The 2003/04 football season saw Plymouth Argyle regain a place in the second tier of English football for the first time in twelve seasons, Along the way to capturing the Division Two championship they accumulated 90 league points, 21 clean sheets and a club record of seven straight clean sheets whilst also losing arguably the most successful manager in recent history in Paul Sturrock to Southampton F.C.

Players

First-team squad
Squad at end of season

Left club during season

Pre-season

Matches

Last updated: 5 November 2014Source:Greens on Screen

Football League Division Two

Matches

Last updated: 8 November 2014Source:Soccerbase

FA Cup

Matches

Last updated: 9 November 2014Source:Soccerbase

League Cup

Matches

Last updated: 9 November 2014Source:Soccerbase

Football League Trophy

Matches

Last updated: 9 November 2014Source:Soccerbase

Notable events
22 October 2003: Plymouth Argyle defeat Sheffield Wednesday 3–1 at Hillsborough to go top of Division Two.
24 October 2003: Argyle receive performance of the week award for their 5–1 victory over Port Vale.
1 November 2003: Paul Sturrock named Division Two Manager of the Month for October.
6 November 2003: David Friio announced as Division Two player of the month for October.
23 December 2003: Paul Sturrock signs a four and a half year contract with Argyle.
26 December 2003: Paul Wotton scores Argyle's 5000th League goal in a 2–0 victory over AFC Bournemouth. Plymouth Argyle become the first League side to score 50 goals in that season.
2 January 2004: Paul Sturrock named Division Two Manager of the Month for December.
3 January 2004: David Friio scores the first hat-trick for Argyle since Paul McGregor in March 2000.
6 January 2004: Paul Sturrock named as winner of the second quarter of the League managers Association's Tissot Managers' Performance League.
17 January 2004: Billy Rafferty and Paul Mariner make a guest appearance at Home Park. Argyle played Rushden & Diamonds on that day and won 3–0.
5 February 2004: Graham Coughlan announced as Division Two player of the month for January.
19 February 2004: The club's first retail outlet in Plymouth city centre opens. The club also unveils next season's away kit – the first to be voted for by fans.
2 March 2004: Plymouth Argyle complete the second "double" over Sheffield Wednesday in their history, by beating them for a second time in the season. Argyle won the match 2–0.
3 March 2004: Paul Sturrock agrees personal terms to take over as Southampton manager.
4 March 2004: Sturrock is unveiled by Southampton as their new manager at a press conference.
17 March 2004: The club announces that next year's away kit will be white, instead of tangerine, due to supporter demands.
27 March 2004: One hundred former Argyle players returned to Home Park for the game against Wrexham.
31 March 2004: Tony Capaldi becomes the first Plymouth Argyle player to win a cap for a home nation since Dave Phillips (Wales) in 1984. Capaldi plays for Northern Ireland.
10 April 2004: It becomes mathematically certain that Plymouth Argyle will achieve promotion or a play-off place, following a 2–1 win over Wycombe Wanderers.
20 April 2004: Bobby Williamson is unveiled as the permanent successor to Paul Sturrock, following much speculation about the managerial vacancy.
24 April 2004: A 2–0 win over Queens Park Rangers hands Argyle both promotion and the Division Two title.
6 May 2004: Graham Coughlan is named as the Division Two player of the season.
8 May 2004: Mickey Evans is announced as the club's player of the season and Luke McCormick as the most promising player as decided by fans. Plymouth Argyle are presented with the Division Two trophy after their 2–0 win over Colchester United
17 May 2004: Paul Sturrock is named as the Division Two manager of the season for his efforts at Argyle.
21 May 2004: The club holds its centenary ball to celebrate the previous season. The Plymouth Argyle team of the century, decided by supporters, is announced.

Transfers

Out

References

Plymouth Argyle F.C. seasons
Plymouth Argyle

2003–04 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season


A taxis (; : taxes ) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food. Taxes are innate behavioural responses. A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that in the case of taxis, the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source. It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus.

Classification
Taxes are classified based on the type of stimulus, and on whether the organism's response is to move towards or away from the stimulus. If the organism moves towards the stimulus the taxis are positive, while if it moves away the taxis are negative. For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light source. This reaction or behavior is called positive phototaxis since phototaxis refers to a response to light and the organism is moving towards the stimulus.

Terminology derived from type of stimulus
Many types of taxis have been identified, including:
 Aerotaxis (stimulation by oxygen)
 Anemotaxis (by wind)
 Barotaxis (by pressure)
 Chemotaxis or "gradient search" (by chemicals)
 Durotaxis (by stiffness)
 Electrotaxis or galvanotaxis (by electric current)
 Gravitaxis or geotaxis (by gravity)
 Hydrotaxis (by moisture)
 Magnetotaxis (by magnetic field)
 Phototaxis (by light)
 Rheotaxis (by fluid flow)
 Thermotaxis (by changes in temperature)
 Thigmotaxis (by physical contact)

Depending on the type of sensory organs present, a taxis can be classified as a klinotaxis, where an organism continuously samples the environment to determine the direction of a stimulus; a tropotaxis, where bilateral sense organs are used to determine the stimulus direction; and a telotaxis, where a single organ suffices to establish the orientation of the stimulus.

Terminology derived from taxis direction
There are five types of taxes based on the movement of organisms.

 Klinotaxis occurs in organisms with receptor cells but not paired receptor organs. The cells for reception may be located all over the body, but often towards the anterior side. The organism detects the stimuli by turning its head sideways and comparing the intensity of the stimulus. Their direction of movement is then based on the stronger stimulus, either moving toward a desirable stimulus or away from an undesired one. When the intensity of stimuli is balanced equally from all sides, the organism moves in a straight line. The movement of blowfly and butterfly larvae clearly demonstrates klinotaxis.
 Tropotaxis is displayed by organisms with paired receptor cells, comparing the strength of the signals and turning toward the strongest signal.  The movement of grayling butterflies and fish lice clearly demonstrates tropotaxis.
 Telotaxis also requires paired receptors. The movement occurs along the direction where the intensity of the stimuli is stronger. Telotaxis is clearly seen in the movement of bees when they leave their hive to look for food. They balance the stimuli from the sun as well as from flowers but land on the flower whose stimulus is most intense for them.
 Menotaxis describes organisms' maintenance of a constant angular orientation. A clear demonstration is shown by bees returning to their hive at night and the movement of ants with respect to the sun.
 Mnemotaxis is the use of memory to follow trails that organisms have left when travelling to or from their home.

Examples

 Aerotaxis is the response of an organism to variation in oxygen concentration, and is mainly found in aerobic bacteria.
 Anemotaxis is the response of an organism to wind. Many insects show a positive anemotactic response (turning/flying into the wind) upon exposure to an airborne stimulus cue from a food source or pheromones. Cross-wind anemotactic search is exhibited by some olfactory animals in the absence of a target odor including moths, albatrosses, and polar bears.
 Chemotaxis is a response elicited by chemicals: that is, a response to a chemical concentration gradient. For example, chemotaxis in response to a sugar gradient has been observed in motile bacteria such as E. coli. Chemotaxis also occurs in the antherozoids of liverworts, ferns, and mosses in response to chemicals secreted by the archegonia. Unicellular (e.g. protozoa) or multicellular (e.g. worms) organisms are targets of chemotactic substances. A concentration gradient of chemicals developed in a fluid phase guides the vectorial movement of responder cells or organisms. Inducers of locomotion towards increasing steps of concentrations are considered as chemoattractants, while chemorepellents result moving off the chemical. Chemotaxis is described in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but signalling mechanisms (receptors, intracellular signaling) and effectors are significantly different.
 Durotaxis is the directional movement of a cell along a stiffness gradient.
 Electrotaxis (or galvanotaxis) is the directional movement of motile cells along the vector of an electric field. It has been suggested that by detecting and orienting themselves toward the electric fields, cells can move towards damages or wounds to repair them. It also is suggested that such a movement may contribute to directional growth of cells and tissues during development and regeneration. This notion is based on the existence of measurable electric fields that naturally occur during wound healing, development and regeneration; and cells in cultures respond to applied electric fields by directional cell migration – electrotaxis / galvanotaxis.
 Energy taxis is the orientation of bacteria towards conditions of optimal metabolic activity by sensing the internal energetic conditions of cell. Therefore, in contrast to chemotaxis (taxis towards or away from a specific extracellular compound), energy taxis responds on an intracellular stimulus (e.g. proton motive force, activity of NDH- 1) and requires metabolic activity.
 Gravitaxis (known historically as geotaxis) is the directional movement (along the vector of gravity) to the center of gravity. The planktonic larvae of a king crab, Lithodes aequispinus, combine positive phototaxis (movement towards the light) and negative gravitaxis (upward movement). Also the larvae of a polychaete, Platynereis dumerilii, combine positive phototaxis (movement to the light coming from the water surface) and UV-induced positive gravitaxis (downward movement) to form a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge. Both positive and negative gravitaxes are found in a variety of protozoans (e.g., Loxodes, Remanella and Paramecium).
 Magnetotaxis is, strictly speaking, the ability to sense a magnetic field and coordinate movement in response. However, the term is commonly applied to bacteria that contain magnets and are physically rotated by the force of Earth's magnetic field. In this case, the "behaviour" has nothing to do with sensation and the bacteria are more accurately described as "magnetic bacteria".
 Pharotaxis is the movement to a specific location in response to learned or conditioned stimuli, or navigation by means of landmarks.
 Phonotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to sound.
 Phototaxis is the movement of an organism in response to light: that is, the response to variation in light intensity and direction. Negative phototaxis, or movement away from a light source, is demonstrated in some insects, such as cockroaches. Positive phototaxis, or movement towards a light source, is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Many phytoflagellates, e.g. Euglena, and the chloroplasts of higher plants positively phototactic, moving towards a light source. Two types of positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes: scotophobotaxis is observable as the movement of a bacterium out of the area illuminated by a microscope, when entering darkness signals the cell to reverse direction and reenter the light; a second type of positive phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a directed movement up a gradient to an increasing amount of light. There is a different classification to orientation towards dark areas called scototaxis.
 Rheotaxis is a response to a current in a fluid. Positive rheotaxis is shown by fish turning to face against the current. In a flowing stream, this behaviour leads them to hold their position in a stream rather than being swept downstream. Some fish will exhibit negative rheotaxis where they will avoid currents.
 Thermotaxis is a migration along a gradient of temperature. Some slime molds and small nematodes can migrate along amazingly small temperature gradients of less than 0.1 °C/cm. They apparently use this behaviour to move to an optimal level in soil.
 Thigmotaxis is the response of an organism to physical contact or to the proximity of a physical discontinuity in the environment (e.g. rats preferring to swim near the edge of a water maze). Codling moth larvae are believed to use thigmotactic sense to locate fruits to feed on. Mice and rats, when inhabiting human-made structures, tend to stick close to vertical surfaces; this primarily manifests as running along the floor/wall juncture. Whiskers (vibrissae) are often used to detect the presence of a wall or surface in the absence of sufficient light in rodents and felines to aid in thigmotaxis.

