The Dandy Warhols are an American alternative rock band, formed in Portland, Oregon, in 1994 by singer-guitarist Courtney Taylor-Taylor and guitarist Peter Holmström. They were later joined by keyboardist Zia McCabe and drummer Eric Hedford. Hedford left in 1998 and was replaced by Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer. The band's name is a play on the name of American pop artist Andy Warhol.

The band gained recognition after they were signed to Capitol Records and released their major label album debut, ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, in 1997. In 2001, the band rose to new levels of fame after their song "Bohemian Like You" enjoyed extensive exposure due to being featured in a Vodafone advertisement. The Dandy Warhols were the subject of the 2004 documentary film Dig!, along with San Francisco psychedelic outfit The Brian Jonestown Massacre. They have released 10 studio albums, two compilation albums, six EPs, and 27 singles to date.

Biography

Early years (1994–1995)

The Dandy Warhols were formed in Portland, Oregon in 1994 by Courtney Taylor-Taylor and Peter Holmström. Soon after, drummer Eric Hedford joined, and, following an unsuccessful experiment with Taylor-Taylor's girlfriend on bass guitar, Zia McCabe joined the band as keyboardist after Taylor-Taylor saw her working in a coffeehouse. Taylor-Taylor described the band's beginning as a group of friends who "needed music to drink to".

Early in their career, The Dandy Warhols performed in bars throughout Portland and became well known for their nudity-filled live shows. At their first gig in 1994, they were approached by record label Tim/Kerr, who offered to pay for the recording of an album. The result was 1995's Dandys Rule OK. Musically, Dandys Rule OK combined elements of 1960s garage rock, the then-popular Britpop genre, and a shoegaze  approach.

Signing to Capitol and ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down (1996–1998)

Major record label Capitol Records were impressed by Dandys Rule OK, and decided to sign the band. In 1997, they released their second studio album, ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down. It was their second attempt at a follow-up album, after their first attempt was rejected by Capitol, who claimed it did not have any "hits". Three singles were released for Come Down, all of which entered the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. Being their first record on a major label, Come Down featured a more commercial, polished sound, abandoning the garage rock sound of the previous album in favor of a more psychedelic and power pop-influenced sound.

In 1998, drummer Eric Hedford left the band after a dispute over royalties, and was replaced by Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer.

Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia and mainstream popularity (1998–2001)
In 2000, the band released their third studio album, Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia. It was a critical and commercial success, due mainly to the single "Bohemian Like You" being featured in a popular Vodafone advertisement as well as on the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The song has also been featured in the animated movie Flushed Away in a chase scene, and on the soundtrack album for the film Igby Goes Down.

Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia featured a less overdriven sound, with less overt psychedelia and more stylings in common with the power pop genre.

Around this time, Taylor-Taylor took out a loan to acquire an industrial warehouse space in northwest Portland, dubbed "The Odditorium" and occupying a quarter city block. The Odditorium is the band's eclectic rehearsal space and recording and mixing studio. It also serves as an art space and clubhouse for parties and other events. It opened on November 15, 2001.

Welcome to the Monkey House (2001–2003)

Becoming a fan of the band after seeing them play at the Glastonbury Festival in 2000, David Bowie personally selected The Dandy Warhols to play at the 2002 Meltdown festival. Bowie and the Dandys played a rendition of The Velvet Underground's "White Light/White Heat" together as an encore to the July 29 gig, which was billed as The New Heathens Night. The band also supported Bowie on his 2003 A Reality Tour.

In September 2001, the band began work on their next studio album. The result was Welcome to the Monkey House, released in 2003. Produced by Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, the album featured a major shift towards a 1980s-influenced synthpop sound.

The album was spearheaded by its first single, "We Used to Be Friends", which went on to become one of the band's most popular tracks, gaining exposure through use as the theme song for the American cult television show Veronica Mars, as well as an appearance in The O.C. Two further singles, "You Were the Last High" and "Plan A", were released in promotion of the album. This song was also featured in EA Sport FIFA 2004.

Dig!, and other developments (2004)
Along with band The Brian Jonestown Massacre, The Dandy Warhols were the subjects of the 2004 documentary film Dig!. The film captured a love–hate relationship between the two bands, highlighting the interaction of Taylor-Taylor and BJM frontman Anton Newcombe. It was recorded over the course of seven years by filmmaker Ondi Timoner, and won the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival.

In the same year, the band released a double album, comprising The Black Album – the album recorded before ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down that was rejected by Capitol Records and also dismissed by the band themselves – and Come on Feel The Dandy Warhols, a collection of B-sides, cover versions and unreleased songs.

The Dandy Warhols appeared in the 2004 film 9 Songs, performing a live rendition of the song "You Were the Last High" as one of the film's titular "nine songs".

Odditorium or Warlords of Mars (2004–2007)

The Dandy Warhols started work on their next studio album in mid-2004. The result was Odditorium or Warlords of Mars, released the following year. It was partially named after and recorded in the band's own studio, The Odditorium.

Odditorium or Warlords of Mars was largely a return to the psychedelic, guitar-orientated rock of ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, moving away from the synth-heavy sound of their previous album, Welcome to the Monkey House. Two singles were released from the album: "Smoke It" and "All the Money or the Simple Life Honey". The album received a mixed response from music critics.

Around this time, the band contributed to the soundtrack of the video game Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse with a cover of "All I Have to Do Is Dream" by The Everly Brothers.

On July 17, 2006, the band released a stand-alone single, "Have a Kick Ass Summer (Me and My Friends)". The song was later re-recorded as "Mis Amigos" for their 2008 album ...Earth to The Dandy Warhols... It was later featured in the downloadable song pack for the Xbox video game Dance Dance Revolution ULTRAMIX 4, and was also re-recorded as "Mis Amigos" for their later album ...Earth to The Dandy Warhols. In 2007, the band recorded the song "Good Luck Chuck" for the 2007 film of the same name. It was released as a digital single.

Split with Capitol, Beat the World Records launch (2008)

In 2007, The Dandy Warhols formed Beat the World Records, a third-party record label of Caroline Records. Portland shoegaze outfit The Upsidedown were signed, followed by independent electropop artist Logan Lynn. In 2008, the band split with long-time record company Capitol Records. Bands Rockers Monstrous, The Hugs, Spindrift and 1776 were signed in the years which followed.

The band covered The Cure's song "Primary" for the charity album Perfect as Cats: A Tribute to The Cure, released in 2008 on Manimal Vinyl Records, with profits going to Invisible Children, Inc. The band also contributed to the Love and Rockets tribute album No New Tales to Tell: A Tribute to Love and Rockets in the same year, covering the song "Inside the Outside".

...Earth to The Dandy Warhols..., Beat the World Records roster (2008–2010)

In 2008, The Dandy Warhols released their sixth studio album, ...Earth to The Dandy Warhols.... It was the first official release on Beat the World. Shortly thereafter, they put out an EP, Earth to the Remix E.P. Volume One, consisting of electronic remixed versions of tracks from ...Earth... as well as Earth to the Remix E.P. Volume Two. The label also released Logan Lynn's Feed Me to the Wolves EP and a full-length album from The Upsidedown.

Also in 2008, The Dandy Warhols announced they were releasing a collaborative album called Breathe Easy to benefit conservation projects. The recordings, which started on October 21, 2008, took place at the band's Odditorium studio. They collaborated with bands such as The Bravery, The Kooks, Dinosaur Jr.'s J Mascis and Spoon. Not much is known about the status of the project, and recordings are not readily available.

Logan Lynn released his critically acclaimed album From Pillar to Post on Beat the World in September 2009.

In November 2009, The Dandy Warhols released a cover of The Beatles' song "Blackbird" in tribute to the death of Michael Jackson. This references the lyrics of their 2003 song "Welcome to the Monkey House": "When Michael Jackson dies/We're covering Blackbird".

In an interview from 2010 with the Australian Daily Telegraph tabloid newspaper, Taylor-Taylor was quoted as saying: "We're terrible at business, terrible. We don't know what we're doing. It's like trying to have children run a household. We need to hook up with some indie label." In an interview with German magazine Catch Fire from later that same year, Logan Lynn is quoted as saying, "I love the Warhols and everybody had really great intentions going in but ... No radio, no real distribution, no licensing, no PR. Without those things in place, artists fail ... and my last record fell victim to that." Monstrous, The Hugs and Spindrift never officially released anything on Beat the World.

The Capitol Years, split with Caroline/EMI, signing with The End Records
In 2010, The Dandy Warhols released The Capitol Years 1995–2007, a greatest hits album chronicling the band's years with Capitol Records. In addition to containing popular singles and songs from their Capitol albums, it also included a few alternative mixes as well as a new track, "This Is the Tide". The song debuted on Australian radio station Triple J on June 18, 2010. Three different music videos were released for the song.

Beat the World Records cut ties with Caroline Records in 2010 and began working with The End Records in 2011. 1776 released their debut album on Beat the World in 2011.

This Machine (2011–2013)

That same year, the band announced they were recording a new album. While playing in Sydney's Enmore Theatre in May 2011 as part of their 2011 Australian tour, lead singer Courtney Taylor-Taylor announced the new album would be titled This Machine (after previously jokingly that it would be called either The Pastor of Muppets, Shitty Shitty Band Band or Whirled Piece in blog posts on the band's official website). On the same tour, the band debuted two new tracks from the album, "Seti vs. the Wow! Signal" and "Rest Your Head".

The Dandy Warhols "re-arranged and performed" the theme music to the popular science-based television show MythBusters. The updated theme music first appeared midway through the 2011 season, in the episode "Bikes and Bazookas". This subsequent theme was a revamp of the original and was used until the show had an overhaul starting in the 2015 season (thereby discontinuing the theme at the end of the 2014 season).

The band announced the release of the new album's first single, "Well They're Gone", on March 1, 2012, allowing visitors to download the track for free after entering their email address. A video for the track "Sad Vacation" was released on April 16.

This Machine was released on April 24, 2012. The album featured a collaboration with David J on the track "Autumn Carnival". It was seen as a more musically stripped-back and reserved album in comparison to their previous records.

Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia Live at the Wonder, Distortland and Why You So Crazy (2014–present)
On January 28, 2014, The Dandy Warhols announced plans to release their first live album, which was recorded at The Wonder Ballroom during the band's thirteenth anniversary tour of Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia. The album, entitled Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia Live at the Wonder, was released on March 25, 2014.

The band released the single "Chauncey P vs. All the Girls in London" in March 2015.

On January 29, 2016, the band announced their ninth studio album, Distortland. It was their first release for Dine Alone Records. It was released on April 8, 2016, in time for their promotional tour starting in the United States. The track "You Are Killing Me" was released as a single. A music video was produced featuring noted Warhol superstar Joe Dallesandro.

