. Dem Minister sind die insgesamt sieben politischen Staatssekretäre – drei fuku-daijin und vier daijin-seimukan – und ein beamteter Staatssekretär (jimujikan) unterstellt.

Grundlage der Einrichtung waren das Higashi-Nihon Daishinsai fukkō kihon-hō (, "Grundlagengesetz für den Wiederaufbau nach dem Großen Ostjapanischen Erdbeben") vom Juni 2011 und ein eigenes Gesetz über die Einrichtung der Behörde (Fukkō-chō setchi-hō) aus dem Dezember 2011. Der Bestand der Behörde war ursprünglich gesetzlich bis zum März 2021, also zehn Jahre nach dem Erdbeben, vorgesehen. 2019 schlugen die Regierungsparteien LDP und Kōmeitō eine Plan vor, die Behörde neu organisiert grundsätzlich weiterbestehen zu lassen. Im Juni 2020 wurde eine Verlängerung um zehn Jahre bis zum März 2031 vom Parlament beschlossen.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (japanisch, englisch)
 E-Gov, Gesetzesdatenbank: Higashi-Nihon Daishinsai fukkō kihon-hō
 Fukkō-chō: Fukkō-chō setchi-hō (PDF; 170 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Behörde (Japan)
Katastrophe in Japan von 2011
Gegründet 2012

Fukkō-chō


Lincolnov centar izvedbenih umjetnosti predstavlja kompleks kulturnih ustanova smješten na Lincolnovom trgu na Manhattanu u New Yorku, u sklopu kojeg djeluju ugledna operna kuća Metropolitan, Njujorška filharmonija, Njujorški gradski balet, Njujorška gradska opera, Škola američkog baleta, Kazalište Vivian Beaumont, knjižnice, glazbene kuće i dvorane. Odsjek jazz glazbe koji djeluje u sklopu centra smatra se najvišom i najuglednijom ustanovom na tom glazbenom polju.

Centar održava Mozartov festival klasične glazbe, Lincolnov festival, ljetni festival swing glazbe te svjetski poznati godišnji koncert Njujorške filharmonije i Njujorškog gradskog baleta Uživo iz Lincolnovog centra, sedamnaest puta nagrađivan nagradom Emmy, na kojem su, između ostalog, nastupali i Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti, Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta, Isaac Stern, James Galway i brojna poznata lica svjetske glazbene, operne i baletne scene.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene mrežne stranice

Građevine u New York Cityju
Dinastija Rockefeller

Lincolnov centar izvedbenih umjetnosti


Un référendum constitutionnel a lieu le  à Taïwan afin de permettre à la population de se prononcer sur un amendement de la constitution visant à abaisser l'âge d'obtention du droit de vote de vingt à dix huit ans.

Pour être validée, la modification de la constitution doit recevoir les votes favorables d'au moins 50 % de l'ensemble des inscrits sur les listes électorales. Le scrutin est organisé en même temps que les élections municipales afin de favoriser la participation des électeurs.

Bien qu'approuvée par une majorité des suffrages exprimés, le projet de révision constitutionnelle échoue à réunir le quorum d'inscrits exigé.

Contexte
Fixé à vingt ans par la constitution de 1947, l'âge d'obtention du droit de vote fait depuis plusieurs années l'objet d'un débat sur son abaissement à dix-huit ans, en parallèle de celui sur l'âge de la majorité civile, également fixée à vingt ans. Si un âge aussi élevé demeure longtemps la norme dans plusieurs pays voisins, ces derniers s'alignent progressivement sur une limite de dix-huit ans, très majoritaire dans le reste du monde. Le Japon passe ainsi de 20 à 18 ans en 2016, suivi de la Corée du Sud de 19 à 18 ans en 2020 et de la Malaisie de 21 à 18 en 2021.

