ميتسوبيشي لانسر  (باليابانية:三菱・ランサー) هي سيارة عائلية تنتجها شركة ميتسوبيشي موتورز اليابانية. حظت السيارة بعدد من الأسماء مثل كولت لانسر، دودج كولت، كرايسلر فاليانت لانسر، كرايسلر لانسر، هيندوستان لانسر، إيجل سوميت، لاينوسل، ميتسوبيشي كاريزما، ميتسوبيشي ميراج وذلك في العديد من الدول خلال فترات مختلفة، كما تباع في موطنها باسم جالانت فورتيس منذ 2007. وفي تايوان تسمي لانسر فورتيس.

تم بيع ستة ملايين نسخة من الانسر منذ ظهورها عام 1973 حتى 2008. طرحت ميتسوبيشي تسعة أجيال من سيارة لانسر منذ بدأ تصنيعها.

في بداية عام 2017، أعلنت شركة ميتسوبيشي عن وقف تصنيع وإنتاج سيارات لانسر في أغسطس 2017.

الجيل الأول

1973-1979

الجيل الثاني
1979-1988
من عندها

الجيل الثالث
1982-1987

الجيل الرابع
1988-1993

الجيل الخامس
2000-1993

الجيل السادس
2001-

الجيل السابع

الجيل الثامن

كان أول ظهور للجيل الجديد من لانسر في عام 2005، حينما اصدرت ميتسوبيشي التصميم التجريبي الجديد من لانسر باسم كونبيكت-إكس  في معرض طوكيو للسيارات قبل أن تعلن عن كونبيكت الرياضية  في معرض فرانكفورت للسيارات. لاحقاً، تأكد إصدار السيارة بالتصميمات السابقة وذلك حينما أعلنت الشركة عن الجيل الجديد من السيارات وذلك في معرض ديترويت للسيارات في يناير 2007 ونزل أسواق أمريكا الشمالية في مارس من نفس العام كموديل لسنة 2008. وقد قدمت ميتسوبيشي من خلال تصميمها الجديد روؤيتها في مايسمى؛ الجسم الآمن.

سيارات السباق

ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 6
 قاد (تومي ماكينين) سيّارة (لاسنر إيفوليوشن 6) ليفوز بلقبه الرابع على التوالي في بطولة العالم للراليات، وكلّ الانتصارات التي حقّقها (تومي) كانت على متن أحد إصدارات (لانسر إيفوليوشن).
 بعد سبع سنوات من التطوير وصل طراز (لانسر إيفوليوشن) إلى قمّة تطوّره، وصُنع طراز خاصّ احتفاءً بفوز (ماكينين) يحمل اسمه، كانت المركبة تحتوي على محرّك مستقيم رباعي الاسطوانات من نوع (4 جي63) بسعة 2000 سم مكعّب يولّد عزم دوران يبلغ 510 نيوتن/م وقوّة 290 حصان.

ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 5
 كان عام 1998 أنجح أعوام (ميتسوبيشي) في سباقات الرالي. باستخدام هيكل (إيفوليوشن 5) استطاعت (ميتسوبيشي) أخيراً أن تفوز ببطولة العالم للراليات فئة صانعي السيّارات، وذلك بعد أن استعصى عليهم اللّقب لخمس سنوات، (تومي ماكينن) لعب دوراً كبيراً في تحقيق هذا الانتصار حيث فاز هو نفسه بلقب البطولة لفئة السائقين كانت المركبة تحتوي على محرّك مزوّد بشاحن توربينيّ سعة 2000 سم مكعّب يولّد عزم دوران يبلغ 510 نيوتن/م وقوّة 290 حصان.

ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 4
 عكس طراز (ميتسوبيشي لانسر إيفوليوشن 4) أربع سنوات من تطوّر (لانسر)، حيث تمّ تطبيق الدروس المستفادة في كلّ سنة من سنوات السّباق في الإصدارات الجديدة، كان هذا التطوّر السريع ضرورياً لتحافظ (ميتسوبيشي) على تفوّقها على السيّارات المنافسة. كانت (إيفوليوشن 4) تحتوي على محرك (4جي63) مستقيم بأربع اسطوانات مع ناقل تروس متسلسل بستّ سرعات يولّد قوّة 280 حصان وينطلق بالسيّارة إلى سرعة قصوى تبلغ 180 كم/س.

ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 3
 بحلول عام 1995 كان من الواضح أنّ (ميتسوبيشي) تريد أن تُخضع مركباتها لعمليّة تطوّر سريعة، المواصفات الديناميكيّة الهوائيّة الجديدة ونظام الدفع الرباعي النشط للعجلات كانا من العلامات الفارقة التي ميّزت (لانسر إيفوليوشين 3) عن الطراز السابق. كانت السيّارة تحتوي على محرّك (4 جي 63) بسعة 2000 سم مكعّب مع ناقل تروس يدويّ بستّ سرعات يولّد قوّة 270 حصان.

ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 2
 طراز (إيفوليوشن لانسر) الأصليّ لم يحقّق الكثير من الانتثصارات لـ(ميتسوبيشي)، وكمحاولة لتغيير هذا السجلّ تمّ إطلاق إصدار جديد من (لانسر إيفوليوشن)، حملت هذه السيّارة اسم (إيفوليوشن 2) عن جدارة في عام 1994 زُوّدت السيّارة بعدد من الإضافات الديناميكية الهوائيّة التي ميّزت هذا الطراز عن طراز (لانسر إيفوليوشن) السّابق، كما زوّدت السيّارة بجاح خلفيّ كبير وصادم أماميّ قويّ المظهر وزيدت قوّة المحرّك بمقدار 10 حصان لتصبح 260 حصان يولّدها محرّك (4 جي 63) بسعة 2000 سم مكعّب مزوّد بشاحن توربينيّز

روابط مفيدة
 الموقع الرسمي لشركة ميتسوبيشي
 معلومات عن طراز ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفو 6
 معلومات عن طراز ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 5
 معلومات عن سيارة ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 4 دبليو آر سي
 معلومات عن سيارة ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 3
 معلومات عن سيارة ميتسوبيشي لانسر ايفوليوشين 2

مصادر وملاحظات

سيارات في فنزويلا
بينينفارينا
ستيشن واغن
سيارات اخترعت في 1973
سيارات بيع منها 5 ملايين وحدة
سيارات تجول
سيارات تدفع بجميع العجلات
سيارات خلفية الدفع
سيارات دفع أمامي
سيارات ذات ناقل حركة ذو تعشيق مستمر
سيارات صالون
سيارات عائلية صغيرة
سيارات عقد 1980
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات عقد 2010
سيارات فارهة
سيارات في البرازيل
سيارات في الهند
سيارات ميتسوبيشي
سيارات ميتسوبيشي موتورز
كوبيه
هاتشباك

ميتسوبيشي لانسر


Les Inrockuptibles (), abbreviated as Les Inrocks, is a French cultural magazine. Started as a monthly in 1986, it became weekly in 1995. As of 2021, it has gone back to a monthly format. In the beginning, rock music was the magazine's primary focus, though every issue included articles on other topics, generally with a left-wing perspective.

The magazine has produced several tribute records, including I'm Your Fan to Leonard Cohen in 1991, The Smiths Is Dead in 1996, and Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited in 2006. Since 1988, it has included CD compilations as part of individual issues.

Guillaume B. Decherf, a music critic and journalist for the magazine, was killed during the November 2015 Paris attacks at an Eagles of Death Metal concert at the Bataclan.

There is a Spanish-language edition of the magazine made in Argentina, named Los Inrockuptibles.

References

External links
  (in French)]
 Argentine edition (archived)

1986 establishments in France
Music magazines published in France
Magazines established in 1986
Rock music mass media
November 2015 Paris attacks
Socialist magazines
Weekly magazines published in France
Monthly magazines published in France
Magazines published in Paris

Les Inrockuptibles


The Ilkhanate or  Il-khanate, also known as the Ilkhanids (), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus (), was a Mongol khanate established from the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hulagu Khan, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the Southwest Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.

The Ilkhanate's core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate disintegrated.

The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanian Empire (224–651) of pre-Islamic Iran.

Definition
According to the historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Kublai Khan granted his brother, Hulagu (Hülegü), the title of Ilkhan after Hulagu's defeat of Ariq Böke, another brother. The term ilkhan here means "khan of the tribe, khan of the ulus", and this lesser khanship refers to the initial deference to Möngke Khan and his successors as Great Khans of the Mongol empire. The title "Ilkhan", carried by the descendants of Hulagu and, later, other Borjigin princes in Persia, does not appear in the sources until after 1260.

History

Origin
When Muhammad II of Khwarazm ordered a contingent of merchants, dispatched by the Mongols, to be killed, Genghis Khan declared war on the Anushtegin dynasty in 1219. The Mongols overran the empire, occupying the major cities and population centers between 1219 and 1221. Iran was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under Jebe and Subutai, who left the area in ruin. Transoxiana also came under Mongol control after the invasion.

Muhammad II's son Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu returned to Iran in c. 1224 after fleeing to India. The rival Turkic states, which were all that remained of his father's empire, quickly declared their allegiance to Jalal. He repulsed the first Mongol attempt to take Central Persia. However, Jalal ad-Din was overwhelmed and crushed by Chormaqan's army sent by the Great Khan Ögedei in 1231. During the Mongol expedition, Azerbaijan and the southern Persian dynasties in Fars and Kerman voluntarily submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute.

To the west, Hamadan and the rest of Persia was secured by Chormaqan. The Mongols invaded Armenia and Georgia in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238. They began to attack the western parts of Bagratid Armenia, which was under the Seljuks, the following year. By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia (including modern-day Azerbaijan), Armenia, Georgia (excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds), as well as all of Afghanistan and Kashmir. After the battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongols under Baiju occupied Anatolia, while the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.

In 1236 Ögedei commanded Greater Khorasan to be restored and the city of Herat repopulated. The Mongol military governors mostly made camp in the Mughan plain in what is now Azerbaijan. Realizing the danger posed by the Mongols, the rulers of Mosul and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided Transcaucasia into three districts based on the Mongol military hierarchy. In Georgia, the population was temporarily divided into eight tumens. In 1244, Güyük Khan stopped raising of revenue from districts in Persia as well and offered tax exemptions to others. In accordance with a complaint by the governor Arghun Aqa, Möngke Khan prohibited ortogh-merchants (Mongol-contracted Muslim traders) and nobles from abusing relay stations and civilians in 1251. He ordered a new census and decreed that each man in the Mongol-ruled Middle East must pay in proportion to his property. Persia was divided between four districts under Arghun. Möngke Khan granted the Kartids authority over Herat, Jam, Pushang (Fushanj), Ghor, Khaysar, Firuz-Kuh, Gharjistan, Farah, Sistan, Kabul, Tirah, and Afghanistan.

Hulagu Khan

Hulagu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. Immediately after his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251, Hulagu was appointed as administrator of North China, however in the following year, North China was assigned to Kublai and Hulagu tasked with conquering the Abbasid Caliphate. He was given a fifth of the entire Mongol army for the campaign and he took his sons Abaqa and Yoshmut along with him. Hulagu also took with him many Chinese scholars and astronomers, from whom the famous Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi learned about the mode of the Chinese calculating tables. An observatory was built on a hill of Maragheh. Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulagu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to Syria. He destroyed the Nizari Ismaili state and the Abbasid Caliphate in 1256 and 1258 respectively. In 1258, Hulagu proclaimed himself Ilkhan (subordinate khan). After that he advanced as far as Gaza, briefly conquering Ayyubid Syria and Aleppo in 1260. Möngke's death forced Hulagu to return to Mongolia to attend the kuriltai for the next Great Khan. He left a small force of around 10,000 behind in Palestine that was defeated at the battle of Ain Jalut by the Mamluks of Egypt.

