Ora zero este un film românesc din 1979 regizat de Nicolae Corjos. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Mihai Mereuță, Dan Nuțu și Geo Costiniu.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Mihai Mereuță — nea Marin Căruntu, tatăl a patru băieți, șeful echipei de intervenție nr. 2 a I.T.B.-ului
 Dan Nuțu — Jorj Popescu, șeful unei rețele de bișnițari care operează în zona Hotelului Modern
 Geo Costiniu — Mihai Căruntu, fiul lui nea Marin și fostul coleg de școală al lui Jorj, șoferul autocamionului I.T.B.-ului
 Carmen Galin — Dana, o fată sedusă, abandonată și aflată acum în luna a 7-a de sarcină, care este accidentată de un autoturism
 Silviu Stănculescu — căpitanul de miliție aflat de serviciu în noaptea de Anul Nou
 Dan Tufaru — Ion Căruntu, fiul lui nea Marin
 Petre Lupu — Dan Căruntu, fiul lui nea Marin
 Horațiu Mălăele — Titișor Căruntu, fiul cel mai mic al lui nea Marin
 Catrinel Dumitrescu — Sanda, iubita lui Mihai
 Julieta Szönyi — Rodica, iubita lui Jorj
 Tamara Crețulescu — Ionela, fată din anturajul lui Jorj, iubita lui Liviu
 Elena Sereda — Ana, soția lui nea Marin și mama celor patru băieți
 Rodica Tapalagă — reportera de televiziune (menționată Rodica Tăpălagă)
 Ștefan Mihăilescu-Brăila — Sorin, tatăl Rodicăi
 Ștefan Velniciuc — Liviu, prietenul lui Jorj
 Mihai Mălaimare — Mache, cameramanul echipei TV
 Nicu Constantin — omul cu mielul, acolit al lui Jorj care se ocupă cu plasarea țigărilor străine
 Valentin Plătăreanu — plutonierul de miliție, șoferul echipajului 213
 Ileana Mavrodineanu — Vasilica, soția lui Ion
 Ovidiu Schumacher — Mitică, dispecerul I.T.B.-ului
 Traian Petruț — Ionel, fotograful de la restaurantul Hotelului Modern
 Zizi Șerban — soția fotografului
 Jana Gorea — mama lui Jorj
 Gheorghe Șimonca — Moș Gerilă, acolit al lui Jorj care se ocupă cu plasarea țigărilor străine
 Alexandru Virgil Platon — omul revoltat că a fost înșelat să cumpere un cartuș de țigări Kent false
 Mircea Cruceanu — medicul profesor care o operează pe Dana
 Arcadie Donos — portarul Hotelului Modern
 Mihai Boruzescu
 Mariana Cercel
 Vasile Popa — cascador
 Doru Dumitrescu — cascador
 Dan Coman Șova — Comănel, copilul lui Ion (menționat Dan Coman Sova)
 Bogdan Velicu — Bogdănel, copilul lui Ion
 Constantin Florescu
 Marcel Laurențiu
 Zoe Anghel (menționată Zoe Anghel-Stanca)
 Nicolae Crișu
 Alexandru Vasiliu
 Vasile Lupu
 Cristian Molfeta
 Rodica Iorgulescu
 Cristian Cornea

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 2.254.159 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1979 în film

Filme din 1979
Filme regizate de Nicolae Corjos
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești

Ora zero


Yurt Dışında Çalışanların Çocukları İçin Yükseköğretime Giriş Sınavı (YÇS), anne veya babası, görevi nedeniyle yurt dışında bulunduğu sırada, ortaöğrenimlerini bu ülkelerin lise veya dengi okullarında yapan öğrenciler için, ÖSYM tarafından düzenlenen bir sınavdır. Sınav sonucu, çeşitli yükseköğrenim kurumlarındaki belli bölümlere öğrenci kabul edilmektedir.

Giriş koşuları

YÇS 'ye girmek için şu şartlar aranmaktadır;

1.	Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olması ya da Türk vatandaşlığından izinle çıkmış olması,

2.	Lise ya da lise dengi bir okul diplomasına sahip olması ya da böyle bir okulun son Sınıfında bulunması,

3.	Lise öğrenimlerinin en az son üç yılını yurt dışında okumuş olması gerekmektedir.

Sınav Yerleri

Sınav  Ankara(Türkiye) ve Köln(Almanya)'de yapılmaktadır.

Sınav İçeriği

Sınav,  lise eğitimini yurt dışında tamamlamış bir kişinin başarabileceği
güçlükte hazırlanmaktadır. 210 dakika süren ve çoktan seçmeli olarak
uygulanan sınavda adaylara  Genel Başarı Testi, Yabancı Dil Testi ve
Türkçe Testi uygulanmaktadır.

Genel Başarı Testi,  matematiksel ilişkilerden yararlanma ve sosyal
bilimlerdeki temel kavram ve ilkelerle düşünme güçlerini ölçmeyi
amaçlayan sorulardan oluşmaktadır.
Bu testte matematik, edebiyat,
tarih, coğrafya, psikoloji, sosyoloji
ve temel yurttaşlık bilgileri ile ilgili
sorular bulunmaktadır. Tüm adayların
cevaplaması gereken bu testte
sorular Türkçenin yanı sıra Almanca,
Fransızca ve İngilizce dillerinde de
hazırlanmaktadır.

Yabancı Dil Testi, yabancı dil alanında
dil ve edebiyat veya öğretmenlik
programlarını tercih etmek isteyen
adayların çözmek zorunda oldukları
testtir. Almanca, Fransızca ve İngilizce
olarak hazırlanan test, adayın tercih
ettiği dilde cevaplandırılmaktadır.
Örneğin Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı veya
Fransızca Öğretmenliği programını
tercih etmek isteyen kişi Fransızca
testini çözecektir.

Türkçe Testi, Türkçedeki kelime hazinesi ve dilbilgisi ile okuduğunu
anlama ve Türkçeyi kullanma yeteneğini ölçmeyi amaçlayan sorulardan
oluşmaktadır. Bu test sadece adayların Türkçe düzeylerini belirlemeye
yönelik olup, YÇS puanlarının hesaplanmasında kullanılmamaktadır.
Ancak öğretim dili Türkçe olan programlarla ilgili tercihleri bulunan
adayların Türkçe hazırlık sınıfından muaf olmaları için Türkçe testindeki
soruları cevaplamaları gerekmektedir

Dış bağlantılar

 ÖSYM-
 Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı

Ortaöğretim sonrası sınavları

Yurtdışında Çalışanların Çocukları İçin Yükseköğretime Giriş Sınavı


ටොප්කප මාලිගාව(; ), හෝ සෙරග්ලියෝ, තුර්කියේ ඉස්තාන්බුල්හි ෆාති දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි විශාල කෞතුකාගාරයකි. 1460 ගණන්වල සිට 1856 දී දොල්මාබහ්චෙ මාලිගාව නිම කිරීම දක්වා එය ඔටෝමාන් අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානය ලෙස සේවය කළ අතර 17 වන සියවස දක්වා එහි සුල්තාන්වරුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන වාසස්ථානය විය.

කොන්ස්ටන්ටිනෝපල් යටත් කර ගැනීමෙන් වසර හයකට පසු 1459 දී සුල්තාන් ජයග්‍රහක මෙහෙමෙද් විසින් නියෝග කරන ලද ඉදිකිරීම් ආරම්භ විය. ටොප්කප මාලිගාව මුලින් හැඳින්වූයේ "යෙනී සරායි" ('නව මාලිගාව') එයට හේතුව වූයේ බෙයාසත් චතුරස්‍රයයේ පිහිටි "එස්කි සරායි" ('පැරණි මාලිගාව') සමග පැටලවීම වැලැක්වීමටයි . එයට 19 වන සියවසේදී "ටොප්කප" යන නම ලබා දී ඇත, එහි තේරුම ""කැනන් ගේට්ටුව" යන්නයි. 1509 භූමිකම්පාවෙන් සහ 1665 ගින්නෙන් පසු විශාල ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ සමඟ සංකීර්ණය සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පුළුල් විය. මාලිගා සංකීර්ණය ප්‍රධාන අංගන හතරකින් සහ කුඩා ගොඩනැගිලි රාශියකින් සමන්විත වේ. සුල්තාන්ගේ පවුලේ කාන්තා සාමාජිකයන් හරේම් හි ජීවත් වූ අතර, ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් විසියර් ඇතුළු ප්‍රමුඛ රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් සභා ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ රැස්වීම් පැවැත්වූහ.

17 වන සියවසෙන් පසු ටොප්කප මාලිගාවෙහි වැදගත්කම ක්‍රමයෙන් නැති විය. එම යුගයේ සුල්තාන්වරු බොස්ෆරස් දිගේ ඔවුන්ගේ නව මාලිගාවල වැඩි කාලයක් ගත කිරීමට කැමැත්තක් දැක්වූහ. 1856 දී සුල්තාන් අබ්දුල්මෙජිඩ් I අධිකරණය අලුතින් ඉදිකරන ලද දොල්මාබහ්චෙ මාලිගාව වෙත ගෙන යාමට තීරණය කළේය. ටොප්කප අධිරාජ්‍ය භාණ්ඩාගාරය, පුස්තකාලය සහ මින්ට් ඇතුළු එහි සමහර කාර්යයන් රඳවා ගත්තේය.

1923 දී ඔටෝමාන් අධිරාජ්‍යය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, 1924 අප්‍රේල් 3 දිනැති රජයේ නියෝගයක් මගින් ටොප්කප මාලිගාව කෞතුකාගාරයක් බවට පරිවර්තනය විය. තුර්කියේ සංස්කෘතික හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය දැන් ටොප්කප පැලස් කෞතුකාගාරය පරිපාලනය කරයි. මාලිගා සංකීර්ණයේ කාමර සහ කුටි සිය ගණනක් ඇත, නමුත් මහජනයාට ප්‍රවේශ විය හැක්කේ වඩාත් වැදගත් ඒවා පමණි, ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍ය හරෙම් සහ භාණ්ඩාගාරය ඇතුළුව, හැඳි සාදන්නාගේ දියමන්තිය සහ ටොප්කප කිනිස්ස ප්‍රදර්ශනය කර ඇත. කෞතුකාගාර එකතුවට ඔටෝමාන් ඇඳුම්, ආයුධ, සන්නාහ, කුඩා දේ, ආගමික ධාතු සහ ටොප්කප අත්පිටපත වැනි විචිත්‍රවත් අත්පිටපත් ද ඇතුළත් ය. අමාත්‍යාංශයේ නිලධාරීන් මෙන්ම තුර්කි හමුදාවේ සන්නද්ධ ආරක්ෂකයින් ද සංකීර්ණය ආරක්ෂා කරති. ටොප්කප මාලිගය 1985 දී යුනෙස්කෝව ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක් ලෙස නම් කලහ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ටොප්කප මාලිගාව


Monika Liubinaitė (Klaipėda, 9. veljače 1988.) poznatija kao Monika Liu, litavska je skladateljica i pjevačica. Predstavljat će Litvu na Pjesmi Eurovizije 2022. u Torinu s pjesmom Sentimentai.

Život i karijera
Rođena je u Klaipėdi u obitelji koja se bavi glazbom. Pohađala je gimnaziju Klaipėda Ąžuolynas te je trenirala balet kao mala. Kao studentica živjela je u Bostonu te u Londonu. Trenutno živi i radi u glavnom gradu Litve, Vilniusu.

Monika je svoju glazebnu karijeru započela sa pet godina kada je počela svirati violinu. Pjevanje je otkrila tek deset godina kasnije i odmah, 2004. godine, pobijedila na natjecanju "Dainų dainelė" (Pjesma nad pjesmama). Po završetku srednje škole, Monika je odabrala studije jazz muzike i vokala na Fakultetu glazbene umjetnosti Sveučilišta u Klaipedi, a kasnije je otišla u SAD, gdje je studirala na jednoj od najprestižnijih glazbenih  škola na svijetu -  Berklee College of Music u Bostonu. Nakon što je napustila koledž, pjevačica se preselila u London, gdje je nastavila skladati pjesme. Radila je sa poznatim producentom Mariom Basanovom, surađivala sa obitelji elektronske muzike Silence, snimila pjesmu "Not Yesterday" sa bendom Sel, pobijeđivala na vokalnim natjecanjima i uspješno se pojavila na LRT televizijskom projektu "Auksinis balsas" (Zlatni Glas).

Rani rad Monike na glazbenom siteu newsroom.indiemunity.com je opisan kao "snažno elektro-pop (i manje bizarna) verziju Bjerk". Također ju hvale zbog zanimljivih i dubokih tekstova, koji daleko nadmašuju "plitki i hipnotizirajući radijski pop".

23.svibnja 2019. objavljeno je da će Monika  biti u žiriju natjecanja The Voice Lithuania. Također je bila član žirija natjecanja The Masked Singer Lithuania tijekom sezone 2021.

Predstavljat će Litvu na Pjesmi Eurovizije 2022. u Torinu sa pjesmom Sentimentai.

