Papilio is a genus in the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae, as well as the only representative of the tribe Papilionini. The word papilio is Latin for butterfly.

It includes the common yellow swallowtail (Papilio machaon), which is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and the type species of the genus, as well as a number of other well-known North American species such as the western tiger swallowtail (Papilio rutulus). Familiar species elsewhere in the world include the Mormons (Papilio polytes, Papilio polymnestor, Papilio memnon, and Papilio deiphobus) in Asia, the orchard and Ulysses swallowtails in Australia (Papilio aegeus, Papilio ulysses, respectively) and the citrus swallowtail of Africa (Papilio demodocus).

Older classifications of the swallowtails tended to use many rather small genera. More recent classifications have been more conservative, and as a result a number of former genera are now absorbed within Papilio, such as Achillides, Eleppone, Druryia, Heraclides (giant swallowtails), Menelaides, Princeps, Pterourus (tiger swallowtails), and Sinoprinceps. The genus as recognized by modern systems has about 200 members. The genus Chilasa is regarded as a subgenus of Papilio by some workers, as are the baggy-tailed swallowtails (Agehana), although the latter taxon is usually considered a subgenus of Chilasa.

Many of the larvae resemble bird droppings during a development stage. Adults are edible to birds and some species are mimics.

Ecology
In their larval form, members of Papilio typically feed upon plants of Rutaceae including common ornamental and agriculturally important species such as Citrus species, Murraya species, Choisya species and Calodendrum species. Caterpillars sequester terpenoids from their diet to produce a foul smelling oil used in defence.

Species
Listed alphabetically within groups.
subgenus: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
species group: machaon

 Papilio alexanor Esper, 1800 – southern swallowtail
 Papilio brevicauda Saunders, 1869 – short-tailed swallowtail
 Papilio hospiton Géné, 1839 – Corsican swallowtail
 Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866 – Indra swallowtail, short-tailed black swallowtail, or cliff swallowtail
 Papilio joanae J. Heitzman, 1973 – Ozark swallowtail
 Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 – Old World swallowtail, common yellow swallowtail, or artemisia swallowtail
 Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 – black swallowtail, eastern black swallowtail, American swallowtail, or parsnip swallowtail
 Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 – Sahara swallowtail
 Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852 – anise swallowtail or western swallowtail

subgenus: Princeps Hübner, [1807]
species group: antimachus
 Papilio antimachus Drury, 1782 – Antimachus swallowtail or giant African swallowtail

species group: zalmoxis
 Papilio zalmoxis Hewitson, 1864 – giant blue swallowtail

species group: nireus

 Papilio aristophontes Oberthür, 1897
 Papilio charopus Westwood, 1843 – tailed green-banded swallowtail
 Papilio chrapkowskii Suffert, 1904 – broad green-banded swallowtail or Chrapkowski's green-banded swallowtail
 Papilio chrapkowskoides Storace, 1952 – broadly green-banded swallowtail
 Papilio desmondi van Someren, 1939 – Desmond's green-banded swallowtail
 Papilio hornimani Distant, 1879 – Horniman's green-banded swallowtail or Horniman's swallowtail
 Papilio interjectana Vane-Wright, 1995 – Van Someren's green-banded swallowtail
 Papilio nireus Linnaeus, 1758 – green-banded swallowtail, narrow-banded green swallowtail, or African blue-banded swallowtail
 Papilio sosia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 – medium green-banded swallowtail
 Papilio thuraui Karsch, 1900
 Papilio ufipa Carcasson, 1961
 Papilio wilsoni Rothschild, 1926

species group: cynorta
 Papilio arnoldiana Vane-Wright, 1995
 Papilio cynorta Fabricius, 1793 – mimetic swallowtail
 Papilio plagiatus Aurivillius, 1898 – mountain mimetic swallowtail

species group: dardanus

 Papilio constantinus Ward, 1871 – Constantine's swallowtail
 Papilio dardanus Brown, 1776 – mocker swallowtail, flying handkerchief, or African swallowtail
 Papilio delalandei Godart, [1824]
 Papilio phorcas Cramer, [1775] – apple-green swallowtail or green banded swallowtail
 Papilio rex Oberthür, 1886 – regal swallowtail

species group: zenobia
 Papilio cyproeofila Butler, 1868 – common white-banded swallowtail
 Papilio fernandus Fruhstorfer, 1903
 Papilio filaprae Suffert, 1904
 Papilio gallienus Distant, 1879 – narrow-banded swallowtail
 Papilio mechowi Dewitz, 1881
 Papilio mechowianus Dewitz, 1885
 Papilio nobicea Suffert, 1904 – Volta swallowtail
 Papilio zenobia Fabricius, 1775 – Zenobia swallowtail

species group: demodocus

 Papilio demodocus Esper, 1799 – citrus swallowtail, citrus butterfly, orange dog, or Christmas butterfly
 Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 – (common) lime swallowtail or lime butterfly
 Papilio erithonioides Grose-Smith, 1891
 Papilio grosesmithi Rothschild, 1926
 Papilio morondavana Grose-Smith, 1891 – Madagascan emperor

species group: echerioides
 Papilio echerioides Trimen, 1868 – white-banded swallowtail
 Papilio fuelleborni Karsch, 1900
 Papilio jacksoni Sharpe, 1891 – Jackson's swallowtail
 Papilio sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1908 – Kilimanjaro swallowtail

species group: oribazus

 Papilio epiphorbas Boisduval, 1833
 Papilio nobilis Rogenhofer, 1891 – noble swallowtail
 Papilio oribazus Boisduval, 1836

species group: hesperus
 Papilio euphranor Trimen, 1868 – forest swallowtail or bush kite
 Papilio hesperus Westwood, 1843 – emperor swallowtail
 Papilio horribilis Butler, 1874
 Papilio pelodurus Butler, 1896

species group: menestheus

 Papilio lormieri Distant, 1874 – central emperor swallowtail
 Papilio menestheus Drury, 1773 – western emperor swallowtail
 Papilio ophidicephalus Oberthür, 1878 – emperor swallowtail

species group: incertae sedis

 Papilio andronicus Ward, 1871
 Papilio chitondensis Bivar de Sousa & Fernandes, 1966
 Papilio leucotaenia Rothschild, 1908 – cream-banded swallowtail
 Papilio luzviae Schröder & Treadaway, 1991
 Papilio mackinnoni Sharpe, 1891 – MacKinnon's swallowtail
 Papilio mangoura Hewitson, 1875 – Mangoura swallowtail
 Papilio manlius Fabricius, 1798
 Papilio microps Storace, 1951
 Papilio nobicea Berger, 1974
 Papilio phorbanta Linnaeus, 1771 – papillon la pature

species group: noblei
 Papilio antonio Hewitson, [1875]
 Papilio noblei de Nicéville, [1889]

species group: demolion
 Papilio demolion Cramer, [1776] – banded swallowtail
 Papilio euchenor Guérin-Méneville, 1829
 Papilio gigon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864
 Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875] – Malabar banded swallowtail

species group: anactus
Papilio anactus MacLeay, [1826] – dingy swallowtail
Papilio natewa  – Natewa swallowtail

species group: aegeus
 Papilio aegeus Donovan, 1805 – orchard swallowtail
 Papilio bridgei Mathew, 1886
 Papilio erskinei Mathew, 1886
 Papilio gambrisius Cramer, [1777]
 Papilio inopinatus Butler, 1883
 Papilio ptolychus Godman & Salvin, 1888
 Papilio tydeus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860
 Papilio weymeri Niepelt, 1914
 Papilio woodfordi Godman & Salvin, 1888 – Woodford's swallowtail

species group: godeffroyi
 Papilio amynthor Boisduval, 1859 – Norfolk swallowtail
 Papilio godeffroyi Semper, 1866 – Godeffroy's swallowtail
 Papilio schmeltzi Herrich-Schäffer, 1869

species group: polytes

 Papilio ambrax Boisduval, 1832 – Ambrax butterfly
 Papilio phestus Guérin-Méneville, 1830
 Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 – common Mormon

species group: castor
 Papilio castor Westwood, 1842 – common raven
 Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 – Malabar raven
 Papilio mahadeva Moore, [1879] – Burmese raven

species group: fuscus
 Papilio albinus Wallace, 1865
 Papilio diophantus Grose-Smith, 1883
 Papilio fuscus Goeze, 1779 – Canopus butterfly
 Papilio hipponous C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
 Papilio jordani Fruhstorfer, 1906 – Jordan's swallowtail
 Papilio pitmani Elwes & de Nicéville, [1887]
 Papilio prexaspes C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 – Andaman Helen
 Papilio sakontala Hewitson, 1864

species group: helenus
 Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 – red Helen
 Papilio iswara White, 1842 – great Helen
 Papilio iswaroides Fruhstorfer, 1898
 Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836 – yellow Helen
 Papilio nubilus Staudinger, 1895
 Papilio sataspes C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

species group: memnon

 Papilio acheron Grose-Smith, 1887 – Acheron swallowtail
 Papilio ascalaphus Boisduval, 1836 – Ascalaphus swallowtail
 Papilio deiphobus Linnaeus, 1758
 Papilio forbesi Grose-Smith, 1883
 Papilio lampsacus Boisduval, 1836
 Papilio lowi H. Druce, 1873 – Asian swallowtail or great yellow Mormon
 Papilio mayo Atkinson, 1873 – Andaman Mormon
 Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758 – great Mormon
 Papilio oenomaus Godart, 1819
 Papilio polymnestor Cramer, [1775] – blue Mormon
 Papilio rumanzovia Eschscholtz, 1821 – scarlet Mormon or red Mormon

species group: protenor
 Papilio alcmenor C. Felder & R. Felder, [1864] – redbreast
 Papilio macilentus Janson, 1877
 Papilio protenor – spangle
 Papilio taiwanus Rothschild, 1898 – Formosan swallowtail

species group: bootes
 Papilio bootes Westwood, 1842 – tailed redbreast
 Papilio elwesi Leech, 1889
 Papilio maraho Shiraki & Sonan, 1934

subgenus: Chilasa Moore, [1881]
species group: agestor
 Papilio agestor Gray, 1831 – tawny mime
 Papilio epycides Hewitson, [1864] – lesser mime
 Papilio slateri Hewitson, 1853 – blue-striped mime

species group: clytia
 Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758 – common mime
 Papilio paradoxa (Zincken, 1831) – great mime

species group: veiovis
 Papilio veiovis Hewitson, [1865]

species group: laglaizei
 Papilio laglaizei Depuiset, 1877
 Papilio moerneri Aurivillius, 1919
 Papilio toboroi Ribbe, 1907

species group: unnamed
 Papilio carolinensis Jumalon, 1967
 Papilio osmana Jumalon, 1967

