As práticas e crenças espirituais tradicionais Sámi são baseadas em um tipo de animismo politeísta e no que os antropólogos podem considerar xamanismo. As tradições religiosas podem variar consideravelmente de região para região dentro de Sápmi .

A religião tradicional Sámi é geralmente considerada animismo. A crença Sámi de que todos os objetos naturais significativos (como animais, plantas, rochas, etc.) possuem uma alma e, de uma perspectiva politeísta, as crenças Sámi tradicionais incluem uma infinidade de espíritos. As crenças e práticas tradicionais Sámi geralmente enfatizam a veneração dos mortos e dos espíritos dos animais. A relação com os animais locais que sustentam as pessoas, como as renas, são muito importantes para o grupo de parentesco.

Divindades e espíritos animais
Além da adoração ao urso, existem outros espíritos animais, como os Haldi, que zelam pela natureza. Alguns grupos Sámi têm um deus do trovão chamado Horagalles. Rana Niejta é "a filha da terra verde e fértil". O símbolo da árvore ou pilar do mundo, que chega até a Estrela do Norte e é semelhante ao encontrado na mitologia finlandesa, também pode estar presente.

Laib Olmai, o espírito da floresta de alguns povos Sámi, é tradicionalmente associado aos animais da floresta, que são considerados seus rebanhos, e diz-se que ele concede boa ou má sorte na caça. Seu favor era tão importante que, segundo um autor, os crentes faziam orações e ofereciam a ele todas as manhãs e todas as noites.

Sieidis

Na paisagem de todo o norte da Escandinávia, encontram- se os sieidis, lugares que apresentam formas de terreno incomuns, diferentes da paisagem circundante, e que podem ser consideradas de significado espiritual. Cada família ou clã tem seus espíritos locais, aos quais fazem oferendas de proteção e boa sorte. Os Storjunkare são descritos às vezes como pedras, tendo alguma semelhança com um homem ou um animal, que foram colocadas no topo de uma montanha, ou em uma caverna, ou perto de rios e lagos. A honra era feita a eles espalhando galhos frescos sob eles no inverno e nas folhas ou grama do verão. Os Storjunkare tinham poder sobre todos os animais, peixes e pássaros, e davam sorte àqueles que os caçavam ou pescavam. Renas foram oferecidas a eles, e cada clã e família tinha sua própria colina de sacrifício.

Noaidi
Um noaidi é um mediador masculino entre o mundo humano e o saivo, o submundo, em nome da comunidade, geralmente usando um tambor Sámi e uma flauta doméstica chamada fadno em cerimônias.

Ancestrais
Um dos elementos mais irreconciliáveis entre a visão de mundo dos sámi e dos missionários cristãos era a noção sámi "de que os vivos e os mortos eram considerados duas metades da mesma família". Os Sámi consideravam o conceito fundamental, enquanto os missionários cristãos protestantes descartavam a ideia de os mortos terem algo a ver com os vivos. Como essa crença não era apenas uma religião, mas um diálogo vivo com seus ancestrais, sua sociedade foi concomitantemente empobrecida.

Lista de divindades
A religião Sami difere um pouco entre as regiões e tribos. Embora as divindades sejam semelhantes, seus nomes variam entre as regiões. As divindades também se sobrepõem: em uma região, uma divindade pode aparecer como várias divindades separadas e, em outra região, várias divindades podem ser unidas em apenas algumas. Por causa dessas variações, as divindades podem ser um pouco confundidas umas com as outras.

As principais divindades dos Sami eram as seguintes:

 Akka - um grupo de deusas da fertilidade, incluindo Maderakka, Juksakka e Uksakka
 Beaivi - deusa do sol, mãe dos seres humanos
 Bieggagallis - marido da deusa do sol, pai dos seres humanos
 Bieggolmai 'Homem dos Ventos' - deus dos ventos
 Biejjenniejte - deusa da cura e da medicina, filha do Sol, Beaivi
 Horagalles - deus do trovão. Ele também é chamado de "Avô", Bajanolmmai, Dierpmis e Tordöm.
 Jahbme akka - a deusa dos mortos e amante do submundo e do reino dos mortos
 Ipmil 'Deus' - adotado como um nome nativo para o Deus cristão, também usado para Radien-attje
 Lieaibolmmai - deus da caça e dos homens adultos
 Madder-Attje - marido de Maderakka e pai da tribo. Enquanto sua esposa dá aos recém-nascidos os seus corpos, ele lhes dá suas almas.
 Mano, Manna, ou Aske - deus da lua
 Mubpienålmaj - o deus do mal, influenciado pelo Satanás cristão
 Radien-attje - Criador e alto deus, o criador do mundo e a divindade principal. Na religião Sámi, ele é passivo ou adormecido e muitas vezes não é incluído na prática religiosa. Ele criou as almas dos seres humanos com sua esposa. Ele também foi chamado Waralden Olmai .
 Raedieahkka - esposa do alto deus Radien-attje. Ela criou as almas dos seres humanos com seu cônjuge.
 Rana Niejta - deusa da primavera, filha de Radien-attje e Raedieahkka. Rana, que significa "verde" ou por extensão "fértil", era um nome popular para as meninas Sámi.
 Radien-pardne - o filho de Radien-attje e Raedieahkka. Ele atua como o procurador de seu pai passivo, realizando suas tarefas e realizando sua vontade.
 Ruohtta - deus da doença e da morte. Ele foi retratado montando um cavalo.
 Stallo - gigantes canibais temidos do deserto
 Tjaetsieålmaj - "o homem da água", deus da água, lagos e pesca

Bibliografia

 Folklore, Boundaries and Audience in The Pathfinder (uma resenha de filme de Thomas A. DuBois em SamiCulture ) Universidade do Texas
 FAQ povo Sami
 Contos folclóricos de Meandash, a rena mítica Sámi (Parte 1) Folklore.ee
 Contos folclóricos de Meandash, a rena mítica Sámi (Parte 2) Folklore.ee
 Enciclopédia "Sieidi" da Universidade de Cultura Saami de Helsinque
 Enciclopédia "O Sagrado" da Universidade de Cultura Saami de Helsinque

Xamanismo
Mitologia

Xamanismo lapão


BMW M1 var en supersportsvogn fremstillet af BMW mellem efteråret 1978 og slutningen af 1981.

M1
Biler introduceret i 1978
Biler fra 1970'erne
Biler fra 1980'erne

BMW M1


Die Lengeder Teiche sind ein Naturschutzgebiet im niedersächsischen Ort Lengede im Landkreis Peine.

Allgemeines
Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 044 ist 130 Hektar groß. Es ist deckungsgleich mit dem im Jahr 2000 ausgewiesenen, gleichnamigen EU-Vogelschutzgebiet. Ein Teil des Naturschutzgebietes grenzt an das Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Lengede-Broistedt". Das Gebiet steht seit dem 16. Juni 1982 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Peine.

Beschreibung
Das zweigeteilte Naturschutzgebiet liegt südlich und östlich von Lengede. Der westliche Teil grenzt an die Kreisstraße 46 im Norden sowie die Bahnstrecke Hildesheim–Braunschweig im Süden. Im Osten wird er von der Fuhse begrenzt. Am Südrand von Lengede ist die bewaldete Fläche zwischen der Wohnbebauung von Lengede, der Landesstraße 472, der Bahnstrecke und der Fuhse Bestandteil des Naturschutzgebietes. Der östliche Teil des Schutzgebietes liegt südlich der Kreisstraße 45 am Rande von Lengede.

Das Naturschutzgebiet umfasst mehrere der Lengeder Teiche – ehemalige, mit Dämmen eingefasste Klärteiche der Grube Lengede-Broistedt – und daran angrenzende Flächen. Weitere ehemalige Klärteiche der Grube befinden sich außerhalb des Naturschutzgebietes. Das Gebiet wird geprägt von unterschiedlich großen Stillgewässern, die über ausgedehnte Flachwasserzonen mit großflächigen Schilfröhrichtzonen mit Weidengebüschen verfügen. Die Teiche sind Lebensraum für zahlreiche Tiere. Besondere Bedeutung haben sie für die Vogelwelt. So kommen hier u. a. Rohrdommel, Rohrweihe, Rotmilan, Eisvogel, Löffel- und Reiherente, Zwergtaucher und Nachtigall vor. Daneben haben die Teiche große Bedeutung für rastende Wasservögel, darunter Spieß-, Löffel-, Krick-, Knäk, Schnatter-, Tafel- und Reiherente, aber auch Graugans, Höckerschwan und Singschwan. An einem der Teiche wurde 1999 eine Beobachtungsplattform errichtet.

Um die Röhrichtzonen als Lebensraum zu erhalten, muss der Gebüschaufwuchs immer wieder zurückgedrängt werden. Im Osten des Naturschutzgebietes sind die ehemaligen Klärteiche IX und VI ebenso wie der ehemalige Klärteich V im Westen des Naturschutzgebietes zum Teil bereits verlandet.

Im Bereich des Naturschutzgebietes gibt es mehrere Wanderwege. Das Gebiet wird von der Bezirksgruppe Braunschweig des Naturschutzbundes Deutschland betreut.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Landkreis Peine

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Peine
Geographie (Lengede)
EU-Vogelschutzgebiet in Niedersachsen
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa

Lengeder Teiche (Naturschutzgebiet)


පණ්ඩිකෝරලලාගේ සුනිල් චන්ද්‍ර ද සිල්වා (1941 ජනවාරි 30 - 2021 පෙබරවාරි 28)   ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 35 වැනි නීතිපතිවරයා විය. ඔහු ශිව පසුපතිගෙන් පසුව 1988 දී පත් කරන ලද අතර 1992 දක්වා නිලය දැරීය. ඔහුගෙන් පසුව තිලක් මාරපන පත් විය.

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 සුනිල් ද සිල්වා: අමතක නොවන තෙස්පියන් ආචාර්ය පාලිත ගනේවත්ත විසිනි

1941 උපත්

සුනිල් ද සිල්වා


Antoni Pitxot (; Figueres, Girona, January 5, 1934 – June 12, 2015) was a Spanish Catalan painter and a longtime friend and collaborator of Salvador Dalí.

Pitxot was born into a family with many artists in its ranks, among them, his uncle Ramon Pichot. He began studying drawing at the age of thirteen, and he exhibited regularly in Lisbon, Bilbao, Barcelona, and Madrid in his twenties and thirties, winning many prizes, including the Gold Medal painting prize in Barcelona's La Punyalada competition in 1965.

At the beginning of the 1960s, he was a close friend of the French painter Maurice Boitel, who painted many pictures on the Pitxot family's property in Cadaqués, a small port town on the Mediterranean Sea near the French border, that was also painted by Pablo Picasso and André Derain.

In 1966, Pitxot took up permanent residence in Cadaqués, where his family had owned a summer house since the end of the 19th century. He began to experiment with surrealism: in particular, he became focused on anthropomorphic figures composed of the stones that lined the seashores near his home. Pitxot worked in a unique way: he would build sculptures from stones, and then paint those sculptures in oil.

Much of Pixtot's work is concerned with allegory and myth, including the figure of Mnemosyne, the mother of the nine muses who personified memory, and a series of works about The Tempest.

Pitxot's association with Salvador Dalí began before his birth, because their families were acquainted. But Dalí became an early supporter of Antonio Pitxot's work, and eventually asked him to co-design the Dalí Theatre and Museum (Teatre-Museu Dalí) in Figueres, Spain. There is also a permanent exhibition of Pitxot's work on one floor of that museum.

Pitxot and Dalí were nearly inseparable in the last years of Dalí's life: designing Dalí's museum, teaching art and exchanging ideas about their work. Pitxot was a protector of Dalí's legacy after his death: He was a member of the board of the Gala Salvador Dalí Foundation, and he has led, and sat on the board, of several other Dalí foundations.

He became the museum's director after Dalí's death.

Pitxot was a respected international Catalan artist in his own right. In the year 2000, he was appointed corresponding academician for Cadaqués of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Saint George.  In the 2004, he received the Gold Medal of Merit in Fine Arts from the King of Spain as a recognition for his work. In 2014 the City hall of Figueres (Girona) grants him the "Fulla de Figuera de Plata" and in 2015 was nominated "The Favorite Son of the Cadaqués city" (Girona) . Works are held in private collections and in various museums.

His brothers grandson is the Spanish actor, singer and comedian Bruno Oro Pichot.

He died on June 12, 2015, at the age of 81.

External links
 Pitxot on Dali Museum English language page

Notes

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Spanish artists
Painters from Catalonia
People from Catalonia

Antoni Pitxot


This is also the name of a character played by Al Pacino in the 1995 film, Heat.

Vincent Leo Martin Hanna (9 August 1939 – 22 July 1997) was a Northern Irish television journalist famed for his coverage of United Kingdom by-elections.

Early life
Hanna was from a Northern Ireland Catholic background and was born in Belfast. His father, Frank, was a prominent solicitor and a member of the Stormont Parliament. All five of Frank's children would also become lawyers. Hanna had a distinguished education which included Trinity College, Dublin, the Queen's University of Belfast, Harvard University and the London School of Economics. In 1965, he was admitted as a solicitor and worked for the family legal practice in industrial injuries and civil rights cases. He moved to London in 1970.

