Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail  (Jawi: ; 8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010) was the 24th Sultan of Johor and the 4th Sultan of Modern Johor. He succeeded his father Sultan Ismail upon the latter's death on 10 May 1981. He was the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Supreme King or High King) of Malaysia from 26 April 1984 to 25 April 1989. Sultan Iskandar's reign lasted for almost 29 years until his death in January 2010. His children are married into the different royal houses of Malaysia. His eldest daughter Tunku Kamariah married the Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, Tengku Sulaiman Shah. His successor and eldest son Sultan Ibrahim married Raja Zarith Sofiah of the Perak Royal Family. His daughter Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah married the heir apparent of Pahang, now Sultan Abdullah. His younger son Tunku Abdul Majid married a member of the Kedah Royal Family, Tunku Teh Mazni.

As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Iskandar's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions. This was more so during his days as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, whereby a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar. Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern to his subjects, and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects–particularly the Malays and Orang Aslis. His time as the Sultan of Johor was marred by accusations of violence and brutality. Sultan Iskandar was notorious for his bad temper which often resulted in violent episodes of rage and brutality to members of his staff and the general public. The 1992 Gomez incident surrounding the Sultan eventually culminated in the removal of "legal immunity" for members of the royal family.

Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who have personally approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm and generous personality. However, past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper. These claims were made by citing records of past notorious incidents, which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (or Crown Prince in English) by his father, in 1961, as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public.

During his younger days as a prince, Iskandar was commonly known by his first name, "Mahmood" or his full name "Mahmood Iskandar". He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981, although some people still referred to him by his full name on an occasional basis.

Early life
Sultan Iskandar (known as  Tunku Mahmood Iskandar until 1981) was the third and eldest surviving son of Sultan Ismail ibni Sultan Ibrahim by Sultanah Aminah binti Ungku Ahmad, and was born on at 11:30 am. Friday 8 April 1932 in Istana Semayam, Johor Bahru. (He had two older brothers, both of whom died in infancy.)  Mahmood received his primary and lower secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School and the English College Johore Bahru (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) in Johor Bahru. In 1952, he was sent to Australia for higher secondary education at the Trinity Grammar School. After completing high school in 1953, Mahmood travelled to the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, where he enrolled into the Upper Chine School for three years.

Sultan of Johor

Upon completing his studies, Mahmood returned to Malaysia in 1956 and briefly served as a cadet officer in the Johor Civil Service, taking charge of affairs in District Affairs, Land and Treasury departments until his appointment as the Tunku Mahkota of Johor in May 1959.
Mahmood was appointed the Tunku Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961, and Raja Muda of Johor from 1966 to 1981, by Sultan Ismail. On 29 April 1981, he was re-appointed as the Tunku Mahkota shortly before his father's death.

On 10 May 1981, Mahmood was appointed as the Regent of Johor following the death of his father, and was sworn in as Sultan a day later, shortly before his father was buried. In turn, his younger brother, Tunku Abdul Rahman (not to be confused with Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first Prime Minister), formerly the Tunku Mahkota of Johor for twenty years under Sultan Ismail, was demoted to a lower position, the Tunku Bendahara of Johor, a post which he held until his death in 1989. In the same year on 12 December, Sultan Iskandar was appointed as the Chancellor of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Unlike the other preceding Sultan of Johors who had their own coronation ceremony, he did not have one.

Under the council of rulers, the elective monarchy system of Malaysia, Sultan Iskandar was elected on 9 February 1984 as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, shortly before his predecessor's term expired on 26 April 1984. He succeeded the Sultan of Pahang as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong on 26 April. A royal investiture was held shortly after that, in which he donned the traditional suit of the Agong, whereby he was officially installed. Sultan Iskandar served in the capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong until 1989, whereby the Sultan of Perak succeeded him. As the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Iskandar was automatically designated under constitutional provisions as the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, holding the rank of the Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy and Field Marshal of the Army.

On 8 April 2006, the Sultan appointed his grandson Tunku Ismail Idris—the son of the Tunku Mahkota then—as the Raja Muda during an investiture in conjunction on his birthday. The rank of Raja Muda denotes that Ismail is second in position in terms of the order of succession to the Johor royal throne.

State affairs
Sultan Iskandar held annual open house events either at Istana Bukit Serene, his official residence, or at Istana Besar. On these days, the Sultan and his eldest son, the Tunku Mahkota, held special sessions whereby Johoreans came up to pay their respects to him. The Sultan also bestowed honorary awards on distinguished Malaysians from his annual birthday honours list on his birthdays. As a matter of convention, the state government gazetted 8 April as a state public holiday to mark his birthday.

Shortly before he became Agong in April 1984, Sultan Iskandar issued a proposal for the Orang Aslis to be referred to as the "Bumiputera Asli" (literally, Original Sons of the Soil). The proposal was made as Sultan Iskandar suggested that the Orang Aslis maintained a distinct identity from the Malays as the majority of them were not Muslims. The proposal was subsequently scrapped, and the government made subsequent attempts to assimilate the Orang Aslis with the mainstream Malay society. After his inauguration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he donated his Agong's salary to various scholarship boards that were open to Malaysians of all races.

Sultan Iskandar issued a decree in 2007 which only allowed residences and properties owned by the Sultan and the Tunku Mahkota to be called Istana, while properties belonging to other members of the royal family are to be known as "Kediaman". The terms "Istana" and "Kediaman" are translated as "Palace" and "Residences" in English, respectively. The following December, Sultan Iskandar gave his endorsement for the state government to gazette a proposed legislation which bans Muslims in the state from practising Yoga, citing that Hindu elements in the exercise went against Islamic teachings. Applications to seek the Sultan's consent came from the state religious council, who acted under the instructions of the National Fatwa Council.

Sultan Iskandar graced the official landmark opening of the Sultan Iskandar customs, immigration and quarantine complex on 1 December 2008, in the presence of the Tunku Mahkota and several key cabinet ministers. The complex was named in honour of the Sultan, who expressed optimism in its success during his opening speech.

Foreign relations
Since his ascension to the throne, Sultan Iskandar fostered particularly close neighbourly ties with Singapore, by developing a personal rapport with top Singaporean leaders. This practice has also been taken up by his sons, the Tunku Mahkota and Tunku Aris Bendahara. Media reports highlighted the particularly warm reception which leaders of both countries received whenever they visited each other's domains, particularly in July 1988, when Sultan Iskandar's visit to Singapore marked the first official visit by any Yang di-Pertuan Agong since 1957. Between these years, Sultan Iskandar has been awarded or been given the following awards by Singaporean political leaders:

 1988: Then-Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong received the Dato' Paduka Mahkota Johor (Kehormat) from the Sultan himself
 2007: Sultan Iskandar was presented with the Honorary Master Parachutist Wing by then-Singapore Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean
 2007: Conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws by the National University of Singapore.

Relations with Singapore took a dive after the International Court of Justice ruled in Singapore's favour following a long legal battle over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca. At the inaugural session of the 12th Johor State Assembly in 2008, the Sultan stated his stand on Malaysia's sovereignty over Pedra Branca, and vowed to find legal means to retrieve the island's sovereignty.

Sultan Iskandar also fostered a fairly close relationship with the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, particularly during his days as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong. In 2006, they were again seen together in public, after Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made a state visit to Johor to express his interest in Iskandar Development Region.

Controversies

Succession
Prior to his life as the Sultan or Agong, and even during the 1980s and early 1990s, Mahmood's reputation was more or less marred by a number of alleged controversial incidents which received occasional attention from the media. One of these earliest incidents was the loss of his status as Mahkota in 1961—a position which his father, Sultan Ismail, appointed to him two years earlier, citing reasons of alleged misbehaviour after confidential reports accusing him of incarcerating a policeman reached the Sultan. Iskandar's younger brother, Abdul Rahman (Tunku Mahkota of Johor) was appointed as the Tunku Mahkota in favour of him. Nevertheless, in 1966, Mahmood Iskandar was appointed the Raja Muda—which puts him second in line to the throne. In April 1981, Mahmood was reinstated as Mahkota shortly before his father's death the following month and was subsequently installed as the Sultan of Johor, under the orders of his father.

However, some eyewitnesses challenged the legitimacy of Mahmood's reappointment as the Mahkota, by arguing that they witnessed Sultan Ismail already having lapsed into coma at the time of his appointment as the Regent. Records stated that Sultan Ismail lapsed into a coma on 8 May, three days before his death. Relations with the Menteri Besar of Johor, Othman Saat deteriorated when the latter questioned Iskandar's legitimacy to the throne, which led to an incident which saw the Sultan issuing an order to the Menteri Besar to vacate his office within 24 hours, shortly after Sultan Ismail's death, citing reasons for the need for that office space for his own. The Menteri Besar heeded his order, though the Sultan did not move in as he had said. Othman Saat subsequently resigned the following year as the Menteri Besar.

Allegations of criminal misconduct
In 1972, Mahmood was charged with assault for using chemical mace on two men for overtaking his car and was convicted for his offence the following year. A year later, reports surfaced of another similar attack on a young couple, when Iskandar, together with his bodyguard, attacked them after they allegedly offended him. Another incident took place at about this time when Mahmood restrained two policemen in a dog kennel for a day after they had angered him.

Five years later, Mahmood was charged and convicted for manslaughter for shooting and killing a man near his private helicopter, whom he took to be a smuggler. In both cases, his father, Sultan Ismail, intervened and granted official pardons to Mahmood. Similarly, his eldest son, Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, was convicted in the 1980s for shooting a man to death in a nightclub during a feud, but was quickly pardoned.

In 1987, Sultan Iskandar was further accused of causing the death of a golf caddy in Cameron Highlands by assault, following an incident in which the golf caddy laughed when the Sultan missed a shot. Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first Prime Minister, pointed out that the Sultan, then Yang di-Pertuan Agong could not be prosecuted due to immunity that was accorded to rulers, while at the same time condemning Sultan Iskandar's actions. Eventually, the matter passed without much further public attention. The brother of the caddy – who also suffered injuries during the incident, being distressed from what he saw, subsequently ran amok in Kuala Lumpur and had to be quarantined in a mental hospital.

Gomez Incident

Assault
In late 1992, two separate assault cases by the Sultan himself as well as his younger son, Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, on hockey coaches culminated in the stripping of immunity of rulers from prosecution. Both cases received considerable headlines in the local and international news which was aptly dubbed as "The Gomez Incident". The incident was kicked off on 10 July 1992, when Sultan Iskandar's second son, the Tunku Bendahara– Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, lost his temper during a hockey match with the Perak hockey team after Perak won the match by a penalty stroke, and assaulted the Perak goalkeeper, Mohamed Ja'afar Mohamed Vello. The goalkeeper later lodged a police report on 30 July. The incident received public attention, especially when the matter was debated in parliament. The incident resulted in the Malaysian Hockey Federation issuing Majid -- then second-in line to the throne after his elder brother -- a ban of five years from participating in any tournaments following investigations. Tunku Abdul Majid was later convicted of assault in January 1993, of which the chief justice sentenced him to a year in prison, on top of a RM 2000 fine. He was released on a bail, and these charges were later dropped on grounds of immunity, which was still applicable at the time when the act was committed.

