Serra Branca Esporte Clube, anteriormente denominado como Paraíba Sport Clube, é uma agremiação esportiva brasileira fundada por Milk, na cidade de Cajazeiras, no Sertão do estado da Paraíba, que posteriormente mudou-se para a cidade de Itaporanga e, desde julho de 2022, possui como sede o município de Serra Branca.

História

Paraíba Sport Clube

O Paraíba Sport Clube foi fundado em 7 de julho de 2005 por um grupo de amigos reunidos na casa de Mitchum Stewart Cavalcante de Araújo, entre eles o empresário Francisco do Nascimento Campos (conhecido por Tico Miudezas), que chegou a ser presidente do Atlético Cajazeirense. Até 2006, o clube disputava campeonatos amadores da região.

Em 2007, conseguiu se profissionalizar para jogar o Campeonato Paraibano da Segunda Divisão. A equipe ficou em 4º lugar na classificação geral, sem conseguir o acesso, que viria apenas em 2011 (e também com o título). Em sua estreia na Primeira Divisão estadual, o Paraíba surpreendeu ao terminar em quinto na classificação (empatado em pontos com o Botafogo, mas perdeu a vaga na segunda fase por ter um saldo de gols inferior ao time de João Pessoa). Não repetiu o desempenho na edição de 2013, sendo rebaixado ao final da primeira fase juntamente com o Cruzeiro de Itaporanga. Em 2014, não se inscreveu para disputar a Segunda Divisão, voltando no ano seguinte com o vice-campeonato e o acesso à divisão principal do Campeonato Paraibano juntamente com o Esporte de Patos.

Em 2016, o Paraíba ficou em segundo lugar no grupo A da primeira fase e eliminado na fase seguinte. A última participação da Cobra-Coral do Sertão foi em 2017, amargando o rebaixamento à Segunda Divisão com a pior campanha (1 vitória, 8 empates e 9 derrotas), que não chegou a disputar, optando por se licenciar das competições.

Mudança para Itaporanga
Em julho de 2020, o Paraíba mudou sua sede para o município de Itaporanga e pretendia se inscrever para a Segunda Divisão do mesmo ano, que não chegou a ser disputada em decorrência da pandemia de COVID-19.

O clube voltou às atividades profissionais em 2021, jogando a Terceira Divisão. Com Luiz Araújo no comando técnico, terminou em segundo lugar e foi promovido juntamente com o Spartax.

Transferência para Serra Branca
Em julho de 2022, a equipe anuncia sua transferência para o município de Serra Branca e mandará suas partidas no estádio Amigão, em Campina Grande, tendo como treinador o ex-meio-campista Marcelinho Paraíba.

Elenco

Títulos

Técnicos

Paraíba SC (2007 a 2021)
  Reginaldo Sousa (2007–2008)
  Danilo Augusto (2011)
  Pedrinho Albuquerque (2012)
  Edson Ferreira (2012)
  Luiz Carlos Mendes (2012–2013)
  Edson Ferreira (2012–2013)
  Jorge Pinheiro (2013)
  Tazinho (2015)
  Pedrinho Albuquerque (2016)
  Suélio Lacerda (2016)
  Jorge Luís (2016–2017)
  Paulo Sales (2017)
  Neto Maradona (2017)
  Luiz Araújo (2021)

Serra Branca EC (desde 2022)
  Marcelinho Paraíba (2022–2023)
  Sérgio China (2023–)

Clubes de futebol da Paraíba
Clubes de futebol fundados em 2005
Fundações na Paraíba em 2005

Serra Branca Esporte Clube


Perateia (en griego: Περατεία, «lugar fuera [del mar]») fue el territorio ultramarino del Imperio de Trebisonda, que comprendía las ciudades crimeas de Quersoneso, Kerch y sus zonas de influencia. El territorio fue administrado probablemente durante el dominio bizantino de Trebisonda bajo los Comnenos que establecieron un imperio separado unas semanas antes del saqueo cruzado de Constantinopla en 1204.

El control trebero sobre Perateia había sido débil casi desde el principio, sometida a la presión de los genoveses y los tártaros en el momento de la muerte de Alejo I en 1222. Al año siguiente, los turcos selyúcidas incursionaron las costas de Perateia, y construyeron la fortaleza de Sudak para intentar canalizar el comercio crimeo de Trebisonda en Sinope que estaba en manos selyúcidas. Después de eso, la zona fue administrada por la familia Gabras, magnates treberos que posteriormente fundaron el Principado de Teodoro.

Referencias
History of Theodoro

Imperio de Trebisonda
Historia de Crimea

Peratea


نظام الحقول المفتوحة كان النظام الزراعي السائد في أوروبا منذ القرون الوسطى حتى القرن العشرين في بعض المناطق، بموجب هذا النظام يكون لكل قرية 4 حقول كبيرة جدا غير مسورة، يتم زراعتها بشكل شرائط من قبل العائلات.

مراجع

اقتصاد زراعي
العصور الوسطى
تاريخ الزراعة
علم التربة الزراعية

نظام الحقول المفتوحة


Villemomble, Fransa'nın Île-de-France iline bağlı bölge. Paris'in yaklaşık 14 kilometre doğusunda yer alır. Nüfusu, 1999 itibarıyla 27.230 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Almanya'nın Bonn kentine bağlı bölgelerden Hardtberg ile partnerlik faaliyetleri yürütmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Seine-Saint-Denis'deki belediyeler

Villemomble


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção ao patrimônio cultural do mundo, através da Convenção sobre o Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade, cujo processo de implementação teve início em 1997 e foi oficializado em 2003. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial existente na Islândia, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO visando catalogar e proteger manifestações da cultura humana no país. A Islândia ratificou a convenção em 23 de novembro de 2005, tornando suas manifestações culturais elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

A manifestação Tradições nórdicas de barcos de casco trincado foi a primeiras manifestação cultural da Islândia incluída na lista do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da UNESCO por ocasião da 16.ª Sessão do Comitê Intergovernamental para a Proteção do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade, realizada virtualmente em 2021. Desde então, a Islândia conta apenas com este elemento cultural classificado como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial.

Bens imateriais
A Islândia conta atualmente com as seguintes manifestações declaradas como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial pela UNESCO:

Ver também
 Património Mundial na Islândia
 Cultura da Islândia

Islândia
Conservação na Islândia
Cultura da Islândia

Lista do Património Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade na Islândia


Santo André de Vagos Portekiz'de Vagos belediyesine bağlı olan, 12,44 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2051 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vagos

Santo André de Vagos


Daniel G. Schillock (eigentlich Schillockatis) (* 1826 bei Kaukehmen, Kreis Niederung, Ostpreußen; † 17. August 1878 in Minneapolis) war ein deutscher Rechtsanwalt und Senator in Minnesota.

Leben
In eine Bauernfamilie Preußisch Litauens geboren, erlernte Schillock die deutsche Sprache in der Dorfschule. Nach dem Abitur am Tilsiter Realgymnasium im Herbst 1845 studierte er an der Albertus-Universität Königsberg Rechtswissenschaft. 1846 wurde er (wie viele Tilsiter) Mitglied des Corps Littuania. Nach den Examen und der Auskultatorausbildung emigrierte er in die USA. Nach mehreren Jahren in Texas, Boston und Wisconsin ließ er sich 1858 als Rechtsanwalt in New Ulm (Minnesota) nieder. 1862 wurde er im Sioux-Aufstand verwundet. Im selben Jahr in den Senat von Minnesota gewählt, galt er als fähigster Senator und unbestechlicher Volksvertreter. Er kämpfte gegen das Eisenbahnmonopol, für den sozialen Fortschritt und den deutschen Unterricht in den Volksschulen. Sein Gehörleiden verhinderte ein viel weiteres Fortkommen. Nach seiner Legislaturperiode zog er 1868 nach Minneapolis. Mit 52 Jahren starb er an einem Schlaganfall.

Siehe auch
 Geschichte der Eisenbahn in Nordamerika

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Person (Minnesota)
Person (Minneapolis)
Litauer
Deutscher
Geboren 1826
Gestorben 1878
Mann
Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Minnesota
Litauischer Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten

Daniel Schillock


Marian Constantinescu ()  un fotbalist profesionist român care în prezent se află în conducerea administrativă a clubului de fotbal FC Brașov, în Liga a II-a.

În cariera sa a jucat la echipe precum Juventus București, Politehnica Timișoara, Jiul Petroșani, Inter Curtea de Argeș, CS Otopeni, Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț, FC Brașov sau Concordia Chiajna.

Legături externe
 Profil la Romaniansoccer.ro

Nașteri în 1981
Atacanți
Fotbaliști ai CS Concordia Chiajna
Fotbaliști ai CS Jiul Petroșani
Fotbaliști ai FC Brașov
Fotbaliști ai FC Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
Fotbaliști ai FCU Politehnica Timișoara
Fotbaliști ai FC Internațional Curtea de Argeș
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști români
Nașteri pe 8 august
Bucureșteni

Marian Constantinescu


Dörnick er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Großer Plöner See under Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Dörnick er beliggende ved Bundesstraße 430 cirka 3 km vest for Plön. Kommunen grænser til floden Schwentine og Karper Beek.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Byens side   på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013  (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Dörnick


Küre veya Dünya, Güneş Sisteminde bir gezegen (Yerküre ya da Yer de denilir.)

Geometri
Küre (geometri), 3 boyutlu geometrik bir cisim.

Yerleşim yerleri
 Küre, Kastamonu, Kastamonu ili bir ilçesi
 Küre, Söğüt, Bilecik ili Söğüt ilçesine bağlı belde
 Küre, Murgul, Artvin ili Murgul ilçesine bağlı köy
 Küre, Alaca, Çorum ili Alaca ilçesine bağlı köy
 Küre, Ödemiş, İzmir ili Ödemiş ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Küre (anlam ayrımı)


Vittsjö Gymnastik och Idrottsklubb er en fodboldklub fra Vittsjö, Sverige. De spiller i kvindernes bedste række i Sverige, Damallsvenskan.

Vittsjö GIK spiller deres hjemmekampe på Vittsjö IP Stadion i Vittsjö, der blev bygget i 2012 og har en kapacitet på 1.500.

Aktuel trup

Referencer

Kvindefodboldklubber i Sverige

Vittsjö GIK


O Estádio Panamericano é um estádio de futebol localizado na cidade de San Cristóbal, na República Dominicana.

Com capacidade para  espectadores, o estádio sediou os Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2003, tendo recebido partidas das seleções da Argentina, Brasil, Colômbia, Canadá, México, Haiti e Costa Rica. Além disso, é administrado pelo Club Atlético San Cristóbal, clube da primeira divisão do Campeonato Dominicano de Futebol.

Estádios de futebol da República Dominicana
Estádios de futebol inaugurados em 2003

Estádio Panamericano de San Cristóbal


Sanjay Shah (født 11. september 1970 i London, England) er en britisk-indisk forretningsmand og mistænkt skattesvindler bosiddende i Dubai. Han var stifter af det nu nedlagte investeringsselskab Solo Capital, samt den velgørende organisation Autism Rocks.

Shah påbegyndte oprindeligt medicinstudiet, men skiftede efterfølgende karrierevej for at forfølge et liv i finansverdenen, og stiftede investeringsselskabet Solo Capital i 2008.

