The Barbarian Football Club, known as the Barbarians, is a British-based invitational rugby union club. The Barbarians play in black and white hoops, though players wear socks from their own club strip. Membership is by invitation. As of 2011, players from 31 countries had played for them. Traditionally at least one uncapped player is selected for each match.

Until rugby union became a professional sport, the Barbarians usually played six annual matches: with Penarth, Cardiff, Swansea and Newport at Easter; a game with Leicester on 27 December and the Mobbs Memorial Match against East Midlands in the spring. In 1948, the Barbarians were invited to face Australia as part of the Wallabies' tour of Britain, Ireland and France. Although initially designed as a fundraiser towards the end of the tour, the encounter became a popular and traditional fixture. Initially played every three years, it has become more frequent in the professional era, with the Barbarians now often playing one of the national teams visiting Britain each autumn.

On 29 May 2011, at halftime in the Barbarians' match against England at Twickenham, the Barbarians and their founder William Percy Carpmael were honoured with induction to the IRB Hall of Fame. A women's team was established in 2017.

Many rugby clubs around the world are based on the Barbarians model of an invitational scratch team, including the French Barbarians, Australian Barbarians, New Zealand Barbarians and South African Barbarians.

History

The Barbarian Club was formed by William Percy Carpmael, who had played rugby for Cambridge University, and had been part of the Cambridge team which had undertaken a tour of Yorkshire in 1884. Inspired by the culture behind short rugby tours he organised his first tour in 1889 with Clapham Rovers, which was followed by an 1890 tour with an invitational team calling themselves the Southern Nomads. At the time practically every club ceased playing in early March and there were no tours and players just 'packed up' until the following season. In 1890 he took the Southern Nomads – mainly composed of players from Blackheath – on a tour of some northern counties of England.

His idea – collecting a touring side from all sources to tackle a few leading clubs in the land – received strong support from leading players, particularly ex-university players. On 8 April 1890, in Leuchters Restaurant and later at the Alexandra Hotel in Bradford, the concept of the Barbarians was agreed upon. The team toured later that year and beat Hartlepool Rovers 9–4 on 27 December in their first fixture.

The team was given the motto by Walter Julius Carey, former Bishop of Bloemfontein and a former member of the Barbarians:

Penarth

The concept took hold over the years and the nearest thing to a club home came to be the Esplanade Hotel at Penarth in South Wales, where the Barbarians always stayed on their Easter tours of Wales. The annual Good Friday game against the Barbarians was the highlight of the Penarth club's year and was always attended by enthusiastic capacity crowds. This fixture marked the start of the Baa-Baas' annual South Wales tour from their "spiritual home" of Penarth, which also included playing Cardiff RFC on the Saturday, Swansea RFC on Easter Monday and Newport RFC on the Tuesday.

The non-match day of Easter Sunday would always see the Barbarians playing golf at the Glamorganshire Golf Club, in Penarth, while the former Esplanade Hotel, which was located on the seafront at Penarth, would host the gala party for the trip, sponsored by Penarth RFC. The first match took place in 1901, and over the next 75 encounters, Penarth won eleven games, drew four and lost 60. Between 1920 and the first Athletics Field game in 1925, the Good Friday games were hosted on Penarth County Grammar School's sports field.

The final Penarth v Barbarians game was played in 1986, by which time the Penarth club had slipped from its prominent position in Welsh rugby. However, a special commemorative game, recognising the 100 years since the first Good Friday match, took place in 2001 and was played at the Athletic Field next to the Penarth clubhouse the day before the Barbarians played Wales at the Millennium Stadium. Gary Teichmann, captain of South Africa and the Barbarians, unveiled a plaque at the clubhouse to mark the event.

The Final Challenge
After the Second World War, in 1948, the Barbarians were asked by the British and Irish unions to raise a side to play the touring Australia team, to raise funds for the Australians' journey home via Canada. This started the tradition of the "Final Challenge" – played as the last match in a tour of Britain and Ireland by Australia, New Zealand or South Africa.

'The best try ever scored'

The Barbarian 'Final Challenge' match with the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park on 27 January 1973 is celebrated as one of the best games of rugby union ever played. It was a game of attack and counterattack, and the Barbarians won the match 23–11, handing the All Blacks their fourth defeat of the tour. Gareth Edwards scored a try widely considered to be one of the best ever in rugby union.

Cliff Morgan described Gareth Edwards' try:

Gareth Edwards said of the match:

Traditional matches
The nature of the Barbarians as a touring side made for a diverse fixture list, but at a number of points in the club's history they have settled for a time into a regular pattern. Most of these regular matches have fallen by the wayside, whilst others continue to the present day:

 27 December game against Leicester Tigers – this began in 1909 as the third and final match of the Christmas Tour. It was played for the last time as a regular fixture in March 2006 but returned in November 2014 when the Barbarians beat Leicester 59–26 in their 125th anniversary season.
 The Edgar Mobbs Memorial Match – held for Edgar Mobbs, who was killed in the First World War. Played at Franklins Gardens against Northampton Saints, Bedford Blues or the East Midlands select XV. The first took place on 10 February 1921, and in later years became a tradition on the first Thursday in March. The last Mobbs Match to feature the Barbarians took place in April 2011. Since then, the invited opposition has been a British Army side instead of the Barbarians.
 Easter Tour – traditionally four matches against Penarth RFC (Good Friday), Cardiff RFC/Cardiff Blues (Holy Saturday); Swansea RFC (Easter Monday) and Newport RFC (Tuesday following Easter Monday). The Penarth match was dropped after 1986 as a regular fixture although in 2001 a special commemorative game, recognising 100 years since the first Good Friday match, was played at the Athletic Field next to the Penarth clubhouse the day before the Barbarians played Wales at the Millennium Stadium. The game against Newport was moved away from Easter after the 1982 fixture due to problems fielding a team for the fourth match of the tour and was played as a midweek game early in the season from September 1982 onwards. The Barbarians last played Newport in November 1996.
 The Final Challenge – played as the last match in a tour of the UK by Australia, New Zealand or South Africa. Initially played every three years, these games have become more frequent in the professional era. The fixture on 3 December 2008 between the Barbarians and Australia was played at Wembley Stadium, the first rugby union match played there since its redevelopment.
 Remembrance Day game against the Combined Services, played in November. The fixture was first played in 1997 and the most recent game, in 2014, resulted in a 31–15 win for the Barbarians.

They typically compete against teams from the home nations (England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland) as well as other international sides. Other matches are played against club teams, often to celebrate anniversaries. The 2014–15 fixture list included matches against Leicester Tigers and Heriot's Rugby Club in addition to the Final Challenge game with Australia and the annual Combined Services match. The Heriot's game celebrated the 125th anniversary of both that club and the Barbarians, while the Leicester game was also part of the Barbarians' 125th anniversary schedule. The Barbarians were also invited to play in the first ever Rugby match at the London Olympic Stadium in 2015 against Samoa.

Olympic rugby union centenary celebration match
Australia was approached by the British Olympic Association to play the Barbarians at Wembley Stadium on 3 December 2008. The match formed part of the BOA's programme of events to celebrate the centenary of the first London Olympic Games where Australia defeated a Great Britain (Cornwall) side in the final 32–3. In 1908 France were the defending Olympic champions, but when they withdrew from the event, leaving just Australia and Great Britain to contest the gold medal, it was then County champions Cornwall who took to the field to represent the host nation. Cornwall had already been defeated in Australia's earlier 31-match tour. Cornwall's 1908 contribution was also further recognised by the presentation of the Cornwall Cup to the winning 2008 captain at Wembley, with the players of the respective sides receiving gold or silver commemorative medals. The 2008 game was the first rugby union fixture to take place in the new Wembley Stadium. Australia went on to win 18 points to 11.

In a change to the tradition of the Barbarians players wearing their own club socks, in this game, they all wore Cornwall's black and gold socks. The break with the tradition was highly regarded by the secretary of the Cornwall Rugby Football Union, Alan Mitchell, who was said to have been humbled by the honour.

Women's team

In October 2017 a women's team was announced for the first time in the club's history. Their first match was a 19–0 victory against Munster on 10 November 2017, played as part of a double header with the men's team playing Tonga. They subsequently played a match against the British Army in March 2018, winning 37–0.

Their first-ever match against international competition saw six tries scored in a 34–33 victory against the USA at Infinity Park in the Denver suburb of Glendale, Colorado. On 2 June 2019, Barbarians Women took on England at Twickenham as the prelude to a men's Barbarians match against an England XV (non-cap match) losing the contest 40–14 (two tries scored to six conceded). They went on to beat Wales at the Principality Stadium 43–33 on 30 November 2019 scoring 5 tries to 3 conceded.

Matches against national teams
The Barbarian F.C. have played men's international matches since 1915 and women's international matches since 2019.

Overall

Current squad

Men
Men's Barbarians squad to face Spain on 25 June.

Head coach:  John Mulvihill

Note: Bold denotes players that have represented the Barbarians in previous matches. Italics represents uncapped players.

Women
Women's Barbarians squad to face South Africa on 23 September 2023 and Munster on 30 September 2023.

Head coach:  Sean Lynn ( Gloucester-Hartpury)

Note: Italics represents uncapped players.

Previous squads

Presidents
The club's current president is former England and Barbarians player John Spencer, who was named in the position in December 2019.

The office was first instituted in 1913. The previous six presidents were:

W. P. Carpmael, held office 1913–1936; the founder of the Barbarians
Emile de Lissa, 1936–1955; associated as Secretary, Treasurer, Vice-President and President from 1901 to 1955
Jack "Haigho" Smith, 1955; his term lasted for only a few weeks before his death, having previously given devoted service as Honorary Secretary for more than 30 years.
Brigadier Glyn Hughes, 1955–1973
Herbert Waddell, 1973–1988
Micky Steele-Bodger, 1988–2019

Honours

 Middlesex Sevens
 Champions (3): 1934, 1997, 1998

 Hong Kong Sevens
 Champions (1): 1981

 Melrose Sevens
 Champions (1): 2001

See also
 Australian Barbarians
 French Barbarians
 New Zealand Barbarians
 South African Barbarians

Bibliography

 Evans, Alan (2005), The Barbarians, the United Nations of Rugby, with a foreword by Sir Anthony O'Reilly, Mainstream Publishing Company, Edinburgh

References

External links

 Barbarians history from the BBC
 Barbarians history from scrum.com
 Barbarians International Matches
 Barbarians rugby union news from Planet Rugby

International rugby union teams
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Multinational rugby union teams
Rugby union clubs in the United Kingdom
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom

Barbarian F.C.


Fabiano Cezar Viegas (født 4. august 1975) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Fabiano Cezar Viegas


The WIYN Observatory is owned and operated by the WIYN Consortium. Its 3.5-meter telescope is the second largest optical telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Most of the capital costs for the observatory were provided by the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Indiana University, and Yale University, while the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) provides most of the operating services. The NOAO is an institution of the United States; it is the national optical observatory program and supports a collection of ground-based telescopes at Kitt Peak (where WIYN is located) as well as other locations.

