Kobus kob thomasi, le Cob de Thomas ou Kob de Thomas, est une sous-espèce du Cobe de Buffon, une antilope. Elle est répartie en Afrique subsaharienne, au Soudan du Sud, en Ouganda et en République démocratique du Congo. Le Cob de Thomas est normalement brun rougeâtre, ce qui le différencie des autres sous-espèces de Cobs.

Un Cob de Thomas apparaît sur les armoiries de l'Ouganda, en compagnie d'une Grue royale (Balearica regulorum gibbericeps), représentant la faune abondante présente dans le pays.

Systématique
La sous-espèce Kobus kob thomasi a été décrite pour la première fois en 1896 par le zoologiste britannique Philip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913) comme une espèce à part entière sous le taxon Cobus thomasi.

Description
Le Cob de Thomas ressemble en apparence à l'impala, mais il est plus charpenté.

Seuls les mâles ont des cornes en forme de lyre, fortement striées et divergentes. Les mâles sont légèrement plus gros que les femelles, ayant une hauteur au garrot comprise entre 90 et , avec un poids moyen de , tandis que les femelles ont une hauteur au garrot comprise entre 82 et  et pèsent en moyenne environ .

Leur pelage est doré à brun rougeâtre, couleur le différenciant des autres sous-espèces de kobs.

Le ventre et l'intérieur des pattes sont blancs et le devant des pattes antérieures est noir.

Répartition et habitat
Cette sous-espèce est endémique de l'Afrique de l'Est. Elle est présente au Soudan du Sud, à l'ouest du Nil, en Ouganda et dans le Nord-Est de la République démocratique du Congo.

Son aire de répartition s'étendait jusqu'au Nord-Ouest de la Tanzanie, où elle broutait les prairies bordant le lac Victoria, et jusqu'au Sud-Ouest du Kenya où elle a disparu.

On la trouve généralement dans la savane ouverte ou boisée, à une distance raisonnable de l'eau.

Son habitude de s'allonger dans les prairies ouvertes en fait une cible accessible pour les braconniers, et 98% de la population actuelle se trouve dans les parcs nationaux et autres zones protégées.

Comportement
Les Cobs de Thomas sont herbivores et se nourrissent principalement d'herbes et de roseaux.

Les femelles et les jeunes mâles forment des groupes souples de taille variable  en fonction de la disponibilité de la nourriture, se déplaçant souvent le long des cours d'eau et broutant dans les fonds de vallée. Au Soudan du Sud, un groupe a voyagé sur près de  pendant la saison sèche.

Parfois, les mâles non reproducteurs forment leurs propres groupes.

Les femelles deviennent sexuellement matures au cours de leur deuxième année, mais les mâles ne commencent pas à se reproduire avant d'être plus âgés.

Les populations plus importantes de cobes ont tendance à avoir un système d'accouplement reposant sur les aires de parade, les femelles vivant en groupes souples et ne visitant les aires de reproduction traditionnelles que pour s'accoupler.

À cette fin, les mâles détiennent de petits territoires allant jusqu'à  de diamètre, les plus petits territoires étant au centre de leks bondés.

Le vêlage a lieu à la fin de la saison des pluies ; un seul veau naît en novembre ou décembre, après une période de gestation d'environ neuf mois.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Symbole de l'Ouganda

Kobus kob thomasi


Peter Post (12. november 193314. januar 2011) var en hollandsk cykelrytter, hvis karriere varede fra 1956 til 1972. Post deltog i landevejs- og banecykling. Som en rytter huskes han bedst for seksdagsløb, hvor han deltog i 155 løb og vandt 65. På grund af denne succes var han kendt som "De Keizer van de Zesdaagse" eller "Kejseren af de Seks Dage". I landevejscykling var hans største bedrifter at vinde Paris–Roubaix i 1964 og at blive hollandsk mester i 1963. Han var på podiet tre gange i La Flèche Wallonne, men vandt aldrig løbet. Posts andet kaldenavn var "de Lange" eller "Big Man", fordi han var høj af en cykelrytter at være. Efter han stoppede sin aktive karriere, havde han succes som sportsdirektør. Peter Post døde i Amsterdam den 14. januar 2011.

Landevejskarriere
Post blev professionel i 1956 hos det lille hollandske hold, R.I.H.  Han kørte de første par år med Gerrit Schulte, en banerytter, der også kørte på landevejen og blev en inspiration for ham. Bemærkelsesværdige tidlige karrieresucceser på landevejen kom, da han vandt Ronde van Nederland i 1960 og Deutschland Tour i 1962. I 1963 blev han hollandsk mester i landevejscykling, såvel som vinde Belgien Rundt.

I 1964 havde Post sit bedste øjeblik i landevejscykling, da han blev den første hollænder til at vinde Paris–Roubaix. Løbet blev kørt i højt tempo fra start og favoritterne Rik Van Looy, Raymond Poulidors og Rudi Altig var fanget af det hurtige tempo, og gik glip af det afgørende udbrud ved Arras. Posts holdkammerat, Willy Bocklant, var i udbrudet og ofrede sine chancer ved at holde tempoet højt for sin kaptajn. Fem ryttere kom ind på velodromen i Roubaix, hvor Post vandt spurten ved at slå verdensmesteren Benoni Beheyt på mållinjen. Det høje tempo sikres, at Post blev også tildelt Ruban Jaune for den højeste gennemsnitshastighed i en klassisker, det 265 km lange løb med en hastighed på 45,131 km/t. Denne rekord fra 1964, stod som den hurtigste Paris–Roubaix, frem til Greg van Avermaets sejr i 2017, da han kørte 45,204 km/t

Post var tilfreds med sejren, men som altid var han forretningsmand, og hans glæde blev øget, da han indså, at hans løn for at deltage i seksdagsløbene om vintere ville være øget. I 1965 deltog Post for første og eneste gang i Tour de France, men han udgik før de nåede Paris (Han har efterfølgende erkendt, at han havde brugt doping i Tour de France.) Hans kun andet bemærkelsesværdigt resultat på landevejen kom i 1967, da han var sluttede som nummer to efter Eddy Merckx i La Flèche Wallonne, men han havde sejre i mindre løb. Post blev kåret som årets hollandske sportsmand i 1964 og året hollandske cykelrytter i 1963 og 1970.

Karriere på banen
Post kørte sit første seksdagsløb i 1956, og hans første sejr kom i 1957 i Chicago, hvor han kørte sammen med Harm Smits. Post havde tre partnere, med hvem han havde mest succes. I 1960 var han gået sammen med Rik Van Looy og vandt ti gange. I 1963 dannede han sit mest succesfulde partnerskab med schweizeren Fritz Pfenninger og de fik 19 sejre indtil 1967, hvor Post sluttede sig til belgieren Patrick Sercu, med hvem han fik 14 sejre op frem til 1971 og hans 65. og sidste seksdagsløbssejr i Frankfurt. Posts 65 seksdagessejre var rekord i et par år, efter han slog Rik Van Steenbergens 40 sejre i Milanos seksdagsløb i 1968, i et samarbejde med Gianni Motta. Men siden da har René Pijnen (72 sejre), Danny Clark (74 sejre) og Patrick Sercu (88 sejre) har alle slået Posts total, og Sercu er den nye rekordindehaver.

Post vandt det hollandske mesterskab i forfølgelsesløb seks gange mellem 1957 og 1963. Han vandt 14 europæiske banetitler (for det meste madison og derny løb). I 1965 i Antwerpen satte han derny-paced timerekord på 63,783 km, hvorved han slog Stan Ockers' rekord, der havde stået i ni år.

Efter karrierestop

Post stoppede som aktiv cykelrytter i 1972 og blev sportsdirektør på TI–Raleighteam i 1974. Han var en tidligere rytter kendte til cyklingen indefra, men også en snu forretningsmand, der kunne forhandle med sponsorer. Post havde et ry for at være hårdt mod rytterne, men hans succes med TI–Raleigh var usædvanlig. Post havde ryttere som Hennie Kuiperbælte, Gerrie Knetemann, Jan Raas og Joop Zoetemelk (alle hollandske), en af de bedste trupper i verden i et årti. Mest imponerende var 1980-udgaven af Tour de France. TI–Raleighteam vundet 11 etaper og Joop Zoetemelk vandt samlet.

I 1983 trak Raleigh sig ud af sponsoratet og Post fandt en ny sponsor i . Succesen fortsatte, denne gang hovedsagelig med ikke-hollandske ryttere som Phil Anderson, Eric Vanderaerden, Erik Breukink, Viatcheslav Ekimov, Olaf Ludwig og Maurizio Fondriest. Efter Panasonics tilbagetrækning, styrede Post Histor og derefter Novemail-holdene, inden han forlod cykling i 1995. Han er rangeret som den næstmest succesfulde sportsdirektør efter Lomme Driessens. Post vendte tilbage til cykling som rådgiver for Rabobank i 2005. Han døde den 14. januar 2011.

Seksdagsløbssejre

Se også
 Dopingsager i cykling

Referencer

Bibliografi
 Cykling Helte, Ler, Skov og Springfield Bøger,
 Et Århundrede i Paris–Roubaix, Pascal Sergent, Bromley Bøger,

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Nederlandene
Dopingsager i cykelsport

Peter Post


98 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 716 و717.

أحداث
 حصار القسطنطينية الثاني في عهد سليمان بن عبد الملك ويقود الجيش أخاه مسلمة بن عبد الملك. وقد دام الحصار 12 شهرا حتى وفاة الخليفة وتولي عمر بن عبد العزيز الخلافة فتم سحب الجيش والرجوع إلى الشام.
 بدء الإمامة العباسية، بعد انتقالها من أبو هاشم عبد الله بن محمد بن الحنفية إلى محمد بن علي العباسي.

مواليد
 حماد بن زيد

وفيات
 ثابت بن عبد الله بن الزبير ابن الخليفة عبد الله بن الزبير.
 عبد الله بن محمد بن الحنفية
 عبيد الله بن عبد الله بن عتبة
 أيوب بن سليمان أكبر أبناء الخليفة سليمان بن عبد الملك الأموي وبه كان يُكَنى بأبي أيوب.
 عبد الله بن همام السلولي من شعراء العصر الأموي.

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 98 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 98 هـ

مراجع

98 هـ


Ingenuus was a Roman military commander, the imperial legate in Pannonia, who became a usurper to the throne of the emperor Gallienus when he led a brief and unsuccessful revolt in the year 260. Appointed by Gallienus himself, Ingenuus served him well by repulsing a Sarmatian invasion and securing the Pannonian border, at least temporarily. Ingenuus had also been charged with the military education of Caesar Cornelius Licinius Valerianus, the young son of Emperor Gallienus, but after the boy's death in 258, his position became perilous.

A well-liked and admired commander, Ingenuus found an opportunity to become the Roman Emperor when Valerian was captured and killed by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire. Throwing off their allegiance to Valerian's son, the legions of Moesia proclaimed Ingenuus Roman Emperor at Sirmium in 260.  Gallienus was in Germania on the Rhine frontier, so he acted quickly by recalling troops from Gaul and after a rapid march he met Ingenuus on the battlefield at Mursa.  The troops of Ingenuus were defeated, as Gallienus' general, Aureolus, used to great effect the advantage given by the mobility of an improved cavalry component of the army, which was the remarkable military innovation wanted by the Emperor.

Ingenuus died after the battle by drowning himself in a nearby river to avoid capture.

Notes

References

Gallienus usurpers
Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
260 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Ancient Romans from unknown gentes
People from Sirmium
Suicides in Ancient Rome
Suicides by drowning

Ingenuus


Ernst-Gunnar Samuelsson (født 20. marts 1923 i Lund, Sverige, død 29. november 1998 i Ålsgårde) var en svensk kemiker, professor ved Veterinær- og Landbohøjskolen i København.