Mistanke om skattesvindel
Sanjay Shah undersøges af danske anklagere som hovedmistænkt i en sag omhandlende skattesvindel på bekostning af den danske stat for et beløb på 12,7 milliarder kroner. Bedrageriet skal angiveligt være foregået i årene 2012 til 2015 og er danmarkshistoriens hidtil største af sin art. Shah er ligeledes hovedmistænkt i lignende sager om skattesnyd, omhandlende beløb på mere end 200 millioner euros og 580.000 norske kroner i henholdsvis Belgien og Norge. Udbetalinger af yderligere beløb på 300 millioner i Belgien og 350 millioner norske kroner blev blev kun bremset i de to lande på foranledning af advarsler fra de danske myndigheder. Ud over disse lande undersøges han af Tyskland og Storbritannien gennem det Europæiske organ Eurojust, og United States Department of the Treasury, da det mistænkes, at en del af pengene er blevet kanaliseret gennem amerikanske pensionskasser. Shahs London-baserede hedgefond Solo Capital blev lukket i 2016 under efterforskningen fra de danske myndigheder, imens hans bopæl og kontorer i London undergik razziaer af det britiske National Crime Agency, ligesom Varengold Bank (medejet af Shah) fik foretaget razzia af de tyske myndigheder. Pr. december 2016 er beløb på ca 300 millioner euro blevet beslaglagt af det danske politi i samarbejde med udenlandske politistyrker. Sanjay Shah blev undersøgt med henblik på sagen fra 2015, og i 2017 blev to medmistænkte også sigtet af de danske myndigheder.

Shah er for nuværende bosat i Dubai, der ikke har udleveringsaftaler med Danmark, hvorfor en udlevering fra emiraten rent juridisk kan vise sig vanskelig. Sanjay Shah fastholder sin uskyld i alle anklager.

Sanjay Shah fastholder i oktober 2020 i et interview med Dagbladet Børsen sin juridiske uskyld, idet han blot hævder at have benyttet sig af et lovligt smuthul i lovgivningen, men stiller sig åben over for at kunne møde op i Danmark og eventuelt afsone en hurtig fængselsdom på fire år:

3. juni 2022 oplyste det danske justitsministerium, at tiltalte Sanjay Shah efter aftale med De Forenede Arabiske Emirater var blevet anholdt i Dubai med henblik på udlevering til strafforfølgelse i Danmark ved Retten i Glostrup.

I medierne
Radio24syvs journalist Kim Bach producerede i sommeren/efteråret 2018 en række programmer under titlen Skaf mig Sanjay Shah!, med undertitlen "Nu går den vilde skattejagt", hvori der berettes om journalistens tur til Dubai i et forsøg på opklaring af anklagen mod Sanjay Shah.

Filantropiske aktiviteter
Shahs yngste søn, Nikhil, blev i 2011 diagnosticeret med autisme. Efter i mange år at have arbejdet med terapeuter og medicinske eksperter, besluttede Sanjay at gøre noget for at skabe opmærksomhed omkring autisme, og grundlagde i 2014 derfor den godgørende organisation Autism Rocks. Autism Rocks foranstalter musikalske events verden over for at rejse midler til velgørenhed og for at skabe opmærksomhed omkring autisme.

Anholdelse
Den 31. maj 2022 blev Sanjay Shah anholdt af politiet i Dubai.

Se også
 Udbytteskatsvindel-sagen

Referencer

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
Ekspert: Udlevering af mistænkt fra Dubai er næsten umulig, DR Nyheder

Erhvervsfolk fra Storbritannien
Økonomisk kriminalitet

Sanjay Shah


El topónimo Newington puede hacer referencia a:

 Newington, un lugar designado por el censo en el estado de Connecticut.
 Newington, un pueblo en el estado anterior.
 Newington, un pueblo en el estado de Georgia.
 Newington, un pueblo en el estado de Nuevo Hampshire.
 Newington, un lugar designado por el censo en el estado de Virginia.

 Newington, un barrio de Londres.
 Dos parroquias civiles en el condado de Kent y los pueblos ubicados dentro de su límite:
 Newington, en el distrito de Folkestone and Hythe.
 Newington, en el distrito de Swale.
 Newington, un pueblo en el condado de Nottinghamshire.
 Newington, una parroquia civil y un pueblo en el condado de Oxfordshire.
 Newington, un pueblo en el condado de Shropshire.
 Newington, un pueblo en el condado de Kent.

Newington


Park skulptura Dubrova je park na području Grada Labina i Općine Sveta Nedelja u Istarskoj županiji u kojem su smještene skulpture proizašle iz rada Mediteranskog kiparskog simpozija.

Mediteranski kiparski simpozij
Mediteranski kiparski simpozij (MKS) je likovna manifestacija osnovana 1969. godine na inicijativu labinskih slikara Josipa Diminića i Quintina Bassanija te kiparice Milene Lah iz Zagreba, a uz podršku Josipa Faragune, predsjednika tadašnje Općinske konferencije SSRNH Labin i predsjednika Katedre Čakavskog sabora »Labinska republika«. Prvi susret kipara (simpozij) održan je 1971. godine u čast 50. obljetnice Labinske republike. Za održavanje radnog dijela simpozija odabran je park Stancije Dubrova, a za smještaj skulptura pejzažna okolina Stancije površine oko 35 hektara.

Prvi sudionici bili su Milena Lah, Ivan Kožarić i Antonio Paradiso. Njihove skulpture Tri galeba, Isječak rijeke Seine i Zrno žita smještene su kao simbolički međaši tzv. Labinske republike. Tako je skulptura Tri galeba postavljena na simboličnoj granici prema Raši, skulptura Isječak rijeke Seine postavljena je između Stepčići i Vozilići, a skulptura Zrno žita postavljena je u samom parku.

Umjetnička skupina »Labinski atelieri« tim činom ulazi u avanturu oblikovanja prostora, te time trajno određuju budućnost Stancije Dubrova i njezinog okruženja. Danas je u prostoru postavljeno 69 od ukupno 83 nastale skulpture, podijeljeno »Bijelom cestom«, jedinstvenim etapnim umjetničkim projektom u mozaiku. Skulpture su postavljene i u Rapcu, Raši, Nedešćini, Kršanu i Pićnu, te Zagrebu, Vukovaru, Iloku i Kuni Pelješkoj.

Park skulptura Dubrova sintetizira prirodu i likovno stvaralaštvo kao jedinstveno umjetničko djelo te slovi za jedan od najpoznatijih parkova skulptura na otvorenom na području Republike Hrvatske.

Kronologija
Kronologija postavljanja skulptura:
 1970. Milena Lah: Tri galeba (Galebovi lete), Ivan Kožarić: Isječak rijeke Seine, Antonio Paradiso: Zrno žita
 1971. Vanja Radauš: Glava, Josip Diminić: Dva tijela, Luciano Ceschia: Čempresi, Maria Biljan Bilger: Bitva, Momčilo Krković: Labinska Nika
 1972. Vjenceslav Richter: Došljak, Milija Nešić: Upisi, Janez Lenassi: Jugo, Nicola Zamboni: Prihvat
 1973. Branko Ružić: Tahijev križ, Robert Dubourg: Dijalog, Hiroshi Mikami: Hod Sunca
 1974. Belizar Bahorić: Prodor kroz vrijeme, Bogdan Bogdanović: Adonis, Oto Logo: Totem
 1975. Kosta Agneli–Radovani: Dunja, Ana Bešlić: Plod, Šime Vulas: Jedra
 1976. Ante Jakić – Sony: Praotac, Petar Hadži Boškov: Slojevi, Nino Cassani: Kotač vremena
 1977. Olga Jančić: Labinski sklop, Miroslav Šutej: Kompozicija, Joško Eterović: Kvadrat, Michael S. Prentice: Oblak
 1978. Raoul Goldoni: U dosluhu, Vlasta Tihec–Zorko: Obuhvat, Lorenzo Frechilla Del Rey: Gradivna
 1979. Zdenko Kolacio: Skulptura i prostor, Zlatko Zlatić: Kornjača, Ante Marinović: Sisato more
 1982. Dušan Džamonja: 92/M, Mira Jurišić Krković: Forma, Zoran Bogdanović: Bez Naziva
 1983. Marija Ujević-Galetović: Tron Ivana Kožarića, Tomislav Kauzlarić: Odavde do vječnosti i natrag, Zlatko Čular: Učka, Josef Wyss: Putanja Života
 1984. Ratko Petrić: Dvije, Negovan Nemec: Kamenu u čast, Guerino Ruba: Torzo, Tomislav Kauzlarić: Dimnjak
 1985. Mate Čvrljak: Odmor, Jozef Jankovič: Prodor, Ljubomir Denković: Trijada
 1987. Milun Vidić: Bez naziva, Gualtiero Mocenni: L'arco di trionfo improbabile / Neizvediv slavoluk pobjede, Ljubomir de Karina: Veliki prodor I
 1988. Želimir Janeš: Glagoljica, Galliano Zanco: Lanterna
 1989. Petar Barišić: Drvo-ptica, Peruško Bogdanić: Keopsov san
 1990. Jasna Bogdanović: Čekanje, Gail Morris: Torzo, Um Tai Jung: Slojevita
 1991. Mladen Mikulin: Na klupi
 1992. Ljubomir De Karina: Prodor Dubrova
 1993. Slavomir Drinković: Između neba i zemlje, Zvonimir Kamenar: Kralj i Kraljica, Juraj Gavula: Grunt
 1994. Vladimir Gašparić Gapa: Portal, Zoltan Pal: Fontana
 1995. Josip Diminić: Put do oltara u prolazu, Jozef Janković: Raspelo
 1996. Vasko Lipovac: Perle, Mustafa Skopljak: Vretenasta forma, Mate Čvrljak: Portal
 1998. Đanino Božić: Veliki arhiv, Nane Zavagno: Obitelj
 1999. Takahashi Kondo: Značenje nule
 2000. Alfonso Berridi: Jedna noć u Labinu, Tomislav Vončina: Tri plus
 2001. Joost Barbiers: Kuća Svjetla
 2002. Alem Korkut: Karijatida, Gianpetro Carlesso: Sjećanje otoka
 2003. Josip Diminić: Amfiteatar Dolac
 2006. Neven Bilić: Prijeklop
 2007. Petar Dolić: Vrata u bolju budućnost
 2016. Božica Dea Matasić: Kula pogleda
 2017. Ivan Fijolić: Replika
 2020. Denis Krašković: Puž
 2021. Emil Bobanović Ćolić: Dodir, Eros Čakić: Vrata nevere, Mirko Zrinšćak: Albona Fuga Jurin, Siniša Majkus: Dimnjak
 2022. Marina Bauer: Gaia, Stefan Esterbauer: Karst

Bijela cesta
Bijela cesta je prostorno umjetnički projekt. Radi se o šetnici - cesti, koja se nastavlja etapno, a svaku etapu osmišljava drugi autor. Prolazi središtem Parka skulptura. U tom projektu sudjelovalo je 16 autora čiji se radovi odmotavaju u hodu nekadašnjim putem od dvora obitelji Franković, preko njihovih pašnjaka do vinogorja, u 16 dionica dužine po 25 metara, a širine 4 metara. Od prve dionice cestovnog mozaika kiparice Dore Kovačević 1997. godine do Oranice Josipa Diminića 2011. Prve dionice ceste radili su suradnički tandemi (umjetnici i arhitekti) dok su kasnije etape radili umjetnici samostalno. Tehničku podršku pružali su majstori kamenoklesari i kamenoklesarske tvrtke. Bijela cesta nalazi se na mjestu nekadašnjeg puta koji je spajao stanciju obitelji Franković s njihovim vinogorjem. Na svakoj dionici Bijele ceste uklesani su podaci o autoru i godini nastanka.

