Ilam Province (; ,) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers , while sharing  of the border with Iraq, and also bordering on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan. The largest city and also the provincial capital is Ilam.

At the time of the National Census in 2006, the population of Ilam province was 530,464 in 110,515 households. The following census in 2011 counted 557,599 people in 135,499 households. As of the 2016 census, the population of the province was 580,158 people in 159,310 households, the least populated province in Iran.

Etymology
The etymology of Ilam, a province in Iran, is deeply rooted in the historical legacy of the region. The name "Ilam" finds its origins in the ancient civilization of Elam, which thrived in the areas of present-day southwest Iran for over two millennia, spanning from 2700 to 539 BC.

The region that is now known as Ilam had a different name for an extended period in history. It was referred to as 'Poshtkouh,' and together with 'Pishkouh,' it was a part of the larger Lorestan region. At one point during its history, when Hossein Qoli Khan ruled over Poshtkouh, it was also identified as 'Hossein-Abad.'

A significant transformation in the nomenclature of this area occurred during the reign of Reza Shah in September 1929. This change was initiated with the approval of the Cabinet of the time. In this historic decision, 'Hossein-Abad' village was officially renamed 'Ilam.' The purpose behind this renaming was to pay homage to the grandeur and significance of the ancient civilization of Elam, which had left an indelible mark on the region's history and culture.

Subsequently, in 1937, Ilam was officially designated as a town, solidifying its status as a distinct and significant region within Iran. This act of renaming and recognition not only highlighted the historical importance of the area but also symbolized a connection between the contemporary identity of Ilam and its illustrious past, where the legacy of the Elamite civilization still resonates today.

The renaming of 'Hossein-Abad' to 'Ilam' serves as a testament to the enduring influence of ancient civilizations on modern cultures and underscores the rich tapestry of history that continues to shape the identity of regions around the world.

Demographics

Ilam Province has a diverse linguistic presence, albeit having the smallest population in Iran. This diversity derives from the geographical location of the province, positioned in the transitional zone between Kurdish and the Southwestern Iranian language bloc. The predominant language is Kurdish, more specifically the Southern Kurdish dialects Kalhori, Elami, Malekshahi, Laki and the Khezeli dialect closely related to Laki. Kurdish is the dominant language in the cities of Ilam, Mehran, Eyvan, Abdanan, Sarableh, Lumar and Pahleh, and Cheshmeh-ye Shirin Shah Ahmad is the southern-most Kurdish-speaking settlement in the province.

Luri is spoken in the southern parts of the province and is the predominant language in Murmuri, Haft Cheshmeh and many smaller villages. The city of Darreh Shahr has a Luri-speaking majority with a significant Kurdish-speaking minority. Two linguistically distinctive Luri dialects called Hinimini and Shuhani are also spoken in the province. Shahrak-e Changuleh is the largest Shuhani-speaking settlement, while Hinimini is spoken in and around Zarangush.

Arabic is spoken in smaller settlements near the border to Khuzestan Province including in Shahrak-e Zu ol Faqari.

Religion
As of 2011, 99.62% of the population are Muslim.

Kurdish tribes
The north is mostly inhabited by the Kurdish Kalhuri and Feyli tribes. The Feyli tribes include the Malekshahi, Khezel, Arkawâzi, Beyrey, Shuhan and Ali Sherwan tribes.

Geography

Ilam province, with an area of , is the 22nd largest province in Iran. It is located in the southwest of the country, in Central Zagros, and is bordered by Iraq to the west, Khuzestan province to the south, Lorestan province to the east, and Kermanshah province to the north.

Ilam province is situated at the southwestern edge of Zagros mountains and right at the transition between the Arabian and the Iranian plateaus. Because of this, it is divided into two distinct natural areas; The northern and eastern parts are mountainous, whereas the southwest is covered with low plains that extend to the Iraqi and Khuzestan borders.

The mountains in the north and east are mostly parallel, running in the northwest–southeast direction. These mountains are separated by plains and rolling hills that are mostly used to grow crops and orchards by settlers.

The most prominent mountain in Ilam province is Kabir Kouh, which is located in the eastern part of the province, stretching 160 km from near Pol-e Zal in the southeast to Mishkhas village near Ilam city in the northwest. The highest point in province, Kan Seifi peak with  above sea level, is part of Kabir Kouh range.

Other major mountains include:

 Manesht and Qolarang near Ilam;
 Sharah-Zoul and Bankoul in Eywan;
 Qalajeh and Ahuran in Chardavol;
 Dinar Kouh, in Abdanan;
 Anaran and Siah Kouh in central Dehloran;
 Laneh and Charmin near Lumar; and,
 Chaman-Ghir and Sivan near Mishkhas.

Contrary to the north, the south and southwestern part of the province is covered with low-lying plains with elevation varying between  above sea level. Despite receiving little precipitation, large areas of these low lands, notably Dehloran, Musian and Dasht Abbas, are cultivated owing to a combination of factors such as rivers flowing from the mountains to the east, dams and irrigation networks.

The Ghamasiab river, after running through Kermanshah province, flows toward Ilam. Upon arriving at the point where the borders of Ilam, Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces meet, it is named Seymareh. It then flows west and southward and somewhere near Kal Sefid Village, Darreh Shahr, is joined by the Kashkan river and together they create the Karkheh river, the third longest river in Iran with a length of around 755 km. Seymareh and Karkheh constitute the Ilam's eastern border with Lorestan province.

Because of the terrain, the permanent and seasonal rivers and stream that originate from Ilam highlands either fall into Seymareh, such as Chardavol, Garab, Seekan, Darreh Shahr and Majeen rivers; or, flow westward toward the low lands and into Iraq and Khuzestan, such as Ghanghir, Ghodar-Khosh, Kanjan-Cham, Roud Ghavi, Changouleh Meymeh, Murmuri, Doiraj and Siah Ghav rivers.

Apart from some few springs here and there, such as Siah-Ghav Twin Lakes near Abdanan, there are no major natural bodies of water in the province. There are, however, four dam that provide important drinking water, these include Ilam, Seymareh, Eywan and Doiraj dams.

Biodiversity

Flora
With about 31% of its territory covered with scattered to dense forests of mostly Persian oak, Ilam ranks 3rd in the country after Kohgiluyeh and Lorestan provinces, excluding the northern provinces of Mazandarn and Gilan. The highlands and the forests of the province are the habitat of many animals including the Asian black bear, Caracal, Caucasian squirrel, Eastern imperial eagle, Golden eagle, Black kite, Black stork, Blunt-nosed viper, and the endangered Persian leopard. Ilam is home to the endangered Spider-tailed horned viper, a unique species only found in Ilam province in the world.

More than  of the province, around 31% of its territory, is covered with scattered to dense forests. This is about one third of the total forests in the Zagros Mountains. The predominant species of these forests are Persian oak, though other trees such as wild almond, hawthorn, Persian turpentine, Montpellier maple and Judas can be found.

The Arghavan Canyon near Ilam is known for the pink blooms of the Judas-trees, which flower in Spring.

Fauna

Due to its geographical location, natural conditions and the diversity of its habitats, Ilam province is home to 32 mammals and 183 birds. The mountainous areas, specifically, host mammals such as:

wild goat, Asiatic mouflon, Argali, goitered gazelle;
 the endangered Persian leopard and Asiatic cheetah;
 as well as Caracal, Eurasian lynx, Asian black bear, Brown bear, wolf, Golden jackal, Red fox and wild boar; and,
 smaller species such as Caucasian squirrel, rabbits, Long-eared hedgehog, European hedgehog, Indian crested porcupine and weasels.

Ilam province is only area in the world in which the spider-tailed horned viper can be found.

Nature conservatories

About 13% of the total territory of Ilam province is under the protection and monitoring of local and national natural reserves organizations. There are four protected areas, which in total, cover :

In addition to the protected areas mentioned above, there is:

"Tang-e Bina and Bijar" hunting prohibited area: around  in area, near Chavar;

"Arghavan Valley forest reserve" near Ilam city: known for its pink spring blossoms of Judas tree; and,

"Largh forest reserve": known for its Pterocarya fraxinifolia trees. These trees are usually found in the rain forests of Northern Iran, but surprisingly grow in this small patch of land in "Lart Valley" near Badreh.

And two nationally registered natural heritage sites:
 Razyaneh Canyon: a deep and narrow canyon carved by streams in the rock beds near Chenar Bashi,  deep,  in width,  long; and,
 Dehloran: an  area near Dehloran that includes hot water and bitumen springs, as well as 'bat caves'.

Landslides

One of the largest landslides in the eastern hemisphere and world is believed to have occurred in Ilam Province, more specifically, in the Kabir Kuh anticline at Gorz-e Langar in Darreh Shahr county. According to Harrison and Falcon in their article on Royal Geographical Society, published in 1937, the Seymareh landslide moved as much as  of rock as far as . It is suspected that an earthquake could have triggered such a large landslide.

Climate

Due to the influence of various factors such as altitude, proximity to the Arabian desert, the plains of Khuzestan and Iraq, the climate of the province is very diverse.

Different atmospheric systems affect the province, causing fall, winter, spring, and occasionally summer precipitation. The Mediterranean and Black Sea air masses from the west, trigger autumn and winter rains in the province.

The Red Sea and Saudi desert currents, too, bring winter and spring rains. The very same currents and the vast Iraqi plain to the west are the main causes of hot weather in summers. On the other hand, the northern air masses entering the country in winter from Siberia lower the temperatures and cause freezing in northern parts of the province.