subgenus: Achillides Hübner, [1819]
species group: paris
 Papilio arcturus Westwood, 1842 – blue peacock
 Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777] – Chinese peacock
 Papilio chikae Igarashi, 1965 – Luzon peacock swallowtail
 Papilio dialis Leech, 1893 – southern Chinese peacock
 Papilio doddsi Janet, 1896
 Papilio elephenor Doubleday, 1845 – yellow-crested spangle
 Papilio hoppo Matsumura, 1908
 Papilio karna C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864
 Papilio krishna Moore, 1857 – Krishna peacock
 Papilio longimacula Z.G. Wang & Y. Niu, 2002
 Papilio maackii Ménétriés, 1859 – alpine black swallowtail
 Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758 – Paris peacock
 Papilio polyctor Boisduval, 1836 – common peacock

species group: palinurus
 Papilio blumei Boisduval, 1836 – peacock or green swallowtail
 Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872 – Malabar banded peacock
 Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793 – common banded peacock
 Papilio palinurus Fabricius, 1787 – emerald swallowtail

species group: unnamed
 Papilio lorquinianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
 Papilio neumoegeni Honrath, 1890
 Papilio peranthus Fabricius, 1787
 Papilio pericles Wallace, 1865

species group: ulysses
 Papilio montrouzieri Boisduval, 1859
 Papilio syfanius Oberthür, 1886
 Papilio ulysses Linnaeus, 1758 – Ulysses, mountain blue, blue emperor, or blue mountain swallowtail

subgenus: Heraclides Hübner, [1819]
species group: anchisiades

 Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788 – ruby-spotted swallowtail or red-spotted swallowtail
 Papilio chiansiades Westwood, 1872
 Papilio epenetus Hewitson, 1861
 Papilio erostratus Westwood, 1847 – Erostratus swallowtail
 Papilio hyppason Cramer, 1775
 Papilio isidorus Doubleday, 1846
 Papilio oxynius (Geyer, [1827])
 Papilio pelaus Fabricius, 1775
 Papilio rogeri Boisduval, 1836

species group: thoas

 Papilio andraemon (Hübner, [1823]) – Bahaman swallowtail
 Papilio androgeus Cramer, [1775] – Androgeus swallowtail, queen page, or queen swallowtail
 Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794 – Schaus' swallowtail or island swallowtail
 Papilio aristor Godart, 1819 – scarce Haitian swallowtail
 Papilio astyalus Godart, 1819 – broad-banded swallowtail or Astyalus swallowtail
 Papilio caiguanabus Poey, [1852] – Poey's black swallowtail
 Papilio cresphontes Cramer, [1777] – giant swallowtail
 Papilio homothoas Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
 Papilio machaonides Esper, 1796
 Papilio melonius Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
 Papilio ornythion Boisduval, 1836 – Ornythion swallowtail
 Papilio paeon Boisduval, 1836
 Papilio rumiko (Shiraiwa & Grishin, 2014)
 Papilio thersites Fabricius, 1775 – Thersites swallowtail or false Androgeus swallowtail
 Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771 – Thoas swallowtail or king swallowtail

species group: torquatus
 Papilio garleppi Staudinger, 1892 – Garlepp's swallowtail
 Papilio hectorides Esper, 1794
 Papilio himeros Hopffer, 1865 – Himeros swallowtail
 Papilio lamarchei Staudinger, 1892
 Papilio torquatus Cramer, 1777 – Torquatus swallowtail

species group: unnamed
 Papilio okinawensis Fruhstorfer, 1898

subgenus: Pterourus Scopoli, 1777
species group: troilus

 Papilio palamedes Drury, [1773] – Palamedes swallowtail or laurel swallowtail
 Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758 – spicebush swallowtail

species group: glaucus

 Papilio alexiares Höpffer, 1866 – Mexican tiger swallowtail
 Papilio appalachiensis (Pavulaan & Wright, 2002) – Appalachian tiger swallowtail
 Papilio canadensis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906 – Canadian tiger swallowtail
 Papilio esperanza Beutelspacher, 1975 – Esperanza swallowtail
 Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852 – pale swallowtail or pallid tiger swallowtail
 Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 – eastern tiger swallowtail
 Papilio multicaudata Kirby, 1884 – two-tailed swallowtail
 Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, 1836 – three-tailed tiger swallowtail
 Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852 – western tiger swallowtail

species group: zagreus
 Papilio bachus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
 Papilio neyi Niepelt, 1909
 Papilio zagreus Doubleday, 1847

species group: scamander
 Papilio birchallii Hewitson, 1863
 Papilio hellanichus Hewitson, 1868
 Papilio scamander Boisduval, 1836
 Papilio xanthopleura Godman & Salvin, 1868

species group: homerus
 Papilio cacicus Lucas, 1852
 Papilio euterpinus Salvin & Godman, 1868
 Papilio garamas (Geyer, [1829])
 Papilio homerus Fabricius, 1793 – Homerus swallowtail
 Papilio judicael Oberthür, 1888 (tentatively placed here, may be hybrid)
 Papilio menatius (Hübner, [1819])
 Papilio warscewiczii Hopffer, 1865

subgenus: Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983
 Papilio benguetanus Joicey & Talbot, 1923

species group: xuthus Hancock, 1983
 Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767 – Asian, Xuthus, or Chinese yellow swallowtail

Former species
Many species originally described in the genus Papilio have now been reclassified. For a list of selected former species see List of former species in the genus Papilio.

References

External links

 Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility —P
 "Genus Papilio". Insecta.pro.
 GART checklist

Butterfly genera
Papilionidae
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Papilio


La  édition du Grand Prix de Denain a lieu le . Elle fait partie du calendrier UCI ProSeries 2022 (deuxième niveau mondial) en catégorie 1.Pro et constitue l'une des manches de la Coupe de France de cyclisme sur route 2022. Le vainqueur en est l'Allemand Maximilian Walscheid.

Présentation

Parcours
Le parcours compte 200,3 km constitués de quatre boucles avec un total de 20,8 km de secteurs pavés répartis en 12 secteurs. La boucle n°1 couvre 39,6 km, la boucle n°2 est la plus longue avec 60 km alors que les boucles 3 et 4 sont identiques et comptabilisent 50,3 km avec les 12 secteurs pavés.

Équipes
Vingt équipes participent à ce Grand Prix de Denain : huit WorldTeams, huit équipes continentales professionnelles et quatre équipes continentales.

Récit de la course
Cinq hommes partent à l'attaque dans le long secteur pavé de  à une trentaine de kilomètres de l'arrivée. Ces coureurs sont les coéquipiers de la formation Ineos-Grenadiers Jhonatan Narvaez, Ben Turner et Magnus Sheffield ainsi que Primož Roglič (Jumbo Visma) et Damien Touzé (AG2R-Citroën). Mais ils sont repris à moins d'1,5 km du terme. Le peloton se dispute la victoire. Max Walscheid (Cofidis) remporte le sprint devant Dries De Bondt (Alpecin Fenix).

Classement final

Classement général

Classement UCI
La course attribue des points au classement mondial UCI 2022 selon le barème suivant :

Liste des participants

Références

Liens externes

 Site officiel

2022
Cyclisme en France en 2022
Cyclisme sur route en 2022
Cyclisme en mars 2022
Sport en France en mars 2022

Grand Prix de Denain 2022


Osmar Aparecido de Azevedo (født 23. juli 1980) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Osmar Aparecido de Azevedo


La estación de Jabárovsk-1 (en ruso: Станция Хабаровск-1) es la principal estación de ferrocarril de pasajeros de Jabárovsk, en el Lejano Oriente de Rusia. La estación es la penúltima parada del Transiberiano. En la ciudad también se encuentra la estación Jabárovsk-2, destinada al transporte ferroviario de carga.

Historia
El primer edificio de la estación fue construido el 1 de noviembre de 1897. Representaba un típico edificio de madera de un piso con un área de aproximadamente cien metros cuadrados. En diciembre de 1921, se quemó como resultado de la evacuación de pánico de Jabárovsk de partes del Ejército Revolucionario Popular de la República del Lejano Oriente. En noviembre de 1926 se construyó un nuevo edificio de piedra de un piso en la arquitectura del Renacimiento ruso, y todo el complejo de la estación se completó en 1935.

La construcción del nuevo edificio en el proyecto prerrevolucionario fue un caso excepcional en la historia de la arquitectura del período soviético. La sala de la estación para el servicio de pasajeros era insuficiente. El edificio fue diseñado para alojar a 700 pasajeros por día, pero a veces más de 1500 personas usaban esta estación al día. El acercamiento a los trenes se realizó directamente a través de las vías, lo que, al mismo tiempo que detuvo varios trenes, creó inconvenientes. El proyecto para la reconstrucción de la estación se envió al Ministerio de Ferrocarriles en 1956, pero este problema no se implementó.

En 1963, comenzó la reconstrucción de la estación, completada en 1966. El edificio de la estación principal se construyó con hormigón armado de dos pisos en un estilo funcionalita. Se construyó un paso para peatones subterráneo para ir a las plataformas. En marzo de 2000, se inició la reconstrucción del edificio, que se completó en 2007: el edificio de dos pisos se convirtió en un edificio de tres pisos. Como resultado de la reconstrucción, el edificio adquirió un nuevo aspecto arquitectónico, al estilo de la modernidad rusa. La reconstrucción del complejo de la estación costó más de 670 millones de rublos. Diez mil personas pueden usar una nueva estación y casi tres millones de pasajeros al año.

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Jabarovsk
Jabarovsk
Edificios y estructuras de Jabárovsk
Transporte de Jabárovsk
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XIX
Rusia en 1897
Arquitectura neorrusa

Estación de Jabárovsk-1


Kona or KONA may refer to:

People
Kona (surname)
Dilshad Nahar Kona, Bangladeshi singer also known as Kona

Fictional characters
 Kona, Monarch of Monster Isle, a 1960s comic book character

Places
 Kona District, Hawaii, USA; on the western coast of the island of Hawaii. Kona means "Leeward" in Hawaiian. In Ancient Hawaii each island had a "Kona" district.
 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA; sometimes called Kona Town
 Kona, Kentucky, USA
 Kona, North Carolina, USA

 Kona Department, a department in Mouhoun Province, Burkina Faso
 Kona, Ashanti, a small town in the Sekyere South District, Ghana
 Alternative spelling of Konah, a town in Guinea
Kona, a city of Howrah district in West Bengal, India

 Colossae or Kona, an ancient city of Phrygia

Facilities and structures
 Kona International Airport in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA
 Winona Municipal Airport (ICAO airport code KONA), Minnesota, USA

Broadcast callsigns
 KONA (AM), a radio station in Kennewick, Washington
 KONA-FM, a radio station in Kennewick, Washington
 KONA-LP, a low-power radio station (100.5 FM) licensed to serve Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, United States

Arts and entertainment
 Kona (TV series), a Kenyan telenovela that premiered in 2013
 Kona (video game), a video game developed by Parabole

Music
 Kona (lit. woman in Icelandic) a 1985 solo album by Icelandic singer Bubbi
 "Kona", 2018 single from the album Limpopo Champions League by South African musician Sho Madjozi

Groups, organizations, companies
 Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA), German Signal intelligence regiment (abbr. KONA), during World War II
 Kona Brewing Company
 Kona Grill, a restaurant chain based in Scottsdale, Arizona
 Kona Bicycle Company

Brands, products
 An open-source implementation of the K programming language
 Kyocera Kona, a flip phone manufactured by Kyocera
 Hyundai Kona, a crossover SUV automotive vehicle

Other
 Kona coffee, a product of the Kona District in Hawaii
 Kona storm, a weather event in Hawaii

See also

 Cona (disambiguation)
 Ironman World Championship, a triathlon held in the Kona District of Hawaii
 Kona Town, an album by the band Pepper
 Konna, a town in Mali

Kona


The Journal of Applied Polymer Science es una revista científica revisada por pares que publica artículos de investigación en todas las áreas de la ciencia de los polímeros. Según el Journal Citation Reports, el factor de impacto de esta revista era 1.187 en 2008 y 1.203 en 2009.