On February 11, 2017, the band released a new single, "Thick Girls Knock Me Out (Richard Starkey)", to streaming services. The band has returned to the studio after the end of the promotional tour for Distortland and intends to spend the rest of the year recording new material.

On October 12, 2018 The Dandy Warhols released a collaboration with Logan Lynn titled "Like Before", which appeared on Lynn's multi-media double album My Movie Star, produced by Jay Mohr. On October 24, 2018, the band released a new single, "Forever", to streaming services.  This is the first single off their 10th studio album, released in January 2019, titled Why You So Crazy. Two more singles preceded its release, "Be Alright" and "Motor City Steel". During the same month, the band started their 25th anniversary tour with a string of dates in Europe & UK.

In May 2023 the (digital) EP The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald was released. The title track, originally written by Gordon Lightfoot, was a leftover for the 2004 Black Album sessions. The other two tracks, Untitled 1 and Alien, remained unreleased at the time.

IWNSLY is the title of the track released in July 2023. The song is a collaboration with Debbie Harry and NALA.

Other developments
Ex-member Eric Hedford went on to front the new wave revival group Telephone.

In 2009, Taylor-Taylor released a graphic novel entitled One Model Nation, co-written by Jim Rugg.

In 2010, drummer Brent DeBoer released his debut solo album, The Farmer. A music video for the song "You Win" was released. DeBoer now fronts the folk music-based band Immigrant Union. Former member Eric Hedford has replaced drummer Brent DeBoer at some concerts and at some studio sessions and recordings while DeBoer is in Australia.

Guitarist Peter Holmström fronts the neo-psychedelia musical project Pete International Airport, which was named after the Dandy Warhols' song of the same name, and has featured members from bands such as The Lovetones, The Brian Jonestown Massacre, and The Upsidedown. Pete International Airport has released two full-length albums. Holmström has also played in the band Rebel Drones with Matt Hollywood of BJM, and has also appeared as a guest musician on The Dead Stars on Hollywood's EP Anthems for the Friendly-Fire Generation.

Keyboardist Zia McCabe founded and plays with country music band Brush Prairie.

Band members

Current members
 Peter Holmström – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards, bass guitar  (1994–present)
 Zia McCabe – keyboard bass, keyboards, bass guitar, percussion, backing vocals, guitar  (1994–present)
 Courtney Taylor-Taylor – lead and backing vocals, guitar, keyboards, percussion  (1994–present)
 Brent DeBoer – drums, backing and lead vocals, guitar, bass guitar  (1998–present)

Former members
 Eric Hedford – drums, backing vocals  (1994–1998)

Discography

 Dandys Rule OK (1995)
 ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down (1997)
 Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia (2000)
 Welcome to the Monkey House (2003)
 The Black Album (2004) (Album + Compilation)
 Odditorium or Warlords of Mars (2005)
 ...Earth to the Dandy Warhols... (2008)
 The Dandy Warhols Are Sound (2009)
 This Machine (2012)
 Distortland (2016)
 Why You So Crazy (2019)
 Tafelmuzik Means More When You're Alone (2020)

References

External links

 Slabtown.net – fan archive of interviews, articles, and reviews of the band

Musical groups from Portland, Oregon
Alternative rock groups from Oregon
Rock music groups from Oregon
Musical groups established in 1994
Neo-psychedelia groups
American power pop groups
1994 establishments in Oregon
American musical quartets

The Dandy Warhols


Holmium(III)-oxid ist eine chemische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der Oxide.

Geschichte
1878 entdeckten die Schweizer Chemiker Marc Delafontaine und Jacques-Louis Soret das Element Holmium spektroskopisch durch seine abweichenden Absorptionslinien. 1879 entdeckte der schwedische Chemiker Per Teodor Cleve das neue Element unabhängig von den beiden Schweizern und isolierte es als gelbes Oxid aus unreinem Erbiumoxid. Cleve wendete eine von Carl Gustav Mosander entwickelte Methode an; er trennte zunächst alle bekannten Verunreinigungen ab, bevor er versuchte, den Rest zu trennen. Er erhielt einen braunen Rest, den er Holmia nannte, sowie einen grünen Rest, der den Namen Thulia erhielt.

Erst 1911 gelang dem schwedischen Chemiker Holmberg die Gewinnung von reinem Holmiumoxid.

Vorkommen
Holmium(III)-oxid kommt natürlich in Spuren in den Mineralien Gadolinit, Monazit und in anderen Seltenerdmineralien vor.

Gewinnung und Darstellung
Holmium(III)-oxid entsteht bei der Oxidation von Holmium:

Es kann auch durch thermale Zersetzung von Holmiumsalzen wie Holmiumnitrat oder Holmiumoxalat gewonnen werden.

Eigenschaften

Holmium(III)-oxid ist ein gelblicher Feststoff, der unlöslich in Wasser ist. Er reagiert mit Säuren unter Kationenbildung, welche ihrerseits in Wasser schwach sauer reagieren.

Verwendung
Holmium(III)-oxid wird als Zusatz in Gläsern für optische Filter verwendet, da es in schmalen Frequenzbereichen im sichtbaren und UV-Licht eine starke Absorption zeigt. Es wird auch bei der Herstellung von Halogen-Metalldampflampen verwendet.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Holmiumverbindung
Oxid

Holmium(III)-oxid


São Gabriel da Cachoeira (amtlich Município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira; deutsch etwa St. Gabriel vom Wasserfall) ist eine Gemeinde im Nordwesten des brasilianischen Bundesstaates Amazonas, 852 km von der Landeshauptstadt Manaus entfernt. Sie grenzt an Kolumbien und Venezuela. Ein großer Teil des Gemeindegebietes gehört zum Nationalpark "Pico da Neblina" sowie zu Reservaten der indigenen Bevölkerung Brasiliens. Die Gemeinde ist katholischer Bischofssitz.

Nach dem Aussehen der Gemeinde auf der Karte wird sie auch Cabeça do Cachorro (Hundekopf) genannt.

Als eine der größten Kommunen des Landes mit einer Fläche von 109.185 km² – größer als Österreich – macht São Gabriel da Cachoeira etwa 1,3 % des brasilianischen Territoriums aus. Vom Flughafen São Gabriel de Cachoeira werden regelmäßige Flüge nach Manaus angeboten.

Demografie
São Gabriel da Cachoeira ist die Gemeinde mit dem größten Anteil indigener Bevölkerung in Brasilien, neun von zehn Einwohnern sind Indigene. Sie gehören verschiedenen indigenen Stämmen, unter anderem den Arapaço, Baniwa, Barasana, Baré, Desana, Hupda, Karapanã, Kubeo, Kuripako, Makuna, Miriti-tapuya, Nadob, Pira-tapuya, Siriano, Tariano, Tukano, Tuyuka, Wanana, Werekena und Yanomami, an. Das macht São Gabriel da Cachoeira auch zur Gemeinde mit der größten Anzahl verschiedener indigener Ethnien in Brasilien.

Sie leben in mehr als 400 kleinen indigenen Gemeinschaften, die sich auf die Viertel des Dorfes Iauaretê, wo sich der Verwaltungssitz befindet, sowie entlang der Flüsse, die das Gebiet durchfließen, darunter der Río Vaupés und der Rio Negro verteilen.

Auch wurde hier zum ersten Mal in Brasilien 2008 ein indigener Bürgermeister gewählt: Pedro Garcia, ein Tariano.

In den 1990er-Jahren betrug das jährliche Bevölkerungswachstum etwa 40 %. Das IBGE schätzte die Bevölkerungszahl 2009 auf 41.885.

Hauptsächlich wird Subsistenzwirtschaft betrieben, insbesondere der Anbau von Maniok, Bananen, Ananas, Avocados, Süßkartoffeln und Zitronen.

Amtssprachen
In einem präzedenzlosen Fall wurden in São Gabriel da Cachoeira 2002 neben dem Portugiesischen auch die von der Bevölkerung mehrheitlich gesprochenen indigenen Sprachen Nheengatu, Tucano und Baniwa als Amtssprachen anerkannt. Die Erfahrungen der Gemeinde mit dieser Mehrsprachigkeit haben sich bereits andere Gemeinden in Brasilien zum Vorbild genommen.

Militär
Die Gemeinde wird auf Grund ihrer strategischen Lage als "Gebiet der nationalen Sicherheit" eingestuft. In ihrem Gebiet liegt ein ehemaliges Fort, heute sind in São Gabriel die Zweite Dschungelinfanterie-Brigade und das Fünfte Battalion der Dschungelinfanterie des brasilianischen Heeres stationiert. Ebenso haben die 21. Companhia de Engenharia de Construção sowie eine Abteilung der Luftraumüberwachung hier ihrem Sitz.

Geschichte
Das Dorf und Fort von São Gabriel da Cachoeira wurden 1761 vom portugiesischen Hauptmann José da Silva Delgado gegründet. Der rechtliche Status wechselte verschiedentlich, 1991 wurde die 100-Jahr-Feier der politischen Selbstständigkeit begangen.

Von 1943 bis 1966 hieß die Gemeinde "Uaupés", nach dem Vaupés-Fluss. 1968 wurde sie zum Gebiet der nationalen Sicherheit erklärt.

Klima
Das Klima ist als tropisch klassifiziert, Af nach Köppen-Geiger. Der Niederschlag in São Gabriel da Cachoeira ist hoch, auch während des trockensten Monats. Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur in São Gabriel da Cachoeira liegt bei 26,4 °C, die Durchschnittsniederschlagsmenge pro Jahr liegt bei 2909 mm.

Die in São Gabriel da Cachoeira niedrigste je gemessene Temperatur betrug 16,6 °C, gemessen am 19. Juli 1975. Die höchste wurde am 22. September 2002 gemessen: 39,0 °C. Am 30. Mai 1973 wurde die höchste Niederschlagsmenge innerhalb von 24 Stunden, 179,5 mm gemessen.

Weblinks

 Website des Stadtrats, Câmara Municipal (brasilianisches Portugiesisch)
 Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil – São Gabriel da Cachoeira, AM, sozialstatistische Angaben (brasilianisches Portugiesisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Amazonas (Brasilien)
Grenze zwischen Brasilien und Kolumbien
Município in Amazonas (Brasilien)

São Gabriel da Cachoeira


Velice Sumulikoski (d. 24 Nisan 1981, Makedonya), orta saha oyuncusu Makedon futbolcudur. Bursaspor'dan önce Rusya'nın FK Zenit takımında oynamıştır.