Biografi
Ernst-Gunnar Samuelsson var født i Lund, Sverige, 1923 som søn til professor Ernst Samuelsson og Gerda von Garreltz. Han tog mejeriingeniør-uddannelse på Landbohøjskolen i Alnarp, Sverige, 1951, en fil. kand. på Lunds universitet 1958 og agronomie licentiat eksamen på Norges Landbrukshøgskole 1962. Han var siden laborator og forsøgsleder på mejeriafdelingen i Alnarp. I 1967 forsvarede Samuelsson sin afhandling for agronomie doktors eksamen ved Lantbrukshögskolan i Ultuna, Sverige, og blev derefter docent i Livsmedelsteknologi ved Lunds Universitet. I 1969 blev han professor ved Veterinær- og Landbohøjskolen i København, hvor han blev til pensioneringen. Han døde 1998 i Ålsgårde.

Videnskabelig forskning
Samuelsson studerede de kemiske egenskaber i mælk, fløde og smør samt deres effekter på mennesket. Han var den førende internationale forsker om kobber i mejeriprodukter, hvilket er et essentielt sporstof i kosten. Han studerede også ceruloplasmin, det vigtigste kobbertransporterende protein i blodet. Samuelsson studerede også effekterne af pasteurisering på både smag og mælkeallergi.

Bibliografi
 Samuelsson EG. The copper content in milk and the distribution of copper to some various phases of milk. Milchwissenschaft, 21:335-341, 1966.
 Samuelsson EG. The distribution of copper in milk with some aspects on oxidation reactions of the milk lipids, Berlingska Boktryckeriet, 1967.
 Hanson LÅ, Samuelsson EG, Holmgren J. Detection of caeruloplasmin in bovine milk and blood serum . Journal of Dairy Research, 34:103-107, 1967.
 Samuelsson EG, Vikelsoe J. Estimation of the amount of liquid fat in cream and butter by low resolution NMR. Milchwissenschaft, 26:621-625, 1971.
 Samuelsson EG, Borgström S. Method for protecting milk against flavour deterioration when heat treated. Milchwissenschaft, 28:25-26, 1973.
 Larsen NE, Samuelsson EG. Some technological aspects on fractionation of anhydrous butterfat. Milchwissenschaft, 34, 1979.
 Høst A, Samuelsson EG. Allergic reactions to raw, pasteurized, and homogenized/pasteurized cow milk: a comparison. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in milk allergic children. . Allergy, 43:113-118, 1988.

Referencer

Personer fra Lund
Ansatte ved Københavns Universitet
Professorer fra Den Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole

Ernst-Gunnar Samuelsson


A quinta temporada de Criminal Minds estreou na CBS em 23 de setembro de 2009 e terminou em 26 de maio de 2010. O episódio 18 foi um episódio piloto para a série spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.

Elenco

Principal
Joe Mantegna como Agente Especial de Supervisão David Rossi (Agente Sênior da BAU);
Paget Brewster como Agente Especial Supervisora Emily Prentiss (Agente BAU);
Shemar Moore como Agente Especial de Supervisão Derek Morgan (Agente da BAU/Chefe da Unidade de Atuação);
Matthew Gray Gubler como Agente Especial de Supervisão Dr. Spencer Reid (Agente BAU);
A. J. Cook como Agente Especial de Supervisão Jennifer "JJ" Jareau (Ligação de Comunicações da BAU);
Kirsten Vangsness como Agente Especial Penelope Garcia (Analista Técnica BAU);
Thomas Gibson como Agente Especial de Supervisão Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner (Chefe/Agente da Unidade BAU).

Estrelas convidadas especiais
Forest Whitaker como Agente Especial de Supervisão Sam Cooper (Líder da Equipe BAU Red Cell);
Michael Kelly como agente especial supervisor Jonathan "Prophet" Simms;
Matt Ryan como agente especial supervisor Mick Rawson;
Beau Garrett como agente especial supervisora Gina LaSalle.

Recorrente
Jayne Atkinson como Agente Especial de Supervisão Erin Strauss (Chefe da Seção BAU);
Cade Owens como Jack Hotchner;
Nicholas Brendon como Kevin Lynch;
Meredith Monroe como Haley Hotchner;
Josh Stewart como William "Will" LaMontagne Jr.;
Mekhai Andersen como Henry LaMontagne;

Convidado
David Eigenberg como agente especial do FBI Russell Goldman (episódio 14).

Estrelas convidadas

Na estréia da temporada "Nameless, Faceless", DB Sweeney co-estrelou como Sam Kassmeyer, um marechal dos EUA que é designado para proteger a família de Aaron Hotchner até que George Foyet seja pego. Christopher Cousins co-estrelou como Dr. Tom Barton, um cirurgião de trauma cujo filho é alvo do pai de um adolescente que Barton tentou salvar. No episódio "Haunted", Sean Patrick Flanery co-estrelou como Darren Call, um assassino que nunca esqueceu o dia em que a última vítima de seu pai escapou. Glenn Morshower co-estrelou como tenente Kevin Mitchell, que lidera a investigação do tiroteio. Michael Bowen co-estrelou como Tommy Phillips, o único sobrevivente do pai de Darren, Bill Jarvis, também conhecido como "The Hollow Creek Killer", interpretado por Don Creech. No episódio "Reckoner", Lawrence Pressman co-estrelou como Boyd Schuller, um juiz da corte com doença terminal que contrata Tony Mecacci para cometer uma série de assassinatos de vigilantes.

No episódio "Hopeless", Clayne Crawford e Blake Shields co-estrelaram como C. Vincent e JR Baker, uma gangue de assassinos de emoção conhecida como "Turner's Group". Wade Williams co-estrelou como Detetive Andrews, que lidera a investigação dos assassinatos. No episódio "Cradle to Grave", Mae Whitman e Hallee Hirsh co-estrelaram como Julie e Carol, duas mulheres que são sequestradas por um casal, que é incapaz de ter filhos devido à morte da esposa de câncer de mama. No episódio "The Performer", Gavin Rossdale co-estrelou como Paul "Dante" Davies, um famoso músico de rock que é suspeito de assassinar vários de seus fãs. co-estrelou como empresário de Paul, Ray Campion, que é responsável pelos assassinatos, assim como sua cúmplice, Gina King, interpretada por Inbar Lavi. No episódio "Outfoxed", Neal Jones reprisa como Karl Arnold, também conhecido como "The Fox", onde é entrevistado por Hotch e Prentiss, que estão investigando alguém que está copiando os assassinatos de Arnold.

No episódio "The Slave of Duty", Wes Brown co-estrelou como Joe Belser, também conhecido como "The Nashville Stalker", um serial killer misógino e Khary Payton co-estrelou como o detetive Landon Kaminski, que lidera a investigação dos assassinatos. No episódio "Retaliação", Lee Tergesen co-estrelou como Dale Schrader, um serial killer que escapa da custódia da polícia e sequestra a família de seu ex-cúmplice. No episódio "The Uncanny Valley", Jonathan Frakes co-estrelou como Dr. Arthur Malcolm, um pedófilo que molestou sua filha, Samantha, e deu suas bonecas de porcelana para outra garota. Rosalie Ward co-estrelou como Bethany Wallace, uma mulher que é sequestrada por Samantha Malcolm. No episódio "John" Pyper-Ferguson co-estrelou como Wilson Summers, um pai que criou um jogo viral na internet que convence jovens adolescentes a cometer suicídio.

No episódio "Parasite", Victor Webster co-estrelou como Bill Hodges, um serial killer que tem uma esposa e dois outros amantes. Annabeth Gish co-estrelou como a esposa de Bill, Rebecca, e Valerie Cruz co-estrelou como amante secreta de Bill, Brooke Sanchez. No episódio "Public Enemy", Sprague Grayden co-estrelou como Meg Collins, uma mãe e esposa religiosa cujo marido é assassinado por Connor O'Brien, um assassino que mata pessoas simplesmente para gerar medo entre o público. No episódio "Mosley Lane", Bud Cort e Beth Grant estrelaram como Roger e Anita Roycewood, um casal que sequestra crianças e crema seus restos mortais depois de sedá-los, co-estrelou como Sarah Hillridge, uma mãe e esposa alcoólatra cujo filho está desaparecido há oito anos, e Brooke Smith co-estrelou como Barbara Lynch, uma mãe e esposa cuja filha, Aimee, é sequestrada pelos Roycewoods.

No episódio "Solitary Man", Morgan Lily co-estrelou como Jody Hatchett, uma jovem cujo pai, Wade, sequestra mães para Jody e mais tarde contaria a ela sobre suas aventuras como contos de fadas. Gabrielle Carter é convidada como Nancy Campbell, a última vítima que Wade sequestra. No episódio "The Fight", Alexa Nikolas co-estrelou como Jane McBride, uma adolescente que é sequestrada por John Vincent Bell, junto com seu pai, Ben. Lesley Fera co-estrelou como Leslie McBride. No episódio "A Rite of Passage", Mike Doyle co-estrelou como o deputado Ronald Boyd, um serial killer que tem como alvo imigrantes ilegais que tentam cruzar a fronteira dos EUA. Marlene Forte co-estrelou como Sheriff Eva Ruiz, que ajuda o BAU com a investigação dos assassinatos até que Ronald a assassina. No episódio "A Thousand Words", Jolene Andersen co-estrelou como Juliet Monroe, uma viúva grávida que raptou mulheres por vários anos até morrer ao dar à luz seu filho.

No episódio "Exit Wounds", Mark L. Young co-estrelou como Owen Porter, um serial killer e, em um ponto, um canibal, de uma família abusiva. Eric Ladin co-estrelou como Joshua Beardsley, um homem que busca vingança contra Porter por assassinar sua mãe Carol, interpretada por Dale Dickey. No episódio "The Internet is Forever", Ned Schmidtke co-estrelou como Austin Chapman, o cúmplice criminoso de Robert Johnson, também conhecido como "The Internet Killer". No final da temporada "Our Darkest Hour", Tim Curry co-estrelou como um dos criminosos mais notórios da série, Billy Flynn, também conhecido como "O Príncipe das Trevas", um serial killer que mata todas as vítimas, exceto uma. Eric Fechar co-estrelou como Matt Spicer, um detetive da polícia que lidera o caso Prince of Darkness, Robert Davi co-estrelou como parceiro de Spicer, Detective Adam Kurzbard, e Linda Purl co-estrelou como Colleen Everson, uma mulher que, depois que Billy Flynn a estuprou e assassinou o marido, tentou suicídio duas vezes.

Episódios
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background:#fff;"
|-
! style="background:#808000; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Seq.
! style="background:#808000; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Episódios
! style="background:#808000; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Título
! style="background: #808000;  color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Direção
! style="background:#808000; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Escrito por
! style="background:#808000; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Data de exibição
! style="background:#808000; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Audiência EUA(em milhões)

|}

Referências

Séries de televisão de drama policial dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão de mistério dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão de suspense dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão de drama criminal da década de 2000
Séries de televisão de mistério da década de 2000
Séries de televisão de suspense da década de 2000
Programas de televisão em língua inglesa
Criminal Minds

Criminal Minds (5.ª temporada)


Filip Taleski (født 28. marts 1996 i Krusevo) er en makedonsk håndboldspiller som spiller for Rhein-Neckar Löwen og det makedonske herrelandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Nordmakedonien
Håndboldspillere fra Rhein-Neckar Löwen

Filip Taleski


Prenatal psychology can be seen as a part of developmental psychology, although historically it was developed in the heterogenous field of psychoanalysis. Its scope is the description and explanation of experience and behaviour of the individual before birth and postnatal consequences as well. In so far as the actual birth process is involved one can consider this perinatal psychology. Pre- and perinatal aspects are often discussed together.

Prenatal and perinatal psychology explores the psychological and psychophysiological effects and implications of the earliest experiences of the individual, before birth (prenatal), as well as during and immediately after childbirth (perinatal). Although there are various perspectives on the topic, a common thread is the importance of prenatal and perinatal experiences in the shaping the future psychological development. There is a debate among scientists regarding the extent to which newborn infants are capable of forming memories, the effects of any such memories on their personality, and the possibility of recovering them from an unconscious mind, which itself is the subject of argument in the field. A widespread assumption concerning the prenatal phase was that the fetus is almost completely shielded from outside stimuli. Thus, perception and consciousness would develop after birth. Meanwhile, there is a great number of scientific studies which show clearly that behaviour, perception and learning is already developed before birth. This also holds for nonhuman species, as for rat fetuses acoustic conditioning can be demonstrated.

