Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem  é um filme americano de animação digital do gênero comédia e aventura baseado na franquia Tartarugas Ninja, produzido pela Nickelodeon Animation Studio, Nickelodeon Movies e a Point Grey Pictures, e distribuído pela Paramount Pictures.

O filme foi lançado em 4 de agosto de 2023 nos Estados Unidos, pela Paramount Pictures.

Sinopse
Depois de anos sendo protegidos do mundo humano nos esgotos da cidade de Nova Iorque, quatro irmãos Tartarugas, que passaram suas vidas aprendendo ninjutsu, partem para a superfície para serem aceitos como adolescentes normais quando sua nova amiga April O'Neil os ajuda a enfrentar um notório sindicato do crime e um exército de mutantes.

Elenco

 Nicolas Cantu como Leonardo
 Shamon Brown Jr. como Michelangelo
 Micah Abbey como Donatello
 Brady Noon como Raphael
 Jackie Chan como Splinter
 Ayo Edebiri como April O'Neil
 Seth Rogen como Bebop
 John Cena como Rocksteady
 Hannibal Buress como Genghis Sapo
 Rose Byrne como Leatherhead
 Ice Cube como Superfly
 Post Malone como Ray Fillet
 Paul Rudd como Mondo Gecko
 Maya Rudolph como Cynthia Utrom
 Natasia Demetriou como Wingnut
 Giancarlo Esposito como Baxter Stockman

Produção
Em 30 de junho de 2020, um reboot da franquia Tartarugas Ninja em animação digital produzido pela Nickelodeon Animation Studio foi anunciado, sendo o primeiro filme para cinemas do estúdio. Seth Rogen e Evan Goldberg produziriam através de sua produtora Point Grey Pictures, com o codiretor de A Família Mitchell e a Revolta das Máquinas (2021), Jeff Rowe, como diretor, e roteiro do coroteirista de Vizinhos (2014), Brendan O'Brien. O presidente da Nickelodeon, Brian Robbins, descreveu o projeto como uma "reinvenção do próximo nível da franquia". Rowe disse que é um "prazer absoluto" dirigir o filme, sendo fã da franquia desde a infância. Em 4 de agosto de 2020, enquanto promovia seu filme An American Pickle, Rogen disse que o filme apresentaria elementos da franquia, da qual ele é fã de longa data, e "meio que aprimorar" elementos de seus filmes anteriores centrados em adolescentes.

Em junho de 2021, Rogen revelou uma imagem através de sua página no Twitter, que contém notas escolares escritas por Leonardo, a data de lançamento original do filme e detalhes na imagem. Mais tarde, em outubro daquele ano, o título do filme foi revelado como Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Next Chapter. Em fevereiro de 2022, uma arte conceitual foi lançada com uma primeira olhada aos designs da equipe titular. Em uma entrevista para a IGN na San Diego Comic-Con de 2022, Kevin Eastman, co-criador da franquia, expressou seu apoio a Rogen e o elogiou por sua visão para o filme. Em agosto, o título oficial foi revelado como Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem.

Escalação do elenco
Pela primeira vez na história da franquia, todas as quatro tartarugas foram dubladas por adolescentes reais, em oposição a atores adultos. Foi um pedido para manter a autenticidade do elemento adolescente no filme. Durante o Kids 'Choice Awards em março de 2023, Rogen revelou os atores adolescentes que interpretariam as Tartarugas no filme, consistindo em Nicolas Cantu como Leonardo, Shamon Brown Jr. como Michelangelo, Micah Abbey como Donatello e Brady Noon como Raphael. O restante do elenco foi anunciado na mesma apresentação, incluindo o próprio Rogen dublando Bebop, Jackie Chan como Splinter, Ayo Edebiri como April O'Neil, John Cena, que anteriormente dublou o Barão Draxum na primeira temporada da série animada O Despertar das Tartarugas Ninja, agora dublando Rocksteady, Hannibal Buress como Genghis Sapo, Rose Byrne e Natasia Demetriou como versões femininas de Leatherhead e Wingnut, Paul Rudd como Mondo Gecko, Ice Cube e Post Malone como Superfly e Ray Fillet, sendo o primeiro uma criação original para o filme, Maya Rudolph como Cynthia Utrom, e Giancarlo Esposito como Baxter Stockman.