Telescope
WIYN is a Ritchey–Chrétien telescope with an altitude-azimuth mount. The lightweight borosilicate primary mirror has a diameter of 3.49885 m (137.75") and was manufactured at the Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab. Sixty-six active optics actuators support the primary mirror.

The telescope is located in a half-Rhombicuboctahedron dome.

Current instrumentation

Hydra
Hydra is a multiobject spectrograph using fiber optics robotically positioned in the focal plane to allow up to 100 separate objects to be observed at a time. The light is guided to a spectrograph room under the main telescope where a CCD camera records the spectrum of each object. The field of view is approximately 1 degree.  Hydra has been operating since 1990. It was originally located at the Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope before being moved to WIYN in 1994. In 2021, Hydra received a major upgrade to the "gripper" fiber positioning robot.

NEID
Funded by the NN-EXPLORE collaboration between NASA and the National Science Foundation, the NEID spectrograph searches for extra-solar planets by looking for minute variations in the radial velocity of the host star caused by the orbiting planet(s). The extremely precise radial velocities (50 cm/s) provided by NEID will provide masses and densities for exoplanets discovered by the TESS space telescope.  The name NEID comes from the Tohono O'odham word for "to see."

The spectrograph was designed and built at Pennsylvania State University, with the construction beginning in 2016. The Port Adapter portion of the instrument, which provides guiding, focus correction, fast tip-tilt correction, and atmospheric dispersion correction to the starlight before injecting it into the optical fiber feeding the spectrograph, was built by the University of Wisconsin in collaboration with NOAO. On June 2, 2021, NEID completed commissioning.

The NEID is also assisted by The Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) with super-computer time and expertise in the scientific search for new exoplanets.

One Degree Imager (ODI)

The One Degree Imager (ODI) is the flagship of WIYN's new instrument initiatives. ODI utilizes both WIYN's one degree field of view and excellent image quality. The original design for ODI was to cover the one square degree field using a total of 64 Orthogonal Transfer Arrays (OTAs) with a total of 1 GigaPixel and a pixelscale of 0.11 arcseconds per pixel. Orthogonal transfer arrays allow to actively improve image sharpness by correcting images for tip/tilt motion during the integration. Corrections will be done over the entire field of view, making ODI a unique and competitive instrument in the era of wide-field surveys. ODI is funded by the WIYN partners and the National Science Foundation.

ODI was first commissioned in a partial or prototype configuration (pODI) using 13 OTAs in the summer of 2012, and was available for science observations since early 2013. pODI was decommissioned in late 2014 to undergo a significant upgrade. The upgraded ODI, now using 30 OTAs in a 5x6 layout was recommissioned in summer 2015 and has been available for science observations since October 2015.

WIYN High Resolution InfraRed Camera (WHIRC)
WHIRC is a near infrared high resolution imaging camera commissioned in 2008. WHIRC was a joint project between the WIYN partners and STScI. It consists of a 2k × 2k detector providing an excellent pixel scale of 0.1"/pixel and a field of view of 200 × 200 arcsec. WHIRC can be used with the WIYN Tip/Tilt Module (WTTM) to provide exquisite high-resolution images. A large set of filters is available.

Past (no longer available) instruments

Mini-Mosaic
MiniMo is a CCD consisting of two 2048 × 4096 pixel chips, with a field of view of 9.6 arcminutes. The two separate chips allow for faster readout of the image than would have been otherwise possible, as they can be read out simultaneously.

Governance
The WIYN Consortium is governed by a board of directors, which includes three members of each partner institution. The board meets twice a year. The Science Steering Committee provides scientific guidance to the board and the WIYN director.

From 2000 to 2008, the WIYN director was George Jacoby, followed by Pierre Martin (2008–2010). From 2010 to 2013, Pat Knezek served as interim director. Since 2013, Eric Hooper (UW-Madison) has served as interim director.

Yale University withdrew from the WIYN consortium on April 1, 2014 and was replaced by the University of Missouri in the fall of that year. In 2015, a NASA-NSF partnership called NN-EXPLORE effectively took over NOAO's share, although NOAO still manages the operations.

See also
 List of astronomical observatories
 List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
 List of the largest optical telescopes in the contiguous United States

References

External links

 WIYN Observatory – official site.
 Abell 39 image by WIYN

Astronomical observatories in Arizona
Buildings and structures in Pima County, Arizona
Optical telescopes
Kitt Peak National Observatory

WIYN Observatory


Die Beberbach-Humme-Niederung ist ein Naturschutzgebiet im niedersächsischen Flecken Aerzen im Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 186 ist 30 Hektar groß. Es liegt zwischen Aerzen, Groß Berkel und Königsförde in der Niederung von Beberbach und Humme. Das Schutzgebiet wird überwiegend von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen geprägt. Die Flächen werden zeitweise überflutet. Im Bereich der Wiesen sind Sumpfdotterblumen- und Großseggenbestände zu finden. Der Bereich einer Quelle ist von einer Schilfzone umgeben. Im Osten des Schutzgebietes befindet sich eine Obstbaumbrache. Die Flussläufe werden von Erlen und Weiden begleitet. Im Norden grenzt das Naturschutzgebiet an den Bahndamm der ehemaligen Begatalbahn.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 18. Dezember 1997 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Geographie (Aerzen)

Beberbach-Humme-Niederung


Martha Is Dead é um jogo eletrônico de thriller psicológico em primeira pessoa. Foi lançado em  de 24 de fevereiro de 2022, sendo desenvolvido pelo estúdio italiano LKA e publicado pela Wired Productions. Foi lançado para Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S e Amazon Luna.

O jogo é um simulador de caminhada no qual o jogador progride por experiências na história. É dirigido por narrativas; não há inimigos para derrotar ou pontos de experiência para ganhar. Elementos de terror, elementos sobrenaturais, gore e jumpscares podem ser esperados ao longo do jogo. Martha Is Dead recebe críticas mistas sobre como lida com doenças mentais, pois aborda assuntos como abuso, violência, trauma, manipulação e transtorno dissociativo de identidade.

Enredo
Em uma aldeia fictícia na Toscana durante os últimos anos da Segunda Guerra Mundial, as irmãs gêmeas Martha e Giulia passam a infância na casa de sua babá. Martha é surda desde o nascimento e sua mãe, Irene, culpa Giulia por infligir um trauma contundente à irmã enquanto ela ainda estava no útero. A história da Dama de Branco acompanha Giulia desde a infância, pois sua babá contava a história todas as noites. Giulia sempre foi estranhamente fascinada pela história da Dama Branca, um espírito vingativo de uma senhora cujo namorado a mata por ciúmes.

Giulia pede a Martha que a acompanhe até um lago na floresta perto de sua mansão para tirar algumas fotos um dia. No entanto, Martha nunca aparece e Giulia tem que tirar fotos sozinha. Giulia descobre o cadáver de sua irmã gêmea no lago enquanto ajusta sua câmera. Seus pais encontram Giulia quando ela descobre o corpo, e sua mãe a identifica erroneamente como Martha, levando Giulia a adotar o papel de sua irmã gêmea. O estado mental de Giulia piora nos dias seguintes à morte de sua irmã. Devido a lapsos de memória, ela se esforça para recordar os acontecimentos do dia em que sua irmã morreu.

Giulia descobre o rolo de filme que havia usado momentos antes da tragédia de Martha no lago e descobre algo suspeito sobre a morte de sua irmã — ela rema até a ilha onde a Dama Branca foi enforcada no folclore de sua infância. Após se comunicar com o espírito por meio de cartas de tarô, Giulia recebe a chave da caixa de bugigangas de sua irmã e acorda em sua banheira na mansão. Ela descobre a carta de Martha afirmando que fingiu ser surda depois que Irene abusou dela quando criança. Ela confessa que se sentiu péssima com o favoritismo de sua mãe por ela e aversão por Giulia. Martha também admite que é ela que está grávida — ela mentiu para a mãe que Giulia está grávida de um filho de Lapo. Este homem é um membro dos combatentes rebeldes italianos contra a invasão alemã na Itália. Martha planeja se passar por Giulia e deixar Giulia se tornar vítima da fúria de sua mãe. Giulia se sente traída ao saber da verdade e decide revelar sua verdadeira identidade para a mãe tocando piano no funeral de Martha, o que choca toda a família.

Giulia segue para os mausoléus de sua família para investigar se Martha está grávida. Giulia percebe que Martha estava grávida quando descobre um feto deformado e com duas cabeças no corpo de Marta. Depois que Giulia chega em casa, sua mãe combina com o asilo para levá-la embora, pois sua mãe suspeita que Giulia está delirando e seria perigosa para outras pessoas ao seu redor. Antes de revelar o rolo de filme que leva do enterro, Giulia briga com a mãe pela chave do quarto de sua infância e atira nela sem querer. De repente, uma bomba caiu perto da mansão e cortou a eletricidade. Giulia vai para o quarto, fazendo seu show de marionetes, insinuando que desmembra e enterra o corpo de sua mãe debaixo de uma ponte na floresta, mas rejeita a realidade de suas ações. Depois que a energia elétrica é restaurada, Giulia desenrola o carretel e descobre que foi ela quem matou Martha. Ela é emboscada por soldados da resistência italiana e torturada junto com seu pai assassinado, mas Giulia sobrevive.

No entanto, essa não é a pior parte do delírio de Giulia. Agora sozinha, Giulia retorna à câmara escura e reproduz a confissão de sua mãe, revelando que Martha não existe como irmã gêmea de Giulia. Em vez disso, Giulia é um alter ego de Martha. Ela interpreta seu teatro de marionetes mais uma vez, passando por sua educação difícil. A paternidade abusiva da mãe divide a personalidade de Martha: a quieta e gentil Martha e a irritante e desagradável Giulia.

Atualmente, Giulia contata o padre da aldeia que a convence a ir à igreja, onde a equipe do hospital psiquiátrico finalmente a leva. Giulia se machuca no abrigo, muitas vezes se masturbando a ponto de se machucar fisicamente. Em sua cabeça, Giulia fala de si mesma com seu alter ego, questionando quais eventos são reais ou imaginários. No final da história, Giulia diz que se recuperou e pode deixar o passado para trás.

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Martha Is Dead


Renzo Agasso (San Bernarde di Carmagnola, Torino, 1953.), talijanski pisac

Životopis
Rođen je u mjestu San Bernarde di Carmagnola (Torino) 1953. godine. Oženjen je, ima troje djece, napisao je dvadeset knjiga, voli pripovijedati priče o muškarcima i ženama koji su "svjetlo svijeta" kako bi ohrabrio sebe i druge.