Psycho-physiological aspects of the prenatal phase

The physiological development while in the prenatal phase – especially that of the brain – is of particular importance for prenatal psychology. In the first eight weeks after insemination, the developing child is called an embryo. After the inner organs have developed (from the ninth week on) it is called a fetus.

Prenatal development of the brain
The basis of perception, experience, and behaviour is the brain. While in gestation, a giant neuronal net is developing, delivering the condition for any mental process. About half of the developing neurons become destroyed again while the development of the brain because of the "programmed cell death" (apoptosis).
At birth the infantile brain contains 100 billion neurons – as many as in the brain of an adult.
At birth, every cortical neuron is connected with about 2500 neurons; after a year, with about 15 000. Synapses develop, and are destroyed, over the whole life span – a process called neuroplasticity.

Motor development
In the 1930s the physiologist Davenport Hooker examined reflexes or reactions, respectively of aborted fetuses extrauterine. Nowadays, the motor skills of embryo and fetus can be examined with ultrasound techniques quite easily. From the eighth week on the embryo moves the rump, shortly after that his extremities. With the means of sonography one could demonstrate that these were not simple reflexes, but also endogenously provoked movements. According to Alessandra Piontelli the fetus shows all patterns of movement, which later can be found in the newborn.

Breath movements can be seen from the 19th week on, with the fetus taking amniotic fluid into his lungs.
Eye movements are shown to exist from the 18th week on, from the 23rd week on there are rapid-eye-movements (REM-phases). These are connected with sleeping patterns and dreaming. Fetuses drink amniotic fluid and urinate into it.

Development of perception and prenatal learning

The sense modalities of the fetus develop prenatally and are functioning very well at birth. The examination of such abilities is connected with experimental examination of behaviour, provoked by stimuli. Ray examined vibro-acoustic conditioning of human fetuses. According to Hepper it rested uncertain, if such conditioning was successful. Hepper claims to have repeat such conditioning experiments successfully, with the earliest vibro-acoustic conditioning in the 32nd week of gestation.

Prenatal learning often is examined by using the habituation paradigm. The fetus gets exposed to a stimulus, e.g. an acoustic one. Afterwards the experimenter watches the extinction of the reaction while repeating the same stimulus again and again. This procedure becomes completed by the use of a new stimulus and the recording of the according reaction. When the new stimulus is identified by the fetus as different from the old one, it releases a new pattern of reaction, e.g. accelerated frequency of the heart. If this does not happen, the new stimulus cannot be distinguished from the old focal stimulus. In 1991 a study demonstrated the acoustic habituation by recording the heart frequency of foetuses in the 29th week of gestation.
Such studies can be used for examining memory. Fetuses older than 34 weeks of gestation can reproduce learned content over a period of 4 weeks.
The earliest vibro-acoustic conditioning is successful at 22-week-old fetuses. Maybe habituation to taste is possible even earlier. Such habituation was also demonstrated in fetal rats.

Babies remember musical patterns they once heard in the womb, as W. Ernest Freud – a grandson of Sigmund Freud – could demonstrate. The empirical proof used the registration of heart frequency and motorical activity.

Also the development of speech is based on prenatal learning, as the study of DeCasper and Fifer from 1980 seems to demonstrate. This study used operant conditioning as a paradigm.
Several empirical studies demonstrated that prenatal learning exists.

Historical development of psychoanalytical and depth psychological theories concerning prenatal life

Most psychoanalytical theories assume that the development of objects, the self and even consciousness begins after birth. Nevertheless, some psychoanalysts explicitly write that pre- and perinatal aspects are responsible for certain symptom formations, among them Otto Rank, Nandor Fodor, Francis J. Mott, Donald Winnicott, Gustav Hans Graber und Ludwig Janus. They think that the structuring of the unconscious psyche starts in the prenatal phase. The fetus already has early, emotionally relevant experiences. They assume the existence of perception in several sense modaliaties, states of asphyxia, fears and stress, which are stored and can be remembered after birth under certain circumstances. In psychoanalysis pre- and perinatal topics usually are seen as fantasies. The manifest prenatal content of dreaming or fantasizing of swimming under water while breathing, being inside of a cave, fighting with underwater monsters – are interpreted as re-projections in time onto the early phase. Janus assumes that in many psychoanalytical approaches there can be found contentual and phenomenological aspects close to prenatal psychology – but without explicit references. Janus wrote of the "hidden attendance of the prenatal existence" in the works of psychoanalysts such as Sandor Ferenczi, Carl Gustav Jung, Melanie Klein, Bela Grunberger, Françoise Dolto and others.

In 1924 Otto Rank (1884–1939), one of Sigmund Freud's disciples, published his book The Trauma of Birth (German: Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse). There he stated that the emotional shock of being born is an individual's first source of anxiety. Because of this book the friendship between Freud and Rank came to an end. Rank was of the opinion that birth is connected with an overwhelming experience of fear of the fetus. He also presumed that this trauma was the cause of later anxieties. He also claimed that aspects of the later prenatal phase can be remembered. So already Rank himself had developed the outlines of a true prenatal psychology. In the light of such assumptions he interpreted cultural aspects, e.g. he understood Christian fantasies of the hell as being based on aversive intrauterine situations. In his book, he treated the interpretation of symbols, art and myths by using pre- and perinatal assumptions. Rank believed that a "primal fixation" with the prenatal state is the root of all neuroses and character disorders and developed a process of psychoanalysis based on birth experiences.

Donald Winnicott (1896–1971) tried to understand very early forms of symbol formation. He described in several case studies the reenactment of perinatal experiences in psychotherapies, especially of children. A five-year-old boy climbed into Winnicott's jacket and then slit down the pants onto the ground. He repeated this again and again. Winnicott interpreted this game as a regression and a repeating of birth. He presumed that some babies developed a paranoid attitude by having problems at birth, e.g. in the case of asphyxia. Also psychosomatic symptoms (headaches, breast- and breathing problems and feelings of getting choked) were interpreted as possible consequences of birth experiences by Winnicott. Nevertheless, he rejected the assumption of a universal birth trauma.

In his book The Search for the Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition of 1949 the British-American psychoanalyst Nandor Fodor (1895–1964) traced certain forms of anxiety back to unprocessed and repressed birth experiences following Rank's assumptions, who had been his psychoanalyst. Fodor interpreted dreams, experiencing the lack of oxygen, claustrophobia and sexual disorders  and their etiology, which he explained by assuming specific pre- and perinatal experiences.

Francis John Mott (1901–1980) was a disciple of Fodor and the first author who concentrated on the placenta as the first object of the fetus. He wrote, that the fetus fears his placenta as a "blood sucker" or experience it as a "feeder" or "life-giver". His work an prenatal aspects is connected with his speculative assumptions on a quasi-religious design of the universe.

Material emerging from sessions of psychedelic psychotherapy using LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs was the foundation for research into the enduring effects of pre- and perinatal experiences in adult life conducted by Frank Lake, Athanasios Kafkalides (1919–1989) and Stanislav Grof. Grof went on to formulate an extensive theoretical framework for the analysis of pre- and perinatal experiences, based on the four constructs he called Basic Perinatal Matrices. Lake and Grof independently developed breathing techniques, following Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) as an alternative to the use of psychedelic drugs, which was subject to considerable legal difficulty from the mid-1960s onwards. A related technique called Rebirthing was developed by psychotherapist Leonard Orr in the 1970s, and Core Process psychotherapy trainees relive presumed birth trauma as part of their training.

The US-American social scientist Lloyd deMause (born 1931) compiled in his essay from 1981 the psychoanalytic approaches to prenatal mental life as well as the physiological findings of the human ontogenesis concerning fetal development. He took several assumptions from the works of Grof and Mott, but left away their metaphysical implications completely. In his own approach he assumes, that the placenta becomes the first object of the fetus, namely in two split versions: a positive and a negative one, he called the "nurturing" and the "poisonous placenta". DeMause presumed that in every gestation – especially at the end of this period – there are problems of supply with oxygen for the fetus. Because of physiological conditions the placenta would not be able anymore to supply the growing fetus with enough oxygen. This would give rise to states of pain and deprivation. Pre- and perinatal experiences lead to a mental script, a kind of pattern, to which later experiences would be connected with and internalized. He calls the experience of successive good and painful states the "fetal drama", long precursing the well known "oedipal drama" sensu Freud. Besides these theories about prenatal psychology deMause also developed approaches in the field of psychohistory – a system of cultural psychological assumptions, which explain historical processes and phenomenons by using psychological theories. Especially aspects of childhood history and prenatal psychology play an important role.

In 1992 the Italian child neuropsychiatrist Alessandra Piontelli (born 1945) published a study in her book From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study (1992). Using sonography she examined the behaviour of 11 fetuses. The fetuses showed a very complex behavioural repertoire and were quite different concerning their forms of activities. They reacted to stimuli in complex ways. Piontelli's study suggested that certain prenatal experiences determined later mental life. Psychological traits, e.g. enhanced oral activity, were recognizable in the prenatal phase, and also after birth. Piontelli interpreted her observations in psychoanalytical terms. Piontelli saw a remarkable continuity between pre- and postnatal mental development. Her study is important, because it combines the assessment of empirical data with the observation of single case studies in the postnatal phase and also in infancy. Her study use equally the methods of academic psychology together with the hermeneutics of psychoanalysis, what makes it unique in the scientific landscape.

See also
Prenatal development
Prenatal memory

References

Further reading
 DeMause, Lloyd (1982). The fetal origins of history, (p. 244–332). In:
 Fodor, Nandor (1949). The Search for the Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition, New Hyde Park, NY: University Books
 Hepper, P. G. (1991). An examination of fetal learning before and after birth. In: Irish Journal of Psychology, 12, S. 95–107
 Hepper, P. G. (1994). The beginnings of the mind: evidence from the behaviour of the fetus. In: Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 12, S. 143–154.
 Janus, Ludwig (1997). The Enduring Effects of Prenatal Experience. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1997, 277 pages. (Originally published in German in 1991 by Hoffmann und Campe, Verlag, Hamburg.) .
 Kafkalides, Athanassios MD (2005). The Knowledge of the womb – Autopsychognosia with psychedelic drugs, Authorhouse, USA
 Kafkalides, Zephyros and Kafkalides, Constantine MD (2017). Studies on Prenatal Psychology & Psychedelic Science, TRP
 Piontelli, Alessandra (1992). From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study, London 1992
 Rank, Otto (1952). The Trauma of Birth, New York: Richard Brunner
 Verny, Thomas  (1981). The Secret Life of the Unborn Child, Dell 1982 reprint: , see also the professional organization founded by Verny to train professionals, the Association for Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, APPPAH, at www.birthpsychology.com.

Developmental psychology
Child development

Prenatal and perinatal psychology


Celmo Lazzari CSJ (* 16. Juni 1956 in Garibaldi) ist ein brasilianischer römisch-katholischer Ordensgeistlicher und Apostolischer Vikar von San Miguel de Sucumbíos.

Leben
Celmo Lazzari trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Josephiner vom hl. Leonardo Murialdo bei und empfing am 18. Dezember 1982 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 11. Juni 2010 zum Apostolischen Vikar von Napo in Ecuador und zum Titularbischof von Muzuca in Proconsulari. Der emeritierte Apostolische Vikar von Napo, Paolo Mietto CSJ, weihte ihn am 9. Oktober desselben Jahres zum Bischof; Mitkonsekratoren waren Nei Paulo Moretto, Bischof von Caxias do Sul, und Alessandro Carmelo Ruffinoni CS, Koadjutorbischof von Caxias do Sul.

Am 21. November 2013 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zum Apostolischen Vikar von San Miguel de Sucumbíos.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Ecuador
Titularbischof
Ordensangehöriger (römisch-katholisch)
Brasilianer
Geboren 1956
Mann

Celmo Lazzari


Marchart ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alexander Marchart (* 1927), österreichischer Architekt
 Diether Marchart (1939–1962), österreichischer Bergsteiger
 Oliver Marchart (* 1968), österreichischer politischer Philosoph und Soziologe
 Wolfgang Marchart (1945–2008), österreichischer Verwaltungsjurist

Marchart


Bekija (arap. baquiya = ostatak, preostatak od nečega) je područje ostalo pod Osmanskim Carstvom nakon razgraničenja sa susjednim državama. U hrvatskim su zemljama postojale tri bekije: Kostajnička, Novska (nastale nakon Karlovačkog mira 1699.) i Imotska (nastala nakon Požarevačkog mira 1718.).