Actualmente el equipo editorial está dirigido por Stefano Tonzani.

Los temas más frecuentes cubiertos por la revista incluyen los plásticos y sus compuestos, mezclas, elastómeros, películas y membranas, fibras, recubrimientos y adhesivos, estudio de emulsiones y látex, envejecimiento de los polímeros, relaciones del procesado con las propiedades estructurales, extrusión y moldeo, difusión y permeabilidad.

Enlaces externos
 Página principal

Referencias

Revistas publicadas por Wiley-Blackwell
Revistas de ciencia de materiales
Química de los polímeros
Publicaciones fundadas en 1959
Revistas científicas quincenales
Revistas científicas de Estados Unidos
Revistas científicas en inglés

Journal of Applied Polymer Science


References

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
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La Porta, R., F. Lopez-De-Silanes, and A. Shleifer (1999), Corporate Ownership around the World. The Journal of Finance, 54 (2): 471-517.
Lekatis, George IT and Information Security after Sarbanes-Oxley
Monks, Robert A.G. and Minow, Nell, Corporate Governance (Blackwell 2004) ISBN
Monks, Robert A.G. and Minow, Nell, Power and Accountability (HarperBusiness 1991), full text available online
Moebert, Jochen and Tydecks, Patrick (2007). Power and Ownership Structures among German Companies. A Network Analysis of Financial Linkages
Murray, Alan Revolt in the Boardroom (HarperBusiness 2007) (ISBN 0-06-088247-6) Remainder
New York Society of Securities Analysts, 2003, Corporate Governance Handbook,
OECD (1999, 2004) Principles of Corporate Governance Paris: OECD)
Özekmekçi, Abdullah, Mert (2004) "The Correlation between Corporate Governance and Public Relations", Istanbul Bilgi University.
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බාහිර සබැඳි
  Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University
Corporations, Governance & Society Research Group at The ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු National University
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) resources on corporate governance
European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)
Global Corporate Governance Forum
The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance
Institute of Directors
The Millstein Center for Corporate Governance and Performance at the Yale School of Management
Kozminski Center for Corporate Governance  at Kozminski University, Poland
 The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
United States Proxy Exchange
UTS Centre for Corporate Governance  at the University of Technology Sydney, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
Weinberg Center for Corporate Governance University of Delaware
World Bank Corporate Governance Reports

Corporations law
කළමනාකරණය

ආයතනික පාලනය


An androgen prohormone, or proandrogen, is a prohormone (or prodrug) of an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). They can be prohormones of testosterone or of synthetic AAS, for example, nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione may all be considered proandrogens of testosterone.

In the last two decades, prohormones have also been used by bodybuilders, athletes, and nonmedical users of AAS and other hormones to refer to substances that are expected to convert to active hormones in the body. The intent is to provide the benefits of taking an AAS without the legal risks, and to achieve the hoped-for benefits or advantages without use of AAS themselves. Many of these compounds are legal to manufacture, sell, possess and ingest eliminating the legal problems associated with schedule III AAS. This also enables chemists to further their legal research and get around the law (albeit for a short time).  The typical definition of "prohormone" includes a steroidal molecule that has the opposite molecular structure to testosterone on either the 3a/b position or the 17b position. Testosterone has a ketone group on the 3 carbon and a hydroxyl on the 17b carbon.  A steroid with modifications away from testosterone in one or both of these areas is commonly referred to as a "prohormone". These enzymatic changes occur with the body's bidirectional enzymes.

On October 22, 2004, President Bush signed into law the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 (118 Stat. 1661).
The bill was written to become effective in 90 days, which was January 20, 2005. This legislation places both AAS and some androgen prohormones on a list of controlled substances (a new type of "regulatory control"). Statutory definition of AAS: "The term 'anabolic steroid' means any drug or hormonal substance, chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone (other than estrogens, progestins, corticosteroids and dehydroepiandrosterone)". The Act also lists substances called prohormones, qualifying them as AAS, yet these substances were mainly included in the list due to the generalization of the definition of AAS which makes it currently impossible to synthesize any further substances linked with testosterone for the needs of athlete supplementation.

Prohormones added to the list of schedule III AAS
The 108th Congress amended the Controlled Substances Act to include AAS and to add in information about steroids and steroid precursors. This amendment is sometimes called the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004.

The first thing this amendment did was insert a definition of AAS as follows: "The term 'anabolic steroid' means any drug or hormonal substance, chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone (other than estrogens, progestins, corticosteroids and dehydroepiandrosterone)."

Apart from the definition, the document enumerates the presently known prohormones:

 Androstanediol (3β,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstane and 3α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstane)
 Androstanedione (5α-androstan-3,17-dione)
 1-Androstenediol (3α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androst-1-ene)
 4-Androstenediol (3β,17β-dihydroxy-androst-4-ene)
 5-Androstenediol (3β,17β-dihydroxy-androst-5-ene)
 1-Androstenedione (5α-androst-1-en-3,17-dione)
 4-Androstenedione (androst-4-en-3,17-dione)
 5-Androstenedione (androst-5-en-3,17-dione)
 Norandrostenediol (19-nor-4-androstenediol or 3β,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-ene)
 19-Nor-4-androstenediol (3α,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-ene)
 19-Nor-5-androstenediol (3β,17β-dihydroxyestr-5-ene and 3α,17β-dihydroxyestr-5-ene)
 Norandrostenedione (19-nor-4-androstenedione or estr-4-en-3,17-dione)
 19-Nor-5-androstenedione (estr-5-en-3,17-dione)
 Any salt, ester, or ether of a drug or substance listed above

Note that this list contains examples and it is not a closed list – any other compound, which affects testosterone, according to the definition is an AAS under U.S. law.

"Designer steroids" and adulterated supplements
In view of a total ban from 2004, manufacturers cannot launch next AAS, presently they are interested in substances that are related to hormones, but do not affect testosterone. These include derivatives e.g. methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene; Ethyl Methoxy Gona), methasterone (so called Superdrol or S-Drol) and many others, sometimes called "designer steroids". Such compounds although harmful, do not infringe the Anabolic Steroid Control Act because they do not have any impact on the testosterone level. Owing to the same reason, they did not assist in building muscle and are not applicable in supporting – it is typical that the descriptions of these compounds try to manipulate the chemical concepts, but do not even mention the possibility of raising testosterone – because they do not even have such a potential.  That is why, in practice, agents labeled with these compounds of this type turned out to be falsified, because they contained, not declared in the composition, typical AAS.

After the publicity of the fraud in the media many manufacturers lost the trust, and the U.S. health authorities began to eliminate suspicious products. The research carried out by state laboratories confirmed that "designer steroids" are, in fact, pharmaceuticals like metandienone, stanazolol, methylstenbolone, boldenone, chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, DHT, and oxandrolone, added to supplements in a random manner. Supplements with different names and described ingredients could have the same steroid (e.g., chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (Halodrol), desoxymethyltestosterone (Madol, Pheraplex), others) and sometimes supplements with similar names could have different ingredients (e.g. Finabolic).

Regulation in the United States and Europe
Following the introduction of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act, labeling products derived from plant extracts with the help of chemical symbols of organic substances found in these plants or creating names for these substances which referred to prohibited AAS became a popular marketing practice employed by American manufacturers. No analogical act targeting athlete supplementation is in force in the European Union; however each country has its own regulations concerning substances with medicinal properties. Due to the above, one can come in contact with the sale of supplements with names identical to or resembling those questioned by the RDA in the United States (S-DROL, HALODROL, etc.). Laboratory controls indicate that products which declare to include prohormones, prohibited in the USA, in fact contain "classic" AAS of the previous generation. Many consumers in Europe did not know that it was illegal produce prohormones in the USA after the year 2004 and thought that were consuming various versions of the previously acclaimed supplement, while in fact consuming steroids of unknown origin. In situations like ones described above the purchaser of this fake substance knows neither the type nor the dosage of the ingested hormone, and thus cannot plan a safe gastro-protective regime or supplementary treatment. The consumer also cannot gain access to information concerning the possible long-term consequences of treatment with the unspecified hormone. This has led to the popularity of special forums on which consumers could share their experiences with the substances, yet the fake products could have radically different components, despite similar descriptions and names. Supplement manufacturers who have made a name for themselves and want to remain on the market are currently elaborating AAS based on natural substances (usually plant-derived). In Europe these products are called prohormones.

Producers who still want to offer supplements supporting the hormonal balance can still employ the natural compounds. Known in the field of prohormones Patrick Arnold (the one who introduced 1-AD and the first prohormones) is currently working on ursolic acid, on the other hand in Eastern Europe manufacturers launch supplements based on buteins,- natural compounds considered as the strongest aromatase inhibitors.

List of androgen/AAS prohormones

Testosterone derivatives
 4-Androstenediol
 4-Androstenedione (androstenedione; A4)
 4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
 5-Androstenediol (androstenediol; A5)
 5-Androstenedione
 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
 Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
 Atamestane (| 1-methylandrosta-δ1-4-androstenedione)
 Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
 Dehydroepiandrosterone enanthate (DHEA-E; prasterone enanthate)
 Exemestane (6-methylidene-δ1-4-androstenedione)
 Formestane (4-hydroxy-4-androstenedione)
 Plomestane (10-propargyl-4-androstenedione)

Dihydrotestosterone derivatives
 1-Androsterone (1-Andro; 1-DHEA)
 1-Androstenediol
 1-Androstenedione
 5α-Androst-2-en-17-one

Nandrolone (19-Nortestosterone) derivatives
 7α-Methyl-19-nor-4-androstenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
 19-Nor-5-androstenediol
 19-Nor-5-androstenedione
 19-Nor-5-dehydroepiandrosterone (19-nor-DHEA)
 Bolandiol (nor-4-androstenediol)
 Bolandiol dipropionate
 Bolandione (nor-4-androstenedione)
 Dienedione (nor-4,9-androstadienedione)
 Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
 Trendione (nor-4,9,11-androstatrienedione)

17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives
 Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
 Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
 Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
 Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
 Methandriol diacetate
 Methandriol dipropionate
 Methandriol propionate
 Penmesterol (penmestrol; methyltestosterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether)

17α-Alkylated nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) derivatives
 Bolenol (ethyl-5-norandrostenol)
 Propetandrol (ethylnor-4-androstenol 3β-propionate)

References

Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Estranes
Androgen esters

Androgen prohormone


Feminismo na China refere-se à coleção de movimentos históricos e ideologias que visam redefinir o papel e o status das mulheres na China. O feminismo na China começou no século XX, em paralelo com a Revolução Chinesa. O feminismo na China moderna está intimamente ligado ao socialismo e às questões de classe. Alguns comentaristas acreditam que essa associação estreita é prejudicial ao feminismo chinês e argumentam que os interesses do partido são colocados antes dos interesses das mulheres.