Due to the suspicious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, Berke of the Golden Horde declared war on Hulagu in 1262. According to Mamluk historians, Hulagu might have massacred Berke's troops and refused to share his war booty with Berke. Berke sought a joint attack with Baybars and forged an alliance with the Mamluks against Hulagu. The Golden Horde dispatched the young prince Nogai to invade the Ilkhanate but Hulagu forced him back in 1262. The Ilkhanid army then crossed the Terek River, capturing an empty Jochid encampment, only to be routed in a surprise attack by Nogai's forces. Many of them were drowned as the ice broke on the frozen Terek River.

In 1262, Hulagu gave Greater Khorasan and Mazandaran to Abaqa and northern Azerbaijan to Yoshmut. Hulagu himself spent his time living as a nomad in southern Azerbaijan and Armenia. During his early rule, the Ilkhanate experienced mass revolts by its subjects, with the exception of the Seljukids and Artuqids in Anatolia and Mardin. It was not until Shams al-Din Juvayni was appointed as vizier after 1262 that things started calming down and a more sustainable administration was implemented.

Hulagu fell ill in February 1265 after several days of banquets and hunting. He died on 8 February and his son Abaqa succeeded him in the summer.

Middle period (1265–1291)

Upon Abaqa's accession, he immediately faced an invasion by Berke of the Golden Horde, which ended with Berke's death in Tiflis. In 1270, Abaqa defeated an invasion by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate. Abaqa's brother Tekuder sacked Bukhara in retaliation. In 1277, the Mamluks invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan. Stung by the defeat, Abaqa executed the local regent Mu'in-ad-Din Pervane and replaced him with the Mongol prince Qongqortai. In 1281, Abaqa sent Mongke Temur against the Mamluks, but he too was defeated at Homs.

Abaqa's death in 1282 triggered a succession struggle between his son Arghun, supported by the Qara'unas, and his brother Tekuder, supported by the Chinggisid aristocracy. Tekuder was elected khan by the Chinggisids. Tekuder was the first Muslim ruler of the Ilkhanate but he made no active attempt to proselytize or convert his realm. However he did try to replace Mongol political traditions with Islamic ones, resulting in a loss of support from the army. Arghun used his religion against him by appealing to non-Muslims for support. When Tekuder realized this, he executed several of Arghun's supporters, and captured Arghun. Tekuder's foster son, Buaq, freed Arghun and overthrew Tekuder. Arghun was confirmed as Ilkhan by Kublai Khan in February 1286.

During Arghun's reign, he actively sought to combat Muslim influence, and fought against both the Mamluks and the Muslim Mongol emir Nawruz in Khorasan. To fund his campaigns, Arghun allowed his viziers Buqa and Sa'd-ud-dawla to centralize expenditures, but this was highly unpopular and caused his former supporters to turn against him. Both viziers were killed and Arghun was murdered in 1291.

Religious shift (1291–1316)

The Ilkhanate started crumbling under the reign of Arghun's brother, Gaykhatu. The majority of Mongols converted to Islam while the Mongol court remained Buddhist. Gaykhatu had to buy the support of his followers and as a result, ruined the realm's finances. His vizir Sadr-ud-Din Zanjani tried to bolster the state finances by adopting paper money from the Yuan dynasty, which ended horribly. Gaykhatu also alienated the Mongol old guard with his alleged sexual relations with a boy. Gaykhatu was overthrown in 1295 and replaced with his cousin Baydu. Baydu reigned for less than a year before he was overthrown by Gaykhatu's officer, Ghazan.

Hulagu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions, including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, and ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhans remained opposed to the Mamluks, who had defeated both Mongol invaders and Crusaders. The Ilkhans launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the Mamluks, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The Chagatai Khanate in Moghulistan and the Golden Horde threatened the Ilkhanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulagu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based Yuan Dynasty was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter (the Emperor being also Great Khan) for many decades.

Ghazan converted to Islam under influence of Nawrūz and made Islam the official state religion. Christian and Jewish subjects lost their equal status and had to pay the jizya protection tax. Ghazan gave Buddhists the starker choice of conversion or expulsion and ordered their temples to be destroyed; though he later relaxed this severity. After Nawrūz was deposed and killed in 1297, Ghazan made religious intolerance punishable and attempted to restore relations with non-Muslims.

In terms of foreign relations, the Ilkhanate's conversion to Islam had little to no effect on its hostility towards other Muslim states, and conflict with the Mamluks for control of Syria continued. The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, the only major victory by the Mongols over the Mamluks, ended the latter's control over Syria for a few months. For the most part, Ghazan's policies continued under his brother Öljeitü despite suggestions that he might begin to favor the Shi'a brand of Islam after he came under the influence of Shi'a theologians Al-Hilli and Maitham Al Bahrani.

Öljeitü, who had been baptised in Christianity as an infant and had flirted with Buddhism, eventually became a Hanafi Sunni, though he still retained some residual shamanism. In 1309–10, he became a Shi'ite Muslim. An Armenian scribe in 1304 noted the death of "benevolent and just" Ghazan, who was succeeded by Khar-Banda Öljeitü "who too, exhibits good will to everyone." A colophon from 1306 reports conversion of Mongols to Islam and "they coerce everyone into converting to their vain and false hope. They persecute, they molest, and torment," including "insulting the cross and the church". Some of the Buddhists who survived Ghazan's assaults made an unsuccessful attempt to bring Öljeitü back into Dharma, showing they were active in the realm for more than 50 years.

The conversion of Mongols was initially a fairly superficial affair. The process of establishment of Islam did not happen suddenly. Öljeitü's historian Qāshāni records that Qutlugh-Shah, after losing patience with a dispute between Hanafis and Shafi'is, expressed his view that Islam should be abandoned and Mongols should return to the ways of Genghis Khan. Qāshani also stated that Öljeitü had in fact reverted for a brief period. As Muslims, Mongols showed a marked preference for Sufism with masters like Safi-ad-din Ardabili often treated with respect and favour.

Disintegration (1316–1357)

Öljaitü's son, the last Ilkhan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, was enthroned in 1316. He was faced with rebellion in 1318 by the Chagatayids and Qara'unas in Khorasan, and an invasion by the Golden Horde at the same time. An Anatolian emir, Irenchin, also rebelled. Irenchin was crushed by Chupan of the Taichiud in the Battle of Zanjan-Rud on 13 July 1319. Under the influence of Chupan, the Ilkhanate made peace with the Chagatais, who helped them crush the Chagatayid revolt, and the Mamluks. In 1327, Abu-Sai'd replaced Chupan with "Big" Hasan. Hasan was accused of attempting to assassinate the khan and exiled to Anatolia in 1332. The non-Mongol emirs Sharaf-ud-Din Mahmud-Shah and Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad were given unprecedented military authority, which irked the Mongol emirs. In the 1330s, outbreaks of the Black Death ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague. Ghiyas-ud-Din put a descendant of Ariq Böke, Arpa Ke'un, on the throne, triggering a succession of short-lived khans until "Little" Hasan took Azerbaijan in 1338. In 1357, Jani Beg of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant.

Franco-Mongol alliance

The courts of Western Europe made many attempts to form an alliance with the Mongols, primarily with the Ilkhanate, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, starting from around the time of the Seventh Crusade (Western Europeans were collectively called Franks by Muslims and Asians in the era of the Crusades). Despite their shared opposition to the Muslims (primarily the Mamluks), no formal alliance ever was concluded.

Government

In contrast to the China-based Yuan dynasty, who excluded the native population from gaining control of high offices, the Ilkhanate ruled their realm through a Central Asian-Persian ("Tajik") administration in partnership with Turco-Mongol military officers. Not all of the Persian administrators were Muslims or members of the traditional families that had served the Seljuqs and Khwarazmians (e.g, the Juvayni family). For example, the Ilkhanate vizier from 1288 to 1291 was Sa'ad al-Dawla, a Jew, while the prominent vizier and historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani was a Jewish convert to Islam.

The Ilkhanate rulers, who were keen to increase their autonomy, supported their Persian bureaucrats' promotion of the traditional Iranian idea of kingship. The Persian concept of monarchy over a territorial empire, or more specifically, the "Kingship of the Land of Iran" (pādshāhi-ye Irān-zamin), was easily sold to their Mongol masters by these bureaucrats. A lasting effect of the Mongol conquests was the emergence of the "national state" in Iran during the Ilkhanate era.

The Ilkhanate Mongols remained nomadic in their way of life until the end of the dynasty. Their nomadic routes covered central Iraq, northwest Iran, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The Mongols administered Iraq, the Caucasus, and western and southern Iran directly with the exception of Georgia, the Artuqid sultan of Mardin, and Kufa and Luristan. The Qara'unas Mongols ruled Khorasan as an autonomous realm and did not pay taxes. Herat's local Kart dynasty also remained autonomous. Anatolia was the richest province of the Ilkhanate, supplying a quarter of its revenue while Iraq and Diyarbakir together supplied about 35 percent of its revenue.

In 1330, the annexation of Abkhazia resulted in the reunification of the Kingdom of Georgia. However, tribute received by the Il-Khans from Georgia sank by about three-quarters between 1336 and 1350 because of wars and famines.

Legacy

The emergence of the Ilkhanate had an important historical impact in the Middle Eastern region. The establishment of the unified Mongol Empire had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia. The communications between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan Dynasty headquartered in China encouraged this development. The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the Ilkhanids, the Chinese Huangdi (Emperor) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy influence upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.

The Ilkhanate also helped to pave the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulagu's conquests had also opened Iran to Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under the Ilkhans, Iranian historians also moved from writing in Arabic to writing in their native Persian tongue.

The rudiments of double-entry accounting were practiced in the Ilkhanate; merdiban was then adopted by the Ottoman Empire. These developments were independent from the accounting practices used in Europe. This accounting system was adopted primarily as the result of socio-economic necessities created by the agricultural and fiscal reforms of Ghazan Khan in 1295–1304.

Ilkhan as a tribal title in 19th/20th century Iran
The title Ilkhan resurfaced among the Qashqai nomads of Southern Iran in the 19th century. Jan Mohammad Khan started using it from 1818/19 and this was continued by all the following Qashqai leaders. The last Ilkhan was Nasir Khan, who in 1954 was pushed into exile after his support of Mossadeq. When he returned during the Islamic Revolution in 1979, he could not regain his previous position and died in 1984 as the last Ilkhan of the Qashqai.

Ilkhans

House of Hulagu (1256–1335; Ilkhanate Mongol kings)
Hulagu Khan (1256–1265)
Abaqa Khan (1265–1282)
Ahmad Tegüder (1282–1284)
Arghun (1284–1291)
Gaykhatu (1291–1295)
Baydu (1295)
Mahmud Ghazan (1295–1304)
Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu or Öljaitü) (1304–1316)
Abu Sa'id Bahadur (1316–1335)

After the Ilkhanate, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.

House of Ariq Böke
Arpa Ke'ün (1335–1336)

House of Hulagu (1336–1357)
Musa (1336–1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad)
Muhammad (1336–1338) (Jalayirid puppet)
Sati Beg (1338–1339) (Chobanid puppet)
Sulayman (1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341–1343)
Jahan Temür (1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet)
Anushirwan (1343–1356) (Chobanid puppet)
 Ghazan II (1356–1357) (known only from coinage)

House of Hasar
Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):
Togha Temür (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353)
 Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür and the protege of Timur)

Family tree (House of Hulagu)

Simplified Family Tree

See also
Division of the Mongol Empire
List of Mongol states
List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
Full list of Iranian Kingdoms
Sarbadars, the famous political movement of the Ilkhanid era of Persia.
Hazaras

Notes

References

 C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.

 Kadoi, Yuka. (2009) Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran, Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art, Edinburgh. .

 R. Amitai-Preiss: Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260–1281. Cambridge, 1995.

External links

 Encyclopedia Iranica. Contains more information on the Ilkhanate.
 Searchable database for Ilkhanid coins

13th century in Iran
14th century in Iran
Medieval history of the Caucasus
Medieval Syria
Medieval Georgia (country)
Muslim dynasties
States and territories established in 1256
Khanates
1256 establishments in the Mongol Empire
1350s disestablishments in the Mongol Empire
Mongol states
Hulagu Khan
Former monarchies
Former monarchies of West Asia

Ilkhanate


Júgóslavía tók þátt í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva 27 sinnum síðan að frumraun landsins í keppninni átti sér stað árið .