Ilam province is considered as one of the tropical regions of the country, but due to difference in altitudes, temperature and precipitation, three different types of climate can be observed:

 Mountainous areas of the north and northeast, which have cold climate and long winters. The minimum temperature in winter reaches  and the amount of precipitation exceeds  per year.
 The plains of the west and southwest of the province have dry hot climate. The maximum temperature in these areas can exceed . The rainfall in these areas is about  per year.
 Other areas have temperature to warm climate with hot summers and mild winters. Temperatures can go as low as  in higher altitudes and in summers it can go above  in lower altitudes. Annual precipitation in these areas varies between  and .

Flood

Occasional heavy rainstorms in spring and autumn bring, sometimes, huge floods. The steep slopes of Zagros Mountains, soil type, lack of vegetation are among some of the reasons why Ilam province is prone to flooding. Moreover, majority of communities in Ilam province are located in the floodplains, at the foothills of mountains, on river banks and near sources of water, so there is always risk of flooding with potential human and financial costs. According to the available statistics, Mehran and Dehloran counties are at the highest risk of flooding due to their lower elevation compared to the rest of the province and the subsequent concentration and joining of rivers and streams.

The latest flood happened in March and April 2019, in which most of country, including Ilam province, experienced levels of flooding. On April 1, 2019, the flood destructed many bridges including the Gavmishan bridge in Darreh Shahr, an important bridge over Karkheh River which connects south of the province to Lorestan and rest of the country. The bridge was reopened months later on October 6, 2019.

Dust
Ilam is occasionally affected by dust, especially in summers. It has become more frequent in the last ten years. The cities of Mehran and Dehloran are at the highest risk in the province, due to lower elevation and proximity to the deserts of Iraq and Saudi Arabia. However, in case of large dust storms, the western part of the country could be affected. The successive droughts of the recent decade in Iran and the long wars in Iraq and Syria have also exacerbated the issue.

History

Pre-history
The name "Ilam" comes from "Elam", the pre-historic civilization that ruled the area in modern southwest Iran from 2700 BC to 539 BC. Archaeological findings dates human settlement of the area to around 5000 BC.

Ashurbanipal, the then king of Assyria, invaded Elam in 639 BC and totally destroyed it. Although not as united as before, the Elamites survived and continued to live in the area after the invasion. Between 612 and 546 BC, Elam was incorporated into the Median Empire and later into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC. During the Achaemenid Empire, Elam lost its independence forever and became the third province of the empire after Persis and Media.

During the reign of the Medes, Achaemenids, Seleucids and Parthians, owing to its proximity to the districts of Hamadan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and, most notably, Susa, the area and its settlements took on importance.

During the Sassanid era, the present-day Ilam was composed of two states: Mehrjanqazaq in the east, which was the modern day Darreh Shahr and Masbasan in the west.

Arab reign
After the Muslims conquest of Mesopotamia in 640 AD, the Arabs named the area the "Land of the Mountains," or "Jibal". During the Arabs' rule, the kingdom of Jibal, whose capital was Seymareh, was one of the territories under the control of Baghdad and Basra, and lasted until 961 CE.

The Rashidun Caliphate conquered Mesopotamia by 640 CE and later the whole Sasanid Empire by 643 CE and kept the control until their collapse in 661 CE. Prior to their collapse, civil war had taken over the caliphate, after which Muawiyah faction won and thus established the Umayyad Caliphate. The Umayyad controlled the area until their own collapse in 750 AD, after which the Abbasid Caliphate took over and reigned for around two hundred years until 945 CE. After conquering the western Iran in 945 CE, the Buyid Dynasty ruled over this area until 1055.

Kurdish reign
For 270 years, between 1155 and 1424, the reigned the Zagros Mountains, especially areas around Lorestan. Hazaraspids who are also known as Lorestan Atabegs were composed of two groups, the Little Lor, who were mostly of Lor descent and Big Lor Atabegs who were of Kurdish descent. The former controlled parts of present-day provinces of Markazi, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Khuzestan and Ilam.

From 961 to 1015, the Ḥasanwayhid dynasty ruled over western Iran under the influence of the Buyid Dynasty. Centred at Dinawar, near present-day Kermanshah, Hasanwyhids, Kurdish Muslims with ties to the Kurdish Barzikani tribe, controlled central areas of the Zagros Mountains. At its greatest extent, the dynasty included the modern-day areas around Khorramabad, Borujerd, Nahavand, Asadabad, Borujerd, Ahwaz, Ilam, Kermanshah, Hulwan and Kirkuk. The Ḥasanwayhid dynasty was overthrown by the Annazids, who, with help of the Buyid dynasty, controlled the area until their collapse in 1116 CE.

Khorshidi dynasty

The capital of Little Lor was Shapourkhwast or the modern-day Khorramabad, especially the Falak-ol-Aflak Castle. The Little Lor Atabegs or the Khorshidi dynasty ruled over the area for over 412 years, from 1184 to 1597 CE, after which Shah Abbas the Great executed the last ruler, Shahverdi Khan, and replaced Shahverdi's nephew, Hossein Beyg/Khan, thus ending the rule of Little Lor and beginning of the Vali/Wali dynasty also known as Feyli Vali.

Qajar era (1789-1925)
During the Qajar era, Lorestan was divided into two regions: Poshtkoh (present-day Ilam province) with the center of Ilam city and Pishkouh (present-day Lorestan) with the center of Khorramabad. Poshtkhouh literally means "back of mountain" and it was due to the fact that Ilam was situated at the westernmost parts of the Zagros Mountains and to the rest of the country it was plainly considered at the back of mountains.

From that point on, Ilam was ruled independently from Lorestan, and the governor reported directly to the central government, thereby ending Lorestan control of Ilam and Poshtkouh. The two districts were later renamed "Deh-e Bala" and "Deh-e Pa'een", which basically means the upper and lower villages. During the rule of Hossein Qoli Khan over "Deh-e Bala" (1863-1900 CE), it was renamed to "Hossein-Abad Poshtkuh".

The Vali Castle of Ilam was built by the next Vali, Gholamreza Khan Feyli, in 1908. The castle is now a nationally registered heritage and also the Ilam Museum of Anthropology.

20th century
Following the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah suppressed the local governments to consolidate his dominance. In 1928, the government forces took over Poshtkouh and Gholamreza Khan Feyli, the last Feyli governor left Poshtkouh with any resistance and went to Iraq, thus abolishing the rule of the Feylis in Ilam after 332 years. A year later, in 1929, "Hossein-Abad" was renamed to "Ilam" by the suggestion of Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

On November 7, 1937, the parliament passed a law on the political division of the country under the title of "Act of Division of the Country and the Duties of the Governors", thereby dividing the country into 6 provinces and 50 counties. Poshtkouh, being a county, was part of the "West Province".

The 1937 political division law did not last long and a while later on January 9, 1938, an amendment was passed which divided the country into 10 province and 49 counties. Based on the new division, "Ilam" was a county of the "Fifth Province".

In 1964, Darreh Shahr, Abdanan and Dehloran from Lorestan province and Mousian from Khuzestan were annexed to Ilam, thus upping its status to "general governorate" as part of the Kermanshah Province. Ilam subsequently became a province in March 1974.

After the Islamic Revolution, Ilam was of the main battlegrounds of the Iran-Iraq war for years. The war began with the Iraqi invasion of western and southwestern parts of Iran on September 22, 1980. As a border province, Ilam was a constant target for the Iraqi bombing campaign and suffered heavily in terms of economic infrastructure. The war left Ilam province devastated for years, making it one of the least developed provinces in Iran.

Administrative divisions

The province of Ilam is divided into 12 counties, 28 districts and 52 rural districts. Following the approval of the government cabinet, Holeylan County was established on 4 January 2020, having been a district of Chardavol County prior to that, becoming the 11th county of the province. Chavar District was separated from Ilam County and elevated to county status.

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 395,263 people (over 68% of the population of Ilam province) live in the following cities: Abdanan 23,946, Arkavaz 11,977, Asemanabad 6,280, Badreh 4,278, Balavah 264, Chavar 5,831, Darreh Shahr 21,900, Dehloran 32,941, Delgosha 1,819, Eyvan 31,299, Ilam 194,030, Lumar 2,696, Majin 1,512, Mehr 1,060, Mehran 17,435, Meymeh 1,913, Murmuri 3,768, Musian 2,459, Pahleh 3,870, Salehabad 1,751, Sarab Bagh 2,659, Sarableh 12,393, Shabab 4,088, Towhid 2,128, and Zarneh 2,966.

Ilam province is the least populated province in Iran. Ilam, the provincial capital, is the only city in the province and has a population of 194,030; All other towns have less than 35,000 population.

Culture
The original inhabitants of Ilam were the Guitians and the Kassites, and with the arrival of the Aryans in Iran, the Medes settled in the Zagros region. Throughout history, many people have settled and ruled in the region and as the result, today, Ilam is inhabited by Kurds, Lurs, Laks and Arabs. For the same reasons, the culture of the Ilamians is diverse, mostly a blend of many cultures.

Handicrafts

Embossed kilim is a combination of simple kilim and carpet knot in its text, which is considered as the most important and original handicraft in Ilam province. Ilam's embossed kilim is different from other parts of the country. Upon its creation by Sahar Chalanghar, a resident of Zanjireh village of Sarableh county, Ilam's embossed kilim became popular both in Iran and the world. Now, there are more than 4,500 weavers of this specific type of kilim in Ilam province, producing around 3,000m2 annually. It is estimated that around 50% of those involved in all handicrafts work in Ilam province are in the field of kilim production.

"Ilam's embossed kilim" is different from other parts of the country because a weaver named "Sahar Chalangar", a resident of Zanjireh village (one of the functions of Sarablah city of Ilam province), succeeds in performing a prominent role in a part of his woven kilim by using a carpet knot. From this, a background is provided for the growth and promotion of embossed kilims. Ilam's embossed kilim has received a national hologram and has been registered as a souvenir and brand of Ilam province. Ilam was subsequently appointed as the national capital of embossed kilim.