Journalism
Hanna's freelance journalism was noticed by The Sunday Times editor Harold Evans, who offered him a job as an industrial relations correspondent. He embraced his new career with an enthusiasm that irritated some of his less committed colleagues. He was recruited by the BBC Current Affairs department in 1973 and became well known for his Newsnight coverage of by-elections. Fellow journalist Andrew Marr said his filmed reports were "a new kind of political reporting, much copied and never rivalled, which ended forever the era when parliamentary by-elections were obscure and largely unreported contests". His third campaign was spent doggedly pursuing candidates with difficult questions. Very few escaped unscathed. At Darlington in March 1983, Hanna's broadcasts helped to destroy the campaign of SDP candidate Tony Cook, who had been the early favourite to win.

In 1984, Hanna's impartiality came into question when he failed to disguise his support for tactical voting in some reports on the Chesterfield by-election of that year. The Labour candidate, Tony Benn, accused him of acting as the SDP candidate. During the Greenwich by-election of February 1987, he publicly accused Angela Rumbold, a Conservative Minister, of being a liar. Rumbold had cross-examined him over the alleged impartiality of a public opinion poll which showed the SDP candidate closing on the Labour candidate.

Later career
Such was Hanna's identification with by-elections that in 1987 he was a guest star in Blackadder the Third, reporting on S. Baldrick's victory at the rotten borough of Dunny-on-the-Wold in the episode "Dish and Dishonesty" (and credited as "his own great-great-great-grandfather"). By this time, however, Hanna had left the BBC to set up his own freelance production company which specialised in trade union issues and mainly worked for the public service television station Channel 4. He also co-presented A Week in Politics for the channel from 1989 until his death. He was an active broadcaster on BBC Radio 5 Live from 1994.

From 1996 he presented Medium Wave on BBC Radio 4 and also hosted two series of the panel game Cross Questioned (the second was broadcast posthumously). His media company gave public relations advice to several local authorities on presentation.

Hanna was an active trade unionist in the National Union of Journalists. He led a strike at the BBC in 1985 when the Governors, bowing to Government pressure, suppressed a documentary called Real Lives: At the Edge of the Union which covered the home life of Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin and Gregory Campbell of the Democratic Unionist Party.

Personal life
Hanna married Joan Fitt (a daughter of the politician Gerry Fitt) in 1975. They had two daughters. Vincent Hanna died of heart disease in 1997 at the age of 57.

References

External links
 Newsnight 20th Anniversary broadcast

BBC newsreaders and journalists
Journalists from Belfast
British television journalists
Harvard University alumni
Television personalities from Belfast
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Alumni of the London School of Economics
1939 births
1997 deaths
Male writers from Northern Ireland
Writers from Belfast
Mass media people from Belfast

Vincent Hanna


Mulford peut désigner :

Patronyme

 Anna Isabel Mulford (1848–1943), botaniste américaine ;
 Clarence Mulford (1883-1956), écrivain américain ;
 David Campbell Mulford (né en 1937), diplomate américain ;
 Prentice Mulford (1834-1891), journaliste et écrivain américain ;
 Ralph Mulford (1884-1973), pilote automobile américain.

Toponyme
 Mulford, communauté non incorporée située dans le Colorado.

Autres
 , expédition scientifique en Amazonie en 1921.

Mulford


Martín Vasquez de Arce, OP (falecido a 13 de janeiro de 1609) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Porto Rico (1599–1609).

Biografia
Martín Vasquez de Arce nasceu em Cuzco, na Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Pregadores. A 18 de agosto de 1599, foi nomeado pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Clemente VIII como Bispo de Porto Rico. Enquanto bispo, foi co-consagrador de Juan Ramírez de Arellano, Bispo de Santiago da Guatemala, Juan Pérez de Espinosa, Bispo de Santiago do Chile, e Mateo Burgos Moraleja, Bispo de Pamplona. Serviu como bispo de Porto Rico até à sua morte a 13 de janeiro de 1609.

Mortos em 1609
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Clemente VIII

Martín Vasquez de Arce


El término singularidad puede referirse a: una alteración del espacio tiempo compuesto por partículas subatómicas modificadas de forma que el espacio y el tiempo sean directamente proporcionales y compatibles para crear una estabilidad cuántica.

La distorsionalidad se define como la ecuación diametralmente negativa al movimiento y masa de la materia.

Ciencia, tecnología y matemáticas

Matemáticas
 En análisis matemático, se usa el término para aludir a ciertas funciones que presentan comportamientos inesperados cuando se le asignan determinados valores a la/s variable/s independiente/s. A partir de allí surgió la llamada teoría de la singularidad. En la rama del análisis complejo, se definen otras singularidades, entre ellas:
 Singularidad matemática, un punto donde una función u objeto matemático dado, tiende a infinito o está mal definido en otro sentido (está no determinado).
 Singularidad esencial cerca de la cual una función muestra un comportamiento extremo o "severo".
 La singularidad aislada, singularidad matemática que no tiene otras singularidades próximas a ella.
 En geometría se utiliza para describir puntos aislados donde las curvas presentan propiedades especiales:
Singularidades de una curva algebraica, como parte característica de algunas de estas curvas.
Punto singular de una curva, aplicado específicamente a las curvas planas.
Punto singular, cada uno de los puntos aislados de una curva anteriores.

Ciencias naturales
 Singularidad (teoría de sistemas), en sistemas dinámicos y sociales, un contexto en el que un pequeño cambio puede causar un gran efecto.
 Singularidad gravitacional o espaciotemporal, una región en el espaciotiempo en donde las medidas principales utilizadas para poder medir el campo gravitacional de un cuerpo dan como resultado un valor infinito; el conjunto de puntos de un modelo astrofísico, en donde la curvatura del espacio-tiempo se hace infinita, tal como predicen ciertos modelos de agujero negro.
Singularidad inicial, una singularidad hipotetizada de densidad infinita anterior a las fluctuaciones cuánticas que causaron el Big Bang y la subsecuente inflación que originó el Universo.
 Teoremas de singularidades de Penrose–Hawking, teoremas en la teoría general de la relatividad sobre cuando la gravitación produce singularidades espaciotemporales, como los agujeros negros.
 Singularidad de Prandtl-Glauert, el punto en el que ocurre una caída súbita de la presión del aire, un ejemplo de singularidad matemática en aerodinámica.
 Singularidad (clima), un fenómeno climático asociado con una fecha específica del calendario.
 Singularidad Van Hove en la densidad de los estratos de un material sólido.

Tecnología
 Singularidad mecánica, una posición o configuración de un mecanismo o una máquina donde el comportamiento subsecuente no se puede predecir o las fuerzas u otras magnitudes se vuelven infinitas o indeterminadas.
 Singularidad tecnológica, un momento hipotético en el tiempo cuando un nivel concebible físico de avance tecnológico se obtiene instantáneamente. Un hipotético punto a partir del cual una civilización tecnológica sufriría una aceleración del progreso técnico, que provocaría la incapacidad de predecir sus consecuencias.

Filosofía
 En filosofía se hace referencia a la singularidad del ente, que queda precisada por la mismidad. Se la considera parte de la ontología (la ciencia del ser). En la filosofía cristiana, la singularidad del ente queda establecida por el límite que Dios impone a cada cosa en su ser.

Artes y entretenimiento

Películas y televisión
 "La Singularidad" (Agentes de S.H.I.E.L.D.), un episodio de la tercera temporada de Agentes of S.H.I.E.L.D.
 "Singularidad", un episodio de la primera temporada de Stargate SG-1.
 La Singularidad (2012), un documental sobre la singularidad tecnológica.
 Singularidad , el título de trabajo para The Lovers (2013) , con Josh Hartnett y Bipasha Basu.

Organizaciones
 Universidad de la Singularidad, una Universidad parte de la  Corporación Benéfica Californiana, parte think-tank, parte incubadora de negocios, basada en la teoría de la singularidad tecnológica Ray Kurzweil.

En otros idiomas
 , término en inglés del concepto.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Singularidad


Emanoil Savin () este un senator român, ales în 2016.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară
 Site Web

Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat
Nașteri în 1958
Nașteri pe 6 septembrie
Membri ai Partidului Democrat-Liberal
Membri ai Partidului Național Liberal

Emanoil Savin


An Fimbristylis pseudonarayanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni N. Ravi ngan Anil Kumar. An Fimbristylis pseudonarayanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis pseudonarayanii


ඇනටෝලියානු විකර්ණය යනු  මධ්‍යධරණී මුහුදෙහි ඊසාන දිග කෙළවරෙහි සිට  කළු මුහුදෙහි ගිනිකොණ දිග කෙළවර දක්වා, මධ්‍යම සහ නැගෙනහිර තුර්කිය හරහා විකර්ණාත්මක ලෙසින් දිවෙන සෛද්ධාන්තික බෙදුම් රේඛාවක් වන අතර, තුර්කියෙහි දේශසීමාවන් තුල දිවෙන ඉහළ යුප්‍රටීස් ගංගාවෙහි ගමන් මගෙහි කොටසක් දළ වශයෙන් විනිවිද යයි.

ජෛවභූගෝලීය බාධකය

1971 වසරෙහිදී විකර්ණය පළමුවෙන් යෝජනා කලේ  බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය උද්භිද විද්‍යාඥ පීටර් හැඩ්ලන්ඩ් ඩේවිස් විසිනි. ඔහු දුටුවේ විකර්ණයට බටහිරින් පැවති ශාක විශේෂයන් බොහෝමයක් එයින් නැගෙනහිරට වූ පෙදෙසෙහි නොවූ අතර, විකර්ණයට නැගෙනහිරින් වූ අනෙක්වා එයට බටහිරින් නොවූ බවත්ය. විශ්ලේෂණයට භාජනය වූ විශේෂයන් 550 අතුරින්, 135 ක් "නැගෙනහිර දිග" වූ අතර  228 ක් "බටහිර දිග" විය. කෙසේවෙතත්, ඩේවිස් විසින් විමසා බැලීමෙන් පසුව භෞතික, භූවිද්‍යාත්මක හෝ දේශගුණාත්මක වෙනස්කම් හෝ  පස් වර්ගය අතර වෙනසක් හෝ වෙතින් මෙම සංසිද්ධිය සඳහා වගකිය යුතු බවට තීරණය කල නොහැකි විය. ශාකමය ශාක විවිධත්වයට ඇනටෝලියානු විකර්ණය විසින් බාධකයක් පමුණුවනවා හැරෙන්නට, ශාක විශේෂයන් හාර සියයක් පමණ මෙම විකර්ණයට ඒකදේශික වන අතර වෙනයම් කිසිම තැනක ඒවා දක්නට නොමැත.

1989 වසරෙහිදී, ටී. එචිම් සහ ඒ. ගුනේර් යන තුර්කි උද්භිද විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් ෆ්ලෝරා ඔෆ් ටර්කි නමැති අධ්‍යයනය මගින් ශාක විශේෂයන්ගේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පිළිබඳ විස්තරාත්මක ලෙසින් පරික්ෂා කොට වෙළුම් අටක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කර ඇත. ඔවුන් ඉන්පසු නිගමනයකට එළඹුනේ විකර්ණය සත්‍ය වශයෙන් පැවතුනු අතර ශාක විශේෂයන්ගෙන් 33% ක් විකර්ණය නිසා කිසියම් ආකාරයක බලපෑමකට හසුවී ඇති බවයි. ඔවුන් ඊළඟට සලකා බැලුවේ සංසිද්ධියට හේතුකාරකවූ කාරණා කුමක්ද යන්නයි. විකර්ණය දෙපස උන්නතාංශයෙහි වෙනසක් දක්නට ලැබුණු අතර, බටහිර පෙදෙසට වූ භූමිය පහත් විය. තවද වෙනසක් වූයේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යාත්මක පෙදෙස් පිළිබඳවයි: බටහිර දෙසට වන්නට මධ්‍යධරණී දේශගුණයෙහි ශුෂ්ක සහ අර්ධ-ශුෂ්ක මාදිළියන් පැවති අතර  නැගෙනහිර දෙසට වන්නට අර්ධ-ශුෂ්ක, උප-ආර්ද්‍ර සහ ආර්ද්‍ර මාදිළියන් පැවතුනි. විකර්ණයෙහි මධ්‍ය කොටසෙහි ජිප්සම් ව්‍යුහයක් පැවතුනු අතර, ශාක ව්‍යාප්තිය කෙරෙහි එහි බලපෑම පැහැදිලි නොවීය. ප්‍රදේශයෙහි පුරා-භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ඉතිහාසයට වඩා විකර්ණයෙහි දෙපස පරිසරවිද්‍යාත්මක වෙනස්කම් සුවිශේෂතාවයක් දරන බව ඔවුහූ තීරණය කලහ.