Yfirlit þátttöku (niðurstöður)
Fyrir þátttöku eftir 1992, sjá , , ,  eða  í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva.

Júgóslavía

Júgóslavía í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva


Manuel Molina Solís (1891 - 1926) fue un abogado, profesor, orador y político mexicano, nacido en Bolonchén, hoy Campeche y muerto en la ciudad de Mérida (Yucatán). Sus padres fueron Juan Francisco Molina y Esquivel y Cecilia Solís Rosales. Fue gobernador interino de Yucatán durante una de las ausencias de su hermano Olegario Molina Solís, en 1903.

Datos biográficos
Hizo sus estudios de jurisprudencia en el Instituto Literario de Yucatán. Fue profesor de jurisprudencia durante varios años. Fue diputado local al Congreso de Yucatán y al Congreso de Tabasco. Sustituyó a su hermano, Olegario Molina, en la gubernatura de Yucatán del mes de julio a octubre de 1903.

Durante su breve ejercicio del poder público en Yucatán integró una comisión para preparar una iniciativa a fin de reformar el Código Penal de Yucatán.

Fue autor de un folleto en el que estableció la necesidad de entrar en un tratado internacional a fin de acabar con las usurpaciones del gobierno británico en el territorio de Belice que había quedado a merced de los aventureros después de la terminación de la denominada guerra de castas, en 1902, y como resultado también de la separación del territorio de Quintana Roo del estado de Yucatán, llevada al cabo por el porfiriato.

Véase también
 Casta divina
 Revolución mexicana en Yucatán
 Gobernantes de Yucatán

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gobernadores de Yucatán, México
  Con acceso el 26 de enero de 2012.
 Gobierno de Yucatán. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Yucatán.

Nacidos en Bolonchén de Rejón
Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XX
Abogados de Yucatán
Fallecidos en Mérida (México)

Manuel Molina Solís


إعصار استوائي، وهو الإعصار الثالث من حيث العدد في موسم الأعاصير الاستوائية للعام 2008. jتشكل الإعصار صباح يوم 25 أغسطس (آب) 2008 على مسافة 420 كم جنوب شرق هايتي، وسرعان ما ارتقى إلى عاصفة استوائية مع حلول مساء اليوم نفسه ليتحول إلى إعصار مع صباح اليوم التالي.

مع حلول الحادي والثلاثين من الشهر كان غوستاف قد تسبب بمقتل 88 شخصاً في منطقة الكاريبي. وصل الإعصار إلى الدرجة الثالثة من الشدة، وهي نفس درجة الإعصار كاثرين لكنه تراجع إلى الدرجة الثانية مع دخوله اليابسة الأمريكية ثم ما لبث أن تراجع إلى الدرجة الأولى بعد ست ساعات من دخوله اليابسة. وكانت التوقعات قد رجحت تحوله إلى الدرجة الرابعة وحتى الخامسة بنسب ضعيفة.

الوفيات بحسب البلد حتى صباح 1 سبتمبر أيلول

الولايات المتحدة في 2008
جامايكا في 2008
جزر كايمان في 2008
كوبا في 2008
هايتي في 2008
أحداث أغسطس 2008 في أمريكا الشمالية
أحداث سبتمبر 2008 في أمريكا الشمالية
أعاصير 2008
أعاصير ألاباما
أعاصير استوائية
أعاصير في فلوريدا
أعاصير في كوبا
أعاصير لويزيانا
أعاصير ميسيسيبي
موسم أعاصير المحيط الأطلسي 2008
أعاصير مدارية في 2008
أعاصير المحيط الأطلسي من الفئة 4

إعصار غوستاف


Antonio Cabrini (født 8. oktober 1957 i Cremona, Italien) er en italiensk tidligere fodboldspiller (venstre back) og -træner, der blev verdensmester med Italiens landshold ved VM 1982.

Karriere
Cabrini spillede hele sin karriere i hjemlandet, og tilbragte hele 13 år hos Juventus i Torino. Han vandt en lang række titler med klubben, heriblandt seks italienske mesterskaber og to Coppa Italia-titler. Han var også med til at vinde samtlige de tre store europæiske klubturneringer, Mesterholdenes Europa Cup, UEFA Cuppen og Europa Cuppen for Pokalvindere. Han stoppede sin karriere i 1991 efter to sæsoner hos Bologna FC.

For det italienske landshold nåde Cabrini at spille 73 kampe, hvori han scorede ni mål. Han blev verdensmester med holdet ved VM 1982 i Spanien, og spillede samtlige italienernes syv kampe i turneringen, herunder finalen mod Vesttyskland, hvor han brændte et straffespark. Han deltog også ved både VM 1978 i Argentina, VM 1986 i Mexico samt EM 1980 på hjemmebane.

Titler
Serie A
 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1984 og 1986 med Juventus

Coppa Italia
 1979 og 1983 med Juventus

Mesterholdenes Europa Cup
 1985 med Juventus

Europa Cuppen for Pokalvindere
 1984 med Juventus

UEFA Cup
 1977 med Juventus

UEFA Super Cup
 1984 med Juventus

Intercontinental Cup
 1985 med Juventus

VM
 1982 med Italien

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Fodboldtrænere fra Italien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1978
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 1980
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1982
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1986

Antonio Cabrini


Johannes Läpple (* 7. Januar 1815 in Flacht (Oberamt Leonberg); † 1. Mai 1860 in Heilbronn; auch Johann Läpple) war ein deutscher Künstler. Er war als Zeichenlehrer in Heilbronn tätig und schuf die Vorlagen für zahlreiche Lithographien.

Leben
Johann Läpple wurde am 7. Januar 1815 in Flacht als Sohn eines Bäckermeisters geboren. Er besuchte die Elementarschule bis zur Konfirmation. Danach kam er zum Tübinger Verlag der Buchhandlung Zu-Guttenberg des Esslinger Oberjustizrats Dr. Karl Ludwig Wilhelm Hofacker (1794–1866). Dort erhielt er von ihm und von anderen Lehrern Unterricht in Latein, Griechisch und Französisch. Als Hofacker nach Stuttgart wegzog, um dort literarisch zu arbeiten, war Läpple als dessen Sekretär tätig. Hofacker entdeckte bei Läpple dessen Kunsttalent und ermöglichte ihm für zwei Jahre den Besuch der Kunst- und Gewerbeschule. Läpple arbeitete für Lithographen, indem er Musterzeichnungen für die Teppichfabrikanten Rapp und Landauer schuf.

Mit 21 Jahren arbeitete er als Industriezeichner für das Fürstlich Fürstenberg'sche Oberhüttenamt in Bachzimmern. Später war er als Industriezeichner bei den Gebrüdern Stumm für die ausgedehnten Neunkircher Eisenwerke tätig. Dort ordnete er das Dekorationswesen und erteilte den mittellosen Arbeiterkindern Unterricht im Zeichnen und Modellieren. Ferdinand von Steinbeis war an beiden Orten (Bachzimmern und Neunkirchen) Läpples Vorgesetzter und väterlicher Freund, der dem Lehrer seiner Kinder ein Stipendium des Fürsten von Fürstenberg für ein zweijähriges Studium in München verschaffte.

Danach arbeitete Läpple für den Verlag der Fr. Mangold'schen Buchhandlung in Blaubeuren, dort schuf er Illustrationen für verschiedene Verlagswerke.

Am 4. Juni 1846 wurde ihm die Stelle eines Lehrers an der neugegründeten Zeichen- und Modellierschule Heilbronn übertragen, die er im Oktober 1846 antrat. Mittels eines Dekrets vom 3. Juli 1847 erhielt er die Stelle eines Zeichenlehrers am Heilbronner Gymnasium und der Realanstalt. Am 27. März 1860 erhielt Läpple für sein verdienstvolles Wirken von König Wilhelm I. den Titel und Rang eines Professors.

Nach langen und schweren Leiden verstarb Läpple am Nachmittag des 1. Mai 1860.

Der Orgelbauer Paul Erich Läpple, wohnhaft an der Reumontstr. 50 in Paderborn, war der Sohn des Studienrats Paul Läpple und Enkel des Professors und Zeichenlehrers Johann Läpple.

Bilder

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Grafiker (Heilbronn)
Künstler (Württemberg)
Württemberger
Deutscher
Gestorben 1860
Geboren 1815
Mann

Johannes Läpple


La Fiesta de septième génération est une citadine produite par le constructeur automobile américain Ford depuis 2017. Dévoilée officiellement le 29 novembre 2016, elle est commercialisée sur plusieurs marchés dans le monde (Europe, Brésil, Inde, Afrique du Sud, etc.). Elle succède à la sixième génération de Ford Fiesta produite de 2008 à 2017.

La Ford Fiesta Mk7 est restylée au début de l'année 2022. Ford annonce en mars la fin de la Fiesta 3 portes. Fin octobre 2022, Ford révèle que la production de la Fiesta s'arrêtera prématurément, avant l'été 2023.

Présentation
La Ford Fiesta de septième génération est dévoilée officiellement le  à Cologne, en Allemagne, où elle sera produite. Les quatre variantes de cette citadine sont dévoilées en même temps : la citadine "classique" en 3 et 5 portes (la finition présentée pour la première fois est la Titanium), la version haut de gamme Vignale, la version à ambiance sportive ST-Line et la version baroudeuse Active. Quelques éléments esthétiques, principalement, permettent de différencier chacune de ces versions. La version sportive ST sera dévoilée quelques mois plus tard.

Cette septième génération de Fiesta évolue par rapport à sa devancière, plutôt que de révolutionner son design : le capot perd quatre nervures, la calandre hexagonale se raccourcit, les projecteurs sont plus arrondis et les feux arrière deviennent horizontaux. Cela a pour effet d'élargir visuellement la citadine et d'optimiser l'ouverture du coffre.

La citadine affiche une volonté de montée en gamme. L'écran tactile est agrandi par rapport à la précédente Fiesta, et des commandes vocales apparaissent. La Fiesta se pare aussi d'un système multimédia connecté Sync 3. Enfin, il s'agit de la première Ford à adopter le système audio Bang & Olufsen Play en haut de gamme.

Lors de son lancement, la Fiesta seconde sa petite sœur de gamme la Ka+, qui ne mesure que 11 centimètres de moins qu'elle (3,93 contre 4,04 m de long). La Ka+ terminera sa production durant l'année 2019.

Phase 2
La version restylée de la Fiesta VII est dévoilée le  pour une commercialisation début 2022.

La Fiesta s'offre une nouvelle calandre agrandie avec le logo au centre, et un écran numérique de 12,3 pouces sur le tableau de bord. Les versions diesel disparaissent du catalogue et deux EcoBoost micro-hybrides de 125 et 155 ch font leur arrivée.

En mars 2022, la carrosserie à 3 portes disparaît du catalogue. Le toit ouvrant, le toit et les rétroviseurs noirs ne sont plus proposés. Certains équipements présents de série deviennent des options, comme les compteurs numériques, le régulateur de vitesse adaptatif et le chargeur à induction.

Dès l'été 2022, Ford France cesse de prendre de nouvelles commandes pour la Fiesta à cause de pénuries d'approvisionnement perturbant la production du véhicule et entrainant un choix de la marque d'allouer les Fiesta produites à d'autres pays.

Fin octobre 2022, Ford révèle que la production de la Fiesta s'arrêtera prématurément, avant l'été 2023.

Caractéristiques techniques

Châssis

Motorisations
Les moteurs 1,0 L Ecoboost de 100, 125 et 155 ch sont déjà connus, ils sont désormais accouplés à une boîte 6 vitesses. D'autre part en entrée de gamme la Fiesta MkVII inaugure un nouveau 3-cylindres atmosphérique de 1,1 litre proposé en 75 ch.

À partir de , le moteur 1,5 L Ecoboost n'est plus proposé.

