Marc Le Berre né à Plonéour-Lanvern (Finistère) le  et mort à Quimper le  est un tailleur, brodeur, tisserand et styliste français.

Biographie

Marc Le Berre est originaire d'une famille de tailleurs et brodeurs du pays bigouden, et rattachée par sa mère Catherine à la famille Pichavant de Pont-L'Abbé, dont les grands-parents fondèrent la Maison Pichavant en 1868, qui brodait pour des académiciens et pour le tsar de Russie. Cette entreprise comptait en 1900 plus d'une soixantaine de brodeurs, et sa notoriété attira en ce lieu de nombreuses personnalités comme le professeur de lettres, et écrivain folkloriste français de langue bretonne Anatole Le Braz (1859-1926) en 1901, le poète breton Théodore Botrel (1868-1925) vers 1908, le poète Charles Le Goffic (1863-1932), Jean-Julien Lemordant (1878-1968) qui visite l'atelier en 1901, ou encore cet autre écrivain régionaliste François Jaffrennou (1879-1956), qu'il côtoya étant jeune dans l'atelier familial. Sa tante Marie Pichavant lança le style de la guipure d'Irlande vers 1903.

La crise de la sardine à cette époque va favoriser le développement de la fabrication de la dentelle, en particulier du picot bigouden, afin de permettre aux filles et femmes de pêcheurs, mais aussi aux mousses et parfois aux hommes de trouver quelques revenus complémentaires. La production des ouvroirs et des dentellières travaillant à domicile est vendue dans les grandes villes, principalement à Paris, ainsi qu'en Angleterre et aux États-Unis, essentiellement par la maison Aux enfants Pichavant, alors située au 6, rue du Château à Pont-L'Abbé.

Marc Le Berre fait ses études au petit séminaire de Pont-Croix, puis à l'École supérieure de commerce de l'université catholique d'Angers, où il fait la connaissance de celui qui deviendra un ami, le futur docteur Jean Cornic qui sera, en 1929-1935, président général du Bleun Brug, mouvement fondé par l'abbé Jean-Marie Perrot (1877-1943) et dont  Marc Le Berre sera le vice-président général, à la suite de l'abbé Jean-François Madec (1879-1936), en 1929. Il y fait la connaissance d'un ami écrivain, journaliste Youenn Drezen (1899-1972). Il est dès 1923 un des membres fondateurs de ce mouvement avec son ami René-Yves Creston (1898-1964) de l'épouse de celui-ci Suzanne Creston et Jeanne Malivel, du mouvement Seiz Breur (« Union des sept frères ») qui va réunir quelques dizaines d'artistes bretons voulant créer pour le plus grand renom de la Bretagne. L'article 1 des statuts stipule qu'ils doivent être . Ce mouvement inclura nombre de collaborationnistes durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Dans ces années 1920, il est associé avec son frère Auguste à l'entreprise familiale Les Enfants Pichavant. En 1930, Charles Le Goffic entre à l'Académie française, et Marc Le Berre s'occupe, à la demande de Jean-Julien Lemordant, de la broderie de son costume qu'il confie à son meilleur brodeur Laouig Jégou, mettant en avant les origines bretonnes et celtiques de l'écrivain en remplaçant les feuilles de chêne par celles du gui. Responsable du Comité des fêtes de Pont-L'Abbé, il est présent le  à l'inauguration du Monument aux Bigoudens, réalisé par François Bazin (1897-1956). En 1932, il fait partie de la délégation bretonne qui se rend à Dublin pour commémorer le 1500 anniversaire de la fondation de l'Irlande par saint Patrick.

En 1933, il épouse Anne-Marie Kerloc'h et part s'installer à Quimper où il crée le magasin À la Ville d'Ys, qu'il fait décorer dans un style breton par Jacques Philippe, ébéniste décorateur à Rennes. Il y vend le meilleur des productions artisanales et des métiers d'art bretons. Le , son épouse met au monde leur premier enfant, Marie-Charlotte Le Berre, à Quimper, qui deviendra une peintre, céramiste et poétesse plus connue sous son nom d'épouse Dodik Jegou, aînée de neuf enfants, tous artistes. Le soir à la veillée, il initie sa fille Dodik aux contes et légendes bretonnes et lui offre les contes de François-Marie Luzel qui inspireront son œuvre.

En 1936, il ouvre l'Atelier Saint-Ronan à Locronan avec madame Andrieux, puis il met au point des collections de textiles et de broderies en picot bigouden pour l'Exposition universelle de 1937 avec Suzanne Creston. En 1937, il lance la mode du kabic (une sorte de veste à capuchon dont l'origine remonte au ).

Il milite pour la préservation de la langue bretonne et est un proche du sculpteur René Quillivic (1879-1979) et la céramiste Berthe Savigny (1882-1958), de Yann Fouéré (1910-2011), fondateur d'Ar Brezoneg er Skol (« Le breton à l'école »). Il connaît le peintre Xavier de Langlais (1906-1975), qui avec James Bouillé, architecte et lui-même membre de Seiz Breur, anime en 1935 l'atelier d'art breton An Droellenn (« la Spirale »), atelier breton d'art chrétien. Son entourage comprend aussi le peintre et céramiste Robert Micheau-Vernez (1907-1989), le peintre Géo-Fourrier (1898-1966), le journaliste et directeur de la revue Ar Falz Yann Kerlann (1910-1969), Yann ar Beg (1911-1986), membre du Parti national breton, le journaliste et écrivain Youen Drezen (1899-1972), les frères Herry (1913-1986) et Ronan Caouissin (1914-1986), des écrivains et éditeurs nationalistes bretons, l'abbé Henri Poisson (1898-1977), le prêtre et enseignant Joseph Chardronnet (1910-2001), ainsi que le frère de Ploërmel Visant Seité (1908-1993). Il rachètera plus tard les métiers à tisser de Coco Chanel.

En 1959, il fonde les Tissages de Locmaria au 4, rue Haute à Quimper, dans l'ancien immeuble de la Grande Maison HB.

Adepte du néodruidisme, il prend en 1947 le pseudonyme d'Ab Énéour pour entrer au Poellgor du Gorsedd de Bretagne.

Bibliophile, sa bibliothèque est vendue après sa mort.

Il meurt accidentellement le  à Quimper et y est inhumé au cimetière Saint-Marc.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Pascal Aumasson, Yannik Bigouin, Gwenaël Le Berre, Kabig : le destin d'un habit de grèves, Éditions Coop Breizh, 2020,
 André Charlot, Michel Bolzer, Le costume bigouden, Éditions Coop Breizh, Collection « Savoir et Pratique », 2013, 2020,
 Jean-Pierre Lethuillier, Les costumes régionaux : entre mémoire et histoire, PU de Rennes, 2019,
 René-Yves Creston, Les costumes des populations bretonnes, préface de Pierre-Roland Giot, 5 vol., Rennes, Laboratoire d'anthropologie générale, 1953-1961. Fascicule additionnel : « Méthode pour l'étude des costumes populaires », 1959.

Articles connexes
 Kabig

Liens externes

Styliste français
Membre de Seiz Breur
Personnalité du mouvement breton
Personnalité du néodruidisme
Personnalité bretonne du XXe siècle
Naissance en mai 1899
Naissance dans le Finistère
Décès en juillet 1968
Décès à Quimper
Mort accidentelle
Décès à 69 ans

Marc Le Berre


Giani Zail Singh (5. maj 1916 – 25. december 1994) var en indisk politiker, der var Indiens præsident fra 1982 til 1987. Han var medlem af Det Indiske Kongresparti.

Singh var premierminister i delstaten Punjab fra 1972 til 1977 og Indiens indenrigsminister fra 1980 til 1982. I juli 1982 blev han indsat som Indiens 7. præsident efter Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. Hans præsidentperiode var præget af Operation Blue Star, mordet på Indira Gandhi og anti-sikh-optøjerne i 1984. Hans præsidentperiode ophørte den 25. juli 1987, hvor han blev efterfulgt af Ramaswamy Venkataraman.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Indiens præsidenter
Politikere fra Indien

Giani Zail Singh


An Lepanthes lunaris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Lepanthes lunaris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes lunaris


جنين، جنين هو فيلم وثائقي قام بإخراجه محمد بكري عام 2002 من أجل تصوير الحقيقة حول ما حدث في معركة جنين التي تمت بين الجيش الإسرائيلي والمقاتلين الفلسطينيين خلال عملية الدرع الواقي عام 2002، وطرح مسألة حدوث مجزرة في مخيم جنين. تم عرض الفيلم في عروض محدودة في إسرائيل ثم تم تقديمه إلى لجنة مراقبة الأفلام الإسرائيلية من أجل الحصول على ترخيص للعرض التجاري لكن اللجنة رفضت الطلب بدعوى كون الفيلم تظهر وجهة النظر الفلسطينية فقط مما يشوه الحقيقة وبأن الفيلم يكاد يكون تحريضا ضد حق إسرائيل في الوجود. لكن محكمة العدل العليا ألغت قرار اللجنة وسمحت بعرض الفيلم.

قام خمسة جنود إسرائيليين برفع دعوى على محمد بكري بتهمة التشهير لكن المحكمة ردت الدعوى، لكن الجنود استأنفوا على القرار. وفي عام 2021 حظرت المحكمة الإسرائيلية المركزية في اللد عرض الفيلم بإسرائيل وقررت حذف روابطه في الإنترنت ومصادرة جميع نسخه.

الدعوى القضائية
قام خمسة ضباط وجنود من جيش الاحتلال الاسرائيلي برفع دعوى قضائية على محمد بكري عام 2002 ضد فيلم "جنين-جنين" بتهمة تشويه سمعتهم، على الرغم من أنّه لم يتم ذكر اسمائهم بالفيلم، لذلك قدّم محمد بكري استئنافًا للمحكمة العليا الإسرائيلية ضد قرار المحكمة المركزية في اللد التي قرّرت أن يتمّ حظر عرض فيلم «جنين جنين» في إسرائيل، فقد حذفت حينها روابط الفيلم من شبكات وقنوات التواصل و"يوتيوب"، وتمّت أيضًا مصادرة جميع النُسخ التي توثّق أحداث مجزرة مخيم جنين التي نفذها جيش الاحتلال خلال العملية العسكرية "الجدار الواقي" في نيسان/أبريل 2002 وقد قالت القاضية في المحكمة ان محمد بكري لم يقدم أي إثبات أو تقرير من منظمات حقوق الانسان في الاراضي المحتلة يدعم ادعاءاته.

قرّرت محكمة اللد فرض غرامة على محمد بكري الذي قام بإخراج الفيلم مقدارها 70 ألف دولار لمقدمي الدّعوى وذلك مقابل تكاليف محامي الدفاع، المحاكم والغرامة المالية، وقد تمّ إطلاق حملة لدعم محمد بكري ماديًّا ومعنويًّا مما أدّى إلى تحوّل «جنين جنين» إلى قضيّة رأي عام في إسرائيل والأراضي الفلسطينية المحتلة عام 1967، تعرّض بكري والفيلم لملاحقة قضائيّة، ومنع من العرض على مدار 19 عاما رغم تكرار الدّعوى عدة مرات بقي الحكم ثابتًا وهو حظر عرض  الفيلم.