ඉරාන-ඇනටෝලියානු ප්‍රදේශය යනු, මෑත පෙරදිග පෙදෙසෙහි සුවිශේෂී  ජෛව-විවිධත්ව තැවි පොළක් වන අතර, ඇනටෝලියාව යනු යුරෝපියානු සහ තුර්කි-ඉරාන ශාක සංහතීන් පිළිබඳව සංක්‍රාන්ති ස්ථානයකි. අවසන් අයිස් යුගයෙහිදී දකුණු දිග අයිස් සීමාවට ඔබ්බෙන් තුර්කිය පිහිටා තිබූ අතර, ,  යුරෝපයෙහි ශාක සහ සතුන්ට භව්‍ය ග්ලැසියර නිස්සරණයක් ලෙසින්  ඇනටෝලියාව ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ බවක් සැලකිය හැකිවෙයි. පශ්චිම ප්ලයොස්ටොසීන යුගයෙහිදී මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටම වර්තමානයෙහි පවතිනවාට වඩා 130 මී (427 අඩි) තරම් වැඩි අගයයකින් පහළ මට්ටමක පැවති අතර, බොස්ෆරස් සහ මාර්මරා මුහුද අතර වරින්වර බිම් සේතු සැදුණි.  වඩාත් මෑත අයිස් යුගය කෙළවරදී, ඇනටෝලියානු විකර්ණයට බටහිරින් නොනැසී ඉතිරි වූ ශාක වලට යුරෝපය වෙතට යළි පැතිරිය හැකි වූ අතර, නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙහි වූ ඒවාට සිරියාව, ඉරාකය සහ මෑත පෙරදිග ප්‍රදේශ වලට පැතිරිය හැකි විය.

දෙපස පවතින උණුසුම් වියලි ගිම්හාන දේශගුණයෙහි නොනැසී පැවතිය නොහැකි විශේෂයන් සඳහා ටෝරස් කඳු විසින් සිසිල් තෙත්බර දේශගුණයක් සපයන අතර මේ නිසා නොනැසී ඉතිරි වීම සහ විශේෂප්‍රාප්තිය වෙත රුකුල් දෙන්නට ඇති අතර, මේ නිසාම වර්තමානයෙහි බොහෝ ඒකදේශික විශේෂයන් මෙහි දක්නට ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත

තුර්කියේ භූගෝල විද්‍යාව

ඇනටෝලියානු විකර්ණය


පශ්චාත් ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය යනු ශාස්ත්‍රීය සාහිත්‍යයෙහි හෝ පොදු දේශන වලදී අවස්ථානුකූලව පැන නගින අලුත් වචනයකි. එය යොදාගැනෙන්නේ ජනවාර්ගිකත්වයට වඩා පළල් හා පොදු  වු සාමාන්‍ය ජනයාගේ මට්ටම විස්තර කෙරෙන අවස්ථා වලදීය. (විශේෂ අවස්ථා වලදී වෙනස් විය හැක) නමුත් එම වචන " ජාතිය" යන වචනයට  සමාන නොවේ (ජාතිය යන වචනය අභිබවා යාමට ඉඩ ඇත.)

උදාහරණය කිහිපයක්

	" ඉන්දියානු රජයේ ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රබල අදහස් වලට එරෙහිව සින්ග් (Singh) වාද කොට සිටින්නේ, ඉන්දියාව, හින්දු ආගම පශ්චාත් ජනවාර්ගිකත්වයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාකරන  බවය. ඉන්දියාව වටා ඇති ප්‍රදේශ වල ජීවත් වන ජනවාර්ගීක සුළුතර සඳහා ආධිපත්‍යයම පාලනයක් සිදුකරන " ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රයක්" ලෙස දැකිය යුතු බවයි. (ජෝද්කා (Jodhka)2001)
	"වසර 2050 වන විට ඇමරිකානුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු අතුරින් එක් අයෙකුටත් වඩා අඩුවෙන්, සුදු යුරෝපානූ - ඇමෙරිකානුවෙක් සිටින බව ජන විද්‍යාත්මකව අපි දකිමු. පශ්චාත් - ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය හෝ පසු - ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය පිළිබඳ මේවනවිට කතාබහට ලක්වී ඇත. එමඟින් පැවසෙන්නේ අන්තර් විවාහ, මිශ්‍ර විම් උපත් අනුපාතය ආදිය මිනිසුන්ගේ අඩුවීම් පිරවීම බොහෝ ජනවාර්ගිත්වය යොදා ගන්නා බවයි" (ලී (Lee) විලියම් (William) සමඟ පැවැත් වූ සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡාවකදී)
	එල්. බයිසෝව්(L.Byzov) ගේ විශ්වාසය අනුව රුසියානු ජාතික විඥානයේ මූලික වෙනසක් සිදු වී ඇත. එනම් පශ්චාත් - ජනවාර්ගික අනන්‍යතාවයක සිට තදින්ම ජනවාර්ගික අනන්‍යතාවයක අදහස් වලට මාරු වීමයි. (Byzov 1996, 45) (ආගදියානියන්Agadimanian සටහන 19)
	 ජෙෆ්රි ෆොක්ස් (Goggry Fox) ට අනුව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ උරුමය පශ්චාත් ජනවාර්ගිකත්වයේ පදනම කරගත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ගේ ජාතිවාදය හෝ පන්ති භේද පිළිබඳ හැගීමක් නොමැත. ලතින් ඇමෙරිකානූ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ඔවුන්ට වැඩි මනාපයක් දක්වයි. එසේම අනන්‍යතාව තහවුරු කිරීමේ  ක්‍රමයන් වලදි ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය හා පශ්චාත් ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය පිළිබඳ හොර ලේඛන සැකසීම, මධ්‍යම සඳහා හා සංකේත උපයෝගි කරගන්නා ක්‍රම සඳහා නිසි පාලනයක් නොමැති වීම. නිසා ප්‍රාදේශිය වශයෙන් සිදුවේ. " (ඩේවිස් (Davis)1999)
ජාතිවාදී අදහස් අනුගමනය කරන කණ්ඩායම් විසින්ද අන්තර්ජාලයේ මෙම වචනය භාවිතා කරයි.

සටහන්

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පශ්චාත් - ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය


Maskens mester er en film instrueret af Stine Bjerre Jørgensen, Stine Sillesen.

Handling
Isla Taquile er en ø i den vestlige del af Titicaca-søen, inden for Perus grænser. I en landsby på øen forbereder to unge mennesker sig til deres forestående bryllup, men med helt andre kønsroller, end vi forventer. Det er nemlig manden, som er ansvarlig for det afgørende symbol for ægteskabet: den strikkede hue til ham selv som den gifte mand. Ja, selv den vordende bruds udstyr strikker han.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2006

Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Maskens mester


Yıldıray Çınar (d. 23 Haziran 1976), çizgi roman sanatçısı, animatör.

Hâlen Amerika çizgi roman piyasası için ürün veren çizer, Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu'nun kurucularından ve Karabasan, İman Limited gibi yeni dönem Türk çizgi romanların yaratıcısıdır. 2002 yılından itibaren ABD'de çeşitli yayınlarda işleri yayımlanmaktadır. 2007 yılından itibaren Image Comics firmasınca basılan Noble Causes dergisinin çizeridir.

Özgeçmiş
1976 yılında Ankara'da doğdu. Çankaya Güzel Sanatlar Lisesinden ve daha sonra Eskişehir'de Anadolu Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Animasyon bölümünden mezun oldu. 1996 yılında Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu'nu kurdu. 1997'den itibaren çizgi roman fanzin dergileri üretmeye başladı. 2000 yılından sonra İstanbul'a taşındı ve çeşitli animasyon projelerinde yer aldı, reklam ve sinema storyboard'ları hazırladı. 2003 yılında ilk profesyonel çizgi roman işi Karabasan Arkabahçe Yayıncılık tarafından yayımlandı. Bu sıralarda A.B.D.deki "The Digital Webbing Presents" dergisinde basılan çalışmaları ile dikkat çekerek "Nothingface" isimli bir grafik roman çizdi. 2007 yılından itibaren Image Comics firmasından çıkan Noble Causes dergisinin daimi çizeri olmuştur.

Yayımlanan işleri
Savage Dragon #126 (short story)
 Nothingface GN (Digital Webbing Presents issue 5, 2002)
 Nothingface short story (Digital Webbing Presents #5, 2002)
 T.o.m.c.a.t.s. (RPG,Blue Devil Games için kapak çizimi , 2003)
 Karabasan (4 sayılık mini-seri,Arkabahçe 2003)
 Savage Dragon (Pin-up in issue 118,Image Comics, 2004)
 Nothingface Grafik Roman (Digital Webbing 2004)
 Rodeo Strip 1-6,10,13 Iman Limited (Rodeo, 2004-2005)
 Hiçyüz albüm (Hoz Comics 2005)
 Fist of Justice (in Digital Webbing Presents #31, 2006)
 Serüven 5(Kapak),7 (Oğlak Yayınları 2005,2006)
 Savage Dragon 126 (Image Comics 2007)
 Tam Macera 2 -Karabasan- (Kamra Yayıncılık 2007)
 Tam Macera 4 -Cinhan- (Kamra Yayıncılık 2007)
 Noble Causes #27–40 (with Jay Faerber, Image Comics, Şubat 2007 - Mart2009)
 Çapa Albüm (10.yıl özel albüm,Arkabahçe 2008)
 Tales of the Starlight Drive-In (Image Comics, July 2008)
 Dynamo 5 #14–16, 21–22(yıllık cilt olarak da yayınlandı ) (with Jay Faerber, Image Comics, June–September 2008, April–June 2009)
 Teen Titans #69, 71–76, 79–82 (pencils, with Sean McKeever, DC Comics, Mayıs–Aralık 2009)
 Action Comics #888 (cover, DC Comics, Mayı –Aralık 2009)
 Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 6 #1–16 (Paul Levitz ile birlikte, DC Comics, Mayıs 2010, forthcoming)
 Fury of Firestorm #1–6, #9–12, #0 (DC Comics, 2011)
 Earth 2 #7, #8, #13, #15.1 (DC Comics, 2012)
 Batman/Superman #3 (DC Comics, 2013)
 Adventures of Superman #5 (DC Comics, 2013)
 Worlds' Finest #9, #22 (DC Comics, 2013)
 Supergirl #26-31 (DC Comics, 2014)
 Superior Iron Man #1-9 (Marvel Comics, 2014-)
 Metal Men #1-6 (DC Comics, 2016-)
 Cable #3-4 (Marvel Comics, 2017-)
 Weapon X #12-14, #17-19, #22, 23 (Marvel Comics, 2018-)
 Uncanny X-Men #3, #6, #9 (Marvel Comics, 2019-)
Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1 (Marvel Comics, 2019)
Guardians of the Galaxy Annual #1 (Marvel Comics, 2019)
Sinestro: Year of the Villain #1 (DC Comics, 2019)
Titan Comics #1 (Éditions Dante, 2021)
The Marvels  #1-12 serinin tamamında görev aldı (Marvel Comics, 2021- 2022)

Eskiz kartı
Yayımlanan eskiz kartları şunları içerir

 Women of Marvel Sketch Cards (Rittenhouse Archives, 2008)
 Fantastic Four Archives Sketch Cards (Rittenhouse Archives, 2008)
 X-Men Origins: Wolverine Sketch Cards (Rittenhouse Archives, 2009)
 Spider-Man Archives Sketch Cards (Rittenhouse Archives, 2009)

Yayımlanan fanzin işleri
 Sürgün 1,2,3 (Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu 1997)
 Çapa Çizgi roman 1,2,4,5 (Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu 1998-1999)
 Maskeli 0,1,2,3,Özel Sayı (Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu 1999-2001)
 Kopuş 2,3,4,5,6 (Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu 1997-2006)
 Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu Sunar 1-14 (Çapa Çizgi roman Grubu 2006-2007)
 Klan 1,2,3 (Klan 2002-2005)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kişisel sitesi

 Twitter
DeviantArt'da Yildiray CINAR
MySpace
ComicSpace'de Yıldıray Cinar
Newsarama için Jay Faerber ile yaptığı Mülakat ,  27 Şubat 2007
 Karabasan
 Son kahraman

1976 doğumlular
Ankara doğumlular
Türk çizgi romancılar
Yaşayan insanlar

Yıldıray Çınar (çizgi romancı)


الشعار الوطني جملة تضعها الدولة لتعكس التوجه الكلي للمجتمع، وتصف الحافز العام الذي يدفع المنظومة الحكومية أو نوايا المجموعة الحاكمة. وعادة ما يكتب الشعار باللغة الرسمية، لكنها قد تكتب كذلك بلغات أخرى.

شعارات لدول من العالم

 : حرية مساواة إخوة.
 : نحن نثق بالله.
 : أمة قوية ومزدهرة.
 : فليحفظ الرب الملك.
 : القوة المتحدة أقوى.
 : سأدعم وأحافظ.

شعارات لدول إسلامية

 : الله أكبر. لا إله إلا الله ومحمد رسول الله
 : الوحدة والإيمان والنظام
 : الدائمون المحسنون بالهدي
 : الاستقلال، الحرية، الجمهورية الإسلامية

شعارات لدول عربية

 : الله ، الوطن، الملك.
 : سيادة، حرية، استقلال.
 : الله الوطن الأمير.
 : السلام والحرية والاستقلال.
 : الثورة من الشعب وإلى الشعب.
 : الله ثم الملك والوطن
 : النصر لنا.
 : الله أكبر
 : شرف إخاء عدالة.
 : الله، الوطن، الملك.
 : وحدة، حرية، اشتراكية.
 :الشفع يارسول الله؛ (انتهى هذا الشعار بنهاية جماهيرية القذافي-2011) (الشعار الذي يرفعه المجلس الوطني الانتقالي:- الجمهورية الليبية: حرية، عدالة، ديمقراطية)
 : الله -الوطن- السلطان
 : الله، الوطن، الثورة، الوحدة.
  : حرية، كرامة، عدالة، نظام (تمت إضافة كرامة عقب ثورة 14 يناير) .
  الله ثم الوطن ثم الرئيس.
  الله الوطن الأمير.