1981 doğumlular
Makedon futbolcular
Kuzey Makedonya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
NK Celje futbolcuları
1. FC Slovácko futbolcuları
FK Zenit futbolcuları
Bursaspor yabancı futbolcuları
Ipswich Town FC futbolcuları
Preston North End FC futbolcuları
Tianjin Teda FC futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Makedon gurbetçi futbolcular
Slovenya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Çekya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Rusya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Çin'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Slovenya'daki Makedon gurbetçiler
Çekya'daki Makedon gurbetçiler
Rusya'daki Makedon gurbetçiler
Türkiye'deki Makedon gurbetçiler
İngiltere'deki Makedon gurbetçiler
Çin'deki Makedon gurbetçiler
English Football League futbolcuları
Rossiyskaya Premyer-Liga futbolcuları

Veliçe Şumulikoski


Francis Andrew Brewin (-) est un avocat et un homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral libéral de la circonscription ontarienne de Greenwood de 1962 à 1979.

Biographie
Né à Brighton en Angleterre, Brewin est très impliqué dans le Parti social démocratique du Canada (CCF) entre autres en tant que candidats à de nombreuses reprises durant les années 1940 et années 1950. Avocat de formation, il est retenu par le CCF pour contester les ordres d'internement des Japonais-canadiens. Soutenue par Brewin jusqu'en Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé, l'ordre de renvoi sur les personnes de race japonaise est maintenu, mais plus tard invalidé par le Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé.

En 1945, le chef de la branche ontarienne du CCF, Ted Jolliffe, lui demande d'être avocat dans la  qui visait à enquêter sur les allégations d'utilisation d'une force policière secrète par le premier ministre George Drew. Président du CCF ontarien pendant quelque temps, il se présente à la  de 1953, mais il perd devant Donald C. MacDonald.

Plusieurs fois candidat pour le CCF, il devient député néo-démocrate de Davenport de 1962 jusqu'à sa retraite en 1979.

Brewin est l'auteur de Stand on Guard: The Search for a Canadian Defence Policy, publié par McClelland & Stewart en 1965 et qui explore l'évolution du rôle militaire du Canada durant le 20 siècle et sa participation dans le nouveau concept de maintien de la paix des Nations unies.

Son grand-père est Andrew George Blair (1844-1907), premier ministre du Nouveau-Brunswick et son fils, John Brewin, est député de Victoria de 1988 à 1993

Résultats électoraux

Références
Francis Andrew Brewin, Q.C., M.P. - Chambre des communes du Canada

Naissance en septembre 1907
Naissance à Brighton
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Nouveau Parti démocratique
Étudiant de l'Osgoode Hall Law School
Décès en septembre 1983

Andrew Brewin


General Mahamat Nouri (nascido em 1947)  é um líder insurgente chadiano que comanda a União das Forças para a Democracia e o Desenvolvimento (UFDD). Muçulmano do norte do Chade, começou sua carreira como rebelde da FROLINAT e, quando o Segundo Exército do grupo se separou em 1976, aliou-se a seu parente Hissène Habré. Como associado de Habré, obteve em 1978 o primeiro dos muitos cargos ministeriais de sua carreira, tornando-se Ministro do Interior em um governo de coalizão. Quando Habré chegou à presidência em 1982, Nouri estava ao seu lado e desempenhou um papel importante no regime.

Após a queda de Habré em 1990, Nouri passou sua lealdade ao sucessor Idriss Déby, sob o qual ele voltou a ter grande destaque, permanecendo no gabinete sem interrupção de 1995 a 2004. Depois disso, foi enviado como embaixador do Chade na Arábia Saudita. Enquanto naquele país, rompeu com Déby em 2006, juntando-se à oposição armada contra ele.

Nouri liderou a criação, a partir de uma pluralidade de movimentos armados, do mais poderoso dos grupos rebeldes chadianos, a União das Forças para a Democracia e o Desenvolvimento (UFDD). Ele iniciou uma série de ataques contra posições do governo no leste do Chade no outono de 2006, causando sérias dificuldades a Déby. Após o fracasso final de uma série de negociações realizadas na Líbia em 2007, Nouri se uniu a dois outros grupos rebeldes e lançou um ataque direto à capital chadiana em fevereiro de 2008, mas foi repelido após dias de intensos combates.

Em 17 de junho de 2019, ele foi preso pela polícia francesa, assim como Abakar Tollimi e Abderaman Abdelkerim (irmão de Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim), por suspeita de crimes contra a humanidade nos quais esteve implicado entre 2005 e 2010 no Chade e no Sudão no seguimento de um procedimento aberto em 2017.

Políticos do Chade
Embaixadores do Chade

Mahamat Nouri


O pica-pau-verde-rubro (Melanerpes lewis) é uma grande espécie norte-americana de pica-pau que o ornitólogo Alexander Wilson nomeou em homenagem a Meriwether Lewis, um dos exploradores que pesquisou as áreas compradas pelos Estados Unidos da América como parte da compra da Louisiana e descobriu esta espécie de ave.

Taxonomia
O pica-pau-verde-rubro foi descrito e ilustrado em 1811 pelo ornitólogo americano Alexander Wilson em seu American Ornithology; ou, a História Natural das Aves dos Estados Unidos. Wilson baseou sua descrição em algumas peles de pássaros que foram coletadas em uma expedição pela parte ocidental dos Estados Unidos liderada por Meriwether Lewis e William Clark em 1803–1806. Wilson cunhou o nome inglês "pica-pau-verde-rubro" e o nome binomial Picus torquatus. Infelizmente, o epíteto específico estava preocupado com o pica-pau anelado, Celeus torquatus (Boddaert, 1783) e assim em 1849 o zoólogo inglês George Robert Gray cunhou um novo nome Picus lewis. A localidade tipo é Montana. O pica-pau-verde-rubro é agora colocado no gênero Melanerpes que foi erguido pelo ornitólogo inglês William John Swainson em 1832. A espécie é monotípica: nenhuma subespécie é reconhecida.

Descrição
Uma das maiores espécies de pica-paus americanos, o pica-pau-verde-rubro pode medir até  de comprimento. É principalmente de peito avermelhado, de cor verde-escura com uma garupa preta. Tem a gola e a parte superior do peito cinza, com a barriga rosada e o rosto vermelho. As asas são muito mais largas do que as de outros pica-paus, e voa a um ritmo muito mais lento com abas lentas, mas uniformes, semelhantes às de um corvo. Seus cantos têm um som áspero em relação aos de outros pica-paus, podendo utilizar um repertório de várias frases diferentes. Eles são um dos três maiores pica-paus Melanerpes, sendo de tamanho semelhante ao pica-pau branco e ao pica-pau jamaicano.

Medidas:

 Duração:
 Peso:
 Envergadura:

Ligações externas
 pica-pau-verde-rubro - Melanerpes lewis- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
 Conta de espécies do pica-pau-verde-rubro- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 Galeria de fotos do pica-pau-verde-rubroVIREO

 Foto-Alta Resolução; Artigo pbase

Aves descritas em 1849
Melanerpes
Espécies pouco preocupantes

Pica-pau-verde-rubro


الميداليات الذهبية في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية

الميداليات الفضية في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية

الميداليات البرونزية في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية

مايكل فرِد فيلبس واسمه الكامل  هو سباح أمريكي من مواليد 30 حزيران 1985م في بالتيمور صاحب الرقم القياسي في عدد الميداليات الذهبية الأولمبية التي حملها حيث حصل حتى الآن على 28 ميدالية أولمبية منها 23 ميدالية ذهبية وثلاث فضيات، وبرونزيتين.

المولد والنشأة
وُلد السباح الأمريكي مايكل فريد فيلبس في اليوم الثلاثين من شهر يونيو لعام 1985م في مدينة "بالتيمور" التي تقع بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، عاش مايكل فيلبس حياة مأساوية ربما أكثر من أي رياضي آخر، فقد كان يعاني أسوأ معاملة سواء من مدرسيه أو أصدقائه الطلاب، فقد كان الطلاب يسخرون منه لأنهم كانوا يرونه الشخص صاحب الملامح غريبة الأطوار، بالإضافة إلى ذلك كان فيلبس يكره المدرسة ليس لسبب الإهانة المستمرة ولكن بسبب عدم قدرته على الحصول على علامات مرتفعة في مواده الدراسية، اختلطت الأمور عليه وزادت المشاكل لطفل مازال صغيراً الأمر الذي أصابه بمرض نفسي وجسدي دفع والدته للذهاب به إلى أحد الأطباء النفسيين والذي نصحها بأن تجعله يمارس الرياضة يومياً وبدأ بالفعل فيلبس بممارسة الرياضة خاصة رياضة السباحة ليخلق من نفسه بطلاُ أسطورياً جديداً في الألعاب الأوليمبية.

الميداليات التي حصل عليها
وفيما يلي قائمة الميداليات التي تُوّج بها فيلبس من أولمبياد أثينا 2004 وحتى الأولمبياد الحالي المقام في ريو دي جانيرو:

أولمبياد أثينا 2004: حصد فيلبس ست ميداليات ذهبية وبرونزيتين، وكانت الميداليات الذهبية في سباقات 100 متر فراشة و200 متر فراشة و200 متر فردي متنوع و400 متر فردي متنوع و400 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 متر فردي متنوع، بينما حصد البرونزيتين في سباقي 200 متر حرة و4 × 100 متر تتابع حر.

أولمبياد بكين 2008: حصد فيلبس ثماني ذهبيات وكانت في سباقات 200 متر حرة و100 متر فراشة و200 متر فراشة و200 متر فردي متنوع و400 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 100 تتابع حر و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 متر فردي متنوع.

أولمبياد لندن 2012: حصد فيلبس أربع ذهبيات وفضيتين وكانت الذهبيات في سباقات 100 متر فراشة و200 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 متر فردي متنوع، بينما كانت الفضيتان في سباقي 200 متر فراشة و4 × 100 متر تتابع حر.

أولمبياد ريو دي جانيرو 2016: حصد فيلبس خمس ذهبيات وفضية، وجاءت الذهبيات في سباقات 200 متر فراشة و4 × 100 متر تتابع حر و200 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 تتابع متنوع بينما جاءت الفضية في سباق 100 متر فراشة.

توزيع الميداليات التي حصل عليها مايكل فيليبس في الأولمبياد
يعد السباح الأمريكي مايكل فيلبس أبرز رياضي أولمبي في التاريخ، بعدما أضاف المزيد إلى قائمة إنجازاته عندما تُوّج بخمس ميداليات ذهبية جديدة وفضية واحدة خلال أولمبياد ريو دي جانيرو 2016، التي تشكل آخر مشاركة أولمبية بالنسبة له، ليرفع رصيده إلى 23 ذهبية و28 ميدالية أولمبية بشكل عام.