Djela
Napisao više djela, od kojih se ističu:
 Martinazzoli, Muccioli, Il caso Ambrosoli (Slučaj Ambrosoli)
 Storia di calcio e d'amore - Nel nome di Niccolo (Priča o nogometu i ljubavi - u Nikolino ime)
 Elogio del somaro (Pohvala magarcu), s don Antoniom Mazzijem
 Dominique Lapierre i Il piombo e il silenzio (Olovo i tišina), sa sinom Domenicom
 Želiš probati drogu? Ne čini to sebi! (s Giorgiom Benusigliom)

Izvori

Talijanski književnici

Renzo Agasso


Mary Badham (født 7. oktober 1952) er en amerikansk filmskuespiller og restauratør. Hun er kendt for sin skildring af Jean Louise "Scout" Finch i Dræb ikke en sangfugl (1962), for hvilken hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle. På det tidspunkt var Badham (10 år) den yngste skuespillerinde, der nogensinde blev nomineret i denne kategori.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Alabama
Restauratører
Personer fra Birmingham (Alabama)
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Mary Badham


المبدأ الكوني  هي مجموعة من الافتراضات التي تتعلق بتكوين الكون وبنائه، وهذا المبدأ يفترض بأن النجوم والمجرات موزعة توزيعا متساويا في جميع أنحاء الكون ومتجانسة. أي لا تتميز منطقة فيه عن الأخرى.

انظر أيضًا
 انفجار عظيم
 نظرية الفر-بيتا-جاموف
 إدوين هابل
 كون ساكن

مراجع

علم الكون الفيزيائي
مبادئ

مبدأ كوني


Ismaikel "Mike" Perez (født den 20. oktober 1985 i Ciego de Avila, Cuba) er en cubansk professionel bokser, der konkurrerer som i cruiservægt-klassen. Han er mest kendt for at have deltaget i World Boxing Super Series, hvor han den 30. september, 2017 i Riga tabte en enstemmig pointafgørelse mod lettiske WBC-verdensmester Mairis Briedis.

Baggrund
Perez var en succesfuld amatørboxer i Cuba. I 2005, mens han konkurrerede med det cubanske hold i en turnering i Liverpool, fik han øjnene op for den irske boksepromotor Gary Hyde. Hyde udtrykte senere sit ønske om at gøre Perez professionel, og for at gøre det måtte han forlade Cuba. I december 2007 svømmede Perez fra Cubas kyst til en båd bemandet af et mexicansk kartel. Efter overførselen gennem to andre både, vedvarende storme og begrænset mad og vandforsyninger, nåede Perez til sidst Mexicansk jord ni dage senere. Kartellet holdt ham derhen, indtil de sikrede endelig betaling fra arrangør Gary Hyde. Efter at have modtaget beløbet, blev Perez løsladt, så han kunne gå om bord på et fly til sit nye hjem. Den 10. januar 2008 ankom Perez til Irland, hvor han bosatte sig i Cork sammen med andre kubanere Alexei Acosta og Luis Garcia. I dag kæmper han under kaldenavnet Mike "The Rebel" Perez, med henvisning til Cork, der er kendt som "Rebel County".

Professionel karriere

Tidlig karriere
I 2008 blev Perez professionel under den cubanske træner Nicholas Cruz Hernández, der også flyttede til Irland i 1988.

Den 7. maj 2011 vandt Perez den internationale prizefighter turnering, der blev afholdt i London i England. Perez slog Kertson Manswell og Gregory Tony, før han besejrede amerikanske kæmper Tye Fields i finalen hvor han vandt £32.000-prisen. Efter kampen hævdede Perez, at sejren ville give ham muligheden for at bokse om verdensmesterskabt-titlen i nærmeste fremtid.

Efter en pause i 2012 vendte Perez tilbage til ringen i maj 2013. På underkortet til Wladimir Klitschko vs Francesco Pianeta mødte han den amerikansk kæmpe Travis Walker. Efter 10 omgnage tog han sejren via en enstemmig afgørelse.

Perez vs Abdusalomov og efterfølgende
Den 2. november 2013 fik han sin HBO debut mod Magomed Abdusalomov i Madison Square Garden. Perez vandt med enstemmig afgørelse efter 10 brutale omgange. Kampen medførte at Abdusalamov blev permanent og alvorligt skadet, da han led et slagtilfælde og måtte gå ind i et medicinsk induceret koma før en operation.Abdusalamovs familie sagsøgte senere New York State Athletic Commission på grund af uagtsomhed. Retssagen endte med en $22 millioner dollars afvikling.Perezs form dyppet efter denne kamp, da han trak og mistede mange af hans næste kampe. Han afslørede senere, at han kæmpede med alkoholisme i løbet af denne tid, til det punkt at han nogle gange ville møde fuld op i ringen.

Perez vendte tilbage den 18. januar 2014 i en kamp mod Carlos Takam i Bell Center i Montreal. Takam og Perez kæmpede fik en uafgjort. Kampen blev vist på HBO på Jean Pascal vs Lucian Butes undercard.

Perez tabte derefter en tæt split decision til Bryant Jennings i juli 2014 på scorekortene 114-113 og 115-112 ftil Jennings og 113-114 for Perez. Dommer Harvey Dock fratræk kontroversielt et point fra Perez i sidste omgang.

Den 22. maj 2015 blev Perez brutalt slået ud af Alexander Povetkin 91 sekunder i 1. omgang i en WBC-sværvægts-titel eliminator. Efter tabet til Povetkin tilbragte Perez over to år væk fra ringen, før han vendte tilbage i 2017 i cruiservægt.

Amatørkarriere
Perez havde over 400 amatørkampe.

Personligt liv
Perez er bosat i Cork, Irland. Han har 2 børn med sin tidligere kone.

Referencer

Boksere fra Cuba

Mike Perez


An Hypolytrum sphaerostachyum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler. An Hypolytrum sphaerostachyum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypolytrum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypolytrum

Hypolytrum sphaerostachyum


, littéralement Grande allée, peut se référer à :

Patronyme
Hirokōji est un patronyme japonais traditionnel. Les titulaires du nom incluent :
  (1972-), romancier japonais.

Toponymie
 , quartier de Kariya ;
 , gratte-ciel à Nagoya ;
  (広小路西通), quartier de Nagoya ;
 Plusieurs gares ferroviaires au Japon :
  (広小路駅), dans la préfecture de Mie ;
  (広小路停留場), sur la  à Takaoka, dans la préfecture de Toyama.
 Plusieurs rues au Japon :
 , à Akita ;
 Hirokōji-dōri (広小路通り), à Hamamatsu ;
 Hirokōji-dōri (広小路通り), à Itoigawa ;
 Hirokōji-dōri (広小路通), à Kyoto ;
  (広小路通), à Nagoya ;
 Hirokōji-dōri (広小路通り), à Toyohashi.

Patronyme japonais

Hirokōji


Indiana University Press, cunoscută și sub numele IU Press, este o editură cu profil academic a Indiana University, care este specializată în științe umaniste și științe sociale. Ea a fost fondată în 1950. Sediul său se află în Bloomington, Indiana. Ea publică 140 de cărți noi anual, plus 29 de reviste academice. Catalogul său actual cuprinde aproximativ 2.000 de titluri.

Indiana University Press publică în special în următoarele domenii: studii africane, studii afro-americane, studii asiatice, studii culturale, studii iudaice, Holocaust, studii privind Orientul Mijlociu, studii ruse și est-europene, studii privind egalitatea între femei și bărbați; antropologie, studii de film, folclor, istorie, bioetică, muzică, paleontologie, filantropie, filosofie și religie.

În anul 2009 volumul I al cărții Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, elaborat de Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din Statele Unite ale Americii și publicat de Indiana University Press a fost aleasă drept câștigătoare a National Jewish Book Award în categoria Holocaust.

IU Press publică, de asemenea, la nivel regional sub marca Quarry Books.

Note

Legături externe

 IU Press Journals on JSTOR

Edituri universitare din Statele Unite ale Americii

Indiana University Press


بنو رشيد كانت قبيلة في منطقة الجزائر الحديثة، بالقرب من مدينة وهران. دخلت قبيلة بني رشيد في تحالف متفرق مع إسبانيا، عندما كانت تواجه التهديد من التوسع العثماني سنة 1545 م.

هوامش

الجزائر العثمانية
تاريخ الجزائر

بنو رشيد


Denstorekrig1914-1918.dk er en hjemmeside, der omhandler sønderjyderne og Den store krig 1914 - 1918, altså 1. Verdenskrig, hvor Sønderjylland var tysk, og hvor danske sønderjyder blev tvunget med i krigen på tysk side.

Websiden / bloggen denstorekrig1914-1918.dk drives af Museum Sønderjylland i samarbejde med kulturinstitutioner og -foreninger i Sønderjylland, samt frivillige privatpersoner. Hjemmesiden blev oprettet i april 2014.

Under mottoet "Daglige opdateringer om Første Verdenskrig med 100 års forsinkelse" er det formålet at formidle historie og arkivalier og fotos om Sønderjylland og sønderjyder under Første Verdenskrig 1914-1918.

Institutionerne og personkredsen bag websiden arbejder med at digitalisere arkivmateriale, som løbende vil blive offentliggjort på websiden. Det er således ambitionen, at websiden skal indeholde et register over de sønderjyder, der var med i 1. Verdenskrig. De første mange navne findes allerede på websiden, sammen med persondata og bl.a. uddrag af breve / feltpost. I arbejdet indgår, at man er i gang med at affotografere og afskrive ca. 7.500 kartotekskort over sønderjyske krigsfangers hjemtransport.

Kilder
 Artiklen "Den store Krig 1914-1918 - en hjemmeside", af museumsinspektør René Rasmussen, i tidsskriftet "Slægt & Data", Årgang 2015 nr. 4, december 2015, udgivet af DIS-Danmark (hvor DIS står for Databehandling i Slægtsforskning).

Eksterne henvisninger
 Projektets hjemmeside: DenStoreKrig1914-1918.dk
 Projektet har også en side på Facebook under betegnelsen Sønderjyderne og Den store Krig 1914-1918.
 "Stor interesse for WW1-historie i Sønderjylland ", en artikel på Historie-online.dk (et websted under Dansk Historisk Fællesråd), marts 2015.

1. verdenskrig
Sønderjylland
Slægtsforskning
Onlineopslagværker


Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess (16 April 1911 – 30 August 1963) was a British diplomat and Soviet double agent, and a member of the Cambridge Five spy ring that operated from the mid-1930s to the early years of the Cold War era. His defection in 1951 to the Soviet Union, with his fellow spy Donald Maclean, led to a serious breach in Anglo-United States intelligence co-operation, and caused long-lasting disruption and demoralisation in Britain's foreign and diplomatic services.

Born into an upper middle class English family, Burgess was educated at Eton College, the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and Trinity College, Cambridge. An assiduous networker, he embraced left-wing politics at Cambridge and joined the British Communist Party. Burgess was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1935, on the recommendation of the future double agent Harold "Kim" Philby. After leaving Cambridge, Burgess worked for the BBC as a producer, briefly interrupted by a short period as a full-time MI6 intelligence officer, before joining the Foreign Office in 1944.

At the Foreign Office, Burgess acted as a confidential secretary to Hector McNeil, deputy to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin. This post gave Burgess access to secret information on all aspects of Britain's foreign policy during the critical post-1945 period, and it is estimated that he passed thousands of documents to his Soviet controllers. In 1950 he was appointed second secretary to the British Embassy in Washington, a post from which he was sent home after repeated misbehaviour. Although not at this stage under suspicion, Burgess nevertheless accompanied fellow spy Donald Maclean when the latter, on the point of being unmasked, fled to Moscow in May 1951.