Animação
O trabalho na animação do filme começou em setembro de 2021. Os serviços de animação foram fornecidos pela Mikros Animation, em Montreal e Paris, junto das instalações da Cinesite em Vancouver. O design do filme foi inspirado em esboços que Rowe desenhou em seus cadernos escolares quando adolescente.

Em uma entrevista o designer de produção Yashar Kassai afirmou que com ferramentas modernas de animação e 3D, ele sente a responsabilidade de fazer algo visualmente "legal" para o novo filme semelhante a Homem-Aranha: No Aranhaverso (2018) e A Família Mitchell e a Revolta das Máquinas (2021).

Música
A trilha sonora do filme se inspira e inclui canções do videogame Tony Hawk's Pro Skater original, uma escolha feita por Rowe. Rogen o descreveu como uma "variedade aleatória de música" que se encaixa bem enquanto compartilha a "mesma energia e espírito".

Lançamento
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem foi lançado em 4 de agosto de 2023 nos Estados Unidos, pela Paramount Pictures. Ele foi provisoriamente previsto para 11 de agosto de 2023.

No Brasil, o filme foi lançado em 31 de agosto de 2023.

Em Portugal, o filme foi lançado em 10 de agosto de 2023 na versão dublada e legendada.

Marketing
Rowe mostrou um trecho da animação no Festival de Cinema de Animação de Annecy em junho de 2022. Rafael Motamayor, do /Film, comparou a estética visual do filme a Arcane, ambos tendo um estilo punk que ele descreveu como divertido para o filme. Para acompanhar o anúncio do título em agosto, um mural promovendo o filme foi erguido na cidade de Nova Iorque. Uma prévia foi exibida no Kids' Choice Awards de 2023 em 4 de março, com o lançamento de um teaser trailer dois dias depois, apresentando a música "Can I Kick It?" de A Tribe Called Quest. Charles Pulliam-Moore, do The Verge, chamou a animação de "linda", destacando sua "direção de arte semelhante a um esboço e a textura arenosa". Escrevendo para The Escapist, Matthew Razak observou a natureza mais jovem das Tartarugas em comparação com as representações anteriores.

A Paramount Consumer Products formou uma parceria com a Playmates Toys e a Funrise Toys para figuras de ação e outros brinquedos. A marca de lanches PeaTos anunciou uma parceria promocional com o filme.

Futuro
Robbins revelou em junho de 2022 que o filme é a primeira parte de uma franquia em potencial, depois de ficar impressionado com o amor de Rogen e Goldberg pela franquia.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2023
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de animação dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia de ação dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de aventura dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de ficção científica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes policiais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de super-heróis
Filmes com répteis
Filmes sobre irmãos
Filmes sobre ninjas
Filmes de animação sobre vingança
Filmes de animação da década de 2020
Filmes de comédia de ação da década de 2020
Filmes de aventura da década de 2020
Filmes de ficção científica da década de 2020
Filmes policiais da década de 2020
Filmes de super-heróis da década de 2020
Filmes baseados em banda desenhada
Pseudoanimes
Filmes ambientados em Nova Iorque
Filmes ambientados em Nova Iorque (estado)
Filmes ambientados em 2023
Filmes de Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Filmes da Nickelodeon Movies
Filmes da Paramount Pictures
Filmes impactados pela pandemia de COVID-19


Adílson Ferreira de Souza (født 1. september 1978) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Adílson Ferreira de Souza


Bo Derek (born Mary Cathleen Collins, November 20, 1956) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her breakout role in the romantic comedy film 10 (1979). Her other film credits include Richard Lang's A Change of Seasons (1980) and the ill-fated Fantasies, Tarzan, the Ape Man (both 1981), Bolero (1984), and Ghosts Can't Do It (1989), all four of which were directed by her first husband, John Derek. Widowed in 1998, she married actor John Corbett in 2020.

Early life
Derek was born Mary Cathleen Collins in Long Beach, California. Her father, Paul Collins, was a Hobie Cat executive, and her mother, Norma (née White), was a make-up artist and hairdresser to Ann-Margret. Collins's parents divorced, and her mother remarried to stunt performer Bobby Bass. She grew up with three siblings: two sisters and a brother.