وفيما يلي قائمة الميداليات التي توج بها فيلبس من أولمبياد أثينا 2004 وحتى الأولمبياد الحالي المقام في ريو دي جانيرو،

علما بأنه بدأ مشاركاته في الدورات الأولمبية بنسخة 2000 في سيدني وكان في الخامسة عشر من عمره آنذاك ولم يحصد أي ميدالية قبل أن يبدأ حصاده الذهبي في أولمبياد أثينا 2004 بخلاف ما أحرزه من ألقاب وميداليات على مدار مسيرته في مختلف البطولات التي شارك فيها.

أولمبياد أثينا 2004:

حصد فيلبس ست ميداليات ذهبية وبرونزيتين، وكانت الميداليات الذهبية في سباقات 100 متر فراشة و200 متر فراشة و200 متر فردي متنوع و400 متر فردي متنوع و400 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 متر فردي متنوع، بينما حصد البرونزيتين في سباقي 200 متر حرة و4 × 100 متر تتابع حر.

أولمبياد بكين 2008:

حصد فيلبس ثماني ذهبيات وكانت في سباقات 200 متر حرة و100 متر فراشة و200 متر فراشة و200 متر فردي متنوع و400 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 100 تتابع حر و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 متر فردي متنوع .

أولمبياد لندن 2012:

حصد فيلبس أربع ذهبيات وفضيتين وكانت الذهبيات في سباقات 100 متر فراشة و200 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 متر فردي متنوع، بينما كانت الفضيتان في سباقي 200 متر فراشة و4 × 100 متر تتابع حر.

أولمبياد ريو دي جانيرو 2016:

حصد فيلبس خمس ذهبيات وفضية، وجاءت الذهبيات في سباقات 200 متر فراشة و4 × 100 متر تتابع حر و200 متر فردي متنوع و4 × 200 متر تتابع حر و4 × 100 تتابع متنوع بينما جاءت الفضية في سباق 100 متر فراشة.

وبهذا يكون قد كسر الرقم القياسي المسجل باسم مواطنه سبيتز في الحصول على أعلى عدد من الذهب في بطولة واحدة والرقم القياسي في عدد الميداليات في كل الألعاب الأولمبية متفوقاً على لاريسا لاتينينا. ويضاف إلى هذا حصوله على العديد من المراكز الأولى خلال مناسبات رياضية عديدة حول العالم.

من أقوال فيليبس: .
بعد الأولمبياد وصلت عروض الإعلانات إلى حوالي 30 مليون دولار أمريكي.

و قد أعلن أنه لن يخوض سباقات أخرى طويلة، وأنه يطمح إلى منافسة الفرنسي برنار في سباق 100 متر حرة التي لم يشارك فيها، وأعلن أنه سيعتزل في 2012 بعد أولمبياد لندن، لكنه شارك في أولمبياد ريو 2016 ليزيد من حصيلته في الميداليات الأولمبية ويذكر أنه فاز بسباق 100 متر فراشة بفارق 1 من مائة جزء من الثانية أمام الصربي كارج.
يعاني مايكل فيليبس من اعتلال الحركة الزائدة.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من توسون (ماريلاند)
أمريكيون بإعاقات
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل ويلزي
حاملو أرقام قياسية عالمية في السباحة
حائزون على جوائز لوريوس العالمية الرياضية
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2004
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
حائزون على ميدالية السباحة في بطولة العالم للألعاب المائية
رياضيون من بالتيمور
رياضيون من مقاطعة بالتيمور (ميريلاند)
سباحو تزلج حر أمريكيون
سباحون حائزون على ميدالية أولمبية
سباحون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2000
سباحون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2004
سباحون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
سباحون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
سباحون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
سباحون من ماريلند
فاعلو خير أمريكيون
فائزون بميداليات برونزية أولمبية من الولايات المتحدة في السباحة
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية أولمبية من الولايات المتحدة في السباحة
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من الولايات المتحدة في السباحة
فائزون بميداليات في بطولة العالم للسباحة (25 متر)
مواليد 1985
ناشطون بإعاقات

مايكل فيلبس


නුවරඑළිය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇත. මීටර් 61ක් පමණ උසය. බුදුන්වහන්සේ ශ්‍රි පාද ලාංඡනය පිහිටු විම සඳහා සමනල කන්දට වැඩි අවස්ථාවේ මේ ජල දහරාව ඇරඹෙන ස්ථානයේ මිත්‍යා දෘෂ්ටික යක්ෂයෙක් අසතුටට පත්ව හඬාවැටුනු නිසා ඊට මෙම නම ලැබි ඇත.✡

යකා ඇඳූ ඇල්ල


La Ruta Estatal de Nevada 659, y abreviada SR 659 (en inglés: Nevada State Route 659) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nevada. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 37 km (22.978 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Nevada 659 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Nevada por sus siglas en inglés Nevada DOT.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de Nevada 659 es atravesada principalmente por la .

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Nevada DOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nevada

Ruta Estatal de Nevada 659


Thomas J. « Tom » Dugan, né le  à Dublin (Irlande) et mort le  à Redlands (Californie), est un acteur américain d'origine irlandaise (parfois crédité Tommy Dugan).

Biographie
Né à Dulbin et émigré dans sa jeunesse aux États-Unis (obtenant la citoyenneté américaine), Tom Dugan y contribue comme acteur de cinéma à deux-cent-soixante-quatre films américains dès la période du muet, les six premiers sortis en 1927 (dont le court métrage The Way of All Pants de Leo McCarey et F. Richard Jones, avec Charley Chase et Edna Marion).

Parmi ses films notables (comme second rôle, parfois non crédité), mentionnons The Barker de George Fitzmaurice (1928, avec Milton Sills et Dorothy Mackaill), Docteur X de Michael Curtiz (1932, avec Lionel Atwill et Fay Wray), Sa femme et sa secrétaire de Clarence Brown (1936, avec Clark Gable et Jean Harlow), Jeux dangereux d'Ernst Lubitsch (1942, avec Carole Lombard et Jack Benny) et Match d'amour de Busby Berkeley (1949, avec Gene Kelly et Frank Sinatra). Son dernier film sort en 1955.

À la télévision américaine, il apparaît dans huit séries à partir de 1952, dont Topper (un épisode, 1954) et Studio 57, la dernière (un épisode, 1955).

Cette même année 1955, Tom Dugan meurt dans un accident de la route, à 66 ans.

Filmographie partielle

Cinéma
1927 : The Way of All Pants de Leo McCarey et F. Richard Jones (court métrage) : le détective
1928 : The Barker de George Fitzmaurice : le bègue
1928 : Taxi de minuit (The Midnight City) de John G. Adolfi : Al Corvini
1928 : Soft Living de James Tinling : le nouvel employé
1929 : Hearts in Exile de Michael Curtiz : l'ordonnance
1929 : Drag de Frank Lloyd : Charlie Parker
1929 : Sonny Boy d'Archie Mayo
1930 : The Phantom of the West de D. Ross Lederman (serial) : Oscar
1930 : The Medicine Man de Scott Pembroke : Charley
1930 : The Bad One de George Fitzmaurice : un marin
1931 : The Vanishing Legion de B. Reeves Eason et Ford Beebe (serial) : le directeur Warren
1932 : Docteur X (Doctor X) de Michael Curtiz : un policier
1932 : Big City Blues de Mervyn LeRoy : Red, le chauffeur de taxi
1935 : Impétueuse Jeunesse (Ah, Wilderness!) de Clarence Brown : George, le barman
1935 : Chronique mondaine (After Office Hours) de Robert Z. Leonard : un policier à moto
1935 : Aller et Retour (The Gilded Lily) de Wesley Ruggles : le clochard sur un banc du parc
1936 : La Chanson à deux sous (Pennies from Heaven) de Norman Z. McLeod : Crowbar Miller
1936 : Sa femme et sa secrétaire (Wife vs. Secretary) de Clarence Brown : Finney
1937 : On demande une étoile (Pick a Star) d'Edward Ludwig : Dimitri Hogan
1937 : La Folle Confession (True Confession) de Wesley Ruggles : McDougall
1938 : Rêves de jeunesse (Four Daughters) de Michael Curtiz : Jake
1939 : Le Roi des reporters (The Housekeeper's Daughter) d'Hal Roach : le premier gangster
1939 : The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt de Peter Godfrey : Sergent Devan
1939 : La Maison de l'épouvante (The House of Fear) de Joe May : Mike
1939 : Filles courageuses (Daughters Courageous) de Michael Curtiz : Joe
1939 : Million Dollar Legs de Nick Grinde : un parieur avec Freddie
1940 : Trop de maris (Too Many Husbands) de Wesley Ruggles : Lieutenant Sullivan
1940 : Johnny Apollo d'Henry Hathaway : le prisonnier Tom Dugan
1940 : The Boys from Syracuse d'A. Edward Sutherland : Octavius
1940 : Le Mystère du château maudit (The Ghost Breakers) de George Marshall : Raspy Kelly
1941 : Power Dive de James Patrick Hogan : le serveur
1941 : Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery de James Patrick Hogan
1942 : Jeux dangereux (To Be or Not to Be) d'Ernst Lubitsch : Bronski, l'acteur grimé en Hitler
1942 : Grand Central Murder de S. Sylvan Simon : Eric Schnelly the Mooch Schneller
1942 : Les Chevaliers du ciel (Captains of the Clouds) de Michael Curtiz : un barman
1942 : Ce que femme veut (Orchestra Wives) d'Archie Mayo : le chauffeur de bus
1943 : Bataan de Tay Garnett : Sam Malloy
1945 : L'introuvable rentre chez lui (The Thin Man Goes Home) de Richard Thorpe : Studs Lonnegan
1945 : Deanna mène l'enquête (Lady on a Train) de Charles David : le policier Turnkey
1946 : Ève éternelle (Easy to Wed) d'Edward Buzzell : un serveur au Local 950
1946 : The Hoodlum Saint de Norman Taurog : Buggsy
1946 : Les Plus Belles Années de notre vie (The Best Years of Our Lives) de William Wyler : un portier
1946 : Bringing Up Father d'Edward F. Cline : le transporteur
1947 : The Fabulous Dorseys d'Alfred E. Green : un serveur
1947 : Vive l'amour (Good News) de Charles Walters : Pooch
1947 : The Pilgrim Lady de Lesley Selander : l'ouvrier
1949 : Un jour à New York (On the Town) de Stanley Donen : Tracy, policier de la voiture 44
1949 : Match d'amour (Take Me Out to the Ball Game) de Busby Berkeley : Slappy Burke
1951 : Le Môme boule-de-gomme (The Lemon Drop Kid) de Sidney Lanfield et Frank Tashlin : No Thumbs Charlie
1953 : Filles dans la nuit (Girls in the Night) de Jack Arnold : Clancy

Télévision
(séries)
1954 : Topper, saison 2, épisode 11 Topper's Accident de Lew Landers : Woodhead
1955 : Studio 57, saison 1, épisode 32 The Black Sheep's Daughter : Baron Scarborough

Liens externes

Acteur américain de cinéma
Acteur américain du muet
Acteur américain de télévision
Naissance en janvier 1889
Naissance à Dublin
Décès en mars 1955
Décès à 66 ans
Décès à Redlands (Californie)
Mort dans un accident de la route aux États-Unis

Tom Dugan (acteur, 1889-1955)


නමෝද්දිෂ්ට අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා යන පදය භාවිතා වන්නේ  මහා මැතිවරණයක ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙසින්, දැනට පාලනය කරන පක්ෂයක නායකත්වය දිනා ගැනීමක් නිසාවෙන් හෝ  ජනමත විචාරණයක් හෝ දැනට පදවිය හොබවන අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා ට විරුද්ධව  විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් නිසාවෙන් හෝ නව රජයක් පිහිටුවීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය නායකයා විසින් නම් කරනු ලැබුනු හෝ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසින් අනුප්‍රාප්ති වීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වන පුද්ගලයා සඳහාය.