وصلات خارجية

أفلام إنتاج 2002
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي
أفلام وثائقية 2002
أفلام وثائقية عقد 2000
أفلام وثائقية عن الصراع الفلسطيني الإسرائيلي
أفلام وثائقية فلسطينية
الرقابة في إسرائيل
جنين (مدينة)

جنين - جنين (فيلم)


Pirofosfatul este un oxo-anion care conține doi atomi de fosfor legați P-O-P. Pirofosfații sunt compușii derivați de la acidul pirofosforic, un exemplu fiind Na2H2P2O7. Pirofosfații sunt în general compuși albi sau incolori, iar sărurile cu metalele alcaline sunt solubile în apă.

Legătura pirofosfat este o legătură chimică deosebit de importantă în biochimie, regăsindu-se în molecule precum ATP-ul.

Note

Vezi și
 Fosfat
 Legătură fosfodiesterică

Legături externe

Fosfați
Anioni
Esteri

Pirofosfat


Kenneth Marc Duberstein (April 21, 1944 – March 2, 2022) was an American lobbyist who served as U.S. president Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.

Early life and education
Duberstein was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, the son of Jewel (Falb), a teacher, and Aaron Duberstein, a fundraiser for the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Poly Prep Country Day School and Franklin and Marshall College (A.B. 1965) and American University (M.A. 1966). He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Franklin and Marshall in 1989. While in college he was a member of Zeta Beta Tau.

Political career
Duberstein began his public service on Capitol Hill as an intern for Senator Jacob K. Javits. His other early government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during the Gerald Ford Administration and Director of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs at the U.S. General Services Administration.

During Reagan's eight years in office, he had two stints in the White House. His first was as Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs (1981–1983). His major accomplishment of this period was pushing Reagan's economic agenda through a Democratic House of Representatives, including the 1982 Tax Bill. Duberstein was described as Reagan's invisible link to Congress. He was at the center of the Administrations push for the bill, working on both sides of the political divide.   His second stint was also for two years, first as Deputy Chief of Staff and then for the final six months of the Reagan presidency as White House Chief of Staff (1988–1989). Eight days after Reagan was on TV and acknowledged the Iran–Contra affair, Duberstein took over as chief of staff. Around that time, it was revealed that Nancy Reagan had used an astrologer to determine dates for the president's public appearances. Reagan's presidency had reached a low point; approval rating was at 37%. His promotion was called a wake-up call for a "drowsy White House". He came to the job with energy, loyalty, hard work and enthusiasm, having earned the nickname Duderdog; and he made sure to call Nancy twice a day. He had Reagan give a mea culpa address to the nation; poll numbers went right up and the presidency had been turned around.

Duberstein is said to have been the first Jewish person to be White House Chief of Staff.

Between his White House appointments, he was vice-president and director of Business-Government Relations of the Committee for Economic Development and was a lobbyist as vice president of Timmons & Company. Prior to 1987, he served on the Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, succeeded by Betty Heitman, previously co-chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.

Later career

In January 1989, Duberstein was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by Reagan. He was the chairman of the Ethics Committee for the U.S. Olympic Committee  and served as vice chairman of the independent Special Bid Oversight Reform Commission for the U.S. Olympics Committee. He also appeared on Bloomberg alongside John Podesta, and had 23 appearances on C-SPAN. Beginning in season five, Duberstein was a consultant for the TV show The West Wing.

In 2013, Duberstein was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage in the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. His position succeeded, as the court would go on to effectively legalize same-sex marriage in California.

Lobbyist

Duberstein transitioned from the White House to lobbyist; he was successful, and his insight and advice was sought by leaders of both parties. Duberstein founded The Duberstein Group Inc. in 1987. It is a consulting services company providing corporate consulting and government relations services. Among its client are Amazon, BP and MLB. Duberstein was hired by Russian authorities, via Goldman Sachs, to lobby against the Magnitsky Bill (as known as the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act), a bill in the U.S. Congress "to impose sanctions on persons responsible for the detention, abuse, or death of Sergei Magnitsky, and for other gross violations of human rights in the Russian Federation". Duberstein showed discretion and did not discuss his work, leading to an "air of mystery" about him and what he did for his clients.

Education activities
In 2020, he established the Public Service Internship Endowment at his alma mater, Franklin and Marshall, assisting F&M students who secure unpaid internships in public service in Washington, D.C. He was on the college's Board of Trustees from 1994 to 2010, and then became an emeritus trustee. A space at the Franklin and Marshall Patricia E. Harris Center for Business, Government and Public Policy is named for him, the "Duberstein West Wing". He spoke at the dedication of the center and led fund raising for the building's renovations. At Harvard Kennedy School, he chaired a senior advisory committee and was a "constant and inspiring presence" to students.

Political adviser
He was an adviser to former deputy secretary of state Richard Armitage, according to syndicated columnist Robert Novak, who said that Duberstein was a source for David Corn's and Michael Isikoff's book about the Valerie Plame affair in which Armitage was found to be the one who leaked Plame's CIA status to Novak.

Duberstein and Colin Powell became close during his time as chief of staff and Powell's position as National Security Advisor in the Reagan White House.  When Powell considered a 1996 presidential run, he was advised by Duberstein. Duberstein guided him to "play the press" and win over Republican leaders.  Powell ended up not making the run.  When Powell's reputation was damaged by his role in the 2003 Iraq War, he used Duberstein to act as a consigliere to repair his name.

Duberstein guided Supreme Court justices David Souter and Clarence Thomas through their ritualistic confirmation proceedings. Other high level appointees he advised and guided through confirmation hearings included CIA director Robert M. Gates and Secretary of State George P. Shultz. His business partner, Michael S. Berman, a Democrat, performed similar tasks for Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer.

Boards
Duberstein enjoyed lucrative posts on countless boards of directors, including The Boeing Company, ConocoPhillips, the Fleming Companies, Inc., and The St. Paul Companies, Inc. He was also on the Board of Governors for the American Stock Exchange and NASD, and served on the Board of Directors of Fannie Mae. He served on the advisory board for Washington, DC-based non-profit America Abroad Media.

Personality
Duberstein, a "back-slapping Brooklyn native," was one of the most connected Washington people. "A permanent Washington fixture," he was a regular at Washington parties and network talk shows.  A gregarious and rumpled, wise-cracking 'people person' of relentless optimism and energy...the consummate Washington insider and institutionalist, a big man with an easy smile and a generous laugh who could be hard-nosed, loved gossiping with reporters, believed in bipartisanship and offered his advice to anyone who askedespecially those who succeeded him in the chief of staff job. Duberstein noted that as a Brooklynite he always enjoyed working with people. As a "cultivator" of the press he was generally discreet, refusing to be quoted by name, even for articles about himself. He was forever loved by the Washington press for all the leaking he did during the Reagan years; and, "he loved being Ken Duberstein."

Political views
Duberstein was a politically moderate Rockefeller Republican, fiscally conservative and socially moderate. Before John McCain secured the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, Duberstein made inquiries about running the transition team; McCain was not interested.  He later broke from his party in the election and supported Obama; commenting on the nomination of Sarah Palin for vice-president, he said: "Even at McDonald's, you're interviewed three times before you're given a job."

Personal life, health and death
Duberstein was married three times, with his first two marriages, to Marjorie Duberstein and Sydney Duberstein, ending in divorce. He had a daughter from the first marriage and three children from the second. He was then married to Jacqueline Fain, a former TV producer, for 18 years until his death. At their 2003 wedding, Supreme Court Justice David Souter was the officiant and Marvin Hamlisch provided the music.  He had a history of kidney disease, and in 2014, received a kidney transplant; his son was the donor. After a long illness, Duberstein died at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington on March 2, 2022, at the age of 77. The funeral was at Washington Hebrew Congregation

References

External links

|-

1944 births
2022 deaths
American lobbyists
American University alumni
Boeing people
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
ConocoPhillips people
American corporate directors
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
Jewish American members of the Cabinet of the United States
New York (state) Republicans
People associated with the Plame affair
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
White House Chiefs of Staff
White House Deputy Chiefs of Staff
Brookings Institution people
Poly Prep alumni
Reagan administration personnel
United States congressional aides
Washington, D.C., Republicans

Kenneth Duberstein


Anadia  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Centro bölgesine bağlı Baixo Vouga altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 15 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Aguim
 Amoreira da Gândara
 Ancas
 Arcos (Anadia)
 Avelãs de Caminho
 Avelãs de Cima
 Mogofores
 Moita
 Óis do Bairro
 Paredes do Bairro
 São Lourenço do Bairro
 Sangalhos
 Tamengos
 Vila Nova de Monsarros
 Vilarinho do Bairro

Baixo Vouga'nın belediyeleri

Anadia


Viubråtan Station (Viubråtan stasjon eller Viubråtan holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Gjøvikbanen, der lå i Lunner kommune i Oppland fylke i Norge.

Stationen åbnede som trinbræt 1. juni 1937. Den blev nedlagt for almindelig trafik 3. juni 1986. Indtil 2006 kunne den dog stadig benyttes efter behov, idet man måtte kontakte NSB en uge i forvejen for at aftale standsning på stationen. Stationen var ikke tilgængelig med bil. Til gengæld lå den ved det i 2015 nedlagte Viubråtan Feriesenter.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Gjøvikbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1937
Ophørt i 2006
Jernbanestationer i Oppland

Viubråtån Station


An Isolepis carinata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Jackson Hooker, George Arnott Walker Arnott ngan John Torrey. An Isolepis carinata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis carinata


The , officially the , is a straddle-beam, Alweg-type monorail line in Tokyo, Japan. It is an airport rail link that connects Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) to Tokyo's Ōta, Shinagawa, and Minato wards. The  line serves 11 stations between the Monorail Hamamatsuchō and Haneda Airport Terminal 2 stations. It runs on a predominantly elevated north–south route that follows the western coast of Tokyo Bay. The monorail is operated by the Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd., which is jointly owned by JR East, the system's rolling stock supplier Hitachi, and ANA Holdings, Inc. (the holding company of All Nippon Airways). It carried an average of 140,173 passengers per day in 2018.

Plans to build Japan's first airport rail link surfaced in 1959 as Tokyo was preparing to host the 1964 Summer Olympics. That year, the Yamato Kanko Co., Ltd.—later renamed the Tokyo Monorail Co.—was established to build the rail connection. Construction began in 1963 and completed on 17 September 1964, just 23 days ahead of the Olympic opening ceremony. Upon opening, the monorail operated between the Hamamatsuchō and Haneda stations, making no intermediate stops. It has since been expanded with infill stations and extensions, and there are plans to extend it to Tokyo Station in the future.

The Tokyo Monorail is one of two rail lines serving the airport, the other being the Keikyū Airport Line. At Hamamatsuchō Station, passengers may transfer to the Keihin–Tōhoku and Yamanote lines of JR East, as well as the Asakusa and Oedo lines of the Toei Subway via nearby Daimon Station. The monorail also connects with Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit's Rinkai Line at Tennōzu Isle Station.