Diskografija

Studijski albumi

Singlovi

Kao glavna pjevačica

Kao gostujući izvođač

Izvori

Pjevači
Litavski glazbenici
Eurovizijski izvođači

Monika Liu


Rabenden kann folgendes bezeichnen:

 Rabenden, Ortsteil der Gemeinde Altenmarkt an der Alz im oberbayerischen Landkreis Traunstein
 Rabenden, veraltete Bezeichnung für den Ortsteil Robend in der nordrhein-westfälischen Kreisstadt Viersen
 Meister von Rabenden, ein Künstler, der im 16. Jahrhundert in Rabenden, Landkreis Traunstein tätig war

Rabenden (Begriffsklärung)


I november 2017 gik vulkanen Agung i udbrud på øen Bali i Indonesien. Udbruddet var voldsomt og forårsagede, at over 100.000 mennesker blev evakueret, og luftfarten i området blev forstyrret. Alarmberedskabet blev hævet til højeste niveau. Allerede i september var den seismiske aktivitet øget, og den 21. november kom det første freatiske udbrud.

Sidste gang Agung var i udbrud var i 1963. Dette vulkanudbrud forårsagede omkring 1.500 dødsfald, da de lokale kun havde ganske få minutter til at evakuere områder tæt ved vulkanen.

Referencer

Vulkanudbrud
Begivenheder i 2017

Agungs vulkanudbrud i 2017


Nogometni klub Abeceda Zara Dental Centar (NK Abeceda ZDC) je nogometni klub iz Murvice, općina Poličnik, Zadarska županija.

U sezoni  "Abeceda sporta" se natjecao u 1. ŽNL Zadarskoj, ligi šestog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva i završio na 12. mjestu.

Povijest kluba
NK "Abeceda ZDC" je nastala iz športske škole DSR Abeceda Sporta ABC, osnovane 2014. godine u Murvici, za djecu predškolske i osnovnoškolske dobi, te je također djelovala u okolnim mjestima kao što su Murvica i Poličnik. 2017. godine dolazi do službenog osnutka NK "Abeceda sporta", sa sjedištem u Murvici (naselje sjeverno od Zadra), u to vrijeme u Murvici aktivno igra još jedan klub NK Murvica koji se nakon nekog vremena gasi te ostaje samo NK Abeceda kao klub iz Murvice.
Klub također ostvaruje i sportsku suradnju sa splitskim "Hajdukom"

Od 2019. godine traje izgradnja novog športskog centra u Murvici, gdje "Abeceda sporta" uređuje vlastito igralište.

Prvu seniorsku sezonu NK "Abeceda sporta" igra u sezoni 2020./21. u "2. ŽNL Zadarskoj", koju odmah osvajaju.

Od 2021. godine zadarska tvrtka Zara Dental Centar postaje generalni sponzor kluba te od tada klub nosi naziv NK Abeceda Zara Dental Centar ili skraćeno NK Abeceda ZDC.

Uspjesi
 2. ŽNL Zadarska
 prvak: 2020./21.

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Sastav 2021./22.
Vratari: Luka Borgelott, Jakov Škara, Antonio Marušić

Obrambeni: Gabriel Dokoza, Bruno Gašpar, Roko Prtenjača, Roko Gambiraža, Ante Gagula, Josip Petković, Stipe Čirjak, Ivan Marelić, Marko Milovac, Luka Škara

Vezni: Filip Škara, Marin Senkić, Ivan Mandić, Josip Župan, Šime Župan, Luka Miočić, Toni Jelinić, Marko Kršlović, Mate Brala

Napad: Stipe Vujević, Josip Gagula, Matija Surać, Martin Surać, Luka Gospić, Stjepan Vukančić

Povezani članci
 NK Murvica

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni klub "Abeceda", facebook stranica
 Nogometni klub "Abeceda", findglocal.com
  NK Abeceda Sporta Murvica, tipsscore.com
 sport023.hr, NK ABECEDA SPORTA
 murvica.org
 eventyas.com, USŠ Abeceda sporta

Izvori
 zadarski.hr, ABECEDA SPORTA - univerzalni sportski program za djecu od četiri do sedam godina, objavljeno 2. studenog 2016., pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
 sport023.hr, Jure Perković: Nogometni klub "Abeceda sporta" bit će drukćiji od ostalih!'', objavljeno 1. kolovoza 2014., pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
 narodni-list.hr, NK Abeceda sporta poziva: Upis nogometaša i nogometašica..., objavljeno 4. srpnja 2017.,
 futsalzadar.com, Priča o Juri Perkoviću, čovjeku koji je svoj put pronašao u podrumu, objavljeno 6. prosinca 2017., pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2021.
 bisnode.hr, NOGOMETNI KLUB ABECEDA SPORTA
 bisnode.hr, DRUŠTVO SPORTSKE REKREACIJE ABECEDA SPORTA ABC
 poslovna.hr, NOGOMETNI KLUB ABECEDA SPORTA
 fininfo.hr, NK ABECEDA SPORTA

Nogometni klubovi u Zadarskoj županiji

NK Abeceda sporta Murvica


An Ottelia muricata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Henry Wright, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni James Edgar Dandy. An Ottelia muricata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ottelia, ngan familia nga Hydrocharitaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ottelia

Ottelia muricata


MOS 6510
MOS Technology
MOS Technology 6507
MOS 6502
MOS Technology SID
MOS 6522
MOSFET, MOS-FET, MOS FET
MOS 6507
 mos, kratica za Maya Samo jezik, mòoré
 mos, sjevernoaslijski jezici
 kratica za tranzistor MOS (eng. Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
 Mos Def
 MOS Vola, odbojakški klub iz Varšave
 Muslimanske oružane snage, oružane snage Muslimana iz BiH

MOS


An Fimbristylis angamoozhiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni N. Ravi ngan Anil Kumar. An Fimbristylis angamoozhiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis angamoozhiensis


Güneş etrafındaki yörüngesi Dünya yörüngesine oranla Güneş'e daha uzakta olan gezegenlere üst gezegen adı verilir. Bu terim ilk kez Kopernik tarafından kullanılmıştır.

Mars ve Jüpiter ve diğer dış gezegenler birer üst gezegendir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Alt gezegen

Gök mekaniği
Güneş Sistemi'nin gezegenleri

Üst gezegen


Terter  - (Azerice: Tərtər rayonu), Azerbaycan'da rayon. Merkezi Terter  şehridir.

Hakkında
1992'de Azerbaycan milli meclsinin aldığı kararla eski Ağdere Rayonunun feshedilmesiyle rayonun eski merkezi Ağdere kasabası ve çevredeki bazı köyler Terter rayonuna dahil olmuştur. Kalan kısımlar ise Kelbecer ve Ağdam rayonları arasında pay edilmiştir.

Rayonun arazisi Birinci Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı sonucunda kısmen Ermenistan Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin işgali altına girmiş  ve Terter Rayonu'nun batı kesimi de facto Dağlık Karabağ Cumhuriyetinin Mardakert İlinin bir parçası olarak yönetilmekteydi.

İkinci Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı'nda rayona bağlı Talış ve Sugovuşan köyleri işgalden kurtarılırken 10 Kasım'da imzalanan ateşkes sonrası Ağdere dahil kalan işgal altındaki kesim Rus barış gücü denetiminde Ermeni kontrolünde kaldı.

2023 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları sonrası Yevlah'da yapılan görüşmeler neticesinde rayonun Ermeni denetmindeki kısımları Azerbaycan'a devredildi ve böylece rayonun tamamı Azerbaycan kontrolüne girdi.

Not

Ayrıca bakınız
 Maragha Katliamı

Dağlık Karabağ

Terter (rayon)


Eraserheads (sometimes stylized as ERASƎRHEADS or ƎRASƎRHƎADS) are a Filipino alternative rock band formed in 1989. With a line-up comprising Ely Buendia, Buddy Zabala, Marcus Adoro, and Raimund Marasigan, the band became the most influential and successful in the history of Filipino music. Often dubbed as "The Beatles of the Philippines", they have sold 9 million albums throughout their career and are credited for spearheading a second wave of Manila band invasions, paving the way for a host of Filipino alternative rock bands like Rivermaya.

The band released several singles, albums, and EPs. They achieved commercial success with their third album Cutterpillow (1995), which achieved platinum status several times. They also received the International Viewer's Choice Award (MTV Asia) at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards in New York, the only Filipino artist to have received the award before the conception of the MTV Asia Awards.

History

1989–1992: Formation and early years

In 1989, two college bands from the University of the Philippines Diliman were both in search of new members for a new group. Curfew, which consisted of Buddy Zabala on bass, Raimund Marasigan on drums, and Marcus Adoro on guitars met up with Sunday School, which consisted of Ely Buendia on vocals and Raimund Marasigan as session drummer in December of the same year. Ely's first two college bands, Bluidie Tryste and Sunday School, were too unstable, so he posted an audition notice on a university message board. Only Raimund, Buddy, and Marcus showed up at the audition. According to an interview with myx, Raimund said that he first auditioned as a bassist, while Buddy auditioned as the drummer. After deciding that they weren't fit for their respective instruments, they switched.

The four formed a new group and called themselves Eraserheads, taking inspiration from the film Eraserhead by surrealist director David Lynch. They played mostly covers, doing gigs in schools, and playing at Manila's rock club circuit, achieving little success.

The band found that they were not good at playing covers, so they concentrated on writing their own material. Their new, original songs, played live, soon earned them a cult following in the university, which gradually spread outside the campus. One of the songs, a pop song entitled, "Pare Ko", became popular, partly because of lyrics that included a few obscenities.

The band recorded a nine-song demo tape in the garage of Marasigan's provincial home (in Candelaria, Quezon) on January 26, 1991. They then shopped the demo cassette around record labels, clubs, and radio stations, hoping to have their songs reach the public. However, they were rejected at every turn, with one recording label deeming that their demo was "not pop enough". In May 1991, a professor-friend teaching Humanities, Robin Rivera, helped them re-record and mix better versions of the demo songs on a four-track DAT recorder. The new demo was named Pop-U!, titled as an irreverent response to those who turned them down.

Meanwhile, Buendia became employed as a student copywriter by BMG Records (Pilipinas) Inc. (now part of Sony BMG Music Entertainment). He worked with BMG during the day and wrote songs with the band during the night. Eventually, the songs of Buendia and the band caught the attention of BMG A&R director Vic Valenciano. Valenciano listened to the songs and then commented that they were very raw technically, but that there was something promising in them. Subsequently, BMG gave Eraserheads' songs a try. In 1992, BMG signed up the band for a three-year record deal.

1993–1997: Mainstream success
In July 1993, Eraserheads started recording their debut album called Ultraelectromagneticpop!. The album featured "Pare Ko" (My Friend), "Toyang" and "Tindahan ni Aling Nena" (The Store of Aling Nena), all of which were also present in Pop-U!. The album also featured a sanitized version of "Pare Ko" called "Walang Hiyang Pare Ko". Later in the same year, BMG initially released 5,000 copies of the album. The album became a smash hit, with the songs "Ligaya", "Pare Ko" and "Toyang" topping the charts that, by the end of the year, BMG sold 300,000 copies, and Ultraelectromagneticpop! turned sextuple platinum.

The album met some opposition as the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI) attempted to censor "Pare Ko" but without success. The public was said to have found its OPM Fab Four in Eraserheads, opening the second wave of band invasion, dubbed "Eraserheadsmania".

In October 1994, Eraserheads released a follow-up album entitled Circus. The band said that the album aptly described their life since their debut. The album was unpredictable and unconventional compared to the OPM ballads at that time, and established the band members as songwriters and musicians. The songs varied in style and mood, ranging from euphoric and hilarious to tender and somber. In the same year, Eraserheads played during the Miss Universe Pageant which was held in Manila. On November 24, the band held their first major concert, titled "Eraserheads Jamboree", at the Folk Arts Theater (now the Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas) in Malate, Manila.

Four of the songs became successive hits: "Kailan" (When), "Magasin" (Magazine), "Alapaap" (High Clouds) and "With a Smile". Circus turned gold in just 30 days with 20,000 copies sold. Eventually, it turned quintuple platinum with 200,000 copies sold. But like ultraelectromagneticpop!, it too had its share of controversy. In August 1995, Senator Tito Sotto, who was involved in an anti-drug campaign at that time, called for a ban on the airplay and sales of "Alapaap" over an alleged promotion of drug abuse in the lyrics of the song. In response, Eraserheads denied the allegation, saying that it was just a misinterpretation, and that the song was the band's "ode to freedom", not an "ode to drug abuse".

The group's third studio album Cutterpillow, was launched an open-air concert attended by fans and followers. With Christmas barely a month over, Eraserheads opened 1996 by making history in the Philippine music scene once more. Cutterpillow turned gold, even before it hit the record stores, as a result of the pre-selling promo campaign. Soon, the band shot the music video for the song "Ang Huling El Bimbo" (The Last El Bimbo) from the album.

Later that year, the band came up with a conceptual Christmas album Fruitcake. The album is notable in that it is the first and only album of the band recorded entirely in English. This was shortly followed by a release of a companion storybook of the same title.

Also in 1995 the band was given a shot at acting when they co-starred with comedian Joey De Leon of "Eat Bulaga" in the comedy film Run Barbi Run produced by GMA Network's Cinemax Studios (now GMA Films).