නමෝද්දිෂ්ට අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා


Culture et société
 Randal Graves est un personnage du View Askewniverse, un univers de fiction créé par le réalisateur Kevin Smith.

Anthroponyme

Prénom
Randal est un prénom d'origine anglaise, notamment porté par :
 Adam Randal Young (1986-), un chanteur et musicien américain ;
 Randal Bays (1950-), un compositeur et musicien américain ;
 Randal Douc (1971-), un acteur et mathématicien français ;
 Randal Falker (1985-), un joueur américain de basket-ball ;
 Randal Figueroa (1989-), un coureur cycliste vénézuélien ;
 Randal Grichuk (1991-), un voltigeur des Blue Jays de Toronto, de la Ligue majeure de baseball ;
 Randal Kleiser (1946-), un réalisateur, acteur, producteur et scénariste américain ;
 Randal Kolo Muani (1998-), un footballeur français ;
  ;
 Randal Oto'o (1994-), un footballeur international gabonais ;
 Randal Willars (2002-), un plongeur mexicain ;
 Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones (1952-2020), un mathématicien néo-zélandais, connu pour son travail sur les algèbres de von Neumann, la théorie des nœuds et la théorie conforme des champs ;
 William Randal Cremer (1828-1908), un pacifiste  britannique, lauréat du prix Nobel de la paix en 1903.

Patronyme

 Allison Randal, une informaticienne et auteur américaine connue pour son implication dans le développement du langage Perl ;
 Horace Randal (1833-1864), un colonel de l'armée des États confédérés pendant la guerre de Sécession ;
 Jonathan Randal (1933-), un grand reporter américain, spécialiste du Moyen-Orient ;
 Oscar Randal-Williams, un mathématicien et universitaire britannique travaillant en topologie algébrique.

Randal


S93 peut faire référence à :
 HMS Triumph (S93), un sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque de la Royal Navy ;
 Luxation, entorse et foulure des articulations et des ligaments au niveau de la cheville et du pied, d'après la classification internationale des maladies.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

S93


تعداد الولايات المتحدة في 1850 هو التعداد السابع للولايات المتحدة. التي أجراها مكتب التعداد في 1 يونيو 1850، أظهر أن عدد السكان المقيمين في الولايات المتحدة هو 23,191,876 بزيادة قدرها 35.9 بالمئة قياسا إلى 17,069,453 وهو عدد من السكان خلال تعداد 1840. إجمالي عدد السكان يتضمن العبيد الذي بلغ عددهم 3,204,313. في عام 1840.

كان هذه أول تعداد سكاني يحاول جمع المعلومات عن كل فرد من أفراد كل أسرة، بمن فيهم النساء والأطفال، والعبيد. وهو أيضا أول تعداد للسؤال عن مكان الولادة.
هنتون روان استخدام بشكل واسع نتائج تعداد 1850 في كتاب مشهور سياسيا وهو الأزمة الوشيكة للجنوب

أسئلة التعداد

في تعداد 1850 تم طرح الأسئلة التالية:

 الاسم
 العنوان
 العمر
 الجنس
 اللون لكل شخص
 عدد الصم والبكم والمكفوفين والمجانين والحمقاء
 قيمة الممتلكات لكل شخص حر
 مهنة وتخصص كل ذكر فوق عمر 15 سنة
 مكان الولادة
 متزوج خلال سنة
 الالتحاق بالمدرسة خلال سنة
 غير قادر على القراءة والكتابة (لمن هم أكبر من 20 سنة)
 فقير أو مدان قضائياً

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 بيانات التعداد التاريخي
 تعداد, 1850-1930

الولايات المتحدة في 1850
تعداد سكان الولايات المتحدة
تعداد السكان في 1850

تعداد الولايات المتحدة 1850


Wenden is a municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It belongs to the Olpe district in the Sauerland. It lies  south of Olpe and  northwest of Siegen.

Geography

Location
Wenden lies at the southernmost tip of the Sauerland, an area of low mountain ranges. The Bigge and its tributaries, which feed into Biggesee, rise near Wenden. To the southeast a ridge separates the municipality from the adjoining Siegerland. In the southwest the municipal area borders Rhineland-Palatinate.

Neighbouring communities
Bordering on Wenden are Olpe and Drolshagen, which like Wenden lie in the Olpe district, Friesenhagen in Rhineland-Palatinate's Altenkirchen district, Kreuztal, Freudenberg and Siegen (all in Siegen-Wittgenstein), and also Reichshof in the Oberbergischer Kreis.

Constituent communities
The community consists of the following centres: Altenhof, Altenwenden, Bebbingen, Brün, Büchen, Döingen, Dörnscheid, Eichertshof, Elben, Gerlingen, Girkhausen, Heid, Hillmicke, Hoffnung, Hünsborn, Huppen, Löffelberg, Möllmicke, Ottfingen, Römershagen, Rothemühle, Rothenborn, Scheiderwald, Schönau, Schwarzbruch, Trömbach, Vahlberg, Wenden, Wendenerhütte and Wilhelmstal.

Climate
Wenden's climate is very wet. West winds bring clouds that form over the Atlantic Ocean and they rise as they pass over the Sauerland and Wenden, which in turn brings rain. The coldest month is January. July is the warmest month. During winter fog forms frequently out of the moist air.

History
The origins of the name Wenden are not known for certain. Probably it has to do with the location because at the turn of the first millennium within its area the lands of two Germanic people, the Franks and the Saxons met. There is no knowledge as to when the area was first settled. The names of some villages like Girkhausen, Bebbingen, Döingen, Gerlingen and Ottfingen as well as the names of lost villages and homesteads offer some clues. Most likely settlement must have taken place no later than around 900 to 1000 AD. Perhaps the area knew settlements even earlier as the names of local brooks and streams like Elbe, Albe, Wende, Bigge, Benze and Binse hint.

The first documented record of Wenden dates back to 1011. By that time a monastery had been founded in Herford and given land in Wendenne, which is said to mean Wenden. At the beginning of the 14th century a chapel Wendene capella is mentioned in a copy of a much older tax register of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Watersheds have been Wenden's limits for centuries. In the southeast and east these watersheds marked the boundary with the territory of Nassau-Siegen, in the south to the land of the counts of Wildenburg and in the south and southwest to the Duchy of Berg. All of the municipal area was part of the Electorate of Cologne. Following the Reformation they remained Catholic while their neighbours to the southeast, south and southwest converted to Protestantism.

By the end of the Middle Ages people in the Siegerland fenced off their territory with a combination of trenches, earthworks and dense hedgerows. That part which touches the district of Olpe is called the "Kölsches Heck" ("Cologne hedge"). The "Kölsches Heck" also marks a boundary between two languages High German and Low German. After the Reformation it came to mark the border between areas of different faiths.

In 1803 the municipal area of Wenden was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt and in 1816 it was annexed to Prussia. Some years later in 1850 the municipalities of Wenden and Römershagen were joined to form the new municipality of Wenden (Amt Wenden).

Religion
The great majority of the community dwellers adhere to the Catholic faith. With the exception of Möllmicke and Rothemühle, each of the community's bigger centres has a Catholic church or chapel at its disposal. After the Second World War many Germans driven out of the lost territories in the east moved into what was then the Amt of Wenden; they settled mostly in the centres of Vahlberg and Rothemühle. Thus arose the Evangelical Church of Rothemühle in the 1950s. In the 1980s there came a community centre in Wenden's main town which quickly outdid the church in Rothemühle. In 2006, a resolution was handed down by the Evangelical parish of Olpe, to which Wenden belongs, to abandon the church in Rothemühle. The Rothemühle chapel building club thereupon took over financial responsibility for the church, guaranteeing its continued existence for the time being. In the 1960s, many Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians also came to the community of Wenden. For a few years, a mosque has been maintained in Wenden's main centre. A regionally important pilgrimage centre for Catholics is the Dörnschlade, found in the middle of the woods between the centres of Hünsborn, Wenden and Altenhof. According to legend, a Madonna statue stolen from the Wenden church was found there. A chapel is used by many believers for worship. Among others, the regional Katholische Arbeitnehmer-Bewegung ("Catholic Employees' Movement", KAB) uses the Dörnschlade for its yearly pilgrimage.

Amalgamations
The community of Wenden came into being in 1969 in the course of municipal restructuring in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is coëxtensive with the former Amt of Wenden, which itself consisted of the communities of Wenden and Römershagen.

Politics

Mayor
1994–2015: Peter Brüser, CDU
2015–incumbent: Bernd Clemens, CDU

Town partnerships
A partnership came about as a result of German unity with Dingelstädt in the former East Germany. The partnership was at first actively pursued, for instance through administrative employees' exchanges, and continues today at a lower, but constant, level. For example, Dingelstädt's mayor is a regular guest at the great yearly event known as the Wendener Kirmes.

Currently, groundwork is being laid to build a partnership with the Hungarian town of Lepsény. The packaging firm SiBO maintains branch offices in both Wenden and Lepsény. Owner Bernd Hesse blazed the trail for this budding partnership.

Culture and sightseeing

Theatre
The Sauerland-Theater Hillmicke is a successful amateur theatre, and performs every November in the Wenden school centre's auditorium.