ملاحظات

مراجع

دافع
رموز وطنية
شعار (جملة)
مبادئ أخلاقية
نية

شعار وطني


Vetture Automobili Leggere Torino war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Der Ingenieur Della Beffa gründete 1911 in Turin das Unternehmen zur Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete VALT. 1914 endete die Produktion. Newton & Bennett übernahm das Unternehmen.

Fahrzeuge
Das einzige Modell war der 12 HP. Ein Vierzylinder-Monoblockmotor mit 2155 cm³ Hubraum und 15 PS Leistung sorgte für den Antrieb.

Literatur

 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Turin)

Vetture Automobili Leggere Torino


Amarok aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Joan Miró Ferra, Ressam ve heykeltıraş
 Miro (yazılım), Video oynatıcı

Miro


كوك دور هو أحد المطاعم المصرية وقد أسس في سنة 1988 وقام بتأسيسه عمرو السعيد ويقوم بتقديم مأكولات داخل المطعم ومأكولات سريعة أيضا، وقد أسس أول فرع في القاهرة وبالتحديد في ميدان سفير وفي السنوات الأخيرة بدأ الانتشار في أقاليم مختلفة من جمهورية مصر العربية وأيضا له فروع خارج مصر بالمملكة العربية السعودية غير انه وصل عدد فروعه داخل مصر إلى 60 فرع يتميز كوك دور بأن المنيو الخاص يضم جميع الاصناف سواء لحوم أو دجاج أو سى فود أو سلطات
وما يميز كوك دور عن غيره من المطاعم ان له مخبز خاص به ومصنع لتصنيع المنتجات.

وصلات خارجية

شركات أسست في 1988
شركات مقرها في القاهرة
علامات تجارية مصرية
مطاعم أسست في 1988
مطاعم في مصر
مطاعم وجبات سريعة في مصر
سلاسل وجبات سريعة في مصر

كوك دور


Hylocereeae, tribus kaktusa u potporodici Cactoideae. Postoji 8 priznatih  rodova

Rodovi
 Acanthocereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose (16 spp.)
 Aporocactus Lem. (2 spp.)
 Weberocereus Britton & Rose (10 spp.)
 Selenicereus (Berger) Britton & Rose (27 spp.)
 Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose (5 spp.)
 Kimnachia S. Arias & N. Korotkova (1 sp.)
 Epiphyllum Haw. (9 spp.)
 Disocactus Lindl. (14 spp.)
 Hylocereus (A. Berger) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose  =  Selenicereus Britton & Rose

Izvori

Cactoideae

Hylocereeae


Congo ! Le silence des crimes oubliés est un film documentaire congolais du réalisateur et cinéaste Gilbert Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda, sorti en 2015.
Ce court métrage a réussi le deuxième prix du documentaire africain en 2017 au Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou (Fespaco).

Synopsis

Fiche technique

Distinctions
 2015 : Sélectionné aux Escales documentaires de Libreville (Gabon);
 2017 : Deuxième prix du documentaire africain au Fespaco à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film congolais (RDC) sorti en 2015
Film documentaire congolais (RDC)
Film documentaire sur la république démocratique du Congo

Congo ! Le silence des crimes oubliés


An Otochilus in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Otochilus in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Otochilus

Otochilus


بلدية فينيغرا دي مورانيا (بالإسبانية: Viñegra de Moraña) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية فينيغرا دي مورانيا 59 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية فينيغرا دي مورانيا

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

فينيغرا دي مورانيا


Die Ibaliidae sind eine kleine Familie der Hautflügler. Sie werden in die Gallwespenartigen (Cynipoidea) innerhalb der Legimmen eingeordnet. Weltweit sind etwa zwanzig Arten in drei Gattungen beschrieben worden.

Merkmale
Es handelt sich um relativ langgestreckte, mittelgroße Tiere mit einer Körperlänge von 10 bis etwa 30 Millimeter, wobei die Weibchen größer sind als die Männchen. Die Körperlänge innerhalb einer Art ist immer auffallend variabel und stark von den Entwicklungsbedingungen abhängig. Die meisten Arten sind recht kontrastreich gezeichnet, wobei Schwarz mit roten oder gelben Tönungen kombiniert ist, auch die Flügel weisen manchmal Flecken oder Bänder auf. In der Körpergestalt fällt ein relativ kompaktes und hohes, stark sklerotisiertes und skulpturiertes Mesosoma (Rumpfregion) in Verbindung mit einem in Aufsicht extrem schmalen, bei seitlicher Betrachtung langgestreckt ovalen Hinterleib auf. Diese Form des Hinterleibs wird oft mit "messerförmig" umschrieben. Der lange Legebohrer des Weibchens ist in Ruhelage im Hinterleib verborgen. Er bildet hier eine komplette Schleife und ist in einem Membransäckchen mit ansitzender Muskulatur eingeschlossen. Beim Legevorgang wird diese Umhüllung zusammengezogen, wodurch die Spitze des Legebohrers vorne hervortritt. Am Kopf sitzen lange, fadenförmige Antennen, die beim Männchen 15, beim Weibchen 13 Segmente aufweisen. Beim Männchen ist das dritte Fühlerglied verlängert und auffallend asymmetrisch gebogen, es trägt Drüsenfelder, die bei der Paarung von Bedeutung sind. Charakteristisch und auffallend ist immer eine quer verlaufende, erhöhte Kante auf dem Pronotum. Diese Struktur haben sie mit der Familie der Liopteridae gemeinsam, von der sie an der Skulptur der Pronotumseiten (bei Liopteridae mit tiefen Grübchen) unterschieden werden können. Außerdem weist der Pronotumkiel bei den Ibaliidae eine charakteristische Einsenkung in der Mittellinie auf. An den Hinterbeinen sind die Schenkel (Femora) auffallend verkürzt und nicht länger als die Hüften (Coxen). Das erste Tarsalglied der Hinterfüße (Tarsen) ist auffallend verlängert und doppelt so lang wie die übrigen vier zusammen. Die Flügeladerung entspricht dem üblichen Schema der Gallwespenartigen, wobei die dreieckige Randzelle bei den Ibaliidae auffallend langgestreckt ist. Am Hinterleib ist in der Regel das letzte Segment das längste.

Lebensweise
Die Larven aller Ibaliidae sind Parasitoide von Larven der Holzwespen (Siricidae). Das Weibchen bohrt mit seinem Legebohrer das tief im Holz verborgene Ei oder das erste Larvenstadium seines Wirtes an und legt darin ein eigenes Ei ab. Die Lokalisierung des Wirtes erfolgt auf chemischem Wege, wobei der Parasitoid z. B. den symbiontischen Pilz, den die Holzwespe zusammen mit ihrem Ei im Holz deponiert, am Geruch erkennt. Die Bohrung folgt dabei der Bohrung des Holzwespenweibchens. Das Ei weist, typisch für alle Gallwespenartigen, ein charakteristisches Stielchen auf. Diese Stielregion dient als Ausweichquartier für die Eimasse, wenn das Ei bei der Passage des engen Legebohrers gequetscht und in die Länge gezogen wird.

Die Larve frisst innerhalb ihres weiterlebenden und weiterwachsenden Wirts (koinobionter Parasitoid). Die Erstlarve weist eine auffallende Gestalt mit einem Schwanzfaden und fadenförmigen Seitenanhängen am ersten bis zwölften Segment auf. Diese Larvenform wurde als "polypodeiform" beschrieben. Die Fäden nehmen bei der wachsenden Larve relativ an Länge ab und gehen bis zum vierten Larvenstadium verloren. Die Larve des vierten Stadiums verlässt den absterbenden Wirt. Sie weist auffallend große Mandibeln auf, scheint aber keine Nahrung mehr aufzunehmen. Sie verpuppt sich im Fraßgang ihres Wirts tief im Holz und legt dafür kein Gespinst an. Die ausgeschlüpfte Imago muss sich schließlich durch das Holz bis zur Oberfläche durchnagen. Sie besitzt dafür besonders kräftige, gezähnte Mandibeln. Die Entwicklung von der Eiablage bis zum Schlupf dauert je nach Bedingungen zwischen ein und drei Jahren. Ob die Imago Nahrung aufnimmt, ist unklar.

Systematik
Innerhalb der Cynipoidea gelten die Ibaliidae als eine morphologisch ursprüngliche Familie. Über ihre genaue Position innerhalb der Überfamilie besteht noch keine Einigkeit. Entweder bilden sie eine eigene Entwicklungslinie, die nach den Austrocynipidae vom gemeinsamen Stamm abzweigt und Schwestergruppe der übrigen Gallwespenartigen wäre, oder sie bilden mit den Liopteridae eine gemeinsame Verwandtschaftsgruppe.

Die Familie gliedert sich in drei lebende (rezente) Gattungen:
Ibalia, mit zwei Untergattungen
Untergattung Ibalia s. str. Parasitoide von Holzwespenlarven in Nadelhölzern
Untergattung Tremibalia. Parasitoide von Holzwespenlarven in Laubhölzern
Heteribalia
Eileenella mit nur einen Art (Eileenella catherinae).

Verbreitung
Die Gattung Ibalia ist über die gesamte Nordhalbkugel (holarktisch) verbreitet. Sie dringt in Ostasien weit nach Süden vor und erreicht mit einer Art (Ibalia calimantanica) auf Borneo die Tropen. Die Gattung Heteribalia lebt im gemäßigten Ostasien. Eileenella catherinae ist nur von Neuguinea bekannt.

In Europa kommen drei Arten vor, die alle auch Mitteleuropa erreichen:
Ibalia leucospoides
Ibalia rufipes, Unterart drewseni
Ibalia jakowlewi.
Alle Arten gelten in Mitteleuropa als selten bis sehr selten.

Ökonomische Bedeutung
Ibaliidae sind Antagonisten von Holzwespenlarven, die z. T. ökonomische Schäden an Waldbäumen und Nutzholz verursachen, und gelten somit als Nützlinge. Bedeutsam ist vor allem die Art Ibalia leucospoides als Raubparasit der Blauen Fichtenholzwespe (Sirex noctilio) und der Riesenholzwespe (Urocerus gigas). Die Art wurde zur biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung nach Australien, Tasmanien, Neuseeland, Südafrika und Südamerika künstlich eingebracht und angesiedelt, wo eingeschleppte Blaue Fichtenholzwespen in Kiefernforsten schwere ökonomische Schäden verursacht haben, die weit über diejenigen in der Ursprungsheimat hinausgehen. Die ersten Freisetzungen in Tasmanien und Neuseeland erfolgten schon in den 1950er Jahren. Die Ansiedlung gilt als erfolgreich, sie trägt heute zur Kontrolle der Holzwespenart bei. Sie war aber in ökonomischer Hinsicht nicht entscheidend, dies wurde erst später mit der Ansiedlung eines parasitischen Nematoden erreicht.

Quellen
Göran Nordlander, Zhiwei Liu, Fredrik Ronquist(1996): Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cynipoid wasp family Ibaliidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 21(2): 151–166.
Frederick Ronquist (1995): Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 20: 309-335.
Fredrik Ronquist (1999): Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta 28: 139–164.
Fredrik Ronquist & Göran Nordlander (1989): Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 33.
Zhiwei Liu, Michael S. Engel, David A. Grimaldi (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583, 1-48.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Gallwespenartige
Cynipoidea

Ibaliidae


Kval er en dansk computeranimeret tegnefilm fra 1993 med instruktion og manuskript af Gunnar Wille.

Handling
En lille figur er på rejse gennem livet. I et antydende og eksperimenterende billedsprog gennemspiller figuren forskellige arketypiske roller - som stjerne, som vandbærer, som holdspiller - og formår til sidst at samle sine erfaringer til en helhed af eksistentielle valgmuligheder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1993
Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Kval


Ricardo Alexandre Martins Soares Pereira kullandığı adıyla Ricardo (d. 11 Şubat 1976), emekli Portekizli kaleci.

2003 yılında Boavista'nın UEFA Kupası'nda yarı final oynamasında başrol oynayan Ricardo, sezon bitiminde Sporting Lizbon'a geçti. Luis Felipe Scolari sayesinde 2004 Avrupa Şampiyonası'nda Portekiz millî futbol takımının as kalecisi durumuna gelen Ricardo, çeyrek final maçında İngiltere millî futbol takımı karşısında kurtardığı ve attığı penaltı ile maçın yıldızı oldu. 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda da çeyrek finalde İngiltere millî futbol takımı karşısında Steven Gerrard, Frank Lampard ve Jamie Carragher'ın penaltılarını kurtaran Ricardo takımını yarı finale taşıdı. 2014 yılında emekli oldu.

Takım istatistikleri

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Ricardo Pereira


L.D. 50 debitantski je studijski album američkog heavy metal-sastava Mudvayne. Objavljen je 22. kolovoza 2000. pod licencijom diskografske kuće Epic Records, kojoj je to prvi objavljeni uradak skupine; sastav je prethodno samostalno objavio EP Kill, I Oughtta. Produkciju potpisuju Mudvayne i Garth Richardson, a izvršni su producenti Steve Richards i Shawn "Clown" Crahan, član sastava Slipknot.