Burgess's whereabouts were unknown in the West until 1956, when he appeared with Maclean at a brief press conference in Moscow, claiming that his motive had been to improve Soviet-West relations. He never left the Soviet Union; he was often visited by friends and journalists from Britain, most of whom reported on a lonely and empty existence. He remained unrepentant to the end of his life, rejecting the notion that his earlier activities represented treason. He was well provided for materially, but as a result of his lifestyle his health deteriorated, and he died in 1963. Experts have found it difficult to assess the extent of damage caused by Burgess's espionage activities but consider that the disruption in Anglo-American relations caused by his defection was perhaps of greater value to the Soviets than any intelligence information he provided. Burgess's life has frequently been fictionalised, and dramatised in productions for screen and stage, notably in the 1981 Julian Mitchell play Another Country and its 1984 film adaptation.

Burgess was also responsible for revealing to the Soviets the existence of the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret wing of the Foreign Office which dealt with Cold War and pro-colonial propaganda, though Burgess was quickly fired from the IRD after being accused of coming into work drunk.

Life

Family background
The Burgess family's English roots can be traced to the arrival in Britain in 1592 of Abraham de Bourgeous de Chantilly, a refugee from the Huguenot religious persecutions in France. The family settled in Kent and became prosperous, mainly as bankers. Later generations created a military tradition; Burgess' grandfather, Henry Miles Burgess, was an officer in the Royal Artillery whose main service was in the Middle East. His youngest son, Malcolm Kingsford de Moncy Burgess, was born in Aden in 1881, the third forename being a nod to his Huguenot ancestry. Malcolm had a generally unremarkable career in the Royal Navy, eventually reaching the rank of commander. In 1907 he married Evelyn Gillman, the daughter of a wealthy Portsmouth banker. The couple settled in the naval town of Devonport where, on 16 April 1911, their elder son was born, christened Guy Francis de Moncy. A second son, Nigel, was born two years later.

Childhood and schooling

The Gillman wealth ensured a comfortable home for the young family. Guy's earliest schooling was probably with a governess until, aged 9, he began as a boarder at Lockers Park, an exclusive preparatory school near Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire. He did well there; his grades were consistently good and he played for the school's association football team. Having completed the Lockers curriculum a year early, he was too young to proceed immediately, as intended, to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. Instead, from January 1924 he spent a year at Eton College, a boys' public school in Eton, Berkshire.

Following Malcolm's retirement from the navy, the family moved to West Meon in Hampshire. Here, on 15 September 1924, Malcolm died suddenly of a heart attack. Despite this traumatic event, Guy's education proceeded as planned, and in January 1925 he began at Dartmouth. Here he encountered strict discipline and insistence on order and conformity, enforced by frequent use of corporal punishment even for minor infringements. In this environment, Guy thrived both academically and at sports. He was marked by the college authorities as "excellent officer material", but an eye test in 1927 exposed a deficiency that precluded a career in the navy's executive branch. Burgess had no interest in the available alternatives – the engineering or paymaster branches – and in July 1927 he left Dartmouth and returned to Eton.

Burgess' second period at Eton, between 1927 and 1930, was largely rewarding and successful, both academically and socially. Although he failed to be elected to the elite society known as "Pop", he began to develop a network of contacts that would prove useful in later life. At Eton, sexual relationships between boys were common, and although Burgess would claim that his homosexuality began at Eton, his contemporaries could recall little evidence of this. Generally, Burgess was remembered as amusingly flamboyant, and something of an oddity with his professed left-wing social and political opinions. In January 1930 he sat for and won a history scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, concluding his school career with further prizes in history and drawing. Throughout his life he retained fond memories of Eton; according to his biographers Stewart Purvis and Jeff Hulbert, he "never showed any embarrassment that he had been educated in a citadel of educational privilege".

Cambridge

Undergraduate
Burgess arrived in Cambridge in October 1930, and quickly involved himself in many aspects of student life. He was not universally liked; one contemporary described him as "a conceited unreliable shit", although others found him amusing and good company. After a term, he was elected to the Trinity Historical Society, whose membership was formed from the brightest of Trinity College undergraduates and postgraduates. Here he encountered Harold "Kim" Philby and Jim Lees, the latter a former miner studying under a trade union scholarship, whose working-class perspective Burgess found stimulating. In June 1931 Burgess designed the stage sets for a student production of Bernard Shaw's play Captain Brassbound's Conversion, with Michael Redgrave in the leading role. Redgrave considered Burgess "one of the bright stars of the university scene, with a reputation for being able to turn to anything".

Burgess by this time made no attempt to conceal his homosexuality. In 1931 he met Anthony Blunt, four years his senior and a Trinity postgraduate. The two shared artistic interests and became friends, possibly lovers. Blunt was a member of the intellectual society known as the "Apostles", to which in 1932 he secured Burgess' election. This gave Burgess a greatly extended range of networking opportunities; membership of the Apostles was lifelong, so at the regular meetings he met many of the leading intellectuals of the day, such as G. M. Trevelyan, the university's Regius Professor of History; the writer E. M. Forster; and the economist John Maynard Keynes.

In the early 1930s the general political climate was volatile and threatening. In Britain, the financial crisis of 1931 pointed to the failure of capitalism, while in Germany the rise of Nazism was a source of increasing disquiet. Such events radicalised opinion in Cambridge and elsewhere; according to Burgess' fellow Trinity student James Klugmann, "Life seemed to demonstrate the total bankruptcy of the capitalist system and shouted aloud for some sort of quick, rational, simple alternative". Burgess' interest in Marxism, initiated by friends such as Lees, deepened after he heard the historian Maurice Dobb, a fellow of Pembroke College, address the Trinity Historical Society on the issue of "Communism: a Political and Historical Theory". Another influence was a fellow student, David Guest, a leading light in the Cambridge University Socialist Society (CUSS), within which he formed the university's first active communist cell. Under Guest's influence, Burgess began studying the works of Marx and Lenin.

Amid these political distractions, in 1932 Burgess obtained first-class honours in Part I of the history Tripos and was expected to graduate with similar honours in Part II the following year. But although he worked hard, political activity distracted him and by the time of his final examinations in 1933 he was unprepared. During his examinations he fell ill and was unable to complete his papers; this may have been the consequence of belated cramming, or of taking amphetamines. The examiners awarded him an aegrotat, an unclassified degree awarded to students considered worthy of honours but prevented through illness from completing their examinations.

Postgraduate

Despite his disappointing degree result, Burgess returned to Cambridge in October 1933 as a postgraduate student and teaching assistant. His chosen research area was "Bourgeois Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England", but much of his time was devoted to political activism. That winter he formally joined the British Communist Party and became a member of its cell within CUSS. On 11 November 1933 he joined a mass demonstration against the perceived militarism of the city's Armistice Day celebrations. The protestors' objective, laying a wreath bearing a pacifist message at the Cambridge War Memorial, was achieved, despite attacks and counter-demonstrations which included what the historian Martin Garrett describes as "a hail of pro-war eggs and tomatoes". Alongside Burgess was Donald Maclean, a languages student from Trinity Hall and an active CUSS member. In February 1934 Burgess, Maclean and fellow members of CUSS welcomed the Tyneside and Tees-side contingents of that month's National Hunger March, as they passed through Cambridge on their way to London.

When not occupied in Cambridge, Burgess made frequent visits to Oxford to confer with kindred spirits there; according to an Oxford student's later reminiscences, at that time "it was impossible to be in the intellectual swim ... without coming across Guy Burgess". Among those he befriended was Goronwy Rees, a young Fellow of All Souls College. Rees had planned to visit the Soviet Union with a fellow don in the 1934 summer vacation, but was unable to go; Burgess took his place. During the carefully escorted trip, in June–July 1934, Burgess met some notable figures, including possibly Nikolai Bukharin, editor of Izvestia and former secretary of the Comintern. On his return, Burgess had little to report, beyond commenting on the "appalling" housing conditions while praising the country's lack of unemployment.

Recruitment as Soviet agent
When Burgess returned to Cambridge in October 1934, his prospects of a college fellowship and an academic career were fast receding. He had abandoned his research after discovering that the same ground was covered in a new book by Basil Willey. He began an alternative study of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, but his time was largely preoccupied with politics.

Early in 1934 Arnold Deutsch, a longstanding Soviet agent, arrived in London under the cover of a research appointment at University College, London. Known as "Otto", his brief was to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities, who might in future occupy leading positions in British institutions. In June 1934 he recruited Philby, who had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna where he had been involved in demonstrations against the Austrofascist regime of Engelbert Dollfuss. Philby recommended several of his Cambridge associates to Deutsch, including Maclean, by this time working in the Foreign Office. He also recommended Burgess, although with some reservations on account of the latter's erratic personality. Deutsch considered Burgess worth the risk, "an extremely well-educated fellow, with valuable social connections, and the inclinations of an adventurer". Burgess was given the German codename "Mädchen", meaning "Girl", later changed to "Hicks". He then persuaded Blunt that he could best fight fascism by working for the Soviets. A few years later another Apostle, John Cairncross, was recruited by Burgess and Blunt, to complete the spy ring often characterised as the "Cambridge Five".

Finally recognising that he had no future career at Cambridge, Burgess left in April 1935. The long-term aim
of the Soviet intelligence services was for Burgess to penetrate British intelligence, and with this in mind he needed to publicly distance himself from his communist past. Thus he resigned his Communist Party membership and publicly renounced communism, with a gusto that shocked and dismayed his former comrades. He then looked for suitable work, applying without success for positions with the Conservative Research Department and Conservative Central Office. He also sought a teaching job at Eton, but was rejected when a request for information from his former Cambridge tutor received the reply: "I would very much prefer not to answer your letter".

Late in 1935, Burgess accepted a temporary post as personal assistant to John Macnamara, the recently-elected Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelmsford. Macnamara was on the right of his party; he and Burgess joined the Anglo-German Fellowship, which promoted friendship with Nazi Germany. This enabled Burgess to disguise his political past very effectively, while gathering important information about Germany's foreign policy intentions. Within the Fellowship, Burgess would proclaim fascism as "the wave of the future", although in other forums such as the Apostles he was more circumspect. The association with Macnamara involved several trips to Germany; some, by Burgess' own later version of events, of a decidedly dissolute natureboth men were gay and sexually active. These stories, according to the historian Michael Holzman, may have been invented or exaggerated to draw attention away from Burgess' true motives.

In the autumn of 1936, Burgess met the nineteen-year-old Jack Hewit in The Bunch of Grapes, a well-known gay bar in The Strand. Hewit, a would-be dancer seeking work in London's musical theatres, would be Burgess's friend, manservant and intermittent lover for the next fourteen years, generally sharing Burgess' various London homes: Chester Square from 1936 to 1941, Bentinck Street from 1941 to 1947 and New Bond Street from 1947 until 1951.

BBC and MI6

BBC: first stint
In July 1936, having twice previously applied unsuccessfully for posts at the BBC, Burgess was appointed as an assistant producer in the corporation's Talks Department. Responsible for selecting and interviewing potential speakers for current affairs and cultural programmes, he drew on his extensive range of personal contacts and rarely met refusal. His relationships at the BBC were volatile; he quarrelled with management about his pay, while colleagues were irritated by his opportunism, his capacity for intrigue, and his slovenliness. One colleague, Gorley Putt, remembered him as "a snob and a slob ... It amazed me, much later in life, to learn that he had been irresistibly attractive to most people he met".