Današnje područje od Ljubuškoga preko Klobuka i Širokoga Brijega prema Imotskom i danas se naziva Imotskom bekijom.

Izvori

Osmansko Carstvo
Hrvatska povijest (1527. – 1790.)

Bekija


"Scrisoarea I" este o poezie scrisă de Mihai Eminescu, publicată pentru prima oară pe 1 februarie 1881 în revista Convorbiri literare. Poezia prezintă poziția vitregă a omului de geniu, întruchipat de savant (omul de științǎ), într-o societate mărginită și este o satiră alcătuită din cinci părți.

Poezii de Mihai Eminescu

Scrisoarea I


Manuel de la Concha puede referirse a:
Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha e Irigoyen, Marqués del Duero.
Manuel de la Concha (Coronel), militar español en la captura de José María Morelos.

Manuel de la Concha


Buhara Hanlığı, Buhara ve bugünkü Özbekistan dolaylarında hükümü sürmüş Şeybani Hanedanı, Aştarhan Hanedanı (Canoğulları Hanedanı) ve Mangit Hanedanı olmak üzere üç hanedanın yönettiği Türk hanlığıdır.

Şeybani hanedanı
Buhara Hanlığı (1561 - 1599)

1428'de kurulan ve 1468'de Timur tarafından yıkıldıktan sonra tekrar kurulan Şeybani Hanlığı (Özbek Hanlığı) 1561'de yönetim merkezini Buhara'ya taşımış ve Buhara Hanlığı olarak anılmaya başlamıştı.

Aştarhan hanedanı (ya da Astrahan hanedanı ya da Can hanedanı)
Buhara Hanlığı (1599 - 1785)

(Bu dönem: Buhara Hanlığı olarak ayrı olarak da incelenmektedir)

1599 yılında Astrahan Hanlığı kökenli olup Canibeg'in oğlu olan Din Muhammed (Bakî Muhammed) tarafından kurulmuş ve 1804 yılında yıkılan hanedan.

Buhara Hanlığı Fergana ve Belh gibi önemli kentleri elinde bulundurmuştur. Ancak 1740 yılında İran'da Afşar Hanedanını kuran Nadir Şah önce Maveraünnehir'i ardından Belh'i ele geçirmiştir. Bunun üzerine Buhara Hanı Ebül Faiz, 7 yıl süreyle İran'ın hakimiyetini tanımak zorunda kaldı. Buhara Hanlığı 185 yıllık bağımsızlığı süresince fetih politikası izlemeyip sadece varlığını korumayı amaçlamıştır.

Mangit hanedanı
Buhara Emirliği (1756 - 1924)

Soy ağacı

Asya'daki eski monarşiler
Orta Asya tarihindeki eski devletler
1500'lerde kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
Tarihteki Türk devletleri
Tacikistan tarihi
Özbekistan tarihi
Türkmenistan tarihi
Buhara tarihi
1500'de kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler

Buhara Hanlığı


RFA Sir Caradoc (L3522) was a temporarily chartered roll-on/roll-off ferry of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was procured to fill the gap caused by loss and damage to Round Table class landing ships during the Falklands War.

Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
1972 ships

RFA Sir Caradoc


Slobodan Momčilović Moka (1942. – 7. kolovoza 1985.) hrvatski glazbenik. Bio je osnivač, tekstopisac i prvi bubnjar sastava Novi fosili.

Nakon okupljanja druge postave sastava 1976., Momčilović kupuje klavijature Rajku Dujmiću i potiče njegovu buduću skladateljsku karijeru. Nakon odlaska pjevačice Đurđice Barlović iz sastava, na njegov poziv sastavu se pridružila Sanja Doležal.

Nakon smrti, na mjestu bubnjara u Novim fosilima zamijenio ga je Nenad Šarić.

Izvori

Novi fosili
Hrvatski tekstopisci
Hrvatski bubnjari

Slobodan Momčilović


Violette Impellizzeri, née le  à Palerme (Italie), est une astronome, astrophysicienne et professeur d'université italienne.

Biographie
Violette Impellizzeri a vécu trois ou quatre ans à Saronno, dans la province de Varèse, puis elle s'est installée avec sa famille à Alcamo, en Sicile, où elle a grandi et fréquenté l'école primaire et secondaire. Elle a déménagé avec sa famille à Karlsruhe, en Allemagne, après que son père y a commencé à enseigner.

Elle a terminé ses études à l'École européenne de Karlsruhe, où elle a obtenu son baccalauréat européen. En 1995, elle entre à l'Université de Bristol ; alors qu'elle fréquentait la faculté de physique, elle réalisa qu'elle avait des aptitudes pour l'astrophysique, alors elle retourna en Allemagne pour obtenir une maîtrise en physique et obtint un doctorat en astrophysique à l'Institut Max-Planck de radioastronomie à Bonn. Elle poursuit ses études en effectuant un post-doctorat à Charlottesville, en Virginie (États-Unis), au National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), où elle travaille pendant trois ans dans le projet de cosmologie physique sur les  mégamasers (MCP).

En 2011, Impellizzeri a commencé à travailler avec ALMA au Chili ; chaque mois, et pendant plusieurs années, Violette devait rejoindre le désert d'Atacama et faire des observations avec une équipe d'astronomes et d'astrophysiciens au moyen du plus grand radiotélescope du monde, composé de 66 antennes, qui peuvent observer les coins les plus éloignés de l'univers avec une très haute résolution. Elle a commencé à y travailler en tant qu'astronome expérimentée dans les opérations d'ALMA et a assumé plusieurs rôles jusqu'en 2020. Le financement du projet venait des États-Unis, de l'Europe et du Japon.

En octobre 2020, elle est retournée en Europe et a commencé à travailler, en tant que responsable de programme, avec Allegro (ALMA Local Expertise GROup), le nœud européen ALMA Regional Center (ARC) aux Pays-Bas, hébergé par l'Observatoire de Leyde. Elle est également enseignante à l'Université de Leyde. Établi en collaboration avec la  (NOVA) et la division des sciences physiques de l'Organisation néerlandaise pour la recherche scientifique (NWO/EW), Allegro intègre l'expertise pertinente pour ALMA au sein des institutions astronomiques et universités des Pays-Bas.

Activité
Au cours des travaux d'Impellizzeri sur les noyaux galactiques actifs, dans le cadre de son doctorat à l'Université de Bonn, elle a projeté une série d'observations dans le but de détecter des masers à eau dans des galaxies lointaines. Le projet a été réalisé à l'aide du radiotélescope d'Effelsberg de 100 mètres, une très grande structure mobile en acier qui s'oriente avec une précision submillimétrique extraordinaire.

La recherche a été couronnée de succès car le maser à eau a été détecté dès la première tentative et la découverte a été confirmée par le Very Large Array Radio Telescope du Nouveau-Mexique (NRAO). De plus, l'onde électromagnétique du maser a trouvé un alignement aléatoire et fortuit avec un corps de grande masse (une galaxie massive) qui s'est comporté comme une lentille gravitationnelle, permettant la focalisation et le grandissement du signal (le rendant ainsi visible). En considérant la vitesse de la lumière, elle a découvert que ces molécules d'eau avaient été produites onze milliards d'années auparavant. Cette découverte a été publiée dans la revue Nature et a été rapportée dans la presse internationale.

La découverte est pertinente pour les études sur les théories de l'expansion de l'univers, et en particulier, sur le calcul de la constante de Hubble qui mesure la relation entre la distance et la vitesse des corps célestes (galaxies). En 2008, Impellizzeri a été recrutée par le NRAO pour travailler sur le projet de cosmologie du MCP (Megamaser Cosmology Project) et elle s'est vu confier la coordination des recherches menées avec le Green Bank Telescope en Virginie, et des observations faites avec le VLBI (Very Observatoire Long Baseline). Elle a travaillé intensivement pour le projet MCP pendant les trois années passées en Virginie, mais est restée en tant que collaboratrice du projet au cours des dix années suivantes.

Pendant ce temps, les États-Unis, l'Europe et le Japon allaient construire le plus grand radiotélescope du monde au Chili, dans le désert d'Atacama à cinq mille mètres d'altitude. Impellizzeri a été envoyé au travail par NRAO en tant qu'astronome pour la réalisation de ce projet ambitieux. Dès le début, elle a été chargée de l'intégration des observations du VLBI au sein d'ALMA (sous le titre d'« ami du VLBI »), afin de pouvoir faire des observations avec d'autres télescopes à travers le monde, même distants de 10 000 kilomètres entre eux, comme s'il n'en était qu'un d'un diamètre de 10 000 km. En près de 10 ans d'observations à ALMA, ils ont fait des découvertes et vérifié de nombreuses théories.

En 2017, ils ont commencé les observations avec le Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) dans l'espoir de réaliser la première image d'un trou noir. Il a fallu des années de préparation et un grand effort technique pour assembler tous les radiotélescopes du monde, qui ont pris la photo, publiée le 10 avril 2019, au même moment. Les télescopes ayant contribué à ce résultat sont Alma, Apex, l'IRAM 30 mètres de Grenoble, le télescope James-Clerk-Maxwell, le télescope Alfonso Serrano, le télescope Submillimeter Array, le Submillimeter Telescope et le South Pole Telescope. Ils ont choisi le trou noir au centre de la galaxie Messier 87, à une distance de 56 millions d'années-lumière ; ce trou noir a une masse de 6,5 milliards de masses solaires.

Honneurs

 A obtenu le titre de Femme des étoiles et une publication dans Nature pour la découverte de l'eau la plus ancienne de l'univers ;
 11 août 2018 : Attribué le Tablet Paul Harris Fellow (la plus grande reconnaissance des Rotary Clubs) pour la diffusion de la culture italienne ;
 18 avril 2019 : le gouvernement chilien décerne à l'astronome une médaille en reconnaissance officielle du travail accompli dans l'exploration des trous noirs.
 12 août 2019 : Une tablette est offerte par le maire d'Alcamo pour sa prestigieuse carrière dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique.
 2020 : Avec les autres astrophysiciens qui ont réalisé la photo du trou noir M87*, elle a reçu le prestigieux Breakthrough Prize (2020).
 11 août 2021 : Prix annuel du club Kiwanis d'Alcamo, avec la motivation suivante : À Violette Impellizzeri, astronome de renommée internationale, pour son dévouement pour l'étude des mystères de l'univers et pour la sauvegarde de l'environnement.

Articles connexes

 Grand réseau d'antennes millimétrique/submillimétrique de l'Atacama (ALMA)
 Breakthrough Prize
 Université de Leyde

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1977
Astrophysicien italien
Astronome italien du XXIe siècle
Femme astronome
Naissance à Palerme
Professeur italien
Personnalité liée à l'Event Horizon Telescope

Violette Impellizzeri


Brede Moe, né le  à Flatanger en Norvège, est un footballeur norvégien, qui évolue au poste de défenseur central au FK Bodø/Glimt.

Biographie

Débuts en professionnel
Né à Flatanger en Norvège, Brede Moe joue pour le club local du Flatanger IL, puis commence sa carrière professionnelle au Steinkjer FK, puis au Ranheim Fotball avant de rejoindre le Rosenborg BK en  alors qu'il était également courtisé par le Viking FK.

FK Bodø/Glimt
Le , Brede Moe s'engage en faveur du FK Bodø/Glimt. Il rejoint le club sous forme de prêt avec option d'achat. Il joue son premier match sous ses nouvelles couleurs le , lors de la troisième journée de la saison 2014 face au Sogndal Fotball. Il entre en jeu à la place d' lors de cette rencontre remportée par son équipe (4-2 score final).

Il est sacré champion de Norvège en 2020. Il joue son premier match de Ligue des champions face au Legia Varsovie le  (défaite 2-3).

Il est de nouveau sacré champion de Norvège en 2021.