Kronologija Bijele ceste:
 1997. Dora Kovačević: Put
 1998. Nikola Džaja: Tragovi – u potrazi za izgubljenim vremenom
 1999. Ivan Briski:  Bez naziva
 2000. Quintino Bassani: Sjena čempresa
 2001. Zdravko Milić: Tehnodrom, Peruško Bogdanić: Putovanje barbara
 2002. Mojca Smerdu: Dio nas
 2003. Dušan Džamonja: Dubrova ide dalje
 2004. Edo Murtić: Krošnje Dubrove
 2005. Julije Knifer: Meandar
 2006. Ivan Kožarić: Andautonijska cesta
 2007. Šime Perić: Ritam protoka
 2008. Ante Rašić: U iščekivanju kiše
 2009. Eugen Kokot: Dan i noć Bijele ceste
 2010. Ivan Picelj: Bijela cesta u negativu
 2011. Josip Diminić: Oranica

Amfiteatar Dolac
Amfiteatar Dolac, jednostavno ali reprezentativno zdanje s počasnim mjestom u Parku, zamisao je Josipa Diminića. Nastalo je po uzoru na grčke amfiteatre. Prirodna udolina prefigurirana je i oblikovana u kružnu formu s ravnim podijem u sredini oko kojeg se stepenasto uzdiže gledalište sa sjedalima složenim od kamenih ploča.
Njegova je gradnja započela 2001. godine, a trajala je sve do 2003. Tijekom izgradnje otkrivena je i stara vapnenica (japnenica) koja služi kao kulisa pri izvedbi programa, umjetničkih performansa, koncerata, predstava i raznih događanja za posjetitelje Parka.

Izvori

Parkovi u Hrvatskoj
Istra
Labin

Park skulptura Dubrova


Morten Madsen (født 1596 i København, død 16. eller 17. oktober 1643) var en dansk biskop.

Morten Madsens fader, Mads Nielsen, var bager; 1613 blev han student, var udenlands i 1618 og 1619, da han vides at have disputeret i Wittenberg; magistergraden tog han 1621 ved Københavns Universitet, var en kort Tid rektor i Sorø og tillige lærer for nogle af kongens og Kirstine Munks børn. Det har vel været som et slags honorar derfor, at han allerede 1622 blev udnævnt til slotspræst på Frederiksborg, hvorfra han 1624 forfremmedes til kongelig konfessionarius, i hvilken egenskab han fulgte med kongen i de første år af hans uheldige tyske felttog.

I 1627 blev han direkte af kongen beskikket til biskop i Aarhus Stift, men det synes, at han snart ikke var så vel anskreven på højere steder som tidligere; han fik flere gange tilrettevisninger, dels fordi han skulle have været ligegyldig i sit embede, således ved ikke at visitere tilstrækkelig hyppig, dels fordi han skulle have gjort sig skyldig i overgreb. Måske har han ikke været så ivrig, som kongen kunne ønske, når der, hvad flere gange skete, blev pålagt ham det delikate hverv at være budbringer mellem kongen og Kirstine Munk, som opholdt sig på Boller i hans stift. I 1634 disputerede han for den teologiske doktorgrad, og han skal især have været kyndig i de østerlandske sprog, men hans forfattervirksomhed er uden betydning.

I 1623 blev han gift med Kirstine Hansdatter, som var født 1602 i Helsingør af forældrene borgmester Hans Villumsen og Ingeborg Frederiksdatter Leiel, der hørte til den helsingørske patricierslægt Leiel. Det er unøjagtigt, når Mogens Madsen undertiden benævnes Leiel; således skrev han sig aldrig selv, hvorimod hans 2 sønner senere antog navnet i den latinske form Lælius.

Biskoppen og hans familie havde mange fjender, således klokkeren ved Domkirken; den satiriske forfatter Hans Skaaning, og lensmanden i Aarhus Erik Grubbe; måske er der dog blevet gjort denne sidste uret, når det er blevet sagt, at hans vrede især stammede fra, at alle de forførelsens kunstgreb, han øvede mod bispens smukke datter, ikke lykkedes, og at han så ville hævne sig ved at beskylde hendes mand, præsten i Aarhus Christen Nielsen Bundtz, for at have stået i utilbørligt forhold til bispinden, altså hans svigermoder.

Men forhåbentlig er også alle de beskyldninger, der blev rettede imod hende, grundløse; thi de gik ud på intet mindre end både utugt og blodskam, fosterfordrivelse og barnemord samt trolddom, hvorved hun skulle have forhekset sin mand, så han gik fra forstanden, ja måske endog have voldet hans død.

Denne sag endte med, at en herredagsdom 1649 frifandt bispinden. Hun døde 4. maj 1672 i København, "agtet og æret", hedder det et sted udtrykkelig. Biskoppen havde været en velhavende mand, hvis formue blev anslået til 30000 daler; men ved de sammenstødende ulykker, krigen og processen, smeltede den sammen til næsten intet.

Kilder

Biskopper over Århus Stift
Danskere i 1600-tallet
Personer fra København
Kongelige konfessionarii fra Danmark

Morten Madsen (biskop)


Quaquapitzahuac [kʷaːkʷaʍpiˈtsaːwak] († 1417.) bio je kralj aztečkog grada Tlatelolca. Osnovao je kraljevsku dinastiju 1376. godine. Na mjesto vladara (tlatoani) postavio ga je otac, kralj Tezozomoc.

Gospa Acxocueitl udala se za Quaquapitzahuaca te je par imao sina Tlacateotla, kao i kćeri zvane Matlalatzin i Huacaltzintli. Quaquapitzahuac je bio punac Chimalpopoce te djed princa Tezozomoca.

Izvori

Životopisi, Meksiko

Quaquapitzahuac


La Estación Ferroviaria de Vila Franca das Naves, también conocida como Estación de Vila Franca das Naves, es una plataforma ferroviaria de la línea de Beira Alta, que sirve a parroquias de Vila Franca das Naves, en el distrito de Guarda, en Portugal.

Características

Localización y accesos
Se encuentra junto a la localidad de Vila Franca das Naves, teniendo acceso por la Avenida de la Estación.

Descripción física
Poseía, en enero de 2011, dos vías de circulación, con 499 y 358 metros de longitud; las dos plataformas tenía 283 y 346 metros de extensión, y 30 y 40 centímetros de altura.

Historia
La Estación se inserta en el tramo entre Pampilhosa y Vilar Formoso de la línea de Beira Alta, que fue abierto, de forma provisional, el 1 de julio de 1882; la línea fue totalmente inaugurada, entre Figueira da Foz y la frontera con España, el 3 de agosto del mismo año, por la Compañía de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses de Beira Alta.

En noviembre de 2005, se produjo el descarrilamiento de una composición de mercancías, a la salida de esta estación, siendo suspendida la circulación en la línea de Beira Alta.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Villa Franca Naves
Villa Franca Naves
Trancoso

Estación de Vila Franca das Naves


Charlotte von Rönne (født Charlotte Lund 18. september 1979) er en dansk tidligere professionel springrytter.

Charlotte von Rönne har været aktiv inden for hesteverdenen, siden hun var 11 år, både som ponyrytter og senere junior- og ungrytter.

I dag er hun bosat i Tyskland, hvor hun arbejder som selvstændig med avl-, sports- og salgsstald.

Privatliv
Hun giftede sig med sin træner, Søren von Rönne, tilbage i 2012. Sammen har de sønnen Christian fra maj 2014. Hun er datter af den tidligere landsholdsspiller i fodbold Flemming Lund og søster til blogger og springrytter Tina Lund.

Referencer

Springryttere
Ryttere fra Danmark

Charlotte Lund


The University of Buenos Aires (, UBA) is a public research university in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Established in 1821, it is the premier institution of higher learning in the country and one of the most prestigious universities of Ibero-America. It has educated 17 Argentine presidents, produced four of the country's five Nobel Prize laureates, and is responsible for approximately 40% of the country's research output. The QS World University Rankings currently ranks UBA at number 7 in the Spanish-speaking world.

The university's academic strength and regional leadership make it attractive to many international students, especially at the postgraduate level. Just over 4 percent of undergraduates are foreigners, while 15 percent of postgraduate students come from abroad. The Faculty of Economic Sciences has the highest rate of international postgraduate students at 30 percent, in line with its reputation as a "top business school with significant international influence."

The University of Buenos Aires enrolls more than 328,000 students and is organized into 13 independent faculties. It administers 6 hospitals, 16 museums, 13 scientific institutes, interdisciplinary commissions, 5 high schools, the Ricardo Rojas Cultural Center, the Cosmos Cinema, the University of Buenos Aires Symphony Orchestra, and Eudeba (Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires), the country's largest university press.

Undergraduate programs at the University of Buenos Aires are free of charge for everyone, regardless of nationality. Tuition from postgraduate programs helps fund the UBA's social mission to provide free university education for all.

History

Early years

Unlike other major cities in the Spanish Colonial Americas, Buenos Aires did not count with a university of its own during colonial times. The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was relatively less important compared to other regions in Spanish South America, as most economic activity was based around the Andes range. Cultural and educational work in Buenos Aires was carried out by members of the Company of Jesus, and within the viceroyalty, Córdoba, Chuquisaca, and Santiago de Chile already counted with universities.

Following the May Revolution in 1810 and Argentina's Declaration of Independence in 1816, the push for a university in the capital of the newly independent nation strengthened. On 12 August 1821, the University of Buenos Aires was officially founded through a decree by Governor Martín Rodríguez. At the university's inaugural act, the cleric and statesman Antonio Sáenz was appointed as the first Rector.

During the university's early years of existence, the conflict between proponents of a laicist approach to the university's education and defendants of the traditional religious approach divided students and professors alike. From the start, existing institutions were merged into the university in order to guarantee a high level of professionalism and organization: courses on mathematics, drawing, nautic sciences and natural history were transferred from the Consulate of Buenos Aires, the Military Medical Institute and the  Colegio de la Unión del Sud. In addition, law professors and courses were incorporated from the Academia de Jurisprudencia. This allowed the university to begin imparting medicine and law degrees from the moment of its foundation.

Developments in the mid-19th century
Free access to the university was suspended during the rule of caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas, and the number of students decreased considerably. Budget cuts imposed by Rosas's government meant professors were no longer being paid, and the Department of Exact Sciences was nearly forced to close down. During this period, Francisco Javier Muñiz began making the first strides in the field of paleontology in Argentina, and became dean of the Faculty of Medicine. The situation normalized following the fall of Rosas at the Battle of Caseros in 1852. The new government of the State of Buenos Aires made bettering the university's conditions a priority; the political elites began seeing higher education as a necessary part of the country's upcoming consolidation and stabilization stages.

In 1863, the university established the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires; the Escuela Superior de Comercio followed in 1890. In 1869, the first twelve Argentine engineers graduated from the University of Buenos Aires; they would henceforth be known as the "Twelve Apostles". Among them was Valentín Balbín, who would become president of the Sociedad Científica Argentina. In 1891, the department of natural sciences took the name of Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, and, in 1896, a special doctorate for chemistry was also established. By 1909, UBA had also created the faculties of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, as well as the Instituto de Altos Estudios Comerciales y de Ciencias Económicas.

The federalization of Buenos Aires in 1881 made the university dependent of the Argentine national state. During the Generation of '80, a period marked by the conservative elitism of Argentina's political class, the University of Buenos Aires made great progress in its scientific research, as the governing elites followed the ideals of positivism and scientificism popular in the late 19th century. The 1880s were also marked by the university's first women graduates, Élida Passo (pharmacy) and Cecilia Grierson (medicine). These were, however, still exceptions to the rule in an otherwise male-dominated environment, as it fit the customs of Argentine society at the time.

University Reform of 1918

The newfound prosperity experienced by Argentina at the turn of the 20th century allowed the children of (primarily European) immigrants, the new Argentine middle class, to attend university for the first time. In June 1918, a political and cultural movement impulsed by students at the National University of Córdoba caused a shockwave across Latin America: students were now protesting for further autonomy in universities, democratically elected authorities and co-governance, and open contests for teaching positions. The reform set up the freedom for universities to define their own curriculum and manage their own budget without interference from the central government. This has had a profound effect on academic life at the universities through the nationalization process that boasts academic freedom and independence throughout university life.