The Sultan responded to the ban by putting pressure on the state authorities to enforce isolation of the Johor hockey teams from all national tournaments. In November 1992, Douglas Gomez, a coach for the Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar field hockey team, expressed his displeasure of being called to withdraw from a semi-final national hockey match by the Director of the Johor Education Department. The incident attracted the attention of the Sultan, who personally summoned Gomez to his palace, Istana Bukit Serene, where he was promptly reprimanded and assaulted by the Sultan. Following Gomez's meeting with the Sultan, Gomez sought treatment to his face and stomach. Subsequently, he lodged a police report against the Sultan for assault. Gomez elaborated that the Sultan's bodyguards and members of the Johor Military Force present were merely onlookers, and that the Sultan was solely responsible for the injuries.

Public responses and follow ups
The assault resulted in a public outcry over the event which pressured all levels of the government right up to the top ranks of the federal government to investigate into the matter. In the closing months of 1992, and also the opening months of 1993, dozens of articles mentioning misdeeds by the royal families of several states–but in particular Sultan Iskandar himself were published. A good deal of these alleged misdeeds that were mentioned included the charging of exorbitant fines–way above the prescribed legal limits–upon offenders who had obstructed the Sultan's car, amongst others. Sultan Iskandar, nevertheless bore the brunt of the backlash by the numerous references centred towards alleged acts of criminal wrongdoings even though many of the listed acts were committed by other members of the royal family.

The vociferous spate of criticisms roused by the press prompted Members of Parliament of the Dewan Rakyat to convene a special session on 10 December 1992. All 96 parliamentarians present on that day passed a unanimous resolution which called for action to curb the powers of the rulers if necessary. During the special meeting, parliamentarians disclosed past criminal records of Sultan Iskandar and his two sons, all of whom had been involved in a total of at least 23 cases of assault and manslaughter, five of which were cases committed by the Sultan after 1981, two cases by the Mahkota and three cases by the Bendahara.

A bill was passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara on 19 and 20 January 1993 respectively. The bill, which proposed to remove legal immunity was approved by six out of nine sultans—but saw stiff opposition from three, two of which included Ismail Petra, the Sultan of Kelantan and the Sultan Iskandar himself. Sultan Iskandar took up the initiative to obtain more royal support to stall the implementation of the proposed bill. The bill, which proposed to strip rulers and members of the royal families of legal immunity, would make them prosecutable by the law in any cases of proven criminal wrongdoings.

Sultan Iskandar organised a rally which was to be held outside the palace with the aim of garnering public support to stall the bill's implementation. However, this was cancelled after intense pressure from the government. A report made during the rally quoted Sultan Iskandar calling upon all local civil servants to boycott state and federal functions in a show of support for his motion. Meanwhile, the federal government continued to pressure the rulers into assenting to the bills, which they did after several revisions of the bill were made by the government.  Following which, the proposed bill was enshrined into the Federal Constitution in March 1993.

The bill allowed rulers who violated the laws to be prosecuted, while the Sedition Act of 1948 was also amended to allow public criticism of the rulers. A special court was created–presided by the Lord President of the Federal Court–to empower and prosecute members of the rulers and immediate members of the royal household.

Aftermath

Sultan Iskandar and his family members were not prosecuted for their past violations of the law on grounds that the royal immunity was still applicable when the incidences occurred. Nevertheless, shortly after the incident, Sultan Iskandar was prompted to take steps to rehabilitate his public image, which was more or less tarnished by the incident. In a public speech shortly after the episode, the Sultan was noted to have toned down somewhat on his hardline image and appeared to be somewhat more humble, appealing to Johoreans to maintain their loyalty to him.

The Gomez incident also led to a review and proposal by the Federal Government in August 1993 to disband the Johor Military Force (JMF). However, the bill to disband the JMF was subsequently repealed by parliament.

Political

Days as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1980s)
Shortly before his election as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong in 1983, a spate of reports alleging Sultan Iskandar's intention to launch a coup d'état by launching a state of emergency to overthrow the government circulated within political circles, which reached Mahathir himself. The Sultan was reportedly having fostered close relations with several key military personnel, including the Army chief himself Jeneral Zain Hashim. The government subsequently took action to curb constitutional loopholes within the constitution and took to task of reducing the power of royal veto in passing legislation, culminating to a constitutional crisis in late 1983. Nevertheless, during his inaugural speech as the Agong in 1984, about a month after the constitutional amendments were passed in parliament, Sultan Iskandar voiced public support for the revised constitution and pledged to act in accordance to the Prime Minister's advise.

A diplomatic scandal between the United Kingdom and Malaysia broke out in 1984, when several British newspapers published pieces on Sultan Iskandar's coronation, citing the headlines such as  "Killer becomes King" and "King a Killer", which enraged the Malaysian government, who demanded an apology from the British government. The British government refused to apologise on behalf of the newspapers, hence triggering tensions between the two countries. Two months later, in June 1984, Sultan Iskandar in his capacity as the Agong, surprised the Malaysian public when he publicly called upon the Deputy Prime Minister, Musa Hitam, to make a public apology in front of the entire congregation present at the National Mosque. Sultan Iskandar, on his part, was angry over remarks which Musa made during the course of the 1983 constitutional crisis that he deemed to be disrespectful. Musa abided to the Agong's demand and boldly came forward to make the apology, which was greeted by a thunderous applause from the entire congregation. The event, which was broadcast live throughout the nation on Malaysian Radio (although the television stations abruptly terminated its broadcast halfway), was seen by many observers as an act of confrontation by the Agong to put Musa in his place.

In 1988, also serving in his capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong, the Lord President of the Federal Court Tun Salleh Abas was sacked by the Agong in what led to the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis. However, observers suggested a remarkably warm relationship between then-Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad with the Agong, both of whom shared common resentment against the chief justice, Salleh Abas. In 1973, Iskandar was convicted of assault and was sentenced to six months imprisonment, of which Salleh Abas served as the public prosecutor hearing the case. As the public prosecutor, Salleh had appealed to the chief justice, Raja Azlan Shah (father to the current Sultan of Perak), for handing down a heavier sentence for Iskandar, which naturally earned his wrath. The sacking of the Lord President, was however not without controversy, given the alleged manner in which the Agong and Prime Minister had handled the matter–including an incident which the Agong had refused to forgive the Lord President in spite of Salleh's willingness to offer his apology to the Agong, which he turned down.

Later years (2000 onwards)
Sultan Iskandar's public call to support Abdullah Badawi's administration in October 2006 created a minor stir among Mahathir's supporters, when he remarked that "Mahathir should act like a pensioner". The call came at a time when Mahathir's spate of criticisms against Abdullah's were at its most vociferous period. The Sultan was the first state ruler to publicly defend the policy of the government during the period of Mahathir's criticisms against the Abdullah administration. Earlier sources however, noted Sultan Iskandar's concerns with the deepening rift between Mahathir and Abdullah and had asked to be photographed together with the two leaders during the United Malays National Organisations (UMNO) 60th anniversary celebrations in Johor Bahru.

A month later, in November 2006, another small stir erupted during the launching ceremony of the Iskandar Development Region, when Sultan Iskandar voiced his opinion that the Causeway, which connects Johor and Singapore, should be removed to allow ships to pass through and promoting development of the state. He also remarked that the people should be wary of all foreigners as they were "vultures" and also urged the people not to hold them in high regard, citing his displeasure that his ancestors were "deceived" by dirty tactics employed by colonialists to build the Causeway.

At the inaugural 12th Johor State Assembly Seating in April 2008, a minor controversy erupted when one opposition member of parliament (MP), Gwee Tong Hiang, flouted dress regulations by appearing in a lounge suit and tie instead of the usual official attire and songkok. This resulted in him being dismissed from the assembly chamber shortly before the Sultan's arrival. Gwee, a Democratic Action Party (DAP) MP, reportedly argued that there was no stated order to wear the official attire and songkok and stated his desire to wear a western suit, promptly drew flak from other MPs and the Menteri Besar, Abdul Ghani Othman who had earlier on met to agree to don in the official attire and songkok prior to the assembly, whereby Gwee was absent. The Sultan, apparently angry at Gwee, sharply criticised him two days later and publicly called upon Gwee to seek an audience with him.

Lifestyle
During his days as the Agong, Sultan Iskandar was often seen in public carrying a pistol in his waistband, which drew considerable concern and discomfort from the Malaysian public due to his past record of criminal offences. He was also reputed to have led a flamboyant lifestyle, which also drew similar scepticism. He was also known to be a motorbike enthusiast; documentaries on national patriotism would feature Sultan Iskandar, the then-Agong, riding out on a police motorbike and his flamboyant appearance during a few public ceremonies. These documentaries drew criticisms from the Malaysian public, who felt that the television clips of Sultan Iskandar were inappropriate for its theme and national image.

Personal life

In 1956, Mahmood married Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, from Cornwall, United Kingdom, with whom he had four children, including his successor, Ibrahim Ismail and the current queen of Malaysia, Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah. The marriage ended with divorce in 1962. He remarried in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow, to Tengku Zanariah, who came from the Kelantan royal family. Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan. Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow's association with Sultan Iskandar was carefully omitted in all official biographies.

As a youth, Mahmood qualified as a pilot, having trained in handling light and medium aircraft and helicopters. He was also apt in handling motorcycles, reportedly possessing the skills to strip a motorcycle down to its component parts and then reassembling it.

The Sultan is also well known for his passion in many types of open-air sports, especially polo and golf. In his later years, he spent much of his free time at the Royal Johor Country Club. In addition, he also played tennis and squash on a regular basis. Within private circles, Sultan Iskandar was fondly known as "Moody", a testimony to his first name "Mahmud." His son, Abdul Majid, inherited his interest in amateur golf and once served as the President of the Malaysian Golf Association.

He is involved in the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis which the then prime minister Mahathir Mohamad used his 1992 Gomez beating incident as a leverage to hijack the Malaysian judiciary system by sacking the then Lord of President of the Federal Court of Malaysia (Now known as Chief Justice of Malaysia), Tun Haji Mohamed Salleh bin Abas in an effort to claim his political success.

In addition, he kept a large collection of pets, particularly peacocks, at his Istana Bukit Serene compound, where he lived with the Sultanah. In his youth, Iskandar resided at Istana Bukit Coombe, located at the top of Coombe Hill. It was built upon Dutch architectural designs, and was later renamed Istana Bukit Iskandar. The palace was later demolished in 1987, six years after Sultan Iskandar succeeded his late father as Sultan.

He made a personal friendship with Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. His son picked Aquino up at Changi airport and drove to Johor where he and Aquino had a meeting with the latter days before the former Philippine senator was assassinated.

Issue

Health

After undergoing a coronary bypass operation in the United States in 2000, close aides reported that Sultan Iskandar slowed down somewhat in his pace of life and took to playing golf only on an occasional basis. A bout of bronchitis in January 2008 saw the Sultan being briefly admitted and treated in a local hospital.

Death

Sultan Iskandar died on 22 January 2010 at 7:15 pm at the Puteri Specialist Hospital, Johor Bahru. after being admitted earlier in the day following an illness at age 77. His death was only officially announced at 11:20 pm by Menteri Besar of Johor Datuk Abdul Ghani Othman announced that flags be lowered to half mast Johor starting from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. He was brought to the Istana Besar, Johor Bahru for laying in state and is buried in the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum the next day at 2:00 pm. Before that, the public was allowed to pay their last respects to Sultan Iskandar from early morning.

Among the royal family were present and other dignitaries were present to give their last respects is the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Nur Zahirah, the Sultan of Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the Raja of Perlis Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, the Sultan of Pahang Sultan Ahmad Shah, the Sultan of Kedah Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, the Sultan of Perak Sultan Azlan Shah, the Sultan of Selangor Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah, the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan Tuanku Muhriz, the Regent of Perlis Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail, the Tengku Mahkota of Pahang Tengku Abdullah, and the Tengku Mahkota of Kelantan Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra. Prime Minister Dato' Seri Najib Tun Razak, cut short his visit to India to attend his funeral. Also present were Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong.