1997–2002: Later years and break-up

Going international
The year 1998 was marked with a series of gigs outside of the Philippines. Eraserheads' first-ever overseas gig was at BMG Records' "Sentosa Pop Festival" in Singapore in March 1997. It was then followed by a mini U.S. tour in May. They played at the Palace in Hollywood on May 2, 1997. Then, four months later in September, they were at the Radio City Music Hall in New York to receive the coveted "Moon Man" trophy for winning the 1997 MTV Asia Viewer's Choice Award, which made Eraserheads the first-ever Filipino artists to win the award.

The promotional CD versions of "Milk and Money", "Hard to Believe" and "Andalusian Dog", was recorded in Manila and mixed at the Electric Lady Studios, New York City in September 1997. Electric Lady Studios was built by the rock legend Jimi Hendrix. The tracks soon became a part of their fifth album, Sticker Happy, released a few days after the MTV Awards. A month later, they were back in Singapore for a series of shows and appearances for MTV Asia.

In February 1998, they represented the Philippines at the annual "Asia Live Dream '98" for NHK Broadcasting in Tokyo, Japan. Then in May, they embarked on another U.S. tour, taking them from Oakland to Los Angeles and to New York. The band toured the U.S. under the Happy Box production outfit, which was formed by brothers Haro De Guzman and Levan "Schizo" De Guzman and some other friends.

August 1998 saw the release of the album Aloha Milkyway in the Asian region, and finally in the Philippines two months later. The album contains chart-topping songs that have been re-mastered, as well as five new songs.

In early 1999, they had sold-out shows in Hong Kong, Sydney, and Dubai. Their next album, Natin99, was released in May.

Between May and June 2000, they did another tour of America dubbed, "The Pop Machine Tour – USA2000", playing in locations from New York to Chicago and to California. During their tours, they also had Noel Garcia of The Pin-Ups as an addition to their expanded line-up, who played guitars, keyboards and sometimes drums. After almost two years, the much-awaited studio album, Carbon Stereoxide, was released in March 2001, featuring the tracks, "Maskara", "Playground", "Hula" and "Palamig".

Break-up
After weeks of speculation, it was confirmed that the main songwriter and lead singer, Ely Buendia, had left the band in mid-March 2002 for "reasons unknown". However, in subsequent interviews, Buendia pointed to business matters as the cause of the band's break-up. In 2021 however, Buendia later revealed that lack of friendship with the three other members was the reason for the band's demise.

In PULP Magazine, Buendia's wife and manager, Diane Ventura, claimed that the breakup started with a miscommunication between Buendia and the band's roadie, the result being that Buendia and Ventura turned up late at a mall gig. This upset the roadie who snidely referred to the couple as "unprofessional". Buendia's band colleagues and crew at the gig gave Buendia "a cold shoulder", related Ventura, being under the impression that Buendia had come late deliberately. The next day, Buendia brought the incident to the attention of the band's management boss, Butch Dans, to which he allegedly reverted the blame to the roadie's "unprofessionalism". Dans, however, allegedly chose to consider the roadie's account over Buendia's without much deliberation. Dans allegedly quipped that Buendia and Ventura were "probably too high on drugs" to remember the gig's schedule. Ventura stepped in to dispute the allegation and vehemently denied that she and Buendia were even told of the schedule. The other three Eraserheads also believed the roadie's story, which disturbed Buendia because he felt betrayed by their longstanding friendship. Buendia later announced to his mates through SMS that he was quitting the group.

In another interview, Marasigan said he was eating in SM Megamall, a local shopping mall when he heard of the news. He said he was "semi-surprised" and wondered if Zabala already knew about it. Adoro told of the story now famous among Eraserheads fans about Buendia's cryptic text message. He said Buendia stated in the text message that he had already "graduated". Adoro quipped in the same interview that it was natural for Buendia to graduate first, since he was in batch '87 of their college (UP Diliman), while the rest were in batch '88.

Zabala confessed in an interview that disbanding had not been that far away from the members' minds. He said that there were many occasions when they could have disbanded but did not.

Adoro expressed the belief of some people that the band was getting too old, and that it was "selfish" for the band to continue, likely referring to comments about how it's time for other bands, besides Eraserheads, to shine. The band made it clear, though, that Buendia's departure from the band wasn't in any way violent and that there was no shouting (sigawan) or any confrontation involved.

The three remaining Eraserheads decided to continue. Within a few weeks, the "new" Eheads debuted at Hard Rock Cafe in Makati on April 19, featuring a female singer-guitarist, Kris Gorra-Dancel, from the band, Fatal Posporos. However, after a few months, Adoro had quit the band as well. The remaining members of the Eheads added Diego Mapa and Ebe Dancel to their lineup and renamed their band, "Cambio".

2003–2007: Post-breakup

Tribute albums
Just a few years after the breakup, the tribute album Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads was released in honor of the band.

Many questioned whether the time was right for a tribute to a group that had just disbanded four years earlier and its former members still active in the music industry. Buendia had mixed feelings about the tribute album, saying that "It's too early to be taking part in it and I don't see myself being part of it kasi (because) I'm still doing something here...To be part of it is like acknowledging na tapos na ako (that I am finished); isa na lang akong trophy na itatago na (I'm just a trophy to be shelved). Siguro kung uugud-ugud na ako (Maybe when I'm really old), that's the time I'm gonna look back." Ironically though, he does guest vocals in one of the tracks, "Superproxy 2k6" by the late Master Rapper Francis M.

On May 9, 2012, Star Records and Star Cinema released The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album, a tribute album of their own that accompanies the film The Reunion.

Mini-reunions
On February 28, 2007, the official launch of the book Tikman ang Langit: An Anthology on the Eraserheads (2007) was held at the second level of Powerbooks bookstore in Greenbelt 3, Makati. The launch was accompanied by acoustic performances by Cambio (whose members include Raimund Marasigan, Buddy Zabala and Kris Gorra-Dancel), Markus Highway (Marcus Adoro's band), and Lei Bautista of Prettier Than Pink. The performers covered Eraserheads songs such as "Ligaya" (performed by Lei Bautista), "With a Smile" (also performed by Bautista) and "Magasin" (performed by Cambio with Marcus Adoro). The event was dubbed a mini-reunion of Eraserheads, with Marasigan, Zabala and Adoro performing together for the first time in four years. Buendia did not attend because of a scheduled meeting with his surgeon and the manufacturers of the stents in his heart.

Tikman ang Langit is a collection of essays about Eraserheads written by fourteen journalists who are mostly fans of the band. The book itself was compiled by Melvin Calimag and Jing Garcia, with a foreword by Eraserheads producer Robin Rivera.

Another mini-reunion happened in Saguijo on July 26, 2007. Visitors were startled as the venue's schedule listed "Eraserheads" as a performer along with Rivermaya and Teeth. Jugs Jugueta of Itchyworms and Kris Gorra-Dancel of Cambio played guitars, Zabala on bass, Marasigan on drums, Jett Pangan of The Dawn on vocals, and producer Robin Rivera played drums when Marasigan sang. They called themselves "Eraser X" during that night. Buendia and Adoro knew about the event but did not go there as they had other gigs as well. Pupil was in Hard Rock Cafe Makati, while Adoro had gigs with Markus Highway, although Pupil's bassist Dok Sergio was able to follow and played for Teeth.

Adoro, Zabala, and Marasigan did an impromptu number at the Millennia Club called "Marooned", a production of UP bands from past and present. The song Batch 88 from "Belma en Luis", was one of the songs that were jammed by the trio.

2008–present: Reunion
In July 2008, it was confirmed by the members that they will be reuniting for a one-off concert to be held on August 30, 2008. Ely Buendia did affirm that the reunion will be for a night's performance only, to be sponsored by a multinational tobacco company. Buendia was quoted saying "I'm not doing this for the money but for the E-heads fans who remain loyal". The sponsors are expecting 35,000 attendees with free tickets distributed to online registrants in early August 2008. This highly awaited one-night concert was initially reported to be planned for staging at the Cultural Center of the Philippines open grounds, or alternatively, the Fort Bonifacio open grounds.

On August 22, word had broken out that Philip Morris had pulled out of the concert and that the show had been "canceled".

Anti-Tobacco forces, led by Dr. Maricar Limpin, had been active in a campaign to get Eraserheads to renounce the concert and the involvement of the tobacco giant, as Alicia Keys had done in her recent concert in Indonesia. Eraserheads never issued such an announcement. However, it was believed that the pressure exerted by the anti-tobacco forces had caused Philip Morris to end their participation in the concert.

On the evening of August 24, Raimund Marasigan issued a response to this news. Posting on the Sandwich and Cambio mailing lists, Marasigan confirmed that while Philip Morris has pulled out of the production, the concert is "most definitely" pushing through on the original date, August 30, 2008, at the Fort Bonifacio open field.

Philip Morris would no longer be involved, but the entire production had been turned over to a new producer. Furthermore, while it was previously made known through Philip Morris' announcement that the concert would be free to smokers who signed up through a promotional website known as The Red List at , the change in producers meant that tickets would no longer be free but made available to anyone who purchased them. It was later revealed that Radiohead Media Solutions, Inc., MTV Philippines, Fox International Channels Philippines, Smart Communications, Musiko Records, Greater East Asia Music & Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Philippines), Inc. (also known as Sony Music Philippines Inc. & BMG Rights Management) have taken over the event.

Eraserheads went onstage for their reunion concert on August 30, 2008, at The Fort Open Field, Taguig. The concert, however, was cut short halfway through a planned 30-song setlist as Buendia was rushed to the Makati Medical Hospital after experiencing chest pains. He was reported to be in stable condition. Buddy Zabala had checked on Buendia in his tent right after they went to their planned 20-minute break and saw that he already was on an oxygen mask with paramedics checking his blood pressure. As he left and came back, paramedics were already taking Buendia on an ambulance. Bandmates Zabala, Marasigan and Adoro further said that they had no idea that Buendia was already having difficulty performing. In the spirit of the reunion, Marasigan, Zabala, and Adoro went to Saguijo after the concert and they continued their sets there. Kris Gorra-Dancel, Ebe Dancel, Aia De Leon, and many other OPM artists joined them as well. During the concert, Jazz Nicolas of the Itchyworms and a close friend of the band, also joined the band and played synths, keyboards, and other instruments.

MTV Philippines President Francis Lumen stated: "He had a slight attack because of stress due to the recent passing of his mother (Lisette Buendia), and their sound check which lasted till 3 a.m. today (Saturday)." Buendia's mother died of cardiac arrest on August 28 after recovering from surgery to treat her intestinal cancer. Buendia was transferred to Philippine Heart Center 10:00 p.m. of August 31 after being treated at the critical care area of the Makati Medical Center emergency room. Sony BMG reported Buendia was "stable" after suffering hypokalemia a medical condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low. Buendia had been administered with a potassium intravenous fluid.

Buendia, 37, on September 1, 2008, underwent his third heart angioplasty surgery since his January 2007 heart attack. The blood vessel operated upon was "100 percent fully restored", and Buendia was recovering in "stable condition but still under observation." On September 5, 2008, Buendia was discharged from the hospital.

On October 25 episode of Startalk, Buendia said that the reunion concert was supposed to be a "one night only" Eraserheads reunion concert. He also said that there are no talks yet for a continuation of the said concert. However, he stated that he indeed felt "bitin" (literally translated, "not satisfied") with the uncompleted concert and is open to any sequels if it would have the proper production and venue. The other three members of the band, Adoro, Zabala, and Marasigan also expressed similar views in a follow-up interview by Myx and Inquirer.

Sony-BMG Philippines, Musiko Records & Greater East Asia Music released the concert movie of the band's reunion concert on November 26, 2008.

On the January 10 edition of Supreme, a feature of The Philippine Star, it was announced that the continuation of their previous reunion concert would happen on March 7, 2009.

On January 11, this was confirmed by Marasigan through a message he posted on the Pedicab, Cambio, and Sandwich Mailing Lists.

On February 27, the band was awarded as "Myx Magna Award 2009" in the recent 4th Myx Music Awards 2009, achieving their alternative music excellence.

The band went on stage for their second reunion concert dubbed as The Final Set on March 7, 2009, at the SM Mall of Asia Concert Grounds, Pasay were approximately 100,000 people attended the sold-out concert. The concert went ahead despite the recent passing of their guest performer and friend Francis Magalona who died of acute myelogenous leukemia noon of the previous day.

The band continued to perform on sporadic worldwide tours from 2012 to 2014. Eraserheads held another reunion concert in the United States (San Francisco, Los Angeles & New Jersey) and Canada (Toronto) from October 12 to 20, 2012.

After their American Tour, the next show for the band was at the du Music Festival. Held at the Dubai Amphitheatre, UAE on April 4, 2013, the festival featured a diverse lineup of music stars including Guns N' Roses, Train, Natalie Cole, Andrea Bocelli and other local acts. The band also featured a "fifth Eraserhead", Rommel 'Sancho' Sanchez on additional guitar duties. Rommel joined the band, too, during their 2012 North American tour. During the Dubai concert, Ely dedicated the song "Lightyears" to the OFWs.

After four months, on August 10, 2013, Eraserheads played a show in another country, Singapore. On December 27, 2013, Eraserheads and Parokya ni Edgar performed at "High Impact Asia" Meydan Racecourse, Al Meydan Road, Nad Al Sheba, Dubai, UAE.