The University Reform granted UBA (as well as all other public universities in Argentina) one of the key features of its institutional life, maintained up to this day: co-governed, democratically elected institutions and authorities.

In 1923, Ernesto de la Cárcova, a fine arts painter and academic professor, created the Extension Department of Fine Arts Education, known as the Superior Art School of the Nation in Spanish "Escuela Nacional Superior de las Artes", previously guilded in 1905 as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905,  taking its long origins from the 1875 founding of the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts by painters Eduardo Schiaffino, Eduardo Sívori, and others. Since 1993, this Arts Extension Department became an independent institution known as IUNA Instituto Universitario de las Artes, then in 2014 becoming the Collegiate University UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes.

1940s–1960s
The university's co-governance and autonomy were suspended during the presidency of Juan Domingo Perón, beginning in 1946. Perón's government also made access to public universities completely free of cost, through Decree 29.337, in November 1949. This represented the beginning of unrestricted access to culture, higher education and professionalization for the working class. From 1935 to 1955, the number of students enrolled at UBA grew from 12,000 to 71,823.

The 1940s also saw the creation of the Faculty of Dentistry and the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, both through laws passed through the National Congress.

The 1955 Revolución Libertadora re-established the university's autonomy and co-governance, but also persecuted peronists and leftists within the university, leading to the expulsion and exile of hundreds of professors. Blacklists for university professors were established, and UBA was among the most affected institutions. Further repression and persecution followed during the dictatorship of Juan Carlos Onganía, which intervened all universities and applied censorship to much of the universities' contents. On 29 July 1966, following a student-led occupation of five of UBA's faculties, state authorities dislodged the legitimately-elected authorities of said faculties and violently removed students, graduates and professors from the premises. The students were protesting the 1966 coup d'état, which had deposed constitutional president Arturo Illia. The event would be known as the Night of the Long Batons ().

The Night of the Long Batons ended with over 400 people detained, and several laboratories and libraries destroyed by state authorities. In the months that followed, hundreds of professors were fired or forced to leave their positions. Many went into exile: in total, it is estimated 301 professors, of which 215 were researchers, left Argentina following the events of 29 July 1966.

1970s
The return of Juan Domingo Perón to power through democratic elections in 1973 marked the beginning of a new age for the University of Buenos Aires. In 1974, a new law (Ley 20.654) mandated all national and public universities' right to academic autonomy and administrative and economy autarky. In contradiction with the university autonomy law, Perón's wife and successor, Isabel Perón, appointed professed fascist Alberto Ottalagano as interventor of the university in 1974. Ottalagano launched a fierce campaign of persecution within the university, targeting students and professors suspected of being sympathizers of the Peronist Left. During Ottalagano's administration, up to 4000 professors were fired (including Nobel in Chemistry laureate Luis Federico Leloir), and four students were disappeared by the State.

An enhanced period of state terrorism followed the 1976 coup d'état, which brought to power the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process. Professors and students were disappeared regardless of their political affiliations, as public universities were suspected of being "breeding grounds" for leftist sympathizers and subversives. In addition, the university's research production and curricula were subject to systemic censorship, and hundreds upon thousands of books were burned (including up to 90,000 books published by Eudeba, UBA's own university press). The dictatorship overran the principles of co-governance and established entrance exams, diminished entrance quotas, eradicated free education, and suspended entire degrees. All of the university's buildings and establishments were put under surveillance by state security forces.

1980s to the present day
The university's autonomy and co-governance were re-established with the return of democracy in 1983. In 1985, the university established the Ciclo Básico Común (CBC; "Common Basic Cycle"), a fixed set of subjects that all aspiring UBA students must approve in order to become enrolled at the university. The CBC replaced the old entrance exams and sought to even the playing field for all students. That same year, the Faculty of Psychology was established, becoming the 12th faculty of the university.

In addition, in 1985 an agreement was signed between the university and the Federal Penitentiary System, creating what would later become the UBA XXII system. UBA XXII allows all people detained at federal prisons to enroll at UBA and study graduate courses whilst deprived of freedom. In 1988, the Faculty of Social Sciences was established, becoming the youngest faculty at UBA.

Organization

The University of Buenos Aires is made up of thirteen self-governing faculties (), which impart a number of graduate and post-graduate courses (). Although not a faculty, the university also counts with the Ciclo Básico Común (CBC, "Common Basic Cycle"), a fixed set of subjects that all aspiring UBA students must pass in order to access any graduate course in the university, and that replaced entrance exams in 1985.

UBA does not count with a single, unified campus. All of its facilities are spread out throughout the City of Buenos Aires, with some (especially branches of the CBC) based in the Greater Buenos Aires metro area. The Ciudad Universitaria ("University City") complex, located in the Núñez neighborhood along the banks of the Río de la Plata, is the closest thing to a centralized campus UBA has, housing the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism, a CBC branch, and various research institutes.

The faculties are:

The Faculty of Economic Sciences is the largest of the UBA's constituent colleges, with over 36,000 students. In recent years, the Faculty of Medicine has attracted the most new students, with 17,004 new enrollees in 2018 compared to the 7,584 new students the Faculty of Economic Sciences added that same year.

In addition to the thirteen faculties, the university administers 6 hospitals, 16 museums, 13 scientific institutes, 6 interdisciplinary commissions, 5 high schools (Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini, Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza, Escuela Agropecuaria y Agroalimentaria, and Escuela de Educación Técnica de Villa Lugano), the Centro Cultural Ricardo Rojas, the Cosmos Cinema, the University of Buenos Aires Symphony Orchestra, and Eudeba (Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires), Argentina's largest university press.

Administration and governance

Since the 1918 University Reform, the University of Buenos Aires has been ruled by the principle of co-governance. The university is headed by the Rector and the Consejo Superior ("Superior Council"). The Consejo Superior is made up of the rector, the deans of the thirteen faculties, and five representatives for each of the three constituent bodies in the university: professors, students and graduates, rounding up to 29 members. Deans and all other representatives of the Consejo Superior are elected every four years in democratic elections in which all professors, students and graduates of the university must partake.

Each of the thirteen faculties is autonomous and self-governed. The faculties have a similar governing system: each of them counts with a democratically elected dean and a Consejo Directivo ("Directive Council"). The faculties' directive councils are made up of eight representatives for the professors,  four representatives for the student body, and four representatives for the graduates. The Rector is elected every four years by the University Assembly (Asamblea Universitaria), made up of all members of the Consejo Superior and all members of the directive councils of all thirteen faculties. Since 2022, the Rector of the University of Buenos Aires has been Ricardo Gelpi.

In addition to the Consejo Superior and directive councils, students in all thirteen faculties count with student unions ("Centro de Estudiantes"), which are also democratically elected by students and are organized into the Federación Universitaria de Buenos Aires (FUBA). The FUBA is part of the Argentine University Federation.

In the 21st century, diverse political forces have vyed for power across all of these democratically elected institutions. Historically, rectors have belonged to the "reformist" camp, closely related to the Radical Civic Union and its student wing, Franja Morada. Peronists and supporters of the Trotskyist left, organized into several different groups and organizations within each of the faculties, have also historically participated in the university's political life.

Rankings and reputation
The QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Buenos Aires as 66th in the world in 2021. THE's World Reputation Rankings 2020 placed it in the 176–200 range, whereas it is not listed in the performance-based THE World University Rankings.

Notable alumni

Throughout its history, a sizeable number of UBA alumni have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. Among them are four of Argentina's five Nobel Prize laureates, seventeen presidents of Argentina, and several other notable individuals in various fields, including sciences, business, literature, philosophy, law, medicine, the arts, architecture, and others. Many more are further associated to the university as faculty or through research at UBA institutes and dependencies.

Politics
Seventeen Argentine presidents have attended the University of Buenos Aires: Carlos Pellegrini, Luis Sáenz Peña, José Evaristo Uriburu, Manuel Quintana, Roque Sáenz Peña, Victorino de la Plaza, Hipólito Yrigoyen, Marcelo T. de Alvear, Agustín P. Justo, Roberto Ortiz, Ramón Castillo, Arturo Frondizi, Arturo Illia, Raúl Alfonsín, Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Eduardo Duhalde, and Alberto Fernández. All of them, save for Justo, an engineer, and Illia, a physician, were educated at the Faculty of Law. Manuel Quintana also served as rector of the university, while Alberto Fernández taught courses on criminal law at the graduate level for many years before being elected to the presidency.

Many political leaders and relevant figures have also been educated at UBA, such as the Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara, who enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine in 1948. Several government ministers of Argentina have received their degrees at UBA, such as the foreign ministers José Luis Murature, Ángel Gallardo (also a Rector of UBA), Bonifacio del Carril, Miguel Ángel Zavala Ortiz, Juan Atilio Bramuglia, Susana Ruiz Cerutti, Guido di Tella, Adalberto Rodríguez Giavarini, Carlos Ruckauf, and Santiago Cafiero. Economy ministers of diverse political views and pertaining to different economic schools of thought have also earned their degrees at UBA; among them José Martínez de Hoz, Roberto Lavagna, Axel Kicillof, and Nicolás Dujovne.

José Pedro Montero, the 27th president of Paraguay, was educated at UBA.

Law
A number of relevant jurists have earned their law degrees at the UBA Faculty of Law. Carlos Saavedra Lamas, noted academic and jurist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1936, earned his law degree at UBA and served as rector of the university from 1941 to 1943. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, earned his degree in 1978. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda judge Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca is also a UBA alumna and former faculty, having taught courses on International Private Law since 2001. Several ministers of the Supreme Court of Argentina have been UBA alumni as well, such as Enrique S. Petracchi, Carlos Fayt, Carmen Argibay, Elena Highton de Nolasco, and Carlos Rosenkrantz. Mariela Belski, Executive Director of Amnesty International Argentina is also a UBA alumni. Prominent legal philosopher Eugenio Bulygin earned his law degree and his PhD at the UBA Faculty of Law, where he also taught throughout his career. Teodosio César Brea, founder of the prominent Allende & Brea law firm, graduated UBA and taught courses at the Faculty of Law as well. Valeria Vegh Weis, criminologist, criminal attorney, and university professor, was also educated at UBA.

Medicine

The University of Buenos Aires has produced several relevant figures in the field of medicine. Two Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureates have been educated at UBA: Bernardo Houssay (1947) and César Milstein (1984). Houssay's work was carried out at the UBA-affiliated Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, while Milstein received degree from the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences.

Élida Passo (1867–1893), the first Argentine woman to be a pharmacist and South American woman university graduate, earned her UBA degree in 1885. The first woman to receive a medical degree in Argentina, Cecilia Grierson, did so at the UBA Faculty of Medicine in 1889. Other prominent physicians educated at UBA include public sanitarist Ramón Carrillo, Teresa Ratto, surgeon Juan Rosai, Luis Agote, dentist Ricardo Guardo (credited as the founder of the UBA Faculty of Dentistry), geneticist Primarosa Chieri, and pharmacologist Augusto Claudio Cuello, professor at McGill University in Canada.

Business
Prominent businesspeople educated at the University of Buenos Aires include oil tycoon Alejandro Bulgheroni, and his brother, Bridas Corporation CEO Carlos Bulgheroni; agri-business executive Andrea Grobocopatel, and sugar magnate Robustiano Patrón Costas. The university has also produced many successful startup founders. Unicorn startups founded by the University of Buenos Aires's alumni raised the most money in venture capital funding in the Latin American region in 2020.

Engineer and manufacturer Horacio Anasagasti, who created the first Argentine-produced car (the Anasagasti), graduated from the UBA Faculty of Engineering aged 23 in 1902.