Uradak se pojavio na 85. mjestu ljestvice Billboard 200. Iako je u početku podijelio recenzente, s vremenom je dobio pohvale za tehnički zahtjevne i žestoke pjesme.

Pozadina
Mudvayne je osnovan 1996. u Peoriji u Illinoisu. Postao je poznat po upečatljivu izgledu na koncertima; njegovi su članovi nosili šminku nadahnutu filmovima strave. Nakon što je samostalno objavio debitantski EP Kill, I Oughtta, potpisao je govor s diskografskom kućom Epic Records. Produkciju albuma potpisuje Garth "GGGarth" Richardson, a njegovi su izvršni producenti Steve Richards i član Slipknota Shawn "Clown" Crahan. Epic Records u prvim se promidžbama skupine nije usredotočio na njezin imidž, pa je na rane promotivne materijale umjesto fotografija uvrštavala njezin logotip. Međutim, izgled sastava i glazbeni spotovi ipak su pridonijeli prepoznatljivosti albuma.

Skupina je izjavila da je rad na albumu bio vrlo naporan. Bubnjar Matthew McDonough rekao je: "Radili smo danonoćno, a neki tonski majstori među nama doslovno danima nisu oka sklopili. Stvarno smo temeljito radili. Nismo tulumarili. Snimali smo u Vancouveru, ali nismo stigli razgledati taj grad – samo smo bili ondje, radili i to je bilo sve. Bilo je jako napeto, a Garth je držao red." Pjevač Chad Gray prisjetio se:

"Kad smo snimali album, bila je to prava ludnica. Stalno smo radili. Neke sam pjesme ostavio po strani i nisam se bavio njima dok nismo ušli u studio, što nije bilo pametno s obzirom na to kakva su nam vremenska i novčana ograničenja postavili. Napisao sam [pjesme] 'Pharmaecopia' i 'Nothing to Gein' zadnje noći u studiju, prije nego što smo snimke trebali poslati na miksanje u New York. Pritisak je bio nezamisliv."

Glazba i tekstovi

Pjesme na albumu odlikuju se tehnički zahtjevnim glazbenim stilom koji je sastav nazvao math metal. Mudvayneov glazbeni stil sadrži elemente death metala, hardcore punka, jazz fusiona, speed metala i hip hopa.

Mudvayne su nadahnuli i sastavi kao što su Obituary, Emperor, Mötley Crüe, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, King Crimson, Porcupine Tree i Metallica. Međutim, članovi skupine izjavili su da ih nije inspirirala nijedna druga metal-grupa. "Monolith", prva pjesma na albumu, odnosi se na film Stanleyja Kubricka 2001: Odiseja u svemiru, koji se iznimno dojmio Mudvayneovih članova tijekom snimanja albuma.

Dok su pisali pjesme, glazbenici su spajali rifove s tekstovima slijedeći ono što je Matthew McDonoguh nazvao "simbolizmom brojeva". McDonough je izjavio da je, dok je s Chadom Grayem pisao tekst za pjesmu "Nothing to Gein", Greg Tribbett svirao rif u kojem je izmjenjivao četveročetvrtinsku i peteročetvrtinsku mjeru. Budući da je 9 mjesečev broj, McDonough je zaključio da bi rif odgovarao stihovima te pjesme, koja govori o serijskom ubojici i pljačkašu grobova Edu Geinu i čije je postupke McDonough povezivao s noćnim aktivnostima. Geinova priča privukla je McDonoughovu i Grayevu pozornost dok su čitali knjigu o ubojicama i stvarnim zločinima. McDonough je o Geinu izjavio: "Povezivanje [Geina] s današnjim društvom činilo se nemogućim [zadatkom]. Bilo mi je uzbudljivo što sam u njemu mogao pronaći ljudskost."

Album je dobio ime po tehničkom pojmu "srednja smrtonosna doza", koja se skraćeno piše "LD50"; tim pojmom toksikolozi određuju dozu potrebnu za ubojstvo polovine (50 posto) članova ispitane populacije.  Zvučni kolaž "L.D. 50" oblikovao je i snimio bubnjar Matthew McDonough, a na albumu se pojavljuje pojavljuje kao niz interludija. Potpuna inačica te pjesme objavljena je kao dodatna pjesma na uratku The Beginning of All Things to End, reizdanju EP-a Kill, I Oughtta u izdanju Epic Recordsa. Album također sadrži iskrivljene zvučne isječke u kojima se pojavljuje glas američkoga filozofa i psihonauta Terencea McKenne, koji je preminuo tijekom snimanja albuma.

Glazbeni stil L.D. 50 uglavnom se određuje kao heavy metal ili kao jedan od njegovih podžanrova. U AllMusicovoj recenziji uz heavy metal spominje se i thrash metal. Exclaim! ga je smjestio u žanr nu metala. Časopis Spin izjavio je da zvuči kao "prog[resivni metal] budućnosti". U knjizi The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal uvršten je u žanr art metala.

Objava i prodaja

L.D. 50 objavljen je 22. kolovoza 2000. Završio je na 1. mjestu ljestvice Billboard Top Heatseekers i na 85. mjestu ljestvice Billboard 200. Singlovi "Dig" i "Death Blooms" poimence su se pojavili na 33. i 32. mjestu ljestvice Mainstream Rock Tracks.

Album je 30. kolovoza 2011. objavljen u zajedničkom izdanju s uratkom The Beginning of All Things to End.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
L.D. 50 dobio je osrednje i visoke ocjene recenzenata. Ben Ratliff dao mu je tri zvjezdice od njih pet u recenziji za Rolling Stone. Istaknuo je da su članovi sastava sposobni služiti se zahtjevnim glazbenim tehnikama, usporedio je stil pjesama na albumu s Nirvaninim stilom i zaključio je da su interludiji bolji od Slipknotovih. Borivoj Krgin, pišući za Blabbermouth.net, pohvalio je tehničke vještine članova skupine i žestinu pjesama.

William Ruhlmann dao mu je tri zvjezdice od njih pet u recenziji za AllMusic; izjavio je da je glazbu "teško shvatiti ozbiljno" i zaključio je: "[Z]ahvale u knjižici albuma objavljenoj uz CD dugačke su i pekmezaste – kao da [ste kupili] teen pop-album. Mogu li ti dečki koji zahvaljuju obitelji i prijateljima i iskazuju im ljubav biti isti oni [dečki] koji sviraju agresivne marširajuće metal-pjesme, naveliko psuju i pjevaju o samoubojstvu?" Exclaim! mu je dao negativnu ocjenu, a njegov je recenzent izjavio: "Usprkos nazivima kao što su 'Internal Primates Forever', '-1', 'Nothing to Gein', 'Pharmaecopia' i '(K)Now F(orever)', ništa ne može popraviti ovo jadno buncanje nu metala." Dodao je: "Jedino što opravdava ovaj album jest nametljivi zvuk basa bez pragova koji pomalo podsjeća na drndanje Lesa Claypoola." Časopis NME također ga je negativno ocijenio; u njegovoj recenziji piše da je album "grozan gulaš [... i] glazbena ebola", a recenzent je dodao: "'[P]ravilno' pjevanje u metalu prečesto zamjenjuje Rushev stil iz sredine sedamdesetih. Prisjetite se Yesa. Prisjetite se 'Stonehengea u izvedbi Spinal Tapa. Prisjetite se sranja progresivnoga rocka!" Časopis Revolver uvrstio ga je na popis 10 nu metal-albuma koje biste trebali imati, a u tom je popisu izjavio: "[E]ksperimentiranje s prog-rockom i virtuozno sviranje zvuče nevjerojatno dobro – usprkos tomu što repanje na pjesmama poput 'Under My Skin' više povezuje 'L.D. 50' s nu metalom nego math-metalom.

Godine 2020. časopis Metal Hammer proglasio ga je jednim od dvadeset najboljih metal-albuma objavljenih 2000.

Zasluge

Mudvayne
 Chad Gray – vokal
 Greg Tribbett – gitara
 Ryan Martinie – bas-gitara
 Matthew McDonough – bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje
 Garth Richardson – produkcija, produkcija zvuka
 Dean Maher – inženjer zvuka
 Steve Richards – izvršna produkcija
 Mr. Shawn Crahan – inženjer zvuka (asistent)
 Steve Sisco – inženjer zvuka (asistent)
 Scott Ternan – inženjer zvuka (asistent)
 Andre Wahl – inženjer zvuka
 Andy Wallace – miks
 Howie Weinberg – mastering

Izvori

Albumi sastava Mudvayne
Albumi iz 2000.

L.D. 50


Kompensation ist im Schach ein Ausgleich eines Nachteils, etwa eines Stellungsnachteils oder eines Materialrückstandes, durch andere Vorteile. Das Wort Kompensation entspricht im Schach etwa den Begriffen "Ausgleich" oder "Ersatz". Indem man im Verlauf einer Schachpartie die mögliche Kompensation eines Materialrückstands ermittelt, kann man  überprüfen, ob dessen absichtliche Herbeiführung sinnvoll ist oder sogar die Gewinnchancen erhöht oder ob der Materialvorsprung des Gegners zu groß ist, d. h. keine ausreichende Kompensation besteht.

Im Zusammenhang mit der Kompensation spricht man auch vom sogenannten Opfer, d. h. man gibt dem Gegner Figurenvorsprung in dem Wissen, dass eine ausreichende Kompensation erreicht wird. Dabei gibt es sowohl kurzfristige als auch langfristige Kompensationsmöglichkeiten. Opfert man beispielsweise eine Figur, um in den folgenden Zügen zwingend matt zu setzen, ist die Kompensation kurzfristig erreichbar. Ein Opfer zu Beginn einer Partie, das einen Eröffnungsvorteil herbeiführt, der erst im Verlauf des Spiels zu einem Ausgleich des Opfers führt, basiert auf einer langfristigen Kompensation. Ein Opfer (meist eines oder zweier Bauern) bereits in der Eröffnung mit dem Ziel einer langfristigen Kompensation bezeichnet man auch als Gambit.

Kurzfristige Kompensation
Eine sehr bedeutende Rolle spielt die kurzfristige Kompensation bei sog. Kombinationen, also bei einer bestimmten erzwingbaren Zugabfolge, die zu einem Materialgewinn oder im besten Fall zum Matt führt. Dabei addiert man den Wert der Figuren, die man während der Kombination hergibt. Dann überlegt man, ob dieser Wert ausgeglichen, d. h. kompensiert werden kann.
Als Beispielsfall sei angenommen, dass der weiße Spieler eine Kombination starten möchte, die zum Gewinn der gegnerischen Dame führt. Um die Kombination in Gang zu setzen, muss er jedoch Material opfern. Die Frage, ob die Kompensation erzwingbar ist, entscheidet nun, ob eine Einleitung der Kombination sinnvoll ist. Müsste der weiße Spieler z. B. zwei Türme opfern, um die Dame zu gewinnen, erreicht er keine hinreichende Kompensation für den Materialverlust. Dies schließt man daraus, dass ein Turm etwa fünf Bauerneinheiten wert ist, zwei Türme also zehn. Als Kompensation müsste der opfernde Spieler also selbst zehn Bauerneinheiten wiedererhalten, was mit dem Gewinn der Dame aber nicht erfolgt, da deren Wert üblicherweise auf neun Bauerneinheiten geschätzt wird. Muss der angreifende Spieler aber nur einen Turm und eine Leichtfigur (Springer oder Läufer) opfern, um die Dame zu gewinnen, erhält er ausreichende Kompensation, denn er gibt acht Bauerneinheiten ab (fünf für den Turm, drei für die Leichtfigur) und gewinnt anschließend neun für die Dame zurück. Ausreichende kurzfristige Kompensation wird also dann erreicht, wenn im Verlauf einer Kombination der Wert der geschlagenen Figuren gleich hoch oder höher ist als derjenige der geopferten Figuren.

Langfristige Kompensation
Die langfristige Kompensation dagegen ist oft entscheidend für die Eröffnung einer Partie. So ist das Spielen eines Gambits lediglich sinnvoll und vielversprechend, wenn ein Ausgleich des hergegebenen Materials möglich ist. Erzielt man durch das Gambit einen großen Entwicklungsvorsprung (d. h. man entwickelt die eigenen Figuren schneller als der Gegner seine), der den Gegner in die Defensive drängt und möglicherweise selbst zum Opfern von Material zwingt, ist eine ausreichende Kompensation gegeben. Ist dagegen kein nennenswerter Vorteil beim Opfern von Material erkennbar, auch auf lange Sicht gesehen nicht, so ist die Kompensation unzureichend, was natürlich oft zum Partieverlust führt. Bei Gambits und der damit verbundenen Frage nach der ausreichenden Kompensation besitzt auch das Überraschungsmoment bzw. die Wirkung eines für den Gegner auf den ersten Blick unsinnigen Opfers eine große Relevanz. So gibt es viele Gambits, welche bei richtigem Gegenspiel, sei es das Annehmen des Gambits oder aber das Ablehnen oder aber ein Gegengambit, nachteilig sind für den opfernden Spieler, die aber dennoch häufig gespielt werden, da man den Gegner durch die überraschende Opferaktion aus dem Konzept bringt, sodass dieser die entsprechende Gegenreaktion nicht findet oder das Angriffsspiel des opfernden Spielers leichtsinnig unterschätzt. So lässt es sich auch erklären, dass die Gambits mit zunehmender Spielstärke der Spieler seltener, von Schachcomputern praktisch fast nie gespielt werden, da der Überraschungseffekt mit zunehmender Erfahrung der Spieler abnimmt bzw. bei Schachcomputern gänzlich entfällt. Die Frage der Kompensation ist folglich elementar bei der Abwägung, ob man ein Gambit spielen sollte oder nicht, aber nicht immer auch bei der Abwägung, ob man es dann auch wirklich spielt.