Eraserheads performed their first major rock concert at the Eventim Apollo in London, England on April 4, 2014. This was produced by Marvin Guzman and Bernadith Marimon of Finest Workers UK Ltd in the US.

In September 2014, the band released two new songs via Esquire (Philippines edition), titled "1995" and "Sabado". This was their first release of new material in more than a decade. The magazine cover mimics the Beatles' Abbey Road cover, which was shot during the band's tour in London.

In June 2016, Eraserheads guested in the rebranding launch event, "A New Day", of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, along with its subsidiary Smart Communications. The band performed 5 encore songs and 13 main setlist songs.

In a tweet posted in January 2018, Buendia said: "Some people will never understand that people who don't get along don't work together." The statement was interpreted by Philippine Daily Inquirer and some fans as a response to calls for another reunion concert in the band's home country.

A musical adaptation of Eraserheads' discography entitled Ang Huling El Bimbo ran from July 20 to September 2, 2018, at Resorts World Manila. A second run for the musical was set for March 2019.
The band's first album was set to be rereleased in its first time on vinyl format, in November 2019. In December 2020, the band released a special edition photobook that features photos taken from the Final Set concert in 2009.
The three band members, Marasigan, Zabala, and Adoro formed the band Ultracombo in 2019 and performed the songs of the Eraserheads. Adoro left the group on the following months after performing on a couple of gigs.

On August 7, 2021, Offshore Music proudly announces the release of the Sabado/1995 EP of the Eraserheads on all digital streaming platforms. The EP was written during their UK Tour back in 2014.

On September 17, 2022, all four members of the band posted on their social media an image of the band's logo, the reversed letter E. Two days later, it was announced that a reunion concert titled "Eraserheads Huling El Bimbo 2022" will be held on December 22, 2022, at SMDC Festival Grounds in Parañaque, Metro Manila.

At the December 2022 reunion concert, the band performed 31 songs with participation from guests such as Gary Valenciano and a holographic projection of late rapper Francis Magalona. The three-hour show, which drew a crowd of 75,000, closed with a five-minute long firework display alongside their encore performance of Huling El Bimbo. After the concert, the band teased a 2023 world tour.

Band members
Ely Buendia – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Buddy Zabala – bass guitar, backing vocals
Marcus Adoro – lead guitar, backing vocals
Raimund Marasigan – drums, backing vocals

Discography

Studio albums
Ultraelectromagneticpop! (1993)
Circus (1994)
Cutterpillow (1995)
Fruitcake (1996)
Sticker Happy (1997)
Natin99 (1999)
Carbon Stereoxide (2001)

EPs and demos
Pop U! (1991)
Fruitcake (1996)
Bananatype (1997)
Please Transpose EP (2003)
Sabado/1995 (2021)

Compilations
Aloha Milkyway (1998)
Eraserheads: The Singles (2001)
Eraserheads Anthology (2004)
Eraserheads Anthology 2 (2006)

Live albums
Eraserheads: The Reunion Concert 08.30.08 (2008)

Collaborations

1896 Ang Pagsilang (1996)
 "Casa Fantastica"
Francis Magalona Happy Battle (1996)
 "Unstrung Heroes" (Duet W/ Francis Magalona)
 "Sapot Feat. Planet Garapata"
Ryan Cayabyab The Silver Album (1997)
 "Tuwing Umuulan at Kapiling Ka"
Nescafe Open Up Party Live (2000)
 "Blue Jeans"
 "Pumapatak Na Naman ang Ulan"
 "Tuyo Na'ng Damdamin (Feat. APO Hiking Society)"
Bandang Pinoy Lasang Hotdog (2001, re-issued 2006)
 "Manila"
Gusto Ko ng Rock (2009)
 "Alapaap"
Superbands (Universal Records)(2005)
Silver Shiny Jeepney (All Indie Band)

Soundtracks
Run Barbi Run (Starring Joey de Leon) (1995)
 "Run Barbi Run"

DVD
The Reunion Concert – DVD (2009)
The Reunion Concert – DVD (Special Edition, 2009)

Box set/package
The Heads Set (Limited Edition) (2010) – The box set was released exclusively in Greenwich Pizza outlets, and included a free box of pizza. It contains rarities such as "Casa Fantastica", all local albums from Ultraelectromagneticpop! to Carbon Stereoxide, DVD documentary (directed by Marcus Adoro), a book and shirt designed by Cynthia Bauzon and Arnold Arre, who both collaborated with the band before. It is now out of print.

Tribute albums
Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads (2005)

The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album (2012)
Ang Huling El Bimbo Musical (2018)
Pop Machine: Eraserheads Tribute Album (2020)

Publications
Pillbox Volume 1 Number 1
Editor: Redel D. Ramos
Art Director: Cynthia F. Bauzon
Release: 1996
Published by: Pop Infinity Limited Laundry
© 1996 P.I.L.L. Corporation

Fruitcake
A separate companion storybook for the album Fruitcake (1996)
Story by: Eraserheads
Text by: Ely Buendia
Edited by: Jessica Zafra
Illustrated by: Cynthia F. Bauzon
Release: 1997
Published by: Anvil Publishing, Inc., Pasig
Printed by: Cacho Hermanos, Mandaluyong
© 1997 Eraserheads

Pillbox Volume 3
Editor: Marie Jamora
Art Director: Cynthia F. Bauzon
Release: 1998
Published by: BMG Records (Pilipinas) Inc.
© 1998 BMG Records (Pilipinas) Inc.

Magazine cover appearance
Esquire Magazine September Issue with CD of their two new songs (2014)
Myx Magazine "Eraserheads Reunion Concert Collectors Issue" (October–November 2008)
Pulp Magazine (2000)
Cutting Edge The FREE Magazine with Sen.Angara (1997)
Sky Surf Magazine (1997)
SM Magazine (1997)
1969 life in the Age of Internet Magazine (1997)
Mirror Magazine (1996)
Miscellaneous Magazine (1996)
Woman's Today Magazine together with Cooky Chua & Meagan Aguilar(1996)
Mr. & Ms. Magazine together with Regine Tolentino(1995)

Filmography
Run Barbi Run – starring as themselves
Wating – musical score by Eraserheads
Kuya – Marcus in a cameo role as a drug pusher
Masakit sa Dibdib – Ely Buendia in a cameo role
Tulad Ng Dati – starring Buddy as himself with Raimund Marasigan in a cameo role
San Lazaro – Ely Buendia as Manong Rex
Rakenrol – Ely Buendia in a cameo
Waiting Shed (Short Film) – Directed by Ely Buendia
The Artist Is In (Short Film) – Directed by Marcus Adoro
Manila Kingpin: The Asiong Salonga Story – Ely Buendia composed and performed the theme song La Paloma in a cameo with the boys of Hilera and veteran guitarist Nitoy Adriano, the song won as "Best Theme Song" in the 2011 Metro Manila Film Festival, the first MMFF award for Ely. The movie was also instrumental in the forming of Ely's new band, The Oktaves.
Bang Bang Alley – directed by Ely Buendia with Raquel Navarro and Yan Yuzon

Awards and nominations

References

External links
[ Allmusic Eraserheads Biography]
Eraserheads Experience
Schizo-Archives Eraserheads

Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
Filipino musical quartets
Filipino alternative rock groups
Musical groups from Quezon City
Sony Music Philippines artists

Eraserheads


Der Codex Askewianus, auch Askew Codex genannt ist ein sahidisches Manuskript mehrerer ursprünglich griechischen gnostischen Schriften. Die Sammelhandschrift enthält mehrere Werke, darunter einen Text, der unter dem Namen Pistis Sophia veröffentlicht wurde.

Der Codex hat seinen Namen von seinem früheren Besitzer Dr. Anthony Askew, einem Arzt und Büchersammler. Er wurde 1785 vom Britischen Museum von seinen Erben gekauft, trägt die Signatur MS. Add. 5114 und befindet sich heute in der British Library. Wie aus Briefen aus seinem Umfeld hervorgeht, kaufte Askew anscheinend das Manuskript von einem Londoner Buchhändler, über die weitere Herkunft ist nichts bekannt, aber alle Indizien zeigen auf einen ägyptischen Ursprung der Handschrift.

Der Codex im Quartformat von 21 × 16,5 cm ist auf Pergament geschrieben und enthält 178 Blätter und somit 356 Seiten, beschrieben in zwei Spalten zu 30 bis 34 Zeilen. Insgesamt ist das Manuskript in außergewöhnlich gutem Zustand, allerdings fehlen die Seiten 337–344. Mitten im Werk wechselt die Handschrift. Die erste Hand zeigt eine feine, sorgfältige alte Unzialschrift, die zweite Hand eine nachlässige, plumpe Schrift mit Anzeichen für Zittern, was auf einen alten Mann als Schreiber hindeuten könnte. Beide Schreiber verwendeten verschiedene Tinten und verschiedene Methoden der Paginierung und der Korrekturen und hatten weitere Besonderheiten. Beide Schreiber waren vermutlich Zeitgenossen.

Gliederung

Carl Schmidt teilt in vier Hauptteile ein, wobei die ersten drei einem Werk angehören und die Lücken zwischen den Teilen später mit Material anderer Herkunft aufgefüllt wurde. Der vierte Hauptteil bildet ein eigenes Werk.

Nach George Robert Stow Mead ergeben sich mehrere Hauptteile:

 Der erste Teil endet mit Kapitel 62. Es blieben aus unbekanntem Grund mehr als eineinhalb Spalten frei, die später mit unbedeutenden Notizen gefüllt wurden. Der Text läuft dann ohne erkennbaren Grund weiter. Es wird meist sekundär mit "das erste Buch der Pistis Sophia" überschrieben.
 Der nächste Einschnitt trägt die Überschrift "Das zweite Buch der Pistis Sophia". Schmidt vermutet darin eine spätere Hinzufügung, denn die älteren koptischen Manuskripte tragen ihren Titel nicht am Anfang, sondern am Ende eines Abschnitts, was aus der älteren Tradition der Schriftrollen herrührt. Tatsächlich gibt es am Ende eine Subscription mit dem Titel: "Ein Teil von den Büchern des Erlösers". Das folgende Kapitel 101 ist ein kurzes Stück über die unaussprechliche Gnosis ohne Abschnitte, die den Gedankenfluss komplett unterbricht. Es ist deutlich eine Zusammenfassung eines anderen Buches.
 Kap 102 ändert deutlich das Thema. Somit ist es schwer als unmittelbare Fortsetzung des Texts zu verstehen.
 In Kapitel 126 kommt es wieder zu einem Bruch, vorbereitet durch eine Lücke im Text. Am Ende von Kap. 135 gibt es wieder eine Subscription. "Ein Teil von den Büchern des Erlösers".
 Der nächste Abschnitt geht von Kapitel 136 bis 143.
 Nach einer Lücke von 8 Seiten beginnt der nächste Teil in Kapitel 144, er hat weder Titel noch Subscription. Auf der letzten Seite befindet sich ein Anhang, wobei die letzten zwei Zeilen nachträglich getilgt sind.

Inhalt

Nach Mead liegt es nahe, dass die Teile Kap 30–64 ein Einschub in die Schrift sind, somit ist der Codex eine Miscellanienhandschrift.

Es handelt sich um eine Zusammenfassung einer umfangreichen Literatur. Nach Mead gab der Titel "das zweite Buch der Pisits Sophia" der ganzen Schrift zu unrecht den Namen, der sich aber im Nachhinein nicht mehr ändern lässt. Besser wäre "das Buch des Heilands" oder "Teile aus dem Buch des Heilands". Ob der Titel auch auf den hinteren Teil zutrifft, ist immer noch eine offene Frage. Es handelt sich bei dieser Schrift um ein Konglomerat aus verschiedenen Schriften und nicht um die Abschrift eines einzelnen Werks. Diese Zusammenfassung dürfte den Schreibern bereits in dieser Form vorgelegen haben.

Die Schrift stammt ursprünglich aus dem Griechischen, was sich an einer hohen Zahl von Lehnwörtern ablesen lässt. Nicht nur Namen, sondern auch Substantive, Adjektive, Verben, Adverbien und sogar Konjunktionen bleiben unübersetzt. Das trifft sowohl auf Zitate aus dem alten Testament und Neuen Testament zu, als auch auf den übrigen Text. An einigen Stellen folgt der Text sklavisch der griechischen Satzkonstruktion und bildet lange Perioden, die im koptischen Satzbau nicht üblich sind. Eines der ähnlichen Dokumente im Berliner Codex lag Irenäus im Griechischen vor, was diese Annahme erhärtet.

Obwohl vieles unsicher ist, scheint es einen Konsens zu geben, dass der Text und auch die zugrunde liegenden Schriften in ägyptischer Umgebung entstanden sind, übergestülpt über gnostische Inhalte, die von außerhalb Ägyptens, nämlich von Syrien herkommen.

Datierung

Die Datierung der Komposition hängt zusammen mit der Frage, welcher Sekte dieses Buch zugeschrieben werden soll. Im Gespräch sind Valentinus oder einer seiner Schüler, die Barbelo-Gnostiker mit ihren verschiedenen Untergruppen: Nikolaiten, Ophiten, Kainiten, Sethianer, dann die Archontiker. Nicht in Frage kommen hingegen libertinistische gnostische Gruppen. Dementsprechend reicht das Datierungsspektrum vom 3. bis zum 7. Jahrhundert.