See also
Biology
 Animal locomotion
 Haptotaxis
 Mechanotaxis
 Optomotor response
 Tropism
Different, wider context
 Taxonomy, science of categorisation or classification

References

External links
 Host-plant finding by insects: orientation, sensory input and search patterns

Cell biology

Taxis


Carl Rudolf Ferdinand Christiani (født 27. januar 1797 i København, død 21. januar 1858 i Celle) var en dansk-tysk jurist og politiker. Han var søn af Johann Rudolph Christiani.

I 1818 tog Christiani den juridiske doktorgrad i Gøttingen og nedsatte sig som advokat i Lyneborg, hvor han fra 1824-1846 var stadssekretær. Her sluttede han et intimt venskab med Heinrich Heine, hvis søskendebarn Charlotte Heine han senere ægtede. Fra 1831 spillede han en fremtrædende rolle i den Hannoveranske stænderforsamling som yderliggående liberal med særlig forkærlighed for Norges forfatning og stod stadig i så stærk opposition til regeringen, at denne 1841 nægtede ham orlov til at møde i kammeret, og dermed var hans politiske rolle i Hannover udspillet. I 1846 kom han til København, hvor han stillede sin pen til kong Christian VIII's rådighed. Han opholdt sig her i 2 år, deltog meget i selskabslivet, kom også ved hoffet, men vides ikke at have udrettet noget. I 1848 rejste han tilbage til Hannover.

Kilder

Jurister fra Danmark
Jurister fra Tyskland
Politikere fra Danmark
Politikere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra København
Artikler fra 1. udgave af Dansk biografisk leksikon

Rudolf Christiani (jurist)


Găluște de chifle sunt o specialitate originară din sudul Germaniei precum a bucătăriei  austriece (în aceste regiuni numite Semmelknödel), dar răspândite și în România, în special prin Banat. Ele sunt servite ca garnitură la feluri de mâncare, cum ar fi o friptură de porc împreună cu varză acră, una de vită sau vânat și varză roșie, cu un ghiveci de linte sau cu o ciulama de ciuperci respectiv de plămâni de porc sau vițel.

Rețeta

Ingrediente
Este nevoie de chifle sau o franzelă de pâine albă mai veche (de 2 la 3 zile), ouă, ceapă, făină, lapte, pătrunjel, piper negru și nucă de muscat, după plăcere costiță sau jambon afumat de porc.

Mod de preparare
Chiflele tăiate felii subțiri se opăresc cu lapte fierbinte (¼ de litru pentru 6 chifle). Separat se prăjește ceapa ușor în ceva ulei (facultativ cu bucățele mici de costiță). Se frământă chiflele cu ceapa, două ouă, două linguri de făină precum condimentele. Dacă coca este prea curgătoare, se adaugă un pic de pesmet. Se formeazä găluște cu un diametru de 6-8 cm care, după ce au fost tăvălite prin făină, se pun într-un castron cu apă clocotindă și potrivită de sare. Apoi temperatura trebuie să fie redusă. Când găluștele se urcă, sunt gata.

Varietăți
 Găluște de chifle boeme (Serviettenknödel): cu mult mai multă faină, de formă alungită, învelită într-o pânză și gătită peste vapori de apă, apoi servită tăiată felii
 Găluște de chifle elvețiene: cu brânză de parmezan sau cașcaval vechi frecată, ceva vin alb, pătrunjel, arpagic, salvie, busuioc, dar fără ceapă
 Găluște de chifle tiroleze: cu costiță sau jambon afumat de porc (vezi sus)
 În Nouvelle cuisine găluștele se prepară și din covrigi. Ei au un diametru de numai 4-5 cm, deseori sunt preparate ca găluștele boeme.

Toate aceste găluște sunt ieftine dar gustoase.

Note

Bibliografie
 Henriette Davidis-Holle: "Praktisches Kochbuch", Editura Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld ș Leipzig,1915
 "Altenerdinger Hausfrauen kochen, backen, braten", Editura parohiei Erding, Erding 1985

Legături externe

Bucătăria austriacă

Găluște de chifle


James Paul Chapin (1889-1964) fue un biólogo y ornitólogo estadounidense.

Biografía
Chapin fue uno de los ornitólogos fundamentales del . Con tan solamente diecinueve años de edad, abandonó su hogar en Staten Island para asumir como segundo al mando de la expedición (comandada por Herbert Lang) por seis años, entre 1909 y 1915, al Congo Belga, enviada por el Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Se recibió de doctor en ciencias naturales por la Universidad de Columbia en 1919, y trabajó para el ya citado Museo Americano de Historia Natural durante un período de cincuenta y nueve años consecutivos. Residente habitual de Staten Island, durante su adolescencia, fue un asiduo y habitual colaborador en las publicaciones impresas por el Instituto para las Artes y Ciencias de Staten Island.

Distinciones
Por sus publicaciones acerca de las aves del Congo, James Chapin recibió el galardón de la medalla Daniel Giraud Elliot, otorgada, en 1932, por la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de los Estados Unidos.

Algunas publicaciones
 Descriptions of three new birds from the Belgian Congo (1915)
 Fresh-water fishes of the Congo Basin obtained by the American museum Congo expedition, 1909-15 (1917)
 Description of four new birds from the Belgian Congo (1921)
 The American Museum Congo Expedition collection of Insectivora (1922)
 Sciuridae, Anomaluridae, and Idiuridae collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition (1922)
 Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915 (1923)
 The preparation of birds for study; instructions for the proper preparation of bird skins and skeletons for study and future mounting (1923)
 The macruran, anomuran and stomatopod crustaceans collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915 (1926)
 The parasitic worms collected by The American Museum of Natural History Expedition to the Belgian Congo, 1909-1914 (1929)
 Birds of the Belgian Congo (1932–1954)
 Hyraxes collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition (1936)
 The future of the American Ornithologists' Union: a report to the members and friends of the A.O.U. (1942)

Literatura
 Herbert Friedmann. In Memoriam: James Paul Chapin. En: The Auk 83 (2), 1966: 240–252

Véase también
Taxones descritos por James Chapin

Enlaces externos
 James Paul Chapin, en sitio de American Museum of Natural History

Biólogos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Ornitólogos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Alumnado de la Universidad de Columbia
Profesores de Estados Unidos
Miembros de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Estados Unidos
Personas de Nueva York (estado)

James Chapin


İbrahim Yavuz Yükselsin (d. 12 Temmuz 1966, İstanbul), 1985 yılında girdiği İzmir Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü'nden 1990' yılında mezun oldu ve aynı kurumda önce sözleşmeli olarak (1990) daha sonra (1992) araştırma görevlisi kadrosunda göreve başladı. 1994'te "İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul'un Sözel Taksimleri" başlıklı tezi ile D.E.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü'ndeki Yüksek Lisans öğrenimini tamamladı ve aynı yıl başladığı doktora öğrenimini 2001'de "Batı Türkiye Romanlarında Kültürel Kimlik, Profesyonel Müzisyenlik ve Müziksel Yaratıcılık" başlıklı doktora tezi ile tamamladı. 2011 Haziran'ında Yardımcı Doçent, 2011 Şubat'ında Doçent Unvanlarını aldı.

Öğrenim süreci boyunca Turgut Aldemir ile kulak eğitimi ve solfej, piyano, armoni, koro; Serhat Durmaz ile Geleneksel Türk Sanat Müziği kuramı, Dağar, Akustik; Fırat Kutluk ile Uluslararası Sanat Müziği Tarihi, Yetkin Özer ile Müzikoloji ve Etnomüzikoloji kuramları ile Araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri üzerine çalıştı. Müzikoloji ve Etnomüzikoloji kuramı, Dünya Müzikleri, Çalgı Bilgisi, Müzik Analizi ve Müzik Etnografisi üzerine incelemeler yapan İbrahim Yavuz Yükselsin halen Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi'nde öğretim üyesi olup 2013-2015 yılları arasında Müzik Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı başkanlığı ve Bölüm başkanlığı görevlerini yürüttü.

Üniversitedeki görevinin yanı sıra TRT Radyo 3'te farklı kültürlerin müzik geleneklerini tanıtan Sınırların Ötesinde Müzik [(1999-2000), (2006-2007)]; Uluslararası Sanat Müziğinin başı çeken bestecilerin yaşamından kesitler sunulan Evrensel Müziğin Ustaları [(1999-2000), (2007-2008)]; ve çalgıların tanıtıldığı Çalgılar ve Müzik (2006-2007)  programlarını hazırladı. D.E.Ü. Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi  tarafından yayınlanan Yedi: Sanat, Tasarım ve Bilim Dergisi'nde Baş Editörlük (2012-2014) ve Yayın Kurul Üyeliği (2011-2012) görevlerini yürüttü.

Verdiği dersler

Lisans programı: "Müzik, Kültür ve Toplum", "Etnomüzikolojiye Giriş", "Müzik Araştırmacılığı Uygulamaları", Araştırma Tasarımı ve Projelendirme", "Dünya Müzikleri", "Müzik Laboratuvarı", "Müzik Etnografisi", "Müzik Analizi".

Yüksek Lisans programı: "Çaprazkültürel Müzik Analizi", "Kültürlerarası Dialog, Aracılık ve Müzik"

Doktora programı: "Etnomüzikolojide Yöntem ve Teknik" ve "Tınısal Müzik Analizi".