De acordo com o Índice de Diferença de Gênero de 2020 do Fórum Econômico Mundial, a China está classificada em 106º lugar na disparidade de gênero.

Etimologia

Traduzindo o feminismo na década de 1990
Em 1989, sete acadêmicos chineses formaram a Chinese Scholars for Women's Studies (CSWS), uma rede feminista que tinha como objetivo promover as mulheres chinesas e os estudos de gênero. Em 1994 e 1997, a rede traduziu duas publicações de teoria feminista ocidental para o chinês e, assim, forneceu à comunidade acadêmica chinesa as primeiras traduções revisadas por pares do conceito de feminismo. Em sua colaboração de 1994, o feminismo foi traduzido como Nü Xing Zhu Yi. Em 1997, quando a maioria dos membros do CSWS começou a usar e-mails, a rede teve um amplo debate online sobre se o feminismo não deveria ser traduzido como Nü Xing Zhu Yi, mas como Nü Quan Zhu Yi.

História

Antes de 1900
A grande mudança no status das mulheres na China antes de 1900 ocorreu na Dinastia Han. Na sociedade matrilinear inicial, as mulheres chinesas tinham um status social completamente diferente daquele após a Dinastia Han, e podiam manter seus sobrenomes e até mesmo passá-los para seus filhos. Da Dinastia Han à Dinastia Qing, as mulheres chinesas sob o sistema patriarcal foram severamente oprimidas devido à profunda influência do confucionismo e da piedade filial. Nesse período, surgiram literaturas sobre as mulheres na China, como "Mãe de Mêncio", "Os Analectos das Mulheres", etc., explicando para as mulheres da época como ser éticas e popularizando a melhor forma de servir os pais, maridos e filhos. Antes do século XX, as mulheres na China eram consideradas essencialmente diferentes dos homens. Apesar da associação das mulheres ao yin e dos homens ao yang, duas qualidades consideradas igualmente importantes pelo taoísmo, acreditava-se que as mulheres ocupavam uma posição inferior aos homens na ordem hierárquica do universo. O I Ching afirmou que "Grande Retidão é demonstrada no fato de o homem e a mulher ocuparem seus lugares corretos; as posições relativas do Céu e da Terra." As mulheres deviam ser submissas e obedientes aos homens, e normalmente não tinham permissão para participar em instituições governamentais, militares ou comunitárias. Embora houvesse exceções elogiadas na história e na literatura chinesa, como o general da dinastia Song Liang Hongyu e a lendária mulher guerreira Hua Mulan, essas foram consideradas sinais da terrível situação da China na época. Antes do século XX, acreditava-se que essas mulheres excepcionais haviam lutado para defender a ordem e a sociedade patriarcais tradicionais da China, não para mudá-la.

Século XX
No final dos séculos XIX e XX, a China passou por crises militares e políticas no âmbito doméstico e no exterior. As Guerras do Ópio de 1839-42 e 1856-60 forçaram a China a abrir o comércio com outros países, o que trouxe ideologias estrangeiras para dentro do país. Um grande número de conflitos políticos forçou homens e mulheres educados no exílio a iniciar movimentos revolucionários. Eles começaram a se manifestar contra essas condições no final do século XIX e no início do século XX, mas com poucos resultados. Antes disso, pensadores chineses influentes, como Liang Qichao e outros, exigiam a libertação das mulheres, uma melhor aceitação da educação feminina e a participação das mulheres na construção do país. Na perspectiva de mudar o destino de um país, Liang Qichao afirmou que a educação das mulheres e a libertação das mulheres são necessárias e essenciais para a saúde do país. Foi também durante esses primeiros anos do feminismo na China que o movimento da Nova Mulher surgiu em seu estágio inicial, promovendo ideias de educação para as mulheres, igualdade de gênero e liberdade de práticas confucionistas restritivas. No século XX, as escritoras também expressaram o feminismo por meio da escrita literária. A situação só começou a mudar como resultado da Revolução Xinhai em 1911. No curso desta revolta generalizada contra a dinastia Qing governante, várias unidades rebeldes femininas foram levantadas, como o Exército Revolucionário Feminino de Wu Shuqing  Exército Feminino de Zhejiang de Yin Weijun e Lin Zongxue, Brigada de Expedição Feminina do Norte de Tang Qunying  e muitos outros. Todas essas unidades foram dissolvidas pelo Governo Provisório da República da China em 26 de fevereiro de 1912, principalmente por razões chauvinistas. No entanto, o fato de que elas tinham lutado ao lado dos homens incentivou muitas das mulheres que tinham tomado parte nas milícias de mulheres para se tornar politicamente ativas, esforçando-se para a mudança. Em 1942, Ding Ling usou o Dia Internacional da Mulher para apontar as atitudes e comportamentos hipócritas dos comunistas masculinos e resolver a pressão especial sobre as revolucionárias. Ela afirmou que o casamento ainda promovia o controle do marido sobre a esposa. No entanto, como a pressão do casamento se torna insuportável, as mulheres acabarão se casando de qualquer maneira.

Como resultado da aprovação do governo após a Revolução Comunista, grupos de direitos das mulheres tornaram-se cada vez mais ativos na China.

No início dos anos 1970 e continuando nos anos 1980, entretanto, muitas feministas chinesas começaram a argumentar que o governo comunista estava "consistentemente disposto a tratar a libertação das mulheres como algo a ser alcançado mais tarde, depois que as desigualdades de classe tivessem sido resolvidas". Algumas feministas afirmam que parte do problema é uma tendência por parte do governo de interpretar "igualdade" como mesmice e, então, tratar as mulheres de acordo com um padrão não examinado de normalidade masculina.

Século XXI

Em 1995, a Quarta Conferência Mundial sobre a Mulher foi realizada em Pequim. Esta foi a primeira conferência das Nações Unidas realizada na China. Em uma demonstração de hospitalidade, o então secretário-geral do Partido Comunista Chinês (PCC), Jiang Zemin, anunciou na cerimônia de abertura que "a igualdade entre homens e mulheres é uma política nacional básica". A frase tornou-se a pedra angular de todos os diretórios de políticas de gênero e desenvolvimento das mulheres pós-1995, publicados pelo Conselho de Estado da China e pela Federação das Mulheres. Junto com a Conferência, um fórum paralelo de painel de ONGs foi realizado no distrito de Huairou, em Pequim. O conceito de Organização Não Governamental (ONG) foi então introduzido na China, dando origem a muitas alianças feministas na China do século XXI, como o Beijing Zhongze Legal Consulting Service Center, liderado por Guo Jianmei, o Henan Shequ Educational Research Center e o Anti-Domestic Violence Network, que liderou a campanha de 20 anos de promulgação de leis contra a violência doméstica. A Conferência de 1995 também levou o PCC a reformar as estruturas governamentais relevantes, responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de gênero na China. O Comitê Nacional de Trabalho sobre Crianças e Mulheres foi estabelecido em antecipação à Conferência em 1993. A Federação das Mulheres, que era tecnicamente uma Organização do Povo antes de 1995, foi pronunciada oralmente pelo governo de Pequim na Conferência como uma Organização Não Governamental. A Conferência da ONU de 1995 também introduziu conceitos como integração de gênero e violência doméstica na China.

Em 2001, a China alterou a lei de casamento, de modo que o abuso foi considerado motivo para o divórcio.

Em 2005, a China acrescentou novas disposições à Lei de Proteção aos Direitos da Mulher para incluir o assédio sexual. Em 2006, o "Suplemento de Xangai" foi elaborado para ajudar a definir melhor o assédio sexual.

Em 2013, a primeira mulher a abrir um processo por discriminação de gênero na China, uma jovem de 23 anos que usava o pseudônimo de Cao Ju, ganhou um pequeno acordo de 30.000 yuans e um pedido oficial de desculpas da Juren Academy.

Em 2015, a China promulgou sua primeira lei nacional proibindo a violência doméstica, embora tenha excluído casais do mesmo sexo da lei e não tenha abordado a violência sexual. A lei também definiu a violência doméstica pela primeira vez. A violência doméstica se tornou um assunto de debate público na China em 2011, quando Kim Lee postou fotos de seu rosto machucado nas redes sociais chinesas e acusou seu marido Li Yang de violência doméstica. Mais tarde, ela declarou no New York Times que a polícia chinesa havia lhe dito que nenhum crime havia acontecido. Li admitiu ter batido nela, mas criticou-a por discutir assuntos privados em público.

Amarração dos pés
A amarração dos pés na história chinesa foi inicialmente uma marca de hierarquia e privilégio na sociedade. No entanto, logo se tornou um símbolo de sexismo na mente de muitas pessoas e durou mais de cem anos. Ter um pé amarrado significava parecer mais bonita, pois os homens achavam que pés menores eram mais bonitos e delicados para uma mulher. Esperava-se que as mulheres chinesas no século XIX mantivessem sua aparência, pois não tinham muitos outros direitos. No entanto, estudiosos da religião e da sociedade chinesa observam que as mulheres geralmente nunca se sentiram como se estivessem sendo vitimadas por serem forçadas a ter os pés amarrados, mas que se rebelaram silenciosamente contra essa norma social por meio de uma atitude. As primeiras feministas chinesas do século XIX contornariam as regras que se restringiam a elas, mas não de uma forma óbvia que as colocaria em apuros.

Era visto como um privilégio ter os pés amarrados porque muitas mulheres em famílias rurais que eram de classe baixa não se casaram com hipergamia antes de 1949 e, portanto, geralmente não encontraram nenhum benefício em participar da amarração dos pés. O enfaixamento de pés apontava as diferenças físicas entre homens e mulheres e, portanto, incentivava a sociedade patriarcal. Na sociedade chinesa daquela época, os pais assustavam suas filhas desde muito jovens, dizendo-lhes que elas tinham que se casar e ter os pés amarrados para serem felizes na vida. Durante a era do quarto de maio, as feministas chinesas começaram a rejeitar a amarração dos pés como um ideal feudal, visto que a viam como uma grande desigualdade para as mulheres no novo sistema social moderno dos anos 1900. Irene Dean, uma estudiosa do feminismo chinês, observou que o Movimento da Nova Cultura realmente mudou as atitudes das mulheres para tons mais liberais. A castidade feminina era imposta por meio do conceito de enfaixamento dos pés e da maneira da mulher respeitar o marido e os homens no poder acima dela. Ter os pés amarrados significava ser fisicamente contida e controlada por uma sociedade dominada pelos homens, e as mulheres durante esse tempo queriam se sentir mais livres e independentes.