Le 13 mars 2022, Brede Moe prolonge son contrat avec le FK Bodø/Glimt jusqu'en .

En sélection
Brede Moe compte une sélection avec l'équipe de Norvège espoirs, obtenue le 25 mars 2013 contre les Pays-Bas. Il se fait remarquer ce jour-là en se faisant expulser au bout de dix minutes de jeu. Son équipe s'incline par quatre buts à un.

En mai 2022, Brede Moe est convoqué pour la première fois, à 30 ans, avec l'équipe nationale de Norvège par le sélectionneur Ståle Solbakken. Le joueur quitte toutefois le rassemblement pour retrouver son club, le FK Bodø/Glimt, sans avoir fait la moindre apparition avec la sélection.

Palmarès
 FK Bodø/Glimt
 Championnat de Norvège (2) :
 Champion : 2020 et 2021.

 Championnat de Norvège D2 (1) :
 Champion : 2017.

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur norvégien
Joueur du Ranheim Fotball
Joueur du Rosenborg BK
Joueur du FK Bodø/Glimt
Naissance en décembre 1991
Naissance au Trøndelag

Brede Moe


Margaret Weis ve Tracy Hickman tarafından 1986 yılında kaleme alınmış, Zindanlar ve Ejderhalar serisindeki bir oyun mödülünden esinlenmiş, fantastik kurgu türündeki kitap. Efsaneler Üçlemesi'nin ilk kitabıdır. Kitap kahramanlarınndan Raistlin Majere, Caramon Majere ve Tasslehoff Burrfoot'un   savaştan sonra başına geren olayları konu almaktadır. İlk bahar Şafağında bıraktığımız kahramanlarımız Tanis Yarı elf, dev savaşçı Caramon, hırslı ve gizemli kişiliği ile usta büyücü Raistlin, sevimli ve korkusuz kender Tas ve diğerlerine, Raistlin ile karmaşık duygu ve ilişkiler içindeki Paladine'nin kutsal rahibesi Crysania katılıyor.
Zayıf ve hastalıklı Raistlin'den bütün dengeleri zamanı bile değiştire bilecek usta büyücü Raistline. Güçlü, sağlıklı ama zayıf kişilikli Caramon'dan şişmiş, alkolik Caramona. İkizlerin zıt karakterleri, ejderhaların dünyasında Crysania'nın acımasız bir savaşa doğru sürükleniyor.

Ejderha Mızrağı
Fantastik romanlar
1986 kitapları

İkizlerin Zamanı


Selim Temo (d. 1972, Batman), Kürt şair, yazar, akademisyen ve çevirmen.Tam adı Selim Temo Ergül'dür. 27 Nisan 1972'de Batman'ın Mêrîna köyünde doğdu. İlkokulu doğduğu köyde, ortaöğrenimini Batman'da tamamladı. 2000 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Sosyal Antropoloji ve Etnoloji Bölümü'nden mezun oldu. Yüksel lisansını "Cemal Süreya Şiirinde Bedenin Yazınsallaşması" başlığıyla, Bilkent Üniversitesi Türk Edebiyatı Bölümü'nde tamamladı (2003). Aynı bölümde "Türk Şiirinde Taşra: 1859-1959" başlıklı çalışmasıyla doktorasını tamamladı (2009). Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi'nde Yardımcı Doçent Doktor olarak görev yaptı. Uzun süre Türkiye'de açılacak ilk Kürt Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü'nün kuruluş çalışmalarını yürütmüştür. Ancak YÖK'ten söz konusu bölüm yerine Türkiye'de Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü adlı bir enstitü ve Kürt Dili ve Kültürü Anabilim Dalı gibi bir birim verilmesi üzerine buradan istifa ederek ayrıldı. Kürt ve Türk edebiyatları hakkında önemli çalışmalara imza atan Temo'nun son yıllarda daha çok inceleme ve araştırmaları öne çıkmaktadır. 2011'de Exeter Üniversitesi'ndeki (İngiltere) Centre for Kurdish Studies'de konuk öğretim görevlisi olarak çalıştı. Hrant Dink Vakfı tarafından "dünyanın dört bir yanında attıkları küçük adımlarla geleceğe dair umudu çoğaltan kişilerden" biri olarak 2011'in "Işıklar"ı arasında sayıldı. Ekim 2013-Ekim 2014 arasında Radikal gazetesinde köşe yazıları yazdı. Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi'nde, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü'nde çalıştı. 6 Ocak 2017'deki 679 sayılı KHK ile üniversiteden ihraç edildi. 2017-2019 yılları arasında Gazete Duvar'da, 2019-2020 yılları arasında ise Xwebûn gazetesinde haftalık yazılar yazdı. 2020-2021 yılları arasında Fransa'nın Montpellier şehrindeki Paul Valéry Üniversitesinde çalışan Selim Temo, halen Paris'te yaşamaktadır.

Çalışmaları
 O, Deniz ve İntihar  (oyun, 1994)
 Ah! Tamara (şiir, 1995)
 Kırgın Nehirler Meseli (şiir, 1997)
 Çiftlere Cinayet Dersleri (roman, 1998)
 Uğultular (şiir, 2000)
 Kürt Şiiri Antolojisi (antoloji; Kürtçe-Türkçe, 2 cilt, 2007)
 Türk Şiirinde Taşra   (edebiyat kuramı, Türkçe, 2011)
 Jübile   (toplu şiirler, Türkçe, 2011)
 Sê Deng   (şiir, Kürtçe, 2011)
 Ruhun Bedeni  (Gazete yazıları, Türkçe, 2014)
 Uzak Komşu: Kürt ve Türk Şiiri İlişkileri (İnceleme, Türkçe, 2015)
 Keştîya Bayê (Şiir, Kürtçe, 2016)
 Mem ile Zin - Ehmedê Xanî (Türkçeye çeviri, şiir, 2016)
Horasan Kürtleri (Araştırma, 2018)
Serê Şevê Çîrokek (Kürt ve dünya masalları, 2019)

Çevirileri
Kürtçeden Türkçeye
 Fawaz Husên'den Amidabad: Göç, Çocuk ve Irmak (2004)
 Firat Cewerî'den Solgun Romans (2005)
 Mehmed Uzun'dan Sen (2006),
 Abdalın Bir Günü (2005),
 Yaşlı Rindin Ölümü (2006),
 Yitik Bir Aşkın Gölgesinde (2006; Söz konusu çeviri 3 baskı yaptıktan sonra, yayınevi eski çevirilere dönmüştür),
 Aşk Gibi Aydınlık Ölüm Gibi Karanlık (2006; Söz konusu çeviri 3 baskı yaptıktan sonra, yayınevi eski çevirilere dönmüştür).
 Ne ba min siwar dike ne ax min peya dike (2014; Güney Kürdistanlı ünlü şair Mueyed Teyib'in şiirlerini Arap alfabesinden Latin alfabesine çevirdi)
 Kar ve Ateş (Şiir, Çeviri, Mueyed Teyib'in Kürtçe şiirlerinin çevirisi, 2016)

Çocuk Kitapları
 Serê Şevê Çîrokek Çocuk masalları, Kürtçe (2006-2010)

12 kitaplık bir dizidir. Her geceye bir masal içermektedir. Kitapların ilk sayfalarında Kürt alfabesi bulunmaktadır, çocukların Kürtçe (Kurmancî-Zazakî) okuma yazma öğrenmeleri amaçlanmıştır. Kitaplardaki masalların yarısı Kürt masalı, geri kalanlar İngilizce ve Türkçe gibi dillerden Kürtçeye (Kurmancî) çevrilmiş masallardır. Her sayıda bir masal klasiği, bir çocuk şiiri, ünlü bir ismin tanıtımı ve bir Kürt halk destanı yer almaktadır. Kitaplar Diyarbakır Sur Belediyesi tarafından basılmakta ve ücretsiz dağıtılmaktadır. Söz konusu belediyeye yönelik yoğun baskılar nedeniyle 2006'da ancak 6 tanesi yayımlanabilen dizi, Nisan 2010'da tam edisyon olarak yayımlanabilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Ödülleri
 Halkevleri Ödülü (roman) (1998)
 Yaşar Nabi Nayır Ödülü (şiir) (1997)

Dış bağlantılar
 Kişisel web sitesi
 Radikal gazetesindeki yazıları
 Kütüphane kurmak isteyen Kürt şair Selim Temo'nun başına gelenler...
 "Her Şeyimi Şiire Borçluyum" (Selim Temo)–Vivet Kanetti
 Selim Temo'nun Eski Terlikleri
 "En Büyük Pişmanlığım AKP'ye İnanmak Oldu"
 http://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/kitap/2016/11/20/selim-temo-edebiyatin-kalbi-okurda-atar/

Yaşayan insanlar
1972 doğumlular
Türkiye Kürtleri
Kürt şairler
Batman doğumlu yazarlar

Selim Temo


28. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 28. vestlige længdekreds
 28. østlige længdekreds

28. længdegrad


Karnabahar (Brassica oleracea 'Botrytis'), turpgillerden (Brassicaceae), çiçekleri etli ve tanecikli bir görünüşte olan, yaprakları lahana yaprağına benzeyen, sebze olarak kullanılan bir bitki.

Turpgillerden; vatanı Doğu Akdeniz bölgesi olan 2 yıllık otsu bir bitkidir. Yaprakları koyu yeşil, çiçekleri beyaz veya sarımtıraktır. Kış sebzelerindendir. Lahanaya benzer. Aslında, lahananın çiçek saplarının kısalıp etlenmesiyle lahanadan türemiştir. Yenen kısmı, henüz açmamış yoğun çiçek durumudur. Türkiye'de; güzlük turfanda karnabahar, kışlık karnabahar ve mart karnabahar olmak üzere üç çeşidi vardır. Fosfor ve vitamin bakımından çok zengindir.

__İÇİNDEKİLERZORUNLU__
__DİZİN__

Turpgiller
Sebzeler

Karnabahar


Mazurca (plural mazurci, în ) este un dans popular polonez cu măsură în trei timpi, având de obicei un tempo plin de viață și cu "accente puternice plasate nesistematic pe cea de-a doua sau a treia bătaie".

Istorie

La originea populară a mazurcii se află alte două forme muzicale poloneze, care sunt lentul kujawiak și rapidul oberek. În secolul al XIX-lea, dansul a devenit popular în multe săli de bal din diferite părți ale Europei. Imnul național al Poloniei are un ritm de mazurcă, dar este prea lent pentru a fi considerat o mazurcă.

În limba poloneză, această formă muzicală se numește "mazurek" — un cuvânt derivat din "mazur", care denumea până în secolul al XIX-lea un locuitor al regiunii Mazovia a Poloniei, și care a devenit, de asemenea, originea denumirii regiunii "Mazuria". În limba poloneză, "mazurka" este de fapt forma de genitiv și de acuzativ a cuvântului "mazurek".

Mai mulți compozitori clasici au scris mazurci, cele mai cunoscute fiind cele 69 de mazurci compuse de Frédéric Chopin pentru pian solo. În 1825 Maria Szymanowska a scris cea mai mare colecție de mazurci pentru pian  publicate înaintea lui Chopin. Henryk Wieniawski a scris, de asemenea, două mazurci pentru vioară și pian (populara "Obertas", Op. 19), Julian Cochran a compus o colecție de cinci mazurci pentru pian solo și orchestră, iar în 1920 Karol Szymanowski a scris un set de douăzeci de mazurci pentru pian și și-a terminat cariera compozițională cu o pereche finală în 1934.

Chopin a început să compună mazurci în 1825, dar compoziția de mazurci a devenit serioasă pentru el în 1830, anul Revoltei din Noiembrie, o rebeliune poloneză împotriva țarului rus. Chopin a continuat compunerea lor până în 1849, anul morții sale. Trăsăturile stilistice și muzicale ale mazurcilor lui Chopin diferă de varietățile tradiționale pentru că Chopin a creat un gen nou, diferit, de mazurci. De exemplu, el a folosit tehnici clasice în mazurci, inclusiv contrapunct și fugă. Incluzând mai mult cromatism și mai multă armonie în mazurci, el le-a făcut mai interesante din punct de vedere tehnic decât dansurile tradiționale. Chopin a încercat, de asemenea, să compună mazurci în așa fel încât ele să nu fie utilizate pentru dans, îndepărtându-le de forma originală.