His son the Tunku Mahkota of Johor Tunku Ibrahim Ismail was proclaimed as the next Sultan of Johor also on 23 January.

Legacy
Several projects and institutions were named after the Sultan, including:

Educational institutions

 Institute Sultan Iskandar of Urban Habitat and Highrise, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 SMK Tunku Mahmood Iskandar, Sungai Mati, Muar
 SMK Mahmood Iskandar, Parit Saidi, Batu Pahat
 SK Tengku Mahmood Iskandar 1 and 2, Pontian

Buildings

 Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, or the Sultan Iskandar Complex in English, a customs, immigration and quarantine complex opened in December 2008
 Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, Kota Tinggi district office of the Malaysian Public Works Department
 Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, Federal government headquarters for Youth and Sports in Sarawak, located in Kuching, Sarawak.
 Dewan Sultan Iskandar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Planetarium Sultan Iskandar the first planetarium in Malaysia. The planetarium is located in Kuching Civic Centre, Kuching, Sarawak. It was named in honour of the Sultan, then the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
 Sultan Iskandar Broadcasting Complex, headquarters of Johor FM at Jalan Datin Halimah
 Pusat Islam Iskandar Johor, the Johor Islamic Centre in Johor Bahru
 Masjid Iskandar, a mosque at Kem Iskandar, a Commando military camp in Mersing.
 Sultan Iskandar Mosque, a mosque at Mersing and Bandar Dato' Onn
 Kota Iskandar Mosque, a state mosque in Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri.
 Sultan Iskandar Power Station, Pasir Gudang
 Sultan Iskandar Reservoir, a water reservoir east of Johor Bahru.
 Iskandar Coastal Bridge

Roads
Lebuhraya Sultan Iskandar, a stretch of the Iskandar Coastal Highway from Danga Bay to Iskandar Puteri.
Lebuhraya Sultan Iskandar (formerly Lebuhraya Mahameru), part of the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 in Kuala Lumpur.
Jalan Sultan Iskandar, a major road in Bintulu, Sarawak.

Others

 Iskandar Johor Open, an Asian Tour golf tournament funded by the Johor state government
 Iskandar Malaysia, formerly Wilayah Pembangunan Iskandar or Iskandar Development Region (IDR) in English
 Kota Iskandar (formerly Johor State New Administrative Centre (JSNAC)) is an administrative centre for the state government of Johor located at Iskandar Puteri
 Kem Iskandar, a Commando military camp in Mersing
 Iskandar Puteri, a planned city which was formerly known as Nusajaya
 Taman Iskandar, a housing estate near Pasir Pelangi, Johor Bahru
 Sultan Iskandar Deep Sea Park, a deep sea park in Pulau Mensirip, Mersing.
 Pertandingan Menembak Piala Sultan Iskandar

One of his grandsons (the son of his second son, Abdul Majid), Mahmood Iskandar, was named after him. Some of his children and grandchildren are also similarly named after his forebears, notably his older son, Ibrahim, who was named after the Sultan's grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim. Sultan Iskandar also followed his grandfather's and father's footsteps of using the royal monogram "S.I.". The monogram's letters represent the initials of their title and names respectively.

Honours

He was awarded:

Johor honours
  Second Class (DK II, 8.5.1959), First Class (DK I, 28.10.1959) and Grand Master of the Royal Family Order of Johor
  First Class (SPMJ, 28.10.1967) and Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Johor
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail (28.10.1975, SSIJ)
  Sultan Ibrahim Coronation Medal (PSI 1st class)
  Star of Sultan Ismail (BSI 1st class)
  Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal (1960)

National and Sultanal honours
  (as Yang di-Pertuan Agong):
  Recipient of Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia (DKM) (1984)
  Recipient (1987) and Grand Master (1984-1989) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
  Grand Master (1984-1989) of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
  Grand Master (1984-1989) of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
  Grand Master (1984-1989) of the Order of Merit of Malaysia
  Grand Master (1984-1989) of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia
 :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK) (1984)
 :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK) (1985)
 :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS) (1985)
 :
  First Class Member of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK I) (1990)
 :
  Recipient of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DK)
 :
  Member of the first class of the Family Order of Terengganu (DK) (1982)
 :
  First Class of the Royal Family Order of Selangor (DK I) (1985)
 :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima
 :
  Grand Commander of the Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca (DUNM) – Datuk Seri Utama (1988)

Foreign honours
 :
  First Class of the Family Order of Laila Utama (DK) – Dato Laila Utama (1972)
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB) (1988)
 :
 Star of the Republic of Indonesia (1st Class) (1987)
 :
  Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (KRM) (1985)

Ancestry
Sultan Iskandar is a fourth generation descendant of Sultan Abu Bakar, who in turn was the son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, the Temenggong of Johor. In turn, some of Daeng Ibrahim's patrilineal ancestors were also Temenggongs of Johor serving under their respective Sultans. It is from this ancestral heritage to which the dynastical name of his lineage is known—Temenggong dynasty. The preceding Sultan prior to Sultan Abu Bakar, Ali and his predecessors who ruled Johor from the 17th to 19th centuries, were descended from Abdul Jalil, a Bendahara. Abdul Jalil became Sultan in 1699 after the death of Mahmud Shah II and adopted the title Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV. In this pattern, the names of the dynasties which the ruling houses of Johor were known. The Temenggong dynasty is also related to the Bendahara dynasty by bloodline; genealogical records show that Sultan Abdul Jalil IV is also a direct patrilineal ancestor of Sultan Iskandar.

Footnotes
α.  Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (also spelled in Arabic as Motawakkil Alallah), which means "He who puts his trust in God" is an Islamic title used by the Sultan. (Najeebabadi, pg 465)

β.  In Islamic cultures, the title Al-Marhum means "to one whom mercy has been shown. This is used for Muslim rulers who are deceased. (Schimmel (1989), pg 59)

γ.  His first name, Mahmud, is also sometimes spelled as Mahmood by some sources. Bowker-Saur, pg 297

δ.  In Malaysian royalty, ibni means "son of" in English, derived from the Arabic term "ibn. Most laymen would otherwise use the term "bin" to denote "son of" in their names. Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (1978), pg 390

ε.  Section B Planning and Implementation, Part 3 Physical Planning Initiatives, CHAPTER 13, Johor Bahru City Centre, Iskandar Malaysia, pg 6, "... This was followed later by the 21st Sultan of Johor – Sultan Abu Bakar (1862–1895) who laid the foundation for developing Johor into a modern state. ..." NB: Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor is the great-grandfather of Sultan Iskandar.

ζ.  On Sultan Iskandar's 69th birthday, various companies and organisations published congratulatory advertisements wishing him well for the birthday. In these advertisements, the Sultan was addressed by his honorary titles and name: Duli Yang Maha Mulia Baginda Al Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, D.K. Sultan Dan Yang Dipertuan Bagi Negeri Dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim. (His first name "Mahmud" was not mentioned.) Advertisements, 8 April 2001, pg 2–3, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17–19, New Sunday Times Special (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)

η.  The Temenggong is a high-ranking Malay official in ancient times, who is responsible to the Sultan. The duty of the Temenggong is to maintain law and order within the kingdom. In the case of Johor during the 19th century, the Sultan's powers were gradually diminished over the decades and it was under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim when his authority supersedes those of the Sultan, effectively becoming Johor's paramount ruler. (Sardesai (1989), pg 58)

Citations

References

 Abdul Rahman, J. S. Solomon, Challenging Times, Pelanduk Publications, 1985,
 Abdullah, Kamarulnizam, The Politics of Islam in Contemporary Malaysia, published by Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2003,
 Adil, Buyong bin, Sejarah Johor, published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1980
 Alagappa, Muthiah, Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia, published by Stanford University Press, 2001,
 Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y., A History of Malaysia, published by Macmillan, 1982,
 Andresen, Paul, Mads Lange fra Bali: Og Hans Efterslaegt Sultanerne af Johor, published by Odense Universitetsforlag, 1992,
 Asia & Pacific, Pharos Books, published by World of Information, 1984,
 Banks, Arthur S.; Muller, Thomas C; Overstreet, William R., Political Handbook of Asia 2007, published by CQ Press,
 Benjamin, Geoffrey; Chou, Cynthia, Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002,
 Bhattacharyya, Ranjit Kumar, Sarawak, Beautiful and Captivating: Beautiful and Captivating, published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia, 1994,
 Bowker-Saur, Who's who in Asian and Australasian Politics, 1991,
 British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service, Summary of World Broadcasts, published by British Broadcasting Corporation, 1993
 Brown, Charles Cuthbert, S?jarah M?layu: Or Malay Annals, Oxford University Press, 1971
 Chang, Li Lin, Koh, Tommy Thong Bee, The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore's Diplomats, published by World Scientific, 2005,
 Cheong, Mei Sui, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publ. Sdn. Bhd., 1985
 Cheong, Mei Sui, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publishing, 2002
 Clad, James, Behind the Myth: Business, Money and Power in Southeast Asia, published by Unwin Hyman, 1989
 Crouch, Harold A., Government and Society in Malaysia, published by Cornell University Press, 1996,
 De Ledesma, Charles; Lewis, Mark; Savage, Pauline, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, published by Rough Guides, 2003,
 Dowton, Eric, Pacific Challenge: Canada's Future in the New Asia, published by Stoddart, 1986,
 Federation of Malaya Official Year Book (1962), by Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaya (Federation)), published by Federal Dept. of Information, Ministry of Information, Malaysia., 1962
 Gorman, Michael; Winkler, Paul Walter, Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, American Library Association, 1978,
 Gregory, Ruth Wilhelme; Trawicky, Bernard, Anniversaries and Holidays, ALA Editions, 2000,
 Haji Ahmad, Siti Rosnah, Pemerintah dan Pemimpin-Pemimpin Kerajaan Malaysia, published by Golden Books Centre, 2006,
 Haji Othman, Suzana Tun, Institusi Bendahara: Permata Melayu yang Hilang: Dinasti Bendahara Johor-Pahang, published by Pustaka BSM Enterprise, 2002,
 Horton, A. V. M, Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996), 1996,
 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Affairs, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies., 1982, Item notes: 1982
 Ismail, Yahya, Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau Raja-Raja Melayu?, published by Dinamika Kreatif, 1993
 Jurnal Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya Faculti Pendidikan, University of Malaya, by Faculty of Education, published by Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, 1974
 Karim, Gulrose; Tate, Desmond Muzaffar, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd., 1989
 Karim, Gulrose; Tate, Desmond Muzaffar, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd., 1990, Item notes: 1990/91
 Kershaw, Roger, Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition, published by Routledge, 2001,
 Khoo, Kay Kim; Abdullah, Elinah; Wan, Meng Hao, Malays/Muslims in Singapore: Selected Readings in History, 1819–1965, Association of Muslim Professionals (Singapore), Centre for Research on Islamic & Malay Affairs (Singapore), published by Pelanduk Publications, 2006
 Khoo, Kay Kim; Othman, Mohammad Redzuan, Jendela masa: Kumpulan Esei Sempena Persaraan, Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 2001,
 Low, Donald Anthony, Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85, published by Macmillan, 1988,
 Mackie, Ronald Cecil Hamlyn, Malaysia in Focus published by Angus and Robertson, 1964
 Means, Gordon Paul, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, published by Oxford University Press, 1991,
 Milne, Robert Stephen; Mauzy, Diane K., Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir, published by Routledge, 1999,