Cuisine

Ilam's cuisine, like its culture is a blend of Kurdish and Lurish cuisines. Some of the local traditional dishes are:

Government
The highest government authority of the province is the governor-general, who is appointed by the Minister of Interior given cabinet approval. The governor-general, subsequently appoints county governors. The incumbent governor-general is Qasem Soleimani Dashtaki, who has been in office since October 2017.

Economy
With about 0.99% contribution to the national GDP as of 2016, Ilam is one of the least developed provinces in Iran, ranked 26th out of 31. Most economic activities in the province are focused on agriculture and animal husbandry in the rural communities; and, skilled trades, public and private services in urban areas. The industry has a small share in the economy of the province and there are few factories.

Agriculture

The largest sector of Ilam's economy is agriculture, though much smaller compared to other provinces of Iran. There are more than 55,000 farmers in Ilam province. It is estimated that, about 50% of all households in the province are either directly or indirectly involved in agricultural activities.

In 2018 harvest year,  of land (11.1% of the territory of Ilam province) were cultivated for various crops such as wheat, barley, forage maize, corn, watermelon, melon and cucumber, producing 700,732 tons of produce in total, 14% through dry farming. Ilam is the bottom 3rd province in the country in terms of crop yield at 3.14 tons per hectare, only surpassing Kohgiluyeh and Kurdestan. For comparison, the average yield is 9.88 tons per hectare and highest is 25.64 tons per hectare in Alborz province.

The farming lands of Ilam, like its geography, are divided; The northern and eastern parts of the province are mountainous and despite the presence of water resources, cultivable lands are limited to inter-mountain plains, foothills and river banks; On the contrary, the hot climate plains of the south and southwest such as Hojandan-Dasht, Amir-Abad, Mehran, Mosian, Dehloran and Dasht-Abbas, are large in size but limited in water resources.

As of 2019, the total area of all orchards in Ilam province was , making it the last in the country. In total, these orchards produced 15,409 tons of fruits, or 0.1% of the country's production. The most grown horticultural products are: grapes, walnut, pomegranate, peach, olive and fig.

Industry

The industry sector of Ilam's economy is poorly-developed even non-existent; As of 2017, the total number of industrial workshops (ten or more employees) in the province is just 52, 85% of which have under 50 employees. These workshops have 3,350, almost completely (96%) male, employees in total, accounting to a mere 0.6% of Ilam's population. As a comparison, the number of the same type of workshops is 6,806 for Tehran and 3,892 for Isfahan provinces, indicating how underdeveloped Ilam's industry sector is. According to the latest statistics, Ilam is the least industrial province in Iran. In recent years, some efforts went into stimulating Ilam's industry by building industrial towns and areas, providing encouraging opportunities for businesses such as cheaper land, utilities and tax. Since 2005, 8 such towns and 5 areas have been built.

The largest companies in Ilam province are:

 Ilam Cement Company
 Ilam Petrochemical Company
 Ilam Gas Treating Company
 Madakto Steel Cord
 Sepid Morgh Manesht Industrial Slaughterhouse
 Atena Steel Manufacturing Company
 Ilam Syringe Production Company
 Pouyanakh Thread Manufacturing Company
 Koulak Mineral Water Company
 Several flour companies

Energy
With an estimated 14 trillion m3 of gas reserves and 17 billion barrels of oil reserve, equal to 6% and 11% of Iran's reserves respectively, Ilam ranks 2nd and 3rd in the country in terms of gas and oil. Ilam province produces more than 230,000 barrels of oil per day and 1.5 billion cubic meters of gas per year, accounting to about 90% of western Iran's oil and gas, making Ilam the energy hub of western Iran. The most important oil and gas fields in Ilam are: Dehloran, Tang-e Bijar, Chashmeh Khosh, Paydar-e Gharb, Azar and Danan. Despite the huge oil and gas reserves in the province, there are few downstream processing plants including:

Mining
Ilam province is part of the Zagros sedimentary structure and is completely covered with sedimentary rocks of different ages. In other words, there are no phenomena of magmatism and metamorphism in the province. Therefore, the province's metal mineral reserves are negligible. There are, however, substantial non-metallic reserves of gypsum, limestone, sandstone, dolomite, shale, bitumen, celestine, building stone and facade stone. The province's gypsum is more than 99 percent pure and can be found in colossal amounts in Dehloran, Mehran and Bouli of Abdanan. Dehloran Gypsum Factory produces a premium quality product in the country.

The limestone reserves are also very significant in size and very high in purity (93-99.9%). Ilam Cement Factory, founded 1989 to use these mines, produces one of the finest cements in Iran and has won many national and international awards. There are also large amounts of celestine discovered northwest of Dehloran. Celestine is used in oil well drilling industry.

The most valuable mineral in the province is bitumen. It is found as gilsonite and has a purity of more than 70%. Bitumen is found in Eyvan, Dehloran and Malekshahi counties. Ilam province is the 2nd province in the country in terms of production and reserves of bitumen. Eyvan has the largest reserves of bitumen in the province and is considered the largest bitumen mine in the Middle East. Ilam's bitumen reserves are estimated at 465,000 tons proven and likely up to 900,000 tons. In some places in the province, liquid bitumen seeps to the ground and creates springs. "Dehloran Bitumen Spring" is a nationally registered natural monument in Iran.

Salt stone has been recovered in Baloutestan area of Zarin Abad. There's also veins of blue salt excavated near Dashtalak (Mimak) and Majeen (Darreh Shahr).

Given the geology of the province, building stones can also found in large amounts; White and black marble stone have been discovered near the city of Ilam.

About 2.2 million tons of mineral were excavated in 2019 and Ilam's reserves are estimated at around 1 billion tons.

Education
The provincial department of education, in line with the Ministry of Education, supervises elementary and secondary education in the province. Higher education is supervised by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran). As of 2019, there were 1778 schools and 112,503 students and 26,804 higher education students. As of 2016, the literacy rate in Ilam province was 89.1% for men and 80.6% for women.

Higher education institutes in Ilam province:
 Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Ilam University
 Islamic Azad University of Ilam
 Payame Noor University of Ilam
Farhanghian University of Ilam:
Campus of Shahid Modares
Campus of Imam Jafar Sadegh
Technical and Vocational University of Ilam
University of Applied Science and Technology - Ilam Province Branch
Bakhtar Higher Institution of Education

Healthcare
As of 2018, Ilam has one of the highest ratios of number of general practitioners to population in the country, ranking 2nd. There are 3.48 GPs per 10,000 population in Ilam province, the average of the country being 2.37. Ilam also has the highest ratio of dentists in the country.

Despite the positively looking statistics when compared with other provinces, the medical facilities and expertise are unequally distributed in Ilam province; Ilam, the capital, serves as the medical hub in the province, hosting majority of hospitals, medical laboratories and specialist: Six of the 12 hospitals in the province; 23 of the 60 medical laboratories; 18 out of the 19 medical nuclear institutes; 123 out of the 189 specialists; all the post-specialist and professional doctorates; 13 out of 14 pharmacologists; and, the only medical university in the province are in Ilam.

The most prominent hospitals of the province are:

 Imam Khomeini Hospital
 Mostafa Khomeini Hospital
 Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital
 Kosar Private Hospital and Maternity Ward
 Ghaem Private Hospital and Maternity Ward

Transportation

Air
Compared to the rest of the country, Ilam is under-developed in term of transportation. The Ilam Airport is the only airport in the province. With 2850 sorties, 215,799 passengers and around , Ilam Airport ranked 21st in the country and 2nd to Kermanshah Airport in the western region. Built in 1996, Ilam Airport has regular flights to Tehran and Mashhad. In 2016, the airport was upgraded to international status (controlled airspace) and started a weekly service to Najaf.

Road
As of 2019, there are only  of highway in Ilam province:

  Road 17: Connecting Eslamabad-e Gharb to Mehran through Eyvan and Ilam.
  Road 19: Connecting Eslamabad-e Gharb to Road 37 near Pol-e Dokhtar in Lorestan with a small section of it passing through the northeastern bulge of Ilam province, the Chardavol County.
  Road 21: Connecting Ilam to Road 19 at Seymareh Bridge and then to Kermanshah.
  Road 64: Connecting the border city of Mehran to Dehloran and to Road 37 near Andimeshk in Khuzestan.

As of 2019, there were 10 road tunnels in Ilam province, the most important of which are:

 Ghalajeh tunnel:  long, passing under Qalajeh mountain and the Ilam–Kermanshah border, part of Road 17. Opened in 2019;
 Azadi Tunnel:  long, near city of Ilam, part of Road 21;
 Rah-e Karbala Tunnel: under construction, part of Road 17;
 Kabir Kouh Tunnel:  long, making it the longest under-construction tunnel in Iran. It crosses under the Kabir Kouh mountain near cities of Abdanan and Darreh Shahr; and
 Payambare Azam Tunnel

Sports

Football
Palayesh Gas Ilam Women's football team is the only team in Ilam Province competing at the professional level, the Iranian Women's Football Premier League, also known as Kowsar Women Football League.

Powerlifting
One of the most known athletic figures of Ilam Province is Mojtaba Maleki, a two times gold medalist in World Powerlifting Championships in 2017 and 2018. He also has more than ten Asian gold medals. Maleki is the second person in the world to have squatted 500 kg raw with wraps.