Einzelnachweise

Siehe auch
 Gambit
 Bauernopfer
 Initiative

Schach

Kompensation (Schach)


Adet sözcüğü ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Adet: Sayı, tane anlamına gelen bir kelime.
 Âdet - görenek, alışkanlık, topluluk içinde eskiden beri uyulan kural, töre.
 Âdet (tıp) - Adet kadınların belirli zaman periodları ile üreme hücresi yumurtayı vücuttan atmasıdır, regl, menstrüasyon.
 Gelenek - Gelenek

Adet


Edward L. Dreyer (1940-2007) est un historien américain connu pour ses travaux sur la dynastie Ming.

Biographie
Né à San Diego, il sort diplômé en histoire de l'université Harvard en 1961. En 1971, il obtient son doctorat avec une thèse sur L'Émergence de Chu Yuan-chang, 1360–65. Ses tuteurs sont John King Fairbank et .

Dreyer passe la majeure partie de sa carrière comme professeur d'histoire à l'université de Miami. Il est l'auteur d'un certain nombre de livres et d'articles sur divers aspects de l'État Ming, en particulier sur ses premières années et sur son histoire militaire et navale, dont le chapitre sur les « origines militaires de la Chine Ming » dans  (vol. 7, partie 1). Il est l'une des autorités sur des sujets tels que la bataille du lac Poyang et les expéditions de Zheng He. Son épouse, June Teufel Dreyer, est une éminente experte de la Chine à l'université de Miami et est également présidente de l'American Association for Chinese Studies (AACS).

Notes et références

 Hermann Beck, "In Memoriam: Edward L. Dreyer". Perspectives on History, février 2008.

Liens externes

Naissance en 1940
Naissance à San Diego
Décès en juin 2007
Décès à 67 ans
Historien de la Chine
Sinologue américain
Historien américain du XXe siècle
Professeur à l'université de Miami

Edward L. Dreyer


is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 68,177 in 27587 households, and a population density of 100 persons per km². The total area of the city is .  In 2016, the former town of Takatō, now part of Ina, was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Geography

Ina is located in south-central Nagano prefecture. It is bordered to the east by the Akaishi Mountains, including Mount Nyukasa (1955 meters), Mount Nokogiri (2685 meters), Mount Senjō (3033 meters), and Mount Shiomi (3047 meters). The Tenryū River runs through the city.

Surrounding municipalities
Nagano Prefecture
Komagane
Shiojiri
Suwa
Chino
Suwa District: Fujimi
Kamiina District: Minowa, Minamiminowa, Miyada
Shimoina District: Ōshika
Kiso District: Kiso (town)
Yamanashi Prefecture
Minami-Alps
Hokuto
Shizuoka Prefecture
Aoi-ku, Shizuoka

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Ina is . The average annual rainfall is  with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around .

History
The area of present-day Ina was part of ancient Shinano Province. The area was part of the holdings of Takatō Domain during the Edo period and Ina developed as a jōkamachi surrounding Ina Castle and as a river port on the Tenryū River. The village of Ina was established within Ina District the creation of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889 and was raised to town status on October 15, 1897. The town of Ina merged with the villages of Tomigata, Misuzu, Tera, Higashiharuchika and Nishiminowa (all from Kitaiina District) to form the city of Ina on April 1, 1954. Ina annexed the village of Nishiharuchika in 1965. On March 31, 2006, Ina absorbed the town of Takatō, and the village of Hase (both from Kamiina District to create the new and expanded city of Ina.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ina has remained relatively stable over the past 70 years.

Government
Ina has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 21 members.

Economy
The economy of Ina is largely agricultural, with rice, pears, tomatoes and dairy farming as major components. The manufacturing sector includes electronics and precision instrumentation. Rubycon Corporation, an electronic components company has its headquarters in the city.

Education
Ina has 15 public elementary schools and six public middle schools operated by the city government. There are three public high schools operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education and one private high school. The prefecture also operated one special education school.

The city has one international school (Colégio Desafio) - Brazilian primary school.

Transportation

Railway
 East Japan Railway Company - Iida Line
  -  -  -  -

Highway
 Nagano Expressway

Sister city relations

International
 - Beijing, China (from on November 22, 1994 as a friendship city)

Domestic
Chita, Aichi Prefecture (from November 7, 1994 as a friendship city)
Miyake, Tokyo (became allies on April 21, 1970)
Shinjuku, Tokyo (from July 12, 1986)
Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima (from September 24, 2004)
Iwanashiro, Fukushima (from September 23, 1994)
Iwata, Shizuoka Prefecture (became allies on August 1, 1984)

Local attractions
Takatō Castle

References

External links

Official Website

Cities in Nagano Prefecture

Ina, Nagano


Natália Maria Bernardo (født 25. december 1986 i Luanda, Angola) er en kvindelig håndboldspiller fra Angola som spiller playmaker for Primeiro de Agosto og Angolas landshold. Hun deltog under VM i 2011, 2013 i Brasilien og Serbien og OL i 2008, 2012 og 2016.

Hun halvsøster til tidligere landsholdspiller fra , Marcelina Kiala og nuværende landholdpiller Luísa Kiala.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Angola
Personer fra Luanda
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2008
Olympiske håndboldspillere fra Angola

Natália Bernardo


Dorival das Neves Ferraz Júnior (født 13. april 1987) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Dorival das Neves Ferraz Júnior


Humason ist ein kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der nordwestlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Oceanus Procellarum, nordwestlich der Montes Agricola und nordnordöstlich des Kraters Schiaparelli.
Er erscheint schalenförmig und mäßig erodiert.

Der Krater wurde 1973 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Astronomen Milton Lasell Humason offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Humason auf The-Moon Wiki

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Humason (Mondkrater)


Evelyn Cavendish, duquesa de Devonshire GCVO, JP, LLD (27 de agosto de 1870 -2 de abril de 1960), nacida Lady Evelyn Emily Mary FitzMaurice, hija de Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice quinto marqués de Lansdowne y su esposa, Maud.

Evelyn se casó el 30 de julio de 1892 con Victor Cavendish, quien sucedió a su tío como noveno Duque de Devonshire en 1908, con lo cual Evelyn se convirtió en Duquesa de Devonshire. Ella fue Mistress of the Robes de la reina María desde 1910 hasta 1916, y nuevamente desde 1921 hasta 1953.

Honores
 Dama gran cruz de la Real Orden Victoriana (GCVO) en 1937.
 Dama de justicia de la Venerable Orden de San Juan.
 Ella ocupó el cargo de Juez de Paz (JP) de Derbyshire.
 Se le concedió el título honorario de Doctor en Leyes (LLD) por la Universidad de Leeds.

Descendencia
 Edward William Spencer Cavendish, décimo duque de Devonshire.
 Lady Maud Louisa Emma Cavendish.
 Lady Blanche Katherine Cavendish.
 Lady Dorothy Evelyn Cavendish.
 Lady Rachel Cavendish.
 Lord Charles Arthur Francis Cavendish.
 Lady Anne Cavendish.

Nobles de Reino Unido
Damas de justicia de la Orden de San Juan
Damas grandes cruces de la Real Orden Victoriana
Duquesas inglesas por matrimonio

Evelyn Cavendish


The British E-class submarines started out as improved versions of the British D-class submarine. The E class served with the Royal Navy throughout World War I as the backbone of the submarine fleet. The last surviving E class submarines were withdrawn from service by 1922.

All of the first group and some of the second group of the class were completed before the outbreak of World War I. The group 1 boats cost £101,900 per hull. As submarine technology improved, the E class went through several design modifications. The group 2 boats cost £105,700 per hull. The group 3 boats, the last group, incorporated all improvements.

The class primarily served in the North Sea and the Baltic, while some served with Russian ships in Russian coastal waters before their crews scuttled the submarines to avoid them falling into the hands of the Germans after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended fighting between Germany and Russia. Additionally, some of the submarines operated against the Turks.

The British L-class submarine eventually replaced the E class.

Boats
Group 1
E1 – Launched 9 November 1912. Scuttled by her crew on 3 April 1918.
E2 – Launched 23 November 1912.
E3 – Launched 29 October 1912.  Torpedoed by U-27 on 18 October 1914.
E4 – Launched 5 February 1912.
E5 – Launched 17 May 1912.  Mined & sunk in the North Sea, 7 March 1916.
E6 – Launched 12 November 1912.  Mined on 26 December 1915.
E7 – Launched 2 October 1913.  Scuttled on 5 September 1915 in the Dardanelles during the Battle of Gallipoli.
E8 – Launched 30 October 1913.
AE1 – Built for the RAN.  Lost near Papua New Guinea, 14 September 1914.
AE2 – Built for the RAN.  Scuttled on 28 April 1915, in the Sea of Marmara during the Battle of Gallipoli.
Group 2
E9 – Launched 29 November 1913. Part of the British submarine flotilla in the Baltic.
E10 – Launched 29 November 1913.  Lost 18 January 1915.
E11 – Launched 23 April 1914.
E12 – Launched 5 September 1914.
E13 – Launched 22 September 1914. Ran aground and interned by the Danes.
E14 – Launched 7 July 1914. 27 January 1918, Sunk by coastal battery fire. Nine survivors.
E15 – Launched 23 April 1914.  Destroyed on 19 April 1915 in the Dardanelles.
E16 – Launched 23 September 1914.
E17 – Launched 16 January 1915. Conning tower preserved at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport United Kingdom.
E18 – Launched 4 March 1915. Mined & sunk in the Baltic Sea close to the Estonian island of Hiiumaa, possibly on 2 June 1916.
E19 – Launched 13 May 1915.
E20 – Launched 12 June 1915.  Torpedoed on 5 November 1915 in the Dardanelles.
Group 3
E21 – Launched 24 July 1915.
E22 – Launched 27 August 1915. In 1916 fitted as aircraft carrier for two Sopwith Baby floatplanes. Torpedoed and sunk in North Sea off Great Yarmouth while on surface by German U-boat, 25 April 1916.
E23 – Launched 28 September 1915.
E24 – Launched 9 December 1915.  Minelayer. Conning preserved at a museum in Cuxhaven.
E25 – Launched 23 August 1915.
E26 – Launched 11 November 1915.  Lost on 6 July 1916.
E27 – Launched 9 June 1917.
HMS E28 was cancelled on 20 April 1915.
E29 – Launched 1 June 1915.
E30 – Launched 29 June 1915.  Lost on 22 November 1916.
E31 – Launched 23 August 1915.
E32 – Launched 16 August 1916.
E33 – Launched 18 April 1916.
E34 – Launched 27 January 1917. Minelayer. Mined off the Frisian Islands 20 July 1918.
E35 – Launched 20 May 1916.
E36 – Launched 16 September 1916.  Lost on 17 January 1917.
E37 – Launched 2 September 1915.  Lost on 1 December 1916.
E38 – Launched 13 June 1916.
E39 – Launched 18 May 1916.
E40 – Launched 9 November 1916.
E41 – Launched 22 October 1915.  Minelayer.
E42 – Launched 22 October 1915.
E43 – Launched 11 November 1915.
E44 – Launched 21 February 1916.
E45 – Launched 25 January 1916.  Minelayer.
E46 – Launched 4 April 1916. Minelayer.
E47 – Launched 29 May 1916.  Lost on 20 August 1917.
E48 – Launched 2 August 1916.
E49 – Launched 18 September 1916.  Mined & sunk near Huney in the Shetland Islands, 12 March 1917.
E50 – Launched 13 November 1916.  Mined & sunk, 1 February 1918. Conning tower preserved at the Sea War Museum Jutland in Thyborøn, Denmark.
E51 – Launched 30 November 1916.  Minelayer.
E52 – Launched 25 January 1917.
E53 – Launched in 1916.
E54 – Launched in 1916.
E55 – Launched 5 February 1916.
E56 – Launched 19 June 1916.

Notes

References

External links

 Diving video of the E34
 Diving video of the E47
 Non-fiction accounts of E-class activities during WWI by Rudyard Kipling

E class submarines, British

British E-class submarine


Producția de cafea în Martinica datează din 1723 și se datorează efortului depus de ofițerul naval francez Gabriel de Clieu. Ea s-a răspândit, mai târziu, din Martinica, regiune de peste mări a Franței, în alte locuri din zona Caraibelor și din America de Sud.