Bedeutung

Dieser Kodex war einer der wenigen zusammenhängenden gnostischen Texte, die nicht von den Kirchenvätern und damit aus einer ablehnenden Haltung heraus überliefert waren. Außer diesem gab es noch den Codex Brucianus und den Berliner Codex Berolinensis Gnosticus 8502. Diese drei Schriften bildeten neben den Zitaten bei den Kirchenvätern seit Ende des 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts die Grundlage für die Gnosisforschung. Erst mit dem Fund der Nag-Hammadi-Schriften wurde die Quellenlage deutlich besser. Ein Problem ist nach wie vor, dass es ägyptische Übersetzungen und Überarbeitungen der griechischen Schriften sind, die im Original verschollen sind.

Einzelnachweise

Ausgaben
 Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf, J. H. Petermann (Hrg.):  descripsit et latine vertit M. G. Schwartze, edidit J. H. Petermann, Berolini, 1851. Die Erstausgabe des Texts und eine Übersetzung in Latein. Schwartze starb, bevor sie erschien, sie wurde aus seinem Nachlass herausgegeben von Julius Heinrich Petermann.
 Schmidt, Carl:   Unbekanntes altgnostisches Werk, Leipzig 1905. Erste deutsche Übersetzung, enthält zahlreiche Verbesserungen gegenüber der Erstausgabe von Schwartze.
 Mead, G. R. S.: : Being for the most part extracts from the Books of the saviour, to which are added excerpts from a cognate literature; Englished by G. R. S. Mead, J. M. Watkins, London 1921. Englische Übersetzung der Pistis Sophia 1921 mit einem ausführlichen Vorwort und einer Beschreibung des Manuskripts.

Handschrift der British Library (London)
Gnosis

Codex Askewianus


Die Union Arch Bridge, auch Cabin John Bridge genannt, ist eine Steinbogenbrücke in Cabin John, Maryland, einem kleinen Ort nordwestlich von Washington, D.C. Sie ist Teil des Washington Aqueduct, mit dem die Stadt Washington und ein Teil ihrer Vororte mit Wasser von den Great Falls of the Potomac River versorgt wird. Gleichzeitig ist sie eine Straßenbrücke.

Lage
Die Brücke führt über den vierspurigen Cabin John Parkway hinweg, der den Clara Barton Parkway mit dem Capital Beltway verbindet. Sie enthält nach wie vor die Wasserleitung, auf die später der MacArthur Boulevard gebaut wurde, der auf der Brücke nur eine Fahrspur und einen Gehweg hat.

Beschreibung
Die Union Arch Bridge ist eine insgesamt 137 m lange und 6,10 m breite Steinbogenbrücke. Sie besteht aus Granit aus Massachusetts und dem gleichen Sandstein aus dem nahen Seneca-Steinbruch, der auch bei dem Smithsonian Institution Building an der National Mall in Washington, D.C. verwendet wurde.

Sie hat einen großen Segmentbogen mit einer Spannweite von 67 m und einer Pfeilhöhe von 17,45 m. Der Bogen besteht aus einer Lage sorgfältig behauener Granitquader sowie einer darüber gelegten Lage aus mehreren Sandsteinen, die an der Fassadenseite nur roh bearbeitet sind. Die Fassade aus regelmäßigem Sandsteinmauerwerk vermittelt den Eindruck, dass es sich um eine massive Brücke handele, was aber nicht zutrifft. Hinter der Fassade verbergen sich auf beiden Seiten insgesamt neun Rundbögen, um dadurch das auf dem Brückenbogen lastende Gewicht zu reduzieren. Die über die Brücke verlegte Wasserleitung und die in den 1920er Jahren eingebaute zweite Leitung sind von außen nicht sichtbar, auch die über den Wasserleitungen gebaute Straße ist von unten gesehen hinter ihren Begrenzungsmauern verborgen.

Die Brücke hatte bei ihrer Fertigstellung die größte Spannweite aller Steinbogenbrücke weltweit und hat immer noch den größten Steinbogen in den USA.

Die Brücke wurde 1972 unter der Bezeichnung Cabin John Aqueduct von der American Society of Civil Engineers in die List of National Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks aufgenommen. Das Washington Aqueduct insgesamt wurde 1973 zur National Historic Landmark der USA erklärt.

Geschichte

Die Union Arch Bridge wurde in den Jahren 1857–1864 vom United States Army Corps of Engineers unter der Leitung von Montgomery C. Meigs gebaut. Grundlage waren Pläne, die sein Division Engineer Alfred  L. Rives angefertigt hatte. Alfred L. Rives wurde 1830 in Paris als Sohn des US-Botschafters geboren, wuchs zwar in den USA auf, wurde aber der erste amerikanische Absolvent der École nationale des ponts et chaussées in Paris. Außerdem hatte er eine ähnliche Brücke mit einem großen Bogen in England studiert, die 1832 eröffnete Grosvenor Bridge in Chester. Er war 25 Jahre alt, als Meigs ihn für die Arbeit am Washington Aqueduct anstellte. Da es bis dahin eine Brücke dieser Art in den USA noch nicht gegeben hatte, war ursprünglich eine Brücke mit sechs Bögen vorgesehen. Alfred L. Rives wandte seine in Frankreich und England erworbenen Kenntnisse und in den USA noch nicht bekannten Berechnungsmethoden an und gewann Meigs für die Idee einer Brücke mit einem einzigen großen Bogen. Sie übertraf damit die Grosvenor Bridge und hatte zur Zeit ihrer Fertigstellung die größte Spannweite aller Steinbogenbrücken weltweit. Erst 1903 wurde sie von der Adolphe-Brücke in Luxemburg übertroffen. Obwohl Meigs die Leistung von Rives ursprünglich anerkannt hatte, führten die Ereignisse des Sezessionskrieges (1861–1865) dazu, dass Rives, ein Anhänger der Südstaaten, auf den Erinnerungstafeln der Brücke nicht erwähnt wurde.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Bogenbrücke
Steinbrücke
Straßenbrücke in den Vereinigten Staaten
Aquädukt in den Vereinigten Staaten
Cabin John
Bauwerk im Montgomery County (Maryland)
Brücke in Maryland
Brücke in Nordamerika
Cabin John
Versorgungsbauwerk in Maryland
Wasserbauwerk in Maryland

Union Arch Bridge


Philippe Blatter, né le  à Épinal dans les Vosges, est un ancien militaire et un instructeur militaire français appartenant à l'unité des commandos marine de la Marine nationale française.

Il est connu pour avoir conçu et réalisé en 1976, la voie de l'Inconscient située à Djibouti.

Biographie

Origines suisses
En 1913, Martin et Louise Marguerite Blatter, fille d'Albert Bronner et de Thérèse Mayer, originaires de Hottingen, un quartier de Zurich, font partie des 500 000 citoyens suisses qui, entre 1819 et 1914, passent par la rigueur et les rudesses de l'exil, en quittant définitivement la Suisse à la recherche d'un monde meilleur.
Ces expatriés fuient leur terre natale dans un voyage interminable qui les conduit en France, à Épinal, dans les Vosges.

Carrière militaire
Après avoir accompli les épreuves de formation de l'école des fusiliers marins de Lorient, Philippe Blatter s'engage dans la Marine nationale en 1967, et se porte volontaire pour un stage de commando marine. Il termine sa formation en qualité de major de promotion du stage commando, obtient le béret vert et intègre le commando de Montfort.

Il réussit par la suite le cours nageur de combat n°35 et rejoint le commando d'action sous-marine, le commando Hubert, l'un des sept commandos de la Marine nationale française, considéré comme le plus prestigieux des groupes militaires de l'armée française.

Quelque temps après, il est promu instructeur au stage commando à Lorient. Il obtient de multiples qualifications et diplômes liés au milieu montagnard, à l'instar de son brevet d'alpiniste, un Brevet national de pisteur-secouriste troisième degré.

Création de la voie de l'Inconscient

Un jour de l'année 1976, alors qu'il est déployé à Djibouti, Philippe Blatter se lance dans la création d'une voie d'escalade qu'il baptise la voie de l'Inconscient et qui deviendra quelques décennies plus tard, une référence dans le domaine de l'entraînement militaire et le passage obligé au centre d'entraînement au combat et d'aguerrissement au désert (CECAD). Le centre accueille aujourd'hui plus de 1700 stagiaires par an ; en 45 ans d'existence, plus de  de tous grades, armes, armées et nationalités ont été formés sur la voie de l'Inconscient.

La voie de l'Inconscient est un parcours d'audace musclé, une sorte de super « accrobranche ». Celle-ci est située à une quarantaine de kilomètres de la capitale Djibouti, sur la piste des Mariés reliant Arta à Arta plage, sur les rives du golfe de Tadjourah en république de Djibouti.
L'immense tête de mort peinte sur la falaise marque le point de départ de cette piste d'audace.

Philippe Blatter, alors chef d'escouade au commando de Montfort est l'un des instructeurs d'escalade du Groupement des Fusiliers Marins Commandos (GROUFUMACO). Il décide avec l'aide de quatre quartiers-maîtres, Patrick Delezaive, Jean-Marie Jourdain, François-Yves Lorette et François-Alain Gourmelen, d'ouvrir et d'équiper une voie très aérienne, que seule la combinaison du physique, de l'audace et de la technicité permettra de surmonter une difficulté sans commune mesure acceptant un engagement en paroi très important au regard du matériel dont ils disposaient.

Retour à la vie civile
Après avoir quitté le service actif, Philippe Blatter devient tour à tour, chef de secteur sécurité des pistes et artificier à Pra-Loup dans la vallée de l'Ubaye, de 1984 à 2019, et participe activement à la sécurité hivernale en montagne dans les stations de sports d'hiver, notamment en assurant les secours ainsi que le déclenchement préventif d'avalanches sur son domaine.

Le , l'historien Serge Kurschat consacre un documentaire historique À la conquête de la voie de l'Inconscient réalisé au bord du lac de la Gruyère et au sommet du Moléson, en Suisse, en hommage à son fondateur, Philippe Blatter, pour ses origines suisses.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Voie de l'Inconscient
 Commando de Montfort
 Commando Hubert
 Fusilier marin
 Commando marine

Liens externes

 Les forces françaises stationnées à Djibouti, Ministère des Armées, 20 septembre 2016.

Notes et références

École militaire en France
+
Marine française
Unité d'instruction militaire française
Organisme fondé en 1976
Centre militaire à Djibouti
Djibouti
Djibouti
Djibouti
Politique à Djibouti

Philippe Blatter


කොන්ෆියුසියස්  ( – ) යනු  වසන්ත සහ සරත් සමයෙහි  විසූ චීන දාර්ශනිකයෙක් සහ දේශපාලනඥයෙක් වූ අතර උතුම් ආදර්ශමත් චීන ප්‍රාඥයෙක් ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි. කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ උගැන්වීම් සහ දර්ශනය යටිතහවුරු කරන්නේ නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය වන අතර, අද වන තුරු චීනය සහ නැතෙනහිර ආසියාව තුල බලපවත්වයි.

' කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ඔහුගේ දාර්ශනික ඉගැන්වීම්, පුද්ගලික සහ රාජ්‍ය සදාචාරය, සමාජ සබඳතාවල නිවැරදි බව, යුක්තිය, කරුණාව සහ අවංකභාවය අවධාරණය කළේය. ටැන්ග් සහ සොං රාජවංශ සමයේදී, කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය බටහිර නව කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය ලෙසත් පසුව නව කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය ලෙසත් හැඳින්වෙන පද්ධතියක් දක්වා වර්ධනය විය. සම්භාව්‍ය පහම ඇතුළුව චීන සම්භාව්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථ බොහෝමයක් කර්තෘ හෝ සංස්කරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් කොන්ෆියුසියස් සම්ප්‍රදායිකව ගෞරවයට පාත්‍ර වේ.

චීන සම්ප්‍රදායය සහ විශ්වාසයන් සහ කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ මූලධර්ම අතර සමානතාවයක් පැවතිණි.ප්‍රකට මූලධර්මයක්වූ "කිසිවෙක් ඔබට කරන බවට ඔබ අකමැති කිසිවක් අනෙකුන්හට නොකරන්න" යන, ස්වර්ණමය නීතිය ඔහු විසින් අනුමත කෙරිනි.

ජීවිතය

ළමා අවධිය
කොන්ෆියුසියස් උපත ලැබුවේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 551 සැප්තැම්බර් 28 වෙනිදා, Zou (鄒, නූතන ෂැන්ඩොං පළාතේ). ඔහුගේ පියා කොන්ග් හි (හෝ ෂුහිලන් ගි) ප්‍රාදේශීය ලු ආරක්ෂක සේනාංකයේ වයස්ගත අණදෙන නිලධාරියෙකි. කොන්ෆියුසියස්ට වයස අවුරුදු තුනේදී පියා මිය ගිය අතර, කොන්ෆියුසියස් හැදී වැඩුණේ ඔහුගේ මව වන යාන් ෂෙන්සායි (顏徵在) සමඟ දුප්පතුන් ලෙසය. ඉන් පසු කලෙක ඔහුගේ මව වයස අවුරුදු 40ට අඩුවෙන් මිය ගියාය.