Em 1949, o Partido Comunista da China proibiu oficialmente a prática de amarrar os pés e aplicou estritamente a proibição. Apesar da proibição, algumas pessoas na China continuaram a prática em segredo, embora o Partido tenha imposto a proibição sob ameaça de execução.

Movimentos e organizações feministas na China
Inesperadamente, a maioria das primeiras reformas para as mulheres chinesas foi conduzida por homens. Por exemplo, o Movimento de Quatro de Maio de 1919 foi o primeiro movimento cultural impactante da China moderna, que educou a China sobre a importância do papel da mulher na sociedade. Este movimento promoveu o sufrágio feminino, denunciou a amarração dos pés e destacou a desumanidade dos casamentos arranjados e a baixa qualidade da educação das mulheres.

Detenção das Feminist Five
The Feminist Five é um grupo de cinco jovens feministas chinesas que planejou uma manifestação contra o assédio sexual no transporte público. Elas se tornaram conhecidas depois que o governo chinês prendeu-as por esta manifestação.

Problemas

 Política de filho único
 Prostituição na China

Referências

Feminismo por país
Movimentos políticos na China

Feminismo na China


Ignatios (græsk: Ιγνάτιος, født omtrent 790, død 877) var patriark i Konstantinopel, søn af kejser Michael I.

Kejser Leo V Armeneren gildede ham og spærrede ham inde i et kloster, men 847 blev han patriark af Konstantinopel og bekæmpede som sådan hoffets forfærdelige ryggesløshed. Hofpartiet fik ham afsat og Fotios indsat i hans sted (858). Der opstod i den anledning en spaltning; hoffet appellerede til pave Nikolaus I, men denne tog parti for Ignatios. På et kirkemøde 866 lod Fotios ikke alene Ignatios, men også paven afsætte. I 867 indsatte den nye kejser, Basilios I, atter Ignatios som patriark, og som sådan døde han.

Kilder

Patriarker

Ignatios 1. af Konstantinopel


Un nutrient este o substanță chimică utilizată de către organismele vii pentru supraviețuire, creștere și reproducere. Necesarul de nutrienți este specific fiecărei specii și se aplică animalelor, plantelor, fungilor și protistelor. Nutrienții pot fi încorporați în celule, pentru satisfacerea unor nevoi metabolice, sau pot fi excretate de către celule cu scopul de a se obține structuri precum părul, solzii, penele sau exoscheletul. Unii nutrienții sunt transformați în molecule mai mici, cu scopul obținerii energiei, precum sunt carbohidrații, lipidele și proteinele, sau pot fi transformați în produși de fermentație (etanolul și acidul acetic), obținându-se apă și dioxid de carbon.

Esențialitate

Esențial
Un nutrient esențial este un nutrient necesar pentru funcția fiziologică normală care nu poate fi sintetizat în organism – nici deloc, nici în cantități suficiente,  prin urmare trebuie obținut dintr-o sursă alimentară. În afară de apă, care este universal necesară pentru menținerea homeostaziei la mamifere, nutrienții esențiali sunt indispensabili pentru diferite procese metabolice celulare și pentru întreținerea și funcționarea țesuturilor și organelor. În cazul oamenilor, există nouă aminoacizi, doi acizi grași, treisprezece vitamine și cincisprezece minerale care sunt considerate nutrienți esențiali. În plus, există mai multe molecule care sunt considerate nutrienți esențiali condiționat, deoarece sunt indispensabile în anumite stări de dezvoltare și patologice.

Vezi și
 Nutriție
 Nutrienți ai solului

Note

Nutriție

Nutrient


Utivarachna fanjing est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Trachelidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Guizhou en Chine. Elle se rencontre dans le xian de Yinjiang.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure  et la femelle paratype .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Li, Zhang et Yu en 2022.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, la réserve naturelle de Fanjingshan.

Publication originale
 Li, He, Zhang & Yu, 2022 : « A new species of Utivarachna Kishida, 1940 from Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China (Araneae: Trachelidae). » Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Trachelidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Guizhou

Utivarachna fanjing


Peter Alfred Warnøe (født 22. december 1963) er en dansk iværksætter og medstifter og ejer af kapitalfonden Nordic Eye. I 2019 var han med i fjerde sæson af tv-programmet Løvens Hule som investor. Han var i 1999-2001 medlem af tidligere statsministers Poul Nyrups Digitale advisoryboard samt medlem af bestyrelsen i Danmarks Exportråd i 2000-2002.

Han var medstifter og ejer af selskabet Complet Data, som i 1997 blev solgt for 142 mio. kr., og Warnøe blev kendt som Danmarks første it-millionær. Warnøe er stifter og CEO af Nordic Eye Venture capital, der blev stiftet i 2017.

Privat
Peter Warnøes far er læge Ole Warnøe (1933-2010) og moren er Anne Fabricius-Bjerre. Han har søstrene Helle Warnøe og Dorte Warnøe Høgh. Fra 1977 til 2004 var hans stedfar Bent Fabricius-Bjerre.

Warnøe har to døtre fra et tidligere ægteskab med Marlene Juhl-Jørgensen. Han er nær ven med Kronprins Frederik.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Charlottenlund
Direktører fra Danmark
Studenter fra Ordrup Gymnasium
Investorer i Løvens Hule

Peter Warnøe


ميكال ياكوشين، من مواليد 10 نوفمبر 1910 في موسكو في روسيا، وتوفي في 3 فبراير 1997، لاعب كرة قدم سوفيتي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم سوفيت سابق.

درب منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم في عام 1959، وبعدها دربهم بين عامي 1967 و1968.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يهود
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من موسكو
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو دينامو موسكو
ياكوشين
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم من موسكو
لاعبو كرة قدم يهود
لاعبو هوكي جليد سوفيت
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
مدربو دينامو موسكو
مدربو كرة قدم سوفيت
مدربو لوكوموتيف موسكو
مدربو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي باختاكور طشقند
مدربو نادي دينامو تبليسي
مواليد 1910
مواليد في موسكو
وفيات 1997
وفيات في موسكو

ميكال ياكوشين


Tittfer ist der Name eines erloschenen baltischen Uradelsgeschlechts.

Geschichte
Die Tittfer waren Vasallen des Bischofs von Oesel und erscheinen zuerst mit Johann Tittfer, der im Jahre 1368 als Zeuge in Leal auftrat. Claus Tittfer urkundet am 21. März 1417 als Beisitzer des Komturs von Reval.

Mit Kersten von Tittfer, Erbherr auf Wenden ux. Anna von Fahrensbach a.d.H. Udenküll, und der gemeinsamen Erbtochter Gertrud von Tittfer welche um 1590 an Wilhelm von Uexküll († 1632), Erbherr auf Kosch und Kurrefer, vermählt wurde, hat das Geschlecht wohl zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts seinen Ausgang gefunden.

Besitz
 Arromois, Arrul und Odders im Kirchspiel Karris, Laddiel, Pamma und Wenden

Wappen
Das Stammwappen zeigt in Silber drei (2:1) blaue Angelhaken. Auf dem Helm mit blau-silbernen Decken zwei blaue Angelhaken einen natürlichen Pfauschweif beseitend.

Literatur
 Maximilian Gritzner: Neuer Siebmacher, Band 3, Abt. 11, Der Adel der Russischen Ostseeprovinzen, T. 2, Der nichtimmatrikulierte Adel, Nürnberg 1901, S. 223, Tfl. 155, 156

Baltisches Adelsgeschlecht

Tittfer


William Thomas Hader Jr. (rođen 7. lipnja 1978.) je američki glumac, komičar, pisac, producent i redatelj. Poznat je po svom radu kao glumac na Saturday Night Liveu (2005–2013), za koji je dobio četiri nominacije za nagradu Emmy, South Park (2008-danas) i parodija serija Documentary Now! (2015-prisutan). Surađivao je i glumio u HBO seriji Barry, koja je počela emitirati u ožujku 2018. i zaradila je Hadera Emmyju za izvanrednu glavnu ulogu u komediji i tri nominacije za Emmy za izvanrednu komediju, izvanrednu režiju za komediju i izvanredno pisanje za komediju u svojoj prvoj sezoni.Poznat je po svojim sporednim ulogama u Hot Rodu (2007), Superbad (2007), Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008), Tropic Thunder (2008), Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian (2009), Paul (2011), Men in Black 3 (2012), Maggie's plan (2015.) i It - Chapter Two (2019.) i za njegove glavne uloge u dramatizaciji The Skeleton Twins (2014.) i romantičnoj komediji Trainwreck (2015.). On je također davao glasove u filmovima Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs(2009, 2013), Monsters University (2013), Turbo (2013), Inside Out (2015), filmove Angry Birds (2016, 2019) i Finding Dory (2016).

Rani život
Hader je rođen i odrastao u Tulsi, Oklahomi, sin Sherri Reneea (rođ. Patton) i William Thomas Hadera. Njegov je otac posjedovao zrakoplovnu tvrtku i radio kao voditelj restorana, vozač kamiona i povremeni komičar, njegova majka je bila učiteljica plesa. Ima dvije mlađe sestre, Katie i Karu. Njegovo podrijetlo uključuje njemački, danski, irski i engleski;  njegovo prezime potječe iz Njemačke.

Hader je pohađao osnovnu školu Patricka Henryja, Edison Junior High i pripremnu školu Cascia Halla. "Teško se usredotočio na predavanje" i uvijek se "šalio". Premda ga kolege iz razreda nisu mrzili, osjećao je da se nikad ne uklapa u istinu i ispunjava svoje vrijeme gledanjem filmova i čitanjem. Cijenio je Montyja Pythona, britansku komediju i filmove Mela Brooksanda Woodyja Allena, od kojih je mnoge upoznao preko svog oca. S prijateljima je snimao kratke filmove i glumio u školskoj produkciji The Glass Menagerie.

On nije bio u mogućnosti steći upis u vrhunske filmske škole zbog svojih "beznadnih" ocjena, pa se umjesto toga upisao u Umjetnički institut u Phoenixu, a kasnije u Scottsdale Community College. Hader je spomenuo da je njegov prvi posao bio prodaja božićnih drvaca. Radio je i kao poslužitelj u kinu u obližnjoj Tempe, što mu je omogućilo besplatno gledanje filmova. U Scottsdaleu je upoznao Nikole Jasenoveca, direktora Paper Hearta.