Finitions

Phase 1
 Essential (entrée de gamme)
 Trend
 Cool & Connect
 Titanium
 ST-Line (ambiance sportive)
 ST-Pack (ambiance sportive)
 ST-Plus (ambiance sportive)
 Vignale (haut de gamme)
 Active Pack et Active Plus (ambiance baroudeuse)

Phase 2
 Cool & Connect
 Titanium
 ST-Line (ambiance sportive)
 Active (ambiance baroudeuse)

Deux packs d'option sont disponibles :
 pack X pour ST-Line et Active ;
 pack Vignale (haut de gamme) pour Titanium, ST-Line et Active.

En mars 2022, la gamme est remaniée:
 Titanium Business (cette finition n'est pas réservée aux professionnels)
 ST-Line ou ST-Line X (ambiance sportive)
 Active X (ambiance baroudeuse)

Modèles sportifs et de compétition

Fiesta WRC

Fiesta R5

Fiesta ST
Ford dévoile la variante sportive ST de sa Fiesta au salon de Genève 2017, qui cache sous son capot un inédit bloc 3 cylindres  turbo de  et reçoit un sélecteur de modes de conduite. Celui-ci délivre un couple de . Le 0 à  est réalisé en .
En 2022, la version à 3 portes disparaît, mais la Fiesta ST reste proposée en version 5 portes.

Fiesta ST Edition
La Ford Fiesta ST Edition est une série limitée à , basée sur la ST, qui se différencie par un spoiler avant, un nouveau diffuseur noir brillant à l'arrière, une teinte « bleu azur », des jantes de 18 pouces, et une hauteur de caisse réduite ( à l'avant,  à l'arrière). À l'intérieur, elle reçoit des surpiqûres bleues sur les cuirs.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Ford Fiesta
 Ford Fiesta (sixième génération)
 Ford Fiesta R5

Automobile des années 2010
Automobile des années 2020
Berline
Voiture de rallye

Ford Fiesta VII


Artiste national de Thaïlande (, Système général royal de transcription du thaï : Sinlapin Haeng Chat, API : [sǐn láʔ pin hɛ̀ːŋ tɕʰâːt]) est un titre décerné chaque année par le Bureau de la Commission nationale de la culture de Thaïlande, récompensant des artistes thaïlandais remarquables dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel immatériel tel que la littérature, les beaux-arts, les arts visuels, les arts appliqués (architecture, design) et les arts du spectacle (danse thaïe, danse internationale, marionnettes, théâtre d'ombres, musique thaïe, musique internationale, théâtre et film).

Depuis 1985, les distinctions honorifiques sont remises le 24 février, Journée nationale de l'artiste, en Thaïlande. Cette date a été choisie parce qu'elle correspond à la date de naissance du Bouddha Loetla Nabhalai, ou roi Rama II, qui était lui-même un artiste. En 1986, le roi Bhumibol Adulyadej, musicien, photographe et peintre accompli, a été nommé "artiste suprême".

Les artistes nationaux reçoivent 25 000 bahts par mois à vie, sauf si le prix est retiré. Ils ont également droit à une assurance maladie, aux frais d'obsèques et à une allocation de 150 000 bahts pour l'écriture d'une biographie ou d'une autobiographie.

Les œuvres perçues comme étant du plus haut niveau sont exposées dans la salle des artistes suprêmes.

Récipiendaires
Liste non exhaustive
 1985 : Khuek-rit Pramot, Paew Snidvongseni
 1986 : Kanha Khiangsiri
 1987 : Vichit Kounavudhi, Payom Sinawat
 1989 : Angkarn Kalayanapong
 1990 : Suthep Wongkamhaeng
 1992 : Khamsing Srinawk, Pongsri Woranuch
 1995 : Chai Muengsingh
 1997 : Waiphot Phetsuphan
 1999 : Chonlathee Thanthong
 2001 : Chatrichalerm Yukol, Thawan Duchanee
 2004 : Chart Korbjitti
 2008 : Sorapong Chatree
 2009 : Seksan Prasertkul
 2011 : Chalermchai Kositpipat
 2012 : Plen Promdaen, Nongchanai Prinyathawat
 2014 : Win Lyovarin
 2019 : Petchara Chaowarat, Saneh Sangsuk
 2021 : Sala Khunnawut

Références

Liens externes

Artiste national de Thaïlande


إكسبيديا  هي وكالة سفر وسياحة على الإنترنت مدارة من قبل مجموعة إكسبيديا، تقدم خدماتها في الولايات المتحدة و 15 بلدا حول العالم، تتضمن خدماتها حجز تذاكر على متن مختلف شركات الخطوط الجوية، حجوزات الفنادق وإيجارالسيارات و تنظيم الرحلات البرية والبحرية.
في 2006 حصل موقع إكسبيديا.كوم على جائزة ويبي لأفضل موقع سياحة وسفر عبر الإنترنت, وجائزة سيتفي لأفضل شركة مبتكرة من جمعية رجال الأعمال الأمريكيين.

انظر أيضًا
 مجموعة إكسبيديا
 سياحة إلكترونية
 بوكينج

وصلات خارجية

 موقع إكسبيديا.كوم.

مراجع

خصائص إنترنت أنشئت في عام 1996
شركات أمريكية أسست في 1996
شركات ضيافة أسست في 1996
شركات ضيافة أسست في 2001
شركات نقل أسست في 1996
مجموعة إكسبيديا
مواقع ويب أسست في 2001
مواقع سفر إلكترونية أمريكية

إكسبيديا


Yen, Japonya para birimidir. 1 yen = 100 sen olup, artık sen birimi kullanılmamaktadır ve bu hala devam etmektedir. Günümüzde bu yen yani yeni olarak adlandırılır. Aynı zamanda Amerikan doları, Avro ve İngiliz Sterlini'nden sonra rezerv parası olarak geniş çapta kullanılır.

Etimoloji
Yen sözcüğü, Çin para birimi Yuan'dan gelir. Japon standartlarında yen, "en" olarak telaffuz edilir.İngiliz standartlarında ise "yen" olarak hecelenir ve okunur. Bu Portekiz tarihsel literatüründen dolayıdır. Japonca'da literatür anlamı yuvarlak objedir. Eski Çin madeni parasına dayanır; bu para, dairesel biçimdedir ve Tokugawa dönemi Japonyası'nda geniş bir şekilde kullanılmıştır.

Tarih
Yen, 1870'de Meiji hükûmetince Avrupa'daki bir para sistemi benzeri olarak tanıtıldı. Yen, Edo döneminde ise kompleks bir para sistemi olarak yerleşti ve Mon'a (1870'teki para sistemi) dayandırıldı. Bretton Woods sistemi çöktü ve Yen harekete geçti.

Tarihsel Değişim Oranları
Aşağıdaki tablo yenin dolar karşısındaki durumunu (aylık ortalama) ifade eder:

 Ay kapanış değeri (Bloomberg)

Kaynakça

Japonya ekonomisi
Asya para birimleri
Japonca deyişler

Japon yeni


Leaf Mountain Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Leaf Mountain Township (Minnesota)
 Leaf Mountain Township (North Dakota)

Leaf Mountain Township


Melian (Melyanna), Tolkien Evreninde kurgusal Maiar kahraman. Adının anlamı "Sevgili Armağan" dır. Yavanna'nın akrabası, Eldar (Elf) Kral Elwe (Elu Thingol)'nin karısıdır. Eşiyle birlikte Doriath yönetirler. Melian, Luthien'in annesi ve Elrond ile Elros'un anne tarafından atasıdır.

Melian, Lorien'deki halkı arasında güzeli, yetenekleri ve bilgeliği ile ün salmıştı. Öyle ki o şarkı söylemeye başladığında Valar bile işini bırakıp onu dinlerdi. Elfler Cuivinen Gölü 'nün yakınında uyandıklarında, Melian yaşamakta olduğu Lorien Bahçeleri 'ni terkedip, Orta Dünya'ya gelmiştir. Melian, Orta Dünya'ya geldiğinde sessiz toprakları kendi sesiyle ve kendisiyle beraber gezen bülbüllerin şakımalarıyla doldurmuştur.

O sırada Valinor'a olan Büyük Yolculuk'un sonuna yaklaşmakta olan Noldor ve Teleri Halkı birbirinden ayrılmıştı. Çünkü Teleri halkının Gelion Nehri boyunca dinlendiği sürece Noldor batıya ilerlemeye devam etmişti. Teleri Hükümdarı Elwe arkadaşı Noldor Hükümdarı Finwe'yi aramak için Noldor un yaşadığı yerlerde gezinirken tarif edilemez güzelliği ve yüzündeki Aman ışığıyla ağaçlar arasında tek başına duran Melian ile karşılaştı ve onunla kaldı. Bu yüzden halkı onu bulamadı ve Olwe önderliğinde batıya doğru yolculuklarına devam ettiler.

Elwe Orta Dünya'yı asla terketmemiş ve kraliçesi, Orta Dünya'nın en bilgesi, Melian ile birlikte Doriath'taki gizli konakları Menegroth'ta (Bin Mağara) büyük bir krallık kurmuşlar. Kudretli Maia Melian güçlü bir Eldar Beyi olan kocası Elwe'ye büyük bir güç ödünç vermiş ve onunla uzun bir süre krallıklarında hüküm sürmüşler. Melian kötülüğün topraklarına girmemesi için ülkesinin çevresini Melian kuşağı adı verilen bir kuşakla çevreledi. Elwe'nin ölümünün ardından Melian'ın Deniz'in ötesine gitmesiyle bozuldu. Melian ve Elwe'nin aşkları Maia ve Elf kanının karışmasını sağlamış ve bu kandan olmuş olacak en güzel çocuklar gelmiş.

Maiar
Kurgusal kadın karakterler
Silmarillion karakterleri
Kadın roman karakterleri
Edebiyat karakterleri

Melian


Emiratet Dubai (; ) er et af de syv emirater som indgår i Forenede Arabiske Emirater. Dubai har  indbyggere og er dermed det emirat, som har flest indbyggere. Med et areal på er det efter areal det andetstørste emirat efter Abu Dhabi.

Dubais største by og hovedstad hedder også Dubai. Emiratet styres enevældigt af sin emir som er sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.

Dubai grænser mod syd og vest til Abu Dhabi og mod øst og nord til Sharjah. Det har kyst mod nordvest til Den Persiske Bugt. Dubai omfatter også den indlandske eksklave Hatta øst for resten af emiratet. Hatta grænser til Oman mod øst og syd, samt mod Ajmans eksklave Masfut mod vest og Ras al-Khaimah mod nord.

Historie
Ved udmundingen af havarmen Khor Dubai i Den Persiske Golf havde der længe eksisteret en lille bosættelse af perlefiskere og fiskere.

Det nuværende emirat Dubais oprindelse kan føres tilbage til fremvæksten af et vigtigt stammeforbund, Bani Yas, i slutningen af 1700-tallet, som bestod af stammer i området fra det sydøstlige Qatar til nuværende emirat Abu Dhabis område, og som også overtog kontrollen med det nuværende emirat Dubais område. I 1833 rev Dubai sig løs fra emiratet Abu Dhabi med støtte fra Sharjah, og blev et selvstændigt emirat under ledelse af al-Maktoum-familien.

Siden begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede var golfområdet vigtigt for Storbritanniens forsvar af sine interesser i Indien. I 1853 indgik Dubai en traktat med Storbritannien, der overlod udenrigs- og forsvarspolitikken til briterne, og Dubai blev dermed en af Traktatstaterne (). I 1892 indgik briterne en traktat med lokale sheiker om at beskytte deres områder mod udenlandsk aggression. Denne traktat er en væsentlig årsag til, at Storbritannien kunne bevare sin indflydelse i området frem til 1971. Sheik Saeed bin al-Maktoum, som var emir fra 1912 til 1958, blev efterfulgt af sønnen Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum. Indtil oliepengene begyndte at komme i 1960'erne, betalte Storbritannien størsteparten af gildet, og hjalp eksempelvis med opbygning af lokale politistyrker efter engelsk model.