වයස අවුරුදු 19 දී ඔහු චී ගුආන් (亓官氏) සමඟ විවාහ වූ අතර වසරකට පසුව මෙම යුවළට ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු දරුවා, ඔවුන්ගේ පුත් කොං ලි (孔鯉) ලැබුණි. චී ගුආන් සහ කොන්ෆියුසියස් හට පසුව දියණියන් දෙදෙනෙකු සිටි අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් එක් අයෙක් කුඩා කල මිය ගොස් ඇති බව සැලකෙන අතර එක් අයෙකු කොං ජාඕ (孔姣) ලෙස නම් කර ඇත.

කොන්ෆියුසියස් සාමාන්‍ය ජනයා සඳහා වූ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර එහිදී ඔහු සය ශාස්ත්‍ර ඉගෙන ගත්තේය.

ඔහු රජයේ විවිධ රැකියාවල නිරත වූ බවත්, පොත් තබන්නෙකු සහ බැටළුවන් සහ අශ්වයන් රැකබලා ගන්නෙකු ලෙසත්, එයින් ලැබෙන ආදායමෙන් තම මවට නිසි භූමදානයක් ලබා දීමට භාවිතා කළ බව පැවසේ.

දේශපාලන ජීවිතය
කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ කාලයේ, ලූ රාජ්‍යය පාලනය කළේ පාලක ආදිපාද නිවසක් විසිනි. ආදිපාදවරයා යටතේ ප්‍රභූ පවුල් තුනක් සිටි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධානීන් විස්කවුන්ට් යන මාතෘකාව දැරූ අතර ලු නිලධරයේ පරම්පරාගත තනතුරු දැරූහ. ජි පවුල "ජනතාව පිළිබඳ අමාත්‍ය" තනතුර දැරූ අතර ඔහු "අගමැති" ද විය. මෙන්ග් පවුල "වැඩ ඇමති" තනතුර දැරීය. ෂු පවුල "යුධ ඇමති" තනතුර දැරීය. ක්‍රි.පූ. 505 ශීත ඍතුවේ දී, ජි පවුලේ රැඳවුම්කරුවෙකු වූ යැං හූ කැරැල්ලකින් ජි පවුලෙන් බලය අල්ලා ගත්තේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 501 ග්‍රීෂ්ම කාලය වන විට, ලු වෙතින් යැං හූ නෙරපා හැරීමට පරම්පරාගත පවුල් තුන සමත් විය. ඒ වන විට, කොන්ෆියුසියස් ඔහුගේ ඉගැන්වීම් තුළින් සැලකිය යුතු කීර්තියක් ගොඩනඟා ගෙන සිටි අතර, ඔවුන්ට නීත්‍යානුකූල රජයකට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය ළඟා කර ගැනීමට හැකි විය. මේ අනුව, එම වසරේ (ක්‍රි.පූ. 501), කොන්ෆියුසියස් නගරයක ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ සුළු තනතුරට පත් කරන ලදී. අවසානයේදී ඔහු අපරාධ අමාත්‍ය ධූරය දක්වා ඉහලට ගියේය.

ඔහුට මධ්‍යගත රජයක් පිහිටුවිය හැකිවිය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, කොන්ෆියුසියස් තනිකරම රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය මත විශ්වාසය තැබුවේ ඔහුට හමුදා බලයක් නොතිබූ බැවිනි.

දර්ශනය
කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය බොහෝ විට චීන ජාතිකයන් විසින් ආගමික ආකාරයෙන් අනුගමනය කරනු ලැබුවද, බොහෝ දෙනා තර්ක කරන්නේ එහි වටිනාකම් ලෞකික බවත් එබැවින් එය ලෞකික සදාචාරයකට වඩා අඩු ආගමක් බවත්ය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, යෝජකයින් තර්ක කරන්නේ, කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදයේ ඉගැන්වීම්වල ලෞකික ස්වභාවය තිබියදීත්, එය ආගමික ලෝක දැක්මක් මත පදනම් වූවක් බවයි. කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය මරණින් මතු ජීවිතයේ අංග සහ ස්වර්ගය පිළිබඳ අදහස් සාකච්ඡා කරයි, නමුත් එය ආත්මවල ස්වභාවය වැනි ආගමික චින්තනයට බොහෝ විට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය යැයි සැලකෙන සමහර අධ්‍යාත්මික කාරණා සම්බන්ධයෙන් සාපේක්ෂ වශයෙන් නොසැලකිලිමත් වේ.

කොන්ෆියුසියස්


El Premio Villa de Bilbao de cuentos fue el primer concurso de narrativa corta organizado por el Ayuntamiento de Bilbao  y nada más instituirse fue objeto de polémica.

Su primera y única edición fue convocada en agosto de 1980. A finales de noviembre de ese mismo año el jurado dio como ganadores al escritor navarro Juan Jesús Fernández de Retana con el cuento titulado Epitafio del desalmado Alcestes Pelayo, en la modalidad en castellano, y al entonces preso Joseba Sarrionandia con el cuento Enperadore eroa (El emperador enloquecido), en la modalidad en euskera. El jurado para los cuentos en lengua castellana lo integraron Ramiro Pinilla, Luis de Castresana y Gregorio Sanjuán, mientras que para los cuentos en lengua vasca estuvo formado por Angel Zelayeta, Iñaki Zubiri y Alfonso Irigoyen. La corporación municipal realizó una edición de mil ejemplares de un libro que recogía las obras premiadas junto con una selección de una veintena de los mejores cuentos participantes y que fue prologado por el alcalde Jon Castañares, del Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV).

El 9 de junio de 1981, Jon Castañares ordenó la incineración de dicha edición, con el respaldo de todos los concejales del PNV, salvándose de la quema unos cien ejemplares. Desde el PNV se justificó esta decisión al considerar que así se respondía al sentir de su electorado ante un libro que calificaron de «blasfemo» por contener «palabras malsonantes» y «soeces, útero, por ejemplo», lo que hacía que no fuera apto para ser repartido en las escuelas. Esto generó la protesta de todos los grupos políticos de izquierda del ayuntamiento; los cuales, además de requerir explicaciones al alcalde, interpusieron una denuncia ante el juzgado de guardia e interpelaron al Gobierno Vasco para que se pronunciara ante lo que consideraron un «deterioro del patrimonio cultural y editorial del País Vasco». Ese mismo año, a iniciativa del colectivo de libreros, editores, distribuidores, entidades culturales y críticos literarios, se realizó una edición especial con el nombre de Cuentos incombustibles, que reproducía los textos destruidos con una indicación cruzada en la portada que decía «Este es el libro quemado por el alcalde de Bilbao».

El 23 de febrero de 1983, una sentencia de la sala de lo contencioso-administrativo de Bilbao declaró nula la decisión del alcalde por haber conculcado los derechos de los participantes en el concurso y disponer de los bienes municipales para actuar en contra de los derechos constitucionales de libertad de expresión y de libre difusión del pensamiento e ideas. Aunque como alcalde asumió la responsabilidad, años después Jon Castañares achacó la toma de decisión a un funcionario.

El segundo certamen no llegó a realizarse como tal debido a la pretensión del PNV de reconvertirlo en un concurso de cuentos infantiles. Poco después se instituyó el Concurso de cuentos Gabriel Aresti, que vendría a reemplazarlo. Por otra parte, en 1990 el propio Ayuntamiento de Bilbao publicó el libro Bilbao Hiria ipuinak 1980-1989 con los cuentos ganadores de dichas ediciones, con el fin de corregir el error.

El Premio Villa de Bilbao de novela también desapareció, a pesar de que este concurso llevara más tiempo organizándose y haber alcanzado ya un cierto prestigio. En esta ocasión el PNV vetó a dos miembros de su jurado por motivos ideológicos, lo que provocó la dimisión del resto del jurado por solidaridad con sus compañeros; con lo que el premio fue suprimido.

Referencias

Crítica literaria
Villa de Bilbao
Cultura de Bilbao
Censura en España
Villa de Bilbao

Premio Villa de Bilbao de cuentos


Østerbæksvej Station er en letbanestation på Odense Letbane, beliggende på Nyborgvej ved krydset med Ejby Møllevej og Østerbæksvej i Odense. Stationen åbnede sammen med letbanen 28. maj 2022.

Letbanen ligger i en græsbelægning midt på Nyborgvej. Stationen ligger mellem krydsene med Østerbæksvej og Eckersbergsvej. Den består af to spor med hver sin sideliggende perron og med adgang via fodgængerfeltet i krydset med Østerbæksvej.

Omgivelserne udgøres primært af boligbyggeri med en blanding af boligblokke, lavere etageejendomme, rækkehuse og enfamilieshuse. Stationen ligger desuden ved den nordlige ende af et grønt bælte bag ved Eckersbergsvej.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Odense Letbane

Noter

Odense Letbane

Østerbæksvej Station


ලංකාතිලක විහාරය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මහනුවර පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් උඩුනුවර ග්‍රාමයේ පිහිටි පුරාණ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථානයක් වේ. එය පිළිමතලාව හන්දියේ සිට දවුලගල මාර්ගයේ කිලෝමීටර 4ක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටයි. ලංකාතිලක විහාරය ගම්පොල යුගයේ ඉදි කෙරූ විශිෂ්ඨතම වාස්තු ලක්ෂණ පෙන්නුම් කරන නිර්මාණයක් ලෙස සැළකේ.

ඉතිහාසය
ලංකාතිලක විහාරයේ ඉතිහාසය ක්‍රි.ව. 14වන සියවස පමණ දක්වා දිවයයි. පැරණි මූලාශ්‍රයන්ට අනූව මෙම විහාරය හතරවන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ (ක්‍රි.ව. 1341-1351) සමයේ ඉදිකොට ලද්දක් බැව් විශ්වාස කෙරේ. රජු විසින් මෙම විහාරයේ ඉදිකිරීම් සිය ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය සේනාධිලංකාරවෙත පැවරූ බවත්, ඔහු දකුණු ඉන්දියානු වාස්තුවේදී සත්පති රායර්ගේ සහය ඇතිව විහාරය ගොඩනැංවූ බවත් සඳහන් වේ. පුරාවිද්‍යාඥ සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතාට අනූව, සතපති රායර් විසින් ලංකාතිලක විහාරය ඉදිකිරීමේදී, පොළොන්නරු යුගයේ සිංහල, ද්‍රවිඩ සහ ඉන්දුචීන වාස්තු නිර්මාණ රටා උපයෝගී කොට ගෙන ඇත.

විහාරය

ස්වභාවික පිහිටි ගල් පර්වතයක් මත විහාර ගොඩනැගිලි ඉදිකොට තිබේ. ඉන් පිළිමගෙය ඊටම ආවේණික වූ සාම්ප්‍රදායික සිංහල මූර්ති හා වාස්තු ලක්ෂණයන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. එහි ඇතුල් බිත්ති මහනුවර යුගයේ සිතුවම් වලින් සමන්විතය. වර්ථමානයේ මහල් තුනක් පමණක් දැකගත හැකි පිළිම ගෙය, එකල මහල් හතරකින් සමන්විතව තිබූ බව විහාරයෙන් හමුවූ ලංකාතිලක තඹ තහඩුවට අදාල තොරතුරු වලින් හෙළිදරව් වේ.

මීට අමතරව රජවරු විසින් විහාරයට සිදුකරන ලද ප්‍රධානයන් ගැන කියැවෙන, සිංහල සහ දෙමළ යන භාෂා ද්විත්වයෙන්ම කරවන ලද ශිලා ලේඛන විහාර පරිශ්‍රය තුලදී දැකගත හැකිවේ.

දේවාල
ලංකාතිලක විහාරයේ පිළිමගෙය දේවාල පහකින් සමන්විත වන අතර, විෂ්ණු, ගණදෙවි, සුමන සමන්, විභීෂණ සහ කුමාර බණ්ඩාර යන දෙවිවරු එහි වන්දනාමාන වේ. මින් කුමාර බණ්ඩාර දෙවි ලංකාතිලක විහාරය ආරක්ෂා කරනු ලබන දේවතාවා ලෙස විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක ලැයිස්තුව
ලංකාතිලක විහාරය, පොළොන්නරුව
ගඩලාදෙණිය විහාරය

මූලාශ්‍ර

මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

උඩුනුවර ලංකාතිලක විහාරය


Grikkland hefur tekið þátt í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva 41 sinnum síðan að frumraun landsins í keppninni átti sér stað árið . Landið hefur verið fjarverandi í 6 skipti síðan þá (1975, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1999 og 2000). Fyrsti sigur Grikklands kom árið  þegar Helena Paparizou keppti með laginu "My Number One". Gríska sjónvarpsstöðin Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT) sér um val framlags hvert ár og um sýningu keppnanna. Grikkland hefur aldrei endað í seinasta sæti.

Yfir 20. öldina náði Grikkland aðeins tveimur topp-5 niðurstöðum, Paschalis, Marianna, Robert & Bessy () og Kleopatra () í fimmta sæti. Í byrjun 21. aldar var Grikkland eitt af árangursríkustu þjóðunum í keppninni, með 10 af 13 topp-10 niðurstöðum á milli  og , þar á meðal Antique (), Sakis Rouvas () og Kalomira () í þriðja sæti.