În afara Poloniei
Dansul a fost un dans popular comun în Europa și Statele Unite ale Americii de la mijlocul până la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea.

Republica Cehă și predecesoarele sale
Compozitorii cehi Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák și Bohuslav Martinů au compus mazurci. Pentru Smetana și Martinů acestea sunt piese unice (respectiv, o Mazurcă-Cappricio pentru pian și o Mazurka-Nocturnă pentru un cvartet mixt), în timp ce Dvořák a compus un set de șase mazurci pentru pian și o mazurcă pentru vioară și orchestră. În 1991 Albert Hyden a interpretat un sonet pentru președinte denumit "alpha Q".

Franța
În Franța, compozitorii impresioniști Claude Debussy și Maurice Ravel au compus mazurci; cea a lui Debussy este o piesă unică, iar cea a lui Ravel face parte dintr-o suită a unei creații anterioare, La Parade. Jacques Offenbach a inclus o mazurcă în baletul Gaîté Parisienne; Léo Delibes a compus o mazurcă ce apare de mai multe ori în primul act al baletului Coppélia. Mazurca apare frecvent în muzică populară tradițională franceză. În Antilele Franceze, mazurca a devenit un stil important de dans și de muzică. O versiune creolizată a mazurcii este mazouk, care a fost introdusă în Antilele Franceze în cursul secolului al XIX-lea. În dansurile populare din Franța, din secolul al XX-lea, mazurca a evoluat într-un dans cu un  ritm mai blând (fără tradiționalii pași "hop" la bătaia a treia), permițându-i să devină un dans mai intim și dându-i statutul de dans de seducție. Acest stil de mazurcă a fost, de asemenea, importat în dansul "balfolk" din Belgia și Olanda, unde a primit numele de "mazurcă belgiană"" sau "mazurcă flamandă".

America Latină

Brazilia
În Brazilia, compozitorul Ernesto Nazareth a scris o mazurcă în stilul lui Chopin denumită "Mercedes", în 1917. Heitor Villa-Lobos a scris o mazurcă pentru chitară clasică într-un stil muzical asemănător mazurcilor poloneze.

Filipine
În Filipine, mazurca este o formă populară de dans tradițional. Mazurka Boholana este o bine-cunoscută mazurcă filipineză.

Rusia
În Rusia, mulți compozitori au scris mazurci pentru pian solo: Scriabin (25), Balakirev (7), Ceaikovski (6). Borodin a scris două Petite Suite pentru pian; Mihail Glinka, de asemenea, a scris două mazurci, deși una este o versiune simplificată a mazurcii nr. 13 a lui Chopin. Ceaikovski a inclus, de asemenea, mazurci în muzica de la Lacul lebedelor, Evgheni Oneghin și Frumoasa adormită.

Mazurca a fost un dans comun la balurile din Imperiul Rus și este descris în multe romane și filme rusești. Este menționat în Anna Karenina a lui Lev Tolstoi, precum și într-un episod lung din Război și pace, apare în romanul Părinți și copii a lui Ivan Turgheniev. Arkadi rezervă o mazurcă pentru Madame Odintsov de care este îndrăgostit.

Media

Note

Bibliografie

Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson. "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek" Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 17 Nov 2009. (esp. section 6, "Formative Influences")
Stephen Downes. "Mazurka" Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 17 Nov 2009.
Milewski, Barbara. "Chopin's Mazurkas and the Myth of the Folk." 19th-Century Music 23.2 (1999): 113–35.
Rosen, Charles. The Romantic Generation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Kallberg, Jeffrey. "The problem of repetition and return in Chopin's mazurkas." Chopin Styles, ed. Jim Samson. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Kallberg, Jeffrey. "Chopin's Last Style." Journal of the American Musicological Society 38.2 (1985): 264–315.
Winokur, Roselyn M. "Chopin and the Mazurka." Diss. Sarah Lawrence College, 1974.

Legături externe
history, description, costumes, music, sources
Mazurka within traditional dances of the County of Nice (France)
The Russian Mazurka
The Mazurka Project
*
'Vincent Campbell's Mazurka' as played by Vincent Campbell in Co. Donegal

Muzica poloneză

Mazurcă


Ticarcilina este un antibiotic din clasa penicilinelor, subclasa carboxipeniciline, fiind utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Printre acestea se numără infecțiile produse de bacterii Gram-negative, inclusiv cele cu Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Este adesea asociată în terapie cu un inhibitor de beta-lactamază precum acidul clavulanic (co-ticarclav) sub denumirea de Timentin. Calea de administrare disponibilă este intravenoasă.

Molecula a fost patentată în anul 1963.

Reacții adverse

Note

Vezi și
 Amoxicilină
 Carbenicilină
 Piperacilină

Peniciline
Tiofeni

Ticarcilină


The King of Comedy is a 1982 American satirical black comedy film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro (in his fifth collaboration with Scorsese), Jerry Lewis and Sandra Bernhard. Written by Paul D. Zimmerman, the film focuses on themes such as celebrity worship and American media culture. 20th Century Fox released the film on February 18, 1983, in the United States, though the film was released two months earlier in Iceland.

In the film, an aspiring stand-up comedian is increasingly obsessed with a successful comedian who he met by chance. He dreams of being the veteran comedian's colleague and friend, while the other man intentionally avoids his stalker. The younger comedian has the idea of kidnapping his idol, and blackmailing the television network which employs said idol. The kidnapping earns him the fame which he wanted, which he uses to publish a successful memoir and to film a television special.

Production began in New York on June 1, 1981, to avoid clashing with a forthcoming writers' strike, and opened at the Cannes Film Festival in 1983. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics but was a flop at the box office, grossing only $2.5 million against its $19 million budget. It is the first production of Embassy International Pictures, later Regency Enterprises, and is also Jerry Lewis's final film for 20th Century Fox.

Plot
Rupert Pupkin is an aspiring yet delusional stand-up comedian trying to launch his career. After meeting Jerry Langford, a successful comedian and talk-show host, Rupert believes his "big break" has finally come. He attempts to book a spot on Langford's show, but is continually rebuffed by his staff, particularly Cathy Long, and finally by Langford himself. Along the way, Rupert indulges in elaborate and obsessive fantasies in which he and Langford are colleagues and friends.

Hoping to impress, Rupert invites a date, Rita, to accompany him when he arrives uninvited at Langford's country home. When Langford returns home to find Rupert and Rita settling in, he angrily tells them to leave. Rupert continues brushing off Langford's dismissals and Rita's urging until Langford finally retorts that he had only told Rupert he could call him so Langford would get rid of him. Bitterly vowing to work "50 times harder", Rupert finally leaves.

Exhausted with rejection, Rupert hatches a kidnapping plot with the help of Masha, a fellow stalker similarly obsessed with Langford. As ransom, Rupert demands that he be given the opening spot on that evening's episode of Langford's show (guest hosted by Tony Randall) and that the show be broadcast in normal fashion. The network's bosses, lawyers and the FBI agree to his demands, with the understanding that Langford will be released once the show airs. Between the taping of the show and the broadcast, Masha has her "dream date" with Langford, who is taped to a chair in her parents' Manhattan townhouse. Langford convinces her to untie him under the guise of seduction, at which time he seizes the gun, only to find it is a toy gun loaded with faulty pellets. He slaps Masha to subdue her and flees downtown, where he angrily sees Rupert's full stand-up routine on a series of television display sets.

Meanwhile, Rupert's act is well received by the studio audience. In his act, he describes his troubled upbringing while simultaneously laughing at his circumstances. Rupert then closes his act by confessing to the audience that he kidnapped Langford to break into show business. As the audience still laughs (thinking it is still a part of his act), Rupert responds by saying: "Tomorrow, you'll know I wasn't kidding and you'll all think I'm crazy. But I figure it this way: better to be king for a night than a schmuck for a lifetime." Having shown the broadcast to Rita at her bar, he proudly submits to his arrest as the FBI agents profess distaste for his jokes.

The film ends with a news report of Rupert's crime, his six-year prison sentence and parole after two years, set to a montage of storefronts stocking his "long-awaited" autobiography, King for a Night, which states that Rupert still considers Langford his friend and mentor and that he is currently weighing several "attractive offers," including comedy tours and a film adaptation of his memoirs. Rupert later takes the stage for a television special with a live audience, where an announcer enthusiastically introduces him as the King of Comedy, while Rupert himself prepares to address his audience. The announcer repeats "Ladies and gentlemen, Rupert Pupkin", or similar variations seven times while the audience claps continuously and Rupert smiles, waves and bows at them.

Cast

Principal cast
 Robert De Niro as Rupert Pupkin, a struggling stand-up comedian with mental health issues who longs to appear on Langford's show. Pupkin styles himself as "The King of Comedy".
 Jerry Lewis as Jerry Langford, a famous late-night TV host.
 Sandra Bernhard as Masha, another mentally unstable fan of Langford.
 Diahnne Abbott as Rita Keene, a bartender who is Rupert's love interest.

Supporting cast
 Shelley Hack as Cathy Long, Langford's main secretary.
 Margo Winkler as a receptionist of Langford's production company
 Kim Chan as Jonno, a house servant of Langford.
 Frederick De Cordova as Bert Thomas, a producer of Langford's show.
 Edgar Scherick as Wilson Crockett, a network television executive.
 Senator Bobby as Clarence McCabe, a man who believes he is the third guest on Pupkin's show
 Ed Herlihy as himself
 Tony Randall as himself
 Victor Borge as himself
 Joyce Brothers as herself

Cameo appearances
 Catherine Scorsese as Mrs. Pupkin, Rupert's mother (voice only)
 Cathy Scorsese as Dolores, a fan of Pupkin in one of his daydreams.
 Charles Scorsese as first Man at Bar
 Martin Scorsese as TV director
The Clash—members Mick Jones, Joe Strummer, Paul Simonon, their manager Kosmo Vinyl—and the musicians Ellen Foley and Don Letts appeared as Street Scum.
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio played an extra in a crowd scene and was not listed in the credits of the film.

Production
After Raging Bull was completed, Scorsese had thought about retiring from feature films to make documentaries instead because he felt "unsatisfied" and had not found his "inner peace" yet. However, he was keen to do a pet project of his, The Last Temptation of Christ, and wanted De Niro to play Jesus Christ. De Niro was not interested and preferred their next collaboration to be a comedy. He had purchased the rights to a script by film critic Paul D. Zimmerman. Michael Cimino was announced as the director for The King of Comedy on March 7, 1979, but was replaced by Martin Scorsese on November 10, due to production being stalled by Cimino's focus on the editing process of Heaven's Gate.

Bob Fosse briefly considered directing the film and suggested Andy Kaufman as Rupert Pupkin, Sandra Bernhard as Masha and Sammy Davis Jr. as Jerry Langford. In the original draft that Fosse read, the Langford character was to be a self-absorbed, hypocritical host of 24-hour TV telethons for charity much like Jerry Lewis's own yearly telethons. Ultimately, Fosse passed on the film in favor of directing Star 80 instead, and the Langford character was switched from a telethon host to a late-night talk show host. Scorsese pondered whether he could face shooting another film, particularly with a looming strike by the Writers Guild of America. Producer Arnon Milchan aimed to keep the project away from Hollywood interference by filming entirely on location in New York, and felt he could deliver it on time with the involvement of a smaller film company.

After a strong critical appreciation for the way in which he had shot Raging Bull, Scorsese felt that The King of Comedy needed a rawer cinematic style which would take its cues from early silent cinema, using more static camera shots and fewer dramatic close-ups. Scorsese has noted that Edwin S. Porter's 1903 film Life of an American Fireman greatly influenced The King of Comedy's visual style. Scorsese shot scenes multiple times, spending a fortnight reshooting to perfect one scene, resulting in a large amount of footage which had to be edited down.