Notable people
 Darioush Rezaeinejad, nuclear energy scientist, born in Abdanan (Ilam)
Navid Mohammadzadeh, Iranian actor
Mojtaba Maleki, Iranian strongman
Zabiholla Pourshaib, Iranian karateka
Ali Shadman, Iranian actor
Said Lotfi, Iranian footballer
Pouria Norouzian, Iranian sport shooter
Armina Sadeghian, Iranian sport shooter
Ali Hashemi, Iranian weightlifter
Jahangir Asgari, Iranian footballer
Behrouz Boochani, Iranian-Kurdish writer, filmmaker

See also
 Elam
 Ethnic minorities in Iran
 Faramarz Asadi
 Ayatollah Abdul Rahman Heidari Ilami
 Ferydoon Hemmati

References

External links

  Ilam Province Department of Education
  Ilam Picture Gallery
 Hamid-Reza Hosseini, Shush at the foot of Louvre (Shush dar dāman-e Louvre), in Persian, jadidonline.com, 10 March 2009.Audio slideshow (6 min 31 sec).

Ilam Province
Iranian Kurdistan
Elam

Ilam province


Hans Lipps (22. november 1889 – 10. september 1941) var en tysk fænomenologisk og eksistentialistisk filosof.

Liv

Efter at have taget studentereksamen i Dresden i 1909, begyndte Lipps studier af kunsthistorie, arkitektur, æstetik og filosofi ved Münchens universitet. I 1910-1911, mens han foretog sin militærtjeneste i Dresden, fortsatte han sine filosofistudier på Technische Universität Dresden. Foråret 1911 skiftede han til universitetet i Göttingen, for at studere under Edmund Husserl. Sammen med Theodor Conrad og hans kone Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Edith Stein, Roman Ingarden og Fritz Kaufmann var Lipps medlem af Göttingens filosofiske forening, der samledes omkring Husserl og Adolf Reinach. Edith Stein beskrev den unge Lipps således: "He was very tall, slender but strong; his handsome, expressive face was fresh like a child's and his big round eyes were earnest – questioning like a child's eyes. He usually uttered his opinion in a short but definitive statement." [citatet bør oversættes]

Lipps studerede også biologi. Vinteren 1912 færdiggjorde han et doktorat med en dissertation med titlen "Om strukturelle ændringer af planter i et modificeret medium.", hvorefter han begyndte at studere medicin. 1914-1918 gjorde han tjeneste i første verdenskrig som assisterende læge. Efter krigen fortsatte han sine afbrudte studier i Göttingen og Freiburg universitet, og afsluttede sin uddannelse i medicin. I 1919 fik han sin licens til at praktisere, og i 1920 udgav han sin dissertation i medicin om "... effekterne af visse colchinderivater.""

1921 færdiggjorde han sin habilitation (kvalifikation til at blive professor]] under matematikeren Richard Courant, som han havde mødt gennem Edith Stein, med en dissertation med titlen "Undersøgelser af matematikkens filosofi". Lipps havde en tæt personlig forbindelse med filosofferne Josef König, Helmut Plessner og Georg Misch. I det akademiske år 23/24 afholdt ham og Misch et seminar om hermeneutikkens betydning. 1928 var Lipps afløser for professoren i filosofi på Marburg Universitet. Efter at han afviste et professorat på universitetet i Santiago de Chile tog han i 1936 stillingen som professor i filosofi på universitetet i Frankfurt am Main.

Gennem sin akademiske karriere praktiserede Lipps lejlighedsvist medicin, det han afløste militærlæger og landlæger. I semesterferien 21/22 og 30/13, da han var professor, var han i lange perioder læge for flåden, hvor han rejste til alle kontinenter, undtagen Australien. I 1934 meldte Lipps sig ind i SS. Ifølge Otto Friedrich Bollnow var Lipps' grund hertil at skabe distance mellem ham og nazistpartiet, idet han mente at SS var en rent militær organisation.

I starten af Anden Verdenskrig blev Lipps (september 1939) udskrevet til militært og tjente som militærlæge i Frankrig og Rusland. Han blev dræbt i et slag ved Shabero/Ochwat 19 september 1941, og blev begravet i den nærliggende kirkegård i Durino.

Filosofi som ansvarlig selvaccept

Ifølge Lipps er den menneskelige eksistens funderet i fortolkningen af virkeligheden. At spørge hvad noget er henviser til og involverer på fundamentalt plan mennesket, i hvis relation alting er primært.

Som Martin Heidegger undersøger Lipps det konkrete menneskelige persons væren. Men hvor Heidegger fortolker denne væren som noget der viser sig selv, begynder Lipps med spørgsmålet "Til hvilken grad fører det værendes mangfoldige betydning til lige den erfaring der udgør min eksistens." Med dette spørgsmål er Lipps tættere på Husserls metode af transcendental undersøgelse. Men i modsætning til Husserl interesserer Lipps sig hverken for det værendes konstitution eller, som Heidegger, med spørgsmålet om "det værendes væren". Fra Lipps synsvinkel kan væren ikke adskilles fra konkretiseringen af dens essens. Hans fokus er de mangfoldige meninger som væren, dvs. "er", i sætninger som "er blåt, "er en løve", "er jern", "er regn", "er en tale", "er grådighed" osv. betegner forskellige ting og adskiller sig i deres respektive meninger. Herfra konkluderer Lipps: "Der findes ingen universel ontologi."

Ifølge Lipps defineres filosofi ikke af noget specifikt emne, og har heller ikke noget klart afgrænset forskningsfelt.() Filosofien kan heller ikke splittes op i discipliner. Filosofi betegner en retning og et synspunkt, man ikke kan indtage ved en viljesakt, da filosofi består i en holdning der udvikler sig i direkte modsætning til vores naturlige tilbøjeligheder. Filosofien vil ikke grundlægge noget; det er snarere noget der sker som "en ansvarlig overtagelse af et allerede sket grundlag."

Filosofien stammer fra en bevidsthed, der allerede var tilstede, men uden at være bevidst om sig selv.) Således forsøger jeg at blive bevidst om mig selv og min oprindelse, og således få et originalt forhold til virkeligheden, ved at acceptere mig selv og mine tidligere beslutninger.

Værker
Hans Lipps: Werke in fünf Bände. Frankfurt a. Main: Vittorio Klostermann Verlag, 1976-1977.
 Volume I: Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis. Del 1: "Das Ding und seine Eigenschaften " (1927); Del 2: "Aussage und Urteil " (1928).
 Volume II: Untersuchungen zu einer hermeneutischen Logik (1938).
 Volume III: Die menschliche Natur (1941).
 Volume IV: Die Verbindlichkeit der Sprache. "Aufsätze und Vorträge" (1929 bis 1941), "Frühe Schriften" (1921 bis 1927), "Bemerkungen."
 Volume V: Die Wirklichkeit des Menschen. "Aufsätze und Vorträge" (1932 bis 1939), "Frühe Schriften" (1921 und 1924), "Fragmentarisches."
Hans Georg Gadamer skriver i forordet til udgaven af Lipps' værker: "I vores dage skal Lipps' arbejde igen finde sin tid. Grundarbejdet inden for sprogbrud i England i kølvandet på Wittgenstein, Austin og Searle har ikke kun en forgænger, men et fremragende modstykke i Hans Lipps. Ved at sætte spørgsmålstegn ved sproget får Lipps næsten uudtømmelige svar. Blandt fænomenologer står Lipps uovertruffen i sin lydgengivelse af sprog og denne opfattelse af gestus."

Referencer

Kilder
 Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Studien zur Hermeneutik. Volume II: "Zur hermeneutischen Logik von Georg Misch und Hans Lipps." Freiburg / München: Alber, 1983.
 Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Hans Lipps: "Ein Beitrag zur philosophischen Lage der Gegenwart," in Blätter für Deutsche Philosophie.16 (1941/3), p. 293-323 [1]
 Gottfried Bräuer: Wege in die Sprache. Ludwig Wittgenstein und Hans Lipps,  in: Bildung und Erziehung 1963, pp. 131–140.
 Alfred W. E. Hübner, Existenz und Sprache. Überlegungen zur hermeneutischen Sprachauffassung von Martin Heidegger und Hans Lipps. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 2001.
 Frithjof Rodi "Beiträge zum 100. Geburtstag von Hans Lipps am 22. November 1989: 4 Beiträge zur Biographie, 4 Beiträge zur Philosophie von Hans Lipps, Texte und Dokumente," in Dilthey-Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Geschichte der Geisteswissenschaften 6 (1989), ed. together with O. F. Bollnow, U. Dierse, K. Gründer, R. Makkreel, O. Pöggeler and H.-M- Sass. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 1989.
 Guy van Kerckhoven / Hans Lipps: Fragilität der Existenz. Phänomenologische Studien zur Natur des Menschen. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2011.
 Gerhard Rogler, Die hermeneutische Logik von Hans Lipps und die Begründbarkeit wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis. Würzburg: Ergon, 1998.
 Wolfgang von der Weppen, Die existentielle Situation und die Rede. Untersuchungen zu Logik und Sprache in der existentiellen Hermeneutik von Hans Lipps. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann, 1984.
 Meinolf Wewel, Die Konstitution des transzendenten Etwas im Vollzug des Sehens. Eine Untersuchung im Anschluß an die Philosophie von Hans Lipps und in Auseinandersetzung mit Edmund Husserls Lehre vom "intentionalen Bewußtseinskorrelat." Düsseldorf 1968.  - Google

Filosoffer fra Tyskland
SS-officerer
Fænomenologer

Hans Lipps


Ciao est un film américain réalisé par Yen Tan, sorti en 2008.