Early history

Tokyo's Haneda Airport had emerged as the country's international gateway by the time Japan's commercial aviation industry recovered from the Second World War in the early 1950s. In 1959, the airport recorded approximately 910,000 total passengers and expected many more for the coming 1964 Summer Olympics. That same year, the government unveiled a plan for a central Tokyo-to-airport rail link. Opponents of the rail line briefly countered with a proposal to extend the Tokyo Expressway instead, but fears that this would only worsen vehicular congestion led to a preference for rail.

In August 1959, the Yamato Kanko Co., Ltd. was established to build the rail line; it renamed to Japan Elevated Railway Co., Ltd. a year later. The company applied for a route license to build a straddle-beam, Alweg-type monorail in January 1960, which the Japanese government granted the following December. The company selected Alweg due to two factors. First, the company's president, Tetsuzo Inumaru, was an old friend of Dr. Axel Wenner-Gren, the founder of Alweg. Second, Hitachi, which would build the line, was keen on further developing the technology.

Project planners originally intended the monorail line to extend from Haneda Airport to Shimbashi or Tokyo Station, and the license that had been acquired allowed building it up to either station. However, opposition from residents living near the Shibaura Canal, which had been part of the proposed route, as well as cost overruns during the construction of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, which drained government subsidies, resulted in a shortened route from the airport to Hamamatsuchō Station. To further minimize costs, the line was routed over other public waterways donated by local municipalities, which eliminated the need to acquire expensive private land, but reclaimed parts of Tokyo Bay, as well as rivers and canals. The resulting alignment removed a number of fishing and aquatic farming operations, and local fishing cooperatives had their licences revoked by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Among them was a seaweed harvesting field in Ōta Ward that had produced a premium brand of nori since the Edo period called Omori no nori.

The Ministry of Transport authorized the monorail project in December 1961. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on 1 May 1963, and the subsequent construction of the line progressed rapidly. In May 1964, Japan Elevated Railway Co., Ltd. again changed its name to Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd. The line cost a total of  (equivalent to approximately $60 million in 1964 dollars), of which  was spent for construction and  on rolling stock. Hitachi built the first-generation cars in Japan under license of Alweg (through the Hitachi–Alweg joint venture). Upon its inauguration, the Tokyo Monorail became the world's first commercial monorail service and Japan's first airport rail connection.

Service commenced on 17 September 1964, 23 days ahead of the Olympic opening ceremony on 10 October. At the time of opening, the Tokyo Monorail ran a total length of  and served only its termini: Hamamatsuchō Station and the airport. Most of the artificial islands in Tokyo Bay had not yet been reclaimed, and the line mostly ran over water. The price for a one-way ticket was , which was relatively more expensive than other available options at the time. It was notably cheaper to take a taxi with four people to the airport than to ride the monorail. A recession following the Olympics resulted in a decrease in airport arrivals, which severely affected ridership. In 1966, the Tokyo Monorail was forced to reduce the price of its fare to  to attract more passengers.

Infill stations and later expansions

Ōi Keibajō Mae became the monorail's first infill station upon its completion in May 1965. It was originally built as a temporary station above the water along the coast and only operated on days when an event was taking place at Ohi Racecourse. Its permanent replacement opened two years later. The city government subsequently reclaimed the area around this station and developed a housing complex known as . In November 1967, an overpass connecting the monorail platform to the JR platforms of Hamamatsuchō Station was completed. Between 1967 and 1993, four more stations were built along the original alignment; these were Haneda Seibijō, later renamed Seibijō (1967); Shin Heiwajima, later renamed Ryūtsū Center (1969); Shōwajima (1985); and Tennōzu Isle (1992).

When the monorail began operating, the passenger terminal at Haneda Airport was located on the west side of the airfield, south of Seibijō, and this was the southern end of the line. Upon the opening of a new passenger terminal—now Terminal 1—in 1993, the monorail was extended to a new platform and another station, Shin Seibijō, was built for the employees of nearby maintenance facilities. Meanwhile, the former airport passenger terminal was razed and the monorail tunnel beneath it abandoned to make room for an extension of Runway B. The original Haneda Station, which was abandoned along with the tunnel, was rebuilt farther west along the new section of tracks and renamed Tenkūbashi Station in November 1998. Although the rails were removed and its entrance walled off, the now-unused tunnel remains otherwise intact today below the Runway B extension.

The monorail has continued to adapt and expand with the terminal changes and expansions of Haneda Airport. A single-station,  extension to the airport's then new Terminal 2 opened on 1 December 2004, and resulted in the renaming of the existing Haneda Airport Station to Haneda Airport Terminal 1 Station. The opening of a passing loop at Shōwajima allowed for the operation of express services from 18 March 2007. A new infill station to serve the airport's new International Terminal opened on 21 October 2010. On 14 March 2020, the three stations serving Haneda Airport were renamed to coincide with the renaming of the International Terminal to Terminal 3. In Japanese, the word  in the station names was modified to . From north–south, the stations are , , and .

Planned extension to Tokyo Station
In June 2009, Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd., formally notified the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of its intent to convert the present single-track terminal at Hamamatsucho, which has remained unchanged since 1964, into a dual-track, dual-platform structure. To be built in six and a half years at an estimated cost of , this would increase the line's capacity from 18 to 24 trains per hour and lay the groundwork for a long-mooted extension to Shimbashi Station. In August 2014, plans were revealed to extend the line from Hamamatsucho to Tokyo Station, running alongside the Yamanote Line tracks between Shimbashi and Tokyo at a cost of  with construction taking approximately ten years.
However, in 2021 JR East has announced the construction of the Haneda Airport Access Line which will connect Tokyo Station with conventional rail.

New terminus at Hamamatsucho Station
As part of a redevelopment of the "World Trade Centre" a new monorail station will be built at Hamamatsucho Station.  It is scheduled to be completed by 2027.

Route

The Tokyo Monorail is  long and traverses Tokyo's Minato, Shinagawa, and Ōta wards. From its northern terminus at Monorail Hamamatsuchō Station, the line travels southbound as it crosses over the Yamanote, Keihin–Tōhoku, Ueno–Tokyo, Tōkaidō Main, and Tokaido Shinkansen lines. Upon entering Shibaura, it follows the edge of canals surrounded by artificial islands. On an artificial island within  just east of Shinagawa Station and the main campus of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, the monorail starts to follow the Shuto Expressway Haneda Route alignment with a stop at Tennōzu Isle.

Service patterns

The following three service types operate on the line:

Tokyo Monorail trains operate on an average headway of four minutes. This can be as short as three minutes and 20 seconds during peak hours. "Local" trains stop at every station, with end-to-end travel taking 24 minutes. "Rapid" trains bypass the Shōwajima, Seibijō, Tenkūbashi, Shin Seibijō stations, and take 21 minutes to travel across the line. "Haneda Express" trains make non-stop runs between Monorail Hamamatsuchō Station and Haneda Airport; these trains arrive at Haneda Airport Terminal 3 in 13 minutes, Haneda Airport Terminal 1 in 16 minutes, and Haneda Airport Terminal 2 in 18 minutes. The Tokyo Monorail started operating  trains in December 2001, which departed from Haneda Airport at 11:50 pm; these trains began running all day three years later. In March 2007, the monorail replaced its original "Rapid" service with the two existing "Haneda Express" and "Rapid" service patterns.

Stations

Rolling stock
All rolling stock that has ever been operated in the Tokyo Monorail since inauguration are built by Hitachi Rail. , the Tokyo Monorail operates three train types: 1000 series, 2000 series, and most recently, 10000 series. All trainsets run in a six-car configuration and are capable of running at speeds of up to . Each car has a combination of aisle-facing bench seats, forward and rear-facing seats, and seats in the center of the aisle. The latter is because the train floor is lower than the diameter of the load bearing wheels above the top of the beam, unlike trains built for newer Japanese Alweg monorails. The trains also feature extra space for hand luggage, as a convenience for air travelers. These trains are stored and maintained at Shōwajima Depot beside Shōwajima Station during off-service hours. The 1000 series trains were introduced from 1989, and the 2000 series trains were introduced from 1997.

From 18 July 2014, the first of a fleet of new 10000 series 6-car trains was introduced, replacing the older 1000 series trains.

Former rolling stock
Former rolling stock once used on Tokyo Monorail include the 100/200/300/350 series (from 1964 until 1978), 500 series (from 1969 until 1991), 600 series (from 1977 until 1997), and 700/800 series (from 1982 until 1998).

Service

The Tokyo Monorail operates from around 5:00 a.m. to midnight with over 500 trains. The first departure towards the airport leaves at 04:58 and the last departure is at 00:01. Towards Hamamatsuchō, the first departure is at 05:11 and the final departure is at 00:05 (final departure serving all stations at 23:38). Passengers using the monorail to travel to the airport can take advantage of check-in facilities at Hamamatsuchō. Japan's domestic airlines (JAL, ANA, Skymark Airlines, and Air Do) have check-in counters and ticket machines right at the station. It carried its 1.5 billionth passenger on January 24, 2007.

An alternative to the monorail is the Keikyu Airport Line between the airport and Shinagawa Station. Both railways compete with bus services.

Ownership

The monorail line is owned and operated by the . In 1967, the Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd. merged with Hitachi Transport Co., Ltd. and Western Hitachi Transport Co., Ltd. to form Hitachi Transport Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd. after Hitachi Transport System acquired an 81-percent share of the company. The company re-established as the Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd. in 1981. JR East acquired a 70-percent majority share of the company from Hitachi Transport System in 2002, with the remaining 30 percent going to Hitachi, Ltd. , the Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd. is divided between JR East (79 percent), Hitachi (12 percent), and All Nippon Airways' holding company, ANA Holdings Inc. (9 percent).

Operation and maintenance

The , located next to Shōwajima Station, is the operations and maintenance center of the Tokyo Monorail. The complex houses an operations control room that controls the movement of trains, a power control room that controls the line's power supply, a vehicle maintenance and storage depot where cars are inspected and serviced, a track and trolley inspection and maintenance depot, and a crew depot.

Fares

, the Tokyo Monorail offers multiple fare types with varying lengths of validity and terms of use. One-way tickets, which are valid for the day of purchase, may be used to travel between two stations without making intermediate stops. Return tickets are similar but allow for a return trip; these are valid if returning to any Haneda Airport station within 10 days and to other stations within two weeks. Multiple-trip tickets are sold in books of 11 and are valid for two to three months. The purchase of "school commutation" multiple-trip tickets requires proof of a student discount certificate with the Open University of Japan. Groups of 15 or more can acquire discounted group tickets. A special discount ticket is offered to riders needing to transfer to the Yamanote Line. Commuter and travel passes are also available. The Tokyo Monorail began accepting the contactless smart card Suica on 21 April 2002. It began issuing its own "Monorail Suica" cards in 2009. The monorail also accepts the regional Pasmo card and the Japan Rail Pass.