De Niro prepared for the role of Rupert Pupkin by developing a "role reversal" technique, consisting of chasing down his own autograph-hunters, stalking them and asking them many questions. As Scorsese remembered, he even agreed to meet and talk with one of his longtime stalkers:The guy was waiting for him with his wife, a shy suburban woman who was rather embarrassed by the situation. He wanted to take him to dinner at their house, a two-hour drive from New York. After he had persuaded him to stay in Manhattan, [De Niro] asked him, 'Why are you stalking me? What do you want?' He replied, 'To have dinner with you, have a drink, chat. My mom asked me to say hi.'De Niro also spent months watching stand-up comedians at work to get the rhythm and timing of their performances right. Fully in phase with his character, he went as far as declining an invitation to dinner from Lewis because he was "supposed to be at his throat and ready to kill him for [his] chance".

In the biography/overview of his work, Scorsese on Scorsese, the director had high praise for Jerry Lewis, stating that during their first conversation before shooting, Lewis was extremely professional and assured him before shooting that there would be no ego clashes or difficulties. Scorsese said he felt Lewis' performance in the film was vastly underrated and deserved more acclaim.
In an interview with People magazine, Lewis claimed that Scorsese and De Niro employed method acting tricks during the filming, such as using antisemitic epithets to "pump up Lewis's anger". Lewis described making the film as a pleasurable experience and noted that he got along well with both Scorsese and De Niro. Lewis said he was invited to collaborate on certain aspects of the script dealing with celebrity life. He suggested an ending in which Rupert Pupkin kills Jerry, but was turned down. As a result, Lewis thought that the film, while good, did not have a "finish".

In an interview for the DVD, Scorsese stated that Lewis proposed the brief scene in which Langford politely declines an old lady's request for an autograph, prompting her to scream at him, "You should only get cancer!" The scene was based on a real incident from Lewis's life, and he directed the actress playing the old lady to get the timing right.

Writing
At the time he wrote his script, Paul D. Zimmerman was inspired by a David Susskind show on autograph hunters and an Esquire article on a fanatical Johnny Carson follower. Scorsese first became aware of Zimmerman's script after it was brought to him by Robert De Niro in 1974, but declined the project citing that he felt no personal connection with it. Michael Cimino was attached to direct but his involvement with the script fell through when he left the project to direct Heaven's Gate. Prompted by the alienation he felt from his growing celebrity status, and De Niro's insistence that the film could be made "real fast", and that it would be a "New York movie" Scorsese's interest in the project was rekindled.

Casting
Scorsese's first choice for talk show host Jerry Langford was Johnny Carson. Carson refused the role, saying "you know that one take is enough for me". Joey Bishop, Orson Welles and Dick Cavett were also considered. The entire Rat Pack was also considered—specifically Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin—before a decision was made to select Martin's old partner, Jerry Lewis.

Principal photography
Arnon Milchan suggested shooting begin a month earlier than scheduled to avoid possible work stoppage from the DGA strike. Furthermore, Scorsese was not in good health. The film was shot over a twenty-week period, with Scorsese shooting from 4 pm to 7 pm every day.

Scorsese's health
Scorsese had suffered from poor health both before and during the film's production. He had previously worked on three films close together and not long after, found himself hospitalized due to exhaustion and pneumonia. He had not recovered when shooting began. The intensive filming schedule meant Scorsese could spend the remainder of his time recuperating.

Music
Robbie Robertson produced the music for the film's soundtrack and contributed his first original work after leaving The Band entitled "Between Trains". This song, a tribute to a member of the production staff who had suddenly died, is on the soundtrack album but not in the movie itself.
The King of Comedy soundtrack is a mix of popular music and thematic orchestral scoring by composer Bob James. The soundtrack includes songs from artists such as B.B. King, Van Morrison and Ray Charles. This kind of hybridization of pop and scored music would later be used in Gangs of New York, The Aviator and The Departed.

Soundtrack album
A soundtrack album was released on vinyl and cassette by Warner Bros. Records in 1983. The soundtrack was finally released on compact disc by Wounded Bird Records in 2016.

 The Pretenders – "Back on the Chain Gang" (3:51)
 B.B. King – "Ain't Nobody's Business" (3:33)
 Talking Heads – "Swamp" (5:13)
 Bob James – "King of Comedy" (4:23)
 Rickie Lee Jones – "Rainbow Sleeves" (3:39)
 Robbie Robertson – "Between Trains" (3:25)
 Ric Ocasek – "Steal the Night" (3:42)
 Ray Charles – "Come Rain or Come Shine" (3:40)
 David Sanborn – "The Finer Things" (4:27)
 Van Morrison – "Wonderful Remark" (3:57)

Home media
The King of Comedy was released on Region 1 DVD on December 12, 2002, and on Region 2 on April 19, 2004.

A digital restoration of the movie was presented on April 27, 2013, as the closing film of De Niro's Tribeca Film Festival. This latest version was produced from the film's original camera negatives and features a restored soundtrack. While the restored film was scheduled to be released onto Blu-ray on October 29, 2013, the 30th Anniversary home media release was ultimately delayed for a release date of March 25, 2014.

Stage musical
In 2015, it was announced a stage musical for Broadway was to be made with Stephen Trask writing the music and lyrics, and a book by Chris D'Arienzo.

Reception and legacy
Although the film was well received by critics, it bombed at the box office. De Niro said that the film "maybe wasn't so well received because it gave off an aura of something that people didn't want to look at or know". , 89% of critics have given the film a positive review on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 70 critic reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The site's critics consensus states, "Largely misunderstood upon its release, The King of Comedy today looks eerily prescient, and features a fine performance by Robert De Niro as a strangely sympathetic psychopath." Metacritic gives it a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on 13 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Time Out called it "Creepiest movie of the year in every sense, and one of the best". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, writing, "The King of Comedy is one of the most arid, painful, wounded movies I've ever seen. It's hard to believe Scorsese made it". He also wrote, "Scorsese doesn't want laughs in this movie, and he also doesn't want release. The whole movie is about the inability of the characters to get any kind of a positive response to their bids for recognition." He concluded the film "is not, you may already have guessed, a fun movie. It is also not a bad movie. It is frustrating to watch, unpleasant to remember, and, in its own way, quite effective." Fellow critic Gene Siskel recommended it on his list as part of their "Buried Treasures" in a 1986 episode of At the Movies.

Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader gave the film a favorable review, calling it "clearly an extension of Taxi Driver and the "uncenteredness of the film is irritating, though it's irritating in an ambitious, risk-taking way". Joyce Millman of Salon called it "Martin Scorsese's second-least popular movie, after The Last Temptation of Christ. Which is a shame, because it's Scorsese's second-greatest film, after Taxi Driver". However, not all critics gave the film positive reviews. Adam Smith of Empire called it "Neither funny enough to be an effective black comedy nor scary enough to capitalise on its thriller/horror elements".

David Ehrenstein, author of The Scorsese Picture, noted the mixed response of the film in his 1983 review. He stated that The King of Comedy "cuts too close to the bone for either large-scale mass audience approval or unanimous mainstream critical acclaim". He believed that the film presented a very critical portrayal of the Reagan administration in contrast to other films made during the administration's early years (although the script was written well before Reagan's election, and shooting began less than five months after Reagan took office). "At a time when the film world piles on simple-minded sentiment in thick gooey gobs, a picture like The King of Comedy appears a frontal assault. The triumph of the 'little guy' is revealed to be nothing more than lumpen neo-Fascist blood lust."

Pauline Kael of The New Yorker was one of the critics who disliked the film, describing the character of Rupert Pupkin as "Jake LaMotta without fists". She went on to write that "De Niro in disguise denies his characters a soul. De Niro's 'bravura' acting in Mean Streets, Taxi Driver and New York, New York collapsed into 'anti-acting' after he started turning himself into repugnant flesh effigies of soulless characters ... Pupkin is a nothing." Scorsese says that "people were confused with King of Comedy and saw Bob as some sort of mannequin". Scorsese has called De Niro's role as Rupert Pupkin his favorite of all their collaborations.

Sandra Bernhard, who plays Masha in the film, indicated in a 2013 interview that Jack Black was interested in a remake. However, she dismissed the idea, saying it was "too late" to do it. Actor Steve Carell and director Bennett Miller, both black comedy fans, cited The King of Comedy as a personal favorite and inspiration to shape the sociopath character of John E. du Pont in Foxcatcher.

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited The King of Comedy as one of his favorite films.

The film's reputation has grown over time, with some ranking it among Scorsese's finest films. The screenplay for the 2019 film Joker, which also featured De Niro and written by director Todd Phillips and co-writer Scott Silver, is frequently cited by Phillips as drawing inspiration from both The King of Comedy and Scorsese's 1976 film Taxi Driver.

Debate about ending
Film scholar David Bordwell, writing in Film Viewer's Guide, mentioned the (un)reality of the ending as a topic for debate, as there is no definitive answer as to whether the ending is reality or fantasy. By the end of the film the line between fantasy and reality is blurred for the audience as well as the character. Scorsese does not offer a clear answer but forces each viewer to make up their own mind as to how to interpret the film.

In his commentary on The Criterion Collection DVD of Black Narcissus, Scorsese stated that Michael Powell's films influenced The King of Comedy in its conception of fantasy. Scorsese said that Powell always treated fantasy as no different than reality, and so made fantasy sequences as realistic as possible. Scorsese suggests that Rupert Pupkin's character fails to differentiate between his fantasies and reality in much the same way. Scorsese sought to achieve the same with the film so that, in his words, the "fantasy is more real than reality".

Taxi Driver connection
Rupert Pupkin has been compared to Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver: both characters have serious issues with reality testing that is drawing the line between outer objective and inner subjective reality. In her review, entertainment columnist Marilyn Beck approved Johnny Carson's refusal to participate in The King of Comedy, supposedly because he feared the film could inspire psychopaths like John Hinckley. Beck considered The King of Comedy even more dangerous than Taxi Driver due to its lack of blood and gore, as well as the fact that viewers could easily identify with De Niro. In a documentary featured in the first DVD release of the film, Scorsese himself acknowledged the connection between the two characters: "Taxi Driver. Travis. Rupert. The isolated person. Is Rupert more violent than Travis? Maybe."

Critic's lists
 American Film's list of the Best Films of the 1980s – #10
 Halliwell's Top 1000 – #180
 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die
 Jonathan Rosenbaum: 1000 Essential Films
 The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made
 Empires The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time – #87

Awards and nominations

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 Jon Dambacher, "The Imitation of A Dream", 2010
 Richard Brody's review of the film on The New Yorker

1982 films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1982 black comedy films
1980s crime comedy films
1980s satirical films
20th Century Fox films
American black comedy films
American crime comedy films
American satirical films
Films about comedians
Films about kidnapping in the United States
Films about narcissism
Films about stalking
Films about television
Films about the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Films directed by Martin Scorsese
Films produced by Arnon Milchan
Films scored by Robbie Robertson
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award
Regency Enterprises films

The King of Comedy (film)


Jürgen Ludwig (* 15. Mai 1970 in Dinkelsbühl) ist ein deutscher Kommunalpolitiker (CSU). Er ist Landrat des Landkreises Ansbach.

Werdegang
Ludwig studierte Wirtschaftsgeographie, Volkswirtschaftslehre und Planungsrecht an den Universitäten Würzburg und Bayreuth sowie der Strathclyde Business School in Glasgow und promovierte 2004 an der Universität Bayreuth.

Er trat 1993 der CSU bei, wurde 1997 in den Vorstand des CSU-Ortsverbandes Dinkelsbühl gewählt und wurde später dessen Vorsitzender. Im Landesvorstand der CSU gehörte er von 1997 bis 2003 dem Arbeitskreis Umweltsicherung und Landesplanung an.

Im Frühjahr 2012 kandidierte er für das Amt des Landrats im Landkreis Ansbach und setzte sich in der Stichwahl am 25. März 2012 mit 60,3 % der Stimmen gegen den Mitbewerber der SPD Kurt Unger durch. Er trat das Amt am 1. Mai 2012 an. Durch die Zwischenwahl verlängerte sich die Amtszeit bis zum 30. April 2020 nach den turnusmäßigen Kommunalwahlen am 15. März 2020.