Among those Burgess invited to broadcast were Blunt, several times; the well-connected writer-politician Harold Nicolson (a fruitful source of high-level gossip); the poet John Betjeman; and Philby's father, the Arabist and explorer St John Philby. Burgess also sought out Winston Churchill, then a powerful backbench opponent of the government's appeasement policy. On 1 October 1938, during the Munich crisis, Burgess, who had met Churchill socially, went to the latter's home at Chartwell to persuade him to reconsider his decision to withdraw from a projected talks series on Mediterranean countries. According to the account provided in Tom Driberg's biography, the conversation ranged over a series of issues, with Burgess urging the statesman to "offer his eloquence" to help resolve the current crisis. The meeting ended with the presentation to Burgess of a signed copy of Churchill's book Arms and the Covenant, but the broadcast did not take place.

Pursuing their main objective, the penetration of the British intelligence, Burgess' controllers asked him to cultivate a friendship with the author David Footman, who they knew was an MI6 officer. Footman introduced Burgess to his superior, Valentine Vivian; as a result, over the following eighteen months, Burgess carried out several small assignments for MI6 on an unpaid freelance basis. He was trusted sufficiently to be used as a back channel of communication between Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and his French counterpart, Edouard Daladier, during the period leading to the 1938 Munich summit.

At the BBC, Burgess thought his choices of speaker were being undermined by the corporation's subservience to the governmenthe attributed Churchill's non-appearance to thisand in November 1938, after another of his speakers was withdrawn at the request of the prime minister's office, he resigned. MI6 was by now convinced of his future utility, and he accepted a job with its new propaganda division, known as Section D. In common with the other members of the Cambridge Five, his entry to British intelligence was achieved without vetting; his social position and personal recommendation were considered sufficient.

Section D

Section D was established by MI6 in March 1938, as a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked other than through military operations. Burgess acted as Section D's representative on the Joint Broadcasting Committee (JBC), a body set up by the Foreign Office to liaise with the BBC over the transmission of anti-Hitler broadcasts to Germany. His contacts with senior government officials enabled him to keep Moscow abreast of current government thinking. He informed them that the British government saw no need for a pact with the Soviets, since they believed Britain alone could defeat the Germans without assistance. This information reinforced the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's suspicions of Britain, and may have helped to hasten the Nazi-Soviet Pact, signed between Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939.

After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Burgess and Philby, the latter of whom had been brought into Section D on his recommendation, ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. Philby later was sceptical of the value of such training, since neither he nor Burgess had any idea of the tasks these agents would be expected to perform behind the lines in German-occupied Europe. In 1940, Section D was absorbed into the new Special Operations Executive (SOE). Philby was posted to a SOE training school in Beaulieu and Burgess, who in September had been arrested for drunken driving (the charge was dismissed on payment of costs), found himself at the end of the year out of a job.

BBC: second stint
In mid-January 1941 Burgess rejoined the BBC Talks Department, while continuing to carry out freelance intelligence work, both for MI6 and its domestic intelligence counterpart MI5, which he had joined in a supernumerary capacity in 1940. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the BBC required Burgess to select speakers who would depict Britain's new Soviet ally in a favourable light.  He turned again to Blunt, and to his old Cambridge friend Jim Lees, and in 1942 arranged a broadcast by , a Soviet agent masquerading as a journalist. No transcript of Henri's talk survives, but listeners remembered it as pure Soviet propaganda. In October 1941 Burgess took charge of the flagship political programme The Week in Westminster, which gave him almost unlimited access to Parliament. Information gleaned from regular wining, lunching and gossiping with MPs was invaluable to the Soviets, regardless of the content of the programmes that resulted. Burgess sought to maintain a political balance; his fellow Etonian Quintin Hogg, a future Conservative Lord Chancellor, was a regular broadcaster, as, from the opposite social and political spectrum, was Hector McNeil, a former journalist who became a Labour MP in 1941 and served as a parliamentary private secretary in the Churchill war ministry.

Burgess had lived in a Chester Square flat since 1935. From Easter 1941 he shared a house with Blunt and others at No. 5 Bentinck Street. Here, Burgess maintained an active social life with his many acquaintances, both regular and casual; Goronwy Rees likened the Bentinck Street ambience to that of a French farce: "Bedroom doors opened and shut, strange faces appeared and disappeared down the stairs where they passed some new visitor coming up..." This account was disputed by Blunt, who claimed that such casual comings and goings were contrary to house rules, since they would have disrupted other tenants' sleep.

Burgess's casual work for British intelligence deflected official suspicion as to his true loyalties, but he lived in constant fear of exposure, particularly as he had revealed the truth to Rees when trying to recruit the latter in 1937. Rees had since renounced communism and was serving as an officer in the Royal Welch Fusiliers. Believing that Rees might expose him and others, Burgess suggested to his handlers that they should kill Rees, or alternatively that he should do the job himself. Nothing came of this proposal. Always seeking ways of further penetrating the citadels of power, when in June 1944 Burgess was offered a job in the news department of the Foreign Office, he accepted it. The BBC reluctantly assented to his release, stating that his departure would be "a serious loss".

Foreign Office

London
As a press officer in the Foreign Office news department, Burgess' role involved explaining government policy to foreign editors and diplomatic correspondents. His access to secret material enabled him to send Moscow important details of Allied policy both before and during the March 1945 Yalta Conference. He passed information relating to the postwar futures of Germany and Poland, and also contingency plans for "Operation Unthinkable", which anticipated a future war with the Soviet Union. His Soviet masters rewarded his efforts with a £250 bonus.

Burgess' working methods were characteristically disorganised, and his tongue was loose; according to his colleague Osbert Lancaster, "[w]hen in his cups he made no bones about working for the Russians".
 Burgess had maintained contact with McNeil who, following Labour's victory in the 1945 general election, became Minister of State at the Foreign Office, effectively serving as a deputy to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin. McNeil, a staunch anti-communist unsuspecting of Burgess' true allegiance, admired the latter for his sophistication and intelligence, and in December 1946 secured his services as an additional private secretary. The appointment was in breach of regular Foreign Office procedures, and there were complaints, but McNeil prevailed. Burgess quickly made himself indispensable to McNeil, and in one six-month period transmitted to Moscow the contents of 693 files, a total of over 2,000 photographed pages, for which he received a further cash reward of £200.

Early in 1948, Burgess was seconded to the Foreign Office's newly created Information Research Department (IRD), set up to counteract Soviet propaganda. The move was not a success; he was indiscreet, and his new colleagues thought him "dirty, drunken and idle". Burgess was quickly sent back to McNeil's office, and in March 1948 accompanied McNeil and Bevin to Brussels for the signing of the Treaty of Brussels, which eventually led to the establishment of the Western European Union and NATO. He remained with McNeil until October 1948, when he was posted to the Far East. Burgess was assigned to the China desk at a point when the Chinese Civil War was nearing its climax, a communist victory imminent. There were important differences of view between Britain and the US on future diplomatic relations with the forthcoming communist state. Burgess was a forceful advocate for recognition and may have influenced Britain's decision to recognise Communist China in 1949.

In February 1949, a fracas at a West End clubpossibly the RACresulted in a fall downstairs that left Burgess with severe head injuries, following which he was hospitalised for several weeks. Recovery was slow; according to Holzman he never functioned well after that. Nicolson noted the decline: "Oh my dear, what a sad, sad thing this constant drinking is! Guy used to have one of the most rapid and active minds I knew". Later in 1949, a holiday in Gibraltar and North Africa became a catalogue of drunkenness, promiscuous sex and arguments with diplomatic and MI6 staff, exacerbated by the openly homophobic attitudes towards Burgess by some local officials. Back in London, Burgess was reprimanded, but somehow retained the confidence of his superiors, so that his next posting, in July 1950, was to Washington, as second secretary in what Purvis and Hulbert describe as "one of the UK's highest profile embassies, the creme de la creme of diplomatic postings".

Washington

Philby had preceded Burgess to Washington, and was serving there as local head of MI6, following in the path of Maclean, who had worked as the embassy's first secretary between 1944 and 1948.  Burgess soon reverted to his erratic and intemperate habits, causing regular embarrassment in British diplomatic circles. Despite this, he was given work of top secret sensitivity. Among his duties he served on the inter-allied board responsible for the conduct of the Korean War, which gave him access to America's strategic war plans. His frequent behavioural lapses did not prevent his being chosen to act as escort to Anthony Eden, when the future prime minister visited Washington in November 1950. The episode passed without trouble; the two, both Etonians, got on well, and Burgess received a warm letter of thanks from Eden "for all your kindness".

Increasingly, Burgess was dissatisfied with his job. He considered leaving the diplomatic service altogether, and began sounding out his Eton friend Michael Berry about a journalistic post on The Daily Telegraph. Early in 1951 a series of indiscretions, including three speeding tickets on a single day, made his position at the embassy untenable, and he was ordered by the ambassador, Sir Oliver Franks, to return to London. Meanwhile, the United States Army's Venona counterintelligence project, investigating the identity of a Soviet spy codenamed "Homer" who had been active in Washington a few years earlier, had unearthed strong evidence that pointed to Maclean. Philby and his Soviet spymasters believed that Maclean might crack when confronted by British intelligence and expose the entire Cambridge ring. Burgess was thus given the task, on reaching London, of organising Maclean's defection to the Soviet Union.

Defection

Departure
Burgess returned to England on 7 May 1951. He and Blunt then contacted Yuri Modin, the Soviet spymaster in charge of the Cambridge ring, who began arrangements with Moscow to receive Maclean. Burgess showed little urgency in proceeding with the matter, finding time to pursue his personal affairs and attend an Apostles dinner in Cambridge. On 11 May he was summoned to the Foreign Office to answer for his misconduct in Washington and, according to Boyle, was dismissed. Other commentators say he was invited to resign or "retire", and was given time to consider his position.

Burgess's diplomatic career was over, although he was not at this stage under any suspicion of treachery. He met with Maclean several times; according to Burgess's 1956 account to Driberg, the question of defection to Moscow was not raised until their third meeting, when Maclean said he was going and requested Burgess' help. Burgess had previously promised Philby that he would not go with Maclean, since a double defection would put Philby's own position in serious jeopardy. Blunt's unpublished memoirs state that it was Moscow's decision to send Burgess with Maclean who, they thought, would be unable to handle the complicated escape arrangements alone. Burgess told Driberg that he had agreed to accompany Maclean because he was leaving the Foreign Office anyway, "and I probably couldn't stick the job at the Daily Telegraph".

Meanwhile, the Foreign Office had fixed Monday 28 May as the date for confronting Maclean with their suspicions. Philby notified Burgess who, on Friday 25 May, bought two tickets for a weekend channel cruise on the steamship Falaise. These short cruises docked at the French port of St Malo, where passengers could disembark for a few hours without passport checks. Burgess also hired a saloon car, and that evening drove to Maclean's house at Tatsfield, Surrey, where he introduced himself to Maclean's wife Melinda as "Roger Styles". After the three had dined, Burgess and Maclean drove rapidly to Southampton, boarding Falaise just before its midnight departurethe hired car was left abandoned on the quayside.