Fares may be purchased from ticket vending machines at any monorail station. , Tokyo Monorail tickets can also be purchased from machines at the following airports: Fukuoka Airport, Hakodate Airport, Hiroshima Airport, Itami and Kansai airports in Osaka, Kagoshima Airport, Kumamoto Airport, Nagasaki Airport, Naha Airport, New Chitose Airport in Sapporo, Oita Airport, Okayama Airport, Takamatsu Airport, and Toyama Airport.

See also

Monorails in Japan

References

Further reading
 L.W. Demery, R. Forty, R. DeGroote and J.W. Higgins, Electric Railways of Japan (Interurbans- Tramways-Metros) Vol.1: Tokyo and Northern Japan. Light Rail Transit Association, 1983.

External links

 Official site

Tokyo Monorail
1964 establishments in Japan
Airport rail links in Japan
Alweg people movers
Haneda Airport
Rail transport in Tokyo
Railway lines opened in 1964
Monorails in Japan

Tokyo Monorail


El Gran Telescopio Cenital (Large Zenith Telescope con el acrónimo en inglés LZT) es un telescopio de espejo líquido de mercurio, de 6 m de diámetro, localizado en el "Sector de Investigación Forestal Malcolm Knapp", de la Universidad de Columbia Británica, alrededor de 70 km al este de Vancouver. Es uno de los mayores telescopios reflectores ópticos en el mundo, pero todavía muy bajo costo.

Mientras un telescopio cenital tiene la obvia desventaja de no ser capaz de oscilar a ninguna parte, su instalación simplificada permite el uso de un espejo compuesto por un panel lleno de líquido mercurio. Como un espejo, se puede hacer mucho más grande que un espejo convencional, aumentando la capacidad colectora de luz. Este LZT es usado para imágenes en tránsito, lo que significa que la rotación de la Tierra mueve las estrellas a lo largo del sensor, y la imagen latente en el sensor es movida electrónicamente en el paso con ese movimiento y leído en el borde de salida.

El telescopio del Observatorio usa metal líquido que refleja la superficie, que puede ser visto aquí.

El telescopio hizo uso de partes del telescopio NASA Orbital Debris Observatory, de tres metros de diámetro, que fue retirado un par de años antes, después de varios años de uso.

Véase también
 Lista de los mayores telescopios reflectores ópticos

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web del Large Zenith Telescope
 Sitio web del LMT en UBC

Referencias

Observatorios astronómicos de Canadá
Telescopios
Ciencia y tecnología de Canadá
Canadá en 2003
Ciencia de 2003
Columbia Británica

Gran Telescopio Cenital


An Ophrys pseudofusca in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Abel Albert ngan Camus. An Ophrys pseudofusca in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ophrys

Ophrys pseudofusca


El Aeropuerto de Vorkutá ( ICAO: UUYW; IATA: VKT) es un aeropuerto situado en las afueras de la ciudad de Vorkutá, en la República Komi, Rusia.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR de Vorkutá (ICAO: UUYW).

La operadora del aeropuerto es la compañía rusa Komiaviatrans.

A 11 km hacia el este de Vorkutá hay otro aeródromo, en este caso militar. Se trata del aeródromo de Vorkutá-Sovetskiy.

Pista
El aeropuerto de Vorkutá dispone de una pista de asfalto en dirección 08/26 de 2.200x50 m. (7.217x164 pies).

El pavimento es del tipo 14/R/B/X/T, lo que lo hace adecuado para ser utilizado por los siguientes tipos de aeronaves: AN-12,  An-24, An-26, IL-76, IL-114, Yak-40, Yak-42, Tu-134, Tu-154, CRJ-100/200,  ATR 42, EMB 120R, Saab 2000 y otros tipos de clases III y IV, y todo tipo de helicópteros de día y de noche durante todo el año.
 Limitaciones:
Il-76, Il-114, ATR-42, EMB-120ER, CL-600 (CRJ-100/200) y Yak-42 si disponen de lanza de remolque a bordo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Operador del Aeropuerto de Vorkutá (en ruso).
 Aeropuerto de Vorkutá (Rusia) Incluye foto satélite y ubicación del aeropuerto (en ruso)
 El Aeropuerto de Vorkutá en la base de datos de los aeropuertos rusos AviaPages.ru (en ruso).
  (en inglés) Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2012
 Historial de accidentes en Vorkutá (en inglés) Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2012
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos Komi en "Our Airports" (en inglés) Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2012

Vorkutá
Komi

Aeropuerto de Vorkutá


Borte, Börte, Boerte or Børte is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:

 Börte (c.1161–1230), wife of Temüjin, the founder of the Mongol Empire
Derrick Borte (born 1967), German-born American filmmaker
Torstein Børte (1899–1985), Norwegian politician

Borte


Isla Burias es una de las tres principales islas de la provincia de Masbate, al sur de Luzón, en Filipinas. Las otras dos islas principales son Ticao y la isla de Masbate. La isla tiene dos municipios, Clavería y San Pascual. Posee 	417,4 kilómetros cuadrados y una elevación máxima de 435 metros.

Véase también
 Geografía de Filipinas
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Filipinas

Isla Burias


Robert L. Hass (born March 1, 1941) is an American poet. He served as Poet Laureate of the United States from 1995 to 1997. He won the 2007 National Book Award and shared the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for the collection Time and Materials: Poems 1997–2005. In 2014 he was awarded the Wallace Stevens Award from the Academy of American Poets.

Life
Hass's works are well known for their West Coast subjects and attitudes. He was born in San Francisco and grew up in San Rafael. He grew up with an alcoholic mother, a major topic in the 1996 poem collection Sun Under Wood. His older brother encouraged him to dedicate himself to his writing. Awestruck by Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsberg, among others in the 1950s Bay Area poetry scene, Hass entertained the idea of becoming a beatnik. He graduated from Marin Catholic High School in 1958. When the area became influenced by East Asian literary techniques, such as haiku, Hass took many of these influences up in his poetry. He has been hailed as "a lyrical virtuoso who is able to turn even cooking recipes into poetry".

Hass is married to the poet and antiwar activist Brenda Hillman, who is a professor at Saint Mary's College of California.

Career
Hass graduated from Saint Mary's College in Moraga, California in 1963, and received his MA and Ph.D. in English from Stanford University in 1965 and 1971 respectively. At Stanford he studied with the poet and critic Yvor Winters, whose ideas influenced his later writing and thinking. His Stanford classmates included the poets Robert Pinsky, John Matthias, and James McMichael. Hass taught literature and writing at the University at Buffalo in 1967. From 1971 to 1989, he taught at his alma mater St. Mary's, at which time he transferred to the faculty of University of California, Berkeley. He has been a visiting faculty member in the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa on several occasions, and was a panelist at the Workshop's 75th anniversary celebration in June 2011.

From 1995 to 1997, during Hass's two terms as the US Poet Laureate (Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress), he became a champion of literacy, poetry, and ecological awareness. He criss-crossed the country lecturing in places as diverse as corporate boardrooms and for civic groups, or as he has said, "places where poets don't go." After his self-described "act of citizenship," he wrote a weekly column on poetry in The Washington Post until 2000. He serves as a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, was a trustee of the Griffin Poetry Prize (now trustee emeritus), and works actively for literacy and the environment.

As major influences on his poetry, Hass cites Beat poet Lew Welch, and has praised the slogan "Raid Kills Bugs Dead," which Welch crafted while working for an advertising firm. Additionally, he has named Chilean Pablo Neruda, Peruvian César Vallejo, and Polish poets Zbigniew Herbert, Wisława Szymborska, and Czesław Miłosz, whom he regards as the five most important poets of the last 50 years. While at Berkeley, Hass spent 15 to 20 years translating the poetry of Miłosz, his fellow Berkeley professor and neighbor, as part of a team with Robert Pinsky and Miłosz.

In 1999 Hass appeared in Wildflowers, the debut film by director Melissa Painter. In the film Hass plays The Poet, a writer who is dying of an unnamed chronic illness. Excerpts from his poetry are included in the script, primarily read by Hass and actress Daryl Hannah.

Poetry
Hass's poems tend to vary in structure as he alternates between prose-like blocks and free verse. His poems have been said to have a stylistic clarity, seen in his simple, clear language and precise imagery. His collection Praise features themes of seasons, nature, location, and transformation, with a running motif of blackberries. Poet Stanley Kunitz said of Hass's work, "Reading a poem by Robert Hass is like stepping into the ocean when the temperature of the water is not much different from that of the air. You scarcely know, until you feel the undertow tug at you, that you have entered into another element."

The January 2017 "Gift Horse" episode of the TV series Madam Secretary alludes to Hass. At a presidential inauguration, the poet laureate character ("Roland Hobbs") recites a poem that describes "the privilege of being", an allusion to Hass's 1999 poem of that title.

Activism

Hass has been actively engaged in promoting ecoliteracy. In 1995 he began working with writer and environmentalist Pamela Michael on a program that encourages "children to make art and poetry about their watersheds" and fosters interdisciplinary environmental education. In April 1996, when he was poet laureate, he organized a 6-day conference at the Library of Congress that brought together American nature writers to celebrate writing, the natural world and community. His watershed program expanded into the non-profit organization River of Words.  River of Words provides tools for teaching ecoliteracy and holds an annual poetry and art contest for children and teens.

On November 9, 2011, while participating in an Occupy movement demonstration at UC Berkeley called Occupy Cal, a police officer hit Hass in the ribs with a baton. Another officer shoved his wife to the ground. Hass wrote about their experience in a November 19, 2011, New York Times opinion piece, "Poet-Bashing Police."

Published works

Poetry
Field Guide, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973,
Praise, New York: Ecco Press, 1979, ; Manchester, UK: Carcanet Press, 1981,
Human Wishes, New York: Ecco Press, 1989,
Sun Under Wood, Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1996,
Time and Materials: Poems 1997–2005, Ecco Press, 2007,
The Apple Trees at Olema: New and Selected Poems, Ecco Press, 2010, ; Tarset, UK: Bloodaxe Books,
Summer Snow: New Poems, Ecco Press, 2020,

Criticism
"James Wright", in The Pure Clear Word: Essays on the poetry of James Wright, Dave Smith (editor), Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982,
Twentieth Century Pleasures: Prose on Poetry. Ecco Press, 1984,
"Edward Taylor: What was he up to?", in Green Thoughts, Green Shades: Essays by contemporary poets on the early modern lyric, Jonathan F. S. Post (editor), Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002,
Now and Then: The Poet's Choice Columns, 1997–2000. Shoemaker & Hoard, 2007,
What Light Can Do: Essays on Art, Imagination, and the Natural World. Ecco Press, 2012.
A Little Book on Form: An Exploration into the Formal Imagination of Poetry. Ecco Press, 2017.