I løbet af 1900-tallet udviklede havnen i Dubai sig til et vigtigt handelscenter i Golfregionen. Selvom perlefiskeriet også kollapsede i Dubai i 1930, var de økonomiske konsekvenser ikke så ødelæggende som for naboemiraterne ved Den Persiske Golf på grund af indtægterne fra søhandel. Med de første oliefund begyndte olieindustrien at udvikle sig i 1966.

Den 30. november 1971 trak Storbritannien sig tilbage fra golfen, og bare to dage senere blev De Forenede Arabiske Emirater erklæret for en selvstændig statsdannelse. Dubai blev dermed et af emiraterne i de Forenede Arabiske Emirater den 2. december 1971. Den af skeptikerne forudsagte politiske uro og ustabilitet efter tilbagetrækningen udeblev, og FAE fik snart en fremtrædende position i arabisk international politik.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Forenede Arabiske Emirater
Emirater
Monarkier i Asien

Dubai (emirat)


El coquí de Mona (Eleutherodactylus monensis) es una rana endémica de la isla de Mona (Puerto Rico) perteneciente a la familia Eleutherodactylidae.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

monensis
Anfibios de Puerto Rico
Fauna endémica de la isla de la Mona
Animales descritos en 1920

Eleutherodactylus monensis


Huayna Capac (before 14931527) was the third Sapa Inca of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to Túpac Inca Yupanqui., the sixth Sapa Inca of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization. He was born in Tumipampa and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.

Tawantinsuyu reached its greatest extent under Huayna Capac, as he expanded the empire's borders south along the Chilean coast, and north through what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia. According to the priest Juan de Velasco he absorbed the Quito Confederation into his empire by marrying Queen Paccha Duchicela, halting a long protracted war. Huayna Capac founded the city Atuntaqui and developed the city Cochabamba as an agriculture and administrative center. The Sapa Inca greatly expanded the Inca road system and had many Qullqa (storehouses) built.

Huayna Capac died in 1527, likely from a European disease introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards. The death of him and his eldest son Ninan Cuyochi sparked the Inca Civil War, in which his sons Huáscar and Atahualpa fought over succession as the next Sapa Inca. Tawantinsuyu fell to Spanish conquests shortly after Atahualpa's victory.

Names
Huayna Capac's original name was Titu Kusi Wallpa before ascending to Sapa Inca. Huayna Capac has many alternative transliterations, including Guayna Cápac, Guayna Capac, Huain Capac, Guain Capac, Guayana Capac (in Hispanicized spellings), Wayna Kapa, Wayn Capac, Wayana Qhapaq, Wayna Kapak, Wayna Capac, and Wayna Qhapaq. The name comes from Quechua wayna boy, young, young man; qhapaq "the mighty one", "the young mighty one", "powerful young one" or "powerful youth"

Subjects commonly approached Sapa Incas adding epithets and titles when addressing them, such as Wayna Qhapaq Inka Sapa'lla Tukuy Llaqt'a Uya "Unique Sovereign Wayna Qhapaq Listener to All Peoples".

Background and family

The exact place and date of Huayna Capac's birth are unknown. Though he was raised in Cusco, he may have been born in 1468 in Tumebamba (modern Cuenca) and have spent part of his childhood there. He was the son of Túpac Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493) who had extended Inca rule north into present-day Ecuador, a process continued by Huayna Capac.

Huayna Capac's first wife was his full sister, Koya "Queen" Coya Cusirimay. The couple produced no male heirs, but Huayna Capac sired more than 50 legitimate sons, and about 200 illegitimate children with other women. Huayna Capac took another sister, Araua Ocllo, as his royal wife. They had a son they named Thupaq Kusi Wallpa, later known as Huáscar.

Other sons included Ninan Cuyochi (the Crown Prince), Atahualpa, Túpac Huallpa, Manco Inca, Paullu Inca, Atoc, Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu. Some of them later held the title of Sapa Inca, although some later Sapa Inca were installed by the Spaniards.

Among the daughters of Huayna Capac were Coya Asarpay (the First Princess of the Empire), Quispe Sisa, Cura Ocllo, Marca Chimbo, Pachacuti Yamqui, Miro, Kusi Warkay, Francisca Coya and others.

In addition to Kusi Rimay and Rawa Okllo, Huayna Capac had more than 50 wives including Osika, Lari, Anawarque, Kontarwachu and Añas Qolque.:143

Administration

As a "boy chief" or "boy sovereign", Huayna Capac had a tutor, Wallpaya,:218 a nephew of Túpac Inca Yupanqui. This tutor's plot to assume the Incaship was discovered by his uncle, the Governor Waman Achachi, who had Wallpaya killed.

In the south, Huayna Capac continued the expansion of Tawantinsuyu into what is now Chile and Argentina, and tried to annex territories towards the north in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia.

According to the Ecuadorian priest Juan de Velasco Huayna Capac absorbed the kingdom of Quito into the Inca Empire. He supposedly married Paccha Duchicela, the queen of Quito.

Huayna Capac became fond of Ecuador and spent most of his time there, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Huayna Capac rebuilt Quito to make it the "second capital" of the empire, besides Cusco.

As Sapa Inca, he built astronomical observatories in Ecuador such as Ingapirca. Huayna Capac hoped to establish a northern stronghold in the city of Tumebamba, inhabited by the Cañari people. In the Sacred Valley, the sparse remains of one of Huayna Capac's estates and his country palace called Kispiwanka can still be found in the present-day town of Urubamba, Peru.

In what is now Bolivia, Huayna Capac was responsible for developing Cochabamba as an important agriculture and administrative center, with more than two thousand silos (qullqas) for corn storage built in the area. Further north in Ecuador, Huayna Capac's forces attempted to expand into the lowlands of the Amazon basin, reaching the Chinchipe River, but they were pushed back by the Shuar.

Huayna Capac acquired a special fondness for the central Peruvian Andes and its local highlights; he is recorded as having spent time relaxing in the Chinchaycocha lake on the Bombon plateau. Many Inca rafts were brought to the lake directly from Ecuador for his amusement. On its way to Cusco, after Huayna Capac's death in Quito, the procession carrying his body stopped in the vicinity of Shawsha, a city in the central Peruvian Andes, acknowledging the fondness that he had felt for the region, and because the local inhabitants had been some of the most loyal to its causes.

Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of what is now Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. It included varying terrain from high frozen Andes to the densest swamps. His subjects spanned more than two hundred distinct ethnic groups, each with their own customs and languages. The empire spanned  north to south, comprising the Pacific Ocean coast on the west, the Andes in the southeast and the Amazon Basin on the east. A dedicated ruler, Huayna Capac did much to improve the lives of his people. In addition to building temples and other works, Huayna Capac greatly expanded the road network. He had qollqa built along it for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.

Huayna Capac knew of the Spanish arrival off the coast of his empire as early as 1515.

Death and legacy

Huayna Capac died in 1527. When Huayna Capac returned to Quito he had already contracted a fever while campaigning in present-day Colombia (though some historians dispute this), likely resulting from the introduction of European disease like measles or smallpox, The Spaniards had carried a wide variety of deadly diseases to North, Central and South America; and the Native Americans had no acquired immunity against them. Millions of Central- and South Americans died in that epidemic including Huayna's brother, Auqui Tupac Inca, and Huayna's would-be successor and eldest son, Ninan Cuyochi. According to some sources, his sons Atahualpa and Huáscar were granted two separate realms of Tawantinsuyu: his favorite Atahualpa, the northern portion centered on Quito; and Huáscar, the southern portion centered on Cusco. According to other sources, Atuahualpa was acting as provincial governor on behalf of his brother. The two sons reigned peacefully for four to five years before Huáscar (or possibly Atahualpa) decided to grab power.

Huáscar quickly secured power in Cusco and had his brother arrested. However, Atahualpa escaped from his imprisonment with the help of his wife. Atahualpa began securing support from Huayna Capac's best generals, Chalcuchímac and Quizquiz, who happened to be near Quito, the nearest major city. Atahualpa rebelled against his brother and won the ensuing civil war, imprisoning Huáscar at the end of the war. Huayna Capac's city of Tumebamba was destroyed during the war. The Spanish Francisco Pizarro and his men ascended into the Andes just as Atahualpa was returning to Cusco after the successful conclusion of his northern campaigns. After launching a surprise attack in Cajamarca and massacring upward of 6,000 Incan soldiers, Pizarro took Atahualpa prisoner. Pizarro's ransom of Atahualpa and his subsequent execution marked the immediate turning point of the Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu.

Lost mummy

All the Inca emperors had their bodies mummified after death. Huayna Capac's mummy was housed in his palace in Cusco and was seen by the Spanish conquistadors. Later, it was taken from Cusco to his royal estate of Kispiwanka where it was hidden from the Spanish by Huayna Capac's relatives and servants. At some point it was taken back to Cusco, where it was discovered in 1559 by the Spanish. Along with mummies of 10 other Inca emperors and their wives, the mummy was taken to Lima where it was displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the damp climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.

An attempt to find the mummies of the Inca emperors beneath the San Andres hospital in 2001 was unsuccessful. The archaeologists found a crypt, but it was empty. The mummies may have been removed when the building was repaired after an earthquake.

References

Further reading

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. The History of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007. Originally published in Spanish in 1572. .
Helen Pugh, Intrepid Dudettes of the Inca Empire (2020)

1464 births
1527 deaths
15th-century Sapa Incas
16th-century Sapa Incas
Inca emperors
People from Azuay Province
Deaths from smallpox

Huayna Capac


Events from the year 1856 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch — Victoria

Federal government
Parliament — 5th

Governors
Governor General of the Province of Canada — Edmund Walker Head

Premiers
Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 Canada West Premier
,
 Canada East Premier

British North America Colonies
Colonial Governor of Newfoundland — Charles Henry Darling
Premier of Newfoundland — Philip Francis Little
Governor of Nova Scotia — John Gaspard Le Marchant
Premier of Nova Scotia — William Young
Governor of New Brunswick — John Manners-Sutton
Premier of New Brunswick — Charles Fisher
Governor of Prince Edward Island — Dominick Daly
Premier of Prince Edward Island — John Holl

Events
Mar 30 – British Empire's Crimean War ends
May 15 – Creation of the village of Embrun, Ontario.
Formation of the British Methodist Episcopal Church (BME), an all Black church.
October 27 – The two halves of the Grand Trunk Railway are joined with the construction of the Oshawa–Brockville section of the original mainline. Celebratory trains meet near the centre of the line at Kingston. The western terminus of the mainline is the east bank of the Don River.
 While surveying lands recently acquired by the Crown under the Robinson-Huron Treaty, British land surveyor Albert Salter observes a significant magnetic anomaly near the future site of Creighton Mine in modern-day Northern Ontario. This is an early scientific observation of the vast mineral resources of the Sudbury Basin.

Births
May 16 – Charles Melville Hays, railway executive (died 1912)
May 20 – Eliza Ritchie, feminist
July 6 – Kate Simpson Hayes, playwright and legislative librarian (died 1945)
July 31 – John Oliver, politician and Premier of British Columbia (died 1927)

Deaths
December – Samuel Street Wilmot, surveyor, tanner, farmer, justice of the peace, and assemblyman in Upper Canada (b. 1773)

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1856 in North America

1856 in Canada


The Scotties Tournament of Hearts (; commonly referred to as the Scotties) is the annual Canadian women's curling championship, sanctioned by Curling Canada, formerly called the Canadian Curling Association. The winner goes on to represent Canada at the women's world curling championships. Since 1985, the winner also gets to return to the following year's tournament as "Team Canada". It is formally known as the "Canadian Women's Curling Championship".

Since 1982, the tournament has been sponsored by Kruger Products, which was formerly known as Scott Paper Limited when it was a Canadian subsidiary of Scott Paper Company. As such, the tournament was formerly known as the Scott Tournament of Hearts; when Kimberly-Clark merged with Scott, the Canadian arm was sold to the Quebec-based Kruger Inc. – while Kruger was granted a license to use several Scott brands in Canada until June 2007, it was given a long-term license to the Scotties brand because Kimberly-Clark already owned Kleenex. As such, the tournament was officially renamed the Scotties Tournament of Hearts in 2007.