Synopsis
Jeff s'occupe des affaires en suspens de Mark, mort dans un accident. Il doit notamment s'occupe Andrea, un Italien que Mark a rencontré en ligne et qui devait venir lui rendre visite.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Ciao
 Réalisation : Yen Tan
 Scénario : Alessandro Calza et Yen Tan
 Musique : Stephan Altman
 Photographie : Michael Roy
 Montage : David Lowery
 Production : Jim McMahon
 Société de production : Unauthorized Films
 Société de distribution : Regent Releasing (États-Unis)
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame et romance
 Durée : 87 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :  (AFI Dallas Film Festival)

Distribution
 Adam Neal Smith : Jeff
 Alessandro Calza : Andrea
 Chuck Blaum : Mark
 Ethel Lung : Lauren
 John S. Boles : le père de Mark
 Margaret Lake : la mère de Mark
 Tiffany Vollmer : le médecin

Distinctions
Le film a été en compétition pour le Queer Lion à la Mostra de Venise. Il a également gagné le prix du meilleur film au Philadelphia QFest.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2008
Film dramatique américain
Film romantique américain
Film américain sur l'homosexualité masculine

Ciao (film)


Cayo Noroestehttp://travelingluck.com/South%20America/Venezuela/Dependencias%20Federales/_3739663_Cayo%20Noroeste.html#local_map  es una isla deshabitada en el sureste del Mar Caribe, que pertenece a las Antillas Menores y se localiza al norte de la isla principal de La Orchila, siendo parte de las Dependencias Federales de Venezuela. Se encuentra en las coordenadas geográficas  entre el Cayo Storm (al norte) y Cayo de Agua (al sur) y al oeste del Cayo Noreste. Es llamada en algunas fuentes también como Cayo Sal.

Véase también
 Geografía de Venezuela
 Islas de Venezuela

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

La Orchila

Cayo Sal (La Orchila)


تم تصميم شعار جمهورية ناورو في العام 1968 للميلاد بعد اعلان استقلالها، وأُتُخذ شعاراً رسمياً في أوائل السبعينات.

الميزات
يتكون الشعار من درع يفصل أعلاه عن أسفله خط عرضي. في الجزء الأعلى منه، يتمركز الرمز الكيميائي للفوسفور على خلفية ذهبية مخططة.

في الجزء الفضي الأدنى، رُسم طائر الفرقاط الأسود الذي يجلس على مقعد وسط موجات المحيط الأزرق. فيما احتوى أدنى اليمين، فرع من زهور الكالوفيلم. وطوّق الدرع رموز قبلية (حبال من أوراق النخل، وريش من طائر الفرقاط، وأسنان قرش). تُرتدى من قِبل رئيس القبيلة أثناء ترسيمه.

النجمة المعتلية الدرع مأخوذة من العلم، والكتابة الموجودة على الشريط بالأعلى تعني اسم الجزيرة باللغة الناورونية الماكرونية : Naoero.

الشعار الوطني
الشريط الموضوع تحت الدرع يحمل الشعار الوطني لجمهورية ناورو، والقائلة : إرادة الله أولاً.

الرمزية
تُمثّل الخلفية المخططة شعب ناورو؛ وطائر الفرقاط، حيوانات بيئتها؛ والرمز الكيميائي للفوسفور، تعدين الفوسفات.

مراجع

رموز استحدثت في 1968
ناورو

شعار ناورو


Et tandimplantat er en kunstig erstatning af en eller flere manglende tænder. Selve implantatet består af en lille titaniumsskrue der fastgøres i kæbeknoglen, med henblik på fastgørelse af en protetisk tand. I forbindelse med et implantater i den bageste del af overmunden, er det ofte nødvendigt også at gennemføre et sinusløft, for at forhindre at toppen af skruen stikker op i bihulerne.

For at lave en implantatbehandling er det nødvendigt at patienten besidder en tilstrækkelig mængde kæbeknogle. Har patienten ikke høj eller tyk nok knogleprofil, kan dette i visse tilfælde afhjælpes med en knogleopbyggende behandling. Dette gøres med et biologisk materiale, der fungerer som en cement, der vokser sammen med den oprindelige knoglemasse.

Tænder
Tandlæger

Tandimplantat


News values are "criteria that influence the selection and presentation of events as published news." These values help explain what makes something "newsworthy."

News values are not universal and can vary between different cultures. Among the many lists of news values that have been drawn up by scholars and journalists, some attempt to describe news practices across cultures, while others have become remarkably specific to the press of particular (often Western) nations. In the Western tradition, decisions on the selection and prioritization of news are made by editors on the basis of their experience and intuition, although analysis by Galtung and Ruge showed that several factors are consistently applied across a range of news organizations. Their theory was tested on the news presented in four different Norwegian newspapers from the Congo and Cuban crisis of July 1960 and the Cyprus crisis of March–April 1964. Results were mainly consistent with their theory and hypotheses. Johan Galtung later said that the media have misconstrued his work and become far too negative, sensational, and adversarial.

Methodologically and conceptually, news values can be approached from four different perspectives: material (focusing on the material reality of events), cognitive (focusing on people's beliefs and value systems), social (focusing on journalistic practice), and discursive (focusing on the discourse). A discursive perspective tries to systematically examine how news values such as Negativity, Proximity, Eliteness, and others, are constructed through words and images in published news stories. This approach is influenced by linguistics and social semiotics, and is called "discursive news values analysis" (DNVA). It focuses on the "distortion" step in Galtung and Ruge's chain of news communication, by analysing how events are discursively constructed as newsworthy.

History
Initially labelled "news factors," news values are widely credited to Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge. In their seminal 1965 study, Galtung and Ruge put forward a system of twelve factors describing events that together are used as defining "newsworthiness." Focusing on newspapers and broadcast news, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing what they believed were significant contributing factors as to how the news is constructed. They proposed a "chain of news communication," which involves processes of selection (the more an event satisfies the "news factors," the more likely it is selected as news), distortion (accentuating the newsworthy factors of the event, once it has been selected), and replication (selection and distortion are repeated at all steps in the chain from event to reader). Furthermore, three basic hypotheses are presented by Galtung and Ruge: the additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news; the complementary hypothesis that the factors will tend to exclude each other; and the exclusion hypothesis that events that satisfy none or very few factors will not become news.

In 2001, the influential 1965 study was updated by Tony Harcup and Deirdre O'Neill, in a study of the British press. The findings of a content analysis of three major national newspapers in the UK were used to critically evaluate Galtung and Ruge's original criteria and to propose a contemporary set of news values. Forty years on, they found some notable differences, including the rise of celebrity news and that good news (as well as bad news) was a significant news value, as well as the newspaper's own agenda. They examined three tabloid newspapers.

Contemporary news values
In a rapidly evolving market, achieving relevance, giving audiences the news they want and find interesting, is an increasingly important goal for media outlets seeking to maintain market share. This has made news organizations more open to audience input and feedback, and forced them to adopt and apply news values that attract and keep audiences. Given these changes and the rapid rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup and O'Neill updated their 2001 study in 2016, while other scholars have analysed news values in viral news shared via social media. The growth of interactive media and citizen journalism is fast altering the traditional distinction between news producer and passive audience and may in future lead to a redefinition of what "news" means and the role of the news industry.

List of news values
A variety of external and internal pressures influence journalistic decisions during the news-making process, which can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting. Many different factors have the potential to influence whether an event is first noticed by a news organisation, second whether a story will be written about that event, third, how that story is written, and fourth whether this story will end up being published as news and if so, where it is placed. Therefore, "there is no end to lists of news criteria." There are multiple competing lists of news values (including Galtung & Ruge's news factors, and others put forward by Schlesinger, Bell, Bednarek & Caple), with considerable overlap but also disagreement as to what should be included.

News values can relate to aspects of events and actors, or to aspects of news gathering and processing:

Values in news actors and events:

Frequency: Events that occur suddenly and fit well with the news organization's schedule are more likely to be reported than those that occur gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night. Long-term trends are not likely to receive much coverage.
Timeliness: Events that have only just happened, are current, ongoing, or are about to happen are newsworthy.
Familiarity: To do with people or places close to the target audience. Others prefer the term Proximity for this news value, which includes geographical and cultural proximity (see "meaningfulness").
Negativity: Bad news is more newsworthy than good news. Sometimes described as "the basic news value." Conversely, it has also been suggested that Positivity is a news value in certain cases (such as sports news, science news, feel-good tabloid stories).
Conflict: Opposition of people or forces resulting in a dramatic effect. Events with conflict are often quite newsworthy. Sometimes included in Negativity rather than listed as a separate news value.
Unexpectedness: Events that are out of the ordinary, unexpected, or rare are more newsworthy than routine, unsurprising events.
Unambiguity: Events whose implications are clear make for better copy than those that are open to more than one interpretation, or where any understanding of the implications depends on first understanding the complex background in which the events take place.
Personalization: Events that can be portrayed as the actions of individuals will be more attractive than one in which there is no such "human interest." Personalization is about whether an event can be contextualised in personal terms (affecting or involving specific, "ordinary" people, not the generalised masses).
Meaningfulness: This relates to the sense of identification the audience has with the topic. "Cultural proximity" is a factor here—events concerned with people who speak the same language, look the same, and share the same preoccupations as the audience receive more coverage than those concerned with people who speak different languages, look different and have different preoccupations. A related term is Relevance, which is about the relevance of the event as regards the target readers'/viewers' own lives or how close it is to their experiences. Impact refers more generally to an event's impact, on the target audience, or on others. An event with significant consequences (high impact) is newsworthy.
Eliteness: Events concerned with global powers receive more attention than those concerned with less influential nations. Events concerned with the rich, powerful, famous and infamous get more coverage. Also includes the eliteness of sources - sometimes called Attribution.
Superlativeness: Events with a large scale or scope or with high intensity are newsworthy.
Consonance: Events that fit with the media's expectations and preconceptions receive more coverage than those that defy them (and for which they are thus unprepared). Note this appears to conflict with unexpectedness above. However, consonance really refers to the media's readiness to report an item. Consonance has also been defined as relating to editors' stereotypes and their mental scripts for how events typically proceed.