Museums
The Wendener Hütte is a technological cultural monument and one of the oldest still preserved charcoal furnace works in the German-speaking world. It can be viewed free during opening hours.

Music
The community of Wenden is well known for its great number of concert bands, music clubs, bands and choirs. Almost every centre has a concert band and several choirs at its disposal. The Spielmannszug Wenden (band) celebrates its centenary in 2008, holding a great festival weekend on 18–20 April.

Buildings

The Dörnschlade pilgrimage chapel was built in the mid 19th century and is found near Altenhof. It can easily be reached by the road running between Hünsborn and Wenden. On the Sundays after the Festivals of the Assumption (2 July) and the Nativity of Mary (8 September), a procession from Altenhof and Wenden to the Dörnschlade takes place, which is then finished with a church service there.

The St. Severinus parish church was built about 1750. The altars and most holy figures already adorned the forerunner church, from which also came the bulky tower, the new church having been built over the old one, which was then only knocked down after construction on the new one was well under way. The holy objects were all transferred to the new church. The pulpit, the Resplendent Madonna and the organ, however, were acquired new in 1755. The new church's namesake may have been St. Severin's Church in Cologne. The last thorough renovation was done between 1986 and 1988, with the church being made over as far as possible to look as it did when it was built in the 18th century.

Natural monuments
The source of the river Bigge lies near Römershagen. The stream, where it rises is still only very small, runs for 16 km, then filling one of Germany's biggest reservoirs, the Biggesee.

Sport
The Vereinigte Sport-Vereine Wenden 1930 e. V.  in Wenden-Schönau (football) played in the Verbandsliga until 2003, but are now in the Landesliga. They have an artificial-turf pitch at their disposal.
The DAC 01, Wenden plays skittles in a Landesliga at the Bundeskegelbahn Gasthof Wurm ("Bützers") in Schönau.
The SG Wenden already boasts various successes in athletics, among them Simon Huckestein, sixth in the 2005 German Championship over 800 m. The club was built up significantly by squad trainer Egon Bröcher's work, and by Kunibert Rademacher (currently the chairman for district athletics). The club organizes the traditional Südsauerlandlauf ("South Sauerland Walk") which draws up to 800 participants. It is held every year on the first weekend in November. Training is done on the Tartan track at the Gerlingen sporting grounds and at the gymnasium at the Wenden school centre.

Regular events
The Wendsche Kärmetze (Kirmes) is held on the third Tuesday in August as well as on the Saturday and Sunday before that. On Tuesday there is an animal show with prizes awarded to animals in various classes. Another thing that sets the Wendsche Kärmetze apart is that throughout the time when it is being held, there is a market at which the most varied things are for sale. Besides the many market dealers, many amusement ride operators bring their carousels and other attractions. The Wenden Kirmes is the biggest event of its kind in the South Westphalia area.
The Schönauer Karneval is a high point at Carnival time in South Westphalia celebrated with, besides the Prinzenproklamation (about 11 November), Altweiber ("Old Women's Day"), Prunksitzung (a sitting of the "Elves' Council" – actually a revue) and Rosenmontagszug ("Shrove Monday Parade") also with three further events under marquees. Elaborate floats and many groups on foot on Shrove Monday combine to form a miles-long lindworm that wends its way through Schönau's streets watched by 15,000 onlookers in this centre of only 1,400 souls. The Schönau carneys' battle call goes "Schönau Helau". The club song begins with the lines "Von Schönau bis Bockenbach – da wird geschunkelt und gelacht" (roughly "From Schönau to Bockenbach – there will be swaying to and fro and laughing"), Bockenbach being a neighbouring place in the Siegerland. Over more than 40 years, the Schönau-Altenwenden Carnival Club has established itself very firmly in South Westphalian Carnival life. Its two dancing guards, the Rote and Blaue Funken (Red and Blue Sparks), represent the club at many regional and national events.
The Ottfinger Schützenfest ("Ottfingen Shooting Festival") is traditionally held on the third weekend in June and is the biggest of its kind in the community of Wenden. The festival begins with a parade through the village, with the new King and Queen being determined thereafter in a bird-shooting contest. The high point is the joint celebrating in the marksmen's tent on Saturday evening.
The Südsauerlandlauf, a traditional walking event that held its 30th edition in 2005 is usually held on the first weekend in November by the Sportgemeinschaft Wenden ("Wenden Sport Association"). In past years, the event has even welcomed successful walking aces such as Sabrina Mockenhaupt in 2005. There are the Bambinilauf (500 m), Schülerläufe (2 km for schoolchildren), Volkslauf (5 km for the general public), Hauptlauf (the "main" walk of 10 km) and Nordic Walking (9 km) which draw up to 800 participants, making it the biggest walking event in South Westphalia. It has been integrated as a walking event into the Ausdauer-Cup.

Economy and infrastructure
The economic development of the area depended mostly on iron ore and heavy spar deposits as well as an abundance of wood and water. In 1855 there were 7 smelting works in the district of Olpe, 5 of which lay in the Wenden municipal area. While most smelting works produced pig iron, the Wendener Hütte, a mill founded by Johannes Elmert in 1728, made crude steel. Like others which fired their blast furnaces with locally produced charcoal, the Wendener Hütte lost out to the developing coal-based steel industry in the Ruhr Area. The Wendener Hütte closed down in 1866. In the years after World War II the majority of the local population was working in agriculture. But when farming changed to more intensive farming with larger farms specialising in cattle and dairy farming, most small farmers gave up. People shifted out of farming and sought employment in manufacturing in neighbouring Olpe and the Siegerland.

This all changed when Bundesautobahn 45 was completed in 1971 and Bundesautobahn 4 opened to traffic in 1976. With quick access to other areas of Germany, Wenden was able to attract larger operations and build a solid economic infrastructure.

Established enterprises
 CAMCO (professional audio power amplifiers)
 Dia-therm (heater factory)
 Berker
 Elexis-Gruppe with the firms EMG and Drehmo
 Prime Drilling GmbH (Horizontal Directional Drilling)

Transport

Roads
The community of Wenden is connected to two Autobahnen, the A4 (Aachen–Görlitz, links the area to Cologne in the west) and the A45 (connects Wenden northwards to Dortmund and the Ruhr Area and southwards to Giessen and Frankfurt), both with an interchange at Wenden at the Olpe-Süd Autobahn cross. There are, however, no Federal highways (Bundesstraßen) running through the community. The main thoroughfares are the highways (Landstraßen) L342, L512, L564, L714 and L905.

The eastward extension of the A4 in 2006 connects it to the Hüttentalstrasse linking Wenden to Kreuztal and Siegen.

Bus and rail transport
For local public road transport there are many bus lines that also join Wenden with neighbouring communities. Operators are the Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd (VWS, "Westphalia-South Transport Services"), whose seat is in Siegen and which is a daughter company of the Stadtwerke Bonn, and the railway daughter company Busverkehr Ruhr-Sieg (BRS, "Ruhr-Sieg Bus Transport"). Lines R50 and R51 are the most important buslines, running from Siegen and Olpe to Wenden.

Nowadays there is no longer any rail transport in the municipal area. There was formerly a rail connection to the Biggetalbahn (railway). The stretch running between Freudenberg and Rothemühle, however, was abandoned by 1987, while the Rothemühle-Olpe stretch had its service withdrawn in 2000, and in 2005 it was dismantled.

Public institutions

Education
Wenden has got two secondary schools and several primary schools but no Gymnasium.

Famous people

Sons and daughters of the community
 Johannes Dornseiffer (born 2 February 1837 in Wenden-Gerlingen; died 11 December 1914 in Eslohe), vicar in Fretter and pastor in Eslohe, founder of the (agricultural) Winterschule ("Winter School") in Fretter, stands as cofounder of many savings and loan companies in the Finnentrop-Eslohe area in personal contact with Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen.
 P. Maurus Kaufmann OSB (born in Elben; died 1948 in Jerusalem), first abbot of the Abbey of the Dormition in Jerusalem.
 Dr. Kaspar Klein (born 28 August 1865 in Elben; died 26 January 1941 in Paderborn), 1930 - 1941 Archbishop of Paderborn
 Wilhelm Schneider, (born 4 September 1847 in Gerlingen; died 31 August 1909 in Paderborn) Bishop in the Archbishopric of Paderborn.

Further reading
 Fritz Wiemers: Heimatbuch des Amtes Wenden. published by the Wenden i. Westf. Amt administration. Olpe o.J. ( 1951). – expanded new printing published in collaboration with the community of Wenden, with an introduction by Dr. Raimund Quiter, Kreuztal 2004.
 Karl Heinz Kaufmann: Wenden. Wo die Wendschen wohnen. Ein heimatgeschichtliches und volkskundliches Lesebuch published on commission from the community of Wenden. Kreuztal 2001.
 Heinrich Solbach: Ottfingen. published by local history working group. Schmallenberg-Fredeburg o.J. (1992)
 Tonis Brüser et al.: Dörnscheid – ein Dorf in dem wir leben. published by the Dörnscheid. o.J. village association (ca. 1990)
 Margret Kirschey et al.: Römershagen 1144–1994. published by "850 Jahre Römershagen" working group. Elben/ Ww. O. J. (1994)
 Wolf-Dieter Grün (ed.): Die Heider Schulchronik. Was der Lehrer aufschrieb über Heid, Rothemühle, Trömbach, die Binz und Vahlberg, ergänzt um einige Zeitdokumente. published by Heid Development Association and the Heimatverein Rothemühle e.V., Wenden 2007

References

External links

 Hillmicke
 Hünsborn
 Ottfingen
 Konrad-Adenauer-Gemeinschaftshauptschule Wenden

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Olpe (district)

Wenden (Sauerland)


الضيائية  هي إصدار ضوئي لا يمكن أن يعزى ببساطة إلى درجة حرارة الجسم المصدر. يمكن التمييز بين العديد من أنواع الضيائية وفقا لمصدر الطاقة المحرضة للإصدار. عندما تكون الطاقة الضوئية صادرة نتيجة تفاعل كيميائي، كما في حالة التأكسد البطيء للفسفور عند درجات الحرارة العادية، يسمى الإصدار بالضيائية الكيميائية . وعندما يحدث تفاعلا كيميائيا ضيائيا في الأنظمة الحية، كما في توهج اليراعة، يسمى الإصدار بالضيائية الحيوية. في المثالين السابقين يتحول جزء من طاقة التفاعل الكيميائي إلى ضوء. هناك أنواع أخرى من الضيائية التي تنشأ نتيجة تدفق بعض أشكال الطاقة داخلة إلى الجسم من الخارج. وتبعا لمنبع هذه الطاقة المحفزة، توصف الضيائية بأنها ضيائية مهبطية إذا أتت الطاقة من قذف إلكتروني، ويوصف بالضيائية الإشعاعية إذا أتت الطاقة من الأشعة السينية أو من أشعة غاما، وتوصف بالضيائية الفوتونية إذا أتت الطاقة من الإشعاعات فوق البنفسجية أو المرئية أو تحت الحمراء، وتوصف بالضيائية الكهربائية إذا أتت الطاقة من استعمال حقل كهربائي.