Mathematics and science

A number of prominent scientists in diverse fields have been educated at the University of Buenos Aires; many of them have also taught classes and have conducted research at UBA. Luis Federico Leloir, Argentina's first Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate for his discovery of the metabolic pathways in lactose, earned his degree at the Faculty of Medicine in 1932, and attended classes at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences early into his career as well. In the field of chemistry, UBA also educated Silvia Braslavsky, who worked extensively in the domain of photobiology and was senior research scientist and professor at the Max Planck Institute for Radiation Chemistry.

UBA has also produced a number of prominent biologists, especially in the field of Antarctic marine biology. Among these are Irene Schloss and Viviana Alder. Patricia Ortúzar, geographist and vice chair of the Antarctic Committee for Environmental Protection, also received her degree from the University of Buenos Aires. Neuroscientist, Turing Fellow and Cambridge University lecturer Tristan Bekinschtein is a FCEN UBA graduate.

Mathematicians educated at UBA include Graciela Boente, researcher of robust statistics; Alberto Calderón, co-creator of the "Chicago School of (hard) Analysis"; Luis Caffarelli, whose work focuses on partial differential equations; Alicia Dickenstein, known for her work on toric geometry, tropical geometry, and their applications to biological systems; Miguel Walsh, known for his work in number theory and ergodic theory.

Other prominent UBA scientists include pioneering computer scientist Cecilia Berdichevsky, ecologist Enrique Chaneton, molecular biologist Alberto Kornblihtt, physicist Beatriz Susana Cougnet de Roederer, biologist María Fernanda Ceriani, and solar physicist and former CONICET president, Marta Graciela Rovira.

Philosophy and social sciences

UBA has produced a number of important thinkers and researchers in the fields of social science and philosophy. Raúl Prebisch, creator of the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis and a major proponent of dependency theory, studied economy at the Faculty of Economic Sciences. Social anthropologist Esther Hermitte, credited with introducing structural-functionalist anthropology in Argentina, was a Faculty of Philosophy and Letters alumna, as was post-marxist theorist Ernesto Laclau.

Political scientist Guillermo O'Donnell studied law at UBA and later pursued a political science degree in the United States; today, he is credited as a major influence in Argentine political science. Sociologist and political activist Pilar Calveiro began her studies at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, before the creation of the Faculty of Social Sciences in 1988. Former British spy Richard Tomlinson studied political science at UBA during his stay in Argentina.

In the field of psychoanalysis, Faculty of Psychology alumna Alicia Beatriz Casullo is known for being the founder and first head of the Sociedad Argentina de Psicoanálisis.

Architecture
The University of Buenos Aires has produced a number of prominent architects, renown both nationwide and internationally. Clorindo Testa, pioneer of the brutalist movement in Argentina, earned his degree at the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism (FADU) in 1948. The rationalist Alberto Prebisch earned his degree at the School of Architecture (predecessor of FADU) in 1921; he would later become dean of FADU in 1955. New York-based urban design theorist Diana Agrest graduated from FADU in 1967. Other known UBA-educated architects include Claudio Vekstein, organic architecture proponent Patricio Pouchulu, and the Uruguayan Rafael Viñoly, who designed the Cero+infinito building at the Ciudad Universitaria complex, finished in 2022.

Arts, literature and film

Writers associated with UBA include the novelist and short story writer Julio Cortázar, one of the founders of the Latin American Boom. Cortázar began a philosophy degree aged 18, but did not complete it due to financial woes. The poet and critic Jorge Fondebrider studied literature at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, and later served as director of the UBA-owned Centro Cultural Ricardo Rojas. The Manipulated Man author Esther Vilar, and the poet and translator Alejandra Pizarnik, were also educated at UBA.

After receiving a degree in Natural Sciences from the university, Alicia Jurado wrote biographies of William Henry Hudson, Cunninghame Graham , and Jorge Luis Borges. The short story writer Samanta Schweblin studied film design at UBA. Elena Presser also began her studies at the University of Buenos Aires, as did film director Juan Cabral.

Media
The university operates its own radio station, Radio Universidad de Buenos Aires, broadcast on the FM 87.9 MHz frequency. Its content is mostly oriented toward academic and social topics. Launched on 20 December 2005 after being authorized by AFSCA, its motto is El saber está en el aire ("Knowledge is in the air").

See also

 Education in Argentina
 List of Argentine universities
 Argentine university reform of 1918
 Science and technology in Argentina

References

External links

 Study in Argentina: argentine government website for international students

1821 establishments in Argentina
Argentine national universities
Education in Buenos Aires
Educational institutions established in 1821
Universities in Buenos Aires Province

University of Buenos Aires


Chihuahua ist eine Ortschaft in Uruguay.

Geographie
Sie befindet sich auf dem Gebiet des Departamento Maldonado in dessen Sektor 1 an der Küste des Río de la Plata. Chihuahua liegt einige Kilometer westlich der Departamento-Hauptstadt Maldonado und grenzt im Osten an Punta Ballena. Nächster Ort in westlicher Richtung ist Ocean Park. Im Westen des Ortes mündet der Arroyo El Potrero, während im Nordosten bzw. Norden Arboretum Lussich und Laguna del Sauce gelegen sind.

Infrastruktur

Verkehr
Durch Chihuahua führt die Ruta 10, die Verlängerung der Ruta Interbalnearia. Nördlich ist der Flughafen Capitán de Corbeta Carlos A. Curbelo zu finden.

Einwohner
Chihuahua hatte 2011 37 Einwohner, davon 14 männliche und 23 weibliche.

Quelle: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Weblinks
 Stadtplan von Chihuahua (PDF; 217 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Departamento Maldonado

Chihuahua (Uruguay)


Rainbow a fost o formație de fete din Coreea de Sud înființată în 2009 de DSP Media. Grupul era format din șapte membre sud-coreene: Woori, Seungah, Jaekyung, Noeul, Yoonhye, Jisook și Hyunyoung. Și-au lansat EP-ul de debut Gossip Girl pe 12 noiembrie 2009. La 27 octombrie 2016, grupul s-a desființat oficial să se desființeze, după ce niciuna din membre nu și-a reînnoit contractul.

Discografie
Gossip Girl (2009)
So Girls (2011)
Rainbow Syndrome (2013)
RB Blaxx (2014)
Innocent (2015)
Prism (2016)

Formații K-pop
Formații sud-coreene
Septete muzicale
Formații muzicale fondate în 2009
Desființări în 2016

Rainbow (formație K-Pop)


El Aeropuerto de Samara-Smyshliayevka (ruso: Аэропорт Смышляевка; código IATA , ICAO: UWWS) es un aeropuerto civil situado a unos 15 km al este de Samara, en el óblast de Samara, Rusia. Se encuentra en la microrregión "Aeroport-2", que limita con la ciudad. Al este del aeródromo está el poblado de Smyshliayevka, que le da nombre.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR del Aeropuerto Internacional de Samara-Kurúmoch (ICAO: UWWW).

Pista

El aeropuerto de Samara-Smyshliayevka dispone de una pista de asfalto en dirección 03/21 de 1.203x45 m. (3.947x148 pies). Existen otras tres pistas de tierra en diferentes direcciones (ver ficha).

El pavimento es del tipo PCN 12/F/C/Y/T.

Historia

Entre los años 1936 y 1940 el aeropuerto estaba instalado dentro de los límites de la ciudad, en lo que en la actualidad es la "calle del aeródromo", situada unos 10 km al sudoeste de la localización actual.

El aeropuerto, en su ubicación actual, fue fundado en el año 1940. La primera pista era de hormigón, con unas dimensiones de 750x45 m. Durante los años 50 fue alargada hasta alcanzar los 1200 m. Entre los años 1940 y 1960 el aeropuerto no solo tuvo un uso civil sino también militar.

Hasta 1960 era el aeropuerto principal de Kúibyshev (la actual Samara). A partir de la construcción del nuevo aeropuerto de Kurúmoch, la mayor parte de los vuelos se trasladaron allí, dada la necesidad de dar cabida a aviones a reacción de dimensiones y pesos mayores, que necesitan de pistas más largas. Smyshliayevka no tenía posibilidades de crecer ya que está limitado al norte por el ferrocarril, al sur por un valle anegadizo del río Samara, al oeste por el aeródromo de Bezymianka y al este por el poblado de Smyshliayevka.

Los vuelos regulares de pasajeros dejaron de efectuarse en 1980. En las últimas décadas las actividades del aeródromo se orientan a los trabajos aéreos de la región de Samara y zonas colindantes.

Desde los años 90 el aeropuerto es explotado por la sociedad por acciones "Compañía de Servicios Aéreos Especiales de Samara" (ruso: "ОАО Самарская компания авиации специального применения"), que utiliza aviones An-2 y helicópteros Mi-2 y Mi-8. Además, en el aeropuerto se basa el club ROSTO de aviación.

Desde el año 2002 y durante el mes de agosto de los años pares (2002, 2004, etc), se celebra en el aeropuerto un salón aeronáutico de aviación ligera.

Véase también
Aeropuerto Internacional de Samara-Kurúmoch
Aeródromo de Samara-Bezymianka
Aeródromo de Samara-Kriazh

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Características técnicas del aeropuerto - Índice de aeropuertos de Rusia (en inglés). Consultado el 17 de septiembre de 2011
 El Aeropuerto de Samara-Smyshliayevka en la base de datos de los aeropuertos rusos AviaPages.ru Fecha acceso: 17 de septiembre de 2011 (en ruso).
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos Samara en "Our Airports" (en inglés) Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2012

Samara-Smyshliayevka

Aeropuerto de Samara-Smyshliayevka


Quercus chapmanii, communément appelé le chêne Chapman, est une espèce de chêne qui pousse dans le sud-est des États-Unis.

Quercus chapmanii est un petit arbre atteignant occasionnellement une hauteur de 6 mètres mais généralement moins. Les feuilles n'ont parfois pas de lobes, parfois des lobes arrondis ondulés.

Le Quercus chapmanii se trouve dans les états de l'Alabama, de la Floride, de la Géorgie et de la Caroline du Sud.

Liste de références

Fagaceae

Quercus chapmanii


Syd-Norge (bokmål: Sør-Norge; nynorsk: Sør-Noreg) er en ofte anvendt betegnelse for den del af Norge, der er belliggende syd for fylket Nordland. Det består af landsdelene Trøndelag, Vestlandet, Sørlandet og Østlandet. Betegnelsen Syd-Norge må ej forveksles med Sørlandet.

Følgende 15 fylker (9 fra 1/1-2020) indgår i Syd-Norge: Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fordane, Hordaland, Rogaland, Vest-Agder, Aust-Agder, Telemark, Vestfold, Buskerud, Østfold, Akershus, Oslo, Hedmark og Oppland.

Befolkningen i Syd-Norge er på  indbyggere, hvilket svarer til mere end 90 procent af Norges samlede befolkning. Syd-Norges samlede areal er , hvilket er lige under 2/3 af det samlede fastlandsareal.

Trøndelag har traditionelt været betegnet som del af det «nordenfjeldske Norge» (Trøndelag og Nord-Norge). I dag er det mere normalt at bruge betegnelsen Midt-Norge om landsdelen og den nordligste del af Nordvestlandet.

Bemærk, at Midt-Norge er en del af Syd-Norge.