Values in the news process:

Continuity: A story that is already in the news gathers a kind of inertia. This is partly because the media organizations are already in place to report the story, and partly because previous reportage may have made the story more accessible to the public (making it less ambiguous).
Composition: Stories must compete with one another for space in the media. For instance, editors may seek to provide a balance of different types of coverage, so that if there is an excess of foreign news for instance, the least important foreign story may have to make way for an item concerned with the domestic news. In this way the prominence given to a story depends not only on its own news values but also on those of competing stories.
Competition: Commercial or professional competition between media may lead journalists to endorse the news value given to a story by a rival.
Co-option:  A story that is only marginally newsworthy in its own right may be covered if it is related to a major running story.
Prefabrication:  A story that is marginal in news terms but written and available may be selected ahead of a much more newsworthy story that must be researched and written from the ground up.
Predictability:  An event is more likely to be covered if it has been pre-scheduled.
Story impact: The impact of a published story (not the event), for example whether it is being shared widely (sometimes called Shareability), read, liked, commented-on. To be qualified as shareable, a story arguably has to be simple, emotional, unexpected and triggered. Engaging with such analytics is now an important part of newsroom practice.
Time constraints:  Traditional news media such as radio, television and daily newspapers have strict deadlines and a short production cycle, which selects for items that can be researched and covered quickly.
Logistics: Although eased by the availability of global communications even from remote regions, the ability to deploy and control production and reporting staff, and functionality of technical resources can determine whether a story is covered.
Data: Media need to back up all of their stories with data in order to remain relevant and reliable. Reporters prefer to look at raw data in order to be able to take an unbiased perspective. An alternative term is Facticity - the favouring of facts and figures in hard news.

One of the key differences in relation to these news values is whether they relate to events or stories. For example, composition and co-option both relate to the published news story. These are news values that concern how news stories fit with the other stories around them. The aim here is to ensure a balanced spread of stories with minimal duplication across a news program or edition. Such news values are qualitatively different from news values that relate to aspects of events, such as Eliteness (the elite status of news actors or sources) or Proximity (the closeness of the event's location to the target audience).

Audience perceptions of news

Conventional models concentrate on what the journalist perceives as news. But the news process is a two-way transaction, involving both news producer (the journalist) and the news receiver (the audience), although the boundary between the two is rapidly blurring with the growth of citizen journalism and interactive media. Little has been done to define equivalent factors that determine audience perception of news. This is largely because it would appear impossible to define a common factor, or factors, that generate interest in a mass audience. Basing his judgement on many years as a newspaper journalist Hetherington states that: "...anything  which threatens people's peace, prosperity and well being is news and likely to make headlines."

Whyte-Venables suggests audiences may interpret news as a risk signal. Psychologists and primatologists have shown that apes and humans constantly monitor the environment for information that may signal the possibility of physical danger or threat to the individual's social position. This receptiveness to risk signals is a powerful and virtually universal survival mechanism. A "risk signal" is characterized by two factors, an element of change (or uncertainty) and the relevance of that change to the security of the individual. The same two conditions are observed to be characteristic of news. The news value of a story, if defined in terms of the interest it carries for an audience, is determined by the degree of change it contains and the relevance that change has for the individual or group. Analysis shows that journalists and publicists manipulate both the element of change and relevance ('security concern') to maximize, or some cases play down, the strength of a story.

Security concern is proportional to the relevance of the story for the individual, his or her family, social group and societal group, in declining order.  At some point there is a Boundary of Relevance, beyond which the change is no longer perceived to be relevant, or newsworthy.  This boundary may be manipulated by journalists, power elites and communicators seeking to encourage audiences to exclude, or embrace, certain groups: for instance, to distance a home audience from the enemy in time of war, or conversely, to highlight the plight of a distant culture so as to encourage support for aid programs.

In 2018, Hal Pashler and Gail Heriot published a study showing that perceptions of newsworthiness tend to be contaminated by a political usefulness bias. In other words, individuals tend to view stories that give them "ammunition" for their political views as more newsworthy. They give credence to their own views.

Evolutionary perspectives
An evolutionary psychology explanation for why negative news have a higher news value than positive news starts with the empirical observation that the human perceptive system and lower level brain functions have difficulty distinguishing between media stimuli and real stimuli. These lower level brain mechanisms which function on a subconscious level make basic evaluations of perceptive stimuli, focus attention on important stimuli, and start basic emotional reactions. Research has also found that the brain differentiates between negative and positive stimuli and reacts quicker and more automatically to negative stimuli which are also better remembered. This likely has evolutionary explanations with it often being important to quickly focus attention on, evaluate, and quickly respond to threats. While the reaction to a strong negative stimulus is to avoid, a moderately negative stimulus instead causes curiosity and further examination. Negative media news is argued to fall into the latter category which explains their popularity. Lifelike audiovisual media are argued to have particularly strong effects compared to reading.

Women have on average stronger avoidance reactions to moderately negative stimuli. Men and women also differ on average in how they enjoy, evaluate, remember, comprehend, and identify with the people in news depending on if the news are negatively or positively framed. The stronger avoidance reaction to moderately negative stimuli has been explained as it being the role of men in evolutionary history to investigate and potentially respond aggressively to threats while women and children withdrew. It has been claimed that negative news are framed according to male preferences by the often male journalists who cover such news and that a more positive framing may attract a larger female audience. However, other scholars have urged caution as regards evolutionary psychology's claims about gender differences.

See also

 Afghanistanism
 Agenda-setting theory
 News bias
 Mass media impact on spatial perception
 Media imperialism
 Media transparency
 Reporting bias
 Systemic bias
 The Media Equation

Notes

References

 Gans, H.J. (2004) Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time. Evanson, IL: Northwestern University Press.
 Østgaard, E. (1965) "Factors influencing the flow of news", Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 39–63.
 Schulz, W.F. (1982) "News structure and people's awareness of political events", International Communication Gazette, 30, 139–153.

External links
 Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (basis) (Mark Frauenfelder)
 Chart – Real and Fake News (2014) (2016)/Pew Research Center
 Discursive News Values Analysis

Journalism standards
Business culture
Mass media events

News values


Ramirez may refer to:

People
Ramírez (surname), people with the surname Ramírez
Ramirez (Brazilian footballer) (born 1987), full name Washington Ramirez Cruz Santos, Brazilian footballer

Locations
Ramirez, Texas
Ramirez Canyon Park, Malibu, California
Ramirez Island,Chile
Diego Ramírez Islands, Chile
Ramirez, a barangay of Magallanes, Cavite

Companies
Conservas Ramirez, a Portuguese canned fish producer company
Ramírez Guitars, Spanish luthiers

Other
Juan Sánchez Villa-Lobos Ramírez, a character from the Highlander film series
Ramirez (Skies of Arcadia), a character from the video game Skies of Arcadia

Ramirez


Die Copa del Generalísimo 1941 war die 37. Austragung des spanischen Fußballpokalwettbewerbes, der heute unter dem Namen Copa del Rey stattfindet.

Der Wettbewerb startete am 23. März und endete mit dem Finale am 29. Juni 1941 im Estadio Chamartín in Madrid. Titelverteidiger des Pokalwettbewerbes war RCD Español. Den Titel gewann erstmals in der Vereinsgeschichte der FC Valencia durch einen 3:1-Erfolg im Finale gegen RCD Español.

Erste Runde
Die Hinspiele wurden am 23. März, die Rückspiele am 30. März 1941 ausgetragen.

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Entscheidungsspiele
Das Spiel wurde am 21. Mai in Saragossa ausgetragen.

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Zweite Runde
Die Hinspiele wurden am 6. April, die Rückspiele am 13. April 1941 ausgetragen.

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Dritte Runde
Die Hinspiele wurden am 20. April, die Rückspiele am 27. April 1941 ausgetragen.

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Achtelfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 11. Mai, die Rückspiele am 18. Mai 1941 ausgetragen.

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Entscheidungsspiele
Die Spiele wurden am 20. und 22. Mai in Madrid und Saragossa ausgetragen.

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Viertelfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 25. Mai, die Rückspiele am 1. Juni 1941 ausgetragen.

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Entscheidungsspiele
Das Spiel wurde am 3. Juni in Saragossa ausgetragen.

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Halbfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 8. Juni, die Rückspiele am 15. Juni 1941 ausgetragen.

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Finale

Weblinks
 Spielplan und Ergebnisse (linguasport.com)

1941
Fußballsaison 1941

Copa del Generalísimo 1941


Ed & Red's Night Party (formerly called Ed's Night Party and sometimes referred to simply as Ed the Sock) is a former Canadian talk variety show. It was hosted by Steven Joel Kerzner as Ed the Sock and Kerzner's real-life wife Liana K. Other people who worked on the show included DJ James Stamos and comedian Ron Sparks. To date, it is the longest running Canadian late night talk show in history.

History
Originally produced by Rogers Television in Toronto (the same television entity that developed The Tom Green Show in Ottawa), the series was syndicated across Canada in the early 1990s. Ed's profile was raised even higher with a series of specials and appearances on the national music video channel MuchMusic. The series was taken off the air in Alberta and other parts of the country after the show aired a comedy sequence in which Ed is shown supposedly having sex with a Playboy playmate, even though the program was being broadcast in a late night time slot.

In addition to its record-breaking run in Canada, the show briefly ran on G4 in the United States as part of their Midnight Spank late night television programming block. The show was also carried on the Ripe TV on-demand service. The show was retired with its final episode airing on CITY-TV on August 31, 2008. In Australia the show is seen on Fuel TV, where it is known as Ed the Sock.

Legacy
After the shows cancellation, both Ed the Sock, Liana Kerzner, and Ron Sparks would later return together on a different show produced by CHCH-TV Hamilton called This Movie Sucks!, where the three pick on bad movies.