Translations
The Separate Notebooks, Czesław Miłosz (translated by Robert Hass and Robert Pinsky with the author and Renata Gorczynski), New York: Ecco Press, 1984,
Unattainable Earth, Czesław Miłosz (translated by author and Robert Hass), New York: Ecco Press, 1986,
Provinces, Czesław Miłosz (translated by author and Robert Hass), Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1991,
The Essential Haiku: Versions of Bashō, Buson, and Issa, Bashō Matsuo, Buson Yosano, Issa Kobayashi (edited with verse translation by Robert Hass), Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1994,
Facing the River: new poems, Czesław Miłosz (translated by author and Robert Hass), Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1995,
Road-Side Dog, Czesław Miłosz (translated by author and Robert Hass), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998,
Treatise on Poetry, Czesław Miłosz (translated by author and Robert Hass), New York: Ecco Press, 2001,
Second Space: new poems, Czesław Miłosz (translated by author and Robert Hass), New York: Ecco Press, 2004,
The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, includes five translations by Robert Hass, San Francisco: City Lights 2004,

Awards and honors
 The Frost Place poet in residence (1978)
 Yale Series of Younger Poets Award, 1972, for Field Guide
 William Carlos Williams Award, 1979, for Praise
 National Book Critics Circle Award for criticism, 1984, for Twentieth Century Pleasures
 MacArthur Fellowship, 1984 National Book Critics Circle Award for poetry, 1996, for Sun Under Wood National Book Award, Poetry, 2007 for Time and Materials Pulitzer Prize, Poetry, 2008 (a split award) for Time and Materials Manhae Prize co-winner, 2009
 PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay, What Light Can DoNotes

External links

Poems by Robert Hass and biography at PoetryFoundation.org
Hass's Academy of American Poets page
"Robert Hass: Online Interviews", Sarah Pollock, Modern American Poetry
Hass pays tribute to Griffin Trust Lifetime Recognition Award recipient Robin Blaser (audio clip)
 Two poems (Meditations at Lagunitas and Misery and Splendor) from the Robert Hass page, courtesy of UIUC.
"The Bard of Berkeley," Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2009
'Nature's Imaginative Beauty', review of The Apple Trees at Olema in the Oxonian Review'The Temptations of Art', review of "The Apple Trees at Olema" in The New Republic''

1941 births
Living people
American male poets
American Poets Laureate
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
National Book Award winners
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Saint Mary's College of California alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
Yale Younger Poets winners
PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award winners
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century translators
21st-century American translators
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Translators of Pablo Neruda
Poets from California
Writers from San Francisco
Marin Catholic High School alumni

Robert Hass


Ashta-kashte is a race board game from Bengal akin to the Cross and Circle family for two to four players originating in India. Although there is no evidence for that, it is considered by some as the direct ancestor of Pachisi. It is played on a board with a 7-by-7 grid on it. It is similar to Chowka bhara, or to Ashtam changam pe where there is a 5-by-5 grid on the board.

Players race their pieces around the board, spiralling inwards to be the first to get all of their pieces to the centre. Movement is controlled by throwing cowry shells, but there is also an element of strategy to the game.

Also called Koli kaDam in Hyderabad, or Champul in other parts of India.

Equipment
The board is a square divided into seven rows and columns. The outer centre squares on each side of the board are specially marked. They are the starting squares for each player, and also function as resting squares.

Each player has four pieces.

Four cowry shells are used as dice. They are thrown and the number of shells that lie with their openings upwards indicates the number of spaces a player should move:

Play
Players begin with no pieces on the board. A piece may enter the board on any throw of the cowries and moves to the square corresponding to the throw. Each player starts on their own starting square and moves around the board in an anticlockwise spiral. The paths of each player are different because each player starts on a different square and moves inwards at a different position on the board.

A player can capture an opponent's piece by landing their piece upon it. The captured piece is removed from the board and must start again. A piece cannot land on an opponent's piece that is on a resting square.

If a player lands their piece on another of their own pieces, it becomes a double. Doubles cannot be passed over by single pieces (whether the player's or the opponent's), and they can only be captured by other doubles. In addition, the two pieces that make up the double may be moved together.

The end (centre square) can only be reached by a direct throw. If a player throws a number larger than that needed to reach the end, they must move another piece or wait till their next turn.

References

 The way to play by the Diagram Group (1975).

Traditional board games
Cross and circle games

Ashte kashte


Salix bicolor es una especie de sauce perteneciente a la familia de las salicáceas. Se encuentra en  Europa.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 1-2 m de altura. Las ramas del año pelosas o glabras, las adultas glabras, anaranjadas, amarillentas, castañas o castaño-rojizas. La madera descortezada con estrías. Las hojas 5(8) × 2-3 cm, oblongo-transovadas, elípticas, transovado-elípticas, pocas veces lanceoladas o transovado-lanceoladas, con el ápice agudo, pocas veces recurvado, base redondeada o apenas atenuada, margen revoluto, entero, paucidentado o irregularmente dentado-serrado y con 5-10 pares de nervios laterales, brillantes, fuertes y coriáceas, glabras o pocas veces glabrescentes por el haz, glabras o glabrescentes (pelos generalmente adpresos) y glaucas por el envés; pecíolo normalmente de más de 0,5 cm, glabro o con muy pocos pelos y de base ancha; estípulas presentes y persistentes, sobre todo en las hojas del extremo de las ramas, o inexistentes. Amentos hasta 3 × 1 cm, coetáneos, sobre pedúnculos largos con brácteas foliáceas; bráctea floral lanceolada, oblonga, ovalada o transovada, con el ápice agudo u obtuso y más obscuro que el resto, con pelos largos y rectos. Flores masculinas con estambres de filamentos libres, glabros, excepcionalmente con pelos; las femeninas con pistilo tomentoso, pedicelado, estilo largo y estigmas enteros o bífidos.

Hábitat
Se encuentra en zonas húmedas, sobre suelo rico en humus y arcillas, pero pobre en bases; a una altitud de (1200)1500-2300 m. V-VI. Montañas del S de Europa.

Taxonomía
Salix bicolor fue descrita por Carl Ludwig Willdenow y publicado en Berlinische Baumzucht, oder Beschreibung der in den Gärten um Berlin 339, en el año 1796
Citología
Número de cromosomas de Salix bicolor (Fam. Salicaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=114
Etimología
Salix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.

bicolor: epíteto latino que significa "con dos colores".
Sinonimia
Salix phylicifolia subsp. bicolor (Willd.) O. Bolòs & Vigo in Butll. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 38: 84 (1974)
Salix phylicifolia L., Sp. Pl.: 1016 (1753), p.p.
Salix schraderiana Willd.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

bicolor
Flora de Europa
Plantas descritas en 1796
Plantas descritas por Willdenow

Salix bicolor


Argentinosaurus is a genus of giant sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina. Although it is only known from fragmentary remains, Argentinosaurus is one of the largest known land animals of all time, perhaps the largest, measuring  long and weighing . It was a member of Titanosauria, the dominant group of sauropods during the Cretaceous. It is widely regarded by many paleontologists as the biggest dinosaur ever, and perhaps lengthwise the longest animal ever, though both claims have no concrete evidence yet.

The first Argentinosaurus bone was discovered in 1987 by a farmer on his farm near the city of Plaza Huincul. A scientific excavation of the site led by the Argentine palaeontologist José Bonaparte was conducted in 1989, yielding several back vertebrae and parts of a sacrum—fused vertebrae between the back and tail vertebrae. Additional specimens include a complete femur (thigh bone) and the shaft of another. Argentinosaurus was named by Bonaparte and the Argentine palaeontologist Rodolfo Coria in 1993; the genus contains a single species, A. huinculensis. The generic name Argentinosaurus means "Argentine lizard", and the specific name huinculensis refers to its place of discovery, Plaza Huincul.

The fragmentary nature of Argentinosaurus remains makes their interpretation difficult. Arguments revolve around the position of the recovered vertebrae within the vertebral column and the presence of accessory articulations between the vertebrae that would have strengthened the spine. A computer model of the skeleton and muscles estimated this dinosaur had a maximum speed of 7 km/h (5 mph) with a pace, a gait where the fore and hind limb of the same side of the body move simultaneously. The fossils of Argentinosaurus were recovered from the Huincul Formation, which was deposited in the middle Cenomanian to early Turonian ages (about 96 to 92 million years ago) and contains a diverse dinosaur fauna including the giant theropod Mapusaurus.

Discovery

The first Argentinosaurus bone, which is now thought to be a fibula (calf bone), was discovered in 1987 by Guillermo Heredia on his farm "Las Overas" about  east of Plaza Huincul, in Neuquén Province, Argentina. Heredia, initially believing he had discovered petrified logs, informed the local museum, the Museo Carmen Funes, whose staff members excavated the bone and stored it in the museum's exhibition room. In early 1989, the Argentine palaeontologist José F. Bonaparte initiated a larger excavation of the site involving palaeontologists of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, yielding a number of additional elements from the same individual. The individual, which later became the holotype of Argentinosaurus huinculensis, is catalogued under the specimen number MCF-PVPH 1.

Separating fossils from the very hard rock in which the bones were encased required the use of pneumatic hammers. The additional material recovered included seven dorsal vertebrae (vertebrae of the back), the underside of the sacrum (fused vertebrae between the dorsal and tail vertebrae) including the first to fifth  and some sacral ribs, and a part of a dorsal rib (rib from the flank). These finds were also incorporated into the collection of the Museo Carmen Funes.

Bonaparte presented the new find in 1989 at a scientific conference in San Juan. The formal description was published in 1993 by Bonaparte and the Argentine palaeontologist Rodolfo Coria, with the naming of a new genus and species, Argentinosaurus huinculensis. The generic name means "Argentine lizard", while the specific name refers to the town Plaza Huincul. Bonaparte and Coria described the limb bone discovered in 1987 as an eroded tibia (shin bone), although the Uruguayan palaeontologist Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues reidentified this bone as a left fibula in 2004. In 1996, Bonaparte referred (assigned) a complete femur (thigh bone) from the same locality to the genus, which was put on exhibit at the Museo Carmen Funes. This bone was deformed by front-to-back crushing during fossilization. In their 2004 study, Mazzetta and colleagues mentioned an additional femur that is housed in the La Plata Museum under the specimen number MLP-DP 46-VIII-21-3. Though not as strongly deformed as the complete femur, it preserves only the shaft and lacks its upper and lower ends. Both specimens belonged to individuals equivalent in size to the holotype individual. As of 2019, however, it was still uncertain whether any of these femora belonged to Argentinosaurus.

Description

Size

Argentinosaurus is among the largest known land animals, although its exact size is difficult to estimate because of the incompleteness of its remains. To counter this problem, palaeontologists can compare the known material with that of smaller related sauropods known from more complete remains. The more complete taxon can then be scaled up to match the dimensions of Argentinosaurus. Mass can be estimated from known relationships between certain bone measurements and body mass, or through determining the volume of models.

A reconstruction of Argentinosaurus created by Gregory Paul in 1994 yielded a length estimate of . Later that year, estimates by Bonaparte and Coria suggesting a hind limb length of , a trunk length (hip to shoulder) of , and an overall body length of  were published. In 2006, Kenneth Carpenter reconstructed Argentinosaurus using the more complete Saltasaurus as a guide and estimated a length of . In 2008, Jorge Calvo and colleagues used the proportions of Futalognkosaurus to estimate the length of Argentinosaurus at less than . In 2013, William Sellers and colleagues arrived at a length estimate of  and a shoulder height of  by measuring the skeletal mount in Museo Carmen Funes. During the same year, Scott Hartman suggested that because Argentinosaurus was then thought to be a basal titanosaur, it would have a shorter tail and narrower chest than Puertasaurus, which he estimated to be about  long, indicating Argentinosaurus was slightly smaller. In 2016, Paul estimated the length of Argentinosaurus at , but later estimated a greater length of  or longer in 2019, restoring the unknown neck and tail of Argentinosaurus after those of other large South American titanosaurs.