Karijera

Rana karijera
Haderova težnja da postane redatelj na kraju ga je navela da napusti koledž i preseli se u Los Angeles 1999. Njegovi roditelji su podržavali njegovu odluku o preseljenju, a Hader je novac koji su prvotno spremili iskoristio za školovanje kako bi pokrio troškove života kad je stigao u Los Angeles. Pronašao je posao asistenta produkcije (PA) dok je pretraživao zadnje stranice The Hollywood Reportera i nadao se da će napredovati dovoljno daleko da postane pomoćnik direktora. Većinu svoje mlade odrasle dobi proveo je "usamljen i nedovoljno zaposlen", ispunjavajući velike količine slobodnog vremena filmskim maratonima. Redovito je radio 18-satni radni dan, imajući malo vremena za svoje kreativne ambicije.  Radio je kao asistent na DVD-u Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy;  dugometražni filmovi James Dean, Spider-Man,  i Collateral Damage, kao i    postprodukcijski asistent na televiziji VH1 The Surreal Life. Hader je kratko radio kao voditelj pozornice i pozorišni voditelj na Noćnim pozivima Playboy TV-a, ubrzo je prestao, jer se bojao da će razočarati njegove roditelje. On je prestao biti PA u potpunosti nakon lošeg iskustva snimanja Kralja škorpiona.

Nakon toga je osigurao posao kao noćni pomoćnik urednika u postprodukcijskom objektu Triage Entertainment. Uložio je novac u svoj kratki film, ali bio je suviše neugodno objaviti ga. Ubrzo nakon toga, Hader i njegova tada dugogodišnja djevojka prekinuli su. U očajničkoj želji za promjenom, počeo je pohađati satove komedije s prijateljima u improvizacijskoj komediji "The Second City" u ožujku 2003. Ubrzo je shvatio da je komedija kreativni izlaz koji mu je bio potreban otkako je odlučio izaći iz visokog obrazovanja, a ubrzo je i Hader, njegov novi sunarodnjak u komediji Matt Offerman, i njihova dva prijatelja i humoristični entuzijasta Eric Filipkowski i Mel Cowan, izabrani su za formiranje vlastite skicirane komedijske skupine. Krsteći svoju grupu Animals from the Future, četvero se često pojavljivalo maloj publici na dvorištima u Van Nuysu. Mattov brat, glumac Nick Offerman, rekao je svojoj supruzi, Megan Mullally, za grupu. Mullally, zanimajući se za nju, željela je vidjeti njihov rad osobno i, nakon što je prisustvovala jednom od nastupa u dvorištu grupe, obavijestila je Hader o svojoj namjeri da s njim razgovara, posebno s Lorne Michaels, tvorcem i izvršnim producentom Saturday Night Live (SNL). , Hader je, kao rezultat Mullalijeve preporuke, bio pozvan na audiciju za predstavu, a ubrzo je odletio u New York na audiciju za grupu SNL producenata.  Hader, koji je kasnije primio pohvale zbog svojih izvrsnih dojmova drugih dok se pojavljivao na SNL-u, nije imao nikakvih utisaka kada je bio pozvan na audiciju.  Unatoč tome što je bio nervozan i trudio se pokazati svoje snage tijekom audicije, to je rezultiralo njegovim spontanim imitiranjem starijeg talijanskog čovjeka kojeg je jednom čuo;  taj će dojam kasnije postati prvi Haderovi brojni ponavljajući likovi u emisiji: Vinny Vedecci. Kao rezultat audicije, Hader je dobio agenta i menadžera.  Prije nego što je službeno pozvan da počne raditi na SNL-u, Hader je radio kao pomoćnik urednika u Iron Chef America.

Utjecaji
Hader je izjavio kako su njegovi utjecaji na komediju Monty Python, Woody Allen, Alan Alda, Mel Brooks i Eddie Murphy.

Privatni život
Godine 2006. oženio se pisateljicom i redateljicom Maggie Carey. Zajedno su imali tri kćeri, rođene u listopadu 2009., srpnju 2012., i studenom 2014. Hader i Carey najavili su odvajanje u 2017. Hader je podnio zahtjev za razvod u prosincu 2017. Nesporni razvod došao je do zaključenja 1. ožujka 2018. i razveli su se 23. lipnja 2018.

Hader je strastveni čitatelj koji je rekao: "Nisam zapravo išao na koledž, što je vjerojatno razlog zašto uživam u čitanju klasika." Radovi Dostojevskog i Faulknera, kao i Richard Ford, Junichiro Tanizaki i Goerge Saundersare su među knjigama na njegovim policama. Pročitao je War and Peace i Anna Karenina od Tolstoya.

Izvori

Američki glumci

Bill Hader


Piper alnoides é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Piper e da família Piperaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1840 por Carl Sigismund Kunth.
O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:
 Artanthe alnoides  Miq.

Descrição
A planta tem caule crespo viloso; tricomas 0,5-1 mm de comprimento; pecíolo viloso; lâmina foliar com o lado mais curto da base sub-agudo, obtuso, levemente cordado, o mais longo arredondado, obtuso ou levemente cordado; nervuras 4-5 pares; pedúnculo pubescente. Espiga 7 cm de comprimento ou mais longa

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e arbustiva.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Santa Catarina.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta estacional decidual, floresta ombrófila pluvial e restinga.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Guimarães, E.F.; Medeiros, E.V.S.S.; Queiroz, G.A. 2020. Piper  in Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Piper alnoides no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

alnoides
Plantas descritas em 1840
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Piper alnoides


Cazinoul "Cassina" din Făget este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul orașului Făget.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Timiș

Cazinoul „Cassina” din Făget


Luca Zinedine Zidane () este un fotbalist francez, care evoluează pe post de portar la clubul Racing Santander, împrumutat de la Real Madrid. Este fiul lui Zinedine Zidane.

Statistici de carieră

Palmares
Real Madrid
 Liga Campionilor: 2017-2018

Note

Legături externe
Real Madrid profile

Fotbaliști francezi
Fotbaliști internaționali francezi
Oameni din Marsilia
Sportivi francezi în viață
Portari de fotbal
Fotbaliști ai Real Madrid CF

Luca Zidane


Emil Hallfreðsson (født 29. juni 1984 i Hafnarfjörður, Island), er en islandsk fodboldspiller (central midtbane/venstre kant). Han spiller for den italienske Serie A-klub Udinese, som han har været tilknyttet siden 2016.

Klubkarriere
Hallfreðsson startede sin karriere i sin fødeby hos FH, og repræsenterede klubben i tre sæsoner, frem til 2004, hvor han skiftede til engelske Tottenham. Han nåede dog aldrig at spille en Premier League-kamp for klubben, og endte efter et lejeophold hos svenske Malmö FF og en kort periode i Norge hos Lyn i Italien, hvor han skrev kontrakt med Reggina i 2007.

Efter fire år præget af manglende spilletid og udlejninger skiftede Hallfreðsson i 2011 til Hellas Verona. Her nåede han de følgende fire et halvt år, og nåede hele 150 ligakampe. I januar 2016 blev han solgt til Udinese for en pris på ca. 1 million euro.

Landshold
Hallfreðsson har (pr. maj 2018) spillet hele 63 kampe og scoret ét mål for Islands landshold. Han debuterede for holdet 30. marts 2005 i en venskabskamp mod Italien. Han var en del af den islandske trup, der nåede kvartfinalen ved EM 2016 i Frankrig, og blev også udtaget til VM 2018 i Rusland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Island
Fodboldspillere fra Barnsley F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra FC Lyn Oslo
Fodboldspillere fra Udinese Calcio
Fodboldspillere fra Malmö FF
Fodboldspillere fra Hellas Verona FC
Fodboldspillere fra Reggina Calcio
Fodboldspillere fra Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2016
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Personer fra Hafnarfjördur

Emil Hallfreðsson


In algebraic geometry, Brill–Noether theory, introduced by , is the study of special divisors, certain divisors on a curve  that determine more compatible functions than would be predicted. In classical language, special divisors move on the curve in a "larger than expected" linear system of divisors.

Throughout, we consider a projective smooth curve over the complex numbers (or over some other algebraically closed field).

The condition to be a special divisor  can be formulated in sheaf cohomology terms, as the non-vanishing of the  cohomology of the sheaf of sections of the invertible sheaf or line bundle associated to . This means that, by the Riemann–Roch theorem, the  cohomology or space of holomorphic sections is larger than expected.

Alternatively, by Serre duality, the condition is that there exist holomorphic differentials with divisor  on the curve.

Main theorems of Brill–Noether theory

For a given genus , the moduli space for curves  of genus  should contain a dense subset parameterizing those curves with the minimum in the way of special divisors. One goal of the theory is to 'count constants', for those curves: to predict the dimension of the space of special divisors (up to linear equivalence) of a given degree , as a function of , that must be present on a curve of that genus.

The basic statement can be formulated in terms of the Picard variety  of a smooth curve , and the subset of  corresponding to divisor classes of divisors , with given values  of  and  of  in the notation of the Riemann–Roch theorem. There is a lower bound  for the dimension  of this subscheme in :

called the Brill–Noether number. The formula can be memorized via the mnemonic (using our desired  and Riemann-Roch)

For smooth curves  and for ,  the basic results about the space  of linear systems on  of degree  and dimension  are as follows.
 George Kempf proved that if  then  is not empty, and every component has dimension at least .
 William Fulton and Robert Lazarsfeld proved that if  then   is connected.
 showed  that if  is generic then  is reduced and all components have dimension exactly  (so in particular  is empty if ).
 David Gieseker proved that if  is generic then  is smooth. By the connectedness result this implies it is irreducible if .
Other more recent results not necessarily in terms of space   of linear systems are:

 Eric Larson (2017) proved that if , , and , the restriction maps  are of maximal rank, also known as the maximal rank conjecture.

 Eric Larson and Isabel Vogt (2022) proved that if  then there is a curve  interpolating through  general points in  if and only if  except in 4 exceptional cases:

References

Notes

Algebraic curves
Algebraic surfaces

Brill–Noether theory


Colliers peut se référer à :

Littérature
 Collier's, magazine américain publié entre 1888 et 1957 ;
 Collier's Encyclopedia, encyclopédie américaine publiée entre 1949 et 1951.

Entreprise
 Colliers International, entreprise canadienne de l'immobilier.

Toponyme
 , communauté non-incorporée du comté de Brooke, en Virginie-Occidentale ;
 Colliers, village de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ;
 , paroisse civile de l'Essex ;
 Colliers Wood, quartier du borough londonien de Merton :
 Colliers Wood, station du métro de Londres.

Sport
 , club de football britannique.

Voir aussi

Colliers (homonymie)


Vivienne Isabel Westwood (fædd Swire; 8. apríl 1941 – 29. desember 2022) var enskur fatahönnuður og athafnakona sem er þekktust fyrir að hafa gert pönk- og nýbylgjutísku vinsæla á 8. og 9. áratug 20. aldar.