Á milli áranna  og  hafði Grikkland ekki hlotið topp-10 niðurstöðu og komst ekki áfram í 2 skipti ( og ) í úrslitakeppnina. Í fyrsta sinn frá árinu 2013, náði Stefania annari topp-10 niðurstöðu í keppninni árið  með laginu "Last Dance" þar sem hún endaði í tíunda sæti.

Yfirlit þátttöku (niðurstöður)

Heimildir

Grikkland

Grikkland í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva


Seyfi Dursunoğlu bilinen sahne adıyla Huysuz Virjin (1 Ekim 1932, Trabzon - 17 Temmuz 2020, İstanbul), Türk şovmen, komedyen, zenne, şarkıcı, kantocu ve sunucu. 1970'lerden 2010'lara kadar sürdürdüğü eğlence programları ile Türkiye'de televizyonların tanınan bir eğlence figürü hâline gelmişti.

Hayatı ve kariyeri
1932 yılında Trabzon'da doğdu. Bir süre Trabzon'da Yenicuma Mahallesinde yaşadı, 1938 yılında ailesi ile İstanbul'a geldi. Lise hayatına önce Arnavutköy'de yer alan Özel Boğaziçi Lisesi'nde yatılı olarak başladı, ailesinin isteği ile 9. sınıfta Heybeliada'da yer alan Askeri Deniz Lisesi'ne gitmek zorunda kaldı. İki yıl sonra bir türlü adapte olamadığı Deniz Lisesi'nden ayrılarak Haydarpaşa Lisesi'ne geçti. Liseyi bitirdikten sonra İstanbul Üniversitesi İngiliz Filolojisi'ne başladı. Babasının iflas etmesi üzerine oradaki eğitimini yarıda bırakarak askere gitti. Askerliğini tamamladıktan sonra Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumunda memur olarak çalışmaya başladı. 18 yıl SSK'de devlet memurluğu yaptıktan sonra işinden ayrıldı.

1970'te Huysuz Virjin olarak önce küçük kulüplerde sahneye çıkmaya başladı. Ünü ağızdan ağza yayıldıkça daha büyük kulüplerden teklif almaya başladı. Her yıl İzmir Fuarı'nda sahneyi Türkiye'nin tanınmış solistleriyle paylaştı. İzmir Fuarı'na gelen binlerce insan sayesinde, televizyona çıkmadı ama tüm Türkiye'de kendinden bahsettirdi.

Seyfi Dursunoğlu, "Huysuz Virjin" karakteriyle en büyük sıçramayı TRT'de Öztürk Serengil'in yarışma programına katılarak yaptı. Aynı programda, tek kanalın seyredildiği bu dönemde Huysuz Virjin'in Öztürk Serengil'e verdiği esprili cevapları gördükten sonra herkes ondan bahsetmeye başladı. Seyfi Dursunoğlu, Huysuz Virjin tiplemesiyle kimsenin söyleyemediklerini söyleyecek güce ulaştı. Gerçekleri esprili bir tarzda ifade etmesi ve sahne şovlarıyla ünü yayıldı.

1970'lerde Huysuz Virjin 1. adında bir kanto plağı yaptı.

Pek çok ülkede sahne alan Dursunoğlu, Huysuz Show adlı programıyla kendini tüm Türkiye'ye tanıttı ve sevdirdi. Dursunoğlu, bir dönem Popstar Türkiye yarışmasının ikinci sezonunda, İbrahim Tatlıses, Garo Mafyan ve Deniz Seki gibi şarkıcı ve sanatçılarla birlikte jüri üyeliği de yaptı.

2007 yılında Radyo Televizyon Üst Kurumu (RTÜK) tarafından programının yayınlandığı televizyon kanallarına dolaylı olarak baskı yapıldığı ve sansür uygulandığını gerekçe göstererek Huysuz Virjin'i artık canlandırmayacağını açıkladı ancak 2011'de Show TV'de yayınlanan Huysuz'la Dans Eder misin? programını sundu. 2012 yılında Star TV'de yayınlanmaya başlayan, Benzemez Kimse Sana adlı yarışmada jüri üyeliği yapmıştır. Programın final bölümüne son kez Huysuz Virjin olarak çıkmıştır ve "Bu benim son kantom" diyerek yaşından dolayı bir daha kanto yapamayacağını dolaylı bir yönden anlatmıştır. Ayrıca 15 milyon TL tutarındaki mal varlığını Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Derneği'ne bağışlayacağını açıklamıştır.

2013 yılında "Benzemez Kimse Sana" (Show TV) programında jüri üyesi olmuş ancak TMSF Show TV'yi satışa çıkardığı için jüri üyesi olduğu "Benzemez Kimse Sana" programı yayından kaldırılmıştır. Seyfi Dursunoğlu "Doritos Akademi" reklamlarında oynamıştır. Huysuz Virjin tiplemesiyle "Katina" isimli seslendirdiği şarkısı vardır.

2014 Aralık ayında Dursunoğlu Star TV ile anlaşmış, ve yeni yılda yeniden ekranlarda olacağını açıklamıştır. 24 Ocak 2015 Cumartesi akşamı "Benzemez Kimse Sana" programının 3. sezonunda yeniden jüri üyeliğini yaptı. Doğuş Yayın Grubu tarafından ilk 4 bölümü istenildiği reytingleri alamadığı gerekçesiyle 20 Şubat 2015 tarihinde beşinci bölümü ile program sona ermiştir.

Dursunoğlu, son olarak 2017'den 2018 yılına geçiş yapılırken "Huysuz'la Yılbaşı Özel" programında Kanal D ekranlarında sunuculuk yaptı.

Ölümü
KOAH hastası olan Dursunoğlu, 15 gün boyunca zatürre tedavisi gördüğü İstanbul Acıbadem Altunizade Hastanesi'nde 17 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde ölmüştür.
Cenazesi 20 Temmuz 2020'de Zincirlikuyu Camii'nden kaldırılarak Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Dursunoğlu'nun vasiyetinde, daha önce yaptığı açıklamalara uygun olarak Üsküdar'daki evini ve banka hesabında yer alan tüm maddi birikimini Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Derneği'ne bıraktığı açıklandı.

Sunuculuk
 1976: Gülünüz Güldürünüz
 1994: Huysuz Show
 1995: Huysuz Show
 1996: Huysuz ve Tatlı Kadın
 1998: Huysuz Show
 1999: Huysuz Şimdi Hostes
 2002: Tatlı ve Huysuz Show
 2004: Turkstar
 2008: Huysuz'la Görücü Usulü
 2005: Dans Eder misin?
 2012: Benzemez Kimse Sana
 2018: Huysuz'la Yılbaşı Özel

Oyunculuk
Film
 1976: Doğru Yoldan Ayrılanlar - Soyguncu
 1977: Sarhoş
 1979: Nokta ile Virgül Paldır Küldür - Çılgın Koca ve kendisi
 1986: Melek Yüzlü Cani - Seyfi
 1989: İstiyorum - Seyfi
Dizi
 2005: Avrupa Yakası - Süheyla (50. bölüm)
 2006: İmkansız Aşk - Komşu (3. bölüm)
Reklam
 2016-2020: Maylo
 2012-2013: Doritos

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Atay, Korhan; Akşit, Figen Kumru (2004). Katina'nın Elinde Makası: Huysuz İle Seyfi'nin 35 Yıllık Sevda Masalı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. ISBN 9752975356.

Dış bağlantılar

Bir Sahne Fenomeni Olarak Huysuz Virjin ve Kültürel Kaynakları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi)

Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
1932 doğumlular
Trabzon doğumlu sanatçılar
2020 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da enfeksiyon hastalıklarından ölenler
Türkiye'de zatürreden ölenler
1970'lerin şarkıcıları
Drag queenler
Gösteri sanatçıları
Türk erkek dansçılar
Türk televizyon sunucuları
Haydarpaşa Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyılda Türk erkek şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Türk erkek şarkıcılar
Kanto sanatçıları

Seyfi Dursunoğlu


Savilian Professorship of Astronomy er et professorat i matematik ved Oxfords Universitet. Det blev instiftet i 1619 af Henry Savile, som samtidigt også instiftede stillingen som Savilian Professor of Geometry.

Indehavere

1619 Henry Briggs
1631 Peter Turner
1649 John Wallis
1704 Edmond Halley
1742 Nathaniel Bliss
1765 Joseph Betts
1766 John Smith
1797 Abraham Robertson
1810 Stephen Peter Rigaud
1827 Baden Henry Powell
1861 Henry John Stephen Smith
1883 James Joseph Sylvester
1897 William Esson
1920 Godfrey Harold Hardy
1932 Edward Charles Titchmarsh
1963 Michael Francis Atiyah
1969 Ioan MacKenzie James
1995 Richard Taylor
1997 Nigel James Hitchin
2017 Frances Clare Kirwan

Professorater
University of Oxford

Savilian Professor of Geometry


නවසීලන්ත ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2009 අගෝස්තු 7 සිට 2009 සැප්තැම්බර් 16 දක්වා තරග 2කින් යුත් ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලවක් සහ වි20ජා තරග 2ක තරගමාලාවක් සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරය කළේය. මීට අමතරව, මෙම කාලය තුළ නවසීලන්තය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ ඉන්දියාව තුන්කොන් තරගාවලියකට ක්‍රීඩා කළහ. ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව 2-0ක් ලෙස තරගාවලිය ජය ගැනීමට ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සමත් විය. වි20ජා තරගමාලාව 2-0ක් ලෙස තරගාවලිය ජය ගැනීමට නවසීලන්තය සමත් විය.

පුහුණු තරග

පළමු පන්තිය: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් සංවර්ධන XI එදිරිව නවසීලන්තය

පළමු පන්තිය: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් XI එදිරිව නවසීලන්තය

ලැයිස්තු A: ශ්‍රී ලංකා A එදිරිව නවසීලන්තය

ලැයිස්තු A: ශ්‍රී ලංකා XI එදිරිව නවසීලන්තය

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

වි20ජා තරගමාලාව

1 වන වි20ජා තරගය

2 වන වි20ජා තරගය

මාධ්‍ය ආවරණය

රූපවාහිනි
Arab Digital Distribution (සජීවී) – මැද පෙරදිග
Ten Sports (සජීවී) – ඉන්දියාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ පකිස්ථානය

යොමු කිරීම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

නවසීලන්ත ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරග සංචාරය 2009


Rosen kan henvise til:

 Rosen (infektion) – en hudinfektion
 Rosen (film fra 1907) – en dansk stumfilm fra 1907 instrueret af Viggo Larsen
 Rosen (film fra 1930) – en dansk film fra 1930
 Rosen (adelsslægt) – en adelsslægt

Rosen


Prudencio Contardo Ibarra, C.SS.R., (* 24 de octubre de 1860 - † 17 de marzo de 1950, Santiago). Fue un sacerdote chileno que destacó principalmente como Obispo de Temuco.

Vida religiosa
El 22 de diciembre de 1883, a la edad de 23 años es ordenado sacerdote, dentro de la orden de la Congregación del Santísimo Redentor.

El 15 de junio de 1920, es designado Obispo Auxiliar de Concepción, y también designado obispo titular de Siena. Siendo consagrado por el nuncio Benedetto Aloisi Masella, el 21 de octubre de 1920.

Fue designado como el primer Obispo de Temuco el 14 de diciembre de 1925, tomando posesión de la Sede 3 de mayo de 1926. Ocupa dicho obispado hasta el 15 de diciembre de 1934, y ahora es Obispo Titular de Cabasa. Siendo conocido como Obispo Emérito de Temuco.

En Valparaíso al producirse el fallecimiento de monseñor Eduardo Gimpert Paut en 1937, y hasta el nombramiento de monseñor Rafael Lira Infante, fue designado como vicario capitular, y como redentorista que era, fue a residír en ese período en el Convento de su Congregación, en el Cerro Cordillera.

Referencias
 Iglesia.cl, Diócesis de Valparaíso.
 Catholic-hierarchy.org (Página en inglés).

Obispos de Temuco
Obispos de Chile
Redentoristas
Obispos nombrados por Benedicto XV

Prudencio Contardo Ibarra


Ergun Michael Caner (d. 3 Kasım 1966), Türk kökenli Amerikalı Protestan bir din adamı ve vaizdir. Amerikalı Baptist Evanjelist Jerry Falwell'in kurucusu olduğu, Virginia'daki dinî ağırlıklı Liberty Üniversitesi'nde İlahiyat Anabilim Dalı'nın başkanıdır.

Yaşamı
Ergun Caner 1966 yılında Stockholm, İsveç'te Acar adında Türk bir baba ve Monica adında İsveçli bir anneden dünyaya geldi. 1978 yılında anne ve babası boşandığında aile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yaşamaktaydı. Ergun Caner ve kardeşi Emir Caner 1982 yılında Hristiyan oldular. Din adamlığını kendine meslek seçen Ergun Caner bu konuda yüksek lisans ve doktora yaptı. Liberty Üniversitesi'nde İlahiyat ve Kilise Tarihi profesörü oldu. ABD'nin çeşitli kentlerinde yaptığı konuşma ve vaazlarında Hristiyanlık ve İslam arasındaki ilişkilere ağırlık veren Ergun Caner bu konularda 11'i aşkın kitap yazdı. ABD'nin çeşitli dinî televizyon programlarında düzenli olarak vaazları yayınlanmaktadır.