Paul estimated a body mass of  for Argentinosaurus in 1994. In 2004, Mazzetta and colleagues provided a range of  and considered  to be the most likely mass, making it the heaviest sauropod known from good material. In 2013, Sellers and colleagues estimated a mass of  by calculating the volume of the aforementioned Museo Carmen Funes skeleton. In 2014 and 2018, Roger Benson and colleagues estimated the mass of Argentinosaurus at , but these estimates were questioned due to a very large error range and lack of precision. In 2016, using equations that estimate body mass based on the circumference of the humerus and femur of quadrupedal animals, Bernardo Gonzáles Riga and colleagues estimated a mass of  based on an isolated femur; it is uncertain whether this femur actually belongs to Argentinosaurus. In the same year, Paul moderated his earlier estimate from 1994 and listed the body mass of Argentinosaurus at more than . In 2019, Paul moderated his 2016 estimate and gave a mass estimate of  based on his skeletal reconstructions (diagrams illustrating the bones and shape of an animal) of Argentinosaurus in dorsal and lateral view. In 2020, Campione and Evans also yielded a body mass estimate of approximately . In 2023, Paul and Larramendi proposed that the holotype would have weighed between  at maximum. They further suggested that the enigmatic, fragmentary Bruhathkayosaurus possibly weighed more, between .

While Argentinosaurus was definitely a massive animal, there is disagreement over whether it was the largest known titanosaur. Puertasaurus, Futalognkosaurus, Dreadnoughtus, Paralititan, "Antarctosaurus" giganteus, and Alamosaurus have all been considered to be comparable in size with Argentinosaurus by some studies, although others have found them to be notably smaller. In 2017, Carballido and colleagues considered Argentinosaurus to be smaller than Patagotitan, since the latter had a greater area enclosed by the , , and  of its anterior dorsal vertebrae. However, Paul found Patagotitan to be smaller than Argentinosaurus in 2019, due to the latter's dorsal column being considerably longer. Even if Argentinosaurus was the largest-known titanosaur, other sauropods including Maraapunisaurus and a giant mamenchisaurid, may have been larger, although these are only known from very scant remains. Some diplodocids, such as Supersaurus and Diplodocus may have exceeded Argentinosaurus in length despite being considerably less massive. The mass of the blue whale, however, which can be greater than , still exceeds that of all known sauropods.

Vertebrae

Argentinosaurus likely possessed 10 dorsal vertebrae, like other titanosaurs. The vertebrae were enormous  even for sauropods; one dorsal vertebra has a reconstructed height of  and a width of , and the  are up to  in width. In 2019, Paul estimated the total length of the dorsal vertebral column at  and the width of the pelvis at 0.6 times the combined length of the dorsal and sacral vertebral column. The dorsals were  (concave at the rear) as in other macronarian sauropods. The  (excavations on the sides of the centra) were proportionally small and positioned in the front half of the centrum. The vertebrae were internally lightened by a complex pattern of numerous air-filled chambers. Such camellate bone is, among sauropods, especially pronounced in the largest and longest-necked species. In both the dorsal and sacral vertebrae, very large cavities measuring  were present. The dorsal ribs were tubular and cylindrical in shape, in contrast with other titanosaurs. Bonaparte and Coria, in their 1993 description, noted the ribs were hollow, unlike those of many other sauropods, but later authors argued this hollowing could also have been due to erosion after the death of the individual. Argentinosaurus, like many titanosaurs, probably had six sacral vertebrae (those in the hip region), although the last one is not preserved. The centra of the second to fifth sacral vertebrae were much reduced in size and considerably smaller than the centrum of the first sacral. The sacral ribs curved downwards. The second sacral rib was larger than the other preserved sacral ribs, though the size of the first is unknown due to its incompleteness.

Because of their incomplete preservation, the original position of the known dorsal vertebrae within the vertebral column is disputed. Dissenting configurations were suggested by Bonaparte and Coria in 1993; Fernando Novas and Martín Ezcurra in 2006; and Leonardo Salgado and Jaime Powell in 2010. One vertebra was interpreted by these studies as the first, fifth or third; and another vertebra as the second, tenth or eleventh, or ninth, respectively. A reasonably complete vertebra was found to be the third by the 1993 and 2006 studies, but the fourth by the 2010 study. Another vertebra was interpreted by the three studies as being part of the rear section of the dorsal vertebral column, as the fourth, or as the fifth, respectively. In 1993, two articulated (still connected) vertebrae were thought to be of the rear part of the dorsal column but are interpreted as the sixth and seventh vertebrae in the two later studies. The 2010 study mentioned another vertebra that was not mentioned by the 1993 and 2006 studies; it was presumed to belong to the rear part of the dorsal column.

Another contentious issue is the presence of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, accessory joints between vertebrae that were located below the main articular processes. Difficulties in interpretation arise from the fragmentary preservation of the vertebral column; these joints are hidden from view in the two connected vertebrae. In 1993, Bonaparte and Coria said the hyposphene-hypantrum articulations were enlarged, as in the related Epachthosaurus, and had additional articular surfaces that extended downwards. This was confirmed by some later authors; Novas noted the hypantrum (a bony extension below the articular processes of the front face of a vertebra) extended sidewards and downwards, forming a much-broadened surface that connected with the equally enlarged hyposphene at the back face of the following vertebra. In 1996, Bonaparte stated these features would have made the spine more rigid and were possibly an adaptation to the giant size of the animal. Other authors argued most titanosaur genera lacked hyposphene-hypantrum articulations and that the articular structures seen in Epachthosaurus and Argentinosaurus are thickened vertebral  (ridges). Sebastián Apesteguía, in 2005, argued the structures seen in Argentinosaurus, which he termed hyposphenal bars, are indeed thickened laminae that could have been derived from the original hyposphene and had the same function.

Limbs

The complete femur that was assigned to Argentinosaurus is  long. The femoral shaft has a circumference of about  at its narrowest part. Mazzetta and colleagues used regression equations to estimate its original length at , which is similar to the length of the other femur, and later in 2019 Paul gave a similar estimate of . By comparison, the complete femora preserved in the other giant titanosaurs Antarctosaurus giganteus and Patagotitan mayorum measure  and , respectively. While the holotype specimen does not preserve a femur, it preserves a slender fibula (originally interpreted as a tibia) that is  in length. When it was identified as a tibia, it was thought to have a comparatively short , a prominent extension at the upper front that anchored muscles for stretching the leg. However, as stated by Mazzetta and colleagues, this bone lacks both the proportions and anatomical details of a tibia, while being similar in shape to other sauropod fibulae.

Classification
Relationships within Titanosauria are amongst the least understood of all groups of dinosaurs. Traditionally, the majority of sauropod fossils from the Cretaceous had been referred to a single family, the Titanosauridae, which has been in use since 1893. In their 1993 first description of Argentinosaurus, Bonaparte and Coria noted it differed from typical titanosaurids in having hyposphene-hypantrum articulations. As these articulations were also present in the titanosaurids Andesaurus and Epachthosaurus, Bonaparte and Coria proposed a separate family for the three genera, the Andesauridae. Both families were united into a new, higher group called Titanosauria.

In 1997, Salgado and colleagues found Argentinosaurus to belong to Titanosauridae in an unnamed clade with Opisthocoelicaudia and an indeterminate titanosaur. In 2002, Davide Pisani and colleagues recovered Argentinosaurus as a member of Titanosauria, and again found it to be in a clade with Opisthocoelicaudia and an unnamed taxon, in addition to Lirainosaurus. A 2003 study by Jeffrey Wilson and Paul Upchurch found both Titanosauridae and Andesauridae to be invalid; the Titanosauridae because it was based on the dubious genus Titanosaurus and the Andesauridae because it was defined on plesiomorphies (primitive features) rather than on synapomorphies (newly evolved features that distinguish the group from related groups). A 2011 study by Philip Mannion and Calvo found Andesauridae to be paraphyletic (excluding some of the group's descendants) and likewise recommended its disuse.

In 2004, Upchurch and colleagues introduced a new group called Lithostrotia that included the more derived (evolved) members of Titanosauria. Argentinosaurus was classified outside this group and thus as a more basal ("primitive") titanosaurian. The basal position within Titanosauria was confirmed by a number of subsequent studies. In 2007, Calvo and colleagues named Futalognkosaurus; they found it to form a clade with Mendozasaurus and named it Lognkosauria. A 2017 study by Carballido and colleagues recovered Argentinosaurus as a member of Lognkosauria and the sister taxon of Patagotitan. In 2018, González Riga and colleagues also found it to belong in Lognkosauria, which in turn was found to belong to Lithostrotia.

Another 2018 study by Hesham Sallam and colleagues found two different phylogenetic positions for Argentinosaurus based on two data sets. They did not recover it as a lognkosaurian but as either a basal titanosaur or a sister taxon of the more derived Epachthosaurus. In 2019, Julian Silva Junior and colleagues found Argentinosaurus to belong to Lognkosauria once again; they recovered Lognkosauria and Rinconsauria (another group generally included in Titanosauria) to be outside Titanosauria. Another 2019 study by González Riga and colleagues also found Argentinosaurus to belong to Lognkosauria; they found this group to form a larger clade with Rinconsauria within Titanosauria, which they named Colossosauria.

Topology according to Carballido and colleagues, 2017.

Topology according to González Riga and colleagues, 2019.

Palaeobiology

The giant size of Argentinosaurus and other sauropods was likely made possible by a combination of factors; these include fast and energy-efficient feeding allowed for by the long neck and lack of mastication, fast growth and fast population recovery due to their many small offspring. Advantages of giant sizes would likely have included the ability to keep food inside the digestive tract for lengthy periods to extract a maximum of energy, and increased protection against predators. Sauropods were oviparous (egg-laying). In 2016, Mark Hallett and Matthew Wedel stated that the eggs of Argentinosaurus were probably only  in volume, and that a hatched Argentinosaurus was no longer than  and not heavier than . The largest sauropods increased their size by five orders of magnitude after hatching, more than in any other amniote animals. Hallett and Wedel argued size increases in the evolution of sauropods were commonly followed by size increases of their predators, theropod dinosaurs. Argentinosaurus might have been preyed on by Mapusaurus, which is among the largest theropods known. Mapusaurus is known from at least seven individuals found together, raising the possibility that this theropod hunted in packs to bring down large prey including Argentinosaurus.