Istorie
Profesorul Jules Rossignon a scris că, în 1723, medicul regal Pierre Chirac i-a dat lui Gabriel de Clieu, un locotenent în Marina Franceză, un arbore de cafea pentru a fi plantat în Martinica. În ciuda faptului că regele Ludovic al XV-lea a refuzat să-i dea această permisiune, de Clieu a luat un altoi dintr-un arbore de cafea din grădinile regale și l-a plantat în Martinica. El a dat semințele colonelului De la Guarigue-Survillier, ce conducea miliția din Martinica, și celorlalți locuitori ai insulei, care le-au plantat. Clieu s-a confruntat cu mai multe provocări în timpul drumului către Martinica, inclusiv cu un atac al piraților și cu o furtună în Atlantic. Cutia de sticlă în care se afla planta s-a spart, iar ofițerul și-a împărțit propria sa rație de apă cu planta atunci când a avut loc o criză de apă pe navă în timpul călătoriei. După ce a ajuns în cele din urmă la destinație, el a plantat ramura, care a crescut, și în câțiva ani s-au înființat primele plantații de cafea în Martinica.

Plantațiile de cafea au proliferat în Martinica, fiind plantați aproximativ 18 milioane de arbori de cafea până la cutremurul din 7 noiembrie 1727. Sârguința și perseverența coloniștilor au fost atât de mari încât această insulă a început să producă mai multă cafea decât era necesară pentru consumul Franței. Câțiva arbori de cafea au fost trimiși din Martinica la Santo Domingo, în Guadelupa și în alte insule învecinate, precum și în America Centrală și de Sud.

Producție
Potrivit statisticilor FAO pentru anul 2013, producția de cafea verde din Martinica a fost de 25 de tone pe o suprafață cultivată de 30 ha cu o rată de randament de 8.333 hectograme la ha.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Cafea

Producția de cafea în Martinica


Søndre Ringvej er en to sporet ringvej der går igennem det vestlige Kolding. Vejen er en del af sekundærrute 170 der går fra Viby Jylland til Kruså ved grænsen, og er med til at lede trafikken uden om Kolding Centrum så byen ikke bliver belastet af så meget gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen forbinder motortrafikvejen Tankedalsvej i syd med Østerbrogade i nord, og har forbindelse til Vonsildvej, Dieselvej, Broagervej, Dannersvej og Agtrupvej.

Kilder

Gader i Kolding
Ringveje i Danmark

Søndre Ringvej (Kolding)


2022 අයිසීසී පිරිමි වි20 ලෝක කුසලානය අටවන අයිසීසී පිරිමි වි20 ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලියයි. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් 16 සිට නොවැම්බර් 13 දක්වා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ පැවැත්වීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත. සෑම කණ්ඩායමක්ම 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් 10 ට පෙර ක්‍රීඩකයින් පහළොස් දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් සංචිතයක් තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. තරඟාවලියේ ආරම්භක දිනය වන 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් 16 වන දිනට ක්‍රීඩකයාගේ වයස සහ ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු විස්සයි 20 ක්‍රිකට් වල කණ්ඩායම් එකකට වඩා ක්‍රීඩා කළ විට, ඔවුන්ගේ දේශීය කණ්ඩායම පමණක් ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත. (උදාහරණයක් ලෙස: එකල ජොස් බට්ලර් ලැන්කෂයර් ලයිට්නින් වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඩා කළේය.)

යොමු කිරීම්

2022
ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

2022 වි20 ලෝක කුසලාන සංචිතය


The Northrop YB-35, Northrop designation N-9 or NS-9,  were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed by the Northrop Corporation for the United States Army Air Forces during and shortly after World War II. The airplane used the radical and potentially very efficient flying wing design, in which the tail section and fuselage are eliminated and all payload is carried in a thick wing. Only prototypes and pre-production aircraft were built, although interest remained strong enough to warrant further development of the design as a jet bomber, under the designation YB-49.

Design and development
The B-35 was the brainchild of Jack Northrop, who made the flying wing the focus of his work during the 1930s. In 1941 before the USA entered World War II, Northrop and Consolidated Vultee Corporation had been commissioned to develop a large wing-only, long-range bomber designated XB-35 and XB-36. Northrop advocated a "flying wing" as a means of reducing parasitic drag and eliminating structural weight not directly responsible for producing lift. Consolidated Vultee proposed a more conventional design with fuselage and tail, which was much larger and heavier. In theory, the B-35 could carry a greater payload faster, farther, and cheaper than a conventional bomber. In December 1941, the Army Air Forces awarded prototype contracts to both Northrop and Consolidated Vultee for a bomber that could carry  of bombs to a round-trip mission of . Requested performance was a maximum speed of , cruise speed of , and service ceiling of . This aircraft would be able to bomb Nazi-occupied Europe in the event that Britain fell (this was similar to Nazi Germany's own Amerikabomber program design competition through the RLM, itself initiated in the spring of 1942). The original April 1941 USAAC proposal was first submitted to Boeing and Consolidated Aircraft Company and led to the production of the Convair B-36. In May, one month before the USAAF was created, the contract was also extended to include Northrop, inviting it to submit a design along the lines it was already exploring.

Since the new aircraft would require a significant amount of engineering work in untested waters, the first order placed was actually for two prototypes of the XB-35, and included Northrop's plan to also build two all-wood one-third scale flying models to measure performance and stability; these were dubbed the Northrop N-9M (M standing for model). This aircraft would be used to gather flight test data on the Flying Wing design. Jack Northrop also hired part-time the leading aeronautical designer of the day Theodore von Kármán, to evaluate and who approved of Northrop's initial design, and to start building the tooling for building the prototypes ... as explained in detail in the book "Goodbye Beautiful Wing" by Terrence O'Neill.  The N9Ms would also be used as a flight trainer, to familiarize pilots with the radical, all-wing concept. Early in 1942, design work on the XB-35 itself began in earnest. Unlike conventional aircraft, truly "tailless" flying wings cannot use a rudder for lateral control as it was absent, so a set of clamshell-like, double split flaps (so-called flaperon, a portmanteau of flap and aileron) on the trailing edge of the wingtips were used. When aileron control was input, they were deflected up or down as a single unit, just like an aileron. When rudder input was made, the two surfaces on one side opened, top and bottom, creating drag, and yawing the aircraft. By applying input to both rudder pedals, both sets of surfaces were deployed creating drag so that the airspeed or the glide angle could be manipulated.

Variants

XB-35
On 22 November 1941, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF, or AAF) signed the development contract for an XB-35; the contract included an option for a second aircraft, which was exercised on 2 January 1942. The first was to be delivered in November 1943, the second in April of the next year.

Detailed engineering began in early 1942. A fuselage-like crew cabin was to be embedded inside the wing; it included a tail cone protruding from the trailing edge. This tail cone would contain the remote sighting stations for the bomber's gunners and a cluster of rear-firing machine guns in the production aircraft. In the midsection of the cabin, there were folding bunks for off-duty crew on long missions. The aircraft's bomb load was to be carried in six smaller bomb bays, three in each wing section, fitted with roll-away doors; this original design precluded the carrying of large bombs, and the early atomic bombs, without bomb bay redesign and modifications. Production aircraft would have defensive armament of twenty  machine guns or 20 mm cannon, carried in six turrets, two turrets along the aircraft's center line, four above and below the outer wings, and four in the "stinger" tail cone. The B-35 would take advantage of a new aluminum alloy devised by Alcoa; it was considerably stronger than any alloy used previously.

In June 1946, the XB-35 made its first flight, a 45-minute trip from Hawthorne, California, to Muroc Dry Lake, without incident. The XB-35's engines and propellers were AAF property and had not been tested for engine-propeller compatibility by either Pratt & Whitney, Hamilton Standard, or by the AAF which bought them at Wright Field without testing them or assuring reliability, and then shipped them to Northrop. Microfilmed records of reports and correspondence of the XB-35 program relate that after three or four flights, power plant and propeller vibrations increased, and the very efficient contra-rotating propellers began failing with frustrating frequency. Meetings were called by Northrop, of the AAF, Pratt & Whitney and Hamilton Standard where no one would take responsibility for correcting the AAF's engines and propellers. In addition, the AAF failed to supply the AC electrical alternator, insisting on Northrop using an onboard auxiliary power unit (APU) unit driven by an automotive engine which limited the high-altitude, high-speed XB-35 to test flights below . The AAF also refused to allow Northrop proposed modification of the bomb bays to carry the standard Mk. 3 atomic bomb, while at the same time declaring the AF would not buy the bomber unless it could carry the A-bomb. Northrop reluctantly agreed to try a single-rotation propeller, which slightly increased takeoff distance and a reduced rate-of-climb and maximum speed.

Problems with the quartet of contra-rotating propellers' shafts comprising each aircraft's drive-line system continued until finally Jack Northrop himself grounded the XB-35s until the government fixed their propulsion system. Concurrently, the AAF ordered Northrop to convert two of the YB-35 airframes to YB-49s, essentially substituting eight jet engines for four reciprocating engines. As a result, the airframe promptly flew to more than  and topped  in flight tests, verifying the XB-35 air frame's aerodynamics, but at the price of range. The prop-version had a design range capable of reaching targets  away, but the jet-engine version's range was cut nearly in half. The new version disqualified it for the Air Force's top-priority mission as a strategic bomber, which at that time meant striking at the USSR's industrial and military complexes in the Ural Mountains. The Air Force, itself involved in a confusion of rank and job changes, eventually cancelled the XB-35 project, while continuing testing the B-35 airframe as the YB-49, even ordering 30 of the jet-powered bombers after the first YB-49 crashed. The first and second XB-35s were scrapped on 23 and 19 August 1949, respectively.

YB-35
On 30 September 1943, 13 pre-production YB-35s were ordered by the Army Air Force. The first one did not fly until 15 May 1948. While some Air Force generals felt the piston engines made the B-35 obsolete, it remained superior in overall performance and range to its competitor, the Convair B-36, and General Hoyt Vandenberg wrote that only the B-35 and the B-36 had adequate range for the Air Force's primary mission, and nothing comparable would be available until the mid-1950s. Only the first YB-35 was ever flown. Multiple flight testing demonstrated that it was airworthy; it was then parked and ignored for more than a year until being scrapped on 20 July 1949. The unfinished YB-35 #2, was scrapped almost a month later, on 19 August 1949. The other 11 of 13 YB-35 aircraft ordered underwent conversion to other power plants.

YB-49
Two of those airframes were converted to use eight Allison J35 jet engines and designated YB-49. The second YB-35 converted to a YB-49 all-jet airframe crashed after Air Force test pilot Forbes pulled the outer wing panels off during stall tests at . The first YB-35 airframe jet-modified to a YB-49 completed all stall tests and even demonstrated recovery from a spin. It was later destroyed after the Flying Wing's forward landing gear strut and wheel collapsed after encountering high vibration during a highly unusual taxi test procedure made with the engine's fuel tanks full, causing a fire that spread rapidly. Seven incomplete airframes began conversion to jet power as YB-49B but were never finished.

YRB-49A
A third YB-35 airframe was converted to use six jet engines (two placed in under wing pods) for use as a long-range reconnaissance aircraft, designated YRB-49A. After only a few months, the Air Force's order for 30 YRB-49As was suddenly cancelled without explanation. The sole YRB-49A built flew 13 test flights and then was returned to Northrop's Ontario Airport. The last of Northrop's big Flying Wings sat abandoned at the airport's edge for two years and was finally ordered scrapped on 1 December 1953.

EB-35B
In order to test the advanced Northrop T37 Turbodyne turboprop engine, produced by a Northrop subsidiary, the ultimate YB-35A was to be converted to a single EB-35B test aircraft (in this case the prefix "E" for the designation meant "Exempt," not the later Electronic). The test aircraft would use two of the powerful T37 engines, each driving a pair of contra-rotating, paddle-blade propellers; the first planned ground tests were to be made using a single T37 engine. When the EB-35B project was canceled, the Air Force had Northrop's Turbodyne engine name, all its patents, and technical data reassigned to General Electric.

XB2T
The XB2T-1 was a U.S. Navy designation for one YB-35 airframe to be used for development trials; the project was canceled while still in the planning stage.

Operational history
The U.S. Army Air Forces had originally ordered 200 production model B-35s. Since Northrop's facilities were not up to the task of producing them, the Glenn L. Martin Company agreed to undertake mass production. This proved irrelevant when the aircraft had too many development problems. Even disregarding these, so many of Martin's engineers had been drafted by 1944 that Martin pushed the first delivery date back to 1947. Seeing that it would almost certainly never be ready in time for the war, the Army Air Forces canceled the production contract, though the Air Technical Services Command continued to run the program for research purposes.

Actual flight tests of the aircraft revealed several problems: the contra-rotating props caused constant heavy drive-shaft vibration and the government-supplied gearboxes had frequent malfunctions and reduced the effectiveness of propeller control. After only 19 flights, Northrop grounded the first XB-35; the second aircraft was grounded after eight test flights. During this time, the contra-rotating propellers were removed and replaced with four-blade single-rotation propellers. In addition to having continued drive shaft vibration problems, the new single-rotation props greatly reduced the aircraft's speed and performance. Furthermore, the intricate exhaust system turned into a fiasco to maintain. After only two years of use, the engines already showed signs of metal fatigue.