İslam hakkında görüşleri
Ergun Caner yaptığı konuşmalarında İslam dinini ve Müslüman ülkeleri şiddetle eleştirmesiyle tanınmaktadır. Konuşmalarında Müslüman bir aile içinde yetiştiğini fakat yetişkinliğinde Hristiyanlıkla tanıştıktan sonra Hristiyanlığı seçtiğini iddia etmektedir. Vaazlarında, Hristiyanlığı seçmemiş olsaydı bugün büyük ihtimalle bir terörist olarak yetişeceğini iddia eden Ergun Caner, İslam dininin şiddet ve terörizmin kaynağı olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Ergun Caner kendisini Türk ve Müslüman kültürü içinde yetişmiş fakat bu kültürleri bilinçli olarak terk etmiş bir Hristiyan aydını olarak tanıtmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ergun Caner'in web sitesi

1966 doğumlular
Amerikalı ilahiyatçılar
İslam eleştirmenleri
Türk asıllı Amerikalılar
Yaşayan insanlar

Ergun Caner


Robert Hersant (30 January 1920 – 21 April 1996) was a French newspaper magnate. He was a leader in the pro-Nazi youth movement during the Vichy wartime years, but after prison time built a major newspaper empire and engaged in conservative politics.  At the time of his death he operated 40 publications and employed 8,000 people, but failed in his leap into television.

Early life
Hersant was born in Vertou, Loire-Atlantique.  . He was the son of a captain in the
merchant navy and showed early on an interest in school newspapers.

Vichy France
Initially involved with the Socialist Youth movement in 1935, Robert Hersant founded the rightist political party Jeune Front in the summer 1940. During that period, he became a friend of Jean-Marie Balestre. Jeune Front although a  small group, was publishing the pro-Nazi newspaper Au Pilori. He left this movement in October 1940, to become a member of the secretariat general de la jeunesse of the Vichy Regime. In 1941–1942, he created a camp in Brévannes, named after the Marshal Philippe Pétain to indoctrinate young people in the Révolution nationale ideology.   He was not affected in the first waves of the Épuration légale after liberation. He was arrested and jailed for one month in Fresnes on 15 June 1945. He was tried in 1947 and sentenced to 10 years of national indignity for collaboration with Nazi Germany. The court emphasized that Jeune Front had received support from the Nazis as early as August 1940 to justify that sentence.

Publishing and politics
He was released through the general amnesties in 1947, 1951 and 1953. His personal friendships with notable Socialist leaders such as Guy Mollet and François Mitterrand during the 1950s enabled him to start fresh. After launching a few unsuccessful publications, (Bazars et Galeries, l'Equipement Ménager, le Quincailler), in 1950, he started L'Auto-Journal, which met success due to the increasing popularity of automobiles.

In October 1952, he bought la semaine de l'Oise and used it to launch his political career. In February 1953, he was elected mayor of Ravenel, Oise, and in January 1956 he ran for a deputy seat in the Assemblée Nationale as a radical candidate. He was elected with the support of French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR). However, on 18 April 1956 his election caused a heated debate at the Assemblée Nationale due to his collaborationist past. The Assemblée Nationale cancelled his election, but on 25 October 1956 he was reelected. As a deputy, Hersant championed a reform of the constitution of 1946, altering the articles 45, 46, 47, 48 and 52. It would have permitted the direct election of the Président du Conseil, and would have obliged him to form his cabinet from personalities that did not belong to legislative bodies.

Hersant advocated a partition of Algeria as a solution to the Algerian War. In 1958, Hersant became Gaullist. In 1967, he was elected as a Radical within the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left. He then became a conservative supporting Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. He remained a deputy until 1978. In 1984, he became a deputy in the European Parliament on the Rally for the Republic–Union for French Democracy (RPR/UDF) list led by Simone Veil. He remained a European Deputy until his death.

He gradually built his empire by buying or creating local or regional newspapers through his holding company Socpresse (and its associate France-Antilles). In 1957, he created Centre Presse and in 1964, France-Antilles. Robert Hersant also took control of  various regional titles such as Le Courrier de l'Ouest, Nord Matin (bought in 1967), Paris Normandie (bought in 1972), Nord Eclair (bought in 1975, and merged with Nord Matin).

In 1975, he purchased from Jean Prouvost the great conservative newspaper le Figaro (with the help of Pierre Juillet and Marie-France Garaud, then adviser of Jacques Chirac), in 1976 the popular daily France-Soir,  and in 1980 acquired "L'Aurore" from the estate of Marcel Boussac. At the time, it was rumored that president Giscard d'Estaing had facilitated the obtaining of loans by Hersant in order to have the three Parisian newspapers (totalling 1.06 million in circulation) controlled by a political ally. In 1979, Hersant launched Le Figaro-Magazine, a weekly supplement of Le Figaro, headed by Louis Pauwels.  In 1980, Le Figaro absorbed L'Aurore. In 1983, Hersant bought Le Dauphiné Libéré, in 1986, Le Progrès de Lyon and l'Union de Reims, and in 1987 Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. As a result, in 1986, according to Daniel Singer,  he was controlling 38% of the national press, and 26% of the regional press in France.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Hersant extended his activities to eastern Europe. In 1991, he bought Magyar Nemzet (Hungary), 51% of Rzeczpospolita (Poland), Tempo, Dziennik Baltycki, Dziennik Lodzki, Trybuna Slaska, Express Ilustrowany, Wieczor Wybrzeza, Dziennik Zachodni and Gazeta Krakowska. This large number of acquisitions gained him the nicknames of Citizen H and Le Papivore in the satirist Le Canard enchaîné.

In 1987, he was involved with Silvio Berlusconi in the launching of the La Cinq TV-channel. He withdrew in 1990 after suffering serious losses. La Cinq collapsed in 1992.

Robert Hersant's group was, in 1996, employing 8,000 persons, and generating a revenue of 6 billion French francs.

Death
He died at Saint-Cloud in 1996. After his death of Hersant, Socpresse was sold to Serge Dassault.

List of papers owned by Robert Hersant in 1996

France
 Le Figaro
 France-Soir
 le Progrès (Lyon)
 le Journal de Saône et Loire
 Le Bien public (Dijon)
 le Courrier de l'Ouest Angers
 le Dauphiné Libéré (Grenoble)
 Presse Océan (Nantes)
 l'Eclair (Nantes)
 Centre presse (Poitiers)
 le Maine libre (Le Mans)
 Le Havre presse
 Le Havre libre
 la Liberté du Morbihan
 l'Union (Reims)
 l'Ardennais
 Nord-Eclair
 Nord-Matin
 Paris-Normandie
 les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace
 L'Est Républicain
 l'Est éclair
 Libération Champagne (not to be confused with Libération)
 la Haute-Marne libérée
 France-Antilles Martinique
 France-Antilles Guadeloupe
 la Dépêche de Tahiti
 le Quotidien de la Réunion

Belgium
 42% of the capital of Le Soir

Poland
 One national daily, and one sports daily

Czech Republic
 One national and four regional dailies

Slovakia
 two dailies

See also
Antennes Locales

Further reading
 Chalaby, Jean K. "The Press, 1945–69." in The de Gaulle Presidency and the Media;; (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2002) pp. 3-22.
 Palmer, Michael, and Jeremy Tunstall. "Media moguls in France." Media Moguls'' (Routledge, 2006) pp. 145–171.

References
 Biography of Robert Hersant from 1920 to 1958
 Nord Matin, Nord Eclair, La Voix du Nord
 Dauphiné Libéré and Progrès de Lyon
 Robert Hersant and Socpresse
 Robert Hersant chronology
 Paul Lewis Robert Hersant The New York Times, April 23, 1996.
 Janice Castro The Man Who Would Be King TIME Magazine Monday, Dec. 22, 1980.
 Daniel Singer  The Politics and the Pity The Nation, May 12, 1979.
 Chronology of the acquisition by Hersant
 Daniel Singer  Handicapping the French Elections The Nation, March 15, 1986.
 Renaud Revel Les derniers bouclages de Robert Hersant L'Express, October 22, 1994.
 Marc Blachère La Mort du Magnat de la Presse Robert Hersant L'Humanité April 22, 1996.
 L'empire Hersant L'Humanité April 22, 1996.

1920 births
1996 deaths
People from Vertou
Hersant family
Radical Party (France) politicians
Union of Democrats for the Republic politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
Democratic Convention (France) politicians
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Oise
Conservatism in France
20th-century French newspaper publishers (people)
French magazine publishers (people)
French newspaper chain founders
French male writers
20th-century French male writers
French magazine founders
People convicted of indignité nationale
Burials at Passy Cemetery

Robert Hersant


James Wilson (27 September 1922 – 6 August 2005) was an Irish composer. Though born in England, Wilson was a resident of Ireland for over 50 years.

Early life
Wilson was born in Islington, London. His father, a chemist, died when James was only four days old, leaving his widowed mother to bring up three sons alone. Without any family background in music (the only real interest was his mother's slight interest in playing the piano), Wilson began piano lessons in 1931 (at the age of nine), continuing them until 1938. While in his early teens, Wilson attended many operas which fostered his interest in music.

After school, and without any formal higher education, Wilson entered the Civil Service after having passed their entrance exam.  He served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, from 1942 till 1946. Having finished his military service, Wilson began attending weekly musical composition classes at the Trinity College of Music in London. It was around this time that he left the Civil Service to pursue a full-time career in music. In 1948 he moved to Ireland, where he had been stationed in the latter part of his naval service.

Musical work
Wilson was a largely self-taught composer. He experimented with many musical styles but did not particularly adhere to any of them. He had an interest in some less typical instruments, and wrote substantial works for the free-bass accordion, the cor anglais, and an electrically modified flute.

Wilson's creative output was large and varied: seven operas, three symphonies, twelve concertos, several ballets, about two hundred songs, and a large number of other choral and instrumental works. His works have been performed and broadcast throughout Ireland, the UK, and Scandinavia.

Wilson was professor of composition at the Royal Irish Academy of Music. For many years he was also the course director of the annual Ennis/IMRO Composition Summer School. Wilson was a founder-member of Aosdána, an association of people in Ireland who have achieved distinction in the arts.

In 1999 Wilson became an Irish citizen. He died just six years later in Dublin, on 6 August 2005. He was working on an eighth opera at the time of his death.

Selected works
Opera
Grinning at the Devil
Letters to Theo
The Hunting of the Snark (children's opera)
Twelfth Night

Concerti
For Sarajevo, Calico Pie (triple concerto)
Concerto Giocoso

Quotations
Music is the nearest thing that we know to magic: its powers have still to be understood.
In my own work, I seek for clarity and economy and, above all, for the quality of lyricism.

Bibliography
Axel Klein: Die Musik Irlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1996), .
Mark Fitzgerald: The Life and Music of James Wilson (Cork: Cork University Press, 2015), .

External links
James Wilson at Naxos.com
Irish composer dies in Dublin (pdf)
The Independent obituary

1922 births
2005 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Irish male musicians
21st-century classical composers
21st-century Irish male musicians
Aosdána members
British emigrants to Ireland
Composers for piano
Irish classical composers
Irish male classical composers
Irish opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Islington (district)

James Wilson (composer)


Un scandal politic este o acțiune sau un eveniment considerat ca fiind greșit din punct de vedere moral sau legal și care provoacă indignarea publică. Politicienii, oficialii guvernamentali, oficiali ai partidelor sau grupurile de interese pot fi acuzați de diverse practici ilegale, corupte sau lipsite de etică. Un scandal politic poate implica încălcarea legilor sau codurilor morale dintr-o țară sau un scandal sexual.

Jurnalism de scandal
Scandalul contribuie la creșterea vânzărilor unor broșuri, ziare și reviste și la creșterea rating-ului emisiunilor radio-TV care îl prezintă în profunzime. Unii jurnaliștii și-au construit carierele pe expunerea corupției și pe scandalul politic, acționând de multe ori în numele partidului de opoziție.

Există numeroși factori contextuali care face un scandal demn de remarcat, cum ar fi importanța persoanelor implicate și complexitatea conspirației, precum și strategiile de mușamalizare ale factorilor de decizie.

Ideologia politică a proprietarilor mass-media joacă un rol important — ei preferă să vizeze opoziția, fără ca numele lor să fie implicate oficial. Jurnaliștii trebuie să prezinte povestea în funcție de valorile morale ale publicului și să atingă așteptările pentru a maximiza impactul.

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 Canel, Maria Jose and Karen Sanders. Morality Tales: Political Scandals and Journalism in Britain and Spain in the 1990s (2005)
 Fisher, Trevor. Scandal: Sexual Politics of Late Victorian Britain (1995)
 Giroux, Gary. Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform: An Encyclopedia (2013)
 Grossman, Mark. Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed (2008)
 Heidenheimer, Arnold and M. Johnston. Political corruption: Concepts and contexts (2002)
 King, Anthony. Sex, Money and Power: Political Scandals in Great Britain and the United States (1984)
 Kohn, George C. The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal (2000)
 MacMullen, Ramsay. Corruption and the Decline of Rome (1990)
 Scott, James C. Comparative political corruption (1972)
 Temple, Kathryn. Scandal Nation: Law and Authorship in Britain, 1750–1832 (2002)
Scandaluri politice

Scandal politic