In 2013, Sellers and colleagues used a computer model of the skeleton and muscles of Argentinosaurus to study its speed and gait. Before computer simulations, the only way of estimating speeds of dinosaurs was through studying anatomy and trackways. The computer model was based on a laser scan of a mounted skeletal reconstruction on display at the Museo Carmen Funes. Muscles and their properties were based on comparisons with living animals; the final model had a mass of . Using computer simulation and machine learning techniques, which found a combination of movements that minimised energy requirements, the digital Argentinosaurus learned to walk. The optimal gait found by the algorithms was close to a pace (forelimb and hind limb on the same side of the body move simultaneously). The model reached a top speed of just over 2 m/s (7.2 km/h, 5 mph). The authors concluded with its giant size, Argentinosaurus reached a functional limit. Much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible but would require different body shapes and possibly behavioural change to prevent joint collapse. The authors of the study cautioned the model is not fully realistic and too simplistic, and that it could be improved in many areas. For further studies, more data from living animals is needed to improve the soft tissue reconstruction, and the model needs to be confirmed based on more complete sauropod specimens.

Palaeoenvironment

Argentinosaurus was discovered in the Argentine Province of Neuquén. It was originally reported from the Huincul Group of the Río Limay Formation, which have since become known as the Huincul Formation and the Río Limay Subgroup, the latter of which is a subdivision of the Neuquén Group. This unit is located in the Neuquén Basin in Patagonia. The Huincul Formation is composed of yellowish and greenish sandstones of fine-to-medium grain, some of which are tuffaceous. These deposits were laid down during the Upper Cretaceous, either in the middle Cenomanian to early Turonian stages or the early Turonian to late Santonian. The deposits represent the drainage system of a braided river.

Fossilised pollen indicates a wide variety of plants were present in the Huincul Formation. A study of the El Zampal section of the formation found hornworts, liverworts, ferns, Selaginellales, possible Noeggerathiales, gymnosperms (including gnetophytes and conifers), and angiosperms (flowering plants), in addition to several pollen grains of unknown affinities. The Huincul Formation is among the richest Patagonian vertebrate associations, preserving fish including dipnoans and gar, chelid turtles, squamates, sphenodonts, neosuchian crocodilians, and a wide variety of dinosaurs. Vertebrates are most commonly found in the lower, and therefore older, part of the formation.

In addition to Argentinosaurus, the sauropods of the Huincul Formation are represented by another titanosaur, Choconsaurus, and several rebbachisaurids including Cathartesaura, Limaysaurus, and some unnamed species. Theropods including carcharodontosaurids such as Mapusaurus, abelisaurids including Skorpiovenator, Ilokelesia, and Tralkasaurus, noasaurids such as Huinculsaurus, paravians such as Overoraptor, and other theropods such as Aoniraptor and Gualicho have also been discovered there. Several iguanodonts are also present in the Huincul Formation.

References

External links

Titanosaurs
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Cenomanian life
Cretaceous Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Huincul Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1993
Taxa named by José Bonaparte
Taxa named by Rodolfo Coria
Articles containing video clips
Turonian life

Argentinosaurus


A comédia cringe é um gênero específico de comédia que deriva o humor da estranheza social. Frequentemente, uma comédia cringe terá um ar de falso documentário e gira em torno de um cenário sério, como um local de trabalho, para dar à comédia um senso de realidade.

Os protagonistas são tipicamente egoístas que ultrapassam os limites do politicamente correto e quebram as normas sociais. Então, a comédia atacará o protagonista, não permitindo que ele se dê conta de sua visão estúpida, ou tornando-o alheio ao emo que a comédia lhe trata. Às vezes, um protagonista desagradável pode não sofrer quaisquer consequências, o que viola as expectativas morais das pessoas e também faz o público rir.

Teoria
O teórico do humor Noël Carroll explica o humor em relação à teoria da incongruência e aborrecimento:

Imagine os talheres preparados para um jantar formal. Suponha que o garfo da salada esteja no lugar errado. Se você é o tipo de pessoa que se incomoda com esses desvios da norma, não será capaz de achar isso divertido. Por outro lado, se você for mais tranquilo em relação a esses assuntos e também ciente da incongruência, isso pode provocar uma risada. Ou seja, você pode achar o erro divertido ou não. Mas se você achar isso genuinamente divertido, não vai achar chato.

Exemplos
Exemplos notáveis de programas de televisão representativos do gênero de comédia cringe incluem:

 The Office
 Curb Your Enthusiasm
 Parks and Recreation
 Da Ali G Show
 Borat
 I'm Alan Partridge
 The Larry Sanders Show
 Arrested
 Extras The Comeback People Just Do Nothing Louie Girls The Mindy Project The Inbetweeners Peep Show
 Nathan for You The Last Man on Earth Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Fleabag Impractical Jokers
 Veep Review''

Humor
Comédia

Comédia cringe


"Fade to Black" pjesma je i prva power balada američkog heavy metal sastava Metallica, objavljena kao prvi promocijski singl za drugi album skupine, "Ride the Lightning". Pjesma, prema čitateljima i urednicima časopisa Guitar World, ima 24. najbolju solo dionicu na gitari ikada.

Godine 2008., pjesma je dobila zlatnu nakladu.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
 James Hetfield – vokali, ritam gitara, akustična gitara
 Lars Ulrich – bubnjevi
 Kirk Hammett – glavna gitara
 Cliff Burton – bas-gitara

Izvori

Singlovi 1980-ih
Skladbe Metallice

Fade to Black


Augustus de Saxa-Weissenfels (13 august 1614, Dresda – 4 iunie 1680, Halle), a fost Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels-Querfurt din Casa de Wettin și administrator al arhiepiscopiei de Magdeburg. A fost al doilea fiu al lui Johann Georg I, Elector de Saxonia și a celei de-a doua soții, Magdalene Sibylle a Prusiei.

Biografie
În tetamentul său din 20 iulie 1652, Electorul Johann Georg I a ordonat o divizare a teritoriilor albertine. Augustus a moștenit două orașe: Weißenfels și Querfurt și a devenit primul lor duce. De asemenea, Agustus și-a crescut veniturile prin luare în administare a teritoriului Barby în timpul minoratului contelui August Ludwig. La 17 octombrie 1659 tânărul conte a murit cu puțin timp înainte să ajungă major. Cu el, linia de Barby s-a stins. O dispută asupra territoriilor sale a fost rezolvată în favoarea lui Augustus șapte ani mai târziu (1666). În testamentul său, ducele a lăsat Barby fiului său Heinrich.

La 25 iulie 1660, Augustus a pus piatra de temelie pentru construirea reședinței sale oficiale, Schloss Neu-Augustusburg în Weissenfels. Castelul a fost construit pe locul celui vechi, care a fost devastat de trupele suedeze. Ducele a murit înainte ca finalizarea castelului să aibă loc.

La 15 iulie 1667, fiii Ducelui Wilhelm de Saxa-Weimar i-au oferit lui Augustus președenția Societății Fruitbearing. El a acceptat funcția și responsabilitățile pentru promovarea activității artiștilor și oamenilor de știință. Activitățile sale ca patron au lăsat datorii considerabile pe umerii urmașilor săi.

Căsătorii și copii
La Schwerin, la 23 noiembrie 1647, Augustus s-a căsătorit cu Anna Maria de Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Ei au avut 12 copii:

Magdalene Sibylle (n. 2 septembrie 1648, Halle - d. 7 ianuarie 1681, Gotha); s-a căsătorit la 14 noiembrie 1669 cu Ducele Frederic I de Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. A fost strămoașa reginei Victoria a Regatului Unit.
Johann Adolf I (n. 2 noiembrie 1649, Halle - d. 24 mai 1697, Weissenfels).
August (n. 3 decembrie 1650, Halle - d. 11 august 1674, Halle); s-a căsătorit la 25 august 1673 cu Charlotte de Hesse-Eschwege. Singurul lor copil a murt la naștere (24 aprilie 1674).
Christian (n. 25 ianuarie 1652, Halle - ucis în bătălie la Mainz, 24 august 1689), mareșal al armatei saxone
Anna Maria (n. 28 februarie 1653, Halle - d. 17 februarie 1671, Halle).
Sophie (n. 23 iunie 1654, Halle - d. 31 martie 1724, Zerbst); s-a căsătorit la 18 iunie 1676 cu Karl, Prinț de Anhalt-Zerbst. Ca și sora ei mai mare Magdalene Sybille, este strămoașă a reginei Victoria.
Katharine (n. 12 septembrie 1655, Halle - d. 21 aprilie 1663, Halle).
Christine (n. 25 august 1656, Halle - d. 27 aprilie 1698, Eutin); s-a căsătorit la 21 iunie 1676 cu August Friedrich de Holstein-Gottorp, Prinț-episcop de Lübeck.
Heinrich (n. 29 septembrie 1657, Halle - d. 16 februarie 1728, Barby); a moștenit Barby.
Albrecht (n. 14 aprilie 1659, Halle - d. 9 mai 1692, Leipzig).
Elisabeth (n. 25 august 1660, Halle - d. 11 mai 1663, Halle).
Dorothea (n. 17 decembrie 1662, Halle - d. 12 mai 1663, Halle).

La Halle, la 29 ianuarie 1672, la doi ani după decesul primei soții, Augustus s-a căsătorit cu Johanna Walpurgis de Leiningen-Westerburg. Ei au avut doi fii:

 Frederic (n. 20 noiembrie 1673, Halle - d. 16 aprilie 1715, Dahme); el a moștenit Dahme.
Maurice (n. 5 ianuarie 1676, Halle - d. 12 septembrie 1695, Szeged, Ungaria).

Bibliografie
Johann Christoph von Dreyhaupt: Beschreibung des … Saal-Creyses, insonderheit der Städte Halle; Halle 1749/1751 (Dreyhaupt-Chronik)
Heinrich Theodor Flathe: August (Herzog von Sachsen-Weißenfels). In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), vol. 1, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875, p. 680.
Klaus Gondermann: Die Mitglieder der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft 1617–1650: 527 Biographien, Leipzig, 1985.
Boje E. Schmuhl (ed.) jointly with Thomas Bauer-Friedrich: Im Land der Palme. August von Sachsen (1614-1680), Erzbischof von Magdeburg und Fürst in Halle. Kunstmuseum Moritzburg, Halle (Saale) 2014 (writings of the Kunstmuseums Moritzburg Halle (Saale), vol. 2).
Hellmut Kretzschmar: August. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). vol. 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953. Online [retrieved 10 October 2014].
Dirk Schleinert: Anna Maria von Mecklenburg (1627-1669) und August von Sachsen (1614-1680) und die Begründung des Hauses Sachsen-Weißenfels. Dynastische Beziehungen zwischen Mecklenburg und Kursachsen im 17. Jahrhundert, in: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher 123. Jg. (2008), pp. 123–157.
300 Jahre Schloß Neu-Augustusburg, 1660–1694 – Residenz der Herzöge von Sachsen-Weißenfels. Festschrift, Weissenfels 1994.
Andrea Thiele: Residenz auf Abruf? Hof- und Stadtgesellschaft in Halle (Saale) unter dem letzten Administrator des Erzstifts Magdeburg, August von Sachsen (1614-1680). Halle (Saale) 2011 (=research on Halle city's history; nº16).
Andrea Thiele: Vier Jahrzehnte in Halle - Die Saalestadt als Residenz Augusts von Sachsen, postulierter Administrator des Erzstifts Magdeburg (1614-1680). in: Barocke Fürstenresidenzen an Saale, Unstrut und Elster, pp. 122–132; Michael Imhof ed., Petersberg 2007.
Joachim Säckl/Andrea Thiele: August von Sachsen, Administrator des Erzstifts Magdeburg, Herzog von Sachsen-Weißenfels (* 13. August 1614 in Dresden, + 4. Juni 1680 in Halle/Saale). In: Mitteldeutsches Yearbook of Culture and History, Vol. 21 (2014), pp. 272–275.