In the end, the program was terminated due to its technical difficulties and the obsolescence of its reciprocating propeller engines, and the fact it was far behind schedule and over budget. Another contributing factor to the program's failure was the tendency of Northrop to become engaged in many experimental programs, which spread its small engineering staff far too wide. While the competing propeller-driven B-36 was obsolete by that time and had just as many or even more development problems, the Air Force needed a very long-range, post-war atomic bomber to counter the perceived Soviet threat. It had more faith that the B-36's "teething" problems could be overcome, compared to those of the new and radical "Flying Wing", the unofficial name that was later associated with all the Northrop "all-wing" designs.

There are long-standing conspiracy theories about the cancellation of the Flying Wing program; specifically, an accusation from Jack Northrop that Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington attempted to coerce him to merge his company with the Atlas Corporation-controlled Convair. In a 1979 taped interview, Jack Northrop claimed the Flying Wing contract was cancelled because he would not agree to a merger because Convair's merger demands were "grossly unfair to Northrop." When Northrop refused, Symington supposedly arranged to cancel the B-35 and B-49 program. Symington became president of Convair after he left government service a short time later.

Other observers note that the B-35 and B-49 designs had well-documented performance and design issues while the Convair B-36 needed more development money. At that time, it appeared the B-36 program might be cancelled as well as the B-35. The USAF and the Texas Congressional delegation desired to have a production program for the large Fort Worth aircraft production factory, and Convair had much more effective lobbyists in Washington, DC. The Northrop Corporation was always a technological trailblazer, but the independent nature of Jack Northrop often collided with the political wheeling-and-dealing in Washington that tended to run huge military allocations. Consequently, the B-36 prevailed, with just over 380 aircraft built. Furthermore, earlier the same year, when the YB-49 jet bomber was cancelled, Northrop received a smaller production contract for its F-89 Scorpion fighter as compensation for the lost Flying Wing contract.

Specifications (YB-35)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Allen, Francis. "Before the B-2: Northrop's Flying Wings, The XB-35 and XB-49". Air Enthusiast. No. 106, July/August 2003, pp. 2–12. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Coleman, Ted. Jack Northrop and the Flying Wing: The Real Story Behind the Stealth Bomber. New York: Paragon House, 1988. .
 Donald, David, ed. "Northrop Flying Wings". Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero Books, 1997. .
 Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Scorpion, Northrop F-89." Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Volume 21. London: Phoebus, 1978. .
 Gunston, Bill. "Northrop's Flying Wings". Wings of Fame. Volume 2, pp. 24–37. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. . ISSN 1361-2034.
 Jones, Lloyd S. U. S. Fighters. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1975. .
 Knaack, Marcelle Size. Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1988. .
 Maloney, Edward T. Northrop Flying Wings, Corona del Mar, California: World War II Publications, 1988. .
 O'Leary, Michael. "Wings of Northrop, Part Three." Air Classics, Volume 44, Number 2, February 2008, Challenge Publications, Inc. ISSN 0002-2241. (Heavily illustrated, authoritative XB/YB-35 article.)
 Pape, Garry and John Campbell. Northrop Flying Wings: A History of Jack Northrop's Visionary Aircraft. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 1995. .
 Pelletier, Alain J. "Towards the Ideal Aircraft: The Life and Times of the Flying Wing, Part Two". Air Enthusiast, No. 65, September–October 1996, pp. 8–19. .
 Winchester, Jim, "Northrop XB-35/YB-49". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .
 "The Wing". Flight, 20 March 1947, pp. a–b, 241.
 Wooldridge, E. T. Winged Wonders: The Story of the Flying Wings. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. .

External links

Manual: (1948) Report No. HB-18 Pilot's Handbook for the XB-35 Heavy Bombardment Airplane
USAF Museum XB-35
USAF Museum YB-35
Popular Science, May 1946, 100-ton Flying Wing

Flying wings
Northrop B-35
Four-engined pusher aircraft
B-35
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
Aircraft first flown in 1946

Northrop YB-35


ගංගාරාමය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ පිහිටි පන්සලකි.

වාස්තු නිර්මාණය
විහාරයේ වාස්තු ලක්ෂණ සැලකීමේදී ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය කැපී පෙනුනද ඉන්දියානු, තායිලන්ත හා චීන යන රටවල වාස්තු ලක්ෂණද මෙහි දැක ගත හැකිය.

සෞම්‍ය හා රමණීය භූමියක පිහිටි මෙම විහාරයේ සමහර ඉදිකිරීම් බේරෙ වැව මතුපිටට වන්නටද ඉදිකොට තිබේ. විහාරස්ථිනයේ මූලිකාංග ලෙස චෙත්‍යය (දාගැබ), බෝධිය, විහාර මන්දිරය, සීමා මාලකය සහ ධාතු මන්දිරය දැක ගත හැකියි. තවද කෞතුකාගාරයක්, පුස්ථකාලයක්, තෙමහල් පිරිවෙනක්, අධ්‍යාපන ශාලාවක් සහ දාන ශාලාවක්ද විහාර භූමියේ ඉදි කොට පවතී.

විහාරයේ කැපී පෙනෙන වාස්තු ඉදි කිරීමක් වූ සීමා මාලකයේ නිර්මාණය මුස්ලිම් ආධාරකරුවෙකුගේ ආධාරයෙන් ගොඩගැසී නිර්මානය සිදු කර ඇත්තේ ජෙෆ්රි බාවා විසිනි.

විහාරයේ පසිඳු හිමිවරුන්

ගංගාරාම විහාරය, විද්‍යාර්ථ පඬිවරුන් වූ රත්මලානේ ශ්‍රී ධර්මාරාම හිමි, වස්කඩුවේ ශ්‍රී සුභූති හිමි, වැලිගම ශ්‍රී සුමංගල හිමි, වැලිවිටියේ ධර්මරතන නාහිමි ඇතුළු ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේලා රැසකට සෙවණ සලසා තිබේ.

ඉතිහාසය

19 වන සියවසේ ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාවුක වෙලෙන්දෙකු වූ දොන් බැස්ටියන් (ද සිල්වා ජයසූරිය ගුණවර්ධන) මුදලි විසින් මාතර ශ්‍රී ධර්මාරාම නාහිමියන්ට විහාරස්ථානයක් ඉදිකිරීම සඳහා මෙම ඉඩම මිලට ගෙන විශාල වියදමක් දරා භූමිය සකස් කොට දාගැබ, මකර තොරණ සහ ප්‍රව්ශ්ඨ දොරටුවේ සඳකඩ පහන ඉදිකරණ ලදී. විහාරයේ රෝපිත, අනුරාධපුර ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධියේ අංකුරයක් වූ බෝධීන් වහන්සේද රෝපනය කොට ඇත්තේද මෙම මුදලිතුමා විසිනි. මීට අමතරව තෙමහල් දම් සභයක් හා විහාරය වටා වැටක්ද ඔහු විසින් ඉදි කෙරිණි.

වර්ථමාන කටයුතු

වර්ථමානයේ ගංගාරාම විහාරය වන්දනා කරණ ස්ථානයක් පමණක්ම නොව ධහම් අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දෙන ස්ථානයක් හා බෞද්ධ සුබ සාධන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙසද ක්‍රියා කරයි. විදෙස් රටවල් වෙතට ද බෞද්ධ ධර්මය ගෙන යාමේ අරමුණින් ඇමරිකාවේ නිව්යෝක්, නිව්යෝක්   බෞද්ධ විහාරය, ස්ටැටන් අයිලන්ඩ් බෞද්ධ විහාරය, චිකාගො - චිකාගො බෞද්ධ විහාරය, ඇරිසෝනා - ඇරිසෝනා ජාතයන්තර බෞද්ධ භාවනා මධ්‍යස්ථානය, මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ බමිංහැම් බෞද්ධ විහාරය සහ අප්‍රිකා මහාද්වීපයේ [ටැන්සානියාව] බෞද්ධ මධ්‍යස්ථාන පිහිටුවීමට ද මෙම විහාරය දායක වී තිබේ.ඒ හැරුණ විට, ඉන්දියාව, ස්වීඩනය, ඇමරිකාව, බ්‍රසීලය, මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආදි රටවල පිහිටි බෞද්ධ දහම් මධ්‍යස්ථාන බොහොමයක සේවය කරනුයේ ගංගාරාමස්ථ ශ්‍රී ඥානේශ්වර පරිවේණස්ථානයෙහි ආදි ශිෂ්‍යයන් ය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි
 Gangaramaya Temple
 Gangaramaya Podi Hamuduruwo - Monk with a Purpose
 Gangaramaya Nawam Maha Perahera 2013
 Navam Maha Perahera
 Don Bastian de Silva Jayasuriya Goonewardane

කොළඹ
කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන

ගංගාරාමය


The Gardner Pinnacles () are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at .

The volcano is  northwest of Honolulu and  from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano that is the world's largest shield volcano—is . The highest peak is . The surrounding reef has an area in excess of .

The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the whaling ship Maro. The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth. It holds the record for the largest and hottest shield volcano.

History

The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American whaler Maro, commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.

In 1859, the position of the Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner USS Fenimore Cooper.

The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the Giant Opihi (Cellana talcosa), Hawaiian Limpet known as the 'opihi ko'ele, which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands. Numerous insects live on the island.

In 1903 the Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. In 1940 it became a part of the Hawaiian Island's National Wildlife Refuge. In the 21 century it is part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument wildlife refuge.

The Gardner Pinnacles were used as an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine the locations of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.  In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are French Frigate Shoals to the southeast, and Maro Reef to the northwest.

Geology

The island is made up of basalt rock, which comes from lava. The rock is dark grey and dense.

According to a 2020 report in Earth and Planetary Science Letters,  Pūhāhonu contains approximately 150,000 cubic kilometers of rock, based on a 2014 sonar survey. This would make it Earth's largest single volcano. Only about one-third of that volume is exposed above the sea floor while the rest is buried beneath a ring of debris, broken coral, and other material that has eroded from the peak. By comparison, from sea floor to peak, Mauna Kea, on Hawaii's Big Island, is the tallest shield volcano on Earth, but it is nowhere near as massive as Pūhāhonu. Another volcano on the Big Island is Mauna Loa; a 2013 study estimates Mauna Loa's volume at 83,000 cubic kilometers. Pūhāhonu is so heavy, researchers note, that it has caused Earth's crust nearby—and thus the volcano itself—to sink hundreds of meters over millions of years. The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research.

Ecology
The island has one plant known to grow on it, the succulent sea purslane. However, there are over a dozen species of bird observed here, many nesting. There is also a variety of insect species on the island.

In the surrounding waters there is variety of sealife, which is noted as habitat for a limpet, the giant ophi which lives in tidal areas of the rocky island. There are many species of fish and coral life in the nearby waters.

The large numbers of birds have coated many surfaces of the island in guano, giving it a whitish appearance.

Some of the fish species in the nearby waters include red lip parrotfish, doublebar goatfish, and reef triggerfish.

Name

The name Gardner comes from its discovery in 1820, when the Captain Joseph Allen of the ship Maro named it Gardner's Island. They also discovered Maro Reef, which is named for that sailing ship.

It has sometimes been called Gardner Rock or Gardner Island, besides the Gardner Pinnacles.

The Hawaiian name, Pūhāhonu, means 'turtle surfacing for air', from pūhā 'to breathe at the surface' and honu 'turtle'.

See also
List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain
Nikumaroro (aka Gardner Island)

Notes

References

External links

Gardner Pinnacles Islands of the Hawaiian Chain
Gardner Pinnacles Page ~ Bishop Museum
Quick Facts on the Gardner Pinnacles – from the PBS Ocean Adventures
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
Rock formations of Hawaii
Miocene volcanoes
Paleogene Oceania
Cenozoic Hawaii
Stacks of the United States
Important Bird Areas of Hawaii

Gardner Pinnacles


Teksaški zvončić (prerijska gorčica; lat. Eustoma russellianum; sin. Eustoma grandiflorum), sjevernoamerička jednogodišnja ili dvogodišnja zeljasta biljka iz porodice sirištarki

Uspravne je stabljike, naraste 20 do 60 cm. visine. Listovi jednostavni i nasuprotni, bez peteljke. Cvate u srpnju i kolovozu plavim, ljubičastim ili bijelim cvjetovima. Često se uzgaja kod kuće.

Soinonimi

 Bilamista grandiflora Raf.
 Eustoma andrewsii A.Nelson
 Eustoma exaltatum subsp. russellianum (Hook.) Kartesz
 Eustoma gracile Engelm. ex Small
 Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners
 Eustoma grandiflorum f. album (Holz.) Waterf.
 Eustoma grandiflorum f. bicolor (Standl.) Shinners
 Eustoma grandiflorum f. fisheri (Standl.) Shinners
 Eustoma grandiflorum f. flaviflorum (Cockerell) Shinners
 Eustoma grandiflorum f. roseum (Standl.) Shinners
 Eustoma russellianum f. album Holz.
 Eustoma russellianum f. bicolor Standl.
 Eustoma russellianum f. fisheri Standl.
 Eustoma russellianum f. flaviflorum Cockerell
 Eustoma russellianum var. flavum A.M.Davis
 Eustoma russellianum f. roseum Standl.
 Lisianthius glaucifolius Nutt.
 Lisianthius russellianus Hook.
 Urananthus russelianus Benth.

Galerija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sirištarke

Teksaški zvončić