Collins attended Narbonne High School and George S. Patton Continuation School, both in Harbor City, California. She remarked in a 1985 interview on Late Night with David Letterman:

Career

Acting
While attending Narbonne High School at age 16 in 1973, Collins auditioned for the female lead in  John Derek's Once Upon a Love, a low-budget romantic drama film set in Greece. Although Derek had been considering Collins for the part, he felt that her naturally blonde hair was ill-suited to the character, whom he saw as a brunette. He nevertheless offered Collins the role
on condition that she dye her hair darker. Collins agreed and was added to the cast. During post-production in Munich, the film ran out of funding and was seized by a German film lab. It remained in a vault for several years until being sold to producer Kevin Casselman. Casselman's attempts to distribute the film globally prompted Derek and Collins to seek a restraining order against its release. They eventually dropped any legal action, deciding it was not worth their time and effort. The film was finally released in 1981 under the new title Fantasies, at which point it received negative reviews.

During the course of these events, Collins became sexually involved with John Derek, who was 30 years her senior and still married to actress Linda Evans. Upon his divorce from Evans, Derek moved to Germany with Collins, where he would not be subject to prosecution under California's statutory rape laws—the reason being that Collins was under the age of consent.

In 1976, at the age of 19, Collins married John Derek. From then on, she was known professionally as Bo Derek: an amalgam of her former stage name Bo Shane and married name Derek.

In 1977, director Michael Anderson cast Derek in a small role in his horror film Orca - The Killer Whale, in which Derek's character has her leg bitten off by the title character.

In 1979, Derek was selected over Melanie Griffith, Heather Thomas, Tanya Roberts, and several others for the role of Jenny Hanley in the romantic comedy film 10. Directed by Blake Edwards, the film starred Dudley Moore as a middle-aged man who finds Derek's character to be the ideal woman, i.e., a perfect 10. Derek's appearance in a dream sequence, running towards Moore in a tight-fitting, nude-colored one-piece swimsuit, launched her status as a mainstream sex symbol. Distinguished by Derek's cornrow hairstyle, the sequence has often been parodied. 10 was a critical and financial success. For her performance in the film, Derek received a Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year but ended up losing to Bette Midler for her performance in The Rose.

After 10, Derek was cast in Richard Lang's A Change of Seasons (1980), a dramatic-comedy film that also featured Shirley MacLaine and Anthony Hopkins. Derek played a college student who has an affair with her older, married professor. A Change of Seasons was only a moderate box-office success, with critics reviewing it and Derek's performance unfavorably ("The only appealing performance is Miss MacLaine's").

In 1981, Derek starred in MGM's R-rated Tarzan, the Ape Man, her first leading role in a mainstream Hollywood film. Directed by John Derek, the film dealt little with Tarzan and instead focused on Derek's character of Jane Parker, and specifically on Derek's physical attributes. Derek appears nude in two scenes, one of which involved her being bathed and body-painted. Ahead of Tarzan, the Ape Man'''s release, MGM and the film's distributor, United Artists, were sued for an injunction by the Edgar Rice Burroughs estate, which alleged that the film infringed their copyright and exceeded the scope of a 1931 license agreement ("1931 Agreement") that permitted MGM to use Tarzan and other Burroughs characters in the 1932 film Tarzan the Ape Man. The agreement stipulated that MGM could only produce remakes if the story of the 1932 film was maintained. Upon reviewing the evidence, the Federal District Court in New York held that (1) while Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981) required some editing to tone down the sexual content, Derek's nudity on its own does not fundamentally alter the film's narrative, and (2) reduced to their major incidents, both the 1981 film and its 1932 predecessor are "based on substantially the same story." It had also been determined that MGM's copyright license was not subject to termination, as statutory procedures governing the process were never followed. Accordingly, the court ruled against the Burroughs estate and dismissed their injunction request. Although Tarzan, the Ape Man received negative reviews, the film became a box-office success, making over $35 million in ticket sales and becoming the 15th highest-grossing film of 1981. For her performance as Jane Parker, Derek shared the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress with Faye Dunaway, the latter for her starring role as Joan Crawford in Mommie Dearest.