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1614
Decese în 1680
Casa de Saxa-Weissenfels
Oameni din Dresda
Duci ai Germaniei

Augustus, Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels


Oklahoma Land Rush may refer to:
the Oklahoma portion of the Land Rush of 1889
The Oklahoma Land Rush (Lucky Luke), a comic
The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1889, a mural by American painter John Steuart Curry in the Department of the Interior building in Washington, D.C.

Oklahoma Land Rush


Emetophobia is a phobia that causes overwhelming, intense anxiety pertaining to vomit. This specific phobia can also include subcategories of what causes the anxiety, including a fear of vomiting or seeing others vomit. Emetephobes might also avoid the mentions of "barfing", vomiting, "throwing up", or "puking."

It is common for those who suffer from emetophobia to be underweight or malnourished due to strict diets and restrictions they make for themselves. The thought of someone possibly vomiting can cause the phobic person to engage in extreme behaviors to escape from their anxiety triggers, e.g. going to great lengths to avoid situations that could be perceived as "threatening".

Emetophobia is clinically considered an "elusive predicament" because limited research has been done pertaining to it. The fear of vomiting receives little attention compared to other fears.

The event of vomiting may make anyone with this peculiar phobia flee the scene. Some may fear other people throwing up, while others may fear themselves throwing up. Some may fear both. Some may have anxiety that makes them feel as if they will throw up when they actually might not. Other possible fears that may come with emetophobia is not being able to locate a restroom in a timely manner, not being able to stop throwing up, choking on vomit, being embarrassed due to the situation, or having to seek medical attention. People with emetophobia usually experience anxiety; they often may scream, cry, or if it is severe, pass out when someone or something has vomited.

Presentation

Complications
Emetophobics may also have other complicating disorders and phobias, such as social anxiety, fear of flying and agoraphobia. These three are very common, because people who fear vomiting are often terrified of doing so or encountering it in a public place. Therefore, they may restrict their social activities so they avoid any situations with alcohol or dining out in restaurants. Emetophobics may also limit exposure to children for fear of germs.  People who have a fear of vomiting may avoid travel because of the worry about motion sickness or others experiencing it around them. They may also fear roller coasters for the same reason.

Lipsitz et al.'s findings also showed that those with emetophobia often have difficulties comfortably leading a normal life. Many find that they have problems being alone with young children, and they may also avoid social gatherings where alcohol is present. Retaining an occupation becomes difficult for emetophobics. Emetophobia can also affect a person's social life. The phobia can cause people to miss out on everyday events or requirements. It is common for children to miss school, teens/adults to miss work, and for people to go great measures of not socializing with others. Professions and personal goals can be put on hold due to the high anxiety associated with the phobia, and travelling becomes almost impossible for some.

In Lipsitz et al.'s survey, women with emetophobia said that they either delayed pregnancy or avoided pregnancy altogether because of the morning sickness associated with the first trimester, and if they did become pregnant, it made pregnancy difficult.

Other inhibitions on daily life can be seen in meal preparation. Many emetophobic people also have specific "rituals" for the food they eat and how they prepare it. They frequently check the freshness of the food along with washing it several times in order to prevent any potential sicknesses that they could contract from foods not handled properly.  They might overcook food products in fear of getting a foodborne illness Eating out may also be avoided and when asked Lipsitz et al.'s survey, many felt they were underweight because of the strict diets that they put upon themselves. In addition, many emetophobes avoid certain foods all together due to negative memories they may have with it relating to vomiting, and often eat a limited number of foods due to feeling like a vast majority of foods aren't 'safe'. Those who suffer from emetophobia might avoid anything that has an unpleasant smell or aroma,  in fear of vomiting. This includes eating anything that might have a bad smell.  They might also avoid any sight that may induce vomiting in them or other people.

Emetophobia and anorexia
There are some cases where anorexia is the result of a fear of vomiting instead of the typical psychological problems that trigger it. In Frank M. Datillio's clinical case study, a situation where anorexia results from emetophobia is mentioned. Datillio says, "...in one particular case report, atypical anorexia in several adolescent females occurred as a result of a fear of vomiting that followed a viral illness as opposed to the specific desire to lose weight or because of an anxiety reaction.". It is not clear that this should be termed "anorexia", however. In cases such as this, many emetophobes may also have avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), which is characterized by a general disinterest in food, sensory issues with food (taste, texture, look, smell) or a fear of adverse consequences from eating (vomiting or choking).

Oftentimes, this phobia is comorbid with several others, making it necessary to deal with each phobia individually in order for the patient to recover fully. For example, it is common for people with emetophobia to also have a fear of food, known as cibophobia, where they worry that the food they are eating is carrying pathogens that can cause vomiting. As such, people will develop specific behaviors that will, in their minds, make the food safe to eat, such as a ritualistic type of washing or the intentional overcooking of meat to avoid the intake of harmful pathogens. In time, these fears can become so ingrained that the person who has them can begin to experience anorexia nervosa. Again, it is not clear that this should be deemed "anorexia" rather than, for instance OCD, given this different presentation.

Emetophobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder

There are many cases of emetophobes can also suffer from obsessive–compulsive disorder. Both emetophobia and obsessive–compulsive disorder have similar symptoms and behaviors according to Allen H. Weg, EdD. This includes:"obsessional thinking, hyper-awareness and reactivity, avoidance, compulsive rituals, and safety behaviors"   Often, Emetophobia will get misdiagnosed as Obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Causes and signs
There is a strong agreement in the scientific community that there is no specific cause of emetophobia. Some emetophobics report a traumatic experience with vomiting, always in childhood. Some experts believe that emetophobia may be linked to worries about lack of control. Many people try to control themselves and their environment in every possible way, but vomiting is difficult or impossible to control which can lead to anxiety or in other cases severe anxiety.

There are many factors that can cause a legitimate case of emetophobia. Dr. Angela L. Davidson et al. conducted an experiment where it was concluded through various surveys that people with emetophobia are more likely to have an internal locus of control pertaining to their everyday life as well as health-related matters. A locus of control is an individual's perception of where control comes from. Having an internal locus of control means that an individual perceives that they have their own control over a situation, whereas an external locus of control means that an individual perceives that some things are out of their control. She explains how this phobia is created through the locus of control by stating, "Thus far, it seems reasonable to stipulate that individuals with a vomiting phobia deem events as being within their control and may therefore find it difficult to relinquish this control during the act of vomiting, thus inducing a phobia."

In an internet survey conducted by Dr. Joshua D. Lipsitz et al. given to emetophobic people, respondents gave many different reasons as to why they became emetophobic. Among some of the causes listed were several severe bouts of vomiting as children and being firsthand witnesses to many severe vomiting in others due to illness, pregnancy or alcoholism.

Some possible signs may include not consuming certain foods or alcohol, not being able to watch vomit scenes during movies or shows, avoiding people that are not feeling well, regularly washing hands, steering clear from traveling and crowds, making sure bathrooms are near, consistently checking signs of illness, avoiding certain smells, or pitching food before the expiration date.

Treatments

Assessment
There are two assessment tools used to diagnose emetophobia: the Specific Phobia of Vomiting inventory and the Emetophobia Questionnaire. They are self-report questionnaires that focus on a different range of symptoms.

There have been a limited number of studies in regard to emetophobia. Victims of the phobia usually experience fear before vomiting but feel less afterwards. The fear comes back, however, if the victim fears they will throw up again.

Medications
Also noted in the emetophobia internet survey was information about medications. People were asked whether they would consider taking anxiety medication to potentially help their fear, and many in the study answered they wouldn't for fear that the drugs would make them nauseated. Others, however, stated that some psychotropic medications (such as benzodiazepines and antidepressants) did help with their phobia, and some said gastrointestinal medications were also beneficial.

Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychological treatment that can be used to help calm anxiety. It is most commonly used to treat certain behaviors by changing people's actions and thoughts by using a variety of different techniques to figure out why the fear is occurring. Speaking to a therapist can also be beneficial and develop possible coping mechanisms.

Exposure treatments
Exposure methods, using video-taped exposure to others vomiting, hypnosis, exposure to nausea and exposure to cues of vomiting, systemic behavior therapy, psychodynamic and psychotherapy have also shown positive effects for the treatment of emetophobia. However, in some cases it may cause re-traumatization, and the phobia may become more intense as a result.

Etymology
The root word for emetophobia is emesis, from the Greek word , which means "an act or instance of vomiting", with -phobia meaning "an exaggerated usually inexplicable fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation."

People with emetophobia frequently report a vomit-related traumatic event, such as a long bout of stomach flu, accidentally vomiting in public or having to witness someone else vomit, as the start of the emetophobia. They may also be afraid of hearing that someone is feeling like vomiting or that someone has vomited or the mention of any word relating to the act of vomiting, usually in conjunction with the fears of seeing someone vomit or seeing vomit.

Notable people with emetophobia

 Jamie Borthwick
 Charlie Brooker
 Denise Richards
 Ashley Benson
 Christina Pazsitzky
 Bella Ramsey
 Matt Watson

See also
 List of phobias
 Emetophilia
 Mysophobia
 Anthropophobia
 Sitophobia
 Nosocomephobia
 Nosophobia
 Pharmacophobia
 Tokophobia
 Cibophobia

References

Vomiting
Mental disorders
Body-related phobias

Emetophobia


İsasofta, Samsun ilinin Ladik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köy adını isa adında birinden almıştır.Kişinin sofi olduğu ve çok sevilen biri olduğu söleylenir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 94 km, Ladik ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ladik'in mahalleleri

İsasofta, Ladik


is a town located on Amami Ōshima, in Ōshima District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 2013, the town had an estimated population of 5,992 and a population density of 73 persons per km2. The total area was 82.06 km2.

Geography
Tatsugō occupies the northern portion of Amami Ōshima, facing the East China Sea to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is bordered by the city of Amami to both the south and the north. The climate is classified as humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is high throughout the year, but is highest in the months of May, June and September. The area is subject to frequent typhoons.

Surrounding municipalities
Amami

History
Tatsugō Village was established on April 1, 1908. As with all of the Amami Islands, the village came under the administration of the United States from July 1, 1946 to December 25, 1953.  It was elevated to town status on February 10, 1975.

Economy
The town economy is primarily based on agriculture, with sugar cane and citrus horticulture as the main crops, and commercial fishing. The Amami Nature Observation Forest, in the Nakagumo mountains, is in the center of Tatsugō and is a popular ecotourist attractive.

Transportation

Highway
Japan National Route 58

References

External links

Towns in Kagoshima Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan

Tatsugō, Kagoshima