الإصدار الليزري هو تألق محفز متجانس على عكس الإصدار التلقائي غير المتجانس من معظم الأنظمة الضيائية المذكورة أعلاه.

اقرأ أيضًا

 ضيائية حيوية
 ضيائية كيميائية
 ضيائية صوتية
 ضيائية مهبطية
 ضيائية إشعاعية
 ضيائية فوتونية

هوامش

  المرادفات: الضيائية أو التألق أو اللمعان

المراجع

مصادر الضوء

ضيائية


El Telégrafo ist der Name folgender Zeitungen:

 El Telégrafo (Paysandú), eine Tageszeitung aus Paysandú, Uruguay
 El Telégrafo (Ecuador), eine Tageszeitung aus Ecuador

El Telégrafo


Bobana Klikovac (født 27. Juli 1995 i Cetinje) er en kvindelig montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for Alba Fehérvár KC og det montenegrinske landshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro
Håndboldspillere fra Fehérvár KC

Bobana Klikovac


Insulaner (hrvatski vojnik), naziv za vojnike Zrinskog s područja Međimurja
 na njemačkom, naziv za jednog ili više stanovnika Zapadnog Berlina, koji je bio "otok" (njem. Insel) u sovjetskoj okupacijskoj zoni odnosno poslije Njemačkoj Demokratskoj Republici
 na njemačkom, naziv za jednog ili više stanovnika Steinstückena, jednoj od eksklava ("otoka") koja je pripadala Zapadnom Berlinu, a nalazila se usred sovjetske okupacijske zone odnosno poslije Njemačke Demokratske Republike
 ime jednog berlinskog kabarea, Die Insulaner
 ime brda šute u Berlin-Schönebergu, Insulaner (brdo)

Insulaner


La guanajuatita o frenzelita es un mineral de la clase de los minerales sulfuros, en la subclase de los seleniuros. Fue descubierta en 1873 por los químicos Vicente Fernández Rodríguez y Severo Navia en una mina de la sierra de Santa Rosa, cerca de Guanajuato (México), motivo por el que se le puso este nombre.

Características químicas
Es un seleniuro, a veces mezclado con sulfuro, de bismuto. Es un dimorfo en ortorrómbico del mineral denominado paraguanajuatita que es de sistema cristalino trigonal con la misma fórmula química (Bi2Se3). Como impureza es muy frecuente la presencia de azufre.

Formación y yacimientos
Se forma como secundario en yacimientos hidrotermales de temperatura entre baja y moderada.

Suele encontrarse asociado a otros minerales como: bismutita, bismuto nativo, clausthalita, nevskita, galena, pirita o calcita.

Los yacimientos más importantes de este mineral se encuentran en México, extrayéndose en la actualidad de las siguientes minas:
 Mina de Santa Catarina, en la sierra de Santa Rosa, municipio de Guanajuato, en el estado de Guanajuato.
 Mina La Industria, junto a la anterior en la sierra de Santa Rosa.
 Mina de Santa Bárbara, localidad de El Cobre, municipio de Tepezalá, en el estado de Aguascalientes

Usos
Se extrae en las minas como mena del metal de bismuto.

Referencias

 Guanajuatita, mindat.org.
 Guanajuatita, webmineral.com.
 Manual de guanajuatita, Mineral Data Publishing.

Minerales seleniuros
Minerales de bismuto
Sistema ortorrómbico
Minerales descubiertos en 1873
Minerales descubiertos en México en el siglo XIX
México en 1873
Estado de Guanajuato

Guanajuatita


Yedi kök soy veya Kök ırklar (), teozofist Helena Petrovna Blavatsky'nin Gizli Öğreti (1888) adlı kitabında anlattığı ezoterik kozmolojide insan evrimindeki aşamalardır.

Teozofi'de kullanılan bir terim olup Madam Blavatsky Dzyan kitabı'nı yazdı ve bu kitap 2 cilt'tir gibi Doğu'nun kadim metinlerinden yola çıkan Batı teozofisinin, dünya tarihini ve dünya insanının bedensel değişim sürecini açıklamak üzere ortaya attığı, bilimsel dayanağı olmayan bir teoriyi dile getirir. Bu teoriye göre, Dünya gezegeninde insan türü, bugünün insanının beşinci kök soyu oluşturduğu, "yedi kök soy" olarak belirtilen, yedi basamaklı bir süreç geçirmektedir.

Yedi kök soy süreci
Bu süreç ve önceki kök soylar hakkında teozofların iddiaları şöyle özetlenebilir:

 Esîrî alemdeki birinci kök soy: Dünya gezegeninde ilk insan bedenleri fiziksel alemde değil, esîrî alemde meydana getirilmişlerdi. Bunlara insan demek pek olanaklı değildi; çünkü insan bedeni formunda olmayan, hatta belirli bir biçimi olmayan esîrî yaratıklardı. Havadan değil, esîrden besleniyorlardı. "Adem'in yeryüzüne gelişinden önce mevcut olan bu düşünce projeksiyonları bir gölün sularındaki amibi andıracak biçimde, düşüncesinin yöneldiği yöne doğru hareket edebilme özelliğine sahipti." (Edgar Cayce) "Bu ilk kök soya Polarean soy adı verilir. Az çok eliptik forma sahip bu 'soy'un beyin gibi iç organları bulunmuyordu. Düşünme yetisine sahip değildi, algılaması bir tür dokunma duyusundan ibaretti, görme duyusu yoktu, fakat kulağa sahip olmasa da bir tür işitme duyusuna sahipti. Yaşamı güdülerden oluşuyordu. Ruhu kendisini sadece içgüdülerle, hazlarla, hayvani arzularla vb. ile ifade ediyordu. Bilinç durumu, rüyayı andırıyor, atıl bir yaşam sürüyordu." (Rudolf Steiner)
 Hyperborea'daki ikinci kök soy; Bu soya Hyperborean kök soy denir. Yeryüzünde ısının azalması maddelerin katılaşma sürecine girmesine neden oldu. Hermafrodit (çift cinsiyetli) olan bu ikinci kök soy bireyleri kendi kendilerini dölleyerek bir tür "kendiliğinden yumurtlama" tarzında ürüyorlardı. Sürmeye devam eden yoğunlaşmayla beraber boyları kısalmıştı, fakat günümüz insanına oranla dev boyutlardaydılar.
 Lemurya'daki (Mu kıtası) üçüncü kök soy: Üçüncü kök soyda, bu soyun kendi gelişim sürecinin orta zamanlarında meydana gelen "yoğunlaşmanın tamamlanması"yla iskelet, sinir, kas sistemi oluştu ve cinsiyetler ayrılarak, bilinen insan formu meydana geldi. Artık ciğerleriyle hava soluyabiliyorlardı. Esîrî alemden tümüyle çıkmışlardı. Üçüncü kök soyun dev boyutlarda olmalarından dolayı Lemuryalı devler denilen bireyleri artık bilinen cinsel yolla üreyecekti. Bilinç ve zihinsel etkinliğin geliştiği üçüncü kök soy bireyleri, iyice katılaşmış olmalarının ve dev bedenlerinin (3-4 metre) verdiği avantajla ilk kentlerini dev taşlardan inşa ettiler.
 Atlantis'teki dördüncü kök soy: Dördüncü kök soy Atlantis'te ortaya çıkmıştır. Lemuryalı atalarının bilmediği duyguları geliştirdiler. İlk Atlant dili, Lemurya'da yaşamış üçüncü kök soydaki gibi eklemlemeli (agglutinant ) bir dildi. (Türkçe yeryüzünde az sayıda olan eklemlemeli dillerden biridir.)
 İlk Atlantisliler'in sözleri bir anlama sahip olmalarının yanı sıra, psişik ve majik etkilere de sahip bulunuyordu; örneğin sözlerle bitkilerin büyümeleri hızlandırılabilir, vahşi hayvanları evcilleştirilebilirdi. Bu ilk Atlantisliler Atlantis'in birinci "alt soy"udur (Rmoahal'lar, her kök soy kendi içinde 'alt soy' kategorilerine ayrılır).
 Atlantisliler'in birer inisiye olan kral ve liderleri üçüncü "alt soy" döneminde ortaya çıktılar. Fakat bencillik ve güçlerin kötüye kullanımı da yine bu dönemde ortaya çıktı.
 Dördüncü "alt soy" döneminde Manu adındaki bir uzaylı, müritleriyle birlikte Orta Asya'ya çekildi. (Kimi teozoflara göre de, Atlantis'teki seçilmişlerin bir kısmı Nuh ve Rama adındaki iki uzaylı önderliğinde Orta Asya'ya, bir kısmı ise Mısır'a göç etmiştir.)
 Beşinci "alt soy" döneminde insanda mantıklı düşüncenin, yargılama yeteneğinin gelişmesine ve hesaplama ve sentezleme becerilerinin ilerlemesine karşın, buna ters orantılı bir şekilde, psişik gücü kullanma yeteneğinin gerilemesi, kısırlaşması söz konusu oldu.
 Zeka ve düşünce yeteneğinin iyice gelişmesiyle, altıncı "alt soy"da adalet ve hukuk düzenlemeleri ortaya çıktı.
 Yedinci "alt soy", Atlantis'in batışıyla birlikte, yerini bugünkü insanlığın oluşturduğu beşinci kök soya bırakmıştır.
 Beşinci kök soy son günlerini yaşamaktadır; bir ayıklanma olacak ve kalanlar, herkesin gerçek yerini bulacağı altıncı kök soyu oluşturacaktır. Maddenin kölesi olmaktan kurtulmuş ve psişik yeteneklerini kullanabilen bir insanlığın oluşturacağı altıncı kök soy, Altın Çağ'ı yeniden bulacak olan kök soydur. Evrim, yedinci kök soyla tamamlanacaktır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Mu kıtası
 Agarta
 Manu
 Atlantis

Dış bağlantılar
 Abydos'taki (Mısır) Seti-I tarafından inşasına başlanan tapınakta 4 farklı taşıtın resmedildiği ileri sürülen kabartmalar.