Se også

 Midt-Norge
 Nord-Norge

Norges geografi

Syd-Norge


Callithamnioideae, potporodica crvenih algi, dio porodice Callithamniaceae. Oko 150 vrsta u pet tribusa

Tribusi i rodovi

Potporodica Callithamnioideae De Toni
Tribus Callithamnieae F.Schmitz
Aglaothamnion Feldmann-Mazoyer
Aristoptilon Hommersand & W.A.Nelson
Aristothamnion J.Agardh
Callithamnion Lyngbye
Carpothamnion Kützing
Diapse Kylin
Euptilota (Kützing) Kützing
Falklandiella Kylin
Gaillona Bonnemaison
Georgiella Kylin
Heteroptilon Hommersand
Hirsutithallia Wollaston & Womersley
Nwynea Searles
Pseudospora Schiffner
Seirospora Harvey
Tribus Euptiloteae
Sciurothamnion De Clerck & Kraft
Tribus Gymnothamnieae M.Kajimura
Gymnothamnion J.Agardh
Tribus Perithamnieae Athanasiadis
Perithamnion J.Agardh
Scageliopsis E.M.Wollaston
Tribus Rhodocallideae M.H.Hommersand, S.M.Wilson, & G.T.Kraft
Psilothallia F.Schmitz
Rhodocallis Kützing

Izvori

Callithamniaceae

Callithamnioideae


النص الغربي هو أحد أنواع نصوص العهد الجديد في النقد النصي. يستخدم لوصف مجموعة ونوعية من المخطوطات الكتابية. يوجد النص الغربي للعهد الجديد في الترجمة اللاتينية من اليونانية وفي اقتباسات من بعض كتاب القرن الثاني والثالث مثل ترتليان وإرانيوس. لهذا النص عدة مميزات تظهر في الأناجيل وكتاب الأعمال ورسائل بولس. لا يوجد نوع غربي لنص الرسائل الكاثوليكية ورؤيا يوحنا.

أهم شواهد النص الغربي

انظر أيضا
 أصناف مخطوطات العهد الجديد
 النص الإسكندراني
 النص البيزنطي
 النص القيصري
 طبعة نستله ألاند

مراجع
 A.F.J. Klijn, A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts (1949-1959), Novum Testamentum, Volume 3, Numbers 1-2, 1959, pp. 1–53.
 بروس متزجر، بارت إيرمان, The Text Of The New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005.
 B. M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary On The New Testament: A Companion Voume To The United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 5*-6*.
Delobel J., Focus on the 'Western' Text in Recent Studies, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 1997 vol.73, pp. 401–410.

مواقع خارجية
 Western text at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
 The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923)
 The Western Non-Interpolations
 Hort's Theory of 'Western Non-Interpolations

أنواع نصوص العهد اليوناني
نسخ وترجمات الكتاب المقدس
نقد كتابي

نص غربي


La diócesis de San Diego ( y ) es una circunscripción eclesiástica de la Iglesia católica en Estados Unidos. Se trata de una diócesis latina, sufragánea de la arquidiócesis de Los Ángeles. Desde el 3 de marzo de 2015 su obispo es el cardenal Robert Walter McElroy.

Territorio y organización

La diócesis tiene 22 942 km² y extiende su jurisdicción sobre los fieles católicos de rito latino residentes en 2 condados del estado de California: San Diego y Imperial.

La sede de la diócesis se encuentra en la ciudad de San Diego, en donde se halla la Catedral de San José y la Misión San Diego de Alcalá.

En 2020 en la diócesis existían 97 parroquias.

Historia
La ciudad de San Diego fue la sede de la primera diócesis californiana, erigida el 27 de abril de 1840. La sede, el 20 de noviembre de 1849 se trasladó a Monterey y luego, a partir de 1859, a Los Ángeles.

La diócesis fue erigida el 11 de julio de 1936 con la bula Ad spirituale christianae del papa Pío XI, obteniendo el territorio de la arquidiócesis de Los Ángeles-San Diego, que a su vez asumió el nombre de arquidiócesis de Los Ángeles.

El 25 de marzo de 1941, con la carta apostólica Quae christifidelium, el papa Pío XII proclamó a la Santísima Virgen María, venerada con el título de Nuestra Señora del Refugio, y a San Diego como principales patronos de la diócesis.

El 14 de julio de 1978 cedió una parte de su territorio para la erección de la diócesis de San Bernardino mediante la bula Apostolici officii del papa Pablo VI..

La diócesis se declaró en bancarrota el 28 de febrero de 2007, después de que no pudo llegar a un acuerdo con numerosos demandantes por acusaciones de abuso sexual por parte del clero diocesano. El 7 de septiembre de ese año, la diócesis acordó pagar $198.1 millones para resolver 144 denuncias de abuso sexual infantil por parte de miembros del clero.

Estadísticas
Según el Anuario Pontificio 2021 la diócesis tenía a fines de 2020 un total de 1 400 677 fieles bautizados.

|- align="right"
| 1950 || 161 000 || 1 048 761 || 15.4 || 290 || 204 || 86 || 555 ||  || 86 || 440 || 163
|- align="right"
| 1966 || 328 908 || 2 541 910 || 12.9 || 498 || 375 || 123 || 660 ||  || 313 || 1033 || 302
|- align="right"
| 1970 || 659 925 || 2 639 700 || 25.0 || 512 || 437 || 75 || 1288 ||  || 135 || 920 || 162
|- align="right"
| 1976 || 567 326 || 2 904 897 || 19.5 || 457 || 363 || 94 || 1241 || 16 || 143 || 722 || 174
|- align="right"
| 1980 || 345 000 || 1 851 350 || 18.6 || 295 || 228 || 67 || 1169 || 33 || 83 || 505 || 87
|- align="right"
| 1990 || 474 186 || 2 493 200 || 19.0 || 348 || 258 || 90 || 1362 || 75 || 119 || 422 || 99
|- align="right"
| 1999 || 776 093 || 2 866 727 || 27.1 || 303 || 208 || 95 || 2561 || 82 || 22 || 354 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2000 || 836 997 || 2 965 528 || 28.2 || 380 || 282 || 98 || 2202 || 93 || 123 || 351 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2001 || 896 105 || 3 056 800 || 29.3 || 381 || 277 || 104 || 2351 || 104 || 128 || 355 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2002 || 901 172 || 2 956 195 || 30.5 || 372 || 270 || 102 || 2422 || 103 || 126 || 345 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2003 || 919 195 || 3 116 335 || 29.5 || 347 || 249 || 98 || 2648 || 102 || 121 || 310 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2004 || 930 379 || 3 041 195 || 30.6 || 330 || 234 || 96 || 2819 || 106 || 117 || 321 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2010 || 981 211 || 3 118 990 || 31.5 || 319 || 236 || 83 || 3075 || 114 || 113 || 271 || 99
|- align="right"
| 2014 || 982 183 || 3 124 081 || 31.4 || 300 || 215 || 85 || 3273 || 147 || 108 || 229 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2017 || 1 389 000 || 3 479 712 || 39.9 || 302 || 212 || 90 || 4599 || 148 || 124 || 194 || 98
|- align="right"
| 2020 || 1 400 677 || 3 525 191 || 39.7 || 285 || 202 || 83 || 4914 || 147 || 113 || 194 || 97
|- align="right"
|colspan=12 |<small>Fuente: Catholic-Hierarchy, que a su vez toma los datos del Anuario Pontificio.
|}

Episcopologio
 Charles Francis Buddy † (31 de octubre de 1936-5 de marzo de 1966 falleció)
 Francis James Furey † (5 de marzo de 1966 por sucesión-23 de mayo de 1969 nombrado arzobispo de San Antonio)
 Leo Thomas Maher † (22 de agosto de 1969-10 de julio de 1990 retirado)
 Robert Henry Brom † (10 de julio de 1990 por sucesión-18 de septiembre de 2013 retirado)
 Cirilo Flores † (18 de septiembre de 2013 por sucesión-6 de septiembre de 2014 falleció)
 Robert Walter McElroy, desde el 3 de marzo de 2015

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Ficha de la diócesis en www.gcatholic.org
 San Diego Office for Vocations
 San Diego Young Adult Ministries
 Catholic Charities, Diocese of San Diego

Diócesis de San Diego


Niuean pertains to anything of, from or related to Niue, an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean.
 A person from Niue, or of Niuean descent. (See Demographics of Niue)
 The Niuean language
 Niuean cuisine

See also

Language and nationality disambiguation pages

Niuean


عادل اسكندر فرج باحث وأكاديمي (ولد في 15 مارس 1977) متخصص في الإعلام في منطقة الشرق الأوسط. هو كندي من أصل مصري ولد في المملكة المتحدة ودرس في جامعات كندية وأمريكية. معظم دراساته تركز علي نظريات ما بعد الاستعمار وهو أحد مساندي النظم التغييرية في سياسة والتطبيق الاعلامي. كتب ونشر عدة دراسات وأبحاث أهمها مقالات عن الإذاعة العربية وأشهرها أول دراسة شاملة عن قناة الجزيرة الفضائية العربية.

أعماله
 Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network that is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism (2003), ISBN 0-8133-4149-3
 From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
 Is Al-Jazeera Alternative: Mainstreaming Alterity and Assmiliating Discourses of Dissent
 Lines in the Sand: Problematizing Arab Media in the Post-Taxonomic Era

مراجع

أساتذة جامعة جورجتاون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من إدنبرة
أكاديميون من إدنبرة
إسكتلنديون من أصل مصري
خريجو جامعة بيردو
خريجو جامعة دالهاوسي
خريجو جامعة كنتاكي
علماء مصريون
كتاب كويتيون
كتاب وكاتبات مصريون
كنديون من أصل مصري
مواليد 1397 هـ
مواليد 1977
مواليد في إدنبرة
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 20
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 21

عادل اسكندر


Osman al III-lea (în , 'Osmān-i sālis; ) a fost sultan al Imperiului Otoman din 1754 până în 1757.

Biografie
S-a născut în Palatul Edirne și a fost fratele mai mic al lui Mahmud I (1730-54) și fiul lui Mustafa al II-lea (1695-1703) și Valide Șehsuvar Sultan.

Scurta sa perioadă de domnie se distinge prin creșterea intoleranței față de non-musulmani (creștinii și evreii au fost obligați să poarte haine sau însemne distincte) și printr-un incendiu puternic petrecut în Istanbul. Mama sa a fost Șehsuvar Sultan, o sultană de origine sârbă.

Osman al III-lea a trăit cea mai mare parte a vieții sale ca prizonier în palat și, ca o consecință a faptului că a devenit sultan, a avut unele particularități de comportament. Spre deosebire de sultanii anteriori, el a urât muzica și i-a alungat pe toți muzicienii din palat. A murit în Palatul Topkapi din Istanbul.

Osman a fost semnatarul unui firman din 1757, care a păstrat status quo-ul mai multor locuri sfinte pentru creștini, musulmani și evrei.

Referințe

Legături externe

[58 de ani]

Nașteri în 1699
Decese în 1757
Sultani ai Imperiului Otoman

Osman al III-lea


Durlach (en español áurico, Durlaque) era una ciudad alemana, que ahora se ha convertido en el barrio mayor de Karlsruhe, en el estado de Baden-Wurtemberg.

Historia
Carlos II trasladó la capital de Pforzheim a Durlach en 1565, construyendo el palacio de Karlsburg. En 1689 la ciudad fue devastada e incendiada por las tropas francesas durante la guerra de los Nueve Años. El margrave Carlos Guillermo funda en 1715 la ciudad de Karlsruhe, situada a pocos kilómetros, trasladando allí su residencia tres años después.

Referencias

Karlsruhe

Durlach


El Museo Archivo de San Andrés de Llavaneras (en catalán Museu Arxiu de Sant Andreu de Llavaneres), en San Andrés de Llavaneras (Barcelona) España, tiene su sede en el edificio de Can Caralt, una masía del , Can Cassany, transformada en casa señorial por José de Caralt Argila en la segunda mitad del . Can Caralt acoge también el Archivo Municipal que contiene documentación desde el .

El Museo está integrado en la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona.