The pair's subsequent movements were revealed later. On arrival in St Malo they took a taxi to Rennes, then travelled by rail to Paris and on to Berne in Switzerland. Here, by prior arrangement, they were issued with papers at the Soviet embassy before travelling to Zurich, where they caught a flight to Prague. Safely behind the Iron Curtain, they were able to proceed smoothly on the final stages of their journey to Moscow.

Aftermath
On Saturday 26 May, Hewit informed a friend that Burgess had not come home the previous night. Since Burgess never went away without telling his mother, his absence caused some anxiety in his circle. Maclean's non-appearance at his desk on the following Monday raised concerns that he might have absconded. Disquiet increased when officials realised that Burgess, too, was missing; the discovery of the abandoned car, hired in Burgess' name, together with Melinda Maclean's revelations about "Roger Styles", confirmed that both had fled. Blunt quickly visited Burgess' flat in New Bond Street and removed incriminating materials. An MI6 search of the flat revealed papers that compromised Cairncross, who was later required to resign from his civil service post.

The news of the double flight alarmed the Americans, following the recent conviction of the atomic spy Klaus Fuchs and the defection of the physicist Bruno Pontecorvo the previous year. Aware that his own position was now precarious, Philby recovered various spying paraphernalia from Burgess' former Washington quarters and buried them in a nearby wood. Summoned to London in June 1951, he was interrogated for several days by MI6. There were strong suspicions that he was responsible for forewarning Maclean via Burgess, but in the absence of conclusive evidence he faced no action and was permitted to retire quietly from MI6.

In the immediate aftermath the Foreign Office made nothing public. In private circles, many rumours abounded: the pair had been kidnapped by the Russians, or by the Americans, or were replicating the flight of Rudolf Hess to Scotland in 1941 in an unofficial peace mission. The press was suspicious, and the story finally broke in the Daily Express on 7 June. A cautious Foreign Office statement then confirmed that Maclean and Burgess were missing and were being treated as absent without leave. In the House of Commons the Foreign Secretary, Herbert Morrison, said there was no indication that the missing diplomats had taken secret documents with them, nor would he attempt to prejudge the issue of their destination.

On 30 June the Express offered a reward of £1,000 for information on the diplomats' current whereabouts, an amount dwarfed shortly afterwards by the Daily Mails offer of £10,000. There were numerous false sightings in the months that followed. Some press reports speculated that Burgess and Maclean were being held in Moscow's Lubyanka prison. Nicolson thought the Soviets would "use [Burgess] for a month or so and then quietly shove him into some salt mine". Just before Christmas 1953, Burgess' mother received a letter from her son, postmarked in South London. The letter, full of affection and messages for his friends, revealed nothing of his location or circumstances.

Evidence against Burgess was not significant at the time of his defection but became apparent with further investigation. Files from the KGB's Mitrokhin Archive, released in July 2014, indicated that he had released over 389 top secret documents to the KGB during the first half of 1945 and an additional 168 files in late 1949.

In April 1954, a senior MGB officer, Vladmir Petrov, defected in Australia. He brought with him papers indicating that Burgess and Maclean had been Soviet agents since their Cambridge days, that the MGB had masterminded their escape, and that they were alive and well in the Soviet Union.

In the Soviet Union

After being held in Moscow for a short period, Burgess and Maclean were sent to Kuybyshev, an industrial city in the Russian SFSR which Burgess described as "permanently like Glasgow on a Saturday night". He and Maclean were granted Soviet citizenship in October 1951, and took fresh identities: Burgess became "Jim Andreyevitch". Unlike Maclean, who learned the Russian language and quickly took up useful work, Burgess spent much of his time reading, drinking and complaining to the authorities about his treatmenthe had not intended his stay to be permanent. He expected to be permitted to return to England, where he thought he could brazen out his MI5 interrogation. He also found the Soviets intolerant of homosexuality, although eventually he was allowed to retain a Russian lover, Tolya Chisekov. By early 1956 Burgess had moved back to Moscow, to a flat on  and was working part-time at the Foreign Literature Publishing House, promoting the translation of classic British novels.

In February 1956, the Soviet government allowed Burgess and Maclean to hold a brief press conference, which included two Western journalists, Richard Hughes of The Sunday Times and Sydney Weiland of Reutersthe first concrete proof to the West that the missing diplomats were alive. In a short statement, they denied they were communist spies and said they had come to Moscow "to achieve better understanding between the Soviet Union and the West". In Britain, reaction to their reappearance was strongly condemnatory, epitomised in a series of articles in The People, purportedly written by Burgess' former friend Rees. The articles, which described Burgess as "the greatest traitor in our history", sought to emphasise Burgess' supposed dissolute lifestyle and, in the opinion of his biographer Sheila Kerr, "did much to prolong and accentuate repressive attitudes to homosexuality" in Britain.

In July 1956, the Soviet authorities allowed Burgess' mother to visit her son. She stayed a month, mainly in the holiday resort of Sochi. During August the journalist and Labour politician Tom Driberg flew to Moscow to interview Burgess, the two having first met through The Week in Westminster. On his return, Driberg wrote a book in which Burgess was portrayed relatively sympathetically. Some assumed that the content had been vetted by the KGB as a propaganda exercise; others thought its purpose was to trap Burgess into revealing information that could lead to his prosecution, should he ever return to Britain.

Over the following years Burgess received numerous visitors from England. Redgrave came with the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company in February 1959; this visit led to Burgess' meeting with the actress Coral Browne, a friendship later the subject of Alan Bennett's play An Englishman Abroad. In the same year Burgess gave a filmed interview to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). In it, Burgess revealed that while he wished to continue living in the Soviet Union, he maintained an affection for his home country. When Prime Minister Harold Macmillan visited Moscow in 1959, Burgess offered his expertise to the visiting party (he had once spent an evening with Macmillan at the Reform Club). His offer was declined, but he used this opportunity to lobby officials for permission to visit Britain where, he said, his mother was sick. Although aware of legal advice that a successful prosecution against Burgess would be problematic, the Foreign Office issued statements implying he would face instant arrest in Britain. In the event, Burgess chose not to put the issue to the test.

Decline and death

Burgess suffered from increasing ill health, largely due to a lifestyle based on poor food and excessive alcohol. In 1960 and 1961 he was treated in hospital for arteriosclerosis and ulcers, on the latter occasion being close to death. In April 1962, writing to his friend Esther Whitfield, he indicated how his belongings should be allocated should he die – Blunt, Philby and his romantic partner Chisekov were all named as beneficiaries.

In January 1963 Philby defected to Moscow, having finally been unmaskedafter official exoneration by Macmillan in November 1955. He and Burgess kept apart, though they may have met briefly, when the latter was on his deathbed in August 1963. Burgess died on 30 August 1963, of arteriosclerosis and acute liver failure. He was cremated five days later; Nigel Burgess represented the family, and Maclean delivered a eulogy describing his co-defector as "a gifted and courageous man who devoted his life to the cause of a better world". Burgess' ashes were returned to England, and on 5 October 1963 were interred in the family plot at St. John the Evangelist Churchyard in West Meon.

Assessment
Modin considered Burgess the leader of the Cambridge spies: "He held the group together, infused it with his energy and led it into battle". He sent quantities of information to Moscowthousands of documents including policy papers, Cabinet minutes and notes of Imperial General Staff meetings.  According to Holzman, "Burgess and Maclean ensured that hardly anything done by the British Foreign Office was not known to the Soviet foreign intelligence services". However, views are divided as to what use the Soviets made of this information, or whether they trusted it. Released papers by the Foreign Intelligence Services of the Russian Federation record that "of particular value was the information [he] obtained about the positions of Western countries on the postwar settlement in Europe, Britain's military strategy, NATO [and] the activities of British and American intelligence agencies". But the apparent ease with which Burgess and his colleagues could acquire and send such volumes of data also created suspicions in Moscow that they were being fed misinformation. Thus, the extent of damage to British interests suffered by Burgess's activities is a matter of conjecture; Kerr concludes that "despite much fevered speculation ... there is too little evidence on the effects of [Burgess's] espionage and his influence upon international politics for a credible assessment to be feasible."

The British establishment found it difficult to accept how someone of Burgess' background and education could betray the system that had sustained him in comfort and privilege. According to Rebecca West in The Meaning of Treason, the demoralisation and panic caused by Burgess' defection was of greater value than the information he passed to the Soviets. The damage to Anglo–U.S. intelligence co-operation was severe; all atomic intelligence liaison between the two countries was suspended for several years. Foreign Office complacency about recruitment and security was shattered, and although positive vetting was belatedly introduced, the diplomatic service suffered what Burgess' biographer Andrew Lownie calls "a culture of suspicion and mistrust that was still being played out half a century after the 1951 flight".

Against the popular denunciations of "traitor" and "spy", Burgess was, in Holzman's words, a revolutionary and idealist, identifying with those who thought that their society "was deeply unjust and that its Empire spread this injustice throughout the world". He never deviated from the ideological justification that he gave on his reappearance in 1956; he believed that the stark choice to be made in the twentieth century was between America and the Soviet Union. Noel Annan, in his account of British intellectual life between the world wars, states that Burgess "was a true Stalinist who hated liberals more than imperialists" and "simply believed that Britain's future lay with Russia not America". Burgess insisted there was no viable case against him in England (a view secretly shared by British authorities), but would not visit there, since he might be prevented from returning to Moscow where he wished to live "because I am a socialist and this is a socialist country".

Burgess's life, says Lownie, can only be explained by an understanding of "the intellectual maelstrom of the 1930s, particularly amongst the young and impressionable". Yet Lownie points out that most of his fellow Cambridge communists did not work for the Russians, and indeed reassessed their position after the Nazi–Soviet Pact. Holzman stresses the high price of Burgess' political continuing commitment, which "cost him everything else he valued: the possibility of fulfilling intimate relationships, the social life that revolved around the BBC, Fleet Street and Whitehall, even the chance to be with his mother as she lay dying".

Of the other Cambridge spies, Maclean and Philby lived out their lives in Moscow, dying in 1983 and 1988 respectively. Blunt, who was interrogated many times, finally confessed in 1964, although in return for his co-operation this was not made public before his exposure in 1979; he died four years later. Cairncross, who made a partial confession in 1964 and continued thereafter to co-operate with British authorities, worked as a writer and historian before his death in 1995.

Aspects of Burgess' life have been fictionalised in several novels and dramatised on numerous occasions. An early (1954) novel, The Troubled Midnight by Rodney Garland, was followed by, among others, Nicholas Monsarrat's Smith and Jones (1963), and Michael Dobbs's Winston's War (2003), which builds on the pre-war meeting between Burgess and Churchill. Stage and screen works include Bennett's An Englishman Abroad, Granada TV's 1987 drama Philby, Burgess and Maclean (1977), the 2003 BBC miniseries Cambridge Spies, and John Morrison's 2011 stage play A Morning with Guy Burgess, set in the last months of his life and examining themes of loyalty and betrayal.