Until 2018, the format was a round robin of 12 teams. Starting with the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts there have been more than twelve eligible teams; therefore a pre-qualification tournament was held to trim the field to twelve. In 2021, a new 18-team format was introduced, in which all 14 member associations of Curling Canada field a team in a main draw of two pools, alongside the defending champions, and the three highest-ranked teams on the Canadian Team Ranking System standings that did not win their provincial championships. The teams are separated into two pools of nine, each playing a round-robin within their pool, with the top three teams in each pool advancing to a second round to determine the final four teams.

At the end of the second round, playoffs occur to determine the championship winner. The system used is known as the Page playoff system.

History

Pre-history
1913 marked a significant point in women's curling when both the Manitoba Bonspiel and the Ontario Curling Association began holding women's curling events. Other provinces would later add provincial women's championships, but it wasn't until the 1950s that a higher level of women's curling began to occur. At this time there was a Western Canada Women's Championship (sponsored by the T. Eaton Company) but no tournament existed for the eastern provinces. By 1959, Eaton's pulled their sponsorship, giving the organizers of the Western championships an initiative to have a national championship.

In 1960, the Canadian Ladies' Curling Association was created with Dominion Stores Ltd. seeking to sponsor a national championship. That year, an eastern championship occurred so that the winner could play the winner of the western championship in an invitational event. In this event, Ruth Smith and her team from Lacolle, Quebec faced off against Joyce McKee's team from Saskatchewan (consisting of Sylvia Fedoruk, Donna Belding and Muriel Coben) with McKee winning the best-of-three series two games to none. The games between the two teams were played in Oshawa, Ontario.

The following year a tournament was organized with the same format as the Brier and was held in Ottawa. McKee won again, with a new front end of Barbara MacNevin and Rosa McFee.

Early history
In 1967, Dominion Stores were unable to reach a compromise with the organizers of the tournament, and their sponsorship fell. The Canadian Ladies' Curling Association ran the tournament by themselves with no main sponsor.

Sylvia Fedoruk, after assuming the presidency of the Canadian Ladies' Curling Association found a title sponsor in the Macdonald Tobacco Company, the same sponsor as the Brier. Their sponsorship began in 1972 with the tournament being called the "Macdonald Lassie" championship, after the company's trademark.

In 1979, under increasing pressure from the anti-tobacco policies of the Canadian Government, the Macdonald Tobacco Company pulled their sponsorship from both the Brier and the Women's championship. The Canadian Ladies' Curling Association ran the tournament without a main sponsor again for the next couple of years. 1979 also marked the first year of the Women's World Curling Championship, where the national champion would play. Also, the 1979 event was the first tournament to feature a playoff. Before then, the championship team was the one with the best round robin record.

Tournament of Hearts
Robin Wilson, a member of the 1979 championship team, and a former employee of Scott Paper led an effort to get the company to sponsor the championships. It was successful, and in 1982 the first Scott Tournament of Hearts was held.

The Scott Tournament of Hearts would last 25 years, and saw the likes of many great teams. The first Tournament of Hearts was won by Colleen Jones and her Nova Scotia team. It would take her 17 years to win another, but she would cap it off with another four championships for a grand total of six championships. In 2018, Colleen Jones' feat of six championships was equaled by Manitoba's Jennifer Jones. Other great curlers at the Hearts have been Kerri Einarson and Connie Laliberte of Manitoba, Heather Houston, Marilyn Bodogh and Rachel Homan of Ontario, Vera Pezer and Sandra Schmirler of Saskatchewan, Cathy Borst, Shannon Kleibrink and Chelsea Carey of Alberta and Lindsay Sparkes and Kelly Scott of British Columbia.

The new sponsorship made the tournament popular when it began to be televised. Today, TSN covers the entire tournament. CBC had covered the semi-finals and the finals up until the 2007–08 season. In 2013, Sportsnet and City began to offer coverage of the finals of the provincial playdowns in Manitoba, Ontario, and Alberta as well.

As a Tournament of Hearts tradition, the members of the winning team receive gold rings in the four-heart design of the Tournament of Hearts logo, set with a .25-carat diamond. The runners-up receive the same rings, with rubies instead of diamonds, and the third-place team receives gold rings set with emeralds.

Past champions

Diamond D Championship

Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship

Macdonald Lassies Championship

Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship

Scott Tournament of Hearts

Scotties Tournament of Hearts

Top 3 finishes table
As of the 2023 Scotties Tournament of Hearts

Note. When Team Canada wins are added to provincial tallies, Manitoba has 16 gold medals, Saskatchewan has 12, British Columbia has 10, Ontario has 8, and Nova Scotia has 7. All others would remain unadjusted.

Award winners

Sandra Schmirler Most Valuable Player Award
The Sandra Schmirler Most Valuable Player Award is awarded by the media to the most valuable player during the playoffs at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts.  The 2023 winner was Kerri Einarson of Team Canada.

Shot of the Week Award
The Shot of the Week Award is presented by the organizing committee to the player who makes the most outstanding shot during the tournament.  The award has not been presented since 2013.

Marj Mitchell Sportsmanship Award
The Marj Mitchell Sportsmanship Award is awarded annually to the most sportsmanlike curler at the Tournament of Hearts every year.  The award has been presented since 1982, and has been named in Mitchell's honour since 1998.  In 2023, the Marj Mitchell Sportsmanship Award was presented to Kerry Galusha of the Northwest Territories.

Joan Mead Builder Award
The Joan Mead Builder Award, named after CBC producer Joan Mead, goes to someone in the curling community that significantly contributes to the growth and development of women's curling in Canada. It has been awarded annually since 2001.

Winners

2001: Lloyd Stansell
2002: Warren Hansen
2003: Vic Rauter
2004: Vera Pezer
2005: Shirley Morash
2006: Robin Wilson
2007: Muriel Fage
2008: Don Wittman
2009: Linda Bolton
2010: Anne Merklinger
2011: Elaine Dagg-Jackson, Canadian Curling Association National Team Coach
2012: Cheryl Bernard, four-time Scotties Tournament of Hearts participant, Olympic silver medalist
2013: Andrew Klaver, Scotties Tournament of Hearts photographer
2014: Linda Moore
2015: Bernadette McIntyre
2016: Renée Sonnenberg
2017: Wendy Morgan, both Program Manager and national team leader of Curling Canada's wheelchair curling program
2018: Melissa Soligo
2019: Leslie Ann Walsh
2020: Deanna Rindal, umpire at provincial and national curling tournaments
2021: Shannon Kleibrink, five-time Scotties Tournament of Hearts participant, Olympic bronze medalist
2022: Leslie Kerr, inaugural Executive Director of the Northern Ontario Curling Association from 2007 to 2020, after guiding the amalgamation of 5 regional curling associations into the NOCA.
2023: Dianne Barker, umpire at provincial, national, World, and three Olympic curling tournaments, board member of Curl BC and Curling Canada

All-Star teams
2023
First Team
Skip: Kerri Einarson, Team Canada
Third: Val Sweeting, Team Canada
Second: Shannon Birchard, Team Canada
Lead: Sarah Potts, Northern Ontario

Second Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Ontario
Third: Laura Walker, Wild Card 1
Second: Emma Miskew, Ontario
Lead: Briane Harris, Team Canada

2022
First Team
Skip: Kerri Einarson, Team Canada
Third: Val Sweeting, Team Canada
Second: Shannon Birchard, Team Canada
Lead: Briane Meilleur, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Selena Njegovan, Wild Card 1
Third: Sarah Wilkes, Wild Card 3
Second: Ashley Sippala, Northern Ontario
Lead: Kerry Galusha, Northwest Territories

2021
First Team
Skip: Kerri Einarson, Team Canada
Third: Val Sweeting, Team Canada
Second: Shannon Birchard, Team Canada
Lead: Lisa Weagle, Manitoba

Second Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Ontario
Third: Selena Njegovan, Wild Card 1
Second: Jocelyn Peterman, Manitoba
Lead: Joanne Courtney, Ontario

2020
First Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Ontario
Third: Val Sweeting, Manitoba
Second: Shannon Birchard, Manitoba
Lead: Lisa Weagle, Ontario

Second Team
Skip: Kerri Einarson, Manitoba
Third: Emma Miskew, Ontario
Second: Joanne Courtney, Ontario
Lead: Rachelle Brown, Team Canada

2019
First Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Ontario
Third: Emma Miskew, Ontario
Second: Jen Gates, Northern Ontario
Lead: Dawn McEwen, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Krista McCarville, Northern Ontario
Third: Kendra Lilly, Northern Ontario
Second: Joanne Courtney, Ontario
Lead: Sarah Potts, Northern Ontario

2018
First Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Manitoba
Third: Cary-Anne McTaggart, Alberta
Second: Jill Officer, Manitoba
Lead: Dawn McEwen, Manitoba

Second Team
Skip: Tracy Fleury, Northern Ontario
Third: Shannon Birchard, Manitoba
Second: Jessie Scheidegger, Alberta
Lead: Raunora Westcott, Team Canada

2017
First Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Ontario
Third: Emma Miskew, Ontario
Second: Joanne Courtney, Ontario
Lead: Blaine de Jager, British Columbia

Second Team
Skip: Chelsea Carey, Team Canada
Third: Shannon Aleksic, British Columbia
Second: Sarah Wilkes, Alberta
Lead: Lisa Weagle, Ontario

2016
First Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Team Canada
Third: Kaitlyn Lawes, Team Canada
Second: Jill Officer, Team Canada
Lead: Dawn McEwen, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Chelsea Carey, Alberta
Third: Ashley Howard, Saskatchewan
Second: Liz Fyfe, Manitoba
Lead: Sarah Potts, Northern Ontario

2015
First Team
Skip: Stefanie Lawton, Saskatchewan
Third: Kaitlyn Lawes, Manitoba
Second: Jill Officer, Manitoba
Lead: Dawn McEwen, Manitoba

Second Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Manitoba
Third: Lori Olson-Johns, Alberta
Second: Stephanie Schmidt, Saskatchewan
Lead: Lisa Weagle, Team Canada

2014
First Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Team Canada
Third: Emma Miskew, Team Canada
Second: Alison Kreviazuk, Team Canada
Lead: Teri Lake, Nova Scotia

Second Team
Skip: Chelsea Carey, Manitoba
Third: Sherry Anderson, Saskatchewan
Second: Sherri Singler, Saskatchewan
Lead: Morgan Court, Ontario

2013
First Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Manitoba
Third: Kaitlyn Lawes, Manitoba
Second: Alison Kreviazuk, Ontario
Lead: Dawn Askin, Manitoba

Second Team
Skip: Rachel Homan, Ontario
Third: Jeanna Schraeder, British Columbia
Second: Jill Officer, Manitoba
Lead: Laine Peters, Canada

2012
First Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Manitoba
Third: Kaitlyn Lawes, Manitoba
Second: Jill Officer, Manitoba
Lead: Dawn Askin, Manitoba

Second Team
 Skip: Kelly Scott, British Columbia
 Third: Beth Iskiw, Alberta
 Second: Jessica Mair, Alberta
 Lead: Laine Peters, Alberta

2011
First Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Team Canada
Third: Kaitlyn Lawes, Team Canada
Second: Jill Officer, Team Canada
Lead: Dawn Askin, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Amber Holland, Saskatchewan
Third: Kim Schneider, Saskatchewan
Second: Tammy Schneider, Saskatchewan
Lead: Chelsey Bell, Alberta

2010
First Team
Skip: Kelly Scott, British Columbia
Third: Cathy Overton-Clapham, Team Canada
Second: Jill Officer, Team Canada
Lead: Dawn Askin, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Team Canada
Third: Jeanna Schraeder, British Columbia
Second: Sasha Carter, British Columbia
Lead: Jacquie Armstrong, British Columbia

2009
First Team
Skip: Stefanie Lawton, Saskatchewan
Third: Cathy Overton-Clapham, Team Canada
Second: Diane Gushulak, British Columbia
Lead: Lana Vey, Saskatchewan