Fondo del museo
Cuenta con una colección etnográfica del campo y del hogar, una de radios y una de cámaras fotográficas y proyectores de fines del . La pinacoteca ocupa toda la primera planta del edificio y contiene obras de pintores relacionados con San Andrés de Llavaneras como los Masriera, Aureli Tolosa, Alexandre Cardunets, Joaquim Vancells, Rafael Durancamps y Opisso, además de un fondo de pintura catalana contemporánea con obras de artistas como Joaquim Mir, Ramon Calsina, Albert Ràfols-Casamada, Antoni Clavé, Eduard Alcoy, Joan Miró Antoni Tàpies o Josep Guinovart. Desde el mayo de 2010, el museo dispone de una nueva sala dedicada a la escultura, que da cabida a un fondo patrimonial con nombres como Manolo Hugué, Josep Maria Subirachs, Manuel Cusachs, Josep Maria Riera Aragó, Rosa Serra y Joan Borrell Nicolau.

El museo también dispone de una sala para exposiciones temporales. El año 2012 se inician exposiciones con obra de pequeño formato en la sala de entrada del mismo museo.

Véase también
 Anexo:Archivos de España

Referencias

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Archivos de Cataluña
Sant Andreu
Sant Andreu
Sant Andreu
Sant Andreu
San Andrés de Llavaneras
Historia de la provincia de Barcelona

Museo Archivo de Sant Andreu de Llavaneres


Camilla Tominey (nascida em 14 de junho de 1978) é uma jornalista e radialista britânica. Ela faz reportagens sobre política e a família real britânica como editora associada do The Daily Telegraph. Ela também escreve uma coluna semanal para o jornal. Em julho de 2021, ela começou a apresentar um programa semanal de domingo na LBC.

Vida pregressa
Camilla Tominey nasceu em 14 de junho de 1978. Seu pai era católico e trabalhava como clínico geral, atendendo em um consultório local. Tominey tem dois irmãos mais velhos. Ela foi criada em Harpenden, Hertfordshire, e educada na Roundwood JMI School, seguida pela St Albans High School independente para meninas desde os sete anos de idade. Seus pais se divorciaram e ela foi morar com a mãe. Tominey disse mais tarde que "houve um grau [...] de abuso físico e mental" em relação ao período em que viveu com a mãe. Camilla mais tarde voltou a morar com seu pai e irmãos. Ela estudou direito na Universidade de Leeds. Ela disse que nunca planejou ser uma repórter real, mas aspirava ser jornalista.

Carreira
Tominey recebeu uma oferta de estágio no Hemel Hempstead Gazette do então editor. Em dois anos no jornal, ela se qualificou como jornalista sênior. Depois de entrar em contato com o Sunday Express e pedir turnos, ela deixou o Hemel Hempstead Gazette e ingressou no Sunday Express. Ela teve a oportunidade de fazer uma reportagem sobre a família real britânica pelo editor do Sunday Express, Martin Townsend. Ela começou sua carreira como repórter real em 2005, quando cobriu o casamento do príncipe Charles e Camilla Parker Bowles.

No Sunday Express, ela trabalhou em várias funções simultaneamente, primeiro como editora real e vice-editora política, e depois como editora real, editora política e colunista. Ela ingressou na NBC News em 2010 e co-apresentou a cobertura do casamento do príncipe William e Catherine Middleton de fora do Palácio de Buckingham ao lado de Meredith Vieira, Matt Lauer, Andrew Roberts e Martin Bashir. Os furos de reportagem de Camilla incluíram seu relatório de 2013 sobre o príncipe Andrew sendo mantido sob a mira de uma arma por guardas no Palácio de Buckingham. Ela deu a notícia do relacionamento do príncipe Harry com Meghan Markle em um artigo no Sunday Express, em 31 de outubro de 2016. O artigo foi indicado ao prêmio Scoop of the Year no British Press Awards. Tominey cobriu o casamento do príncipe Harry e Megan Markle, novamente para a NBC News.

Camilla foi contratada pelo The Telegraph para cobrir a política e a família real como editor associado. Ela foi descrita como tendo opiniões pró- Brexit. Seu relato de que "Meghan [tinha] feito Kate chorar" em uma disputa sobre vestidos de daminhas foi contestado por Meghan em uma entrevista. Em 2021, Camilla se abriu sobre o recebimento de cartas de ódio e abuso online por seu trabalho como jornalista. Em 1º de maio de 2021, ela começou a escrever uma coluna semanal do Telegraph.

Em 1º de julho de 2021, foi anunciado que Camilla Tominey iniciaria um programa de domingo à tarde na estação de rádio LBC. O show, que ia ao ar das 16h às 19h, começou no dia 4 de julho. Em 18 de agosto de 2022, foi relatado que ela deixaria a LBC e ingressaria na GB News como apresentadora política.

Tominey é patrona da Associação Nacional para Filhos de Alcoólatras e do Peace Hospice. Ela é colaboradora do programa This Morning da ITV e apareceu no programa Any Questions? e período de perguntas.

Vida pessoal
Camilla Tominey se casou com Dominic, um gerente comercial, em 2005. Ela mora em St Albans, Hertfordshire, com o marido, duas filhas e um filho. Ela é abstêmia.

Em 2021, ela revelou que havia sofrido um aborto espontâneo.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Website oficial
 Camilla Tominey no The Telegraph

Alunos da Universidade de Leeds
Colunistas do Reino Unido
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1978

Camilla Tominey


The Illinois Country ( ; , i.e. the Illinois people) (Spanish: País de los ilinueses) — sometimes referred to as Upper Louisiana ( ; )—was a vast region of New France claimed in the 1600s in what is now the Midwestern United States. While those names generally referred to the entire Upper Mississippi River watershed, French colonial settlement was concentrated along the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers in what is now the U.S. states of Illinois and Missouri, with outposts on the Wabash River in Indiana. Explored in 1673 from Green Bay to the Arkansas River by the Canadien expedition of Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, the area was claimed by France. It was settled primarily from the Pays d'en Haut in the context of the fur trade, and in the establishment of missions from Canada  by French Catholic religious orders. Over time, the fur trade took some French to the far reaches of the Rocky Mountains, especially along the branches of the broad Missouri River valley. The French name, Pays des Ilinois, means "Land of the Illinois [plural]" and is a reference to the Illinois Confederation, a group of related Algonquian native peoples.

The Illinois Country was governed from the French province of Canada until 1717 when, by order of King Louis XV, it was annexed to the French province of Louisiana, becoming known as "Upper Louisiana". By the mid-18th century, major settlements included Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Chartres, Saint Philippe, and Prairie du Rocher, all on the east side of the Mississippi in present-day Illinois; and Ste. Genevieve across the river in Missouri, as well as Fort Vincennes in what is now Indiana.

As a consequence of the French defeat in the French and Indian War in 1764, the Illinois Country east of the Mississippi River was ceded to the British and became part of the British Province of Quebec; the land west of the river was ceded to the Spanish (Luisiana).

During the American Revolutionary War, Virginian George Rogers Clark led the Illinois campaign against the British. Illinois Country east of the Mississippi River along with what was then much of Ohio Country became part of Illinois County, Virginia, claimed by right of conquest. The county was abolished in 1782. In 1784, Virginia ceded its claims. Part of the area was incorporated in the Northwest Territory. The name lived on as Illinois Territory between 1809 and 1818, and as the State of Illinois after its admission to the union in 1818. The residual part of Illinois Country west of the Mississippi was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

Location and boundaries

The boundaries of the Illinois Country were defined in a variety of ways, but the region now known as the American Bottom was nearly at the center of all descriptions. One of the earliest known geographic features designated as Ilinois was what later became known as Lake Michigan, on a map prepared in 1671 by French Jesuits. Early French missionaries and traders referred to the area southwest and southeast of the lake, including much of the upper Mississippi Valley, by this name. Illinois was also the name given to an area inhabited by the Illiniwek. A map of 1685 labels a large area southwest of the lake les Ilinois; in 1688, the Italian cartographer Vincenzo Coronelli labeled the region (in Italian) as Illinois country. In 1721, the seventh military district of Louisiana was named Illinois. It included more than half of the present state, as well as the land between the Arkansas River and the line of 43 degrees north latitude, between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. A royal ordinance of 1722—following the transfer of the Illinois Country's governance from Canada to Louisiana—may have featured the broadest definition of the region, making it coterminous with Upper Louisiana: all land claimed by France south of the Great Lakes and north of the mouth of the Ohio River, including both banks of the Mississippi as well as the lower Missouri Valley. In 1723, the area around the Wabash River became a separate district.

A generation later, trade conflicts between Canada and Louisiana led to a more defined boundary between the French colonies; in 1745, Louisiana governor general Vaudreuil set the northeastern bounds of his domain as the Wabash valley up to the mouth of the Vermilion River (near present-day Danville, Illinois); from there, northwest to le Rocher on the Illinois River, and from there west to the mouth of the Rock River (at present-day Rock Island, Illinois). Thus, Vincennes and Peoria were near the limit of Louisiana's reach; the outposts at Ouiatenon (on the upper Wabash near present-day Lafayette, Indiana), Checagou, Fort Miamis (near present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana) and Prairie du Chien operated as dependencies of Canada.

This boundary between Canada and the Illinois Country remained in effect until the Treaty of Paris in 1763, after which France surrendered its remaining territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. (Although British forces had occupied the "Canadian" posts in the Illinois and Wabash countries in 1761, they did not occupy Vincennes or the Mississippi River settlements at Cahokia and Kaskaskia until 1764, after the ratification of the peace treaty.) As part of a general report on conditions in the newly conquered lands, Gen. Thomas Gage, then commandant at Montreal, explained in 1762 that, although the boundary between Louisiana and Canada was not exact, it was understood that the upper Mississippi above the mouth of the Illinois was in Canadian trading territory.

Distinctions became somewhat clearer after the Treaty of Paris in 1763, when Britain acquired Canada and the land claimed by France east of the Mississippi and Spain acquired Louisiana west of the Mississippi. Many French settlers moved west across the river to escape British control. On the west bank, the Spanish also continued to refer to the western region governed from St. Louis as the District of Illinois and referred to St. Louis as the city of Illinois.

Exploration and settlement

The first French explorations of the Illinois Country were in the first half of the 17th century, led by explorers and missionaries based in Canada. Étienne Brûlé explored the upper Illinois country in 1615 but did not document his experiences. Joseph de La Roche Daillon reached an oil spring at the northeasternmost fringe of the Mississippi River basin during his 1627 missionary journey.

In 1669–70, Father Jacques Marquette, a missionary in French Canada, was at a mission station on Lake Superior, when he met native traders from the Illinois Confederation. He learned about the great river that ran through their country to the south and west. In 1673–74, with a commission from the Canadian government, Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi River territory from Green Bay to the Arkansas River, including the Illinois River valley. In 1675, Marquette returned to found a Jesuit mission at the Grand Village of the Illinois. Over the next decades missions, trade posts, and forts were established in the region. By 1714, the principal European, non-native inhabitants were Canadien fur traders, missionaries and soldiers, dealing with Native Americans, particularly the group known as the Kaskaskia. The main French settlements were established at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Sainte Genevieve. By 1752, the population had risen to 2,573.

From the 1710s to the 1730s, the Fox Wars between the French, French allied tribes and the Meskwaki (Fox) Native American tribe occurred in what is now northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and Michigan, in particular, over the fur trade. During the conflict, in what is now McLean County, Illinois, French and allied forces won a consequential battle against the Meskwaki in 1730.

Fort St. Louis du Rocher

French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle built Fort St. Louis on a large butte by the Illinois River in the winter of 1682. Called Le Rocher, the butte provided an advantageous position for the fort above the river. A wooden palisade was the only form of defenses that La Salle used in securing the site. Inside the fort were a few wooden houses and native shelters. The French intended St. Louis to be the first of several forts to defend against English incursions and keep their settlements confined to the East Coast. Accompanying the French to the region were allied members of several native tribes from eastern areas, who integrated with the Kaskaskia: the Miami, Shawnee, and Mahican. The tribes established a new settlement at the base of the butte known as Hotel Plaza.
After La Salle's five-year monopoly ended New France governor Joseph-Antoine de La Barre wished to put Fort Saint Louis along with Fort Frontenac under his jurisdiction. By orders of the governor, traders and his officer were escorted to Illinois. On August 11, 1683, LaSalle's armorer, Pierre Prudhomme, obtained approximately one and three-quarters of a mile of the north portage shore.