Derek next appeared in the erotic comedy-drama film Bolero (1984). Directed again by John Derek, Bolero explores the female protagonist's sexual awakening and her journey around the world to find an ideal first lover to take her virginity. Its sexual nature and substantial use of nudity earned the film an X rating, which is traditionally reserved for pornographic or extremely violent horror films. Critical reviews for Bolero, including Derek's performance, were negative ("[Bo Derek] would be a lot more appealing if she tried less assiduously to please"), and the film failed to recoup its production costs. For her performance in Bolero, Derek won her second Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress. The film also received five Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture, Worst Director (John Derek), Worst Screenplay (John Derek), Worst New Star (Olivia d'Abo), and Worst Musical Score (Peter Bernstein and Elmer Bernstein).

In 1987, Derek teamed up with Steven Paul of the firm sales agency Paul Entertainment to sell the unreleased feature film A Knight of Love, in which she was slated to star, but the project never materialized.

After a five-year hiatus, Derek returned to feature films with the fantasy comedy-drama Ghosts Can't Do It (1989). The final collaboration of Derek with her husband as director, Ghosts Can't Do It was a failure both critically (a "cinematic abomination") and financially. For her performance opposite costar Anthony Quinn, Derek won her third Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress. The film also received three Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture, Worst Director (John Derek), and Worst Supporting Actor (Donald Trump).

Following Ghosts Can't Do It, Derek appeared in the television films Hot Chocolate (1992) and Shattered Image (1994), and the straight-to-video film Woman of Desire (1994). For her performance in the 1995 comedy film Tommy Boy, Derek was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress but ultimately lost to Madonna for her performance in Four Rooms.

In 1998, Derek guest-starred on four episodes of the television series Wind on Water. In 1999, she appeared on The Drew Carey Show.

At the 20th Golden Raspberry Awards in 2000, Derek was nominated for Worst Actress of the Century, sharing the nomination with Madonna (the eventual winner), Brooke Shields, Elizabeth Berkley, and Pia Zadora.

Derek appeared in several more feature films during the early 2000s, including Frozen with Fear (2000), The Master of Disguise (2002), for which she received her second Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress, and Malibu's Most Wanted (2003). She also had guest roles on the television shows Family Law, Queen of Swords, Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place, Lucky, Still Standing, and 7th Heaven.

In 2006, Derek starred in 40 episodes of the 65-episode telenovela series Fashion House. In 2012, she appeared on CSI: Miami.

Derek had a featured role in the 2015 made-for-TV campy horror film Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!.

Politics
Derek, who describes herself as an independent, supported the presidential campaigns of George H. W. Bush and his son, George W. Bush. She attended the Republican National Convention in 2000 and 2004. Derek has also appeared at public events with Republican Congressman David Dreier of Southern California.

In 2006, Derek was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, on the Operations Committee, by President George W. Bush. When White House Chief of Staff Josh Bolten was asked about his relationship with Derek on the April 30, 2006 edition of Fox News Sunday with Chris Wallace, Bolten said she was a friend and a "good supporter of the president."

Derek voted for Barack Obama in 2008.

In 2012, Derek endorsed Mitt Romney for president.

In a 2020 interview with Variety, when asked who she was supporting in the then-upcoming presidential election, Derek explained, "I don't talk about who I vote for anymore. I supported Bush 43 and I became one of the poster girls for the Republicans. But I'm an independent. I don't want to be pigeonholed and labeled as one thing or another." Recounting Donald Trump's cameo in 1989's Ghosts Can't Do It, Derek said that the part had been written specifically for him and that "he was great."

Other work
In 1980, Derek appeared twice in Playboy magazine; she was featured again in 1981, 1984, and 1994.

Derek was set to participate in the 2016 Comedy Central roast of Rob Lowe, but she was unable to attend due to a scheduling conflict.

 Personal life
 Horse owner and activist
A horse lover and riding enthusiast since childhood, Derek owns Andalusian horses and is a spokesperson for the Animal Welfare Institute's campaign to end horse slaughter through passage of federal and state legislation. On February 5, 2002, she published her autobiography entitled Riding Lessons: Everything That Matters in Life I Learned from Horses'' (). Derek also serves on the California Horse Racing Board.