La majorité civile est finalement abaissée à dix-huit ans par un vote du parlement, le Yuan législatif, en décembre 2020. La réforme du code civil portée par le gouvernement du Premier ministre Su Tseng-chang prévoit cependant une période de transition de deux ans, son entrée en vigueur n'intervenant qu'au premier janvier 2023. L'abaissement de la majorité civile met alors fin à une situation contradictoire qui voyait les Taïwanais âgés de dix-huit ans légalement capables de vivre en dehors du foyer familial, se marier, être condamnés par un tribunal et même s'engager dans l'armée, tout en étant toujours officiellement mineurs jusqu'à leurs vingt ans, un statut leur interdisant notamment d'ouvrir un compte bancaire, de signer un contrat comme un abonnement téléphonique, ou de louer un logement.

Auparavant, une série d'amendements comportant entre autres l'abaissement de l'âge d'obtention du droit de vote est tentée en 2015, mais échoue faute de consensus entre gouvernement et opposition sur les nombreux autres changements inclus dans le projet. Un abaissement partiel s'ensuit, avec l'entrée en vigueur en janvier 2018 d'une nouvelle loi électorale qui abaisse exceptionnellement l'obtention du droit de vote de 20 à 18 ans lors des référendums d'origine populaire. Ceux-ci ne peuvent cependant eux-mêmes porter sur une modification du droit de vote, spécifié dans la constitution taïwanaise. Un amendement constitutionnel en ce sens n'est en effet possible que par voie parlementaire, c'est-à-dire proposé par un quart des membres du Yuan législatif, puis voté par une majorité qualifiée des trois quarts du total de ses membres, suivi d'un référendum national. Les résultats du référendum, organisé une fois passée une période de campagne d'au moins six mois, ne sont cependant valides que si l'amendement réunit les votes favorables de 50 % du total des inscrits sur les listes électorales. Ce processus, adopté en 2005, en fait depuis l'un des plus difficiles au monde pour modifier une constitution nationale. L'échec d'une révision est jugé susceptible d'aboutir à une remise en cause de la constitution dans son ensemble, dans le contexte d'appels répétés des Taïwanais favorables à l'indépendance à remplacer une loi fondamentale qui continue notamment de désigner Taïwan comme le .

Le projet refait surface courant 2020 sous l'impulsion de la présidente Tsai Ing-wen. Le 18 janvier 2022, le Parti démocrate progressiste du premier ministre Su Tseng-chang ainsi que plusieurs partis mineurs dont le Parti du nouveau pouvoir et le Parti populaire introduisent au parlement un projet d'amendement sur l'abaissement de l'âge d'obtention du droit de vote à dix-huit ans couplé à un abaissement de l'âge minimum requis pour être élu de 23 à 18 ans, à l'exception des postes de Président et de vice-président de la république, pour lesquels la limite d'âge reste de quarante ans. Après l'échec de 2015, jugé désordonné et précipité, le gouvernement et l'opposition s'accordent cette fois-ci sur un unique changement faisant consensus, préférant poursuivre en commissions les travaux à long terme portant sur d'autres révisions de la constitution. Bien que favorisant les partis initiateurs, très populaires chez les jeunes, le projet reçoit finalement le soutien du Kuomintang, situé dans l'opposition, et est voté par 109 voix pour, 0 contre et 4 abstentions le 25 mars suivant, réunissant ainsi la majorité des trois quarts requise. Le parcours législatif de l'amendement est très suivi par plusieurs associations et ONG pour les droits des jeunes qui font pression sur les législateurs tout au long des débats. L'annonce des résultats du vote est ainsi accueillie par les applaudissements d'une foule de lycéens réunis devant le parlement à cette occasion.

La période de débat de six mois qui s'ouvre alors prend fin en octobre 2022. Au vu du quorum élevé de participation des électeurs à atteindre, le Parti démocrate progressiste décide d'organiser le référendum en même temps que les élections municipales le , une décision approuvée par la commission électorale à la mi avril. C'est la huitième fois que la constitution taïwanaise fait l'objet d'un amendement, et la première fois qu'un référendum constitutionnel est organisé depuis l'amendement de 2005 ayant rendu obligatoire cette étape. La décision d'organiser le même jour le référendum et les élections locales déclenche une polémique, les électeurs ayant rejeté par référendum l'année précédente une telle fusion des calendriers pour les référendums d'origine populaire. La Commission électorale centrale défend sa décision en mettant en avant le caractère constitutionnel du scrutin, fruit d'un vote consensuel ayant réuni majorité et opposition, ainsi que l'intérêt économique et sanitaire de n'organiser qu'un seul jour de scrutin  en période de pandémie de Covid-19.