During the earliest of the French and Indian Wars, the French used the fort as a refuge against attacks by Iroquois, who were allied with the British. The Iroquois forced the settlers, then commanded by Henri de Tonti, to abandon the fort in 1691. De Tonti reorganized the settlers at Fort Pimitoui in modern-day Peoria.

French troops commanded by Pierre De Liette occupied Fort St. Louis from 1714 to 1718; De Liette's jurisdiction over the region ended when the territory was transferred from Canada to Louisiana. Fur trappers and traders used the fort periodically in the early 18th century until it became too dilapidated. No surface remains of the fort are found at the site today. The region was periodically occupied by a variety of native tribes who were forced westward by the expansion of European settlements. These included the Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Ojibwe.

On April 20, 1769, an Illinois Confederation warrior assassinated Chief Pontiac while he was on a diplomatic mission in Cahokia. According to local legend, the Ottawa, along with their allies the Potawatomi, attacked a band of Illini along the Illinois River. The tribe climbed to the butte to seek refuge from the attack. The Ottawa and Potawatomi continued the siege until the Illini tribe starved to death. After hearing the story, Europeans referred to the butte as Starved Rock.

Fort de Chartres

On January 1, 1718, a trade monopoly was granted to John Law and his Company of the West (which was to become the Company of the Indies in 1719). Hoping to make a fortune mining precious metals in the area, the company with a military contingent sent from New Orleans built a fort to protect its interests. Construction began on the first Fort de Chartres (in present-day Illinois) in 1718 and was completed in 1720.

The original fort was located on the east bank of the Mississippi River, downriver (south) from Cahokia and upriver of Kaskaskia. The nearby settlement of Prairie du Rocher, Illinois, was founded by French-Canadian colonists in 1722, a few miles inland from the fort.

The fort was to be the seat of government for the Illinois Country and help to control the aggressive Fox Indians. The fort was named after Louis, duc de Chartres, son of the regent of France. Because of frequent flooding, another fort was built further inland in 1725. By 1731, the Company of the Indies had gone defunct and turned Louisiana and its government back to the king. The garrison at the fort was removed to Kaskaskia, Illinois in 1747, about 18 miles to the south. A new stone fort was planned near the old fort and was described as "nearly complete" in 1754, although construction continued until 1760.

The new stone fort was headquarters for the French Illinois Country for less than 20 years, as it was turned over to the British in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris at the end of the French and Indian War. The British Crown declared almost all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River from Florida to Newfoundland a Native American territory called the Indian Reserve following the Royal Proclamation of 1763. The government ordered settlers to leave or get a special license to remain. This and the desire to live in a Catholic territory caused many of the Canadiens to cross the Mississippi to live in St. Louis or Ste. Genevieve. The British soon relaxed their policy and later extended the Province of Quebec to the region.

The British took control of Fort de Chartres on October 10, 1765 and renamed it Fort Cavendish. The British softened the initial expulsion order and offered the Canadien inhabitants the same rights and privileges enjoyed under French rule. In September 1768, the British established a Court of Justice, the first court of common law in the Mississippi Valley (the French law system is called civil law).

After severe flooding in 1772, the British saw little value in maintaining the fort and abandoned it. They moved the military garrison to the fort at Kaskaskia and renamed it Fort Gage. Chartres' ruined but intact magazine is considered the oldest surviving European structure in Illinois and was reconstructed in the 20th century, with much of the rest of the Fort.

Agricultural settlement and slavery
According to historian, Carl J. Ekberg, the French settlement pattern in Illinois Country was generally unique in 17th- and 18th-century French North America. These were unlike other such French settlements, which primarily had been organized in separated homesteads along a river with long rectangular plots stretching back from the river (ribbon plots). The Illinois Country French, although they marked long-ribbon plots, did not reside on them. Instead, settlers resided together in farming villages, more like the farming villages of northern France, and practiced communal agriculture.

After the port of New Orleans, along the Mississippi River to the south, was founded in 1718, more African slaves were imported to the Illinois Country for use as agricultural and mining laborers. By the mid-eighteenth century, slaves accounted for as much as a third of the population.

Other settlements
In 1675, Jacques Marquette founded the mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin at the Grand Village of the Illinois, near present-day Utica, Illinois, which was destroyed by Iroquois in 1680.

Peoria was at first the southernmost part of New France, then the northernmost part of the French Colony of Louisiana, and finally the westernmost part of the newly formed United States. Fort Crevecoeur was first founded in 1680. Another fort, often called Fort Pimiteoui, and later Old Fort Peoria, was established in 1691. French interests dominated at Peoria for well over a hundred years, from the time the first French explorers came up the Illinois River in 1673 until the first United States settlers began to move into the area around 1815. A small French presence persisted for a time on the east bank of the river, but was gone by about 1846. Today, only faint echoes of French Peoria survive in the street plan of downtown Peoria, and in the name of an occasional street, school, or hotel meeting room: Joliet, Marquette, LaSalle.
The Mission of the Guardian Angel was established near the Chicago portage between 1696-1700.

Cahokia, established in 1696 by French missionaries from Quebec, was one of the earliest permanent settlements in the region. It became one of the most populous of the northern towns. In 1787, it was made the seat of St. Clair County in the Northwest Territory. In 1801, William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indiana Territory, enlarged St. Clair County to administer a vast area extending to the Canada–US border. By 1814, the county had been reduced to almost the size of present-day St. Clair County, Illinois. The county seat was shifted from Cahokia to Belleville. On April 20, 1769, the great Indian leader Chief Pontiac was murdered in Cahokia by a chief of the Peoria.
Kaskaskia, established in 1703, was at first small mission station for the French. It flourished to become capital of the Illinois Territory, 1809–1818, and the first capital of the state of Illinois, 1818-1820. The French built a fort here in 1721, which was destroyed in 1763 by the British. (The fort was situated above what was then the lower course of the Kaskaskia River, but became the new channel of the Mississippi in 1881.) During the American Revolutionary War, General George Rogers Clark took possession of the village in 1778. The residents rang the church bell in celebration, and it became known as the "liberty bell". (It had been sent in 1741 by King Louis XV.) Flooding and a lateral shift of the river channel in 1881 cut off the old settlement from the mainland of Illinois and destroyed some of the village and its archaeology. Much of the village cemetery was transferred to the higher ground of Fort Kaskaskia State Park across the river. Today visitors can reach the remnants of Kaskaskia only by a bridge and road from the Missouri side. In the Great Flood of 1993, the Mississippi submerged all but a few rooftops and the steeple of the Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception, built in 1843 and moved brick by brick to the new location on Kaskaskia Island about 1893.
In 1720, Philip Francois Renault, the Director of Mining Operations for the Company of the West, arrived with about 200 laborers and mechanics and 500 African slaves from Saint-Domingue to work the mines. However, the mines yielded only unprofitable coal and lead, providing insufficient revenues for the Company of the West to survive. In 1723, Renault, with his workers and slaves, established the village of St. Philippe (on the Bottoms down from the present-day unincorporated community of Renault, Illinois in Monroe County, Illinois.) It was about 3 miles north of Fort de Chartres. This is the first record of African slaves in the region. Some of the French farmers also used slaves for labor, but most families held only a few, if any. The village quickly produced an agricultural surplus, with its goods sold to lower Louisiana, as well as to settlements less successful than those in the Illinois Country, such as Arkansas Post.
The original Ste. Genevieve was established around 1750 along the western banks of the Mississippi River. The village consisted of mostly farmers and merchants of French-Canadian descent from the settlements on the east side. Despite flooding, the town remained in that location until the great flood of 1785 destroyed much property. The villagers decided to move the entire village to higher ground about two miles north and half a mile back from the river floodplain. The city has retained the most buildings of French Colonial architecture in the US.
The French established Fort Orleans in 1723 along the Missouri River near Brunswick, Missouri.
Fort Vincennes, on the Wabash River, later known as St. Vincennes and eventually Vincennes, Indiana, was established in 1732. The British renamed it Fort Sackville after their capture of it in the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War.) George Rogers Clark renamed it Fort Patrick Henry, for the Governor of Virginia, when he took it in the American Revolution. Although part of the original expansive Illinois Country, as part of the Northwest Territory, it became the seat of a separate county.
The French built Fort de L'Ascension (later, de Massiac) on the Ohio River in 1757 near present-day Metropolis, Illinois.
St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders. In 1765, it was made the capital of Upper Louisiana; and after 1767, control of the region west of the Mississippi was given to the Spanish ("District of Illinois"). In 1780, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native Americans, during the American Revolutionary War.

British province of Quebec
Following the British occupation of the east bank of the Mississippi in 1765, some Canadien settlers remained in the area, while others crossed the river, forming new settlements such as St. Louis. The British faced an uprising of Native Americans known as Pontiac's War. Longtime allies of the French, the Kaskaskia and Peoria tribes had resisted the British, and Pontiac led a coalition of the Illini, and Kickapoo, Miami, Ojibway, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Seneca, Wea, and Wyandot against the British. Pursuant to the Treaty of Paris (1763) Captain Thomas Sterling and the 42nd Regiment of Foot took command of Fort de Chartres, from the French commandant, Captain Louis St. Ange de Bellerive in 1765.

Illinois Country under American control

During the Revolutionary War, General George Rogers Clark took possession of the part of the Illinois Country east of the Mississippi for Virginia. In November 1778, the Virginia legislature created the county of Illinois, comprising all of the lands lying west of the Ohio River to which Virginia had any claim, with Kaskaskia as the county seat. Captain John Todd was named as governor. However, this government was limited to the former Canadien settlements and was rather ineffective.

For their assistance to General Clark in the war, settled Canadien and Indian residents of Illinois Country were given full citizenship. Under the Northwest Ordinance and many subsequent treaties and acts of Congress, the Canadien and Indian residents of Vincennes and Kaskaskia were granted specific exemptions, as they had declared themselves citizens of Virginia. The term Illinois Country was sometimes used in legislation to refer to these settlements.

Much of the Illinois Country region became an organized territory of the United States with the establishment of the Northwest Territory in 1787. In 1803, the old Illinois Country area west of the Mississippi was gained by the U.S. in the Louisiana Purchase.

See also
 Illinois Country French, a dialect of French spoken in the Midwestern Mississippi River Valley
 Ohio Country
 French Colonial Historic District
 List of commandants of the Illinois Country
 Slavery in New France

Notes

Bibliography

Alvord, Clarence Walworth. The Illinois Country, 1673–1818 (1920) online
Belting, Natalia Maree, Kaskaskia under the French Regime (1948) online
Brackenridge, Henri Marie, Recollections of Persons and Places in the West (Google Books)
Ekberg, Carl J., Stealing Indian Women: Native Slavery in the Illinois Country, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
Ekberg, Carl J., Francois Vallé and His World: Upper Louisiana Before Lewis and Clark, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
Ekberg, Carl J., French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000,
Ekberg, Carl J., Colonial Ste. Genevieve: An Adventure on the Mississippi Frontier, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 1996,
 Lippincott, Isaac. "Industry among the French in the Illinois country." Journal of Political Economy'' 18.2 (1910): 114-128. online

External links
 French Peoria in the Illinois Country, 1673-1846 Library of Congress exhibit
 Louisiana Digital Libraries Plan for Fort Orleans

1699 establishments in New France
1765 disestablishments in New France
Former French colonies
Louisiana (New France)
Pre-statehood history of Illinois
Pre-statehood history of Indiana
Pre-statehood history of Ohio
Pre-statehood history of Missouri
Former territorial entities in North America

Illinois Country