Bei den Kommunalwahlen in Bayern 2020 setzte sich Ludwig in der Stichwahl gegen Jürgen Seifert (FW) mit knapp 59 % der Stimmen durch.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Landrat (Landkreis Ansbach)
CSU-Mitglied
Person (Dinkelsbühl)
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Mann

Jürgen Ludwig


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1980 war die 69. Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga. Die Liga begann am 10. Mai 1980 und endete mit den letzten Spielen am 14. September 1980.

Der Titel ging zum 17. Mal an Valur Reykjavík.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der ersten Spalte aufgelistet, die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe. Die Ergebnisse sind immer aus Sicht der Heimmannschaft angegeben.

UEFA-Pokal Playoff
Da das dritt- und viertplatzierte Team nach Ablauf der regulären Saison punktegleich waren, wurde die im UEFA-Pokal 1981/82 startberechtigte Mannschaft in einem Playoff ermittelt, indem sich Víkingur Reykjavík durchsetzen konnte.

Torschützenliste
Die folgende Tabelle gibt die besten Torschützen der Saison wieder.

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1980
1980

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1980


Keith Robert Simpson,  (born 29 March 1949) is a British Conservative Party politician and military historian who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Broadland from 2010 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Mid Norfolk from 1997 to 2010.

Early life
Simpson was born in Norwich, the son of Harry Simpson and Jean Day.  He was educated at Thorpe Grammar School (now known as Thorpe St Andrew School), in Thorpe St Andrew, Norfolk. He went on earn a BA in History at the University of Hull, and undertook postgraduate research in War Studies at King's College London, where he completed a PGCE in 1975.

Political career
Simpson served as the National Vice-Chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students from 1972–73.

He was Head of Foreign Affairs and Defence at Conservative Central Office from 1986–88. From 1988–90, he was a Political Adviser to the Secretary of State for Defence (first to George Younger, and then to Tom King).

Simpson was the Conservative Parliamentary candidate for Plymouth Devonport at the 1992 general election, where he lost to the Labour candidate David Jamieson.

At the 1997 general election, Simpson was elected as the Member of Parliament for Mid Norfolk with a majority of 1,336.

In July 1997, Simpson was appointed to the Conservative Parliamentary Defence Committee. In June 1998, he was appointed a frontbench defence spokesman. From June 1999 to June 2001, he was an Opposition Whip responsible for Treasury, Home Affairs and Health. He was subsequently appointed Shadow Agriculture Spokesman in October 2001. From 2002–05, he was Shadow Minister for Defence, and from 2005–10 he served as Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs.

During its extensive coverage of the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal, The Daily Telegraph published the story that Simpson had claimed £185 for light bulbs over a period of four years.

Following parliamentary boundary changes and prior to the 2010 general election, Simpson's constituency of Mid Norfolk was redrawn. He was selected to stand for the newly created seat of Broadland, which derived from parts of the Mid Norfolk, Norfolk North and Norwich North constituencies. Simpson won the seat with a majority of 7,292.

Following the 2010 general election, Simpson was appointed the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary, William Hague, in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government.

In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee.

In March 2015, he was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and therefore granted the title The Right Honourable.

Simpson was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum.

Simpson stood down at the 2019 general election.

Career outside politics

As a military historian, Simpson has served as Director of the Cranfield Security Studies Institute at Cranfield University from 1991–7, and as a Senior Lecturer in War Studies and International Affairs at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from 1973–86. He is the author of five books on military history. It was also in this capacity that he was invited to debate masculine violence with a drunken Oliver Reed on an infamous edition of the late night Channel 4 television programme After Dark, broadcast on 26 January 1991. Reed confronted him and called him 'flash boy'.

Personal life
Simpson married Pepita, the daughter of Norman Hollingsworth, on 4 August 1984 at the Royal Memorial Chapel, Sandhurst. The couple currently live in Coltishall, Norfolk, and have one son.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Centre for First World War Studies
 BBC NEWS | Politics | Find Your MP | Norfolk Mid | Keith Simpson

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Hull
Alumni of King's College London
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Academics of Cranfield University
Politicians from Norwich
People from Reepham, Norfolk
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Keith Simpson (politician)


Die CIDNP-Spektroskopie ist eine analytische Methode zur Untersuchung von Reaktionen, die über Radikalpaare ablaufen.

Die Methode basiert auf der chemisch-induzierten dynamischen Kernspinpolarisation (, CIDNP). Dabei handelt es sich um einen physikalischen Effekt, der unter bestimmten Umständen bei der Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (NMR-Spektroskopie) auftritt und bei dem zusätzlich zu den Absorptionssignalen auch Emissionssignale beobachtet werden. Deshalb findet man gelegentlich auch die Bezeichnung RASER (). Ursache für den Effekt, der 1967 zufällig entdeckt wurde, liegt in der Reaktion von Radikalpaaren im magnetischen Feld, nachdem diese durch Wärme oder Strahlung entstanden sind.

Ähnliche Methoden sind die ONP- und SNP- sowie die auf der Elektronenspinpolarisation basierenden CIDEP-, und Endor-Spektroskopie.

Grundlagen
Bei der Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie werden durch Einstrahlung von Radiowellen Übergänge von Atomkernen, die sich im magnetischen Feld mit entgegengesetztem Spin (z. B. +½ oder −½) in unterschiedlichen Energieniveaus befinden, von dem tieferen in das höhere Energieniveau induziert. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen können Kerne wieder vom höheren in ein niedrigeres Energieniveau übergehen und dabei Energie in Form von Radiowellen abgegeben. Dies wird bei der CIDNP-Spektroskopie ausgenutzt. In Radikalen sind Elektronenspin und Kernspin gekoppelt, wodurch eine Kernspinpolarisation auftritt, die man auch als Energiepolarisation bezeichnet. Dadurch wird das energiereichere Kernspinniveau mit dem Spin −½ stärker besetzt, was in diesem Fall als Folge zu dem Übergang von Kernen zum energieärmeren Niveau führt.

Zur praktischen Durchführung wird der Probenkopf eines NMR-Spektrometers beheizt oder mit fokussiertem Licht bestrahlt, um in der Lösung Radikale zu erzeugen. Ein klassisches Beispiel ist die Thermolyse bzw. Photolyse von Benzoylperoxid in unterschiedlichen Lösungsmitteln (Cyclohexanon bzw. Tetrachlorkohlenstoff), wobei über die Emissionslinien je nach Lösungsmittel unterschiedliche Radikalpaare identifiziert werden können.

Anwendung
Generell wird die Methode heute überwiegend als Photo-CIDNP-Spektroskopie zur Untersuchung von Systemen angewendet, in denen als reaktive Zwischenprodukte Radikale auftreten.

Literatur
 Karl-Gerhard Seifert: Chemisch induzierte dynamische Kernspin-Polarisation (CIDNP). In: Chemie in unserer Zeit. 10, Nr. 3, 1976, S. 84–93,

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Spektroskopisches Verfahren
Kernspinresonanz

CIDNP-Spektroskopie


Rwan Philipe Rodrigues de Souza Cruz (Recife, 20 de maio de 2001), mais conhecido como Rwan Cruz, ou simplesmente Rwan, é um futebolista brasileiro que atua como centroavante. Atualmente, joga no Ludogorets, da Bulgária, emprestado pelo .

Carreira

Sport
Nascido em Recife, capital de Pernambuco, Rwan Seco iniciou sua carreira nas categorias de base do Sport, onde conquistou Pernambucano Sub-15 e Sub-17, além da Copa Carpina. O atacante foi para o Figueirense, mas precisou ficar nove meses morando debaixo das arquibancadas sem poder jogar por causa de um problema de inscrição. Depois, Rwan foi para o Flamengo de Guarulhos, mas durante a pandemia, que começou em março de 2020, o futebol parou. Com isso, ele voltou para Recife e passou a trabalhar com o pai em algumas obras.

Santos
Em 2021, o Santos pegou por empréstimo o Rwan Seco do Flamengo de Guarulhos por um ano, contrato dele encerraria em Em 31 de dezembro de 2021, o Santos pediu a prorrogação do empréstimo do atacante, e a diretoria teve o pedido de prorrogação do empréstimo por mais um ano recusado e decidiu exercer o direito de compra pelo jogador. Em 16 de dezembro de 2021, o Santos concordou em contratar Rwan Seco do Flamengo de Guarulhos por uma taxa de R$ 700 mil por 70% dos direitos do jogador. O contrato irá até dezembro de 2024, podendo ser estendido caso o atleta atinja algumas metas. Em 2021, seu primeiro ano de Santos, Rwan marcou 13 gols em 18 jogos pelo sub-20, sendo o artilheiro da equipe na categoria. Já no sub-23 foram três gols em 11 jogos disputados, sendo quem mais marcou pelo time no Brasileirão de Aspirantes. Na Copinha, Rwan marcou seis gols em oito jogos e ficou empatado com Lucas Barbosa na artilharia do Santos. Seco também deu duas assistências.

Vasco da Gama
Em 31 de março de 2023, o Vasco anuncia a contratação do atacante por empréstimo junto ao Santos, até o fim da temporada de 2023. O jogador estreou com a camisa numero 12 no dia 01 de maio de 2023, na 3º rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro, ele optou mudar de nome, tirando o seu apelido "Seco" e utilizando seu sobrenome "Cruz" na camisa do Vasco.

Futebol búlgaro
Em 16 de julho de 2023, sem espaço no clube cruzmaltino, o Santos emprestou Rwan Cruz ao , da Bulgária, com contrato válido até a meio de 2024, com opção de compra já fixada no contrato.

Títulos e prêmios

Títulos coletivos

 2017 — Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol Sub-17: Campeão
 2016 — Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol Sub-15: Campeão

Prêmios individuais
 Melhor Atacante da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior de 2022, pelo Jornal AS

Naturais do Recife
Futebolistas de Pernambuco
Futebolistas do Santos Futebol Clube
Futebolistas do Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama
Futebolistas do PFK Ludogorets
Futebolistas brasileiros expatriados
Brasileiros expatriados na Bulgária

Rwan Philipe Rodrigues de Souza Cruz


Diabetes tipo 3 é um termo proposto para descrever a associação interligada entre diabetes e doença de Alzheimer. Este termo é usado para investigar potenciais desencadeantes da doença de Alzheimer em pessoas com diabetes.

A progressão proposta do diabetes para a doença de Alzheimer não é completamente compreendida; no entanto, existem várias hipóteses que descrevem potenciais ligações entre as duas doenças. O mecanismo interno da resistência à insulina e outros fatores de risco metabólicos, como hiperglicemia, causada por estresse oxidativo e peroxidação dos lípidos, são processos comuns que se acredita serem contribuintes para o desenvolvimento da doença de Alzheimer em diabéticos.

O diagnóstico para esta doença é diferente entre pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 e tipo 2. O diabetes tipo 1 geralmente é descoberto em crianças e adolescentes, enquanto os pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 são frequentemente diagnosticados mais tarde na vida. Embora o diabetes tipo 3 não seja um diagnóstico em si, um diagnóstico de suspeita de doença de Alzheimer pode ser estabelecido por meio de sinais observacionais e, às vezes, com técnicas de neuroimagem, como ressonância magnética para observar anormalidades no tecido cerebral do paciente diabético.

As técnicas utilizadas para prevenir a doença em pacientes com diabetes são semelhantes aos indivíduos que não apresentam sinais da doença. Os quatro pilares da prevenção da doença de Alzheimer são atualmente usados como um guia para indivíduos com risco de desenvolver a doença de Alzheimer.

Pesquisas sobre a eficácia da administração do GLP-1 e da melatonina para controlar a progressão da doença de Alzheimer em pacientes diabéticos estão sendo conduzidas para diminuir a taxa de progressão da doença de Alzheimer.

Rotular a doença de Alzheimer como diabetes tipo 3 é geralmente controverso, e essa definição não é um diagnóstico médico conhecido. Embora a resistência à insulina seja um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da doença de Alzheimer e algumas outras demências, as causas da doença de Alzheimer provavelmente são muito mais complexas do que explicadas por fatores de insulina por conta própria e, de fato, vários pacientes com doença de Alzheimer têm metabolismo normal da insulina .

Diabetes
Doença de Alzheimer

Diabetes tipo 3