Second Team
Skip: Marla Mallett, British Columbia
Third: Grace MacInnes, British Columbia
Second: Sherri Singler, Saskatchewan
Lead: Joëlle Sabourin, Quebec

2008
First Team
Skip: Shannon Kleibrink, Alberta
Third: Amy Nixon, Alberta
Second: Jill Officer, Manitoba
Lead: Chelsey Bell, Alberta

Second Team
Skip: Sherry Middaugh, Ontario
Third: Cathy Overton-Clapham, Manitoba
Second: Sasha Carter, Team Canada
Lead: Dawn Askin, Manitoba

2007
First Team
Skip: Kelly Scott, Team Canada
Third: Jeanna Schraeder, Team Canada
Second: Jill Officer, Manitoba
Lead: Marcia Gudereit, Saskatchewan

Second Team
Skip: Jan Betker, Saskatchewan
Third: Lana Vey, Saskatchewan
Second: Sasha Carter, Team Canada
Lead: Darah Provencal, British Columbia

2006
First Team
Skip: Kelly Scott, British Columbia
Third: Jeanna Schraeder, British Columbia
Second: Mary-Anne Arsenault, Nova Scotia
Lead: Georgina Wheatcroft, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Heather Strong, Newfoundland and Labrador
Third: Cathy Overton-Clapham, Team Canada
Second: Sasha Carter, British Columbia
Lead: Nancy Delahunt, Nova Scotia

2005
First Team
Skip: Jennifer Jones, Manitoba
Third: Marliese Miller, Saskatchewan
Second: Dawn Askin, Ontario
Lead: Nancy Delahunt, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Jenn Hanna, Ontario
Third: Pascale Letendre, Ontario
Second: Sherri Singler, Saskatchewan
Lead: Susan O'Leary, Newfoundland and Labrador

2004
First Team
Skip: Colleen Jones, Team Canada
Third: Amy Nixon, Alberta
Second: Maureen Bonar, Manitoba
Lead: Nancy Delahunt, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Lois Fowler, Manitoba
Third: Kim Kelly, Team Canada
Second: Mary-Anne Arsenault, Team Canada
Lead: Heather Martin, Newfoundland and Labrador

2003
First Team
Skip: Colleen Jones, Team Canada
Third: Sherry Linton, Saskatchewan
Second: Robyn MacPhee, Prince Edward Island
Lead: Nancy Delahunt, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Suzanne Gaudet, Prince Edward Island
Third: Rebecca Jean MacPhee, Prince Edward Island
Second: Joan McCusker, Saskatchewan
Lead: Kate Horne, Alberta

2002
First Team
Skip: Sherry Anderson, Saskatchewan
Third: Janet Brown, Ontario
Second: Mary-Anne Waye, Team Canada
Lead: Nancy Delahunt, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Sherry Middaugh, Ontario
Third: Lawnie MacDonald, Alberta
Second: Lynn Fallis-Kurz, Manitoba
Lead: Allison Franey, New Brunswick

2001
First Team
Skip: Marie-France Larouche, Quebec
Third: Kim Kelly, Nova Scotia
Second: Georgina Wheatcroft, Team Canada
Lead: Sheri Cordina, Ontario

Second Team
Skip: Kelley Law, Team Canada
Third: Lisa Whitaker, British Columbia
Second: Roberta Materi, Saskatchewan
Lead: Karen McNamee, Alberta

2000
First Team
Skip: Connie Laliberte, Manitoba
Third: Cathy Overton-Clapham, Manitoba
Second: Karen Daku, Saskatchewan
Lead: Tricia MacGregor, Prince Edward Island

Second Team
Skip: Anne Merklinger, Ontario
Third: Cathy Walter, Saskatchewan
Second: Debbie Jones-Walker, Manitoba
Lead: Nancy Delahunt, Team Canada

1999
First Team
Skip: Colleen Jones, Nova Scotia
Third: Heather Godberson, Team Canada
Second: Brenda Bohmer, Team Canada
Lead: Lou Ann Henry, Prince Edward Island

Second Team
Skip: Connie Laliberte, Manitoba
Third: Marcy Balderston, Alberta
Second: Mary-Anne Waye, Nova Scotia
Lead: Kate Horne, Team Canada

1998
First Team
Skip: Cathy Borst, Alberta
Third: Jan Betker, Team Canada
Second: Brenda Bohmer, Alberta
Lead: Marcia Gudereit, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Anne Merklinger, Ontario
Third: Heather Godberson, Alberta
Second: Patti McKnight, Ontario
Lead: Heather Hopkins, Nova Scotia

1997
First Team
Skip: Sandra Schmirler, Saskatchewan
Third: Jan Betker, Saskatchewan
Second: Joan McCusker, Saskatchewan
Lead: Jane Hooper, Team Canada

Second Team
Skip: Alison Goring, Ontario
Third: Heather Godberson, Alberta
Second: Corie Beveridge, Team Canada
Lead: Heather Martin, Newfoundland

1996
Skip: Sherry Scheirich, Saskatchewan
Third: Kim Gellard, Ontario
Second: Tricia MacGregor, Prince Edward Island
Lead: Judy Pendergast, Alberta

1995
Skip: Rebecca MacPhee, Prince Edward Island
Third: Kay Montgomery, Saskatchewan
Second: Joan McCusker, Team Canada
Lead: Janet Arnott, Manitoba

1994
Skip: Laura Phillips, Newfoundland
Third: Jan Betker, Team Canada
Second: Joan McCusker, Team Canada
Lead: Kim Kelly, Nova Scotia

1993
Skip: Sandra Peterson, Saskatchewan
Third: Cathy Cunningham, Newfoundland
Second: Patti McKnight, Ontario
Lead: Mary-Anne Waye, Nova Scotia

1992
Skip: Lisa Walker, British Columbia
Third: Kathy Fahlman, Saskatchewan
Second: Kim Kelly, Nova Scotia
Lead: Karri Willms, Team Canada

1991
Skip: Julie Sutton, British Columbia
Third: Jackie-Rae Greening, Alberta
Second: Sheri Stewart, New Brunswick
Lead: Cheryl McPherson, Team Canada

1990
Skip: Heather Rankin, Nova Scotia
Third: Jackie-Rae Greening, Alberta
Second: Andrea Lawes, Ontario
Lead: Lorie Kehler, Saskatchewan

1989
Skip: Chris More, Manitoba
Third: Karen Purdy, Manitoba
Second: Diane Alexander, Alberta
Lead: Tracy Kennedy, Team Canada

1988
Skip: Michelle Schneider, Saskatchewan
Third: Cindy Tucker, British Columbia
Second: Georgina Hawkes, British Columbia
Lead: Tracy Kennedy, Ontario

1987
Skip: Kathie Ellwood, Manitoba
Third: Sandra Schmirler, Saskatchewan
Second: Jan Betker, Saskatchewan
Lead: Sheila Schneider, Saskatchewan

1986
Skip: Linda Moore, Team Canada
Third: Kathy McEdwards, Ontario
Second: Chris Gervais, Saskatchewan
Lead: Laurie Carney, Team Canada

1985
Skip: Susan Seitz, Alberta
Third: Lindsay Sparkes, British Columbia
Second: Debbie Jones, British Columbia
Lead: Debbie Herbert, Newfoundland

1984
Skip: Connie Laliberte, Manitoba
Third: Gillian Thompson, Saskatchewan
Second: Chris Gervais, Saskatchewan
Lead: Laurie Carney, British Columbia

1983
Skip: Shelly Bildfell, Yukon/Northwest Territories
Third: Sharon Horne, Nova Scotia
Second: Cathy Caudle, Nova Scotia
Lead: Penny Ryan, Alberta

1982
Skip: Arleen Day, Saskatchewan
Third: Lynne Andrews, Manitoba
Second: Donna Cunliffe, British Columbia
Lead: Barbara Jones-Gordon, Nova Scotia

Ford Hot Shots

Records

Number of games played
As of the 2023 Scotties; excluding pre-qualifying and wild card games

Perfect games
A perfect game in curling is one in which a player scores 100% on all their shots in a game. Statistics on shots have been kept since 1982.

See also
Montana's Brier (men's)
Scottish Women's Curling Championship
United States Curling Women's Championships

References

External links and sources

Results Archive
Curlingzone.com

Women's curling competitions in Canada
Annual sporting events in Canada
Recurring sporting events established in 1961
1961 establishments in Canada

Scotties Tournament of Hearts


The Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) was a rebel group in Liberia that was active from 1999 until the resignation of Charles Taylor ended the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003. While the group formally dissolved after the war, the interpersonal linkages of the civil war era remain a key force in internal Liberian politics.

The group's only stated political purpose during the civil war that followed its rebellion against President Charles Taylor was to force him out of office: "Taylor must go". The group received support from Liberian diasporas in other African countries, Europe and the United States, but especially from the government of neighboring Guinea after the Taylor-supported invasion of the country in September 2000. Like the other two warring factions during the Second War, LURD was accused of committing atrocities during the war. This group was ethnically Mandingo and Krahn but later divided into two groups; Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) which was ethnically Krahn while the Mandingo continued to fight in LURD. The distinction between these two groups is often messy as some Krahn continued to fight with LURD, while some Mandingos fought with MODEL.

According to Käihkö, LURD is best understood as a loose coalition united by an equally loose ideology, which focused on getting rid of Taylor. Initially there were different groups that shared the same goal, but acted independently in both Sierra Leone and Liberia. When the plan to wage this kind of two-front war failed due to Sierra Leonean reluctance, and especially when Guinea began to support the Liberians in the country against Taylor's aggression, these various groups moved to Guinea. Because Guinean support was channeled through the Chairman Sekou Conneh, he gained some leverage to unite the movement. While the cohesion of LURD always remained brittle, it was widely recognized that unity was necessary if Taylor was to be removed from power. Many in the LURD leadership also remembered what had happened to its predecessor, the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO), which had split in 1994. As a result, the LURD internal organization assumed power-sharing, not least between the dominant Krahn and Mandingo groups and their leaders.

Early on in the war the anti-Taylor elements launched hit-and-run attacks from Sierra Leone and Guinea, but after the Guinean support LURD established its headquarters in Voinjama, the county capital of Lofa County. Once it had gained territory in the south this headquarters was moved south to Tubmanburg in Bomi County. In Bomi county the Mahare Massacre took place in 2002, which killed 355 civilians. Duo's military group captured the area and all civilians were seen as LURD supporters which in turn lead to mass killings. According to James Kabah cited in Christine Cheng's Book,[Extralegal Groups in Post-Conflict Liberia],that men, women and children were lined up and shot 10 at a time.  After years of fighting LURD laid siege to Liberia's capital, Monrovia on June 4, 2003. However, it was unable to capture it. During the siege, the group was accused of firing mortar shells into civilian areas of the city, killing dozens of people.

However, independent investigations conducted by civil society groupings said the widespread death caused was also due to Charles Taylor's Anti Terrorist Unit and other militias.

LURD's successes in occupying northern Liberia and besieging Monrovia, in addition to the successes of another rebel group in southeastern Liberia (the Movement for Democracy in Liberia, or MODEL) and heavy pressure from the United States and the international community, effectively forced President Taylor to resign. He went into exile in Nigeria on August 11, 2003, as part of a peace agreement. A transitional government headed by Gyude Bryant was established on October 14, and it included many representatives of LURD. One of LURD's founders, lanzini, became Speaker of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly. After the war ended in 2003, LURD and MODEL as well as the government of Liberia still controlled resource areas including rubber plantations and were able to profit from the sale of rubber for the next 3 years.

In January 2004, LURD was divided by a power struggle between its chairman, Sekou Conneh, and his wife Aisha Conneh, an adviser to the President of Guinea, Lansana Conté. The group promised to disarm as part of the 2003 peace agreement, although it was accused of simply moving most of its weapons into safekeeping across the border in Sierra Leone.  In June 2004, Chayee Doe, the vice-chairman of LURD and younger brother of Samuel Kanyon Doe, was briefly appointed chairman despite an illness but died two days later.