 Morais, John Victor, Who's who in Malaysia ... & Profiles of Singapore, published by Who's Who Publications, 1982
 Nadarajah, K. N, Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story, Pelanduk Publications, 2000,
 Nadarajah, Nesalamar, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, Arenabuku, 2000,
 Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah, History of Islam (Vol 2), published by Darussalam,
 Petts, Judith, Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, published by Blackwell Publishing, 1999,
 Rich, Mark; Copetas, A. Craig, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World's Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal, by A. Craig Copetas, Marc Rich, published by Little Brown, 2001,
 Richmond, Simon; Cambon, Marie; Rowthorn, Chris; Harper, Damian, Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei, published by Lonely Planet, 2004,
 Sardesai, D. R., Southeast Asia Past and Present: Past and Present, published by Macmillan Education, 1989,
 Schimmel, Annemarie, Islamic Names: An Introduction, published by Edinburgh University Press, 1989,
 Saw, Swee-Hock; Kesavapany, K., Singapore-Malaysia Relations Under Abdullah Badawi, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006,
 Shome, Anthony S. K.; Shome, Tony, Malay Political Leadership, published by Routledge, 2002,
 Sleeman, Elizabeth, The International Who's Who 2004, Europa Publications, published by Routledge, 2003,
 Somun, Hajrudin; Somun-Krupalija, Lejla, Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success, published by Pelanduk Publications, 2003,
 Tan, Chee KhoonSistem beraja di Malaysia, by Tan Chee Khoon, published by Pelanduk Publications, 1985
 Tan, Ding Eing, A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, published by Oxford University Press, 1978,
 Taylor & Francis Group, Bernan Associates, The Europa Year Book: A World Survey, Europa Publications Limited, published by Europa Publications, 1984
 Thomas, K.K, Asian Recorder, published by Recorder Press, 1984
 Thomas, K.K, Asian Recorder, published by Recorder Press, 1993
 Winstedt, R. O, A History of Johore (1365–1941), (M.B.R.A.S. Reprints, 6.) Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1992,

Monarchs of Malaysia
Iskandar
1930 births
2010 deaths
Iskandar
Malaysian aviators
Malaysian people convicted of manslaughter
Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
People convicted of assault
Iskandar
Recipients of Malaysian royal pardons
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Malaysian people of Danish descent

Iskandar
Iskandar
Iskandar
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail

Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia
First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor
First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu

20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
First Classes of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Malaysia

Iskandar of Johor


An Sporobolus paniculatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Théophile Alexis Durand och Schinz. An Sporobolus paniculatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sporobolus

Sporobolus paniculatus


Lambers ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Annika Lambers (* 1992), deutsche Volleyballspielerin
 Hansgert Lambers (* 1937), deutscher Fotograf, Autor und Verleger
 Helmut Lambers (* 1953), deutscher Pädagoge und Sozialpädagoge
 Ineke Lambers-Hacquebard (1946–2014), niederländische Politikerin (D66)

Siehe auch:
 Lamberts (Begriffsklärung)

Lambers


An Masdevallia listroglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Stig Dalström. An Masdevallia listroglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia listroglossa


En el Nombre de la Hija es una película ecuatoriana de comedia triste, escrita y dirigida por Tania Hermida P. cineasta cuencana. El filme relata la historia de una niña cuyo nombre esta en disputa y quien lucha por romper los dogmas de su familia entre dos generaciones.

La película es una crítica religiosa y social al cristianismo y capitalismo ecuatoriano desde el punto de vista de Manuela una niña que fue criada con ideas revolucionarias, sin ataduras religiosas y con un profundo sentido de igualdad social.

Sinopsis

La historia está ambientada en el año de 1976, en un valle de los Andes ecuatorianos y gira en torno a una niña de nueve años llamada Manuela. Ella, junto a su hermano menor, Camilo y sus primos pasan las vacaciones en una hacienda familiar.

Manuela entrará en una disputa por su nombre, debido a que lleva el nombre de su padre, un ateo socialista. En contraste, está su abuela, una católica conservadora, la cual insiste en llamarla Dolores, nombre que se le ha concedido por generaciones a las primogénitas de la familia. Debido a esto, Manuela está dispuesta a defender tanto su nombre paterno como los ideales de su padre y así enfrentar las ideas de su familia. Durante las vacaciones, Manuela se encontrará con una familia muy diferente a su propia idiosincrasia; y tendrá que enfrentar las tradiciones machistas y racistas de su familia; por ese motivo, se pelea constantemente con sus primos, quienes defienden las enseñanzas que se les había impartido en la hacienda familiar.

En un punto de la película, y para evitar el conflicto continuo en la hacienda, Manuela y su hermano deciden bautizarse, para hacer feliz a su abuela. Sin embargo, durante el bautismo, el cura nombra a Manuela como "Manuela de los Dolores" contra la voluntad de ella. Esto causa mucha rabia y fomenta la rebeldía de Manuela.

En la fiesta de bautismo, y motivados por una prima adolescente, deciden irrumpir en la biblioteca prohibida de la hacienda. Ahí, tras ser descubiertos por su abuelo, Manuela se esconde y, después de un tiempo, encuentra a un tío que está loco, oculto en la biblioteca. El tío Felipe (Pancho Aguirre) se dedica a romper las ataduras de los dogmas. Es el encuentro con este personaje, el que hace que Manuela decida cambiar su relación con el lenguaje y con los nombres, incluido el suyo propio.

Esta película no es simplemente una película cómica, es una película que aborda varias problemáticas de la sociedad de aquel periodo y al mismo tiempo las de la sociedad de hoy, que desafortunadamente, también si ha mejorado, no ha cambiado mucho; no ha cambiado tanto cuanto necesitaría que cambiar. Aborda estas problemáticas a través de los niños, haciéndolo en un modo simple y divertido, que todos pueden comprender. La película aborda temas como el clasismo, que está claramente presente desde el momento en que se ven las diferencias entre cómo los chicos tratan "Piojo", el hijo de Marianita, y cómo se tratan entre ellos. También se abordan las diferencias entre los géneros, que están presentes por las construcciones sociales que delineaban los papeles que los géneros necesitaban respetar. Todas las veces, hay Manuela que siempre está lista a romper todas las reglas creadas por la sociedad, mostrando que es algo posible, mostrándose una niña y una mujer muy fuerte y capaz de estar al día de los primos y la abuela, así que puede compartir y difundir su ideología. Manuela demuestra que no necesitamos utilizar la fuerza para difundir nuestras propias ideas y que muchas veces necesitamos cambiar o al menos escuchar para que nos evolucionemos y seamos los mejores posible.

Elenco

Premios y festivales
En el Nombre de la Hija ha participado en Festivales de Cine alrededor del mundo, destacándose su participación en la selección oficial del festival Ecran Junior de Cannes. Además de ello, ganó el premio Caminos del Festival de Cine Latinoamericano de La Habana y el Premio Marco Aurelio- Sección Alicia en la Ciudad del Festival Internacional de Cine de Roma.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial
 Facebook oficial
 Tráiler oficial

 Expresiones
 PP el verdadero
 PP el Verdadero, En el nombre de la hija
 Ahora en Quito

Películas de 2011
Películas en español
Películas dirigidas por Tania Hermida
Películas rodadas en Ecuador
Películas relacionadas con ateísmo
Películas críticas con la religión
Películas críticas con la Iglesia católica

En el nombre de la hija


Dánjal Pauli Danielsen, kendt som D.P. Danielsen, (født 2. december 1919 på Velbastaður, død 24. december 2010) var en færøsk kongsbonde og politiker (FF).

Han deltog tidlig i arbejdet på familiegården, som han senere overtog og drev som 14. generation. Han havde en længere landbrugsuddannelse fra Island. Danielsen var gift med en yngre søster til forfatteren Jørgen-Frantz Jacobsen.

Han var bestyrelsesmedlem i jordrådet Føroya Jarðarráð 1957–1975, hovedparten af tiden som formand. Han var også formand i elselskabet SEVs repræsentantskab 1963–1975 og bestyrelsesmedlem i Norðurlandahúsið 1980–1998 (med undtagelse af fire år). Selve realiseringen af Norðurlandahúsið var også i høj grad Danielsens værk, ved siden af Erlendur Paturssons pionerindsats.

Danielsen var dybt involveret i det organisatoriske arbejde i Fólkaflokkurin fra partiet fik en fastere struktur med en central ledelse midt i 1950erne. Han blev da deltidsansat som partiets første landssekretær, og blev siddende i stillingen indtil 1972. I midten af 1970erne var Danielsen et oplagt ministeremne for partiet, til trods for, at han aldrig var valgt til Lagtinget. Han var handels-, landbrugs- og kulturminister 1975–1979, derefter handels-, landbrugs- og skoleminister 1979–1981.

Han blev i 1994 tildelt Jacob Letterstedts nordiska förtjänstmedalj for sin indsats for nordisk samarbejde.

Referencer

Landmænd fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Fólkaflokkurin
Landbrugsministre fra Færøerne
Kulturministre fra Færøerne
Skoleministre fra Færøerne
Handelsministre fra Færøerne
Personer fra Strømø

Dánjal Pauli Danielsen (1919-2010)


دستيني (Destiny القدر) مختبر انفصالي في المحطة الفضائية الدولية، بدأ في تشغيله في فبراير 2001، يعتبر المختبر عنصرا أساسيا للمقطع الأمريكي في المحطة الفضائية. واطلق على المختبر «دستيني» لقب أول محطة مدارية أمريكية بعد المختبر «سكيلاب» الذي كان قد أطلق إلى الفضاء في 14 مايو 1973 ، وكان يخصص للدراسات الفلكية والفيزيائية والبيولوجية والطبية ومراقبة الأرض. كما يعتبر «دستيني» من أغلى مكونات المحطة الفضية والذي بلغت قيمته 1380 مليون دولار أمريكي. .

وتوجد في الحجرة الانفصالية «دستيني» عدد من المنظومات التي تؤمن عمل المحطة ككل. وأهم ما فيها هو المختبر الأمريكي الذي يسمح بإجراء الدراسات العلمية. ويرى العلماء الأمريكيون أن «دستيني» يمكنهم من تحقيق الاكتشافات المهمة في المجالات مثل علاج السرطان وداء السكري التقنيات البيولوجية والفيزياء علم المادة.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 محطة الفضاء الدولية

مراجع

برامج ناسا
محطة الفضاء الدولية
مختبرات

ديستني


An Eulophia katangensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni De Wild., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni De Wild.. An Eulophia katangensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulophia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eulophia

Eulophia katangensis


El cachicamo sabanero (Dasypus sabanicola) es una especie de armadillo de la familia Dasypodidae, endémico de la región de los Llanos en Colombia y Venezuela.

Hábitat
Vive en la sabana, en matorrales, áreas abiertas y cerca de formaciones de piedra caliza, entre los 25 y 200 m de altitud.

Descripción
Alcanza 60 cm de longitud y pesa 9,5 kg, tiene muy poco pelo.

Alimentación
Como otros armadillos, se alimenta de hormigas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

sabanicola
Mamíferos de América del Sur
Mirmecófagos

Dasypus sabanicola


Dianella ensifolia es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae, en la subfamilia Hemerocallidoideae, que se encuentra en Asia.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia con rizoma rastrero, de 5-8mm de espesor. Las hojas alargadas en forma de espada (que disminuye gradualmente en ambos extremos) tienen un tamaño de 30 a 80cm de largo × 1 a 2,5cm de ancho; son coriáceas, con nervio central abaxial, con el margen generalmente escabroso, y el ápice obtuso. El escapo es de 1 a 2m de altura. Los tépalos son de color blanco, blanco verdoso, amarillento o púrpura azulado. Los estambres son más cortos que los tépalos. El fruto es en forma de bayas de color azul profundo, subglobosas, de 6mm de diámetro.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques, en las laderas cubiertas de hierbas, desde el nivel del mar hasta cerca de  (metros sobre el nivel del mar), en Fujian, Cantón, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwán, Bangladés, Yunnan, Bután, Camboya, India, Indonesia, Japón, Laos, Malasia, Birmania, Nepal, Filipinas, Sri Lanka, Tailandia, Vietnam, África (Madagascar), Australia e islas del Pacífico].

Taxonomía
Dianella ensifolia fue descrita por (Linneo) DC. y publicado en Les Liliacees...a Paris 1(1): pl. 1, en el año 1802.

Citología
Tiene un número de cromosomas de: 2 n = 32.

Sinonimia
 '''Anexo:Sinónimos de Dianella ensifolia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

caerulea

Dianella ensifolia


Natasha Walter (nascida em 20 de janeiro de 1967) é uma escritora feminista britânica e ativista dos direitos humanos. Ela é a fundadora da instituição de caridade Women for Refugee Women.

Histórico e carreira
O pai de Natasha Walter era Nicolas Walter, um anarquista e escritor humanista secular, enquanto sua mãe Ruth Walter (nascida Oppenheim) era professora e (mais tarde) assistente social. Seu avô era William Gray Walter, um neurocientista. Seus avós maternos eram refugiados da Alemanha nazista.

Natasha Walter estudou inglês no St John's College, em Cambridge, no Reino Unido, graduando-se com um duplo First, e então ganhou uma bolsa Frank Knox para Harvard, nos Estados Unidos.

Em 2006, Natasha Walter foi a fundadora da instituição de caridade Women for Refugee Women, da qual foi diretora até 2021. A instituição de caridade apoia mulheres que buscam asilo para contar suas histórias e desafia as injustiças que vivenciam.

Natasha Walter é autora de The New Feminism, publicado pela Virago em 1998. Seu livro Living Dolls, também publicado pela Virago, analisa o ressurgimento do sexismo na cultura contemporânea.

Em março de 2015, Natasha Walter foi a Humanitas Visiting Professor of Women's Rights na Universidade de Cambridge.

Natasha Walter também é autora de um romance, A Quiet Life, que é vagamente baseado na vida de Melinda Marling, esposa do espião de Cambridge, Donald Maclean.

O livro de memórias de Walter, Antes que a luz desapareça: um livro de memórias de luto e resistência, será publicado pela Virago em 2023. Conta a história da morte de sua mãe por suicídio e o legado do ativismo político de sua mãe na década de 1960 e de seu avô na década de 1930.

Em outubro de 2019, Natasha Walter foi presa por bloquear uma estrada na 'Rebelião de Outubro' do Extinction Rebellion na Trafalgar Square de Londres. Ela twittou: "Fui uma das 100 presas ontem por chamar a atenção para a destruição de nosso belo planeta". Ela continuou ativa com Extinction Rebellion e Writers Rebel, um grupo de escritores envolvidos com o movimento climático.

Obras
 O Novo Feminismo (1998).
 On the Move: feminismo para uma nova geração (1999).
 Bonecas Vivas (2009).
 Uma Vida Tranquila (2016).

Reconhecimento
Em 2013, Natasha Walter foi reconhecida pela BBC como uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradora do mundo.

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Feministas do Reino Unido
Pessoas vivas
Alunos da Universidade Harvard
Alunos do St John's College
Nascidos em 1967
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2013
Escritores do Reino Unido

Natasha Walter


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 18. srpnja  Aleksandr Andrejevič fon Bunge, ruski botaničar (* )

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Biologija u 1890.


Lois Abbingh (født d. 13. august 1992 i Groningen, Holland) er en kvindelig hollandsk håndboldspiller som spiller venstre back for Odense Håndbold og Hollands kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Karriere

Klubhold
Abbingh begyndte sin karriere som håndboldspiller i hjembyen Groningen, hvor hun skulle spille for byens ligahold V&S Groningen. Hun flyttede derefter til E&O Emmen, hvor hun blev ligaens topscorer i sæsonen 2009/10. I sommeren 2010 skiftede hun til den tyske Bundesliga-klub VfL Oldenburg. Med Oldenburg vandt hun den tyske pokalturnering i 2012. For sæsonen 2014/15 skiftede hun til rumænske storklub HCM Baia Mare. I sommeren 2016 skiftede hun til den franske ligaklub Issy Paris Hand. Siden 2019, har hun været på kontrakt med den russiske storklub Rostov-Don. Med Rostov-Don har hun indtil videre det russiske mesterskab og pokalturnering i 2019. Hun nåede ligeledes finalen 2019 i EHF Champions League, men tabte finalen til ungarske Győri Audi ETO KC. Siden sommeren 2020 spiller hun for den danske ligaklub Odense Håndbold. Hun var med til at vinde det danske mesterskab med klubben, i maj 2021.

Landshold
Hun fik debut på det hollandske A-landshold den 15. oktober 2009 mod . Hendes første slutrundedeltagelse var ved EM 2010 i Danmark/Norge og deltog ligeledes ved VM 2011 i Brasilien og VM 2013 i Serbien. Den første store succes med A-landsholdet, kom ved VM 2015 i Danmark, hvor hun vandt sølv med landsholdet. Hun deltog også, for første gang ved Sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, hvor  blev nummer 4. Få måneder efter Sommer-OL, spillede hun igen finale mod , ved EM 2016 i Sverige, men tabte igen finalen. Et år senere vandt hun bronze ved verdensmesterskabet 2017 i Tyskland. Derudover blev Abbingh valgt på VM-turneringens All-Star hold og var turneringen anden mest scorende, med 58 mål. Hun vandt igen bronze, endnu år efter ved EM 2018 i Frankrig.

Endelig efter flere år uden at stå øverst på medaljeskamlen vandt hun, med , VM 2019 i Japan.  vandt finalen 30-29, efter at Abbingh selv, få sekunder før tid, scorede på straffekast og sikrede landets første VM-guldmedalje i håndbold nogensinde. Hun blev desuden turneringens topscorer med 71 mål.

Meritter

Klubhold
DHB-Pokal:
Vinder: 2012
Liga Națională:
Finalist: 2015
Cupa României:
Vinder: 2014
Baia Mare Champions Trophy:
Vinder: 2014
Damehåndboldligaen
Vinder: 2021

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Nederlandene
Olympiske håndboldspillere fra Nederlandene
Håndboldspillere fra Rostov-Don
Håndboldspillere fra Odense Håndbold
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Lois Abbingh


Cherise Taylor, verh. Stander Taylor, verh. Willeit, (* 6. November 1989 in Pretoria) ist eine ehemalige südafrikanische Radrennfahrerin.

Sportlicher Werdegang
2007 wurde Cherise Taylor Junioren-Vizeweltmeisterin im Straßenrennen. 2008 wurde sie südafrikanische Meisterin im Straßenrennen, belegte bei den Olympischen Spielen in Peking Platz 55 in derselben Disziplin. 2009 belegte sie im Straßenrennen der Afrikameisterschaften Platz zwei. Bis 2012 errang sie drei weitere nationale Titel im Straßenrennen und Einzelzeitfahren; 2011 wurde sie Afrikameisterin im Einzelzeitfahren und afrikanische Vizemeisterin im Straßenrennen. 2012 holte sie den nationalen Titel im Zeitfahren. Als sie trotzdem nicht für das Mannschaftszeitfahren bei den Olympischen Spielen in London nominiert wurde, legte sie gegen diese Entscheidung Einspruch ein, aber ohne Erfolg.

2010 und 2014 startete Cherise Stander Taylor bei Commonwealth Games. 2010 wurde sie im Straßenrennen Zehnte, 2014 konnte sie das Rennen nicht beenden.

Familie
2012 heiratete Cherise Taylor den Mountainbiker Burry Stander, Weltmeister und Afrikameister in seiner Disziplin. Acht Monate nach der Hochzeit wurde Stander beim Straßentraining in Shelly Beach (KwaZulu-Natal) von einem Minibus angefahren und erlag seinen tödlichen Verletzungen. Beim Cape-Epic-Rennen wird seit 2013 die Burry Stander Memorial Trophy  an den besten Starter aus Afrika vergeben. Seit 2017 ist Cherise mit dem gebürtigen Südtiroler und Teammanager Benno Willeit verheiratet und inzwischen Mutter eines Sohnes, der zur Erinnerung an ihren ersten Mann den Mittelnamen Burry trägt.

Erfolge
2007
  Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft – Straßenrennen
2008
  Südafrikanische Meisterin – Straßenrennen
2009
  Afrikameisterschaft – Straßenrennen
2010
  Südafrikanische Meisterin – Straßenrennen
2011
  Afrikameisterin – Einzelzeitfahren
  Afrikameisterschaft – Straßenrennen
  Südafrikanische Meisterin – Einzelzeitfahren
2012
 eine Etappe Route de France Féminine
  Südafrikanische Meisterin – Einzelzeitfahren
2015
 Hibiscus Cycle Classic
 PMB Road Classic

Teams
 2009 MTN Ladies Team
 2011 Lotto-Honda Team
 2012 Lotto Belisol Ladies

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Radsportler (Südafrika)
Olympiateilnehmer (Südafrika)
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Südafrika)
Afrikameister (Radsport)
Südafrikanischer Meister (Radsport)
Südafrikaner
Geboren 1989
Frau

Cherise Taylor


Ulan Berdibayevich Primov ( Oulan Berdibaïevitch Primov, né le  à Och dans la RSS du Kirghizistan) est un homme politique kirghize. Il est depuis 2015 député du Conseil suprême.

Biographie

Jeunesse et carrière avant la politique
Ulan Primov nait le  à Och, il est le fils de Berdibay Primov, qui deviendra plus tard l'un des hommes les plus riches du pays à travers la compagnie d'exportation Sinzhi-Pirim. Il est formé en économie à l'université technologique d'Och puis en jurisprudence à l'université d'État d'Och. Il fait par la suite carrière dans l'industrie du tabac avant de formé la compagnie Periti-Koal. Après son départ de la compagnie en 2014, cette dernière passe au nom de son père.

Carrière politique
Primov est élu au conseil de ville d'Och en 2007 et il en prend la tête le . Il est alors élu sous la bannière de Respoublika. Il garde se poste jusqu'à son entrée au parlement fédérale à la suite des élections législatives de 2015, cette fois sous la bannière du PSDK. Lors de sa campagne de réélection en 2021, il fait campagne dans une des circonscriptions nouvellement créée. Dans cette circonscription, Alay, il fait face au journaliste Dayyrbek Orunbekov, un supporteur de Raïymbek Matraimov. Il remporte finalement l'affrontement. Bien qu'il ait été élu comme indépendant, il rejoint, avec 17 autres élus de circonscriptions, la faction Ata-jourt Kyrgyzstan à la formation du nouveau parlement. Le , il est élu comme l'un des quatre vice-président du Conseil suprême avec Jamilya Isayeva et Nurbek Sydygaliyev. Il défait alors la candidature de Nurlan Azygaliyev. Il quitte le poste le . Il est remplacé à ce poste par Nurlan Azygaliev.

Vie personnelle
Primov est marrié et à quatre enfants. Son père, Berdibay Primov, et sa sœur, Klara Primova, sont des personnalités importantes du monde des affaires au Kirghizistan. Il engage dans la philanthropie à travers son fonds public « Primov ».

Notes et références

Personnalité politique kirghize
Personnalité kirghize du monde des affaires
Philanthrope kirghiz
Naissance en décembre 1978
Naissance à Och

Ulan Primov


Spathulenol ist ein Guajan-Derivat, welches in diversen Pflanzen vorkommt. Die Substanz ist ein tricyclischer Sesquiterpenalkohol, der ein dem Azulen ähnliches Grundgerüst aufweist.

Geschichte und Vorkommen
Durch Wasserdampfdestillation wurde aus Beifuß (Artemisia vulgaris) und Estragon (Artemisia dracunculus) ein ätherisches Öl gewonnen, woraus erstmals 1975 der Sesquiterpenalkohol Spathulenol als farblose, zähflüssige Verbindung mit erdig-aromatischem Geruch und bitter-würzigem Geschmack isoliert wurde.

Sie kommt auch in anderen Pflanzen wie der Echten Kamille und anderen Arten der Gattung Artemisia (z. B. Salvia mirzayanii) sowie in der Anis-Duftnessel (Agastache foeniculum) und in Baumwolle-Arten (Gossypium) vor. In den Johanniskrautgewächsen Hypericum perforatum und Hypericum scabrum wurden Gehalte zwischen 6 und 7,2 % im ätherischen Öl der Pflanzen gefunden. In verschiedenen Nepeta-Arten wie N. phyllochlamys, N. viscida, N. sorgerae und N. trachonitica sind bis zu 22 % des ätherischen Öls Spathulenol.

Darstellung
Die Synthese von Spathulenol ist durch eine Abwandlung der Büchi-Synthese von Aromadendren aus (–)-β-Pinen möglich.

Eigenschaften
Spathulenol ist eine farblose, zähflüssige Verbindung, die sich gut in Ethanol sowie in Wasserdampf löst. Die Substanz besitzt einen erdig-aromatischen Geruch und einen bitter-würzigen Geschmack. Bei der Dehydratisierung entsteht das β-Spathulen.

Biologische Wirkung und Verwendung
Die biologisch aktive Substanz Spathulenol besitzt immunsuppressive Wirkung. In Versuchen zeigte sich ein dosisabhängiges Absterben (Apoptose) von Lymphozyten. Aufgrund der Hemmung des MDR-Proteins 1 (auch PGP-Pumpe) in vitro besitzt Spathulenol das Potential, eine Chemotherapie bei einer Krebserkrankung zu unterstützen.

Für Blattschneiderameisen der Spezies Atta cephalotes wurde eine abwehrende Wirkung von Spathulenol nachgewiesen. Der Baumwollkapselkäfer (Anthonomus grandis) sowie die Schlupfwespe Campoletis sonorensis hingegen werden bei Baumwollarten von einem Gemisch verschiedener Sesquiterpene, das auch Spathulenol enthält, angezogen.

Einzelnachweise

Terpenalkohol
Alken
Cyclopropan
Cyclopentan
Cycloheptan

Spathulenol


Samoreferiranje ili pozivanje na samog sebe (eng. self-reference), doslovno svojstvo koje ima tvrdnja koja je sama sebi referencija. Pojam se općenito rabi u logici i za tvrdnje koje uključuju same sebe u popis referencija poput pripovijetke o brijaču kojom se objašnjava Russellov paradoks. Od starih vremena samoreferiranje ima važnu ulogu u matematici i u logici, počevši od Eubulidovih tvrdnjâ koje se pozivaju na sebe same preko Cantora i njegova slažna oslonca na brojčanu varijantu samoreferiranja za dokaz neprebrojivosti realnih brojeva do Russella i njegovog paradoksa te Gödelova poučka o nepotpunosti.

Vidi
tautologija
kružna referencija
vrzino kolo

Izvori

Logika

Samoreferiranje


Patricia Carola Velásquez Semprún (n. 31 ianuarie 1971) este o actriță și fost supermodel din Venezuela.

Biografie
Patricia Velásquez s-a născut pe 31 ianuarie 1971 în Maracaibo, Venezuela, fiind al cincilea din cei șase copii ai cuplului Lidella Semprún și Aquiles Velásquez. Mama sa provine din tribul indigen colombo-venezuelan wayu, iar tatăl său este metis. Ambii au fost profesori, tatăl său lucrând, de asemenea, pentru UNESCO, motiv pentru care a petrecut o parte din copilăria ei în Mexic și Franța. A urmat Liceul "San Vicente de Paúl", absolvind în 1987. În 1989, a participat la concursul Miss Venezuela ca reprezentantă a Peninsulei Guajira, clasându-se pe locul secund. După trei ani de studii universitare de inginerie, Patricia Velásquez s-a stabilit la Milano pentru a urma o carieră în modelling.

Carieră

Modelling
La 17 ani, în timpul unei vizite în Italia, Patricia Velásquez a fost descoperită de o agenție de modelling. Curând, aceasta s-a stabilit în Milano. A defilat pe podiumuri de modă pentru designeri precum Chanel, Chloe, John Galliano, Antonio Berardi, Bella Freud, Corinne Cobson, Claude Montana, Dolce & Gabbana și mulți alții. În ceea ce privește publicitatea tipărită, Velásquez a apărut în spoturi pentru parfumurile Chanel și ale lui Roberto Verino, dar și pentru Victoria's Secret. De-a lungul carierei sale de modelling, a apărut pe coperțile revistelor Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Marie Claire, printre altele, precum și în mai multe ediții ale Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.

Actorie
Între 1995 și 2000, Patricia Velásquez a studiat actoria în Los Angeles și New York.

Filantropie

Viață personală
În februarie 2015, Patricia Velásquez și-a lansat cartea de memorii Straight Walk în care își face publică homosexualitatea. Ea și fosta ei iubită Lauren au o fiică, Maya. Acestea s-au despărțit după opt ani împreună. În trecut, Patricia Velásquez a avut o relație cu comediana Sandra Bernhard pe care a cunoscut-o la o prezentare de modă.

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Premii
 2003 – Artist UNESCO pentru Pace
 2009 – Premiul Women Together acordat de ONU
 2010 – Solidarity Award
 2015 – Humanitarian Award acordat de LA Femme International Film Festival

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 Patricia Velásquez pe IMDb

Nașteri pe 31 ianuarie
Nașteri în 1971
Actrițe din secolul al XXI-lea
Persoane LGBT din Venezuela

Patricia Velásquez


O rețea personală (engleză: Personal Area Network - PAN), este o rețea de calculatoare pentru interconectarea dispozitivelor centrate pe spațiul de lucru al unei persoane individuale, de obicei implementate într-un spațiu de aproximativ zece metri. Alte nume pentru acest tip de rețea sunt rețea de domiciliu și rețea individuală.

Un PAN oferă transmisii de date printre dispozitive cum ar fi calculatoare, smartphone-uri, tablete, scanner, media player, imprimante, PDA în apropierea punctului de acces. PAN pot fi utilizate pentru conectarea la o rețea de nivel superior (LAN, internet) caz în care un dispozitiv principal ocupă rolul de gateway.

Cel mai ușor mod de conectare a unui PAN constă în folosirea un comutator de rețea. În acest caz toate calculatoarele se vor conecta la comutator prin cabluri, iar fiecărui calculator îi vor fi setate adrese IP diferite.
Calculatoarele pot fi conectate și fără un comutator, în acest mod unul sau mai multe calculatoare din rețea vor avea rolul de gateway pentru calculatoare. Rețelele PAN pot fi conectate și cu magistrale USB și FireWire.

WPAN
O rețea personală fără fir (WPAN) este transmisă printr-o tehnologie de rețea fără fir, precum Bluetooth, IrDA,  ZigBee. Distanța într-o WPAN variază de la câțiva centimetri până la câțiva metri. Un WPAN creat prin Bluetooth se numește Piconet.

Vezi și
Rețea locală
Rețea metropolitană
Rețea de arie largă

Note

Legături externe
 IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN

Bibliografie
Răzvan Rughiniș, Răzvan Deaconescu, Andrei Ciorba, Bogdan Doinea: Rețele locale, Printech, București 2008, ISBN:9786065210929

Rețele personale

Rețea personală


Yeşildere, Balıkesir ilinin Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin 1840 ve 1850 yıllarında bu bölgeye göç geldiği ve köy yeri denilen bölgeden şimdiki yerleşim yerine gelmişlerdir.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 24 km, Bigadiç ilçesine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Bigadiç'in mahalleleri

Yeşildere, Bigadiç


Sinteza asimetrică (denumită și sinteză enantioselectivă) este un tip de sinteză chimică în care are loc o sinteză steroselectivă a unor compuși chirali (se obțin produși stereoizomeri, mai exact enantiomeri sau diastereomeri) în cantități inegale. Sinteza asimetrică este un proces cheie în industria chimică modernă, fiind în special importantă în domeniul farmaceutic, deoarece pentru moleculele care prezintă stereoizomerie, fiecare stereoizomer prezintă o activitate biologică diferită.

Note

Vezi și
 Enantiomer
 Sinteză chimică
 Sinteză totală

Legături externe
 SINTEZE ENANTIOSELECTIVE (ASIMETRICE)

Sinteză chimică
Stereochimie

Sinteză asimetrică


Borci Donji su naseljeno mjesto u općini Kotor Varoš, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 419

 Srbi - 417
 Hrvati - 2

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 259

 Srbi - 252
 Hrvati - 2
 Bošnjaci - 1
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 4

Izvori

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj
Kotor Varoš

Borci Donji


O conflito bandoleiro no noroeste da Nigéria é um conflito em andamento entre o governo do país e várias gangues e milícias étnicas. Começando em 2011, a insegurança resultante pelo conflito entre os grupos étnicos Fulani e Hausa criou uma janela de oportunidade para a formação e enraizamento de grupos criminais e jihadistas na região.

Origem
A origem do conflito bandoleiro pode ser traçada ao conflito entre agricultores e pastorialistas que atravessam a Nigéria. O declínio ambiental que resulta na escassez de água e terra arável levou à intensa competição entre comunidades por esses recursos limitados. Desemprego, pobreza em larga escala e um governo local fraco possibilitaram um crescente setor de pessoas desesperadas transitando por atividades criminais para ganhar uma renda. Grandes áreas de florestas possibilitam esconderijos e a formação de campos para os grupos. As forças de segurança tem sido incapazes de acessar essas áreas cobertas.

Intensificação
A insegurança, desertificação, e uma possível influência jihadistas tornaram possível uma ascensão de ataques na região. Tráfico de armas em larga escala possibilitaram o acesso de armas pesadas por parte de grupos criminosos, insentificando as fatalidades resultantes dos ataques. Forças de segurança locais e federais sub-equipadas, em adição às dificuldades de locomoção no terreno, fazem das ações de ofensiva na floresta perigosas e suscetíveis a emboscadas. A inabilidade do governo em lidar efetivamente com o problema possibilitou o crescimento da região de atuação desses grupos.

Sequestros
Bandoleiros na Nigéria possuem vários meios de conseguir dinheiro. Eles invadem cidades e vilarejos em motocicletas para realizar saques e sequestros, matando as pessoas que resistem. Sequestros são uma das operações mais lucrativas desses grupos, chegando à cobrar milhões de nairas pelo resgato. Entre 2011 e 2020, os nigerianos tiveram que pagar pelo menos 18 milhões para libertar familiares e amigos.

Tráfico de armas
Armas ilegais são prevalente no noroeste da Nigéria, grupos bandoleiros também controlam minas de ouro, cuja produção usam para comprar mais armas no mercade interno e internacional. Se estima a existência de 60.000 armas ilegais em circulação no noroeste da Nigéria. A fronteira norte da Nigéria tem uma fraca segurança, com apenas 1,950 policiais em toda fronteira, o que facilita o tráfico na região.

Beligerantes
Apenas no estado de Zamfara existem pelo menos 30.000 membros de grupos bandoleiros e 100 campos.

Refugiados
Pelo menos 247,000 foram deslocadas e 120 vilas foram destruindo pela atividade bandoleira na região noroeste da Nigéria. Pelo menos 77.000 dos deslocados foram forçados para a região Maradi no Niger onde ataques através da fronteira continuam. Pelo menos 11.320 refugiados foram realocados com sucesso.

Linha do tempo

Operações do governo nigeriano

Operação Harbin Kunama
Em 8 de julho de 2016, o presidente Muhammadu Buhari anunciou que as forças armadas da Nigéria lançariam uma operação militar nomeada Operação Harbin Kunama, a operação seria realizada por 223 batalhões blindados da 1 Divisão Mecanizada. A operação tinha como alvo grupos bandoleiros na floresta de Dansadau. Nos dias anteriores ao anúncio, os comboios carregaram equipamentos militares para o estado de Zamfara, incluindo tanques e veículos blindados de combate. A primeira ação seria realizada dias depois.

Operação Sharan Daji
Começando no início de 2016, a Operação Sharon Daji foi uma operação militar realizada pelas forças armadas nigerianas contra os grupos bandoleiros. Foi conduzida por 31 brigadas de artilharia e 2 batalhões da 1 divisão mecanizada. Em março de 2016, 35 bandoleiros foram morrtos, 36 armas tomadas, 6,009 animais recuperados, 49 campos bandoleiros foram destruidos, e 38 bandoleiros capturados.

Operação Accord
Em 5 de junho, 2020, as forças armadas da Nigéria lançaram a operação Accord, estabelecendo a Joint Task Force de vigilantes e tropas do 312 regimento de artilharia. Uma ofensiva aérea e terrestre lançada no mesmo dia anunciou a morte de 70 bandoleiros. A operação resultou na destruição de múltiplos campos bandoleiros.

Grandes ataques bandoleiros

2020
18 de abril, ataque em Katsina
11 de dezembro, sequestros em Kankara

2021
24–25 de fevereiro , ataques em Kaduna and Katsina
26 de fevereiro, sequestros em Zamfara
11 de março, sequestros em Afaka
20 de abril, sequestros na Greenfield University
3 de junho, massacre em Kebbi
11–12 de junho, ataque em Zurmi
14 de junho, seuquestros em Kebbi
5 de julho, sequestros em Chikun

2022

 Massacre em Zamfara - ocorrido na primeira semana de janeiro, estima-se que 200 pessoas foram assassinadas e 10.000 estão deslocadas após um ataque bandoleiro, que por sua vez foi realizado após um ofensiva militar aéres contra os campos bandoleiros.

Notas

Criminalidade na Nigéria
Conflitos do crime organizado
Conflitos em curso
2022 na Nigéria
2021 na Nigéria

Conflito bandoleiro na Nigéria


Kuća boga Anubisa je televizijska serija razvijena za Nickelodeon. Napravljena je na osnovi belgijske televizijske serije Het Huis Anubis. Seriju su napravili Hans Bourlon i Gert Verhulst i bila je prikazivana na Nickelodeonu od 1. siječnja 2011. u SAD-u i od 25. veljače 2011. u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Serija je bila prva serija emitirana na Nickelodeonu koja je bila snimljena izvan SAD-a i prva u formatu telenovele. na kanalu. Serija je bila prikazivana od 1. siječnja 2011. do 17. lipnja 2013. godine.

Radnja

Prva sezona
Kuća boga Anubisa je rezidencija u engleskom internatu izgrađena u ranim 1900-ima. Kuća je dom devetero djece koje pazi strogi vlasnik, Victor Rodenmaar Jr (Francis Magee). Američka djevojka Nina Martin (Nathalia Ramos) se useli u kuću Anubisa, no u isto vrijeme druga djevojka, Joy Mercer (Klariza Clayton), sumnjivo i bez upozorenja nestane nakon što ju glavni učitelj, Eric Sweet (Paul Anthony-Barber), odvede u kombi iza škole, nakon toga, osoblje se riješi svih tragova Joy, osim onoga što je ostavila u kući Anubisa. Joyina najbolja prijateljica, Patricia Williamson (Jade Ramsey), nije zadovoljna s ovim vijestima i čim vidi Ninu, pomisli da je ona kriva za sve. Sljedeći dan, nesretna Nina ode u školu prije sviju, no zaustavi ju starija gospođa. Objasni da je Kuća boga Anubisa njezin dom i da se zove Sarah (Rita Davies), no nikad ne kaže svoje prezime. Nina ju odvede u starački dom, i radnica tamo ju zove "Emily", iako joj to nije ime. Sarah Nini kaže da se "Pazi Crne Ptice", preparirane vrane Victora. Nakon još par dana, Patricia izmisli lažnu inicijaciju koja će namamiti Ninu da prizna da je Joy nestala zbog nje, uz pomoć druga dva učenika, Jerome Clarcke (Eugene Simon) i Alfie Lewis (Alex Sawyer). Odvede Ninu na tavan i zaključa ju, Nina kaže da ne zna ništa o Joy, pa ju Patricia ostavi tamo i baci ključ za tavan kroz prozor. U tavanu Nina slučajno otkrije tajnu skrivenu mnogo godina, o kojoj nije znao nitko u kući. Tajnu krije snimljen dnevnik skriven u sobi koju Nina otključa ogrlicom koju joj je Sarah dala. Dnevnike je snimila Sarah, i u njima opisuje povijest i razne misterije u kući, koje planiraju otkriti Nina i njen prijatelj Fabian Rutter (Brad Kavanagh), a kasnije im se pridruže Amber Millington (Ana Mulvoy-Ten), nakon što joj Nina slučajno oda tajnu, i Alfie, nakon što ga Amber i Fabian uvjere da sve ove tajne imaju veze s vanzemaljcima. Još prije toga im se Patricia pridružila nakon što su se ona i Nina pomirile. Pomirile su se nakon što je Patricia zaposlila privatnog istraživača, Rufus "Ranee Zeldman" Zeno (Roger Barclay), da joj pomogne otkriti što se dogodilo Joy, i zašto joj nitko ne pomaže otkriti što se dogodilo. No nakon što je Rufus saznao da je Patricia rekla Nini o njemu, odveo ju je u staru napuštenu kuću, ali su je Nina, Amber i Fabian spasili jer nastavnici nisu htjeli da itko zna o Rufusu. Svi zajedno sklope grupu "Sibuna" (Anubis unazad). U međuvremenu Jerome sazna da Rufus postoji, ali Rufus želi da sve bude njihova tajna, i da neće ništa napraviti Jeromeu ako mu donese dijelove šalice Ankha i da ju Joy mora napraviti, jer je ona odabrana. Kasnije svi saznaju da je Nina zapravo odabrana, jer se rodila sedmog srpnja u sedam u jutro, i Sibuna pokušaju napraviti šalicu Ankha bez da itko primijeti. Mara Jaffray (Tasie Dharnaj), Mick Campbell (Bobby Lockwood) i domaćica Trudy Rehmann (Mina Anwar) nemaju pojma da se sve ovo događa.

Druga sezona
Nina je šalicu Ankha sakrila u maloj kutijici u podrumu, i slučajno oslobodila Senkharu (Sophiya Haque), zaboravljenu Egipatsku kraljevnu (koja je mrtva, i vrati se kao duh). Nina samo želi da Fabian zna za Senkharu, i da samo on njoj pomogne vratiti što joj treba, masku boga Anubisa, i onaj koji nosi masku će živjeti vječno sa Senkharom. Također im se vratila Joy, a uz nju se uselio novi učenik, Eddison "Eddie Miller" Sweet (Burkely Duffield), koji čuva tajnu da mu je glavni učitelj zapravo otac. U zadnjoj epizodi saznaju da je Eddie "Ozirian", nasljednik boga Ozirisa, i suprotan od odabrane, Nine. Kasnije se Nini pridruži cijela Sibuna, i nakon mnogih teških zadataka, i nakon što im se Joy pridruži, napokon pronađu masku. Dok svi rješavaju zadatke, Victor zaposli novu domaćicu, Veru Devenish (Poppy Miller), koja potajno radi s Rufusom i knjižničarom, Jasper Choudhary (Sartaj Garewal), i moraju mu donijeti sve stvari koje su posjedovali obitelj Frobisher-Smythe (obitelj koja je izgradila kuću boga Anubisa), kasnije Jerome sazna za sve, ali ga zarobi Rufus. U zadnjoj epizodi Sibuna se riješi lažne maske i Rufus ukrade pravu, i Eddie iskoristi moći Oziriana i protjera Rufusa i Senkharu u podzemlje, Vera je otpuštena i svi se, bez ikakvog problema vrate u kuću za ples.

Treća sezona
Svi učenici kuće se vrate osim Micka, koji se odselio u Australiju, i Nine. Nitko ne zna zašto se Nina nije vratila. Kasnije saznaju da Nina nije došla jer odabrana i Ozirian ne smiju biti ni blizu jedna drugom, jer će snositi posljedice. Nakon što se svi vrate u svoju sobu, Eddie ima viziju mlade dame koja sjedi u bolnici pored njezinog djeda, koji joj dadne ključ, a ne kaže kakve koristi ima, i umre nakon toga. Eddie ode niz stepenice i zabije se u novu učenicu, K.T. Rush (Alexandra Shipp), djevojka iz Amerike koju je vidio u svojoj viziji. Ona mu objasni da joj je djed rekao da se useli u Kuću boga Anubisa bez objašnjenja. U međuvremenu učenici ponovno sklope Sibunu, ali bez Joy, jer je ona htjela biti s Fabijanom, no Fabiana nije bilo briga za nju nakon što se odselila Nina. Tijekom Amberinog rođendana, đaci sakriju svu poštu koja sadrži njene poklone da ju iznenade na kraju dana, ali Victor je također naručio prapovijesnu narukvicu, za koju mu je rekla nova učiteljica, Harriet Denby (Susy Kane). Alfie, koji nije ništa kupio Amber iako joj je dečko, laže Amber i kaže da joj je to njegov dar. Čuvaju tu narukvicu kao tajnu od Victora, jer su sigurni da će im trebati u budućnosti. Amber se također želi preseliti u Ameriku radi odlične modne škole za koju je čula. Eddie i K.T. u međuvremenu potajno uđu i Harrietinu kuću, gdje pronađu zamrznuto tijelo Roberta Frobisher-Smythea (John Sackville), K.T.-in pradjed koji je bio proklet u 1922 nakon što su njegovi prijatelji krali iz grobnice. Njegovi prijatelji su bili pradjedovi Alfiea i Jeromea i prababe Joy i Patricie, učenici koje Harriet, Victor i Eric poznaju kao "potomci". Sibuna također saznaju za Roberta kad oni odu u Harrietinu kuću, ali samo Amber vidi da je on zapravo tamo, prije nego što se odseli u Ameriku, Victoru dadne lažnu narukvicu i oprosti se sa Sibunom, Eddiem i K.T., i svima kaže za Roberta, i da im treba njena narukvica za inicijaciju koja će ga probuditi. Nakon mnogo pokušaja, Harriet, Victor i Eric sklope svoju inicijaciju, i namame potomke da im se pridruže, ali uspiju zaustaviti inicijaciju, no zakasne, i Robert se probudi. Eddie također ima viziju starije gospođe, prave Harriet Denby (Bryony Afferson), a njihova učiteljica je njena usvojena sestra, Caroline Denby. Harriet ima mnogo informacija o Robertu, i zlu koje će nastati kad se probudi. Svi saznaju da su zakasnili i sve što sad mogu je saznati koji je njegov plani, i izbjeći sve njegove zamke. Robert ima 5 praznih sarkofaga u koje treba staviti 5 grešnika, što će probuditi Ammut, biće koje će preuzeti duše sviju na Zemlji i pomoći Robertu preuzeti svijet. Grešnici su Victor (Škrtost), Patricia (Srditost), prva Sibuna koja je postala grešnik, uspjela je zavarati sviju i uvjeriti ih da je K.T. grešnik, Eric (Zavist), Fabian (Oholost) i Alfie (također srditost). Uz ne namjernu pomoć Eddiea i K.T., Ammut se probudi i pronađe mnogo duša i pretvori ih u grešnike. Svi, osim nove učenice Willow (Louisa Connolly-Burnham) postanu zli, i Harriet se vrati, objasni da je Willow uredu radi K.T.-inog ključa koji je uzela, ključ je K.T.-in djed dao njoj da je štiti od Ammut. Pokušaju ukrasti Carolinin ključ da zaustave Ammut, ali Caroline sazna što pokušavaju napraviti i pretvori K.T. i Willow u grešnice, ali bez objašnjenja je K.T. sasvim uredu, zato što je Harriet potajno stavila ključ u njen džep. Caroline pokuša objasniti Ammut da mogu zajedno vladati svijet, ali baš tad, K.T., Eddie i Harriet dođu, glumeći da su grešnici. Ammut sazna da nisu pravi grešnici i naljuti se na Caroline. Carolinin ključ trebaju staviti Ammutinu kapsulu i riješiti se je, ali Robert K.T. pokuša uvjeriti da je to loša ideja, jer će Robert ostariti i imati koliko godina bi imao da nikad nije bio smrznut. K.T. ne zna što učiniti, pa Eddie sam zaključa Ammutinu kapsulu. Ammut proždere Caroline i nestane zauvijek. Robert ostari i ode u Egipat s Harriet, svi se vrate nazad i više se ne ponašaju zlo, Jerome i Joy se poljube, isto tako Eddie i Patricia, Alfie i Willow, i napokon Mara i Fabian.

The Touchstone of Ra
Učenici kuće boga Anubisa su spremni za diplomiranje. Prije nego što završi zadnji sat, Eric najavi da će Mara biti učenica koja daje oproštajni govor, što rastuži Fabiana. Kad se vrate kući, cure pronađu dvije mlađe učenice, Erin Blakewood (Kae Alexander) i Cassie Tate (Roxy Fitzgerald). Dečki također pronađu mlađeg učenika, Dexter "Dex" Lloyd (Jake Davis), u kuhinji. Trudy im objasni da se njihova škole renovira, pa su se preselili u Anubisovu kuću. Također im se pridruži Sophia Danae (Claudia Jessie), kojoj se sviđa Eddie, no Patricia joj ne da da mu se približi. Svi se okupe u hodniku i Victor kaže da idu na ekshibiciju u muzej povijesti. Sophia, Eddie i Dex pronađu tajnu sobu u kojoj se nalazi kamen Boga Ra. Jedan od stražara kaže da je kamen jedan od četiri kamena s kojim se može složiti piramida Ra. Onaj koji složi piramidu i pronađe žrtvu dobit će svo zlato Ra. Kasnije na večeri, Victor i Eric saznaju da je netko ukrao kamen Ra iz muzeja. Učenici pokušaju sakriti kamen ali Victor ga pronađe u Alfievoj ruci. Victor i Eric odu u školu nakon što nestane struja da ju pokušaju vratiti, i nakon što odu Patricia kaže svima za podrum. Ona ih odvede u podrum i odluči da svi zajedno provedu noć u njemu. Svi se zabavljaju dok se struja ne vrati i Victor i Eric se vrate. Victor pronađe sviju osim Sibuna, Sophie i Mare. Sibuna odluči dopustiti Sophiji da im se pridruži, i čim Mara to vidi, pita se što se događa. Sibuna i ona se slože da će to biti njihova tajna, i za sad se slože sakriti kamen.

Kasnije Sophia ukrade kamen i sakrije ga od Sibune. Otkriveno je da je sakrila mnoge druge tajne, kao da je živjela više od stotinu godina. Na kraju napravi piramidu Ra i pokuša žrtvovati Maru, no Eddie žrtvuje sebe. Kao kazna, Ra pretvori Sophiju u kip, i Eddie preživi bez svojih moći Oziriana. Na kraju se svi vrate na tulum diplomiranja gdje Victor napusti kuću.

Likovi i postava

Glavni likovi

Sporedni likovi

Epizode

Povijest
Emisija je započela s produkcijom u kolovozu 2009., pod nazivom Anubis House. Emisija je prodana Nickelodeonu u ožujku 2010. Prva sezona je u potpunosti obnovljena od srpnja 2010. do prosinca 2010., a praizvedena je 1. siječnja 2011. u Sjedinjenim Državama. Finale sezone emitirano je 19. veljače 2011. u Sjedinjenim Državama. 25. veljače 2011. Kuća boga Anubisa premijerno je predstavljena u Velikoj Britaniji.

10. ožujka 2011., Nickelodeon je na godišnjem planu najavio drugu sezonu serije. Najavljeno je da će se postavi pridružiti novi lik po imenu Eddie Miller, čiji će lik tumaćiti Burkely Duffield. 21. srpnja 2011. u Liverpoolu je započela proizvodnja za sezonu. 2. Sezona je snimljena od srpnja 2011. do siječnja 2012. 7. siječnja 2012. u Sjedinjenim Državama premijerno je prikazana 2. sezona. Sastojala se od 45 polusatnih epizoda, a finale sezone emitirano je 9. ožujka 2012.

3. sezona emisije najavljena je 16. travnja 2012., što je bio isti dan premijere 2. sezone u Velikoj Britaniji. Nathalia Ramos potvrdila je da se neće vratiti za 3. sezonu jer se htjela usredotočiti na školu i završiti fakultet. 16. srpnja 2012., Bobby Lockwood potvrdio je da se neće vratiti u treću sezonu, ali da će glumiti u novoj CBBC seriji nazvanoj Wolfblood, koja će premijerno biti prikazana kasnije te godine. Istog dana objavljeno je da će u trećoj sezoni biti predstavljen novi lik KT Rush, a portretirat će ju Alexandra Shipp. 26. srpnja 2012. objavljeno je da će se predstaviti još jedan novi lik po imenu Willow Jenks; portretirala Louisa Connolly-Burnham. Proizvodnja je započela u srpnju 2012., a završila u veljači 2013. Sezona je premijerno prikazana 3. siječnja 2013. u Sjedinjenim Državama. Finale sezone kasnije je emitirano 11. travnja 2013. 15. travnja 2013. u Velikoj Britaniji premijerno je prikazana sezona. Sezona je završila u Velikoj Britaniji 7. lipnja 2013. Nickelodeon UK objavio je 21. svibnja 2013. prvi specijal Kuće boga Anubisa, The Touchstone of Ra, koja je bila emitirana 14. lipnja 2013. u Velikoj Britaniji. 30. svibnja 2013., Nickelodeon USA objavio je da će specijal biti na TeenNicku 17. lipnja 2013.

DVD-ovi
Dana 9. prosinca 2013. cijela prva sezona bila je dostupna na DVD-ovima za prvu regiju. Druga sezona je izašla u dva dijela na DVD-u za prvu regiju, prvi dio je izašao 26. studenog 2013., a ostatak 2. sezone bio je dostupan 15. studenog 2013. Bio je isti slučaj za treću sezonu, i oba DVD-a su za prvu regiju bili dostupni 14. veljače 2014.

Nagrade i nominacije

Ocjene

Ocjene kritičara
Youth Television News pohvalio je seriju pohvalivši Nickelodeonov pokušaj dramske serije rekavši da "dobra priča uvijek nadmašuje običan sitcom".

Ocjene gledatelja
Jednosatna premijera serije 1. siječnja 2011. gledalo je prosječno 2,9 milijuna gledatelja u prve dvije epizode. Serija je osvojila 4,0 udjela (846 000 gledatelja) među tinejdžerima 11–17, 4,4 udio (952 000 gledatelja) među djecom 11–15 i 3,5 udio (1,2 milijuna) među djecom 11–18, što je prvo mjesto među svim emisijama i osnovnim kablovski programi u svom vremenskom intervalu u svim demografskim kategorijama prije i za tinejdžere.

Zanimljivosti
 Kuća boga Anubisa ima sličnosti filmu Indiana Jones i posljednji križarski pohod

Povezane serije
Anubis Unlocked
Het Huis Anubis
Het Huis Anubis en de Vijf van het Magische Zwaard
Das Haus Anubis

Izvori

Britanske serije

Kuća boga Anubisa


Humboe (Humboi) ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Ermera (Gemeinde Ermera).

Geographie

Vor der Gebietsreform 2015 hatte Humboe eine Fläche von 5,67 km². Nun sind es 6,12 km². Der Suco liegt im Osten des Verwaltungsamts Ermera. Nördlich liegt der Suco Riheu, nordwestlich der Suco Mertuto, südwestlich der Suco Leguimea, südöstlich der Suco Estado und östlich der Suco Lauala.

Durch Humboe führen die Überlandstraßen, die die Gemeindehauptstadt Gleno mit den Orten Ermera und Atsabe verbindet. In Humboe liegen die Dörfer Poeana (Pocana), Manuhei (Mamuhei), Borohei (Borhei) und Hatali. In Borohei befindet sich die Grundschule Escola Primaria No. 128 Humboe.

Im Suco befinden sich die vier Aldeias Borohei, Dirlau, Hatali und Poeana.

Einwohner

Im Suco leben 1.636 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 853 Männer und 783 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 383 Haushalte. Fast 84 % der Einwohner geben Tetum Prasa als ihre Muttersprache an. Über 16 % sprechen Mambai.

Geschichte

In Borohei befand Ende 1979 sich ein Internierungslager für osttimoresische Zivilisten (Transit Camp), die zur besseren Bekämpfung der FALINTIL von den indonesischen Besatzern umgesiedelt werden sollten.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Pedro Salsinha Exposto zum Chefe de Suco gewählt und 2009 in seinem Amt bestätigt. Die Wahlen 2016 gewann Calisto M. Dos Santos.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Humboe (tetum)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Humboe (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Ermera (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Ermera (Gemeinde)

Humboe


لندن  مدينة كندية تقع في جنوب غرب مقاطعة أونتاريو. أسست كقرية عام 1826 ويبلغ عدد سكانها أكثر من 352000 نسمة، وهي بذلك تحتل المرتبة الخامسة عشرة على صعيد المدن الكندية.

تضم المدينة جامعة أونتاريو الغربية.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة للندن:

أعلام

 بول هاغيس
 سكوت موير
 جاك وارنر
 ألبرت هيل
 فيكتور جاربر
 لوليتا دافيدوفيتش
 فرانسيس أولدهام كيلسي
 هاري واتسون
 جوناتان بوروين
 إدوارد داوسون

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1826
تأسيسات سنة 1826 في كندا
مدن أونتاريو
مدن كندية

لندن (أونتاريو)