Bilimsel çalışmalar

Makaleler
2016 Uğur ASLAN & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Sosyal Nüfuz Kuramı Bağlamında Türkiye'de Çağdaş Hristiyan Müziği ve Protestan Kültürel Kimliği", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 9/ Sayı 42/s: 1954-1962.

http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt9/sayi42_pdf/8diger_sosyalbilimler/aslan_ugur_iyavuzyukselsin.pdf

2016 Hasan Devrim KINLI & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Eşikler, Müzikler ve Liminalite: Profesyonel Roman müzisyenler ve Bergama Yöresi Evlilik Ritüellerindeki Liminal Rolleri", International Journal of Human Sciences, Vol 13, No.1, s:375-399.

https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/3481

2016 Bilgihan AKBABA BOZOK & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz,  "Pesna Pratiğinde Dönüşüm ve Süreklilik: Breznitsa Pomak Topluluğu Örnek Olayı", International Journal of Human Sciences, Vol. 13 / No.1 / s: 421-435/

https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/3484

2015 Orçun BERRAKÇAY & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz,  "Deve Güreşi Ritüellerinde Müzik ve Müzisyenlik", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 41, s: 1414-1429.

http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi41_pdf/8diger_sosyalbilimler/berrakcay_orcun_ibrahimyavuzyukselsin.pdf

2015 Aslan, Uğur & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Protestan Ritüellerinde Popüler Müzik Pratiği: İzmir Çağdaş Tapınma Scene", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 8/40, Ekim, s:876-888.

http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi40_pdf/8diger_sosyalbilimler/aslan_ugur_iyavuzyukselsin.pdf
2015 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Bir 'Kültürel Aracı' Olarak Muzafer Sarısözen ve Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde 'Türk Halk Müziği'nin Yeniden İnşasındaki Rolü", Yedi: Sanat, Tasarım ve Bilim Dergisi, Sayı:14, s:77-90.
http://dergipark.gov.tr/yedi/issue/21847/234903
2015 Kınlı, H. Devrim & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Kültürel Aracılığın Ritüelleri: Bergamalı Profesyonel Roman Müzisyenlerin Geçiş Ritüellerindeki Aracılık Rolleri", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 8/39, Ağustos, s:1119-1130.
http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi39_pdf/8diger_sosyalbilimler/kinli_hasandevrim_ibrahimyavuzyukselsin.pdf
2014 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Kültürel Aracılık, Roman ve Müzik: Bir Rumeli Halk Ezgisinin Güreş Havasına Dönüştürülmesi Örnekolayı", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 7/34, Ekim, s:713-730.
http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt7/sayi34_pdf/6psikoloji_sosyoloji_felsefe/yukselsin_ibrahimyavuz.pdf

2011 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Etnomüzikoloji Açısından Ahmed Adnan Saygun", Bilig, Sayı 57, Bahar, s:247-277.

http://bilig.yesevi.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/1213-published.pdf

2010 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "İlle de Roman Olsun: Popüler Müzik ve Kültürel Kimliğin Tınısal Sunumu", Porte Akademik: 4 Aylık Müzik ve Dans Araştırmaları Dergisi, sayı 1/1, Ekim, s.107-119.

2010 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz &  O. Berrakçay, "Bir Müziksel Terapi Modeli Olarak 'Etkileşimli Ritim Tekrarı Alıştırması'nın Otistik Spektrum Bozuklukları Olan Çocuklardaki Problem Davranışların Azaltılmasındaki Etkileri", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 3/10, Kış, s:661-673.
http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt3/sayi10pdf/yukselsin_ibrahimyavuz.pdf
2010 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz & M. Küçükebe, "Batı ve Türk Sanat Müziği Keman Çalıcıları Arasındaki Tınısal Algı Farklılığının Kültürel ve Bilişsel Yönleri Üzerine Spektral Bir Analiz", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 3/10, Kış, s:674-687.
http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt3/sayi10pdf/yukselsin_ibrahimyavuz_2.pdf
2009 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Satılık Havalar!: Batı Türkiye Roman Topluluklarında Bir Müziksel Zanaatkârlık Biçimi Olarak 'Çalgıcılık'", The Journal of International Social Research / Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 2/8, Yaz, s: 452-463.
http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt2/sayi8pdf/yukselsin_ibrahimyavuz.pdf
2001 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Güreş Müziğinde İcra ve Yaratıcılık: Edirneli Roman Müzisyenlerin Kırkpınar Güreşlerindeki Rolü", Muzikoloji Derneği Simpozyum Bildirileri, İstanbul: Müzikoloji yayını, s:141-147.

2001 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Bir Grup Kimliği Olarak "Çalgıcılık": Edirne Romanlarında Profesyonel Müzisyenliğin Grup Kimliğindeki Rolü", Muzikoloji Derneği Simpozyum Bildirileri, İstanbul: Müzikoloji yayını, s: 134-140.

1994 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Pop–Besk", Musiki Bülteni, DEÜ, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü yayını, Ocak, sayı 7, s.4–6.

1993 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Xenakis'in Kulakları" [Jacques Drillon'un Le Nouvel Observateur'ün 30 Kasım 1984 sayısında yayınlanan "Les Oreilles de Xenakis" başlıklı söyleşisinin çevirisi], Musiki Bülteni, DEÜ, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü yayını, sayı 6, Ekim, s.4–5.

1993 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Carlo Domeniconi İzmir'de", Musiki Bülteni, DEÜ, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü yayını, sayı 4, Nisan, s.3–5.

1993 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Kaynak Gösterilmeden Yayınevi ve Hazırlayanın Adı Belirtilmeden Kulanılamaz", Musiki Bülteni, DEÜ, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü yayını, sayı 3, Ocak, s.7–9.

1992 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Küğ Dünyası Bir Ustasını Yitirdi", ''Orkestra'', sayı 227, Temmuz, s.17–21.

Kitap
1996 Batı Küğü Üzerine Seçme Yazılarıyla Gültekin Oransay, DEÜ, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Yayınları, İzmir, [Yrd. Doç. Dr. Serhat Durmaz'la birlikte hazırlanan derleme kitap].

Kitapiçi Bölüm
2011 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "İlle de Roman Olsun: Popüler Müzik ve Kültürel Kimliğin Tınısal Sunumu", İlle de Sanat Olsun, Proje Raporu, İstanbul: s:96-102.

2011 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Müzik ve Kültürel Çeşitlilik - Göç, Kimlik, Müzik: Pomaklarda Göçmen Kimliğin İfade Aracı Olarak 'Pesna' Türkiye'de Müzik Kültürü, Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları, s:457-462.

Kongre
2016 Bilgihan AKBABA BOZOK & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, , "Göç, Mekan, Müzik: Karaağaçlı Pomak Göçmen Topluluğunda Mekanın Balkanlaştırılması", II. Uluslararası Sanat ve Tasarım Kongresi, Narlıdere, Ekim 2016,

2010 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz & C. Yılmaz, "Cinsiyet ve Sınırlar: Evlilik Ritüeli Bağlamında Bergamalı Roman Kadın Müzisyenler", 21. Yüzyılın Eşiğinde Kadınlar: Değişim ve Güçlenme, Uluslararası Multidisipliner Kadın Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 13-16 Ekim 2009, Cilt 4, 146-156, İzmir.

2008 Berrakçay, O. & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz,, "Müzik ve Otizm: Ritim Tekrarına Dayalı Uygulama Çalışmalarının Problem Davranış Kontrolüne Etkisi", Proceedings Of International Conference on Educational Sciences (ICES'08), June 23-25, 291-298, East Mediterrian University, Famagusta: North Cyprus, 2008.

2006 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Göç, Kimlik, Müzik: Pomaklarda Göçmen Kimliğin İfade Aracı Olarak 'Pesna'", Tarihsel Süreç İçinde Türkiye'de Müzik Kültürü ve Müzik Müzesi Uluslararası Kongresi, 29-31 Mayıs 2006 İstanbul: Askeri Müze ve Kültür Sitesi.

2005 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "İlle de Roman Olsun: Popüler Müzik ve Kültürel Kimliğin Tınısal Sunumu", İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Türk Müziği Devlet Konservatuvarı, Müzikoloji Bölümü, Müzikte Temsil ve Müziksel Temsil Uluslararası Kongresi, 6-8 Ekim, İstanbul

2003 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Popüler Müzik ve İnternet Teknolojileri", Popüler Müzik Araştırmaları Derneği (PMAD), Popüler Müzikte Kod, Anlam ve İfade Ulusal Kongresi, 6-8 Ekim, Eskişehir.

Sempozyum
2016 Orçun BERRAKÇAY & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Müziksel Etkinliklerin ve Müzisyenliğin Deve Güreşi Ritüellerindeki Önemi", I. Uluslararası Selçuk-Efes Devecilik Kültürü ve Deve Güreşleri Sempozyumu, Selçuk, Kasım 2016,

2016 Bilgihan AKBABA BOZOK & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Karaağaçlı Pomak Göçmen Topluluğu'nda Balkanlı Kimliğinin İnşa Aracı Olarak Müziksel İcra", Uluslararası Müzik Sempozyumu, Nilüfer, Ekim 2016,

2016 Uğur ASLAN & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedavi Aracı Olarak Dinsel Müzik: İzmir Işık Kilisesi'nde İyileştirme Ritüeli", VII. ULUSLARARASI HİSARLI AHMET SEMPOZYUMU, Kütahya, Mayıs 2016,

2014 Bozok, Bilgihan A. & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Pesna Pratiğinde Dönüşüm ve Süreklilik: Breznitsa Pomak Topluluğu Örnekolayı", İzmir II. Ulusal Müzik Sempozyumu, 17-18 Kasım, İzmir.

2014 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Bir Ulus-Devletin Kültürel İnşası: Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Bergama'sında Müzik ve Sosyokültürel Dönüşüm", İzmir II. Ulusal Müzik Sempozyumu, 17-18 Kasım, İzmir.

2014 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Kültürel Aracılar Olarak Romanlar: Kırkpınar Yağlı Güreşleri Örnekolayı", Dünya Ses Günü Sempozyumu, 16 Nisan 2014, İzmir.

2013 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Muzaffer Sarısözen ve 'Türk Halk Müziği'nin Yeniden İnşası Sürecindeki 'Kültürel Aracılık' Rolü", Ölümünün 50. Yılında Muzaffer Sarısözen Sempozyumu, 18-20 Kasım, Sivas.

2012 Kınlı, H. Devrim & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz,  "Kültürel Aracılığın Ritüelleri: Bergamalı Profesyonel Roman Müzisyenlerin Geçiş Ritüellerindeki Aracılık Rolleri", III. Uluslararası Hisarlı Ahmet Sempozyumu, 24-26 Mayıs,Kütahya.

2012 Akkaş, Seher & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Senkretizm Bağlamında 'Karadeniz Rock' Olgusu: Grup Marsis Örneği", III. Uluslararası Hisarlı Ahmet Sempozyumu, 24-26 Mayıs, Kütahya.

2011 Kınlı, H. Devrim & Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz,  "Eşikler, Müzikler ve Liminalite: Bergama Evlilik Ritüelleri Bağlamında Roman Müzisyenlerin Liminal Rolleri", II. Ulusal Hisarlı Ahmet Sempozyumu, 26-28 Mayıs,Kütahya.