Co-hosts
Eric Tunney
Howard Glassman (Humble Howard)
Craig Campbell

See also

This Movie Sucks!
Ed's Nite In

References

External links
 Ed the Sock website
 IMDb profile while under the name Ed's Night Party

1990s Canadian television talk shows
Citytv original programming
Canadian community channel television shows
Canadian television shows featuring puppetry
Rogers TV original programming
Ed the Sock
Canadian late-night television programming
2000s Canadian television talk shows

Ed & Red's Night Party


Emily Howard Stowe (; May 1, 1831 – April 30, 1903) was a Canadian physician who was the first female physician to practise in Canada, the second licensed female physician in Canada and an activist for women's rights and suffrage. Stowe helped found the women's suffrage movement in Canada and campaigned for the country's first medical college for women.

Early life
Emily Howard Jennings was born in Norwich Township, Oxford County, Ontario, as one of six daughters of farmers Hannah Howard and Solomon Jennings. While Solomon converted to Methodism, Hannah (who had been educated at a Quaker seminary in the United States) raised her daughters as Quakers in a community that encouraged women to participate and receive an education. She home-schooled Stowe and her five sisters and taught them skills in herbal healing. After teaching at local schools for seven years, her public struggle to achieve equality for women began in 1852, when she applied for admission to Victoria College, Cobourg, Ontario. Refused on the grounds that she was female, she applied to the Normal School for Upper Canada, which Egerton Ryerson had recently founded in Toronto. She entered in November 1853 and was graduated with first-class honours in 1854.  Hired as principal of a Brantford, Ontario public school, she was the first woman to be a principal of a public school in Upper Canada. She taught there until her marriage in 1856 (see Marriage bar).

She married John Fiuscia Michael Heward Stowe in 1856. In the next seven years she had three children: two sons and a daughter. Shortly after the birth of their third child, her husband developed tuberculosis, which led her to take a renewed interest in medicine. Having had experience with herbal remedies and homeopathic medicine since the 1840s, Emily Stowe left teaching and decided to become a doctor.

Medical career
Stowe was denied entrance into the Toronto School of Medicine in 1865 and was told by its Vice Principal, "The doors of the University are not open to women and I trust they never will be." Unable to study medicine in Canada, Emily Stowe earned her degree in the United States from the homeopathic New York Medical College for Women in 1867. The same year, she returned to Canada and opened a medical practice in Toronto, on Richmond Street, that specialized in treating women and children. Stowe gained some local prominence through public lectures on women's health and maintained a steady clientele through newspaper advertisements.

In the mid-1860s, Canada's medical licensing system began requiring homeopathic doctors and doctors trained in the United States to obtain licences by taking more courses and an examination. In 1869, Stowe's application to the University of Toronto for chemistry and physiology courses was denied. In 1870, the president of the Toronto School of Medicine, Dr. William Thomas Aikins, granted special permission to Stowe and fellow student Jennie Kidd Trout to attend classes, a requirement for medical practitioners with foreign licences. Faced with hostility from both the male faculty and students, Stowe refused to take the oral and written exams and left the school.

In 1879, one of Syoer's patients, a nineteen-year old Sarah Lovell, died, and Stowe was charged with providing an abortion to her patient. Stowe testified that she had prescribed Lovell a one thirtieth of the full dose of drug that could cause a miscarriage, an amount too small to cause a miscarriage. Many members and male leaders of the Toronto medical community came to her defence. Though the coroner's jury ruled that Lovell had poisoned herself, Stowe was charged with performing a medical abortion. Stowe was acquitted after a short trial during which she gained public support.

The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario granted Stowe a licence to practise medicine on July 16, 1880, based on her experience since 1850, Dr. Aikins' willingness to testify for her, and her earlier apprenticeship to Dr. Joseph J. Lancaster. This licence made Stowe the second female licensed physician in Canada, after Trout.

On June 13, 1883, Dr. Emily Stowe, a suffragist and first woman physician to practice medicine in Canada, led a group of supporters to a meeting at the Toronto Women's Suffrage Club where the group tabled a resolution stating "that medical education for women is a recognized necessity, and consequently facilities for such instruction should be provided."

Her daughter, Augusta Stowe-Gullen, was the first woman to earn a medical degree in Canada.

Women's rights

While studying medicine in New York, Stowe met with Susan B. Anthony and witnessed the divisions within the American women's suffrage movement. Stowe also attended a women's club meeting in Cleveland, Ohio. Stowe adopted a gradualist strategy which she brought back to her work in Canada.

In 1876, Stowe founded the Toronto Women's Literary Club, renamed the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association in 1883. This has led some to consider Stowe the mother of the suffrage movement in Canada. The Literary Club campaigned for improved working conditions for women and pressured schools in Toronto to accept women into higher education. In 1883, a public meeting of the Suffrage Association led to the formation of the Ontario Medical College for Women, the country's first women's medical school.  When the Dominion Women's Enfranchisement Association was founded in 1889, Stowe became its first president and remained president until her death.

As is true for many suffragists, a tension existed between Stowe's commitment to fellow women and class loyalty. In an episode that may demonstrate the dominance of the latter, Stowe broke the bond of doctor-patient confidentiality by disclosing the abortion request of a patient, Sara Ann Lovell, a domestic servant, to her employer. (See Abortion trial of Emily Stowe.) Stowe, however, sharply criticized the National Policy economic program in 1892. She believed that it would not help working-class Canadians and was instead a corrupt deal on behalf of major businesses.

After breaking her hip at the Columbian Exposition's Women's Congress in 1893, Stowe retired from medicine. In 1896, Emily and her daughter Augusta participated in an all-female "mock parliament," in which the women considered a petition from a male delegation for the right to vote. Stowe, as the Attorney General, used the same arguments that the Canadian Parliament had levelled against female suffragists and denied the petition. Stowe died in 1903, fourteen years before Canadian women were granted the right to vote.

Personal life

While she counted herself a Quaker until 1879, she became a Unitarian in 1879 and attended the First Unitarian Congregation of Toronto.

Legacy
Stowe was the first female public-school principal in Ontario, the first female physician to practise medicine in Canada and a lifelong champion of women's rights who helped to found the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association.

Public elementary schools in her hometown of Norwich Township (Emily Stowe Public School) as well as Courtice, Ontario are named after her. A women's shelter in Toronto, Canada, is named after her. In 2018, she was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

See also

 Jennie Smillie Robertson
 Jessie Gray

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20060106081030/http://www.fis.utoronto.ca/hilscan/directory/stowee.htm Archive biography]
The Celebrated Abortion Trial of Dr. Emily Stowe, Toronto, 1879, Constance Backhouse, Canadian Bulletin of Medical History'', Volume 8: 1991 / p. 159-87

1831 births
1903 deaths
New York Medical College alumni
Canadian feminists
Canadian Unitarians
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
20th-century Canadian physicians
19th-century Canadian physicians
Canadian women physicians
Canadian abortion providers
20th-century Canadian women physicians
19th-century Canadian women physicians
20th-century Canadian women scientists
First-wave feminism in Canada
19th-century feminists

Emily Stowe


Bloodsport is a 1988 American martial arts sports action film directed by Newt Arnold and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, Leah Ayres, Forest Whitaker, Donald Gibb, Roy Chiao and Bolo Yeung. The film centers on Frank Dux (Van Damme), a United States Army Captain and ninjutsu practitioner, who competes in an underground full-contact martial arts tournament called the Kumite in Hong Kong. Based on Dux's real-life claims the movie was marketed as a true story. It was one of Van Damme's first lead roles and showcased his abilities, launching his career as a mainstream action star.

The screenplay is based on many of Dux's claims first covered in the November 1980 issue of Black Belt magazine. The real Dux served as the action choreographer and technical advisor. After its release, many of Dux's claims were disputed, including by co-screenwriter Sheldon Lettich, who claimed Dux fabricated his fight record and the existence of the Kumite.

Bloodsport was produced by Cannon Films and released by Warner Bros. on 26 February 1988. Despite mixed critical reviews, it was a considerable box office success, grossing $50 million on a budget of $1.5–2.3 million. It developed a strong cult following, and has been cited as an influence on the development of mixed martial arts. It spawned a film series which included four sequels.

Plot
U.S. Army Captain Frank Dux has trained in the ways of ninjutsu under his sensei Senzo Tanaka. As a boy, Dux and some of his friends broke into Tanaka's home to steal a katana, but Dux was apprehended while returning the katana to its place. Impressed by Dux's integrity and toughness, Senzo decided to train him alongside his son, Shingo. After Shingo's death, Senzo trains Dux as a member of the Tanaka clan. Dux is invited to the Kumite, an illegal martial arts tournament in Hong Kong. After his Army superiors refuse to let him go, Dux goes absent without leave, says goodbye to his sensei and leaves for Hong Kong. Two Criminal Investigation Command agents, Helmer and Rawlins, are assigned to track down and arrest Dux.

After arriving in Hong Kong, Dux befriends American fighter Ray Jackson and their guide Victor Lin. When they arrive at the Kumite arena, the officials are skeptical but eventually accept them after Dux proves his connection to the Tanaka clan by performing the Dim Mak death touch. On the first day of the tournament, Dux earns the enmity of the ruthless Kumite champion Chong Li after breaking his record for the fastest knockout.

Dux becomes involved with American journalist Janice Kent, who is investigating the Kumite. Although Dux refuses to help her, she sneaks into the arena by agreeing to a date with a spectator. On the second day, Jackson is matched against Chong Li. Although Jackson comes close to defeating Li, he wastes time gloating, allowing Li to recover and brutally beat him. Dux visits Jackson in the hospital and vows to avenge him. After witnessing the brutality of the tournament, Kent argues with Dux and tries to convince him not to return. Dux tells her that he has to win in order to become the best he can be.