George Dweh was suspended indefinitely as Speaker of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly on April 28, 2005, along with his deputy Eddington Varmah and Ways, Means & Finance's Committee Chairman Tarplah Doe, for widespread corruption.

The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) have completed the disarmament of 100,000 ex-combatants from LURD, MODEL and the ex-government of Liberia.  The process commenced on December 7, 2003 but was abruptly stopped after militia men demanded money for handing in their guns.  The process re-commenced and each ex-combatant received 300 United States dollars.

Testifying before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on August 28, 2008, Sekou Conneh said that, during the war, Sierra Leone and Guinea had allowed the LURD rebels free passage "through their borders with our arms without any questions from them".

See also

Robert Young Pelton of The World's Most Dangerous Places lived with the LURD filming in combat with the Small Boys Unit as they defended Vonjama
Johnny Mad Dog

References

Further reading
International Crisis Group, "Liberia: The Key To Ending Regional Instability", ICG Africa Report N° 43, 24 April 2002

Guerrilla organizations
History of Liberia
Rebel groups in Liberia


Oksidatif fosforilasyon, canlılarda enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılan ATP sentezinde kullanılan yollardan biridir. Fosforilasyon olarak da adlandırılan ATP sentezi başlıca dört yoldan gerçekleştirilir.
 Oksidatif fosforilasyon (oksijenli ve oksijensiz solunumda)
 Substrat düzeyinde fosforilasyon (oksijensiz, oksijenli solunumda ve fermantasyonda)
 Fotofosforilasyon (fotosentezde)
 Kemofosforilasyon (kemosentezde)

Oksidatif fosforilasyon, oksijenli solunumun son evresini teşkil eder. Glikoliz ve Krebs döngüsü sırasında oluşan bileşiklerdeki hidrojen atomlarının, ökaryot hücrelerde mitokondrinin, prokaryot hücrelerde hücre zarının üzerinde bulunan elektron taşıma sisteminden (ETS) geçirilmesi sırasında oksijenle birleşerek su oluşturması ve kalan bileşiklerin ATP yapımında kullanılması olayıdır. Bilindiği gibi hidrojen atomu elektron ve protondan oluşur. Elektron ETS sürecinde protondan ayrılır, aktarmalarla oksijen molekülüne taşınır. Fazladan bir elektron almış olan oksijenin, elektronsuz kalmış hidrojen protonuyla kenetlenmesiyle de su oluşur.

Mitokondrinin krista denen kıvrımlarında gerçekleşen ETS'de şunlar görülür:
Glikolizden gelen 2NADH+H+'dan 6ATP,
Pirüvatın Asetil CoA'ya dönüşümü sırasında oluşan 2NADH+H+'dan 6ATP
Krebsten gelen 6NADH+H+'dan 18ATP, 2FADH2'den de 4 ATP üretilir.

Toplamda Glikolizden 2 ATP (net), Krebs'ten  2 ATP, ETS'den 34 ATP üretilir.

1 NADH+H+'dan 3 ATP

1 FADH2'den 2 ATP oluşur.

Oksijenli ortamda, ökaryot hücrelerin mitokondrilerinde prokaryot hücrelerin sitoplazmasında gerçekleşir. Oksijenli solunumda enerjinin en fazla üretildiği evredir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Protein fosforilasyonu
 Fotofosforilasyon
 Substrat düzeyinde fosforilasyon
 Fotosentez
 Kemosentetik sentez

Hücresel solunum
Metabolizma

Oksidatif fosforilasyon


An Sobralia kerryae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Sobralia kerryae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sobralia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sobralia

Sobralia kerryae


8294 Takayuki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8294 Takayuki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 9,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

8294 Takayuki


Das 5. Festival da Canção ( V Festival TV da Cançao 1968) fand am 4. März 1968 in den Tóbis-Studios in Lissabon statt. Es diente als portugiesischer Vorentscheid für den Eurovision Song Contest 1968.

Moderatoren der Sendung waren Maria Fernanda und Henrique Mendes.

Als Sieger ging Carlos Mendes mit dem Titel Verão hervor. Beim Eurovision Song Contest in London erhielt er fünf Punkte und belegte am Ende gemeinsam mit einem anderen Künstler den 11. Platz.

Teilnehmer

Weblinks
 V Festival TV da Canção 1968 (portugiesisch)

1968
Musikwettbewerb 1968
Veranstaltung in Lissabon
Musikveranstaltung in Portugal

Festival da Canção 1968


إذاعة راديو سكوب هي اذاعة لبنانية تبث باللغة الأجنبية من بيروت. تأسست عام 1998 م.

موجاتها

 تبث راديو سكوب على موجة 100.9 أف أم لتغطي بيروت الشمال والجنوب.
 على موجة 100.9 أف أم لتغطي البقاع.

مراجع

إذاعات لبنان

راديو سكوب


A 8.ª etapa do Tour de France de 2022 teve lugar a 9 de julho de 2022 entre Dole na França e Lausana na Suíça sobre um percurso de 186,3 km. O vencedor foi o belga Wout van Aert do Jumbo-Visma e o esloveno Tadej Pogačar conseguiu manter a liderança.

Classificação da etapa

Classificações ao final da etapa

Classificação geral (Maillot Jaune)

Classificação por pontos (Maillot Vert)

Classificação da montanha (Maillot à Pois Rouges)

Classificação do melhor jovem (Maillot Blanc)

Classificação por equipas (Classement par Équipe)

Abandonos
Vegard Stake Laengen e Geoffrey Bouchard não tomaram a saída depois de ter dado positivo em COVID-19. Por outro lado, Kevin Vermaerke, por causa de uma queda, e Gianni Moscon, pelas secuelas derivadas do COVID-19, não completaram a etapa.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial

Etapas do Tour de France de 2022

8.ª etapa do Tour de France de 2022


راؤول باينا  (مواليد 2 مارس 1989 في طرش - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى إسبانيول الإسباني منذ 2007 في مركز الجناح الأيمن كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط المهاجم .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هونغ كونغ
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مقاطعة مالقة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في أستراليا
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في هونغ كونغ
لاعبو الدوري الأسترالي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو إسبانيول
لاعبو إسبانيول بي
لاعبو دوري هونغ كونغ الممتاز
لاعبو رايو فايكانو
لاعبو كرة قدم أندلسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في أستراليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أستراليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هونغ كونغ
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة مالقة
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو ميلبورن فيكتوري
لاعبو نادي أتروميتوس
لاعبو نادي ساباديل
لاعبو نادي غرناطة
لاعبو نادي كيتشي
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1989
مواليد في طرش (إسبانيا)

راؤول باينا


හැලජන යනු  කුමක්ද කිවහොත් ,

•සරල ආවර්තිතා වගුවට අනුව VII වන කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය ලෙස හැදින්විය හැකිය.

• නමුත් සන්කීර්ණ ආවආවර්තිතා වගුවට අනුව 17 වන කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය ලෙස හැදින්විය හැකිය.

හැලජන


Ruralna cjelina Podaca (Gornja Podaca ili Selo), povijesno je središte u sklopu naselja Podacâ, u Općini Gradac, na krajnjem jugu Splitsko-dalmatinske županije.

Povijest
Podaca se nalaze na padinama Biokova u gornjem Makarskom primorju na mjestu pogodnom za zaštitu. Na strmim liticama s jugoistočne strane sela je kula iz 17. st. Glavno sastajalište mještana je "Štrada", trg u sredini sela pored crkve. Kuće su građene na malim kućištima, zbijene jedna uz drugu. Postavljene su u pravcu istok - zapad, građene od priklesanog kamena vezanog vapnom, s dvoslivnim krovištima pokrivenim kamenom pločom, crijepom ili kupom kanalicom. Na južnim pročeljima su balature ispod kojih je ulaz u konobu na polukružni luk. U selu je Crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja iz 12. – 13. stoljeća te barokna župna crkva sv. Stjepana iz 18. stoljeća. U Podacima su nađeni arheološki nalazi iz mlađeg kamenog, ilirskog, rimskog i starohrvatskog doba.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5175 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao vrsta: kulturnopovijesna cjelina, kasifikacije: ruralna cjelina.

Izvori

Zaštićene ruralne cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Ilirski arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Starohrvatski arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj

Ruralna cjelina Podaca


Ziyamet (Yunanca: Λεονάρισσο / Leonarisso), de jure olarak Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'nin Mağusa Bölgesi'nde ve de facto olarak ise Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nin İskele İlçesi'nde arasında yer alan yaklaşık 700 nüfuslu bir köydür. Yenierenköy bucağına bağlı olan köy, Yenierenköy ile Mehmetçik arasında bulunmaktadır.

Bölgenin büyük telefon santrali burada bulunmaktadır. Karpaz yönüne giden tek otoyolun kesişme noktasındadır.

Bölgenin eski Türk yerleşim yerleri olan köylere geçişte bir köprü durumundadır. KKTC'de Antepfıstığı sadece bu bölgede yetişir. Bunun yanı sıra, zengin üzüm bağları vardır.

Köyde, Barış Gücü'ne ait bir gözleme postası bulunmaktadır. Belediyesi olmayan yaklaşık 7 köyün çocuklarının birleştiği büyük bir ilkokula sahip olan köyün nüfusunda her geçen gün azalma yaşanmaktadır.

Köy, Yenierenköy belediyesine bağlanmış olup gerekli bakım ve onarımlar Yeni Erenköy belediyesince karşılanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Mağusa kazasındaki yerleşim birimleri
İskele'deki yerleşim birimleri

Ziyamet


Belmont Corner ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Belmont Corner (Maine)
 Belmont Corner (Pennsylvania)

Belmont Corner


الغواصيات  هي  من الطيور تتبع  الطيور من  الحبليات. تتميز بقدرتها علي الغوص في اعماق المياه بحثا عن غذائها، والذي يكون غالبا من الأسماك الصغيرة والقشريات، وهي تختلف عن الطيور التي تلتقط الاسماك من سطح الماء فقط كالنسر الأمريكي الذي لا يعد من الغواصيات لانه لا يستطيع الغوص إلى الأعماق بحثا عن الغذاء.

فصائل
 الغواصية

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Ḥamīd al-Dīn Abū l-Ḥasan Aḥmad ibn Abdallāh al-Kirmānī () est un théologien et philosophe musulman chiite d'origine persane mort vers l'an  et ayant été actif durant la période du califat fatimide.

Biographie

À la fois théologien et missionnaire ismaélien au service des Fatimides, il est surtout connu pour son œuvre intellectuelle. Il rédige de nombreux ouvrages sur la doctrine chiite ismaélienne, dont plusieurs ont survécu et nous sont parvenus. Sous le règne d'al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh, il est l'un des théologiens les plus influents de la cour. Il défend l'idéologie officielle du pouvoir fatimide et condamne les mouvements religieux dissidents, notamment celui des druzes qui se développe à la même époque. En tant que missionnaire dāʿī dans le sud de l'Irak, il essaye également de rallier à la cause des Fatimides les chefs de tribus locaux vivant sous l'autorité du califat concurrent, celui des Abbassides.

Ouvrages

Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī a rédigé de nombreux ouvrages au cours de sa vie, mais seule une partie a survécu.
Parmi les plus connus, figurent :

  La tranquillité de l'Intellect (Rāḥat al-ʻaql), son plus important ouvrage traitant de la théologie ismaélienne.
  Livre des lanternes concernant l'établissement de l'imamat (Kitāb al-maṣābīḥ fī ithbāt al-imāma), ouvrage traitant de l'interprétation ismaélienne du concept d'imamat.

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie
 Farhad Daftary, A History of Shi'i Islam, I.B Tauris, Londres, 2013, 336 pages
 Paul E. Walker, Hamid Al-Din Al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of Al-Hakim, I.B Tauris, Londres, 1999

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Encyclopædia Iranica
 Encyclopédie de l'Islam

Articles connexes

 Kalâm

Théologien musulman du XIe siècle
Philosophe musulman
Personnalité chiite
Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
Ouléma du XIe siècle

Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani