Ra's al Ghul is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. Created by editor Julius Schwartz, writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams, the character first appeared in Batman #232's "Daughter of the Demon" (June 1971).

Most notable as the leader of the League of Assassins, Ra's al Ghul's name in Arabic translates to "Head of the Ghoul". He is the son of Sensei; the father of Talia al Ghul, Nyssa Raatko and Dusan al Ghul; and the maternal grandfather of Damian Wayne. Stories featuring Ra's al Ghul often involve the Lazarus Pits, which restore life to the dying. The Lazarus Pits have considerably prolonged Ra's' life, making him particularly dangerous as he has honed his combat skills for centuries. Though primarily an enemy of Batman, Ra's has also come into conflict with Superman and other heroes in the DC Universe.

Ra's al Ghul has been featured in various media adaptations. The character was portrayed by David Warner in the DC Animated Universe, Liam Neeson in The Dark Knight Trilogy, Jason Isaacs in Batman: Under the Red Hood, Dee Bradley Baker in the Batman: Arkham video game series, Matt Nable in the Arrowverse television series, and Alexander Siddig in Gotham.

IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Ra's as No. 7.

Publication history
Created by editor Julius Schwartz, writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams, he was introduced in Batman #232's "Daughter of the Demon" (June 1971). Adams discussed how he designed the character in a 2007 Wizard interview "First of all, Denny O'Neil started as a journalist, and so his experience with costume characters was always a forced experience.  When the idea came to Julie Schwartz that "we're kind of reviving old characters.  What do we want to do for a new character?"  Denny's tendency - and I understood it totally - was not to go to a costumed character with superpowers, but to go to a Moriarty type.  When Denny presented it, here I was as a comic book artist who was used to doing fairly realistic stuff having to deal with, "Hey, no costume."  How do I make him unique?  Because after all, we are pandering to our audience a little bit.  How does he become unique?  So I sort of went down the list of things that I could do that didn't offend my sensibilities as an artist and as a person that lived in the world.  How do you make a person unique?  And then I realized there are people that look unique, that present their personality with their physiognomy - like Jack Palance, for example.  Jack Palance is incredible to look at."

Character overview
Ra's al Ghul is an international criminal mastermind whose ultimate goal is a world in perfect environmental balance. He believes that the best way to achieve this balance is to eliminate most of humanity. Ra's usually tries to assault the world's human populace with a biological weapon, such as a genetically-engineered virus. He is aided in this quest by the Lazarus Pits, reservoirs of rejuvenating chemicals that restore the dead and dying to life; these pits have granted him a lifespan of several centuries. He regards Batman as his worthiest opponent, addressing him as "Detective" out of respect for his intellectual brilliance, and has frequently sought to make the Dark Knight his successor. He is one of the few criminals in Batman's rogues gallery to have deduced his secret identity as Bruce Wayne, but keeps silent on the matter due to the same sense of respect for Batman. For his own part, Batman's opposition to Ra's is complicated by both his own respect for al Ghul's genius (if not his goals and methods) and his attraction to his daughter, Talia, which she reciprocates.

Fictional character biography

Origin
Ra's al Ghul's real name, early life, and exact age have been described differently by various writers. His Post-Crisis origin story is told in the graphic novel Batman: Birth of the Demon (1992) by Dennis O'Neil and Norm Breyfogle. This origin story is later revisited and amended in Batman Annual #26 (2007) by Peter Milligan and David López as part of the Batman: The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul story arc. Most recent retelling origin story, Batman and Robin (vol. 2) #23.3 (2013) by James Tynion IV and Jeremy Haun, references these prior iterations of al Ghul's origin while keeping common details that lead towards Ra's' adoption of the moniker (e.g. Ra's' occupation as a physician, his wife's death, and the annihilation of the Sultan's city).

As told in Birth of the Demon, Ra's al Ghul (known only as The Physician prior to adopting the moniker) was born over 600 years before his first appearance in Batman comics, to a tribe of Chinese nomads settling in the desert in eastern North Africa, near a city governed by a Sultan. Developing an interest in the sciences at an early age, Ra's abandoned his tribe to live in the city, where he focused himself on learning and experimentation. He subsequently trained as a physician and married a woman named Sora.

Upon discovering the healing properties of the Lazarus Pit, Ra's managed to save the Sultan's dying son by lowering him into it. However, he is unaware that use of the Lazarus Pit can induce insanity, and the prince (who is already sadistic and cruel), emerges as a mentally unstable sociopath. He proceeds to fatally strangle Sora, on whom he has already had his eye for some time. The Sultan, unwilling to admit to himself his son's culpability, accuses Ra's of poisoning his son's mind and sentences him to a slow, tortured death in a cage with Sora's corpse.

Ra's is set free by the son of a dying elderly woman, who Ra's had earlier treated. The son feels that he owes Ra's a debt for easing his mother's suffering during her last few hours. Ra's and the son head into the desert to seek the tribe of Ra's' birth. Ra's convinces the head of his tribe, his uncle, to follow Ra's in his quest for revenge by promising the downfall of the Sultan. By understanding the germ theory of disease hundreds of years before anyone else, Ra's is able to infect the prince with a deadly virus by sending him contaminated fabrics. When the Sultan once again demands that Ra's save his son, both men are killed by the former physician. Ra's then leads his tribe to raze the city to the ground and kill all of its inhabitants. Subsequently, Ra's declares himself "Ra's al Ghul", the "Demon's Head".

Batman: Birth of the Demon provides a rough figure of 500 years for Ra's al Ghul's age. Due to living so long, he is assumed to have lost track of how old he is. Azrael #6 (July 1995; written by Dennis O'Neil) places Ra's age closer to 450 years. As he tells Jean Paul Valley, "I appear to be a vigorous fifty. I am actually a very vigorous four hundred and forty-eight...or is it four hundred and fifty-three? I lost count during the Black Plague. No matter". In Batman Annual #25 (published in 2006), Ra's al Ghul is described as a "700-Year Old International Terrorist". The 700 year plus mark is used again in Batman and Robin (vol. 2) #23.3 (2013), followed by Issue #30 of the same series where over a 1000-year time span is also described in Ra's' pursuit of Themyscira.

Using the Lazarus Pits to extend his life, Ra's spends the next several centuries journeying the world. He fights in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and becomes a formidable warrior. As the world entered the modern age and industrialization began to cover much of the Earth, Ra's grew to despise the humans who he believed were destroying the world's natural beauty, thus setting him on a path of eco-terrorism. Also during this time, Ra's, his uncle, and Huwe, the son who freed Ra's from the Sultan's initial execution are all using the Lazarus Pits to prolong their lives until an incident in London. Ra's catches Huwe writing his own memoirs in their original Chinese language, despite Ra's having forbidden him to reveal the secret of their immortality. During a battle, Ra's kills Huwe and flees to a Lazarus Pit, which he uses. When he returns to their home in London, his uncle has vanished with the remnants of their historical records.

Over time, he becomes a master of many forms of combat, notably fencing. He also builds up vast wealth and creates The Demon, a huge international organization. According to Justice League of America (1st series) #94:

The League of Assassins, one of the many smaller organizations making up The Demon, is thus sometimes called "The Demon's Fang" or "Demonfang".

Ra's al Ghul's ethnic origins may be described East Asian in accordance to Birth of the Demon and The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul, and Byzantine/Eastern Roman as addressed by Talia al Ghul in Batman Annual #26. Ra's al Ghul's Eastern Roman background is further implied in Batman and Robin (vol. 2) #23.3. The significance of al Ghul's Eurasian profile is attributed to his known paternal heritage whilst his ambitions for world conquest is often compared and traced to the likes of Alexander the Great; an influence too shared by other family members such as Sensei (Batman #671 (2007) by Grant Morrison and Tony S. Daniel), Talia al Ghul, and Damian Wayne (Batman and Robin (vol. 2) #0 (2012) by Peter J. Tomasi and Patrick Gleason) (the name "Damian" being derivative of "damianos", Greek for "to tame"). Most commonly depicted in source material with a dominant phenotype of fair complexion, Ra's has also been able to opportunistically be involved in Western world global exploits such as the Age of Exploration (Year One: Batman/Ra's al Ghul #2 (2005) by Devin K. Grayson and Paul Gulacy) and the Third Reich (Batman: Death and the Maidens #5 (2004) by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson). Ra's al Ghul's adoptive use of Arabic monikers and the language itself is a result of al Ghul's settlement and cultured history both in erudition and regional pursuit of Lazarus Pit/longevity sources most commonly unearthed throughout the Greater Middle East (e.g. The Well of Sins in the Arabian Peninsula, Red Hood and the Outlaws #22 (2013) by James Tynion IV and Julius Gopez) to East Asia (Peaches of Immortality, Year One: Batman/Ra's al Ghul #1). The use of Arabic monikers in particular (in regards to demons) is used as a scare tactic in Ra's' history promoting both his influence, and reign of terror throughout the Greater Middle East—his first eradication of a sultanate as described in Birth of the Demon, the same actions insinuated to have been repeated in Batman and Robin (vol. 2) #23.3, and direct depiction in Death and the Maidens #4.

Aligning with Ra's al Ghul's character overview as an international environmental terrorist, in conjunction with the character's background being subject to different renditions from multiple writers; co-creator of the character, Neal Adams, has stated that the character has no specific regional/ethnic representation of any kind, necessarily.

Contagion and legacy
Ra's returns to prominence and comes dangerously close to realizing his dream of worldwide genocide in the "Contagion" story arc of the Batman titles. His organization unleashes a deadly virus known as Ebola Gulf A (a.k.a. "The Clench") in Gotham City, putting Batman in conflict with a force he seemingly cannot defeat. A cure is eventually located by Batman and his allies, though the mastermind behind the outbreak is not discovered until the follow-up story "Legacy".

Learning that the Demon's Head still lives, Batman and his team circle the globe, preventing further outbreaks of the virus. Ra's allies himself with Bane, the man who once crippled and nearly killed Batman. Ra's considers Bane a potential heir to his empire, despite his daughter Talia's distaste for the criminal mastermind. Eventually, Batman deduces a way to eliminate the Clench virus from an ancient "Wheel of Plagues" artifact whose knowledge has aided Ra's in the creation of the disease. The long-lived madman eludes justice again.

JLA: Tower of Babel
In the "Tower of Babel" storyline, in JLA #43–46, Ra's discovers Batman's contingency plans for stopping the other members of the Justice League of America, should they turn or be turned evil, and uses them to try to destroy the group. Meanwhile, Ra's steals the bodies of Batman's parents. This theft prevents Batman from realizing Ra's is using his traps until it is too late, as he is distracted by the search for the corpses of his parents.

Though defeated, Ra's does cause the temporary exit of Batman from the JLA, who now distrust the Caped Crusader. However, though some of the League resent Batman's plans, they eventually accept that the plans were created for the right reasons once Batman confirms that he trusts them by revealing his secret identity to the rest of the team.

Talia, disillusioned with her father, leaves the League to run LexCorp for former U.S. President Lex Luthor, before selling the company to Bruce Wayne for his Wayne Foundation to aid Batman and Superman's victory over Luthor. Ra's blames Batman for his failed relationship with Talia, and stages a plot where he tries to separate Batman from his heir, Dick Grayson, shortly before Wayne officially adopts his former ward as his son. The plan fails, and Wayne and Grayson go ahead with the adoption.

Ra's is also featured in Birds of Prey #31–35, where he has a romantic fling with the Black Canary. The superheroine is injured and healed in the Lazarus Pit, which also restores the Canary Cry she lost years earlier.

Death and the Maidens
In Death and the Maidens (2004), Ra's' other daughter, Nyssa Raatko, furious at her father for abandoning her in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II, begins plotting to destroy him, prompting Ra's to contact Batman to make a deal for access to a Lazarus Pit to give him the strength for a final confrontation with Nyssa; in exchange for the location of a Pit, Ra's provides Batman with a serum that will allow him to walk in the spirit world and speak with his parents. While Batman experiences his "vision", Nyssa befriends Talia and then kidnaps and brainwashes her. Nyssa plots to destroy all hope and optimism in the world by assassinating Superman with Kryptonite bullets she steals from the Batcave. While Batman stops Nyssa from killing Superman, he is unable to stop her from mortally injuring her father. A dying Ra's reveals that this is all part of his greater plan to ensure that his daughters will realize that he is correct in his perceptions about the world and what needs to be done to it, and that they would come to accept their destinies as his heirs. Ra's' plan works: both Nyssa and Talia become the heads of The Demon and the League of Assassins. Talia disavows her love for Bruce Wayne, and both sisters declare Batman their enemy. It is too late for Ra's, as Nyssa stabs her father through the heart, seemingly killing him for good. To ensure Ra's will not return, Batman oversees his nemesis' cremation.

The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul

In Batman Annual #26, Talia is prompted to read the history of Ra's al Ghul to her son Damian by a mysterious figure from Ra's' past: the White Ghost. Unbeknownst to her, the White Ghost plans to use Damian as a vessel for Ra's' return. However, mother and son escape before the plan is completed. After the escape, Batman confronts the White Ghost; he fights Batman, but accidentally falls into a Lazarus Pit.

As of Batman #670, Ra's al Ghul has returned, having evaded death by transferring his consciousness into the body of another. Because his host body is decaying from radiation poisoning, he needs to transfer his mind into another host body. His first choice is that of his grandson Damian Wayne, but Damian escapes to alert his father.

Upon taking Ra's to a "Fountain of Essence", which contains the qualities of a Lazarus Pit, Batman is confronted with the sight of the Sensei, who is revealed to be Ra's' father. After defeating Ra's, Sensei fights and impales Batman with a cane. Determined to win, Batman drags the Sensei into the Fountain, where he is killed for not being a pure soul. Ra's, meanwhile, has taken over the body of a Nanda Parbat monk and departs. Healed by the Fountain, Batman emerges and yells for Ra's.

Ra's attempts to make amends with Batman after his resurrection, but Batman responds by crushing his decaying fingers. Ra's accepts this latest rebuke and, with the help of his men, overpowers Batman and captures Damian, who has arrived to try to help his father. Ra's attempts to take over Damian, but Batman breaks free just as Robin, Talia, Alfred Pennyworth, and Nightwing arrive to save him. While the battle ensues at Nanda Parbat, the White Ghost takes Ra's to a secluded place, where he appears to accept the fact that his death is inevitable. The White Ghost is revealed as Ra's' estranged albino son Dusan, and offers up his own body instead. Ra's performs the transfer of souls, but the White Ghost apparently dies soon afterward. Ra's resumes the battle and attempts to kill Batman, but the monks at Nanda Parbat stop him and banish him from the temple.

Following his resurrection, Ra's al Ghul, in his new body, moves his base of operations to Gotham City where it is revealed that a remnant of his son Dusan's consciousness still remains within him. Since the White Ghost was his son, Ra's was able to use the resemblance between them to modify his new body's appearance to be more like his own, though he remains an albino. This arrogance contributes to the brazen move to Gotham and a subsequent ninja attack on Batman, which indirectly leads to the discovery of a map of all the known Lazarus Pit locations across the globe. Batman then infiltrates Ra's al Ghul's new Gotham penthouse headquarters and easily defeats his horde of ninjas and Ra's himself. To ensure Ra's is not a constant threat within Gotham City, Batman comes up with the false identity of "Terry Gene Kase", and plants it along with credible photos, medical records, and police records for both Blackgate Penitentiary and Arkham Asylum. Batman takes an unconscious Ra's directly to Arkham where it is believed he really is the prisoner "Terry Gene Kase", a criminal with multiple personality disorder who has just been transferred to Arkham to finish out multiple life sentences. Along with attaching false information and a false identity to Ra's al Ghul's file, Batman attaches a false prescription of potent medication that ensures slurred speech and next to zero mobility.

Despite these precautions, Ra's eventually escapes when the orderlies miss his dosage once, which allows him to become conscious enough to escape from Arkham.

The Return of Bruce Wayne
Ra's realizes that Batman has apparently died after Darkseid's invasion during Final Crisis. After confronting Nightwing with his knowledge, he and the hero eventually duel with swords. Nightwing defeats Ra's and earns the immortal's respect, signified by leaving his sword in the Batcave as a gift after their fight. Ra's refuses to believe his enemy's passing despite the evidence, leading him to be involved in the Red Robin's (Tim Drake) quest concerning the fate of the original Dark Knight. After Drake finds proof that Wayne is still alive but lost in time after his battle with Darkseid, the former Boy Wonder cripples Ra's' organization, the League of Assassins, from within. In response, Ra's returns to Gotham to begin his attack to destroy every legacy of the Wayne Family. While his men target everyone close to the Waynes, Ra's makes a pact with Hush as part of his plans. Unknown to both men, Lucius Fox has already given Tim power of attorney leaving him in control of the Wayne Family resources.

Enraged, Ra's then engages Tim Drake in combat, which ends with Tim mocking Ra's by saying that there's nothing he can do to harm the Bat Family anymore; in response, Ra's smiles and says "Well done. Detective" (a name he has only ever reserved for Batman, Nightwing and Red Hood once before). He then proceeds to kick him out of a skyscraper window and retreats from the battle. Later, in seclusion, Ra's reveals everything which happened was a test for Tim Drake, from the league, the council, the Men of Death, and the plot against Bruce Wayne.

Learning of Bruce Wayne's return, Ra's muses that his next confrontation with the detective will be particularly interesting as he believes that Batman has at last had a taste of the immortality that Ra's himself enjoys.

He goes after Vicki Vale and almost kills her. He spares her life only after she refuses to publish the identity of Batman and gets rid of all of the evidence she has to that effect. He also realizes that Vale may be a descendant of a French opponent, Marcel du Valliere, from centuries before; therefore, his business with her may not be finished.

The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), Ra's al Ghul appears in a hooded robe at the League of Assassins' city of 'Eth Alth'eban. He enters the Well of Sins after an encounter with Jason Todd. When he emerges, Ra's is consumed by the evil that corrupted the Untitled centuries before, and he feels compelled to rid himself of the machinations of his daughter and Ducra by killing Jason. At Ra's' command, the prisoners are brought to him, and he promises to use his newfound power to destroy them. Red Hood engages Ra's, as Essence joins the battle. She insists that he will allow Jason and his friends to leave his realm, or he will be forced to die a mortal death just as he always feared he would. Despite having destroyed the All-Caste, Ra's al Ghul's actions have led to their eventual rebirth. Defeated, he swears that he will visit great agony upon Red Hood if he ever sees him again.

Batman and Aquaman head to an island, where the League of Assassins are located, after Ra's has the bodies of Damian Wayne and Talia exhumed. Ra's had ordered the hunt of whales, creating genetically altered super-humans in the wombs of sperm whales, part of a plan to rebuild the League of Assassins. Inside the compound, they find that Ra's is wiping the hard drives clean, preventing data recovery. As his parting gift, he has left Batman the Heretics to keep him entertained. Batman fights his way to Ra's escape aircraft. He sees Talia and Damian's bodies stored within it, and clings to the fuselage from outside as the plane takes off. Though Ra's plans to go to Paradise Island, he is nearly surprised to see Batman pounding on the cockpit's windshield. From outside, Batman screams for Ra's to give back his son, but Ra's responds that he is blood of Damian's blood and the boy is in good hands. He orders the plane to tilt its angle, causing the wind shear to rip Batman from his purchase and drop down into the sea, where he is caught by Aquaman.

Batman and Ra's then encounter Glorious Godfrey. Glorious Godfrey's reason to come to Earth is to retrieve the Chaos Shard, a powerful crystal once belonged to Darkseid which Ra's al Ghul revealed was hidden inside the sarcophagus he crafted for Damian.

During Batman Eternal, Bruce briefly speculates that Ra's is the mastermind behind most of the attacks against him that have left Wayne Enterprises bankrupt and Batman pushed to the limit. However, when he confronts Ra's, his foe reveals that, while he was invited to participate in the attack by the true mastermind, he rejected the offer as Ra's would prefer to destroy Batman when the Dark Knight believes that his legacy will be as eternal as Ra's, rather than tear him down in such a manner.

DC Rebirth

During DC Rebirth, Ra's al Ghul is featured in Detective Comics issues #953-956 as part of the "League of Shadows" story arc, which runs from issue #951-956 (April–July 2017).

Ra's al Ghul appears in Dark Nights: Metal issue #2 as a member of the Immortals, a group formed by the oldest beings in the multiverse. He participates in a discussion on how they will fight the Dark Multiverse invasion.

Abilities

Skills, training, and resources
Due to his expanded life span and longevity, Ra's has accumulated vast knowledge and abilities which exceed those of Batman. These include detective skills, chemistry, physics, military tactics, economics, and martial arts, fully using his photographic memory to master all such skills. He has also gained many international contacts and an immense fortune over the course of centuries. When in combat, he favors more ancient weaponry (as he has had more time to master them than more modern weaponry) these weapons include scimitars, katanas, spears, staffs, bolas, shurikens, smoke pellets and miniaturized explosives.

Ra's' greatest tools are his green Lazarus Pits, which heal any injury including recent death and restore the user to the prime of life, but cause temporary insanity (or for those already insane like the Joker, sanity). His constant exposure to the pits has granted him slightly enhanced endurance, strength, and healing but also comes with the price of a gradual onset of insanity if overused.

Magical and unnatural powers
Along with his physical abilities and resources, Ra's al Ghul has been shown to possess a certain degree of proficiency with mysticism. In an effort to guarantee his continued existence, he has on several occasions demonstrated the ability to transfer his soul into the bodies of others, giving him a way to live on in the event that his physical body is destroyed and unable to be transported into a Lazarus Pit. The exact details of this process have remained inconsistent; at times it appears as though a complicated ritual is required to achieve this effect, while on other occasions he is capable of performing this feat on a whim, merely by making physical contact with his intended host.

In the New 52, Ra's temporarily gained vast magical powers after bathing in the Well of Sins, the first Lazarus Pit. He claimed he was gifted with true immortality and displayed powers such as levitation, energy projection and construct creation and matter manipulation. However, he lost these abilities following his battle with Jason Todd.

Family
The following are members of Ra's al Ghul's family:

Sensei
Created by Neal Adams in 1968, the Sensei was originally introduced as high-ranking member of the League of Assassins. He was portrayed as an aged but highly skilled martial artist. During the Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul storyline, he was revealed to be Ra's al Ghul's centuries-old father. He dies during the same storyline.

Mother Soul
Created by Joshua Williamson and Gleb Melnikov in 2021, Mother Soul is the mysterious head of the "League of Lazarus". In Robin (vol. 3) #7, she is revealed to be Ruh al Ghul (Soul of the Demon), Ra's al Ghul's mother.

Dusan al Ghul
Created by Peter Milligan and David Lopez in 2007, Dusan al Ghul () was Ra's' only known son. He was also referred to as Ash'Shabah Al-Abyad (), meaning "the White Ghost". Though little is known about his past, it is stated that he was born out of a union meant to strengthen his father's hold over "some long-extinct people", suggesting that he was older than Ra's' other children. As an albino, he was never considered a potential heir to his father's empire. He ultimately sacrificed himself to ensure his father's survival during the Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul storyline.

Nyssa Raatko
Created by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson in 2003, Nyssa Raatko () is Ra's al Ghul's oldest known daughter. She was born the only child to Ra's al Ghul's mistress Amina Raatko, also known as Lourdes in 18th century Russia. She would later become a Holocaust survivor. She is murdered by Cassandra Cain during the One Year Later storyline.

Talia al Ghul
Created by Dennis O'Neil and Bob Brown in 1971, Talia al Ghul () is Ra's al Ghul's daughter. Talia's mother was a woman of mixed Chinese and Arab ancestry named Melisande, who met Ra's at the Woodstock festival.

Damian Wayne
Originally appearing as an unnamed infant in the 1987 graphic novel Batman: Son of the Demon, the character was introduced as Damian Wayne or Damian al Ghul (Arabic: دميان الغول) by Grant Morrison and Andy Kubert in 2006. Damian is the son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul, making him the grandson of Ra's al Ghul. He is an Heir to the Demon Head and expected to one day lead the League. Ra's raised him to be the new Alexander the Great. He is bred from birth to take and rule the world by his mother Talia al Ghul. He was very aggressive until he met his father, Batman. Batman taught him how to calm himself and trained him to be the new Robin. His genetic perfection and genetic makeup unfortunately marked him as the ideal host for his grandfather who wants to take over his body.

Mara al Ghul
Created by Benjamin Percy and Jonboy Meyers, the character debuted in Teen Titans (vol. 6) in December 2016. Mara al Ghul is a granddaughter of Ra's al Ghul, daughter to the late Dusan al Ghul and a cousin to Damian Wayne. Introduced as an enemy to Damian she was also raised by the League of Assassins. She and Damian were both members of the Demon's Fist, an elite group within in the League. Damian was supposed to lead the Demon's Fist but Mara now leads the group since Damian's choosing his father over the League. Mara hates Damian since he left her with a scar across her right eye during a training session when they were younger. Mara has not inherited her father's albinism; she has black hair with red bangs. Like the rest of her family, she is a skilled fighter and is also noted to be a talented artist.

Athanasia al Ghul
Athanasia al Ghul is a character featured in the Injustice 2 prequel comics and does not appear in the Prime Earth continuity. She is the daughter of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul, sister of Damian Wayne and granddaughter of Ra's al Ghul. Athanasia is the secret daughter of Talia and Bruce and raised by Talia without Bruce or even Damian's knowledge. While Talia allowed Damian to become a hero and work with his father for a time, Talia kept Athanasia a secret from her father and raised her as a member of the League of Assassins. Athanasia is first seen beside her mother Talia breaking her brother Damian out of prison. She is insulted by Damian's apparent rudeness and wants him to say please before letting him out. When Warden Dan Turpin tries to arrest them she kills him and the guards. While exiting the building Damian tells his mother to control her 'servant', Athanasia, who then assaults him. It is only then that Talia reveals Athanasia is Damian's sister and the "Daughter of the Bat". After the fall of Superman's regime Athanasia and the rest of the League come out of hiding. She works alongside her mother and grandfather in a scheme to reclaim the Earth from humans who were destroying it. During a fight with Batman in their secret base in the Amazon Rainforest Athanasia was seemingly killed when El Diablo exploded and Athanasia wasn't shielded from the blast. She later appeared again alongside her grandfather in Gorilla City as King Solovar's guests.

Others
Although he fathered children with several women, Ra's al Ghul has only two confirmed marriages. The first was to Sora, whose death set Ra's on the path to becoming the "Demon's Head". The second was to Melisande, Talia's mother.

Ra's also appears to have an unnamed sister or half-sister, a female assassin belonging to a group called the "Daughters of Acheron", whose members share the same father. Another member is a woman using the alias "Promise". It is unclear if their common father, "Acheron", is in fact the Sensei (making them all Ra's' half-sisters) or if Ra's only has one half-sister on his mother's side.

In Batman and Robin #12, it is revealed that Talia has cloned her son, Damian who's known as "The Heretic" The clone is, therefore, a grandson of sorts of Ra's al Ghul. Additionally, Nyssa once stated that she has given birth twelve times (only two of her children, Daniel and Hannah, are named), opening the possibility of Ra's having many other descendants, although most of Nyssa's family are murdered by the Nazis and Nyssa believes that her great-grandson Vasily (a Russian soldier who is reported to have been killed in the Middle East) was the last of her line.

The Birth of the Demon features Ra's' uncle, who helps him avenge his wife and found the League of Assassins before they go their separate ways.

Involvement with Batman
After Talia encounters and falls in love with Batman in Detective Comics #411 (May 1971), Ra's begins to consider Batman as a possible heir. Ra's first deduces Batman's secret identity when he reasons the Dark Knight has to be rich, and learns only Bruce Wayne has bought the equipment a crime fighter would have; he is then ready to put Batman to a final test.

Ra's surprises Batman in the Batcave, seemingly to enlist Batman's aid in rescuing both Talia and Dick Grayson, the first Robin, both of whom have apparently been kidnapped. Batman soon discovers the whole affair is a charade orchestrated by Ra's to test Batman, which he passes. Ra's asks Batman to become his heir, which Batman refuses, appalled by his genocidal plan to "cleanse" the world. This story was later adapted into a two-part story in Batman: The Animated Series during its first season under the title "The Demon's Quest".

Despite being mortal enemies, Ra's al Ghul and Batman maintain some level of respect towards one another. Similar to The Riddler, Ra's admires Batman's intellectual prowess first and foremost, regularly referring to Batman as "Detective" or "The Detective" when speaking to or about him. Despite being aware of Batman's true identity as Bruce Wayne since their first meeting, Ra's has never exposed that information to the public or Batman's other foes; Batman once attributed this to Ra's' personal code of honor, though Ra's has repeatedly used that knowledge to his own advantage when fomenting plans and contingencies against Batman.

In the story "Resurrection Night" in Batman #400, Ra's helps all of Batman's foes to escape from Arkham Asylum and the Gotham State Penitentiary, setting them on a plan to abduct certain individuals across Gotham City who are linked in one form or another to Batman. Ra's' true intent is to show Batman the folly of his efforts to protect a corrupt society which, to his mind, allows criminals to exist and flourish. Ra's eventually uses the Pit while still healthy, both increasing his strength and putting his life at risk, in an attempt to outmatch the Dark Knight. The plan backfires, as Ra's is left writhing in the pit, seemingly destroyed.

Other versions

Son of the Demon
In the graphic novel Son of the Demon, Ra's successfully enlists Batman's aid in defeating a rogue assassin and warlord, Qayin (a variation on the spelling of Cain), who has murdered Ra's' then-wife Melisande (Talia's mother). During this storyline, Batman marries Talia and she becomes pregnant. Batman is nearly killed protecting Talia from the assassin's agents. In the end, Talia ends her relationship with Batman, unwilling to put him in danger. She claims to have miscarried and the marriage is dissolved. The child is eventually born and left at an orphanage (eventually taking the name Ibn al Xu'ffasch). The only identification provided is Talia's jewel-encrusted necklace, which once belonged to Talia's mother. Two Elseworlds stories, Kingdom Come and Brotherhood of the Bat, feature two alternate versions of Ibn as an adult, coming to terms with his dual heritage. For a time, DC Comics' policy was that Son of the Demon was not canon and that Batman had no son. The recent appearance of the child (under the name Damian) in an issue of Batman implies that this policy may have changed.

31st century
Ra's has previously been revealed as alive in the 31st-century setting of the post-Zero Hour reboot Legion of Super-Heroes, impersonating Leland McCauley.

Superman & Batman: Generations
In the first Superman & Batman: Generations series, created by John Byrne, Bruce Wayne tracks down Ra's al Ghul after passing the Batman mantle on to his son. Ra's offers Bruce (whom he addresses as "Adversary") a chance at immortality. Ra's has determined that if two people enter the Lazarus Pit, the Pit will merge both life forces, destroying one soul in the process and imbuing the other with youth and immortality without the ensuing madness. With his only choices being a fifty-fifty chance at death in the Pit or being murdered by Ra's' men, Bruce agrees to the process. He survives exposure to the Pit and subsequently uses Ra's' criminal empire to clandestinely set up an international humanitarian network. He also becomes a near-immortal, aging one year for every century.

Spider-Man/Batman
In the Batman & Spider-Man: New Age Dawning crossover book (considered an Elseworlds story), Ra's begins plans for worldwide devastation. He manipulates the Kingpin to his side by infecting the crime lord's wife Vanessa with terminal disease and promising him the cure in return for his allegiance. Ra's then orders him to press the button on his machines which would send New York City under the ocean. Ultimately, Spider-Man and Batman interfere and the Kingpin reveals that he knows Ra's' plans and allows the two heroes to board his plane so they can assist him. Defeated, Ra's bows out of the plan gracefully but claims that there is no cure for the disease. Vanessa convinces her husband that she wishes no further violence, and they leave. Talia soon gives the cure to Batman, who then gives it to Spider-Man, who passes it on to the Kingpin.

The Batman Adventures
In The Batman Adventures #1, albeit Ra's didn't appear, he plays a larger role behind-the-scenes along the Society of Shadows and the Penguin. Ra's finally appears in issue #4, in which he fights Batman again only to be defeated by him one more time. Series writer Ty Templeton originally wanted to bring back Ra's in issue #5 depicting him at prison, but his script for the planned story was rejected because DC Comics told him and Dan Slott that they were 'done' with Ra's and it was time to move with other characters, resulting in issue #5 as a story of Black Mask's False Face Society.

Amalgam Comics
In the Amalgam Comics alternate dimension, Ra's is fused with Marvel Comics supervillain Apocalypse to become "Ra's Al-Pocalypse". Ra's' daughter Talia is fused with Lady Deathstrike to become "Lady Talia".

Earth-C
In Captain Carrot and the Final Ark, Ra's is parodied as Rash Al Paca, an alpaca who plans to save the environment from "animalkind" by increasing global warming and flooding the planet.

Kingdom Come
In Kingdom Come, a rogue superhuman claimed that Ra's al Ghul was killed. Ra's' grandson, Ibn al Xu'ffasch, is a member of Lex Luthor's Mankind Liberation Front. When the appearance of Gog threatens this reality, Ibn uses a Lazarus Pit to restore Ra's to life to try to find a solution in collaboration with Lex Luthor and Brainiac, but they fail to find a solution. All three of them attempt to betray Ibn, and Lex and Brainiac die in their own trap for him. Ra's gets into a sword duel with his grandson in the Batcave and is killed by him.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Ra's al Ghul is a young boy and member of the H.I.V.E. council. He voted against using nuclear weapons to end the war in Western Europe between Aquaman and Wonder Woman.

Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
In the Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover miniseries, when the Foot Clan initially arrive in Gotham, Batman considers the possibility that they are a branch of the League of Assassins, but dismisses the idea as the Foot's combat skills show a focus on a specific area of martial arts as opposed to the more varied skills of the League. After Shredder attempts to escape a confrontation with Batman and the Turtles, he is confronted by Ra's, who offers him an alliance. With a batch of fresh mutagen brought to the DC Universe by Casey Jones, Shredder and Ra's try to bring the world to its knees by unleashing their mutated monstrosities (starting with the inmates of Arkham Asylum), but are defeated by the combined efforts of Batman, Ra's' own grandson Damian, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Splinter, who force Ra's into flight.

Arrow
In the Arrow tie-in comic, Season 2.5, when he hears about terrorist group Onslaught and his leader Khem-Adam, Ra's wishes to speak with him. He sends Nyssa al Ghul and Sara Lance to retrieve him from his base in the Amon-Shu caves of Kahndaq. They arrive back, with him and a girl named Mesi Natifah. Wishing to give Mesi vengeance, he gives her his sword to execute him.

Batman '66
Ra's appears in a crossover story between Batman '66 and Wonder Woman '77 (taking place in the continuity of Adam West's portrayal of Batman and Lynda Carter's portrayal of Wonder Woman). He and his daughter Talia first meet Bruce in the 40s at a Wayne Foundation auction to support the war effort, where The League of Shadows and the Nazis attempt to bid for a book detailing ancient treasures and locations. When they confront the book's auction winner Mr. Finlay, the young Bruce and Talia escape with both of the books to keep them safe. Ra's finds Bruce in the maze and threatens his life, but Bruce escapes as Ra's manages to obtain one of the books.

Twenty-two years later, Talia hires Catwoman to steal the second book from Mr. Finlay. Batman, Robin and Catwoman travel to Paradise Island to warn Wonder Woman and her people that the League of Shadows will be invading one of the nearby areas, with Diana knowing that Ra's is after the island's Lazarus Pit. Ra's uses the pit to restore his youth and offers the four the chance to join the League of Shadows, but they refuse. Ra's tries to bury them alive, but they are saved thanks to the intervention of Wonder Girl and Talia rescuing them behind her father's back (still harboring feelings for Bruce). Talia is placed in prison by the Amazons while Ra's manages to escape.

11 years later, Catwoman aids Talia in escaping Paradise Island and the two Ghuls continue their search for Lazarus Pits. Thanks to spying on Wonder Woman and Batman, the League discovers there's a Pit in Gotham underneath Arkham Asylum. Ra's hires the Riddler, Mr. Freeze, Clayface, Killer Croc, and Cheetah to keep the heroes at bay. Batman follows Ra's near the Pit and tries to stop him, but Ra's uses his magical assassins to prevent them from interfering. Due to using the Pit sooner than the last time he used it, Ra's is de-aged into a ten year old. The two al Ghuls are taken by authorities, with Batman saddened that Talia chose to follow her father's influence.

Injustice 2
Ra's appears in the comic prequel series to the video game Injustice 2. After the fall of the Regime, he takes control of the Suicide Squad, using them to break out Damian Wayne out of Stryker's Island and kidnap the heads of large companies for execution, including Ted Kord. He also organizes the kidnapping of the relatives of active superheroes as a deterrent to their involvement in his plans and resurrects Alfred Pennyworth with one of his Lazarus Pits. Ra's' plan is eventually stopped when Batman and the remnants of the Insurgency, including Ted's successor as Blue Beetle Jaime Reyes, break into his base, inadvertently killing all endangered life he was protecting. As he leaves, Ra's reveals that he had ordered Jackson Hyde to attack the US congress, causing the deaths of thousands and damage to Batman's plans of rebuilding society. It is also revealed that he has been working with Solovar and has possession of the android Amazo. The war between him and Batman continues until he and Solovar are usurped by Gorilla Grodd. During Grodd's coup, he attempts to warn Bruce about the coup before he was mind controlled. As his last request, he asks Bruce to protect his grandchildren. Soon, Ra's appeared before Grodd and was killed by the new ruler of Gorilla City. Despite Ra's apparent death in the prequel comic, he appears alive in the games itself where he is featured in Black Adam's character ending.

The Doom That Came To Gotham
In the story Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham, Ra's al Ghul is the main antagonist. While not an immortal eco-terrorist but a deranged cultist/avatar, bent on freeing Iog-Sotha, a Lovecraftian horror, from its prison. Released, Ra's and Talia created monsters like Poison Ivy to terrorize Gotham to prepare for its "doom" and killing Bruce Wayne's allies like Oliver Queen. In the finale, Batman confronted his enemy who had transformed into a monster, prompting Bruce Wayne to become a human-sized bat allowing him to defeat Al Ghul.

In other media

Television

Animation
 Ra's al Ghul appears in media set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by David Warner.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Batman: The Animated Series. This version has a son, Arcady Duvall (voiced by Malcolm McDowell), who in 1883 met and battled Jonah Hex. He was defeated and imprisoned for 50 years, becoming unable to be healed by Lazarus Pits. In the present day, Ra's regrets abandoning Arcady, so Batman allows the two to spend time together before he dies.
 Ra's appeared in Superman: The Animated Series. In the episode "Knight Time", Robin mentions him as a suspect Batgirl and Nightwing thought responsible for Batman's disappearance. The episode "The Demon Reborn" reveals that Ra's is dying, and the Lazarus Pits have begun to lose their effect on him. He plots to siphon Superman's energy with a Native American artifact to rejuvenate himself. He ultimately fails and dies, though Talia is able to revive him and the two escape.
 Ra's also appears in the Batman Beyond episode "Out of the Past". At some point prior to the original Batman's retirement, Talia assisted him in defeating Ra's in the Near-Apocalypse of 2009. This battle left Ra's with injuries too great for even the Lazarus Pit's healing capabilities to repair. As such, he transferred his mind into Talia's body, and manipulated the elderly Bruce Wayne into using the Lazarus Pit to restore his own youth before attempting to take over his body and control of Wayne Enterprises. Ra's is thwarted by the new Batman (Terry McGinnis), and seemingly killed when the Lazarus Pit explodes.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Peter Woodward. This version is interested in making Dick Grayson his heir instead of Batman or his own daughter.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Young Justice, voiced by Oded Fehr. This version is a high-ranking member of the Light, Project Cadmus's board of directors. In the third season, Outsiders, Ra's has been dismissed from the Light and lost control of the League of Shadows to Deathstroke, but gains custody of the supposedly dead, now-amnesiac Jason Todd and the newborn Damian Wayne.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Beware the Batman, voiced by Lance Reddick. This version attempts to manipulate Katana into killing Alfred to avenge her father Edogawa's death. She refuses, and Ra's prepares to kill both of them, only for Tobias Whale to arrive with a captured Batman. Batman breaks free and engages Ra's in combat, ultimately defeating him by using his weapon to release the vengeful spirits of his enemies, who drag him into a bottomless pit, presumably to his death.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode "#LeagueOfShadows", voiced by Sendhil Ramamurthy, while Jason C. Miller performs his singing voice. This version is an evil rock singer who wants to eliminate all evil in the world, starting with bad music. He mind controls Kara Danvers/Supergirl using red kryptonite, but she is freed by Barry Allen, Garth, and Hal Jordan, and Ra's escapes.

Live action

 Ra's al Ghul appears in series set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Matt Nable. Liam Neeson expressed an interest in reprising his role from Batman Begins, but was unable to due to scheduling conflicts. This version also has a history with Batman prior to meeting Oliver Queen.
 The character first appears in season three of The CW's TV series Arrow, after being alluded to in the previous two seasons. Ra's al Ghul is portrayed as a moniker passed between successors. As the League of Assassins' leader, and the father of Nyssa al Ghul and Talia al Ghul, the current individual eventually approved the training for both Malcolm Merlyn and Sara Lance (The Canary). Ra's later seeks to kill Merlyn for breaking the League's code after leaving Nanda Parbat. In season three, Malcolm tries to get Ra's off his back by having his daughter Thea Queen kill Sara to manipulate Oliver Queen into confessing the murder to protect his half-sister and challenge Ra's to a trial by combat. Oliver is defeated by Ra's, but narrowly survives thanks to Tatsu Yamashiro, leading to Ra's deeming Oliver as his prophesied heir. After Oliver declines to take Ra's al Ghul's place, Ra's systematically attacks Oliver's home of Starling City to pressure him into taking the title on. Finally, Ra's mortally wounds Thea so that Oliver will have to come to Nanda Parbat and accept Ra's offer in exchange for healing Thea with the Lazarus Pit. Desperate to save Thea, Oliver agrees to train as the heir Al Sah-him. In the season finale, Ra's plans to unleash a bio weapon attack on Starling City so Oliver will not feel the pull of his former home. However, Oliver reveals still being loyal to his friends. With help from Nyssa, Oliver foils the plan and duels Ra's again, this time killing him. In exchange for helping him with the plot to take down Ra's, Oliver surrenders the Ra's al Ghul title and the League of Assassins' control to Malcolm. In season four, Malcolm and Nyssa start a League civil war when he uses the Lazarus Pit to revive her girlfriend Sara Lance, which corrupts her with bloodlust. Nyssa offers a cure for Thea's bloodlust in exchange for Oliver helping Nyssa overthrow Malcolm. Oliver duels Malcolm and defeats him. However, Nyssa declines the League's leadership and instead disbands it. In season five, Talia seeks revenge on Oliver for killing Ra's and works with Adrian Chase to do so. Talia and Nyssa battle on Lian Yu with Nyssa defeating Talia.
 Ra's al Ghul reappears in Legends of Tomorrow. In the episode "Left Behind", Sara Lance returns to Nanda Parbat after being stranded in 1958. Two years later, the rest of the Legends team travel to Nanda Parbat to recover Sara, but she turns on them and has them apprehended. Rip Hunter challenges Ra's to a trial by combat with the two sides nominating Kendra Saunders and Sara as their champions. The duel is interrupted by an attack from temporal bounty hunter Chronos, who kills several League members. Ra's frees the Legends to preserve the League and after they defeat Chronos, he releases Sara from the League, deducing that she is from the future and was taught by the League of her period of time. Before leaving, Sara advises Ra's al Ghul to ensure that his unborn daughter, Nyssa, be at Lian Yu in 2008 (to locate Sara the first time).

 Ra's al Ghul appears in the third and fourth seasons of Gotham, portrayed by Alexander Siddig. This version, in addition to leading the League of Assassins, is also tied to the Court of Owls. He additionally attempts to manipulate a young Bruce Wayne into becoming his heir. Later in the series, he forms an alliance with psychopathic criminal Jeremiah Valeska, who also has ambitions of "transforming" Gotham. In "No Man's Land", they destroy the bridges out of town, isolating Gotham from the rest of the world, but not before Ra's former lover and protégé Barbara Kean mortally wounds him with the dagger. As he dies, he tells Bruce that he must choose whether to remain simply Bruce Wayne or become Gotham's "Dark Knight".

Film

Live action

 Liam Neeson portrayed Ra's al Ghul in The Dark Knight Trilogy.
 Ra's al Ghul first appears in Batman Begins. This version is based in the Himalayas and dedicated to keeping order and justice in a world which it views as decadent and corrupt. He initially goes by the alias "Henri Ducard", while the Ra's al Ghul name is instead used by a decoy (played by Ken Watanabe). Ducard acts as Bruce Wayne's mentor, teaching the stealth and martial arts training that his protégé will one day use as Batman. He orders Bruce to execute a murderer as a final test, but Bruce refuses and burns down the League of Shadows' temple. Bruce saves Ducard's life while the Ra's decoy is killed by falling debris. During the film's climax, Ducard reveals his identity as the true Ra's al Ghul to Bruce, claiming to be immortal and that he is the mastermind behind many of the ills that have been plaguing Gotham City with his final plan being to disperse Jonathan Crane's fear-inducing toxin into Gotham's water supply. Finally, he reveals to Bruce that the League of Shadows had tried to destroy Gotham via an economic depression that indirectly resulted in the murders of Bruce's parents. In their final confrontation, Batman defeats Ra's and leaves him on a runaway train which crashes off a bridge and explodes, killing him.
 Ra's al Ghul next appears in The Dark Knight Rises. Josh Pence plays the character's young depiction in flashbacks set 30 years before the film's events. In an ancient part of the world, Ra's was a mercenary who worked for a local warlord. He fell in love with the warlord's daughter whom he married in secret. When the warlord found out, the mercenary was condemned to a prison known as "The Pit". The daughter intervened on his behalf, so the warlord exiled him while sentencing the daughter to life in the Pit. Unbeknownst to Ra's, his wife was pregnant with his child. After his wife was killed in an attack by other prisoners, their daughter, Talia, was rescued by Bane and later escaped from the Pit and went to find her father. Ra's turned the League of Shadows on the prison, killing inmates in retaliation for his wife's death and freeing Bane. But even after Bane saved Talia's life, Ra's saw Bane only as a reminder of where his wife died and so excommunicated Bane from the group. During the events of the film, Talia and Bane, having assumed leadership of the League of Shadows after her father's death, travel to Gotham to finish his work and avenge the death of Ra's, for which Batman is blamed and imprisoned in the Pit. Ra's appears in the Pit in a hallucination by Bruce, again claiming to be immortal and telling Bruce that an heir is carrying on the League of Shadows' mission to destroy Gotham. Recited in the Pit, the prevalent chant deshi basara () is of the Moroccan language.

Animated
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Batman: Under the Red Hood, voiced by Jason Isaacs. This version is responsible for Jason Todd's resurrection after the Joker killed him. When Batman travels to his stronghold to question him, Ra's reveals that he had been planning to ruin Europe's economy by destroying its financial centers and had hired the Joker to provide Batman and Robin with a distraction. The Joker went rogue, however, and killed Robin. Plagued with guilt, Ra's resurrected Jason via the Lazarus Pit, but the boy was driven insane and returned to Gotham City as the murderous vigilante Red Hood, intent on taking revenge on the Joker. Ra's is last seen watching the news bulletin about the Red Hood's disappearance and the Joker's return to Arkham Asylum.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Son of Batman, voiced by Giancarlo Esposito. This version is Damian Wayne's mentor and possible father-figure who is killed by  Deathstroke. Following his death, twelve-year-old Damian desperately attempts to revive Ra's, but Talia al Ghul states that the Lazarus Pit cannot save him, as his body was too damaged for its reviving ability.
 A demonic impersonator of Ra's appears in Justice League vs. Teen Titans, voiced by Terrence C. Carson.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voiced by Cas Anvar. He appears as a new partner of Shredder of the Foot Clan.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in the animated film Injustice, voiced by Faran Tahir. After Damian Wayne joins Superman's Regime, he convinces the latter to ally with Ra's as they both share the goal of making the world safer. To this end, Ra's later builds the Amazo android, which can replicate Superman's powers, ostensibly to use it to better enforce global peace. But when the Android quickly turns violent and attacks Superman, Ra's reveals his true intentions to kill him and take over the world, believing Superman to be unfit to rule. This revelation causes Damian to have a change of heart and he duels Ra's, ultimately defeating him with help from Dick Grayson as Deadman.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham, voiced by Navid Negahban.

Video games
 Ra's al Ghul appears in the 2003 video game Batman: Dark Tomorrow, voiced by Don Leslie.
 Ra's al Ghul/Henri Ducard appears in the Batman Begins video game, with Liam Neeson reprising his role from the film while the decoy is voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in DC Universe Online.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Gotham Knights, voiced by Navid Negahban. This version previously killed Batman in a fight before being killed himself by the Batcave's self-destruct protocol. Following her father's death, Talia al Ghul takes over the League of Assassins and incinerates his body to prevent him from being resurrected.

Lego series
 Ra's al Ghul appears as an unlockable character in Lego Batman: The Video Game.
 Ra's al Ghul appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Steve Blum.
 The Batman Begins version of Ra's al Ghul (as Henri Ducard) appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham via downloadable content.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by JB Blanc.

Batman: Arkham
Ra's al Ghul appears in the Batman: Arkham video games, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 In Batman: Arkham Asylum, Ra's al Ghul's body can be found zipped up in a body bag in the morgue part of Arkham Mansion near Dr. Penny Young's office. His character bio is gained after scanning the body. If the player returns to the morgue later in the game after completing the main story, the body is gone, most likely taken by the League of Assassins to be resurrected.
 In Batman: Arkham City, after Batman is infected with the Joker's poisoned blood, he attempts to collect a sample of Ra's al Ghul's blood (which has regenerative capabilities) to find a cure. Heading to Wonder City's ruins built upon a Lazarus Pit, Batman and Ra's fight when the Dark Knight refuses to kill Ra's and take his place as the League of Assassins' leader. After a long battle, Batman eventually defeats Ra's and forcibly collects his blood, telling him that the Lazarus Pits has corrupted his mind and giving him one chance to end his crusade. Ra's is later revealed to be the power behind Arkham City's warden Hugo Strange, having seen the professor as a possible successor instead of Batman. He appears in Wonder Tower and kills Strange for failure when Protocol 10 was deactivated by Batman. However, the professor's dying breath activates Protocol 11 (a self-destruct protocol in Wonder Tower's command center). Saved from the explosion by Batman, Ra's (rather than be captured) stabs himself with his sword mid-fall before landing on Arkham City's gate. If the player returns to the gate later in the game after completing the main story, Ra's body is gone, and only his sword remains.
 In Batman: Arkham Knight, Ra's al Ghul's sword is placed in the GCPD evidence room prior to the game. Gotham's alleyways also have graffiti on them that says "The Demon's Head will return", likely written by the League of Assassins. Later, Ra's appears in the DLC side mission "Shadow War". While having survived his previous battle against the Dark Knight, Ra's is left sickly and barely being kept alive by having the remains of the Lazarus Pit pumped into him. This weakening of Ra's inspires his daughter Nyssa Raatko to form a rebel faction of the League of Shadows to take control of the organization, resulting in a war breaking out between them and Ra's loyalists within Gotham. As this ultimately draws Batman's attention, he soon discovers Ra's hideout under Elliot Memorial Hospital, and learns of his deteriorating condition. Appealing to Batman's sense of morality, Ra's followers tell him of another, purer Lazarus Pit within Gotham, and ask to use it to heal Ra's. Upon finding the second Lazarus Pit, Batman returns to Elliot Memorial Hospital, talking with Alfred Pennyworth about options. After Alfred observes that Ra's has lived for so long already that denying him the Lazarus Pit is essentially allowing him to die of natural causes rather than actually "killing" him, Batman returns to the chamber where Ra's is being kept, where he has two choices:
 Batman gives the Lazarus Pit sample to Ra's, and is forced to fight Nyssa and her rebels. Not soon after, Ra's regains his former strength and fatally slashes Nyssa for her treachery. Batman tries to fight him, but Ra's steals one of his smoke bombs and disappears. Batman comforts Nyssa in her dying moments and closes her eyes before he leaves.
 Batman decides against giving the Lazarus Pit sample to Ra's, and destroys the equipment keeping him alive. After he takes care of his loyalists, Nyssa arrives to see what her father has ultimately become. As she is about to strike him down, Batman stops her and says that he will take him to the GCPD. Nyssa is satisfied and lives up to her word, recalling all her forces from Gotham while Batman takes Ra's to a special cell at GCPD and straps him to a gurney, with Ra's telling the Dark Knight that he is proud of him for apparently breaking his code.

Injustice
 Ra's al Ghul appears as an unplayable support card in the iOS version of Injustice: Gods Among Us.
 Ra's al Ghul makes a non-speaking appearance in Black Adam's ending in  Injustice 2.

Parodies
 Ra's al Ghul appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. In the segment, Batman chases Ra's down to the Lazarus Pit and continuously kicks him, causing his age to regress into nothingness. Batman quickly leaves, not wanting anyone to know that he killed a baby.

Miscellaneous
 Ra's al Ghul appears in The Batman Adventures. He arrived to break up a fight between Batman and Sensei and even had to allow Sensei to go with Batman.
 Ra's al Ghul appears in the comic book tie-in to Young Justice. In issue 11, Ra's al Ghul oversaw the hijacking of the rocket at Cape Canaveral and had the original research payload replaced with a diamond lens that would turn sun beams into death beams that would attack the various cities. Batman and Robin end up fighting Ra's al Ghul which ended with Ra's falling off the tower to his death. Ubu and Talia were able to get Ra's back to Infinity Island where Sensei used the Lazarus Pit to revive Ra's al Ghul. After emerging from the Lazarus Pit, Ra's al Ghul ordered Sensei to prepare their weapon called the Serpent. In issue 12, Ra's al Ghul arrived where he found Sensei and Talia being attacked by Clayface and learned from Sensei that the monster was their operative Matt Hagen. After Ra's al Ghul stated to Clayface that he was still a member of the League of Shadows and commanded him to sleep, he ordered Sensei to ship Clayface to Gotham City for him to bother Batman and then demanded an explanation from Talia on how Clayface came to be.
 In Arrow tie-in comic The Dark Archer, it is revealed that Ra's al Ghul and his League had an encounter with a similar organisation named "The Hidden" in 1985. They encountered Malcolm Merlyn (who will join them 9 years later) and Darius when searching for Ashkiri marker (in fact the entire mountain) in Hindu Kush mountains, but their vehicle was flipped in sandstorm and knocking out some members. Ra's punished an assassin for losing The Hidden. The member of The Hidden, Darius, is revealed as member of the League, acting as a double agent. Ra's and Darius went to enter Ashkiri temple to search for a Lazarus Pit and the hearts of snow leopard gods, while The Hidden wanted to protect the temple from them. In the same time, Lourdes (implied to be Nyssa's mother Amina Raatko) and Malcolm also entered the temple to seal the temple. Ra's and Darius found Lourdes attacked by Ashkiri gods after she was left behind by Malcolm. Ra's saved her, while Darius was killed by them, due to the need of a sacrifice. Lourdes became Ra's concubine until ten years later when she was saved by The Hidden, along with her son, Saracon.

Collected editions
His stories have been collected into a number of volumes:

 Batman: Tales of the Demon (1991), collecting the original 1970s Ra's al Ghul stories by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams
 Batman: Birth of the Demon (1992) by Dennis O'Neil and Norm Breyfogle, giving the origin of Ra's al Ghul
 JLA Vol. 7: Tower of Babel (2001), by Mark Waid, in which Ra's goes up against the Justice League of America ()
 Batman: Death and the Maidens (2004) by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson, giving the ultimate death of Ra's al Ghul ()
 Year One: Batman – Ra's al Ghul (2005) by Devin K. Grayson and Paul Gulacy, which takes place a year after Ra's' death in Death And The Maidens
 Batman: The Resurrection of Ra's Al Ghul (2008) by Grant Morrison, Peter Milligan, Fabian Nicieza, and Paul Dini, chronicles Ra's al Ghul's resurrection.
 Batman Arkham: Ra's al Ghul (2019) by various, an anthology of stories featuring Ra's al Ghul from throughout the DC Universe.

See also
 List of Batman Family enemies
 Algol – The name Algol derives from the Arabic رأس الغول ra's al-ghūl. The English name "Demon's Head" is a direct translation of this, as Ra's is head, Ghoul is Demon.
 Eurasian nomads
 Alexander the Great
 Fu Manchu
 Secret society
 Terrorism
 Eternal youth
 Mandarin

Notes

References

External links

 Ra's al Ghul at DC Comics' official website
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115839/http://www.spider-bob.com/villains/dc/RasAlGhul.htm
 http://www.batmantas.com/cmp/ras.htm
 http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/WF/batman/btas/bios/rasalghul/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20051126221806/http://www.unstable.com/whoswho/rasalghu.htm
 http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/WF/superman/episodes/TheDemonReborn/

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Ra's al Ghul


Mathieua, monotipski rod lukovićastih geofita iz prodice zvanikovki. Jedina je vrsta M. galanthoides, peruanski endem izumro u divljini

Rod i vrsta opisani su 1853.

Sinonimi
 Eucharis galanthoides (Klotzsch) Planch. & Linden
 Urceolina galanthoides (Klotzsch) Traub

Izvori

Zvanikovke
Flora Perua

Mathieua


Yerleşim yerleri
 Yemişen, Bulanık - Muş ili Bulanık ilçesine bağlı belde
 Yemişen, Ayancık - Sinop ili Ayancık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Yemişen, Durağan - Sinop ili Durağan ilçesine bağlı köy

Biyoloji
 Adi Alıç - Alıç adı verilen bitkinin diğer adı

Yemişen


سعد بن عطية الغامدي هو شاعر وأكاديمي سعودي، دكتوراه وماجستير في المحاسبة من جامعة ولاية أوكلاهوما بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وحاصر على بكالوريوس المحاسبة وإدارة الأعمال (مع مرتبة الشرف الأولى) من جامعة الملك سعود.

الخبرات

 نائب الرئيس التنفيذي مجموعة عبد اللطيف جميل.
 مدير عام الشركة السعودية للنقل الجماعي (1409 - 1413هـ)
 مدير عام الشركة الوطنية للنقل البحري (1406 - 1409هـ)
 عميد شؤون الطلاب - جامعة الملك سعود (1404 -1406هـ)
 أستاذ مساعد بقسم المحاسبة - كلية العلوم الإدارية - جامعة الملك سعود.

الاستشارات والعضويات

حاليــاً:

 عضو اللجنة الاستشارية لمجلس تطوير الخدمات الصحية وعضو لجنة السعي في العفو وإصلاح ذات البين بمنطقة مكة المكرمة.
 عضو الهيئة الاستشارية لمجلس التدريب والتقنية – المؤسسة العامة للتعليم الفني والتدريب المهني.
 عضو المجلس التأسيسي للجامعة الأهلية بجدة (تحت التأسيس).
 عضو مجلس إدارة مؤسسة العلم الخيرية وعضو اللجنة التنفيذية بكلية دارة الحكمة بجدة.
 عضو مجلس إدارة النادي العلمي بجدة.
 عضو جمعية المحاسبة الأمريكية والجمعية السعودية للمحاسبة.
 عضو لجنة تنمية الموارد بمؤسسة الملك عبد العزيز ورجاله لرعاية الموهوبين.
 عضو مجلس إدارة هيئة الإعجاز العلمي في القرآن والسنة.
 عضو اللجنة الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان بالمملكة العربية السعودية.
ســابقاً:
 مستشار غير متفرغ بكل من: ديوان المراقبة العامة شعبة الخبراء بمجلس الوزراء.
 عضو مجلس إدارة كل من: جمعية المحاسبة السعودية «أمين صندوقها» الهيئة السعودية للمحاسبين القانونيين – الشركة العربية لناقلات الكيماويات.
 عضو لجنة كل من مراجعة حسابات (الإيسيسكو) اللجنة العلمية بوكالة الرئاسة العامة لتعليم البنات لشئون الكليات – اللجنة العليا للمحاسبة.
 الرائد العام لمخيم الحج لجامعات الخليج والعراق خلال الأعوام التي أقيم فيها.

الإصدارات
- مبادئ المحاسبة العامة مع آخرين.
- شطآن ظامئة «ديوان شعر»
- بشائر من أكناف الأقصى «ديوان شعر»
- إلى العرين شامخاً «ديوان شعر»
- بعد أن تسكن الريح «ديوان شعر»

اهتمامات شخصية وعامة
- الشعر والكتابات الأدبية، التدريب والتربية والتعليم، الإدارة الحديثة وتقنية المعلومات.

شعراء سعوديون في القرن 20

سعد بن عطية الغامدي


HMAS Betano (L 133) was a  heavy landing craft operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are  long, with a beam of , and a draught of . The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons.  They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6-71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach . The standard ship's company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two  machine guns for self-defence.

The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armoured personnel carriers, 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of , which increases to  with a 150-ton payload, and  when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.

Betano was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 3 October 1972, launched on 12 December 1972, and commissioned into the RAN on 8 February 1974.

Operational history
In April 1974, Betano, Buna, and Brunei transited to Lord Howe Island as a demonstration of the Balikpanan class' oceangoing capabilities.

Following the destruction of Darwin by Cyclone Tracy during the night of 24–25 December 1974, Betano was deployed as part of the relief effort; Operation Navy Help Darwin. Betano sailed from Brisbane on 26 December.

From 1985 to 1988, Betano and Brunei were assigned to the Australian Hydrographic Officer and operated as survey ships in the waters of northern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

The ship was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 19 January to 19 February 2000. Her service earned her the battle honour "East Timor 2000".

Decommissioning and fate
Betano was decommissioned at Darwin on 12 December 2012. The Philippine Navy has shown interest in acquiring the ship after the Australian government donated two sister ships,  and  in 2015. It was later confirmed that the Philippine Navy will acquire three more LCHs from Australia, including ex-HMAS Betano, at a token price.

References

Sources
Books

Journal articles

Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy
1972 ships

HMAS Betano


Oxalis yacutulensis er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá NV-Argentínu.

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis yacutulensis


කාලෙඩ් මෙෂාල් (උපත 1956 මැයි 28) හමාස් සංවිධානයේ වත්මන් නායකයාය. බටහිර ඉවුරේ රමල්ලා නගරයට උතුරින් පිහිටි සිල්වාඩ් නම් ප්‍රදේශයේදී මෙෂාල් උපන්නේය. 1967 වසරේ සය දින යුද්ධයෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ පියා සිය පවුල සමඟ කුවේටයට සංක්‍රමණය විය. මෙසේ කුඩා අවධියේම උපන් බිම හැරගිය මෙෂාල් කුවේටයේදී ද්වීතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය හදාරා කුවේට් සරසවියට ඇතුළුව, විද්‍යාවේදී උපාධියක් ලැබීය. තරුණ කාලයේම දේශපාලනය සම්බන්ධ වූ මෙෂාල් 1987 දී හමාස් සංවිධානය පිහිටවනු ලැබූ දින සිට එහි සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි. 1991 ගල්ෆ් යුද්ධය වෙනතුරු කුවේටයේ රැඳී සිටි මෙෂාල්, ඉනික්බිති ජෝර්දානයට ගියේය. 1997 වසරේදී ඔහු ඝාතනය කිරීමට ඊශ්‍රායලයේ මොසාඩ් රහස් ඔත්තු සේවය විසින් කරන ලද උත්සාහයකින් ඔහු ගැලවුනේ ජෝර්දානයේ හුසේන් රජුගේ මැදිහත් වීමෙනි. 1999 වසරේදී, හුසේන් රජුගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු සිහසුනට පත් දෙවන අබ්දුල්ලා රජු හමාස් සංවිධානය තහනම් කල අතර, මෙෂාල් එරටින් පිටව කටාරයට පැමිණියේය. 2001 සිට දශකයක කාලයක් මෙෂාල් ජීවත් වූයේ සිරියාවේය.  2011 වසරේදී සිරියානු රජය විවේචනය කරමින් ඔහු එරටින් පිටව ආවේය. දැනට ඔහු කටාර් සහ ඊජිප්තුව යන රටවල දිවි ගෙවයි.

හමාස් සංවිධානයේ ආරම්භයේ පටන් එහි දේශපාලන මණ්ඩලයේ සාමාජිකයකු වූ මෙෂාල් 1996 දී එහි සභාපති ධූරයට පත් විය. මේ අතර 2004 වසරේදී අබ්දුල් අසීස් අල්-රන්තිසි ඝාතනය වූ පසු හමාස් සංවිධානයේ ප්‍රධානතම නායකයා බවට මෙෂාල් පත් විය.

කාලෙඩ් මෙෂාල්


Fasciculus Chemicus or Chymical Collections. Expressing the Ingress, Progress, and Egress, of the Secret Hermetick Science out of the choicest and most famous authors is an anthology of alchemical writings compiled by Arthur Dee (1579–1651) in 1629 while resident in Moscow as chief physician to Czar Michael I of Russia.

Fasciculus Chemicus was revised by Dee sometime between 1631 and 1633 and translated from Latin into English by Elias Ashmole in 1650 under the anagrammatic pseudonym of "James Hasolle" (by substitution of the letter J for I). Arthur Dee however, was displeased with Ashmole's translation, and wrote to him:

I am sorry you or any man should take pains to translate any book of that art into English, for the art is vilified so much already by scholars that do daily deride it, in regard they are ignorant of the principles. How then can it any way be advanced by the vulgar? But to satisfy your question, you may be resolved that he who wrote Euclid's Preface was my father. The 'Fasciculus', I confess, was my labour and work.

Arthur Dee's principal sources in his alchemical anthology include Petrus Bonus, John Dastin, Gerhard Dorn, Raymund Lull and Michael Maier. Arthur Dee lists the stages of the alchemical opus in Fasciculus as ten in number:

1. Natural Matter 2. Preparation 3. Weight in preparation 4. The philosopher's Fire 5. The Rise or birth of the Stone 6. The Weights of 2nd Work 7. Imbibition 8. Fermentation 9. Projection 10. Multiplication

During the 1650s an easing of regulations on the licensing of printing-presses and the subject-matter of leaflets, pamphlets and books occurred in England. This allowed the newly liberalised printing presses of the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell to cater to the reading public's fears and speculations on England's future. The social uncertainties engendered by the social trauma of the Civil War, the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, resulted in a vigorous interest in esoteric topics during the 1650s decade in England.

Dee's anthology was in the vanguard of a revived interest in alchemy in Britain throughout the 1650s, the foremost publication being Ashmole's major edition of British alchemical literature, Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum (1652). A manuscript copy of Fasciculus Chemicus is listed as once in the Library of Sir Thomas Browne.

References

Sources
Fasciculus chemicus of Arthur Dee; translated by Elias Ashmole; edited by Lyndy Abraham. Published by Garland Press, N.Y., December 1996.

External links
Fasciculus Chemicus or Chymical Collections. Expressing the Ingress, Progress, and Egress, of the Secret Hermetick Science out of the choicest and most famous authors London, 1650.

1629 books
Alchemical documents
British anthologies

Fasciculus Chemicus


Joseph Neuhauser a fost un pictor sibian de la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea. A fost desenator și pictor. La începutul secolului al XIX-lea a fost profesor de desen la Școala Normală din Sibiu. În anul 1807 a început editarea unui album de costume.

În anul 1795 a pictat iconostasul Bisericii Greco-Catolice din Sibiu. Iconostasul, inițial de piatră, conform fotografiilor din arhiva parohială era existent încă pe la începutul sec. XX, a fost înlocuit până în 1948 (moment de la care biserica a fost preluată de ortodocși) cu unul de lemn cu picturi încastrate pe pânză.

Între elevii lui Neuhauser s-au numărat Miklós Barabás și Miklós Sikó.

O lucrare a sa, reprezenând Băile Herculane în anul 1815, se află expusă la Siebenbürgisches Museum din Gundelsheim.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Pictori sași
Sibieni

Joseph Neuhauser


Edward Goderich "Carji" Greeves Jr. (1 November 1903 – 15 April 1963) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL), now known as the Australian Football League (AFL). He won the inaugural Brownlow Medal in 1924, awarded to the VFL/AFL player adjudged fairest and best during the home-and-away season. He is the son of Ted Greeves, who also played with the Geelong Football Club.

Greeves is the namesake of the Carji Greeves Medal, the Geelong Football Club's best and fairest award.

Family and personal life
In the 1860s, Greeves' grandmother Julie (née Anderson) was briefly engaged to Tom Wills, the famed cricketer and founder of Australian rules football. Historian Col Hutchinson noted that "If Tom Wills had married Julie, we wouldn't have had Carji Greeves".

Greeves was given the nickname "Carji" as a baby by a friend of the family, the New South Wales golfer Michael Scott, most likely after a character in A Country Girl, a popular musical play of the day.

Greeves also attended The Geelong College after receiving his early education at the Struan Dam School, South of Lismore, Victoria, where he was a schoolmate of Geelong champion Reg Hickey.

VFL career

Greeves played with the Geelong Football Club from 1923 to 1931 and wore jumper number 20.

Greeves was honoured with having the Geelong Football Club's best-and-fairest award named after him, the Carji Greeves Medal. In 1996, Greeves was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. He also won the first Brownlow Medal, the award given to the player deemed to be the "fairest and best." "Best" refers to the players being voted upon by officials for who was best on ground, and "fairest" means that the player did not serve a suspension during the competition.

Greeves represented Victoria in interstate matches seven times.

Post Football
Greeves kicking prowess had him head hunted by college football club UCLA in 1928 as a kicking coach and he moved to the United States. He would study at Stanford University, where he coached students there in Australian Rules.

From the 1930s, Greeves suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis and emphysema. He died on 15 April 1963 at the age of 59.

Since 2004, The 'Carji' Greeves Club is the name of the Football Parents' Support Club at The Geelong College.

References

External links

 AFL site: Australian Football Hall of Fame
 Australian Dictionary of Biography: Greeves, Edward Goderich (Carji) (1903–1963)

Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club premiership players
Brownlow Medal winners
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
1903 births
1963 deaths
People educated at Geelong College
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Ararat Football Club players
People from Warragul
VFL/AFL premiership players

Carji Greeves


Jesús Alturo i Perucho (El Pont de Suert, 10 de março de 1954) é um paleógrafo, filólogo e historiador da cultura.
É professor catedrático da Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona, inicialmente de Filologia Latina (desde 1976) e posteriormente de Paleografia, Codicologia e Diplomática (desde 1992), quando substituiu seu professor, Anscari M. Mundó. Doutor em Filologia clássica, é especialista em Alta Idade Média, particularmente no campo da História cultural, não só na Catalunha e Espanha, mas também na Europa.
Desde 1994 é membro do Comité International de Paléographie Latine. É também membro da Société nationale des antiquaires de la France (2013), membro correspondente da Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona (2007), membro honorário da Societat Catalana de Numismàtica e membro da Societat Catalana d'Estudis Litúrgics (Instituto de Estudos Catalães).  Ele foi Directeur d'Études invité na École Pratique des Hautes Études de París. Dentro do projeto Monumenta Palaeographica Medii Aevi, ele é o director da Series Hispanica. Em 2017 publicou as Chartae Latinae Antiquiores Cataloniae, onde edita os documentos originais mais antigos conservados nos arquivos e bibliotecas da Catalunha, cem diplomas.

Alturo é autor de uma extensa e variada produção científica, com mais de trezentas publicações, incluindo a edição crítica de diplomas medievais, e a recuperação e estudo de fragmentos de códices, com a identificação de manuscritos tão únicos como o testemunho mais antigo do Liber de dono perseuerantiae de Agostinho de Hipona, ou o Pamphilus, ou o Jaufré, ou a peregrinação de Egéria, entre outros. Ele também estudou e editou textos literários medievais, como sermões atribuídos ao bispo e Abat Oliba ou ao gramático Borrell Guibert, e inscrições epigráficas medievais. Outro campo de interesses tem sido os glossários latinos medievais, e a difusão, em particular, do Liber glossarum. Em 2019, revelou uma edição completamente nova do Planctus monialis transmitido pelo ms. Vat. lat. 3251 e, por sua vez, outra versão desconhecida do mosterio de Santa María de Obarra.

Como paleógrafo identificou os amanuenses de numerosos códices, fragmentos de manuscritos e diplomas anónimos. No campo da história da escrita, tem dedicada especial atenção à escrita visigótica e a minúscula carolíngia.

Em outubro de 2021, com Tània Alaix, identificou o autor mais antigo conhecido de um texto catalão na pessoa do subdiácono Ramon de Cabó. Da mesma forma, propôs novas datas para os primeiros testemunhos escritos em catalão, a tradução catalã do Liber Iudiciorum, preservado na La Seu d'Urgell e no Mosteiro de Montserrat, e nas ″Homilies de Organyà″ da Biblioteca da Catalunha.

Prêmios e Reconhecimentos
Alturo foi galardoado, entre outros, com o Prémio Cidade de Barcelona (1982) pelo seu trabalho L'arxiu antic de Santa Anna de Barcelona del 942 al 1200. (Aproximació històrico-lingüística), e com o  Prémio Crítica Serra d'Or (2004), para o seu livro Història del llibre manuscrit a Catalunya, a primeira abordagem ao tema na Catalunha e Espanha, onde especificou os conceitos de scriptorium, biblioteca e amanuense. Em 13 de dezembro de 2021, recebeu o Creu de Sant Jordi, "pelo seu contributo para o campo da paleografia, codicologia e diplomatica, e os seus principais contributos para a história da literatura e da arte medieval do período românico da Catalunha".

Livros
L'Arxiu Antic de Santa Anna de Barcelona (Fons de Santa Anna i de Santa Eulàlia del Camp) del 942 al 1200: aproximació històrico-lingüística, 3 vol., (1985)
Diplomatari de Polinyà del Vallès: aproximació a la història d'un poble del segle X al XII (1985)
 Mundó, Anscari M.Obres completes. 1, De la romanitat a la sobirania. (1997)
 Diplomatari d'Alguaire i del seu monestir santjoanista, de 1076 a 1245 (1999)
 Studia in codicum fragmenta (1999)
 El llibre manuscrit a Catalunya: orígens i esplendor (2000; 2a ed. 2001)
 Liber iudicum popularis ordenat pel jutge Bonsom de Barcelona, ed. by J. Alturo, J. Bellés, J.M. Font i Rius, Y. García, A.M. Mundó (2003)
 Història del llibre manuscrit a Catalunya (2004)
 El Llibre i la lectura: de l'antigüitat a l'època moderna (2008)
 El calze i la lira entre reixes: culte i textos clandestins dins la Presó Model de Barcelona (1937) (2008)
 Diplomatari d'Alguaire i del seu monestir duple de Sant Joan de Jerusalem (1245 a 1300) (2010)
 Memòries de la Guerra Civil i notes parroquials de postguerra de Mn. Joan Agut i Ribera, rector de Santa Maria de Montmaneu (2011)
 La Producció i circulació de llibres clandestins des de l'antiguitat fins als nostres dies: actes de les segones Jornades internacionals sobre història del llibre i de la lectura: 20 i 21 d'octubre de 2010, ed. by J. Alturo, M. Torras and A. Castro (2012)
 La Escritura visigótica en la Península Ibérica: nuevas aportaciones, Jornadas Internacionales ed. by J. Alturo, M. Torras and A. Castro (2012)
 Alturo, J., e T. Alaix. L'església de Sant Salvador de Polinyà i les seves pintures (2016)
 Alturo, J., e T. Alaix. Chartae Latinae Antiquiores Cataloniae, 3 vol., (2017-18) (em inglês)
 Alturo, J., e T. Alaix. Mil cent anys de la vila i de la parròquia de Santa Maria de Llinars (2019)
 Alturo, J., e T. Alaix. L'antependi de Sant Martí de Lleida a Baltimore i altres obres de l'art medieval català (2020)
 Alturo, J., e T. Alaix. El canonge Adanagell de Vic (ca. 860-925), llavor de noves semences: la cultura a la diòcesi d'Osona en els primers temps carolingis (2021)

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1954
Filólogos da Espanha

Jesús Alturo i Perucho


Cruckshanksia est un genre de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Rubiacées .Ce genre se trouve en Argentine et au Chili .

Il y a sept espèces dans le genre. Ce sont des herbes et des arbustes qui poussent dans le désert d'Atacama et les Andes. Ils ont des corolles de fleurs jaunes ou roses et des sépales en forme de pétales blancs ou colorés. Cruckshanksia pumila est une espèce annuelle qui pousse dans les régions sèches et n'apparaît qu'après de rares pluies ; il est généralement observé tous les trois à cinq ans lors des épisodes El Niño  .

Taxonomie

Le genre a été décrit par William Jackson Hooker & George Arnott Walker-Arnott et publié dans Botanical Miscellany 3: 361. en 1833.

Étymologie

Cruckshanksia : nom générique donné en l'honneur d'Alexander Cruckshanks, un voyageur anglais qui résida quelques années au Chili (vers 1830) et envoya des collections principalement au botaniste William Jackson Hooker.

Espèces

 Cruckshanksia hymenodon . Hook.& Arn.
 Cruckshanksia lithiophila       Ricardi
 Cruckshanksia macrantha     Phil.
 Crackshanksia montiana      Clos
  Cruckshanksia palmae        Clos
 Crackshanksia pumila          Clos
 Cruckshanksia verticillata     Phil.

Références

Genre d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Rubiaceae

Cruckshanksia


Simon Philip Raymonde (born 3 April 1962) is an English musician and record producer. He is the son of the late arranger and composer Ivor Raymonde. He is best known as the bass guitarist and keyboard player with the Scottish band Cocteau Twins from 1983 to 1997.

Raymonde now runs the Bella Union record label and management company Bella Union Artist Management

Raymonde has acted as producer and mixer on many records, including Clearlake's Cedars, James Yorkston's Moving Up Country, the first two albums by John Grant's first band the Czars, three albums by  the Duke Spirit including the hit album Cuts Across the Land, Archie Bronson Outfit's "Kangaroo Heart", Anthony Reynolds' "Just So You Know" and the Open's Silent Hours. He co-produced the posthumous album from Billy Mackenzie. He also mixed the Fionn Regan album The End of History, which was nominated for the 2007 Mercury Music Prize, and the album The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads by Lift to Experience. Raymonde remixed tracks for Archive, Tristeza and Departure Lounge.

Career
Raymonde began his career as bassist for London-based post-punk band Drowning Craze, who released three singles on Situation 2: "Storage Case" (1981), "Trance" (1981) and "Heat" (1982).

In 1984, Raymonde joined Cocteau Twins, filling the void left by the departed bassist Will Heggie. He remained as a core writer in the band until its dissolution in 1997. As well as his work with Cocteau Twins, he also contributed to the first two albums by This Mortal Coil, another 4AD project.

Raymonde's debut solo album, Blame Someone Else, was released on 6 October 1997, and featured Elizabeth Fraser of Cocteau Twins.

In 2007, he made an appearance in the documentary film Scott Walker: 30 Century Man.

In 2009, Raymonde formed the group Snowbird with Stephanie Dosen.

Bella Union was named the Best Independent Label of the Year in 2010, as voted by the UK's indie retailers, and later won this award again in 2012, 2014 and 2016.

In 2011, he was asked to be the music supervisor for Jonathan Caouette's documentary Walk Away Renee, which was accepted for the Cannes Film Festival and released in May 2013.

In 2012, Bella Union celebrated its 15th year, and the label was asked to host and curate the Friday line-up at the End of the Road Festival that September.

Between 2012–2015, Raymonde presented a show on Amazing Radio on Monday evenings, and has stood in for John Kennedy on his Xposure show on Radio X.

He was vice-chairman of the board at the Association of Independent Music in 2013, and has spoken regularly around the world about his experiences in the industry. He presented a weekend workshop with music students at QUT in Brisbane, and has also done master classes at Middlesex University,  BIMM and the Academy of Contemporary Music at UCO in Oklahoma City. He served as the keynote speaker at Big Sound in Australia, Going Global in New Zealand and Norwich's Sound & Vision (where he was interviewed by John Robb).

On 27 January 2014, he released his first music in 17 years, with the band Snowbird. Their album Moon was issued as a vinyl package with one black vinyl and one white vinyl, with artwork designed by Vaughan Oliver and a bonus electronic dub remix album by RxGibbs called Luna.

In summer 2015, he started a new musical project with musician Richard Thomas (formerly of Dif Juz and the Jesus and Mary Chain), called Lost Horizons. Their album, Ojalá, was released on Bella Union in November 2017. The album was named Rough Trade "Album of the Month"; following this, the band were invited by Perfume Genius to be part of the Le Guess Who festival in Utrecht.

In 2018, Bella Union released two double albums celebrating the work of Raymonde's late father, Ivor, who worked with the Walker Brothers, David Bowie, Tom Jones and Dusty Springfield, among others.

In 2018, Simon and his wife Abbey Raymonde started the management side of Bella Union, working with Brighton-based Penelope Isles. Their management roster now includes black feminist punk band Big Joanie, instrumental artist Divide and Dissolve the brainchild of saxophonist/guitarist Takiaya Reed, who is of Tsalagi and African-American heritage, London-based Ghum, Brighton band Plantoid, Jane Weaver, WTRGRL, War Violet, Will Stratton, Liela Moss, Cubzoa, Eva Lunny
In March 2022, Bella Union celebrated its 25th anniversary in Austin at SXSW festival with around 15 bands performing across two stages at the legendary MOHAWK venue, then in May 2022 Simon and his fellow Cocteau Twins Elizabeth and Robin received an Ivors Academy
'Visionary' award. In 2023 also their Heaven Or Las Vegas lp received the SAY (Scottish Album Of The Year) Award for Classic Album.

Raymonde signed a book publishing deal for his memoir during 2023 and this will be in stores later this year.

Discography

Albums
 Treasure with Cocteau Twins (1984)
 The Pink Opaque with Cocteau Twins (1986)
 The Moon and the Melodies with Cocteau Twins and Harold Budd (1986)
 Blue Bell Knoll with Cocteau Twins (1988)
 Heaven or Las Vegas with Cocteau Twins (1990)
 Four-Calendar Café with Cocteau Twins (1993)
 Milk & Kisses with Cocteau Twins (1996)
 Blame Someone Else (1997)
 Luminus Love in 23 with Nanaco (1998)
 Moon with Snowbird (2014)
 Ojalá with Lost Horizons (2017)
 In Quiet Moments with Lost Horizons (2021)

References

External links
 Bella Union Website
 Simon Raymonde: My Life's Playlist – [PIAS]'s Blog, 27 January 2015

1962 births
Living people
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English record producers
4AD artists
Cocteau Twins members
Musicians from Tottenham
Musicians from Lewisham
Bella Union artists

Simon Raymonde


Teddesley Hay es una parroquia civil del distrito de South Staffordshire, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Teddesley Hay tenía 82 habitantes (53,66% varones, 46,34% mujeres). El 10,98% eran menores de 16 años, el 82,93% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 6,1% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 46,01 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 32,88% estaban solteros, el 49,32% casados, y el 17,81% divorciados o viudos. Había 37 hogares con residentes y 3 vacíos

Referencias

Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Teddesley Hay


قرية سيدي عبد الرحمن هي إحدي قري مركز العلمين شرق مدينة مرسي مطروح في مصر، وتتبع إداريا محافظة مطروح ويبلغ عدد سكانها قرابة 4000 نسمة وبها مزارع للزيتون والنخيل والتين والشعير.

تشتهر منطقه سيدي عبد الرحمن بشواطئها الرائعه، وتقع علي بعد 132 كم غرب الإسكندرية، وحوالي 30 كيلومترا إلى الغرب من العلمين. وتعتبر هذه المنطقة منتجعا شاطئيا صحراويا يبعد حوالي 190 كلم شرق مرسى مطروح، ويعتبر محطه توقف في الرحلة من الإسكندرية إلى واحة سيوة ومرسى مطروح. يقع خليج سيدي عبد الرحمن علي ساحل البحر المتوسط، ويجري الترويج لها باعتبارها منطقة سياحية وذات استثمارات كبيرة في المنطقة.

في العلمين، بالقرب من هذا المكان، وقعت المعركة الشهيرة في الحرب العالمية الثانية. وأضرحة ومقابر الحلفاء والألمان والإيطاليين قريبة جدا من منطقة سيدي عبد الرحمن والعلمين بحوالي 20 كم شرق سيدي عبد الرحمن.

تشتهر المنطقة بساحل خليج سيدي عبد الرحمن ذي الرمال البيضاء، ويقع بالقرب منها فندق سيدي عبد الرحمن ونحو 5 قري سياحية، ومجموعة من الفيلات الموجودة بالمنطقة للاصطياف.

كما تقوم شركة اعمار العقارية الإماراتية ببناء منتجع سياحي عالمي كبير باستثمارات تبلغ 7 مليارات جنيه مصري قرب المنطقة يعرف باسم «مراسي» علي مساحة 6 ملايين و 200 متر مربع تقريبا عند الكيلو 125 بطريق مصر مطروح، ومن المتوقع أن يجذب المشروع عند اكتماله ألاف السياح الأجانب الي المنطقة.

مواقع خارجية
 البوابة الإلكترونية لمحافظة مطروح (الموقع الرئيسي لمحافظة مطروح)
 إعمار تختار أوراسكوم مقاولاً لمشروع مراسي (ايلاف)
 تنفيذ مشروع عملاق بمنطقة سيدي عبد الرحمن باستثمارات 7 مليارات جنيه (ايجيبتي)
 إعمار مصر للتنمية تطلق مبيعات الوحدات السكنية في مشروعي مراسي وأب تاون كايرو (ايلاف)

مراجع

قرى محافظة مطروح
مدن ساحلية في مصر
منتجعات في مصر

سيدي عبد الرحمن (مصر)


Lista de mai jos conține toate stațiile de cale ferată din rețeaua CFR, așa cum apar ele în documentul de referință al rețelei și în mersul trenurilor

Legendă

Note

Vezi și

CFR
Material rulant al CFR Călători

CFR

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