Hún hóf fatahönnunarferil sinn í verslun sem hún rak ásamt kærasta sínum, Malcolm McLaren, á King's Road í London sem seinna fékk nafnið SEX. Þau gerðu meðal annars föt fyrir sviðsetningar, eins og söngleikinn The Rocky Horror Picture Show og bandarísku glamrokksveitina New York Dolls. Árið 1975 setti McLaren saman hljómsveitina Sex Pistols sem hafði mikil áhrif á pönktískuna í Bretlandi á 8. áratugnum.

Westwood átti verslanakeðju sem bar nafn hennar og rak tugi verslana um allan heim. Síðustu ár var hún áberandi í ýmis konar réttindabaráttu. Hún studdi Græningja í enskum stjórnmálum, barðist gegn neysluhyggju og fyrir aukinni sjálfbærni. Hún beitti sér meðal annars fyrir lausn Julian Assange úr haldi. Hún hlaut bresku heimsveldisorðuna árið 1992.

Enskir fatahönnuðir
Enskir athafnamenn

Vivienne Westwood


Daniel Sidney Warner (June 25, 1842  – December 12, 1895) was an American church reformer and one of the founders of the Church of God (Anderson) and other similar church groups in the holiness movement. He called for evangelism, the preaching of entire sanctification, and the unity of Christians.

Warner taught the Restorationist concept of restoring the Church to New Testament practice. He is also known for some of his songs which other church groups have incorporated into their hymnody. He is mostly known by only the initials of his given and middle name, D. S. Warner, which was typical for his time period.

Biography

Early years
Daniel Sidney Warner was born June 25, 1842, in Bristol (now Marshallville), Ohio, to David and Leah Warner. His father ran a tavern at the time of his birth and later was known for his drinking, but his mother, of Pennsylvania Dutch stock, is recorded by Warner to have been more virtuous. He was the fifth of six children.  His speaking abilities were noted even in his youth, when he would occasionally give political speeches in his home area.  During the American Civil War, Warner volunteered to serve as a private for the Union to replace his brother, Joseph Warner, who had been drafted, since Joseph had a family.

Early Christian life
Warner became a Christian in February 1865, at the age of 23.  He attended Oberlin College for a short while and taught in the public schools. On Easter Sunday of 1867,  Warner preached his first sermon in a Methodist Episcopal meeting using Acts 13:18 as his text.

In September of the same year, he married Tamzen Ann Kerr and in October was licensed to preach by the Winebrennarian Church of God. In May 1872, Tamzen Warner died after the birth of their still-born triplets. She had already borne a son who died at birth.

Warner was an effective evangelist in the Winebrennarian church (over 700 people responded to his altar calls during the first decade of his ministry), preaching throughout northwest Ohio and northern Indiana for about six years.  He was then assigned a mission post in Nebraska for two years, a work to which he gave himself wholeheartedly, even if it meant long, lonely spells of absence from his wife, Sarah Keller, whom he had married on June 4, 1874.

Holiness movement
He returned to Ohio, and on July 7, 1877, he claimed to have experienced entire sanctification and aligned himself with the holiness movement.  Earlier in his life, he had rejected the behavior of the holiness movement, writing of a certain meeting: "Nearly all blew loudly the horn of sanctification but manifested little of its fruits..."  However, through the influence of his in-laws, he began to think favorably of the growing holiness movement. It would ultimately give the course of his life a new direction.

On September 15, 1877, the first charges of associating with the holiness movement were brought against him by the Winebrennerian Church of God, which were sustained shortly thereafter by a church trial. His license to preach was renewed on the condition that he would not bring "holiness" workers in to hold meetings in the Churches of God (Winebrennarian) without their consent.

On December 8 of the same year, he consecrated himself to God to be an evangelist in the growing movement. On December 13, 1877, his diary entry contains his Covenant with God: "Amen, LORD. I am yours, forever. Fill me with Your presence, now. LORD, reveal Yourself in me. At Your feet I humbly bow to receive the holy seal."

On January 30, 1878, he was expelled from the West Ohio Eldership of the Church of God (Winebrennarian) on three counts: 1) transcending the restrictions of the Eldership 2) violating rules of cooperation, 3) participating in dividing the church.  In his own eyes, Warner felt he was expelled for espousing and preaching entire sanctification.  After his expulsion, he sought fellowship with various groups, including some Mennonites and the Salvation Army.

Even this time of fruitful ministry was marred by personal sorrow. His three-year-old daughter, Levilla Modest, died of meningitis in June 1878, the fifth child that Warner was forced to bury.

New movement
The Winebrennarian Church of God eventually suffered a division over the issue of membership in secret societies.  Coming into contact with the side that opposed membership in these societies (Northern Indiana Eldership of the Church of God, which also was more open to holiness teachings), Warner joined with them.  But not long after, in October, 1881, he separated from this group at its Eldership meeting at Beaver Dam, Indiana, when the elders rejected some proposals made by him.  Five other persons "took a stand" with Warner and they formed the first congregation of the new movement.

Also in October 1881, Joseph C. and Allie R. Fisher, along with about eighteen others, separated from the Northern Michigan Eldership of the Church of God (Winebrennarian) at Carson City, Michigan, forming the second congregation.  These congregations were the culmination of Warner's desire for non-sectarian Holiness congregations, of which he had dreamed since January 31, 1878, when he noted in his diary: "On the 31st of last January the Lord showed me that holiness could never prosper upon sectarian soil encumbered by human creeds and party names, and he gave me a new commission to join holiness and all truth together and build up the apostolic church of the living God. Praise His name!  I will obey him."

On April 22, 1881, Warner "came out" of all holiness associations, saying, "We were positively denied membership [in any holiness association] on the ground of not adhering to any sect. And now we wish to announce to all that we wish to cooperate with all Christians, as such, in saving souls—but forever withdraw from all organisms that uphold and endorse sects and denominations in the body of Christ."  "Anti-sectarianism" would become a watchword for his followers for many years afterward.  His detractors would call his movement the "come-outers".

Personal grief
During 1890, Sarah Warner divorced D. S. Warner.  They had lived separated since 1884. The issues surrounding their separation remain somewhat clouded, but when she filed for divorce, she claimed that Daniel was not supporting her financially. Three months after the separation, she turned over custody of Sidney, the only child of Daniel Warner to survive past childhood, to Daniel. Later, she remarried. In 1893, she died of typhoid fever at Cincinnati, Ohio. Believing it wrong to remarry as long as he had a living spouse, Daniel did not remarry until Sarah had died.  A few months after her death, he was united in marriage to Francis Miller, his third and last wife.

Publishing ventures
On March 11, 1879, Warner became half owner and joint editor with I. W. Lowman of the Herald of Gospel Freedom. The following year, he was given complete charge of this publication. During 1880, D S. Warner published his first book, Bible Proofs of the Second Work of Grace. In the minds of early Church of God leaders, this action signified the beginning of the Church of God Reformation movement. The following year, the Herald of Gospel Freedom was consolidated with The Pilgrim (published in Indianapolis, Indiana by G. Haines) to become the Gospel Trumpet. This publication would continue for many decades after his death as the official publication of the movement which was just now gaining momentum. (The Gospel Trumpet was renamed Vital Christianity in 1962 and ceased publication in 1996.)

Under Warner, the first two issues of the Gospel Trumpet were published in Rome City, Indiana. But Warner moved his printing equipment to Indianapolis early in 1881. In June 1881, G. Haines dissolved the partnership with Warner and started an opposition holiness paper. J.C. Fisher then joined D.S. Warner as partner in the Gospel Trumpet. Fisher's name disappeared from the paper's masthead in early 1887 after he divorced his wife and married a divorcee named Alice Davis.

On June 21, 1887, Enoch E. Byrum purchased Fisher's share of the Gospel Trumpet and became its publisher and business manager. Byrum would edit this paper for nearly twenty years after the death of Warner. (In several letters and editorials, Warner held out the hope that Fisher would reconcile with his ex-wife and return to the movement, but he did not.)

Evangelistic efforts
In the fall of 1884, Warner conducted revival tours and preached at camp meetings in the midwestern United States. He formed an evangelistic preaching company in the summer of 1886 with members including Nannie Kiger of Payne, Ohio; Francis Miller (his later wife) of Battle Creek, Michigan; Sarah Smith of Jerry City, Ohio; John U. Bryant and David Leininger of Beaver Dam, Indiana; and Barney E. Warren of Lacota, Michigan.

From June 1887 to April 1888, Warner conducted an evangelistic tour through Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Colorado. During the same summer, he preached at camp meetings in Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The following winter, he conducted an evangelistic tour to Ontario, Canada.

In the winter of 1890, Warner conducted a southern evangelistic tour into Mississippi and Alabama. His evangelistic company dissolved after this tour.

During 1891, he conducted evangelistic tours in Pennsylvania and Ontario, Canada. In August 1892 to February 1893, he conducted an evangelistic tour as far as California.

Final years
In January through February 1894, Warner helped with an evangelistic tour down the Ohio River on a refloated barge known as the Floating Bethel. On December 1, 1895, Daniel Sidney Warner preached his last sermon on Sunday morning at the Gospel Trumpet Office in Grand Junction, Michigan. The topic of his sermon was Christian growth.

E.E. Byrum and his brother Noah Byrum purchased the remaining publishing business interests of Allie R. Fisher and a local lumberman named Sebastian Michels. Two days before Warner's death, he and the Byrum brothers signed papers conveying their rights to a nonprofit corporation named the Gospel Trumpet Publishing Company (now Warner Press, Inc., located in Anderson, Indiana).

Warner died on December 12, 1895, and was buried on the Church of God campgrounds at Grand Junction.

Personal interests
Warner wrote many poems and songs.  Most of his song lyrics were set to music by others, chiefly Barney E. Warren.  His strong admiration for the beauty of nature revealed itself in his poetry.

Warner was interested in health foods such as graham flour and he resolved to incorporate these foods into his diet. He wrote in one of his field reports to the Gospel Trumpet, "One thing we much regret that there is not more wisdom among the saints respecting healthy diet. Laboring in five counties in Ind. and two in Mich., we have not found a single family that did not have pork on their table about every meal. In fact we do not recollect a single meal without pork. Now this is a very unhealthy food... Another great pity is the common use of white bread. O that God may keep His saints from thus wasting the precious wheat He gives us. Warner also studied and lectured occasionally on phrenology, which attempted to determine one's personality traits and acumen by measuring the size and shape of that person's head.

Doctrines and beliefs
Although he did not consider himself to be a theologian as such, Warner's theology was rooted in several sources.  He seems to have been an avid reader, and had friends across a broad spectrum of denominations from which he gleaned his insights.  From the Wesleyan tradition he took his view of salvation.  From the Winebrennarian Church of God he gained his view of the Church. From the Anabaptists, he picked up non-resistance and non-conformity, and from the Adventists he took some of his eschatology. From the Restorationist tradition, he inherited the view of restoring the Church to New Testament practice. His two prominent teachings stand out as the "one Church": all believers are members of the church of God. He taught in his booklet "What the Church of God Is and What it is Not" that the call to join various bodies must be of the Antichrist.  He wrote, "Therefore the multiplicity of sects, falsely called churches, are not God's church."