2011 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Kültürel Aracılık, Romanlar ve Müzik: Bir Rumeli Ezgisinin Güreş Havasına Dönüştürülmesi Örnek Olayı, II. Ulusal Hisarlı Ahmet Sempozyumu, 26-28 Mayıs,Kütahya.

2007 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Etnomüzikoloji Penceresinden Saygun", 4. Müzikoloji Sempozyumu, 9-10 Mart, Bursa.

2000 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Güreş Müziğinde İcra ve Yaratıcılık: Edirneli Roman Müzisyenlerin Kırkpınar Güreşlerindeki Rolü", Müzikoloji Derneği 2. Müzikoloji Sempozyumu, 20-21 Ekim, İzmir.

1999 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Bir Grup Kimliği Olarak "Çalgıcılık": Edirne Romanlarında Profesyonel Müzisyenliğin Grup Kimliğindeki Rolü", Müzikoloji Derneği 1. Müzikoloji Sempozyumu, İstanbul.

1997 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Etnik-Kültürel Kimlik ve Göçmen Müziği", Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Müzik Eğitimi Sempozyumu, 28-31 Mayıs.

1992 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, "Gülümlü Opera Geleneği ve Rossini", Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü, Rossini Semineri, İzmir Devlet Opera ve Balesi, 13-17 Nisan,

Panel
2007 Yükselsin, İ. Yavuz, Etnisite, Meslek, Müzik: Batı Türkiye Romanlarında Müzik Yapma Üzerine Kurulu Bir Meslek Olarak Çalgıcılık, 40 Gün 40 Gece Sulukule Platformu, Umuda Giden Yol: Türkiye Roman Müziklerinden Örnekler Paneli, 20 Nisan 2007 İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Doktor Erol Üçer Müzik İleri Araştırmalar Merkezi Seminer Salonu, Maçka Yerleşkesi.

CD/Kaset
1998 Pomak Göçmenlerde Müzik ve Pesna, Kalan Müzik, İstanbul.

Türk güzel sanatlar akademisyenleri
Türk müzikologlar
1966 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Etnomüzikoloji
Türk Etnomüzikologlar

İbrahim Yavuz Yükselsin


AT&T Mobility, LLC, also known as AT&T Wireless and marketed as simply AT&T, is an American telecommunications company. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T Inc. and provides wireless services in the United States. AT&T Mobility is the largest wireless carrier in the United States, with 229.1 million subscribers at the end of Q2 2023.

The company is headquartered in Brookhaven, Georgia. Originally known as Cingular Wireless (a joint venture between SBC Communications and BellSouth) from 2000 to 2007, the company acquired the old AT&T Wireless in 2004; SBC later acquired the original AT&T and adopted its name. Cingular became wholly owned by AT&T in December 2006 as a result of AT&T's acquisition of BellSouth.

In January 2007, Cingular confirmed it would rebrand itself under the AT&T name. Although the legal corporate name change occurred immediately, for both regulatory and brand-awareness reasons both brands were used in the company's signage and advertising during a transition period. The transition concluded in late June, just prior to the rollout of the Apple iPhone.

On March 20, 2011, AT&T Mobility announced its intention to acquire T-Mobile US from Deutsche Telekom for $39 billion. If it had received government and regulatory approval, AT&T would have had more than 130 million subscribers. However, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and AT&T Mobility's competitors (such as Sprint Corporation) opposed the move on the grounds that it would substantially reduce competition in the cellular network market. In December 2011, in the face of both governmental and widespread consumer opposition, AT&T withdrew its offer to complete the merger.

Services
Customers can currently choose either AT&T's 4GB or Unlimited Your Way Plans. As of January 8, 2016, AT&T no longer offers two-year contracts for subsidized smartphones to its consumer customers. Customers who currently have two-year contracts are grandfathered until they upgrade to a new device, in which case they will have to choose from AT&T's NEXT installment plans for smartphones. Unlimited data plans may be throttled based on the terms of the plan. AT&T has also introduced for its postpaid customers free Canada and Mexico roaming as while as roaming in most of South America on All of the Unlimited Plans and its new 4GB Plan.

AT&T also allows existing customers to stay on legacy right plans; however, reserves the right to terminate or require a plan change per its terms of service.

Within AT&T's 21-state landline footprint, other AT&T services are offered at the AT&T retail stores, including signing up for home phone, internet, and U-verse. AT&T stores outside of its footprint offer wireless services. All AT&T company-owned stores nationwide sell DirecTV.

Employees
A large number of AT&T Mobility employees are unionized, belonging to the Communications Workers of America. The CWA represented roughly 15,000 of the previous 20,000 formerly AT&T Wireless employees as of early 2006. As of the end of 2009, the CWA website claims that roughly 40,000 workers of AT&T Mobility are represented by the union.

History

Cingular Wireless

Cingular Wireless was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of SBC Communications and BellSouth. The joint venture created the nation's second-largest carrier. Cingular grew out of a conglomeration of more than 100 companies, with 12 well-known regional companies with Bell roots. The 12 companies included:
 Three companies spun off from Advanced Mobile Phone Service
 Ameritech Mobile Communications
 BellSouth Mobility
 Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems
 BellSouth Mobility DCS
 BellSouth Wireless Data
 CCPR Services d/b/a Cellular One of Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands
 Pacific Bell Wireless
 Pacific Bell Wireless Northwest
 SBC Wireless
 SNET Mobility
 Southwestern Bell Wireless

SBC Wireless had previously operated in several northeast markets under the "Cellular One" brand, while BellSouth's wireless operations incorporated the former Houston Cellular.

Cingular's lineage can be traced back to Advanced Mobile Phone Service, which was a subsidiary of AT&T created in 1978 to provide cellular service nationwide. AMPS was divided among the Regional Bell Operating Companies as part of the Bell System divestiture.

With the exception of Pacific Bell and BellSouth Mobility DCS, the digital network consisted of D-AMPS technology. The Pacific Bell and BellSouth Mobility DCS networks used GSM technology on the PCS frequency band (1900 MHz).

In October 2007, AT&T's president and chief executive officer Stan Sigman announced his retirement. Ralph de la Vega, group president-Regional Telecom & Entertainment, was named as president and CEO of AT&T Mobility.

AT&T Wireless merger
In February 2004, after a bidding war with Britain's Vodafone Plc (at the time a part-owner of Verizon Wireless), Cingular announced that it would purchase its struggling competitor, AT&T Wireless Services, for $41 billion. This was more than twice the company's trading value.

The merger was completed on October 26, 2004. The combined company had a customer base of 46 million people at the time, making Cingular the largest wireless provider in the United States. AT&T Wireless was then legally renamed New Cingular Wireless Services. Shortly after, new commercials were shown with the "AT&T" transforming into the Cingular logo, and with the Cingular logo's text turned blue to acknowledge the change. Some of the companies that comprised Cingular, such as BellSouth Mobility, ceased to exist when they were legally merged into the operating company subsidiary AT&T Wireless PCS, which was New Cingular Wireless PCS.

First announced on June 22, 2005, Cingular Wireless announced the intention to divest its Caribbean and Bermuda operations and licenses which it acquired from the acquisition of AT&T Wireless, to Irish-owned and Jamaica-based Digicel Group under undisclosed financial terms.

In 2006, one year following the deal, a high-ranking source allegedly close to the sale pointed the Barbados Daily Nation Newspaper towards some SEC filings made by Cingular which were said to establish an idea of the approximate sale price of the deal. According to the SEC filings Cingular was paid around $122 million, with much of that cost going towards the purchase of the former AT&T Wireless assets in Barbados by Digicel.

At the time of the merger, there were two networks: the historic AT&T Blue Network and the Cingular Orange Network. Both networks contained a mix of both TDMA and GSM facilities. Approximately 50,000 cell sites had to be melded together. From a technical standpoint, the "blue" and "orange" networks were considered different networks until integration was completed in 2005. Enhanced Network Selection (ENS) was used to home cellular devices on either the "blue" or "orange" network during this process.

The New AT&T

On November 21, 2005, Ed Whitacre, then CEO of the newly merged SBC/AT&T, announced plans to market Cingular's service under the AT&T brand. BellSouth spokesman Jeff Battcher countered that the terms of the joint venture allow either party to sell the service under another name, and that he believes they will be using the brand to market to business customers.  Cingular president Stan Sigman concurred with BellSouth's position, indicating that the Cingular brand would continue but be sold under the AT&T brand where offered in packages with other AT&T services, such as data and wireline telephony.

However, AT&T announced on March 5, 2006, that it would acquire BellSouth. The acquisition was finalized on December 29, 2006, when the FCC gave its final approval. The following month, AT&T announced that it would phase out the Cingular brand across all of its services and replace it with AT&T, with an accompanying advertising campaign branding the combined company as "The New AT&T." Commercials featured the orange Cingular "Jack" logo encircling the AT&T globe logo several times, dragging its  blue bars behind it to form the globe's blue stripes, before finally disappearing behind it, being backed by the chorus of the Oasis song "All Around the World". AT&T added the color orange to its signage to reflect the change; AT&T would eventually remove orange in 2015 following another rebranding related to its acquisition of DirecTV.

In November 2007, AT&T acquired Dobson Communications, who owned Cellular One and was a roaming partner of AT&T, for $2.8 billion. The sale added 1.7 million subscribers and expanded AT&T coverage in various suburban and rural markets (including Alaska). On November 7, 2008, AT&T announced its intent to acquire Centennial Wireless for $944 million, expanding its coverage in the Midwest, southern U.S., and Puerto Rico.

Failed acquisition of T-Mobile USA

On March 20, 2011, AT&T and Deutsche Telekom announced that AT&T had agreed to acquire T-Mobile USA from Deutsche Telekom in a deal estimated to be worth $39 billion in cash and stock. AT&T said the deal was expected to close in 12 months and was subject to regulatory approval. As of June 2011, it was being examined by the FCC. On August 31, 2011, the United States Department of Justice formally announced that it had filed a lawsuit to block the merger.  On November 22, 2011, FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski recommended sending AT&T's proposed T-Mobile acquisition to an administrative law judge for review and a hearing. On November 23, 2011, AT&T withdrew its application with the FCC regarding the acquisition of T-Mobile USA. They also indicated that they would recognize a $4 billion dollar accounting charge in the event of a deal collapse. That charge covers a $3 billion cash breakup fee and $1 billion as the market value for the spectrum they were required to transfer to T-Mobile if the deal failed to complete.

2012–present
On August 2, 2012, AT&T announced its intent to acquire NextWave Wireless. On January 22, 2013, AT&T announced its intent to acquire the U.S. retail wireless operations of Atlantic Tele-Network, doing business as Alltel, for $780 million. On June 24, 2014, Plateau Wireless announced the sale of assets and operations in eastern New Mexico and west Texas to AT&T, including wireless spectrum and 40,000 customers.

In November 2014 and January 2015, AT&T acquired the Mexican wireless carriers Iusacell and Nextel Mexico to form AT&T Mexico.

On October 9, 2019, Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico's parent company (Liberty Latin America), announced the acquisition of AT&T Wireless Services in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, in a $1.95 billion deal. The sale was completed on November 2, 2020. In May 2021, the company began promoting AT&T and Liberty as a unified brand. In September 2021, Liberty began phasing out the AT&T brand and introduced a new logo.

Network

GSM facilities

In California, Nevada, Northern New Jersey and New York City, Cingular and T-Mobile USA maintained and shared a GSM-1900 network prior to the acquisition of AT&T Wireless, through a joint venture known as GSM Facilities.  The network sharing agreement allowed Cingular to offer local service in northern New Jersey and New York City and T-Mobile USA to offer service in California and Nevada.  On May 25, 2004, Cingular and T-Mobile USA announced their intention to dissolve the agreement contingent on Cingular's successful acquisition of AT&T Wireless, the Cingular network was transferred to T-Mobile USA, with Cingular continuing work on the GSM facilities at AT&T Wireless sites.

Fiber network switching facilities
AT&T has a global sub-sea Tier-1 fiber network switching facility on St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, in conjunction with University of the Virgin Islands Research and Technology Park.

Radio frequency summary

The following is a list of known frequencies that AT&T employs in the United States. 2G GSM was discontinued on January 1, 2017 and 3G UMTS was discontinued on February 22, 2022.

Past networks

The following chart lists the networks that AT&T previously operated.

Coverage

As a result of its formation through mergers and acquisitions, as well as the rapid technological change in the wireless industry, AT&T operates the second-largest digital voice and data network within its United States footprint. AT&T's network footprint supports 4G and uses LTE/LTE-Advanced for simultaneous packet switched voice and data communications. AT&T is also in the process of rolling out its 5G network based on the NR specification.

Cingular, the predecessor to AT&T, supported legacy D-AMPS/TDMA and analog wireless networks. In March 2006, Cingular announced that these networks would be shut down by February 2008. As of March 31, 2007, Cingular ended TDMA supported for GoPhone (pre-paid) customers. On February 18, 2008, AT&T Mobility officially ended service on their AMPS and TDMA network, except for in areas previously operated by Dobson Communications; the Dobson AMPS and TDMA network was shut down March 1, 2008. Networks formerly operated by AT&T predecessors including Cingular also include various paging services and the Cingular Interactive division, which became Velocita Wireless. Velocita was later purchased by Sprint Nextel. AT&T also offered Enhanced Push To Talk (PTT) services on smart phones. The original PTT service was sunset.

The AT&T wireless data network began in 2002 as a Cingular initiative called "Project Genesis" that involved a GPRS overlay of the entire wireless network. Project Genesis was completed by the end of 2004. Later, this network was upgraded to EDGE across the GSM footprint.

In 2005, AT&T launched a broadband network known as "BroadbandConnect", based on UMTS and HSDPA, to counter Verizon Wireless and Sprint's EV-DO networks. UMTS service was launched on December 6, 2005, in Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, San Jose, San Diego, Las Vegas, Phoenix, Puerto Rico, Austin, Houston, Dallas, Detroit, Chicago, Boston, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., and expanded to all major metropolitan markets by the end of 2006. As of early 2009, AT&T Mobility has completed its upgrade of the 3G to HSUPA,

In 2011, it was reported that AT&T would upgrade its network to HSPA+ throughout the year, which it would market as offering 4G-grade speeds. On September 18, 2011, AT&T first launched LTE service in 5 U.S. metropolitan areas, with plans for serving 15 markets by the end of the year. AT&T's LTE rollout was noticeably slower than that of its competitor, Verizon Wireless, with the company stating that its then-proposed acquisition of T-Mobile USA would be necessary. In November 2012, AT&T promoted the network as serving 150 million users, with plans to double its coverage by 2014.

On January 1, 2017, AT&T discontinued its 2G GSM network.

In April 2017, AT&T announced that it would upgrade its existing LTE networks in selected markets to support LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro features, marketed as "5G Evolution" (5G E).

In January 2018, AT&T stated that it intended to deploy 5G NR service by the end of the year.

On February 22, 2022, AT&T discontinued its 3G UMTS network

AT&T operates the second-largest 5G network in the U.S. with approximately 30% of the nation covered. AT&T uses low, mid, and high band frequencies. Mid and high band 5G is marketed as 5G+ and offers much faster speeds than low band. Continuous expansion of the 5G network, especially mid band 5G+, is planned through 2023. AT&T plans to cover 200 million people with 5G+ by the end of 2023.

Marketing

"Fewest dropped calls"
During the first quarter of 2006, Telephia reported that during an extensive nationwide test of major wireless carriers in 350 metropolitan markets around the country, Cingular dropped the fewest calls across the country.  In turn, Cingular began aggressively advertising the "Allover Network", citing Telephia as "the leading independent research company." Telephia's report was in stark contrast to the Consumers Union publication, Consumer Reports, based on a survey of 50,000 of its members in 18 cities, which criticized Cingular for static and dropped calls. Furthermore, J.D. Power and Associates consistently ranked Cingular at or near the bottom of every geographical region in its 2006 Wireless Call Quality Study, which is based on a smaller survey of 23,000 wireless users. This campaign had to come to an abrupt end.

Telephia, which tests wireless networks by making over 6 million calls per year in what it claims is the world's largest wireless network test program, initially refused to provide details on its study, and a spokesman for the company has said, according to the Boston Globe, that "Cingular shouldn't have even mentioned the company's name to a reporter." The research company later stated that Cingular did, indeed, have a "statistically significant lower dropped-call rate than the competition across some market/time period groupings", but that Telephia had "no knowledge of the specific methodology (markets, time periods or statistical thresholds) that Cingular used for its 'lowest dropped call' claim." While AT&T has abandoned its verbal claim of "The Fewest Dropped Calls" in its commercials, it continues to show situations where two persons are speaking with each other on their phones, and one of the users' call drops. AT&T now states "We are still continuing to run ads that emphasize the importance of not dropping calls. That campaign is continuing."

iPhone
On June 29, 2007, Apple's iPhone was introduced to the United States market, and AT&T was the exclusive carrier for the device within the United States until February 10, 2011, when the iPhone 4 was launched on the Verizon network.

Teething problems with AT&T's billing process emerged soon after the iPhone's release, as early adopters started receiving exceptionally detailed  monthly telephone bills with one of the most notable being the 300-page iPhone bill that was featured in an online video by YouTube influencer iJustine.

Apple launched the iPhone 3G with AT&T on July 11, 2008. Although specific AT&T sales numbers are unavailable, Apple announced that over 1 million iPhone 3G devices were sold during the first three days — in contrast, according to Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO, "It took 74 days to sell the first one million original iPhones." In August 2008, Best Buy announced that it would begin selling the iPhone 3G for use on the AT&T network. In September 2008, AT&T announced that it would also sell the iPhone 3G in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

The iPhone 4 was released on June 24, 2010. According to Apple, over 1.7 million iPhone 4 units were sold in the first few days, which is the most out of any phone ever sold. These sales propelled AT&T to strong Q2 results.

The iPhone 5 was released on September 12, 2012.  Apple reported selling 5 million iPhone 5's in the first weekend. AT&T activated 8.5 million iPhones in Q4 of 2012.

Android-based smart phones
On February 18, 2010, AT&T announced that on March 7, 2010 it would introduce its first smart phone based on Google's Android operating system, the Motorola Backflip.
On March 22, 2010, AT&T announced that its second Android handset would be the Dell Aero, a revised version of the Dell Mini 3. However, the second Android phone AT&T released was the HTC Aria which was announced on June 14, 2010 and released on June 20, 2010. The Samsung Captivate, which is part of the Galaxy S family, was released on AT&T's network on July 18, 2010. In addition to devices released on AT&T were a line of handsets manufactured by Motorola. The Motorola Flipout, followed by the Motorola Flipside and the Motorola Bravo all run Android 2.1 and were all released Q4 2010. Three new 4G Android devices were announced for release within the first and second quarter of the fiscal year 2011, including the Motorola Atrix 4G, the HTC Inspire 4G, and the Samsung Infuse 4G. HTC Inspire 4G being the first, preceded by the Motorola Atrix 4G are, available through AT&T's 4G network. These three devices are all running Android 2.2 (Froyo) and are expected to be upgraded to Android 2.3 Gingerbread later in the year, along with an update to "enable" 4G uploads. Unlike other United States networks with Android-based phones, AT&T did not allow non-market apps to be installed. However, on May 16, 2011 AT&T announced that some current and future Android devices will come with an option to allow the installation of unofficial applications.

4G LTE
In a BBDO campaign for 4G and 4G LTE started in November 2012, Beck Bennett interviewed children in commercials directed by Jorma Taccone, with the slogan "It's not complicated." The children were asked whether fast or slow is better, or whether two is better than one. Taccone said "The spots are 'guided' improv", meaning the children were allowed to be natural until others had to step in and help.

In Need for Speed Games
In the NFS games Underground 2 to Carbon, the network (as Cingular) was shown as the mobile internet provider in the ingame voice/text message.

Current services
AT&T reintroduced unlimited plans in 2016; on launch, users were required to subscribe to an AT&T-owned pay television service (DirecTV or U-verse) in order to be eligible. In April 2017, the Unlimited Plus plan was reduced in price, and a complimentary subscription to HBO (either as part of an AT&T-owned pay television service, or standalone via HBO GO) was added to both plans. In June 2018, the two plans were discontinued for new subscribers and replaced by similar "Unlimited & More" plans, which both include AT&T's new "Watch TV" service (which includes a selection of entertainment cable networks) at no charge, and Unlimited & More Premium allowing users to also choose a premium subscription service (such as Cinemax, HBO, Showtime, Spotify, Starz, Amazon Music Unlimited, Pandora Premium, or VRV) as an add-on. The basic Unlimited & More plan is restricted to standard definition video streaming.

AT&T Prepaid
AT&T Prepaid (stylized AT&T PREPAID; formerly GoPhone) is a prepaid mobile phone service from AT&T Mobility.

The GoPhone name and product were originally conceived and implemented by McCaw Cellular by its founder Craig McCaw and first used in commerce in 1987 by his company. It was later bought by AT&T in 1995 and used by the pre-2004 "AT&T Wireless" after Cingular's purchase of AT&T Wireless in 2004 for $41 billion. At that time, Cingular was jointly owned by SBC Communications (Southwestern Bell Corporation) of San Antonio, Texas, which owned 60 percent, and BellSouth of Atlanta, Georgia.

The original GoPhone service was discontinued and Cingular renamed its prepaid services under GoPhone. The GoPhone brand name was still in use even after "Cingular" renamed itself "AT&T Mobility" until 2017 when it was rebranded AT&T PREPAID.

As of January 2019, AT&T Prepaid has 6 million subscribers.

NumberSync
NumberSync was introduced in 2015. The service allows AT&T postpaid wireless customers to use one telephone number to send and receive calls and text messages across all of their supported devices.

Slogans
 "Your World. Close At Hand." (1999)
 "What do you have to say?" (2000–2002)
 "Fits you best" (2002–2004)
 "Raising the bar" (2004–2006)
 "More bars, In More places" (2006–2007)
 "Your world. Delivered" (2007–2010)
 "Rethink possible" (2010–2014)
 "Mobilizing Your World" (2014–2017)
 "Entertainment Your Way" (2017)
 "More For Your Thing, That's Our Thing" (2018–present)

Controversies

Misrepresentation of network technology

Misrepresentation as 4G
In 2011, following a similar change by T-Mobile USA, AT&T began marketing both its HSPA and HSPA+ services as "4G", and distributed phone software patches changing their network indicators to identify these services as such. With the ITU having expanded its definition of 4G to include HSPA+, AT&T decided to label 14 Mbit/s HSPA devices and service as HSPA+, and thus 4G. Standard HSPA service, however, never met 4G standards, nor are these HSPA devices (non-Evolved) actually capable of operating at HSPA+ speeds. Media outlets considered this branding to be deceptive. Concerns were also expressed over the possibility of confusion when actual 4G VoLTE networks were to be eventually deployed.

Misrepresentation as 5G
In 2017, AT&T began to similarly use the trademark 5G Evolution (5G E) to refer to LTE networks upgraded to support higher data speeds via LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro features, such as 4x4 MIMO antennas, 256-QAM, and three-way carrier aggregation. AT&T promotes these networks as having a theoretical top speed of 400 Mbit/s. In late-2018, AT&T distributed phone software patches changing network indicators to refer to these networks as such.

5G Evolution is entirely unrelated to actual 5G wireless standards; AT&T states that these technologies "serve as the runway to 5G by boosting the existing LTE network and priming it for the future of connectivity", and argued that "the customer doesn't need to think about the exact technology – they only care on the performance and what it enables."  AT&T marketing likewise promotes this network with the slogan "The First Step to 5G".

AT&T once again faced allegations that the branding was misleading, because it is merely a rebranding of existing 4G networks in order to ride upon consumer anticipation of actual 5G technology. T-Mobile US and Verizon Wireless have deployed similar late-stage upgrades in a larger number of markets than AT&T, but promote them as being upgrades to their 4G LTE service. T-Mobile mocked the branding via a video on Twitter, showing a person applying a sticky note reading "9G" over the LTE indicator on an iPhone, captioned "didn't realize it was this easy, brb updating". Technology website The Verge noted that the South American wireless carrier Claro had been using the branding "4.5G" (stylized to make the 4 slightly smaller than the 5) to promote similar upgrades to its LTE service, but felt that this brand was "not as baldfaced a deception as AT&T's 5G E".

In February 2019, Sprint Corporation sued AT&T Mobility for false advertising, presenting evidence that consumers were being misled into believing these services were of equal or higher performance than actual 5G networks. Sprint sought an injunction to halt AT&T's promotion of the network with this trademark. However, the two parties later settled, with AT&T being allowed to continue to promote their network with the trademark.

In May 2020, following complaints by T-Mobile to the National Advertising Division, the National Advertising Review Board (NARB) recommended that AT&T stop using "5G Evolution" or "The First Step to 5G" in advertising, as "the term 'Evolution' is not likely to alert consumers to the fact that the service is not 5G." AT&T stated that it would not use "5G Evolution" or the slogan in future advertising, but that it will still use the 5G E logo, and not remove the indicator from devices.

NASCAR sponsorship conflict

Cingular Wireless began its sponsorship of the #31 Chevrolet, owned by Richard Childress Racing, in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series in 2002. Two years later, when Nextel Communications (now Sprint Corporation) purchased the naming rights to NASCAR's top division (rebranding the division as the Nextel Cup, and later the Sprint Cup), Cingular and Alltel, sponsor of the #12 Dodge (owned by Penske Racing and driven by Ryan Newman), were allowed to stay as sponsors under a grandfather clause. In early 2007, following its purchase by AT&T, Cingular began a re-branding effort to the AT&T Mobility brand. NASCAR quickly claimed that a clause in their contract with Sprint Nextel (the Viceroy rule) would not allow Cingular to change either the name or brand advertised on the #31 car.

After trying and failing to persuade NASCAR to approve the addition of the AT&T globe logo to the rear of the car, AT&T filed a lawsuit against NASCAR on March 16, 2007. On May 18, AT&T won a preliminary injunction in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia in Atlanta and, following a failed emergency motion for a stay by NASCAR on May 19, re-branded the #31 car, driven by Jeff Burton, in time for the Nextel All-Star Challenge that evening. NASCAR was later granted an appeal to be heard on August 2.

On June 17, NASCAR announced it had filed a US$100 million lawsuit against AT&T and would like AT&T and all other rival telecommunications companies out of the sport in 2008.

On August 13, a ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit cleared the way for NASCAR to prevent AT&T from featuring its logo on the car. The 11th Circuit dismissed a lower court's ruling that prevented NASCAR from stopping AT&T's plans. The appeals court remanded the case to the district court.

At first practice for the Sharpie 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway on August 24, the #31 car was colored orange and black, but was bare; that is, associate sponsors appeared, but no primary sponsors were on the car, similar to Formula One cars run in races where tobacco advertising is prohibited. The pit crew wore grey Richard Childress Racing shirts and Burton had a plain orange fire suit with associate sponsors. The car, which carried a "subliminal advertising" scheme, arrived in a black hauler with only the number 31 on the side. NASCAR officials said the car would not have made it through inspection with the AT&T logos. During that weekend, AT&T claimed that two alternate paint schemes proposed by AT&T — one advertising its "go phone" and another with the old Cingular slogan "more bars in more places" that AT&T recently brought back — were rejected by NASCAR. The Go Phone scheme had been used in the past. NASCAR later denied these claims.

On September 7, 2007, a settlement was reached where AT&T Mobility could remain on the #31 car until the end of 2008, but the associate sponsorship of the #29 Nationwide Series Holiday Inn Chevrolet was not affected, because it is in a lower series.

No division of AT&T have sponsored any organization in NASCAR since, even though the Viceroy rule changed from telecommunications companies to beverages when Monster Energy took over sponsorship of the Cup Series in 2017 before NASCAR removed series title sponsorship in the Cup Series altogether, effectively removing any restrictions on which brands can sponsor teams, pursuant to NASCAR approval. In fact, AT&T's parent division had sued a NASCAR team and driver it sponsored, Mike Borkowski, on performance grounds.

Throttling of "unlimited" plans
In 2012, AT&T came under scrutiny for throttling the speed of data delivered to consumers with an unlimited data plan.  The company has claimed that, despite its claim of network speeds, it is within its legal rights to reduce the speed of data to consumers who reach preset thresholds.  In May 2012, Matt Spaccarelli, a truck driver, won a small claims lawsuit against the company for slowing down his service. A Simi Valley, California judge awarded Spaccarelli $850, agreeing that "unlimited" service shouldn't be subject to slowdowns.  Additionally, AT&T's user agreement does not permit class-action suits against the company.

In 2014, the FTC sued AT&T for deceptive business practices. In November 2019, AT&T agreed to pay $60 million to settle the suit, which must be distributed as a "partial refund" to customers who signed up for the affected plans prior to 2011. It also agreed to prominently disclose any throttling restrictions it imposes on its wireless plans in the future.

Mobility Administrative Fee
In May 2013, AT&T added a 61 cent "Mobility Administrative Fee" per-month per-line to all of its wireless postpaid lines, including lines still under service contract. The fee appears "below the line" making it appear like a tax at the bottom of a customer's phone bill. This fee is thought to bring more than a half-billion dollars in a year for AT&T, which claims the fee is for covering the cost of cell sites and maintenance. In June 2018, AT&T raised the administrative fee to $1.99 from 76 cents per-line.

Other AT&T Wireless brands
 AT&T PREPAID (formerly AT&T GoPhone)
 Cricket Wireless
 AT&T Mexico

References

External links

 AT&T Enterprise Mobility
 AT&T Mobility at Yahoo! Finance

AT&T subsidiaries
Companies based in DeKalb County, Georgia
American companies established in 2000
Telecommunications companies established in 2000
Retail companies established in 2000
Mobile phone companies of the United States
2000 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Brookhaven, Georgia

AT&T Mobility


Processus jugularis er en quadrilateral eller triangulær knogleplade, der strækker sig lateralt fra den posteriore halvdel af ledhovedet. Den er udgravet foran fossa jugularis sterni, der i det artikulerede kranium, danner den posteriore del af foramen jugulare.

Det virker som inføringen af rectus capitus lateralis.

Referencer

Hovedets anatomi

Processus jugularis


Gråbrødre Kloster i København som husede Franciskanerordenen også kaldet Gråbrødrene er et tidligere kloster som som lå hvor Gråbrødretorv er nu.

Gråbrødre Klosteret blev oprettet 1238 af tyske franciskaneremunke. Grevinde Ingerd af Regenstein skænkede sin gård i samme bydel til klosteret. Klosterens hovedbygning lå ud til Klosterstræde. Det var det vigtigste franciskanerkloster i Danmark, men det blev ødelagt under Reformationen. Den 25. april 1530 blev klosteret nedlagt og rigsråd Corfitz Ulfeldt byggede efterfølgende sin gård på en del af klostergrunden.

Klosterbygningerne blev delvist revet ned, men enkelte dele er bevaret, f.eks. i kælderen til Gråbrødretorv 11 (Restaurant Peder Oxe), hvor der findes en mur der stammer fra klosterets fængsel. Under nabohuset i nr. 13 kan man se rester af murværket fra herberget.

Forsvundne bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i København
Franciskanske klostre
Tidligere danske klostre
Indre By (København)

Gråbrødre Kloster (København)


Domenico Rea (født 8. september 1921 i Napoli, død 26. januar 1994 i Napoli) var en italiensk forfatter og journalist. Han var en af de vigtige napolitanske forfattere i den neo-realistiske tradition.
I sit forfatterskab gav han stemme til folk fra den nederste del af samfundet uden at karikere dem i stereotyper.

Biografi
Familien bosatte sig i Nocera i 1924 og her tilbragte han sin barndom sammen med sine to søstre og sine forældre. Han havde livet igennem tilknytning til Syditalien.

Domenico Rea skrev fra 1941 til 1943 flere artikler i ugebladet Il Popolo Fascista og avisen GUF (Gruppo Universitario Fascista) Noi Giovani.  I en årrække arbejdede han desuden som arbejdsmand med forskellige småjobs.
I 1944 meldte han sig ind i det kommunistiske parti (PCI). Hans første bog udkom i 1947 (Spaccanapoli)
Han mødte sin kommende hustru, Annamaria Perilli, i 1942 og de blev gift i Napoli 28. oktober 1949. De fik en datter, Lucia Rea, i 1954. Efter en rejse til Prag i 1956 meldte han sig ud af Det kommunistiske parti, PCI, men havde forsat kontakt til sine venner fra partiet.

Han blev i 1970 ansat som journalist på RAI og samarbejdede med avisen Corriere della Sera.

Anerkendelse

Domenico Rea modtog flere priser for sit forfatterskab: I 1951 vandt han Viareggio prisen: i 1965 vandt han Settembrini prisen; i 1993 vandt han Strega prisen.

Hans bog Ninfa plebea er blevet filmatiseret i 1996 af den italienske instruktør Lina Wertmüller.

Bibliografi i udvalg
Domenico Rea har blandt andet fået udgivet følgende bøger:
 Spaccanapoli, Milano, Mondadori, 1947.
 Le formicole rosse, Milano, Mondadori, 1948.
 Gesù, fate luce, Milano, Mondadori, 1950 - Premio Viareggio (1951).
 Ritratto di maggio, Milano, Mondadori, 1953.
 Quel che vide Cummeo, Milano, Mondadori, 1955.
 Una vampata di rossore, Milano, Mondadori, 1959.
 Il re e il lustrascarpe, Napoli, Pironti, 1960.
 L'altra faccia, Milano, Nuova Accademia, 1965.
 I racconti, Milano, Mondadori, 1965 – Premio Settembrini (1965)
 La signora è una vagabonda, Napoli, Marotta, 1968.
 Diario napoletano, Milano, Bietti, 1971.
 Fate bene alle anime del purgatorio, Napoli, Società editrice napoletana, 1976; poi: Milano, Mondadori, 1977.
 Ninfa plebea, Milano, Leonardo editore, 1992. - Premio Strega (1993).

Et udvalg af Reas bøger er oversat til fransk, engelsk og hollandsk.

Filmatisering
Enkelte værker af Domenico Rea er filmatiseret:

 La segnorina, 1983 (tv-serie RAI 3)
 Ninfa plebea, 1996

Referencer

Skønlitterære forfattere fra Italien

Domenico Rea


David Bordwell (født 23. juli 1947) er en amerikansk filmteoretiker og filmhistoriker. Siden han blev ph.d. i filmvidenskab i 1974, har han skrevet mere end femten filmvidenskabelige bøger bl.a. Narration in the Fiction Film (1985), Making Meaning (1989) og On the History of Film Style (1997). Med sin kone Kristin Thompson har Bordwell skrevet lærebøgerne Film Art (1979) og Film History (1994) og sammen filosoffen Noël Carroll redigerede Bordwell antologien Post-Theory: Reconstructing Film Studies (1996), der var et polemisk indslag mod tidens filmteori.

Hans mest omfattende arbejde er The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960 (1985), som han skrev i samarbejde med Thompson og Janet Staiger. Flere af hans mere indflydelsesrige artikler om filmteori, narration og stil er samlet i Poetics of Cinema (2007). Den nu pensionerede Bordwell var professor i filmvidenskab ved University of Wisconsin-Madison. Han er især berømt for sine bidrag til undersøgelser af filmiske fortælleformer og filmstil. Han er også kendt for at udvikle den historiske poetik samt for sine bidrag til den kognitivistiske filmvidenskab.

Bordwell og Thompson har sammen bloggen "Observations on film art," der indeholder deres løbende overvejelser om film.

Kildeangivelser

Filmhistorie
Medievidenskab
Videnskabsfolk fra USA
Personer fra New York

David Bordwell


أندريه غاي  (3 مارس 1941 في بورغ-أون-بريس) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم .

أبرز إنجازاته تتويجه بقلب هداف بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى الفرنسي عندما كان لاعبا في نادي ليون موسم 1968-1969 . كما شارك مع منتخب فرنسافي 8 مباريات دولية مسجلا هدفين في الفترة من 1964 إلى 1968 .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بورغ أون بريس
رياضيون من أين
رياضيون من أين (إقليم فرنسي)
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو رين
لاعبو سانت إتيان
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوفيرني-رون ألب
لاعبو كرة قدم من أين (إقليم فرنسي)
لاعبو ليل
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي تولون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1941

أندريه غاي


A Região Geográfica Imediata de Campo Belo é uma das 70 regiões geográficas imediatas do Estado de Minas Gerais, uma das dez regiões geográficas imediatas que compõem a Região Geográfica Intermediária de Varginha e uma das 509 regiões geográficas imediatas do Brasil, criadas pelo IBGE em 2017.

Municípios
É composta por 5 municípios:

 Aguanil

 Campo Belo

 Candeias

 Cristais

 Santana do Jacaré

Estatísticas
Tem uma população estimada pelo IBGE para 1.º de julho de 2017 de 90 664 habitantes e área total de 2 215,431 km².

Ver também

 Lista de regiões geográficas intermediárias e imediatas de Minas Gerais
 Subdivisões do Brasil

Referências
Regiões geográficas imediatas de Minas Gerais


Clash Royale (hrv. Kraljevski sukob) besplatna je strategijska videoigra razvijena od tvrtke Supercell.

Igra kombinira elemente sakupljanja igraćih karata, obranu dvorca, i MOA (engl. Multiplayer online battle arena).

Obavljena je 2. ožujka 2016. godine. Clash Royale ostvario je prihod od milijarde dolara za manje od godinu dana nakon objave.

Pregled igre
Clash Royale igra je za 2 ili 4 igrača u kojoj je cilj rušenje dvoraca. Rušenjem glavnoga dvorca dolazi do rušenja svih ostalih. Da bi igrač srušio dvorac, trebao bi "stvoriti" neku od karata. Prije nego što uđe u bitku, mora odabrati svoju postavu u koju treba ići 8 igraćih karata. U igri ima ukupno 107 igraćih karata, međutim igrač započne igru samo sa 6. Ostale karte mora sakupiti na nekoliko načina poput otvaranja škrinja ili kupovanja karata u digitalnoj trgovini. Kupovanje karata plaća se digitalnim resursima zlata i smaragda, koji se također mogu dobiti u škrinjama, a zlato se još može kupiti i smaragdima, dok se smaragdi jedino mogu kupiti pravim novcem. Kad se dobivaju karte u škrinjama, određene se karte češće ili rjeđe dobiju. To određuje njihova rijetkost. Karte dolaze u pet vrsta rijetkosti: česta, rijetka, epska, legendarna i šampionska. Karte koje se dobiju dijele se u tri vrste: trupe, građevine i čaranja.

Strateške videoigre

Clash Royale


Hazem Salah Abu Ismail (; * 1961 in Dokki) ist ein ägyptischer Gelehrter des Salafismus und islamistischer Politiker. Wegen einer Fatwa zum Erfrischungsgetränk Pepsi ist er auch als "PEPSI-Scheich" bekannt.

Abu Ismail ist Sohn des Azhar-Gelehrten und Abgeordneten Salāh Abū Ismāʿīl, der 1976 an der Ausarbeitung einer islamischen Strafrechtsreform beteiligt war und in den 1980er Jahren zu den wichtigsten Vertretern der religiösen Opposition gegen das Mubarak-Regime gehörte.

Engagement und Präsidentschaftskampagne
Sein Sohn Hazem Salah Abu Ismail war lange Zeit Mitglied der Muslimbrüder. Er verließ die Bruderschaft, da er für die Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 antreten wollte. Ismail hatte bestätigt, dass er stolz darauf sei, mit der Muslimbruderschaft verbunden zu sein; jedoch sei er kein Mitglied mehr, da es kleinere Differenzen gegeben habe. Im April 2012 gab die Wahlkommission bekannt, Abu Ismail von der Präsidentschaftswahl auszuschließen, weil seine Mutter die US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft besessen hätte. Kandidaten müssen gemäß Gesetz ausschließlich die ägyptische Staatsbürgerschaft besitzen und von ägyptischen Eltern abstammen.

Nachdem die Wahlkommission Abu Ismails Einspruch gegen den Ausschluss endgültig abgelehnt hatte, kündigte er an, Ägypten würde eine "islamische Revolution" erleben.

Politische Positionen
Hasem Abu Ismail vertritt die Position, dass persönliche Freiheit mit dem religiösen Gesetz des Islam unvereinbar sei. Für den Fall seines Wahlsiegs kündigt er an, alle Frauen in Ägypten zum Tragen des Schleiers zu zwingen. Er würde auch Touristen den Genuss von Alkohol in der Öffentlichkeit verbieten. Er tritt für die Schließung von Spielbanken ein, die zurzeit nur ausländischen Besuchern zugänglich sind. Touristinnen, die zweiteilige Badeanzüge tragen, sollten nach Abu Ismail verhaftet werden. Des Weiteren fordert er die Benachteiligung von Ägyptens Christen: Er sagt, dass es eine "Ehre" für Nichtmuslime sei, die islamische Kopfsteuer (Dschizya) zu zahlen. Dazu meint er, dass die Kopten keinen Grund zur Klage hätten, da es ihnen in Ägypten besser ginge als den Muslimen in den USA.

Abu Ismail ruft zur Beendigung des Friedensvertrages mit Israel auf und sagt, dass der Neustart der Beziehungen zum Iran eine bessere Lösung sei, als die Bindungen zum jüdischen Staat aufrechtzuerhalten. Das Verhältnis zu den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika sollte intensiv bleiben, jedoch nur solange es beiderseitigen Nutzen und Interessen diene.

Er glaubt, dass Pepsi für Pay Every Penny Saving Israel steht, zu deutsch "Zahle jeden Penny, um Israel zu retten". Zudem betrachtet Abu Ismail Osama bin Laden als Märtyrer.

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Ägypten)
Muslimbrüder
Ägypter
Geboren 1961
Mann
Salafist

Hazem Salah Abu Ismail


William Duell fue un joven británico de 16 años que fue acusado de violar y asesinar a Sarah Griffin en Acton y que recibió la pena de muerte por este crimen. Fue colgado en Tyburn el 24 de noviembre de 1740, junto con otros cuatro criminales. Su cuerpo estuvo colgado durante veinte minutos antes de ser cortado. Luego fue llevado al Surgeon's Hall para ser anatomizado para una escuela médica, lo cual era una práctica común en ese entonces.

Resucitación
Duell fue desnudado y puesto en la camilla, para ser diseccionado. Sin embargo uno de los ayudantes notó que había comenzado a respirar lentamente. La respiración de Duell se volvió más y más rápida; y en dos horas se pudo volver a sentar recto. Esa misma noche fue llevado a prisión en Newgate.

Debido a que en el momento de la ejecución sufría de fiebre y delirio, Duell no recordaba nada del colgamiento. Se especuló que su mal estado de salud fue lo que al final del día le salvó la vida. Al día siguiente, se encontraba en perfectas condiciones.

Mientras tanto, el público se había enterado de lo que le había sucedido a Duell, y hubo mucho alboroto con respecto a su caso. Las autoridades finalmente decidieron cambiar su sentencia a destierro penal. Fue exiliado de por vida.

Referencias

William Duell (criminal)


Deux sous-marins de la marine royale suédoise ont porté successivement le nom de HMS Springaren :

 Le , un sous-marin de classe Delfinen lancé en 1935 et détruit en 1956.
 Le , un sous-marin de  lancé en 1961 et détruit en 1987.

Notes et références

HMS Springaren


Trespassing es el segundo álbum de estudio de Adam Lambert. El álbum fue lanzado el 15 de mayo de 2012. Originalmente programada para el 20 de marzo de 2012, el álbum se retrasó durante dos meses con el fin de agregar más canciones y colaboraciones. A finales de marzo, junto con el estreno de fragmentos de cuatro canciones del álbum, Lambert anunció en Twitter que el álbum sería lanzado el 15 de mayo de 201]. Lambert es el productor ejecutivo de Trespassing, así como un escritor principal. En su primera semana, Trespassing debutó en el #1 en el Billboard 200, convirtiéndose en el primer artista abiertamente gay de hacerlo en la historia, y la venta de casi 78 000 álbumes en los EE.UU.. En Canadá, el álbum debutó en el #1 en ventas de 7300 copias.

Compositores

Las colaboraciones en este álbum han sido de Pharrell Williams, Dr. Luke, Claude Kelly, Benny Blanco, Bonnie McKee, Nile Rodgers, Sam Sparro, Bruno Mars, Emanuel Kiriakou, Nikka Costa, Lester Mendez y BC Jean.

Recepción crítica

Trespassing recibió críticas generalmente favorables de los críticos de música en su lanzamiento. En Metacritic, que asigna una calificación normalizada de 100 a las críticas de los críticos principales, el álbum recibió un promedio de 80 puntos basado en 5 opiniones, lo que indica en general críticas favorables.

Sencillos
El primer sencillo de Trespassing es Better Than I Know Myself, que fue lanzado el 20 de diciembre de 2011.
Después del rumor de que "Cuckoo" sería el segundo sencillo del álbum, Adam anuncia en su página web el 11 de abril de 2012 que el segundo sencillo será "Never Close Our Eyes" canción escrita por Bruno Mars para el álbum, en dicha página Adam muestra la foto del sencillo la cual se le ve con una chaqueta y unas gafas oscuras. También se puede escuchar el sencillo completo antes de su lanzamiento oficial el 17 de abril de 2012. El 8 de septiembre de 2012, Adam elige a "Trespassing" como el tercer sencillo promocional del álbum, lanzando en 5 de octubre el vídeo con la letra en su cuenta VEVO.

Lista de canciones

Posicionamiento

Sucesión en listas

Véase también
 Discografía de Adam Lambert.

Referencias

Álbumes de 2012
Álbumes de Adam Lambert
Álbumes de RCA Records
Álbumes de pop
Álbumes en inglés
Álbumes producidos por Pharrell Williams
Álbumes producidos por Dr. Luke

Trespassing


The Secretary of State of His Holiness (Latin: Secretarius Status Sanctitatis Suae,
), known as the Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the Holy See's Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia. The Secretariat of State performs all the political and diplomatic functions of the Holy See and the Vatican City State. The secretary of state is sometimes described as the prime minister of the Holy See, even though the nominal head of government of Vatican City is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State.

Cardinal Pietro Parolin has been secretary of state since 2013.

Duties
The secretary of state is appointed by the Pope, and serves as one of his principal advisors.  As one of the senior offices in the Roman Catholic Church, the secretary is required to be a cardinal.  If the office is vacant, a non-cardinal may serve as provisional secretary of state, exercising the powers of the Secretary of State until a suitable replacement is found or the Pro-Secretary is made a cardinal in a subsequent consistory.

The secretary's term ends when the Pope who appointed him dies or leaves office. During the sede vacante period, the former secretary acts as a member of a commission with the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and the former President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, which exercises some of the functions of the head of state of the Vatican City State until a new Pope is elected. Once the new Pope is chosen, the former secretary's role in the commission likewise expires, though he can be re-appointed as Secretary of State.

History

The office traces its origins to that of secretarius intimus, created by Pope Leo X in the early 16th century to handle correspondence with the diplomatic missions of the Holy See, which were just beginning to become permanent postings instead of missions sent on particular occasions. At this stage the secretary was a fairly minor functionary, the papal administration being led by the Cardinal Nephew, the Pope's confidant usually taken from his family.

The imprudence of Pope Julius III in entrusting the office of Cardinal Nephew to his alleged lover Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte, a teenaged, virtually illiterate street urchin whom his brother had adopted a few years earlier, led to an upgrading of the Secretary's job, as the incumbent had to take over the duties the Cardinal Nephew was unfit for. By the time of Pope Innocent X the Secretary of State was always himself a Cardinal, and Pope Innocent XII abolished the office of Cardinal Nephew in 1692. From then onwards the Secretary of State has been the most important of the officials of the Holy See.

In 1968, Pope Paul VI's apostolic constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae further enhanced the powers of the Secretary  of State, placing him over all the other departments of the Roman Curia. In 1973 Pope Paul further broadened the Secretaryship by abolishing the ancient office of Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church and merging its functions into those of the Secretary  of State.

List

Secretaries of State between 1551 and 1644
Girolamo Dandini (1551–1555)
Carlo Borromeo (1560–1565)
Tolomeo Gallio (1565–1566)
Girolamo Rusticucci (1566–1572)
Tolomeo Gallio (again) (1572–1585)
Decio Azzolini (seniore) (1585–1587)
Alessandro Peretti di Montalto (Cardinal Nephew) (1587–1590)
Paolo Emilio Sfondrati (Cardinal Nephew) (1591)
Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce (Cardinal Nephew) (1591)
Pierbenedetto Peretti (1592–1593)
Pietro Aldobrandini (Cardinal Nephew) and Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini (Cardinal Nephew) (1593–1605)
Roberto Ubaldini (1605)
Erminio Valenti (1605)
Lanfranco Margotti (1605–1611)
Porifrio Feliciani (1611–1621)
Giovanni Battista Agucchi (1621–1623)
Lorenzo Magalotti (1623–1628)
Lorenzo Azzolini (1628–1632)
Pietro Benessa (1632–1634)
Francesco Adriano Ceva (1634–1643)
Giovanni Battista Spada (1643–1644)

Cardinal Secretaries of State since 1644

Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli (1644–1651)
Fabio Chigi (1651–1655); then elected Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)
Giulio Rospigliosi (1655–1667); then elected  Pope Clement IX (1667–1669)
Decio Azzolini (iuniore) (1667–1669)
Federico Borromeo (iuniore) (1670–1673)
Francesco Nerli (iuniore) (1673–1676)
Alderano Cybo (1676–1689)
Giambattista Rubini (1689–1691)
Fabrizio Spada (1691–1700)
Fabrizio Paolucci (1700–1721) (first time)
Giorgio Spinola (1721–1724)
Fabrizio Paolucci (1724–1726) (second time)
Niccolò Maria Lercari (1726–1730)
Antonio Banchieri (1730–1733)
Giuseppe Firrao the Elder (1733–1740)
Silvio Valenti Gonzaga (1740–1756)
Alberico Archinto (1756–1758)
Ludovico Maria Torriggiani (1758–1769)
Lazzaro Opizio Pallavicini (1769–1785)
Ignazio Boncompagni Ludovisi (1785–1789)
Francesco Saverio de Zelada (1789–1796)
Ignazio Busca (1796–1797)
Giuseppe Doria Pamphili (1797–1799)
Ercole Consalvi, pro-secretary (1800); secretary (1800–1806)
Filippo Casoni (1806–1808)
Giulio Gabrielli the Younger (1808–1814) -Giuseppe Doria Pamphilj, pro-secretary  (1808) -Bartolomeo Pacca, pro-secretary  (1808–1814)
Ercole Consalvi (1814–1823)
Giulio Maria della Somaglia (28 September 1823 – 17 January 1828)
Tommaso Bernetti, pro-secretary  (17 June 1828 – 10 February 1829) (first time)
Giuseppe Albani (31 March 1829 – 30 November 1830)
Tommaso Bernetti, pro-secretary (21 February – 10 August 1831); cardinal secretary (10 August 1831 – 12 January 1836) (second time)
Luigi Lambruschini (12 January 1836 – 1 June 1846)
Tommaso Pasquale Gizzi (8 August 1846 – 5 July 1847)
Gabriele Ferretti (17 July 1847 – 31 December 1848)
Giuseppe Bofondi (1 February – 10 March 1848)
Giacomo Antonelli (10 March – 3 May 1848) (first time)
Antonio Francesco Orioli (5 May – 4 June 1848), cardinal secretary ad interim
Giovanni Soglia Ceroni (4 June – 29 November 1848)
Giacomo Antonelli (29 November 1848 – 6 November 1876) (second time)
Giovanni Simeoni (18 December 1876 – 7 February 1878)

In popular culture
Silvio Orlando portrayed fictional Cardinal Secretary of State Voiello in the 2016 Sky Italia Sky Atlantic HBO Canal+ co-produced television series The Young Pope and the 2019 follow-up series The New Pope.

See also
Secretary of State
Index of Vatican City-related articles

References

External links
Secretary of State: a Top Collaborator

1551 establishments in the Papal States

Cardinal Secretary of State