Selon une étude d'opinion organisée en 2021, l'abaissement du droit de vote remporterait l'adhésion d'une majorité des partisans du Parti démocrate progressiste (DPP), mais serait rejeté par une majorité de ceux du Kuomintang (KMT). Cette polarisation du débat est attribuée en grande partie à la question de l'indépendance du pays. Soutenue par le DPP et refusée par le KMT, l'indépendance est en effet très populaire chez les jeunes. Les partisans du KMT seraient par conséquent réticents à donner le droit de vote à une partie de la population acquise au DPP. Une partie des dirigeants du KMT redoutent en revanche qu'un résultat négatif sur la base d'un tel calcul politique puisse conduire la jeunesse à se détourner définitivement du parti.

Résultats

Conséquences
Malgré une courte majorité de 53 % des suffrages exprimés en faveur de l'amendement, ces derniers ne représentent que seulement 29 % des inscrits, loin des 50 % requis. L'abaissement de l'âge du droit de vote se révèle ainsi une victime indirecte des conditions très strictes de révision de la constitution, à l'origine mises en place pour éviter un vote entérinant l'indépendance que connait de facto Taïwan.

Le résultat est une déception pour les associations de défense des droits des jeunes, qui le qualifie de . Celles ci réaffirment néanmoins leur intention de poursuivre leurs efforts, évoquant notamment le dépôt d'une plainte auprès de la Cour suprême, voire un futur second référendum sur la question.

Notes et références

Taïwan
2022
2022
2022 à Taïwan
Politique en novembre 2022
26 novembre

Référendum constitutionnel taïwanais de 2022


Simon Jeffes (* 19. Februar 1949 in Crawley, West Sussex; † 10. Dezember 1997 in Taunton, Somerset) war ein britischer Komponist und klassischer Gitarrist. Er ist insbesondere für das von ihm gegründete Penguin Cafe Orchestra bekannt.

Lebenslauf
Simon Jeffes verbrachte nach seiner Geburt einige Jahre seiner Kindheit in Kanada, bevor er und seine Familie nach England zurückkehrten und er eine Schule in Devon besuchte. Gegen Ende der 1960er Jahre studierte er bei Julian Byzantine und Gilbert Biberian klassische Gitarre an der Royal Academy of Music, wobei er gelegentlich mit Avantgarde-Ensembles wie den Omega Players spielte. Diese Musik war ihm jedoch etwas zu sachlich. Daher wandte er sich dem Rock zu und arbeitete mit Rupert Hine an Filmmusik sowie an Hines ersten beiden Soloalben, Pick Up a Bone (1970) und Unfinished Picture (1971). Es gibt aus dieser Zeit auch einige Aufnahmen, die andeuten, dass Simon Jeffes vielleicht Reggae-Sänger werden wollte. Bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt komponierte er, aber seine Sicht auf die Musik wurde 1972 entscheidend beeinflusst, als er mit der transsibirischen Eisenbahn nach Japan reiste und dort ethnische und minimalistische Musik kennenlernte. Insbesondere war er auch von afrikanischer Musik beeindruckt: "This tape just blew my mind, man!" (Simon Jeffes über eine Kassette mit afrikanischer Musik, die ihm von einem Freund geliehen wurde).

Nach seiner Rückkehr aus Japan machte er Urlaub in Südfrankreich. Dort kam ihm die Idee für das Penguin Cafe Orchestra. Er berichtet:

Während der restlichen 1970er Jahre arbeitete Jeffes als selbstständiger Komponist und Arrangeur, wobei er mit sehr unterschiedlichen Musikern zusammenarbeitete, unter anderem Caravan, Rod Argent, Yvonne Elliman und den 101'ers. Parallel entwickelte sich das Penguin Cafe Orchestra: 1973 spielte das "Penguin Cafe Quartet" in London.

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Komponist (Ballett)
Klassischer Gitarrist
Brite
Geboren 1949
Gestorben 1997
Mann

Simon Jeffes