His other prominent theme was that of holiness.

The following is an overview of the main doctrines that characterized Warner's life and teachings:
One Church called the "Church of God", which is composed of all the "saved" people; no membership list
Holiness of life-freedom from sin; a life dedicated to the Kingdom of God and its mission.  This was accomplished by a "second, definite, work of grace"; the baptism of the Holy Ghost that purified the heart of the sin nature
Against "Babylon"; that is, all false religion that held a different name or espoused teachings outside or independent of the Word of God
The imminent second coming of Christ. Warner said "the Lord has promised him that he should live until Jesus returned."
Non-resistance; non-participation in the military
Separation from "the world" in actions, beliefs, and lifestyle, which included modesty of dress without added adornment of jewelry, cosmetics, neckties, etc., and opposition to membership in secret societies
Foot washing, baptism by immersion, and the Lord's Supper as ordinances
Leadership led by the Holy Ghost, rather than "man-rule" that dictates what the local minister can preach, with no official ministerial training or salaries, permitting women in the ministry
Divine healing by faith without the assistance of doctors
Marriage as "one man-one woman" for life, with no remarriage while the first spouse remained alive. For some second marriages already consummated before conversion, the couple was left to decide for themselves if they should separate

Movement that followed
Warner's reform movement eventually formalized itself into the Church of God (Anderson), with unofficial headquarters in Anderson, Indiana, and began to behave like other denominations.  To this day, this group—and others who have derived from it—refers to itself as a movement rather than a denomination and does not practice formal church membership.  The movement grew numerically in such a degree that it became the fastest growing denomination in the USA during the first few decades of the 20th century.  This was in spite of several defections and divisions.

Zinzendorfism
The first major defection from Warner's movement occurred in the latter years of the 1890s.  A large number of ministers and congregations left the movement over a disagreement on the doctrine of sanctification.  This defection is generally known as "The Anti-cleansing Heresy" or Zinzendorfism by the followers of Warner.  Those leaving were unable to unite into a unified group and soon were dispersed among other denominations.

Faith and victory movement
About 1910, some concerned ministers and lay people began to speak up about "worldliness" creeping into the movement. The main issue was over the use of a neck-tie, which was considered as "outward adornment".  However, the concerns were broader than this one point, and included singing "worldly songs", courtship practices, and using slang.  Within a few years a small number of ministers, including C.E. Orr, Willis M. Brown, N.S. Duncan, and W.H. Shoot, began the Herald of Truth paper. Eventually, they would gather into what is now called the Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma), which is characterized by its conservative holiness movement standards. Some of the dissenters later returned to the main group.

7th-seal movement
About 1940, some of the "Anderson" congregations began to express dissatisfaction with what they discerned to be "drifting" in the movement in areas such as mixed bathing between boys and girls, modesty, the entrance of the television into the home, the wearing of jewelry, and other practices that they considered to be at variance with what Daniel Warner had taught as Biblical truths. By the early 1940s, many ministers and congregations began to feel that the now existing headquarters and committees of the church were not addressing these concerns, and instead were "compromising" further the original message of Daniel Warner and the teachings of the Bible in order to gain fellowship with other denominations. Because of this, these individuals and congregations felt impressed of God to "take their stand for truth" and separate from the mainline movement.

It became the general consensus of the time that these following ministers were upset by the direction that C. E. Brown, editor of the Gospel Trumpet, was taking concerning a popular message of D. S. Warner, "Come Out of Her My People." Brown believed that there were saved people in all churches and denominations; that indeed the "Church of God" was a much larger body than Warner's movement. Brown also advocated theological training for ministers, which appeared to be a threat to those concerned with the "drift." This situation with the "7th-sealers" mirrored an earlier historical event concerning Earl Slacum and the "Watchmen Movement," which had created a schism.  Slacum later felt he had erred, repented, and was restored to fellowship with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana).
The dissenting congregations and individuals, including Charles Kline, Harold Barbor, N. Bogart, H. Pittman, John R. Crouch, R. Hines, G.W. Powell, H. Littek, E. Henry, Emerson Wilson, and H. Griffin, felt that they had received more light from God concerning the original eschatology of the movement. Based on this alleged "light," these ministers began to teach that Daniel Warner had been a part of the sounding of the sixth trumpet of Revelation, but now the seventh trumpet was sounding, calling men once again from Babylon and sectarianism, which included the now allegedly apostatized Anderson movement in their view. In contrast, the majority of Warner's movement felt that the 7th-seal message was a false teaching, with some even feeling that those churches associated with it used cult-like control of the followers.  Likewise, the 7th-seal churches claimed they were following the original message that Daniel Warner preached, while others adamantly proclaimed that it was not so.

Since the 1940s, the 7th-seal movement has splintered into at least 6 documented schisms.

Influences

Church groups deriving from D. S. Warner's teachings:
 Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
 Church of God (Restoration)
 Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma)
 Church of God (7th-seal)

Institutions named in his honor:
 Warner University formerly Warner Southern College
 Warner Pacific College
 The former Warner Memorial University in Texas.
 Warner Press
 Warner Christian Academy in South Daytona, FL

References

External links
Faith Publishing House Publishing house for the Church of God (Guthrie, OK)
Daniel Sidney Warner, a Christian Reformer
Warner Press
An Inside Look at the Church of God Brief history of Daniel Warner and the Church of God movement
The Church of God: What It Is and What It Is Not
Salvation: Present, Perfect, Now or Never

1842 births
1895 deaths
People from Marshallville, Ohio
American religious leaders
Churches of God Christians
Members of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
Warner Pacific University people
American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent

Daniel Sidney Warner


Buljkeski dinar bila je moneta koja je poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, u razdoblju od 1945. do 1949. godine, korištena kao sredstvo plaćanja u Grčkoj općini u Vojvodini, u sastavu FNR Jugoslavije.

Ova privremena autohtona zajednica, Buljkeska općina ili "republika" bila je eksteritorijalna komuna Grčke u selu Buljkes (današnji Maglić), u okolici Bačkog Petrovca, s oko 4.300 doseljenika. U njoj su važili grčki zakonski propisi, i sustav novčanica, koje je vlada FNR Jugoslavije priznavala.

U optjecaju su bile novčanice u apoenima 1 (postojanje apoena od 1 dinar nije potvrđeno) 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 dinara. Novčanice koje su nosile oznaku komune, bile su optjecaju do 1949. godine, kada je konačno Grčka općina u vojvodini ugašena.

Od 1945. do 1949. godine, u optjecaju su bile novčanice u ukupnom iznosu od 9.253.255 dinara. Količina Buljkeskog dinara bila je jednaka ukupnom zbroju zarade svih zaposlenih u općini.

Ovaj izuzetak iz nadležnosti jedne države, uključujući i tiskanje i protok novčanica unutar jedne suverene države bio je bez presedana u državničkoj praksi u svijetu.

Izvori

Povijesne valute

Buljkeski dinar


Atlas Dağları, Afrika kıtasının kuzeybatısında, Fas, Cezayir ve Tunus ülkelerinden geçen büyük bir dağ sırasıdır.

Uzunluğu 2400 kilometre civarındadır. En yüksek noktası, Fas'ın güneybatısında 4167 m yüksekliğindeki Toubkal'dır. Atlas Dağları, kuzeybatı Afrika'nın Akdeniz kıyıları ile Sahra Çölü'nü ayıran bir duvar gibidir. Geçtiği bölgelerde Arap ve Berberi'ler yaşar; bu dağlardaki insanların kendine özgü kültürleri ve yaşam biçimleri, dağların ihtişamlı görüntüsüyle birlikte geziler için ve fotoğrafçılar için çekici bir dünya olmuştur.

Atlas Dağları'nın oluşumunun milyonlarca yıl öncesinde Amerika ve Afrika kıtalarının ayrılmadan önce çarpışmasından kaynaklandığı, Kuzey Amerika'daki Apalaş Dağları'nın da aynı jeolojik hareketin sonucu olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.

Resimler için dış bağlantı (Atlas Dağları)
 http://i-cias.com/e.o/atlasmou.htm
 http://www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/Photos/Africa/Morocco/HighAtlas.html
 http://www.peakware.com/areas.html?a=309

Atlas Dağları


Four Mile Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Four Mile Township (Illinois)
 Four Mile Township (Iowa)

Four Mile Township


Les élections législatives françaises de 2007 se déroulent les 10 et . Dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhône, seize députés sont à élire dans le cadre de seize circonscriptions.

Élus

Résultats

Analyse
Le rapport de force reste identique à celui de 2002 et très favorable à la droite, qui détient 12 circonscriptions contre 4 à la gauche à l'issue du second tour. Au-delà de cette apparente stabilité, chacune des deux coalitions a gagné une circonscription au détriment du camp adverse. Dans la 8 circonscription (Marseille–Nord-Est), l'UMP Valérie Boyer arrache le siège détenu par la famille Masse : en 2002 le socialiste Christophe Masse y avait succédé à son père au terme d'une triangulaire incluant le FN. En revanche, dans le secteur d'Arles le président PS du conseil régional et ancien Garde des sceaux Michel Vauzelle prend sa revanche sur l'UMP Roland Chassain qui l'avait battu de justesse cinq ans auparavant.

Les autres traits marquants de ce scrutin sont les reculs enregistrés par le PCF et le FN. En effet, les communistes perdent un des deux sièges qu'ils avaient su préserver jusqu'ici : celui de la 4 circonscription (Marseille–Nord-Est) où le sortant Frédéric Dutoit est éliminé au premier tour au profit du socialiste Henri Jibrayel. Le FN perd lui aussi du terrain puisqu'il ne peut maintenir aucun candidat au second tour. Le siphonage des électeurs d'extrême-droite par la droite parlementaire permet l'élection au premier tour des UMP Dominique Tian à Marseille–Sud-Ouest, Guy Teissier à Marseille–Sud-Est, Bernard Deflesselles dans la circonscription de La Ciotat, et Eric Diard dans celle de Marignane.

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par circonscription

Première circonscription

Deuxième circonscription

Troisième circonscription

Quatrième circonscription

Cinquième circonscription

Sixième circonscription

Septième circonscription

Huitième circonscription

Neuvième circonscription  (Aubagne)

Dixième  circonscription (Allauch)

Onzième circonscription  (Aix-Salon-de-Provence)

Douzième circonscription  (Marignane)

Treizième  circonscription  (Martigues-Istres)

Quatorzième circonscription  (Aix-en-Provence)

Quinzième circonscription (Châteaurenard)

Seizième circonscription  (Arles)

Articles connexes
 Liste des circonscriptions législatives des Bouches-du-Rhône
 Liste des députés des Bouches-du-Rhône
 Élections législatives françaises de 2007

Notes et références

Bouches-du-Rhône
Législatives, 2007

Élections législatives de 2007 dans les Bouches-du-Rhône