Two biographies of Burgess were published in 2016 after the release of secret files to the National Archives. A book review in The Guardian included this conclusion: "[leaving] us all the more astonished that such a smelly, scruffy, lying, gabby, promiscuous, drunken slob could penetrate the heart of the establishment without anyone apparently noticing that he was also a Soviet masterspy. The conclusions in both of these biographies support that of Lownie: "that it was Burgess, rather than the notorious Philby, who was the real ringleader of the traitorous circle, and that Guy was a world-class networker."

See also

 Mitrokhin Archive
 Information Research Department

Notes and references

Notes

Citations

Sources

 (Originally published as Tom Driberg: His Life and Indiscretions by Chatto & Windus, London 1990)

Further reading

External links

1911 births
1963 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English communists
British intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union
British spies for the Soviet Union
Soviet spies
MI5 personnel
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Lockers Park School
People from Devonport, Plymouth
People of the KGB
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
British LGBT civil servants
Foreign Office personnel of World War II
20th-century English LGBT people
Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College

Guy Burgess


An Hemerocallis yezoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hiroshi Hara. An Hemerocallis yezoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hemerocallis, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hemerocallis

Hemerocallis yezoensis


Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT, ) was a major third-level institution in Dublin, Ireland. On 1 January 2019 DIT was dissolved and its functions were transferred to the Technological University Dublin, as TU Dublin City Campus. The institution began with the establishment of the first technical education institution in Ireland, in 1887, and progressed through various legal and governance models, culminating in autonomy under a statute of 1992.

DIT was recognised particularly for degree programmes in Product Design, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, Engineering, Science, Marketing, Hospitality, Music, Optometry, Pharmaceuticals, Construction, Digital Media and Journalism. It was ranked, in 2014, in Times Higher Education's top 100 university-level institutions globally under 50 years old.

Alumni of the Dublin Institute of Technology include a number of Irish writers, artists, politicians and business leaders as well as international figures in the fields of arts, architecture and business.

History

Origins – Dublin's technical colleges

The first of DIT's predecessor colleges, the City of Dublin Technical Schools, was founded in 1887 by Arnold Felix Graves.

Over time, other specialised colleges opened, and those which later formed DIT are listed, each with its year of foundation:
 College of Technology, Kevin Street (1887)
 College of Music, Chatham Row (1890)
 College of Commerce, Rathmines (1901)
 College of Marketing and Design, Mountjoy Square (1905)
 College of Technology, Bolton Street (1911)
 College of Catering, Cathal Brugha Street (1941)

Federal model (1978–1992)
In 1978 the College of Technology joined with the other five institutions to form the Dublin Institute of Technology, a federation of colleges.

Unitary college model
In 1992, Dublin Institute of Technology was established by legislation as a single institution, under the Dublin Institute of Technology Act.

Towards university status
An application for university designation in 1996 was declined but with the expert panel viewing the institution as on a trajectory for university designation. Dublin Institute of Technology now has a scope of activities and variety of powers identical to those of a university, and its degrees are recognised as such both in Ireland and internationally. For twenty-five years, DIT had legislative authority to award Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral degrees that comply fully with the Irish national qualifications framework originally put in place by the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland. DIT awarded Professorships from 2003.

Technological University status

In 2014, the institution entered into a formal process which led to its designation as a technological university, jointly with two other institutions, Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown (ITB) and Institute of Technology, Tallaght (ITT). A final application was submitted in April 2018 and the formation of the Technological University Dublin, "TU Dublin", was approved in July 2018. It was launched 1 January 2019.

Degree-awarding powers
In 1975 the University of Dublin entered into an agreement whereby it conferred academic degrees at the colleges that formed Dublin Institute of Technology; this allowed these graduates a vote in the Dublin University constituency for Seanad Éireann representatives. This continued until 1998, when Dublin Institute of Technology was granted its own autonomous degree-awarding powers under the Dublin Institute of Technology Act 1992.

Academic structure
DIT's predecessor colleges were recognised as centres of excellence in their areas of specialism and, following the establishment of the unitary DIT, their expertise formed the nucleus of an internal structure comprising the following faculties and campuses:
 Faculty of Applied Arts, Mountjoy Square, Rathmines, Clarendon Row, Portland Row, Temple Bar
 Faculty of the Built Environment, Bolton Street and Linenhall
 Faculty of Business, Mountjoy Square and Rathmines, latterly Aungier Street
 Faculty of Engineering, Bolton Street, Kevin Street, Beresford Street
 Faculty of Science, Kevin Street
 Faculty of Tourism and Food, Cathal Brugha Street, Sackville Place and Kevin Street

From 2012 to 2018, DIT was organised into four colleges: Engineering and Built Environment, Business, Science and Health, and Arts and Tourism. These also contributed to the research activities of an overarching Graduate Research School and to four cross-institutional Research Institutes that brought together over seventy research centres and groups. The colleges in turn were divided into 27 Schools.

DIT also had various technology transfer and commercial units.

Governance
DIT had a governing body comprising representatives of public, including Dublin Lord Mayors (such as formerly Maurice Ahern and Mary Freehill), social and industrial groups, faculty, staff and students, its final composition was chaired by Professor Tom Collins.

In 1992 Michael O'Donnell became the first interim president. He was succeeded as president in 1993 by Professor Brendan Goldsmith. From 2003 to 2018 Professor Brian Norton was the second, and last, president.

Faculty
Faculty included David Brophy, conductor, Gráinne Mulvey, composer, Bernie Sherlock, conductor, Jane O'Leary, pianist and composer, John Feeley, guitarist, Kieran Hanrahan, traditional Irish musician, Mike Nielsen, jazz guitarist and composer, Ciarán Cuffe, urban planner, Mairtin Mac Con Iomaire, culinary arts.

Previous faculty members included Pat Kenny, Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ and Newstalk) news and current affairs presenter, Joan Burton, Teachta Dála (TD), Minister for Social Protection, Frank Harte, Irish traditional singer and architect, Hugh McFadden, poet, Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus, politician, Brid Grant, Dean of Arts, University of Connecticut, Desmond Fennell, writer and cultural philosopher, Lelia Doolan, TV and film producer, Peter Sutherland, lawyer and politician. John T. Lewis, mathematician and physicist and Bernadette Greevy, mezzo-soprano.

Research
Dedicated research facilities include the Focas Research Institute with extensive spectroscopy, microscopy and holography facilities. It also houses "CREST"; an international centre supported by Enterprise Ireland for paint and surface coating development. Antennae research is associated with the multi-institution "CTVR"; The Centre for Telecommunications Value-added Research. Recently research supported by Science Foundation Ireland in the Dublin Energy Lab, water sciences, air quality, food preservation and environmental health and safety are being co-located in a major new building at the Grangegorman new city centre campus together with an additional "Hothouse" start-up business incubator for new DIT spin-off companies. Hothouse nurtured, amongst other firms, Smart Wall Paint and Moletest.

National Optometry Centre
The National Optometry Centre (NOC) located at the junction of Kevin Street and New Bride Street is the only such centre in Ireland. The main function of the NOC is to facilitate clinical training for Optometry students. The centre is developing specialised clinics in areas such as paediatrics, low vision and contact lenses. It was planned to also offer eye examinations, spectacles and contact lenses to the general public. Free eye examinations are offered to DIT students.

Partnerships
In common with other Irish universities, DIT validates programmes taught in other institutions in Dublin such as Pulse College, based in the Windmill Lane Studios, and the British and Irish Modern Music Institute BA programme.

There are student exchange and joint research programmes with several universities in India, China, Brazil, Australia, the US and Europe. DIT are also partners in the Mozambique Eyecare Project. As part of the project, an undergraduate course in Optometry was established at Universidade Lurio, Nampula. The first of its kind in Mozambique. Other partners on the project are University of Ulster and International Centre for Eyecare Education.
There are also links with Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences across several subjects, with Columbia College Chicago in design and media and with Purdue University across a number of disciplines including a joint master's degree programme. There are student and staff exchanges with Grenoble School of Management. DIT accredits programmes at Middle East College in Oman.

Ranking
Dublin Institute of Technology was named "Best Institute of Technology" in 2010, 2016 and 2018 by the Sunday Times. It came 94th in the 2014 and 2015 Times Higher Education 100 under 50 Ranking of universities worldwide. It came 157th in the UI
Greenmetric Ranking of World Universities in 2013. The 2012, QS World University Rankings puts DIT in the 451–500 bracket worldwide and in the 350th position for Engineering & Technology; DIT's best result in the same ranking was when it came 326th in the worldwide ranking in 2009.

Community outreach
Embedded in the life of Dublin city centre, DIT had several links with its neighbouring communities and schools. The Access and Civic Engagement service provided programmes that enabled those from traditionally under-represented groups to study at DIT. These included a number of access routes for children in secondary schools where there had been no tradition of continuing to third level education. It also made even earlier interventions in schools, for example the 'Pathways through Education' supports students in making the transition into secondary school.

Campus
Dublin Institute of Technology is spread across 10 locations in Dublin city, which are currently being amalgamated into a central campus at Grangegorman.

Grangegorman Campus

The Institute plans to consolidate to a single campus in the centre of Dublin, at Grangegorman. The campus is located 1 km from O'Connell Street, with Smithfield to the south; Stoneybatter to the west; Broadstone to the east; and Phibsboro and the North Circular Road to the north. As of 2014, the Grangegorman campus was home to students in Fine Art, Product Design, Visual Communications, Photography and Social Sciences. The development of the new consolidated city-centre campus is undertaken by the Grangegorman Development Agency.

The campus is served by the Luas (Green Line) and the closest station is Grangegorman. An adjacent station, DIT Broadstone, is also operational.

Students
Dublin Institute of Technology had circa 20,000 students.

Students' Union
The DIT Students' Union (DITSU) was the representative body for students in DIT. It was set up to "ensure there is a student voice at each level within the college" and all students within the institute were automatically members. DITSU, which was a member of the Union of Students in Ireland, also promoted clubs, societies and other non-academic activities and provided a range of services for its members. The union also had representation in the governance of DIT and, under the 1994 DIT Amendment Act, the membership of DIT's governing body was expanded to include two students (one male and one female). DITSU's website won a "Best Students' Union Website" award in 2012.

When, in January 2019, DIT joined with ITB and ITT to form Dublin Technical University, a member referendum was held. The referendum was passed and, in February 2019, DITSU was joined under a new constitution (with the equivalent unions in ITB and ITT) to form the Technological University Dublin Students' Union (TUDSU).

Sport

As of 2014, DIT had more than 40 student clubs, including Gaelic Athletic Association, football, handball, rifle shooting, waterpolo, archery, basketball, kite surfing and cricket.

In 2013, Dublin Institute of Technology won the Sigerson Cup, the premier Gaelic Football Championship among Irish Higher Education institutions. DIT's hurlers won the Kehoe Cup in 2007 and the Walsh Cup Shield in 2013.

Outdoor and indoor sports facilities were developed at Grangegorman and at Broom Bridge.