Kaynakça
 Kozmik Hafıza, Rudolf Steiner, Dharma Yayınları
 Visions de l'Atlantide,Edgar Cayce, J'ai lu

Teozofi

Yedi kök soy


Aile veya ocak, toplumun en küçük birimi olarak kabul edilen sosyal bir yapı. En küçük, yani "çekirdek" olarak adlandırılan bir aile; baba, anne ve çocuklardan oluşur.

Çekirdek ailedeki çocukların kendi aileleri dışındaki bireylerle evlenmesiyle yeni bir çekirdek aile ortaya çıkar. Ama aile sözcüğünün bundan daha geniş bir anlamı da vardır. Daha çok sayıda akrabadan oluşan bir birimi, hatta bir soyu ya da sülaleyi tanımlamak için de aile sözcüğü kullanılır.

"Aile" sözcüğü günlük dilde çok değişik grupları tanımlamak için de kullanılır. Örneğin "Bu bir aile toplantısıdır." dendiğinde, o toplantıda yalnızca akrabaların bulunabileceği anlaşılır. Bunlar, amcalar, dayılar, teyzeler, halalar, yeğenler ve evlilik bağıyla aileye katılmış kişiler olabilir. Bütün bunlar bize, "aile" kavramının her zaman evliliğe ya da ortak atalara dayalı ilişkileri kapsadığını göstermektedir.

Toplumsal bir kurum olan aile yüzyıllar boyunca birçok evrim geçirmiş, aile yapısıyla birlikte akraba ilişkileri, evlilik anlayışı ve genel davranış şekillerinde de birçok değişiklikler görülmüştür. Geçmişten bugüne geniş aileden çekirdek aileye ve çekirdek aileden de tek ebeveynli aileye doğru bir evrim olduğu bilinmektedir.

Köken bilgisi
Aile kelimesi Türkçeye, Arapça عائلة /'ā'ile/ kelimesinden geçmiştir. Türkçede aile anlamında bark, eş, ev, hanedan, karı, kodak, ocak, odbaşı, sülale gibi sözcükler de bulunmaktadır. Anadolu ağızlarında aile anlamına gelen ayol, ceme, cibi, çanfır, çıba, çoluk, genekop, hızan, mahluh, mavul, ocağ, oruk, şenlik, tayfa, tutun, uruk, üdegi gibi sözcükler tespit edilmiştir.

Aile ve evlilik
Birçok toplumda ailenin temelini evlilik oluşturur. Hemen hemen bütün ülkelerde ailenin kurulması ve aile birliğinin bozulması yasalarla düzenlenmiştir. Bugün birçok ülkede evlilikler tek eşlidir. Bu, evlilik bağının yalnızca bir erkek ile bir kadın arasında kurulabileceği anlamına gelir. Evlilik, bir erkek ve bir kadın ile kurulabileceği gibi, günümüzde eşcinsel evliliklerin yasal olduğu ülkelerde iki kadın ya da iki erkek arasında da kurulabilir. Bu tür evliliklere monogami denir. Oysa bazı ülkelerde bir erkek birden çok kadınla, bir kadın birden çok erkekle evlenebilir. Çok eşli bu tür evliliklere poligami denir.

Bir erkeğin birden çok kadınla evliliğine polijini adı verilir. Bu tür evlilikte aynı evin içinde her kadının kendi çocuklarıyla birlikte oturduğu ayrı birimler oluşur. Bu geleneğe bazı Asya ve Afrika ülkelerinde, özellikle zenginler arasında yaygın olarak rastlanır. Buna karşılık bazı toplumlarda, örneğin Hindistan'daki Todalar ve Nayarlar arasında kadınların birden çok erkekle evlenmesi olağandır. Buna da poliandri denir.

Evlilik türleri ve evliliğin tanınması toplumdan topluma değişiklik göstermektedir. Modern toplumda resmi nikâhla ve dini nikâhla evliliğin yapıldığı görülmektedir. Evliliğin düğün ve törenlerle yapılması evlenen kişilerin evliliğinin toplum tarafından onaylandığını ve kabul edildiğini göstermektedir.

Aile yapısı zamana ve mekana göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Üyelerin sayıları ve aile içindeki rolleri de toplumdan topluma değişiklik göstermektedir. Kırsal bölgelerde kuşaklar arası etkileşimin fazla olduğu geniş aileler bulunmaktadır. Geniş aile anne, baba, çocuk, nine, dede, vb. aile bireylerinin bulunduğu kişilerden oluşmaktadır. Geleneksel ailede birden fazla kuşak bir arada yaşamlarını sürdürürler. Çekirdek aile ise anne, baba ve çocuktan oluşur. Günümüz de geleneksel aileden çıkıp çekirdek aileye geçen birçok insanın akrabalık ilişkilerinde zayıflama görülmektedir. Ayrıca, çekirdek aile sayısı arttıkça genç nüfusun endüstri merkezlerine göç etme oranı da artmıştır.

Türkiye'de aile
Eski Türk toplumlarında aile büyük önem taşırdı. Tek eşli evlilik temeline dayanan ailelerde kadın ile erkek arasında eşitlik vardı. Türklerin İslam dinini benimsemesinden sonra, ailenin yapısı bu dinin etkisiyle değişti. Bu ailede erkek, mutlak egemenlik ve dört kadınla evlenebilme hakkı kazandı. Bu gelenek Cumhuriyet dönemine kadar sürdü. 1926'da kabul edilen Türk Medeni Kanunu, çok eşliliğe son verip tek eşli evliliğe dayanan aile yapısını yasalaştırdı.

Türkiye'nin kırsal kesimlerinde geleneksel geniş aile tipi yaygındır. Bununla birlikte, özellikle iç göçler ve kentleşme nedeniyle geniş aileler parçalanarak yerlerini çekirdek ailelere bırakmaktadır. Ancak Türk aile yapısına ilişkin belgeler ve araştırma sonuçları bu çeşitliliğe rağmen Türk ailesinin temel karakteristiklerini koruduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bunlar;
 Çekirdek aile yapısı,
 Tek eşle evlilik,
 Farklı derecelerde de olsa baba otoritesi,
 Güçlü aile bağları ve akrabalık ilişkileri,
 Yardımlaşma ve dayanışma geleneğidir.

Çekirdek aile

Çağdaş toplumlarda, yeni evlenen çiftler genellikle baba evinden ayrılarak yeni bir evde yaşamaya başlarlar. Oysa bundan yüz, iki yüz yıl önce yeni evliler, damadın ya da gelinin ailesin yanında otururlardı. Anne, baba, kızlar, damatlar, oğullar, gelinler ve torunların aynı çatı altında yaşadığı böyle ailelere geniş aile deniyordu. Bu gelenek, tarıma dayalı geleneksel yapısını koruyan birçok toplumda bugün de sürmektedir.

Sanayileşmiş çağdaş toplumlarda, özellikle kentlerde geniş aileler yerini giderek küçük ailelere bırakmıştır. Anne, baba ve evlenmemiş çocuklardan oluşan bu küçük ailelere çekirdek aile denir. Çekirdek aile, yalnız birey sayısıyla değil yapısıyla da geniş aileden çok farklıdır. Çekirdek aile, kentlerdeki yaşam ve üretim koşullarına bağlı olarak doğmuştur. Kırsal kesimde aile, çoğu kez bütün bireylerin birlikte çalışıp birlikte ürettikleri ekonomik bir birimdir. Ama aile kentlerde bu özelliğini yitirir. Aile bireyleri, üretimin aile dışında yapılmasından dolayı, ev dışında çalışarak bağımsız hale gelirler. Bu durum, geniş ailedeki katı alt-üst ilişkilerini ortadan kaldırır ve ailede daha eşitlikçi ilişkilerin oluşmasını sağlar. Çocukların bilgi ve beceri edinmelerini, toplumla bütünleşmelerini sağlama işlevini üstlenen aile, bireyin geleceğinin bir parçasıdır.

Aile çeşitleri

Ataerkil aileler
 Aile içinde otorite babaya aittir. Kararları baba alır ve uygular.
 Soy babadan gelir.
 Kadın hakları çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı kısıtlanmıştır.
 Kadınların mirastan pay alma hakkı yoktur.
 Baba istediği kadar kadınla evlenebilir. -Bu duruma Polijini denir-
 Ailede dinsel ve geleneksel kurallar hakimdir.

Anaerkil aileler
 Aile içinde otorite anneye aittir. Kararları anne alır ve uygular.
 Soy anneden gelir.
 Kadın hakları artmıştır. Buna karşılık ise erkek hakları kısıtlanmıştır.
 Poliandri evlilik yaygındır.
 Ailede dinsel ve geleneksel kurallar hakimdir.
 Aile reisi sembolik olarak dayıdır.

Modern aileler
 Aile içindeki otorite kadın ile erkek arasında paylaşılmıştır.
 Soy hem anadan hem de babadan gelir.
 Aile içi iletişim ve genel hayat düzeni karşılıklı eşitlik ilkesine dayanır.
 Bu aile tipi çağdaş toplumlarda görülür.

Aile ve boşanma
Çağdaş bir toplumun getirdiği sorunlar çoğu kez aile yaşamında gerilimlere yol açar. Bu gerilimler ana babaları boşanmaya kadar götürebilir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde boşanma oranının giderek artması, çağdaş ailenin başarılı olmadığı görüşünü yaygınlaştırmaktadır. Dünyanın birçok yerinde, ana babalarının ayrılmasından etkilenen çocukların sayısı sürekli artmaktadır. Boşanma sonucunda çocukların bakımı anneye ya da babaya kalmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda son yıllarda anne-çocuk ya da baba-çocuktan oluşan yeni bir aile tipi ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu beraberlik, boşanma anından başlayıp çocuğa bakan annenin ya da babanın yeniden evlenmesine kadar süren bir ilişkidir. Boşanmanın insanları evlenmekten caydırmadığı da bir gerçektir. Boşananların çoğu, genellikle kendileri gibi boşanmış kişilerle yeniden evlenmektedirler. Ne var ki kadının ve erkeğin ilk evliliklerinden olan çocuklarına, ikinci evlilikten "yeni" çocukların katılmasıyla aile içi ilişkiler daha sorunlu hale gelmektedir.

Modern öncesi toplumlarda evliliklerin bozulmaz bir bağ içinde görülmesi nedeniyle evliliğin sonlanması, çok nadir olaylardan biri olarak görülüyordu. Bugün ise endüstrileşmeyle birlikte şiddetli geçimsizlikten dolayı boşanmaların arttığı görülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Social Determinants of Attitudes Towards Women's Premarital Sexuality Among Female Turkish University Students

Kaynakça

Aile