Helmer and Rawlins arrive in Hong Kong and contact local police inspector Chen. They begin asking around for Dux and track him down to his hotel. A chase through the downtown ensues but Dux evades them when they fall into a canal. When Dux arrives at the Kumite, Helmer and Rawlins are waiting for him, along with Chen and four of his officers. Dux defeats them, but agrees to return with Helmer and Rawlins after the tournament.

On the final day, Li kills his semifinal opponent, much to the consternation of the crowd. Fearing defeat in the final against Dux, Li conceals a salt pill in his waistband before the bout. When Dux gains the upper hand, Li blinds him by crushing the pill and throwing it into Dux's face. Dux falls back on his training from Tanaka, who taught him to fight blindfolded, overcoming the handicap and defeating Li. The next day, he bids farewell to Kent and Jackson before returning to the United States with Helmer and Rawlins.

Cast

Production

Writing
Co-writer Sheldon Lettich came up with the idea for the film. According to Lettich:

"I had known Frank Dux for a number of months before I came up with the idea for Bloodsport. Frank told me a lot of tall tales, most of which turned out to be bullshit. But his stories about participating in this so-called "Kumite" event sounded like a great idea for a movie. There was one guy who he introduced me to, named Richard Bender, who claimed to have actually been at the Kumite event and who swore everything Frank told me was true. A few years later this guy had a falling-out with Frank, and confessed to me that everything he told me about the Kumite was a lie; Frank had coached him in what to say."

Producer Mark Di Salle said he was looking for "a new martial arts star who was a ladies' man, [but Van Damme] appeals to both men and women. He's an American hero who fights for justice the American way and kicks the stuffing out of the bad guys."

Filming
Bloodsport was filmed entirely on location in Hong Kong. It is one of the few films featuring scenes filmed inside Kowloon Walled City before its demolition in 1993. Other locations included The Peninsula Hotel, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Trail, Victoria Peak, and Stanley Fort.

Soundtrack

Bloodsports soundtrack score was composed by Paul Hertzog, who also composed another Jean-Claude Van Damme film, Kickboxer. The soundtrack contains the songs "Fight to Survive" and "On My Own", both performed by Stan Bush. Bush's songs are replaced on the soundtrack with alternate versions sung by Paul Delph, who was nominated for a Grammy for this work. The film plays the song "Steal the Night" by Michael Bishop during a scene where Dux runs from Helmer and Rawlins. The song was released in the mid-2000s as a single containing a vocal and instrumental version. On June 26, 2007, Perseverance Records released a limited-edition CD of the soundtrack including, for the first time, the original film versions of the Stan Bush songs. Later it was released on vinyl record by Waxwork Records.

Release

Home media
Bloodsport was released on VHS, selling 150,000 units by 1989. Warner Brothers released a DVD of the film in the United States on October 1, 2002.

Reception

Box office
In January 1989, the Los Angeles Times reported a U.S. box office gross of $11.7 million against a budget of $2.3 million. In August 1989, the Chicago Tribune reported that the film pulled in $50 million worldwide, including $15 million in the U.S. and Canada, making it Cannon Group's most profitable film of 1988.

Critical response
Leonard Klady of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Hacking through the jungle of cliche and reservoir of bad acting in Bloodsport [...] are some pretty exciting matches."

Van Damme was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star, but lost to Ronald McDonald in Mac and Me.

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports a 46% approval rating based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's consensus reads: "This is where it all began for the Muscles from Brussels, but beyond Van Damme's athleticism, Bloodsport is a clichéd, virtually plotless exercise in action movie recycling." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Sequels and possible remake

Since its release, Bloodsport has become regarded as a cult film. Though Jean-Claude Van Damme doesn't appear in additional installments, it was followed by three sequels: Bloodsport II: The Next Kumite (1996), Bloodsport III (1997), and Bloodsport 4: The Dark Kumite (1999).

A remake of Bloodsport was reported to be in planning in 2011. Phillip Noyce was attached to direct a screenplay by Robert Mark Kamen. The main character was supposed to be an American Afghanistan War veteran competing in a vale tudo tournament in Brazil. Director James McTeigue was attached to the project by 2013, and the filming was to be done in Australia and Brazil. As of 2023, the remake has not been produced.

Legacy
Bloodsport has been credited with popularizing the concepts of full contact and mixed-style martial arts competition among mainstream audiences. Early mixed martial arts events, such as UFC 1, were sometimes compared to the film.

Retired professional mixed martial artist and kickboxer Mirko Cro Cop, inspired by Van Damme's performance in the film, began training in his parents' garage with his father's boxing equipment and weights.

The "shoot-style" professional wrestling event GCW Bloodsport, promoted by mixed-martial artists Josh Barnett and Matt Riddle, is inspired by the film.

Bloodsport was an inspiration for the video game Mortal Kombat, and Johnny Cage, one of the characters, is a parody of Jean-Claude Van Damme.

References

External links

1988 films
1988 martial arts films
1980s action drama films
American action drama films
American martial arts films
Bloodsport (film series)
Films set in 1979
Films set in 1980
Films set in 1981
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
Karate films
Martial arts tournament films
Underground fighting films
Sports fiction
Films based on newspaper and magazine articles
Warner Bros. films
Golan-Globus films
American Muay Thai films
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Films directed by Newt Arnold
Films produced by Menahem Golan
Films produced by Yoram Globus
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Bloodsport (film)


An Trigonidium christensonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Edward Bennett. An Trigonidium christensonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trigonidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trigonidium (Orchidaceae)

Trigonidium christensonii


Perebea est un genre néotropical de plantes de la famille des Moraceae, comprenant 10 à 36 espèces, et dont l'espèce type est Perebea guianensis Aubl..

Protologue
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant :

Liste d'espèces
Selon  :

Selon  :

Selon  (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Références taxinomiques

Moraceae
Genre d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Perebea


Hastabakıcı, hastanelerde doktorun hastaların tedavisiyle ilgili emirlerini yerine getiren ve hemşirelere yardım eden görevli. Hastaların her türlü hizmetlerine bakmak, yataklarının temizliğini yapmak, gerektiğinde sağlık durumunu gözlemlemek, sorumlusu olduğu araç, gereç, yatak, çamaşır ve temizlik malzemesini korumak ile görevlidirler.

Notlar

Tıbbi meslekler

Hastabakıcı


An Paepalanthus fallax in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gustave Beauverd. An Paepalanthus fallax in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paepalanthus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paepalanthus

Paepalanthus fallax


Guadalcanal, İspanya'nın güneybatı köşesinde bulunan özerk bölge Endülüs'ün, Sevilla eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu, 2,937'dir.

Konum ve Nüfus
2006 yılı verilerine göre nüfusu 2.970 kişidir. 275 kilometrekare bir alana sahiptir ve kilometrekareye düşen nüfus 10.6 kişidir. Rakım 662 metredir, Seville kuzey dağları bölgesinde Sierra del Agua veSierra del Viento, arasında bir vadidedir. Guadalcanal Sevilla'nın 80 km kuzeyindedir, Cazalla de la Sierra adalet partisine bağlıdır

Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yerleşim yerleri

Guadalcanal, Sevilla


Der Siq () ist eine über 70 m tiefe Felsschlucht von 1,5 km Länge in Jordanien und zugleich der Eingang zur Felsenstadt Petra. Der Ursprung des Siq ist eine geologische Verwerfung, die im Lauf von 2 Millionen Jahren durch die Wassermassen des Wadi Musa, eines temporären Gebirgsbachs, der nach heftigen Regenfällen anschwoll und durch die Schlucht schoss, erodiert und vertieft wurde.

Besonderheiten
Die Nabatäer nutzten den Siq als gut gesicherten Zugang zu ihrer Stadt. Dafür leiteten sie das Bett des Wadi Musa durch einen 86 Meter langen Tunnel in ein Nebental um, sodass er sich nicht mehr durch den Siq ergießen und Menschen in Gefahr bringen konnte. Am Eingang des Siq errichteten sie einen großen Bogen, von dem nur noch wenige Spuren in der Felswand erhalten sind. Dieses Tor könnte von Türen verschlossen und als Befestigungsanlage genutzt worden sein. Der Bogen wurde vermutlich im ersten Jahrhundert nach Christus errichtet. Auch im Siq selbst haben die Nabatäer Spuren hinterlassen. Der Weg wurde von Wasserrohren gesäumt, die Wasser in Terracotta-Rohren durch die Schlucht leiteten. Zusätzlich war der Boden nach römischem Vorbild gepflastert. An beiden Felswänden finden sich immer wieder kleine Votivnischen und Stelen, die Rückschlüsse auf eine besondere religiöse Bedeutung des Siq für die Nabatäer zulassen.
In den Nischen standen vermutlich hauptsächlich Betyle – die Nabatäer errichteten vor allem in der Anfangszeit ihren Göttern keine Statuen, sondern stellten ihre Götter symbolisch dar – beispielsweise in Form eines Quaders oder einer stumpfen Pyramide. Von diesen sogenannten Betylen finden sich in Petra viele.
Am Ausgang des Inneren Siq befindet sich die Fassade des Khazne al-Firaun. Der Siq erweitert sich hier zum so genannten Äußeren Siq.

Hochwasserschutz
Auch in jüngerer Zeit gab es wiederholt Überschwemmungen in der Schlucht, so starben 1963 bei einer Sturzflut 23 Menschen im Siq. Heute wird das Wasser des Wadi Musa den rekonstruierten Damm wieder vom oberen Eingang der Schlucht abgeleitet, darüber hinaus ist ein Hochwasserwarnsystem installiert um die Besucher im Fall einer drohenden Sturzflut zu warnen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schlucht
Geographie (Jordanien)
Nabatäer
Bauwerk der Felsbaukunst
Petra (Jordanien)

Siq