Notable alumni

See also

Education in the Republic of Ireland
List of higher education institutions in the Republic of Ireland
Grangegorman Development Agency

References

External links

Technological University Dublin
Education in Dublin (city)
1887 establishments in Ireland
Defunct further education colleges in Dublin (city)
Educational institutions established in 1978
Educational institutions disestablished in 2019
Science and technology in the Republic of Ireland
Business schools in the Republic of Ireland
Art schools in Ireland
Former universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
2019 disestablishments in Ireland

Dublin Institute of Technology


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අවුරුදු 609ක් පුරාවට විජය රාජකීයන් 37ක් අනුරාදපුර පාලයන කල අතර එය අවසන් වුයේ 66 AD දි ලම්බකර්ණ රාජවංශයේ වසභ රජතුමා බලයට පත්වීමත් සමගය.

ආරම්භය

විජය කුමාරයා(ක්‍රි.පු.543-505) ක්‍රි.පූ543 දි තම මවු රට වන ඉන්දියාවෙන් පිටුවහල් කිරිමත සමග ලංකාවට පැමිණියේය. ඔහු ලකන්කාව තම පාලනය යටතට ගෙන තමා විසින්ම ලංකාවේ රජු ලෙස පත්විය.මින් පහු ඔහු රටපුරා ජනාවාස සහ කොලනි ඉදිකිරීම අරබුවේය. විජය රජුගේ අමාත්‍ය වරයෙක් වූ අනුරාද මෙවැනි ඉදිකිරීමක් කල අතර එය අවසානයේ අනුරාදගාම ලෙස හදින්වීය.

පාලනය

තම්බපන්නිය
තම්බපන්නි රාජධානිය පිහිටුවන ලද්දේ, විජය කුමරු සහ ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයන් 700 දෙනෙකුගේ අනුග්රහයෙනි.මෙම ප්‍රදේශය අද හලාවත් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ මන්නාරම ලේඅස හදුන්වයි. විජය  බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පිරිනිවන් පෑමෙන් පසුව ඔහු ගොඩබිමට පැමිණි බව වාර්තා වේ. සිය ප්‍රග්ධනය තම්බපන්නි කියා විජය ප්රකාශ කළ අතර මුළු දිවයිනටම මෙම නම ලැබෙනු ඇත. තම්බපන්නි මුලින්ම  පාලනය කරන ලද යක්ශ ගෝත්‍රිකයින් විසිනි, සිරිසාවත්තුහි ඔවුන්ගේ අගනුවර වූ අතර  සහ ඔවුන්ගේ රැජින වුයේ කුවෙනියයි

විජය කුමරුගේ තම්බපන්නි ආගමනයෙන් පහු ඔහු යක්ෂයන්ගේ රැජින වූ කුවෙනිව අහු වූ අතර කුවේණි තම යක්ෂ ස්වරුපය අතහැර දමා සුරූපී කාතාවක් ලෙස පෙනී සිටිය නමුත ඇය සේසාපති නම් යක්ෂනියයි.

උපතිස්ස නුවර
විජය රජතුමාගේ අවසන් කාලයේදී අනුප්‍රත්තිකයෙක් තෝරාගැනීමට අපහසු වූ අතර ඔහු තම පරම්පරාව සිටින සිංහපුරයට ලියමනක් යැවීය තම සහෝදරයා වන සුමිත්තට පැමිණ සිංහාසනය බාරගන්න ලෙස  . එසේ වුවත් ලියමන එහි ගමනාන්තයට ලගාවීමට ප්‍රථම විජය රජු ජිවිතක්ෂයට පත්වන අතර උපතිස්ස අමාත්‍ය වරයා රාජ සබහාවේ ප්‍රධාන ඇමති වරයා ලෙස තම්බපන්නිය පාලනය කළේය.ඔහු තම්බපන්නියේදී රජු ලෙස කිරුළු පළදින අතර ඔහු තම්බපන්නිය අත්හැර උපතිස්ස නුවර ගොඩ නගා එය ඔහුගේ අගනුවර ලෙස භාවිත කළේය.විජය රජුගේ ලිපිය සුමිත්තට ලැබෙන විට සුමිත්ත ඔහුගේ රටේ රජු ලෙස පත්වී සිටි නිසා ඔහුගේ පුත් වන පණ්ඩුවාසදේව ව උපතිස්සනුවර පාලනය කිරීම අදහ පිටත් කල එවිය

උපතිස්ස නුවර,තම්බපන්නි රාජදනියෙන් සැතපුම් හත අටක් උතුරින් පිහිටියේය. එය විජයගේ අමාත්‍ය වූ උපතිස්සගේ නමින් ක්‍රි.පු 505 දි විජය රජුගේ අබාවයත් සමග තම්බන්නි රාජදානිය  කරමින් ඉදිකළේය.

අනුරාධපුර
ක්‍රි.පු 377 දි පන්දුකාබය රජු(437-367 ක්‍රි.පු) අනුරාදපුරය තම අග නගරය ලෙස කරගෙන එය සශ්‍රික නගරක් දක්වා දියුණු කළේය. අනුරාදපුර(අනුරපුර) ලෙස නම් වුයේ එය ඉදිකළ ප්‍රථම අමාත්‍ය ගේ නමින් සහ එහි ජිවත් වූ පන්දුකාබය රජු ගේ සියා ගේ නමිනි.. මින් පසු මෙම රාජවංශයේ සියලුම රජවරුන්ගේ අගනුවර වුයේ අනුරාදපුරයයි.

දේවානම්පිය තිස්ස රජුගේ පාලන සමය තුළදී රජයන් හා සම්බන්ධ චාරිත්‍ර හා  වාරිත්‍ර ආරම්භ වූයේ ඉන්දියාවේ අශෝක අධිරාජ්යයාගේ බලපෑම යටතේ ය. ප්‍රථම වතාවට දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා විසින්මුළු දිවයිනම එක්සේසත් කළේය. මෙයට පෙර අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිවලින් ස්වාධීන රාජ්යයන් කීපයක් කැඩී තිබුණා. අනුරාධපුරය රජතුමා මුළු දිවයිනේම පාලකයා ලෙස දැක්විය.

දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් ආක්‍රමණ කිහිපයක්ම අනුරපුරයට සිදුවිය.ප්‍රථම ආක්‍රමණය සුරතිස්ස (247-237 ක්‍රි.පු) රජු සමයේ සිදුවිය, එහිදී සේන සහ ගුත්තික නම් අශ්ව වෙළෙඳ දෙදෙනෙකු විසින් ඔහුව බලයෙන් පෙරලාදමන  ලදී.අවුරුදු 22ක පාලනයෙන් පසු ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාව අසේල රජතුමා(215-205 ක්‍රි.පු)විසින් බලයෙන් පෙරලා දමනු ලැබිය.නමුත් ඔහුව චෝල කුමාරයකු වන එළාර(205-161ක්‍රි.පු) විසින් ලයෙන් පෙරලා දමනු ලැබිය. දුට්ට ගාමිනි අතින් ලැබූ පරාජයෙන් ඔහුගේ අවුරුදු 44ක පාලන සාමය අවසන් විය. ක්‍රි.පු 103 දි නැවත ද්‍රවිඩ නයකින් 5ක් ආක්‍රමණය කල අතර ඔවුන් 89 ක්‍රි.පු වන තෙක් පාලයන කල අතර ඔවුන්ව වළගම්බා රජු  පරාජය කරන ලදී.

පෙළපත් ලේඛනය
විජය රාජ්‍ය වංශය ,ශාක්‍ය රාජ්‍ය වංශයට ඉතා ලග සම්බන්තා ඇති බවට සැලකේ.

කාල වකවානු

මේවාත් බලන්න
 සිංහපුර
 ශාක්‍ය

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය

බාහිර සබැඳි
 විජය රජ පෙළපත

ක්‍රි.පූ. 6වන සියවසේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ස්ථාපිත කිරීම්
1වන සියවසේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අහෝසි කිරීම්

විජය රාජ වංශය


Der TuS Wunstorf ist der größte Sportverein aus Wunstorf, Niedersachsen, dessen Badmintonabteilung in der Saison 1971/72 in der Badminton-Bundesliga spielte.

Geschichte
Der TuS Wunstorf entstand 1933 unter dem Namen Turnerschaft von 1862 als Fusion des Männer-Turnvereins von 1862 Wunstorf und des Männer-Turnklubs von 1891 Wunstorf und trägt den heutigen Namen nach kurzzeitigem Verbot seit der Wiederzulassung durch die britische Militärregierung 1945.

Badminton
Die erfolgreichste Saison war die Spielzeit 1971/72, in der der TuS in der Badminton-Bundesliga spielte. Mit dem Belegen des 7. Platzes stieg der TuS nach dieser Saison in die Regionalliga ab.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Internetseite des TuS Wunstorf von 1862 e. V.
 Offizielle Internetseite der Badminton-Abteilung

Wunstorf, TuS
Sportverein (Region Hannover)
Tennisverein aus Niedersachsen
Sport (Wunstorf)
Organisation (Wunstorf)

TuS Wunstorf


Svijet

Književna djela

 Ana Karenjina Lava Nikolajeviča Tolstoja
 Petnaestogodišnji kapetan Julesa Vernea

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 12. ožujka – Musa Ćazim Ćatić, bošnjački književnik († 1915.)

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1878.


Kormákur/Hvöt er knattspyrnufélag sem rekið er í samvinnu tveggja félaga í Húnaþingi;  Ungmennafélagið Hvöt (Blönduósi) og Ungmennafélagið Kormákur (Hvammstanga).

Samstarf á milli Kormáks og Hvatar hefur lengi verið til staðar, en í meistaraflokki hafa liðin teflt fram sameiginlegu liði frá árinu 2012. Liðið spilar í 3. deild karla í knattspyrnu. Þjálfari liðsins sumarið 2022 er Aco Pandurevec.

Liðið leikur í  bleikum treyjum/svörtum buxum (heima) og hvítum treyjum/rauðum buxum (úti).

Heimavellir
Heimavöllur liðsins er í flestum tilvikum Blönduósvöllur, en einnig eru leikir spilaðir á Kirkjuhvammsvelli á Hvammstanga. Í upphafi samstarfsins fóru flestir leikir fram á Hvammstanga, en með aukinni aðsókn og fjölgunar í aðdáendahópi liðsins hafa þeir færst á Blönduós þar sem aðstaða er betri. Á hverju sumri eru spilaðir heimaleikir á bæjarhátíðum Blönduóss (Húnavaka) og Hvammstanga (Eldur í Húnaþingi), en þá skipta áhorfendur einu hundraði. Vegna veðurfars á Norðurlandi-vestra eru fyrstu heimaleikir sumarsins jafnan spilaðir á Sauðárkróksvelli.

Leikmenn 2022

Nafntogaðir fyrrum leikmenn
 Hörður Gylfason - fyrirliði, þjálfari og frumkvöðull. Þekktastur fyrir að hafa verið valinn besti markmaður Tommamótsins 1988.
 Albert "Bibbi í Eyjanesi" Jónsson - leikmaður Kormáks þegar liðið fór fyrst á Íslandsmót 1986, lék sinn síðasta leik 30 árum síðar árið 2016.

Heimildir

Íslensk knattspyrnufélög

Kormákur/Hvöt