Wounded veterans advocate
Since 2001, Derek has acted as National Honorary Chairperson for Veterans Affairs' National Rehabilitation Special Events. She is an avid supporter of the National Disabled Veterans Winter Sports Clinic in Snowmass Village, Colorado.

In 2003, Derek received the VA's highest honor from Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Anthony Principi. She regularly appears on United Service Organizations tours, for which the Special Forces Association named her an honorary Green Beret.

Derek's father, Paul Collins, was a radio operator during the Korean War. Her stepfather, Bobby Bass, and her late husband, John Derek, were both military veterans.

Wild Aid
Derek has been active for 18 years with the environmental agency WildAid, which provides funds to protect sharks and dissuade people from purchasing wildlife products. On August 13, 2020, she was a guest on the Discovery Channel's Shark Week.

Relationships

After Derek began a relationship with John Derek when she was 16, they moved to Germany, where John would not be subject to prosecution under California's statutory rape laws. They returned to the United States soon after Derek's 18th birthday and were wed in 1976. They remained married until John's death from heart failure in 1998.

Since 2002, Derek has been in a relationship with actor John Corbett, with whom she lives on a ranch in Santa Barbara, California. They married in December 2020.

Acting credits

Film

Television

Production credits

Film

Awards and nominations

Golden Globe Awards

Golden Raspberry Awards

References

External links

 Interview with Bo Derek

1956 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Long Beach, California
American film actresses
American television actresses
Narbonne High School alumni

Bo Derek


Faaliyet kiralaması ya da operasyonel leasing olarak bilinen uygulama, finansal kiralama sisteminin gelişmiş modellerinden bir tanesidir. Finansal kiralama sürecinin evreleri dahilinde gelişen ve sektör gereksinimlerinin ve taleplerinin artması ile tetiklenen faaliyet kiralaması süreci, finansal kiralama işlemleri üzerindeki devlet desteğinin (vergi avantajları gibi) de kalkmasıyla hayata geçmektedir. Türkiye'de yasal altyapının yetersiz olması nedeniyle halen uygulanamayan sisteme geçiş için hazırlıklar sürmektedir.

Faaliyet kiralaması kavramı bazı açılardan anlam kargaşası doğurabilmektedir. Faaliyet kiralamasında kiralayan taraf malı faaliyetlerinde kullanmamakta, sadece finanse etmektedir .

Sistemin temel özelliği sözleşme süresi sonunda kiracıya malın genellikle devredilmemesi ve finansal kiralama şirketinin söz konusu malı geri almasıdır. Bu işlem seçeneğe bağlı olup sözleşme süresi sonunda genellikle finansal kiralama şirketi işleme konu yatırım malını geri almaktadır. Yine de kiracının sözleşme süresi sonunda sözleşmeyi uzatma ve malı satın alma hakkı da mevcuttur. Malı satın almak isteyen kiracının satın alım bedeli de an itibarıyla piyasada oluşan ikinci el fiyatı (Fair Market Value (FMV)), bu fiyatın bir alt ve üst limitle sınırlandırılmış hali olan (Fair Market Value with Limit (FMVL)), veya sözleşmede önceden belirlenmiş olan bir tutar olabilmektedir.

Finansal kiralama şirketleri, yatırım mallarını yararlı ekonomik ömürlerini doldurana kadar faaliyet kiralamasına konu edip kiralayabilmektedirler. Sözleşme süresinin işleme konu malın ekonomik ömründen daha kısa olması, kiracının sözleşme süresi boyunca finansal kiralama şirketine ödediği kiraların bugüne iskonto edilmiş halinin, ekipmanın bugünkü satın alma bedelinin altında kalması demektir. Mal, sözleşme süresi sona erdikten ve finansal kiralama şirketine geri döndükten sonra bir başka kiracıya aynı şekilde kiralanabilmektedir.

Faaliyet kiralamasında sözleşmeye konu olan malın bakım, onarım ve sigorta bedelleri finansal kiralama şirketince karşılanır. Söz konusu bu masraflar finansal kiralama şirketince kiracıya yansıtılabilmektedir. Ayrıca faaliyet kiralaması yapacak olan şirket, kiraladığı malın çalıştırılması için uzman eleman tahsis etmemektedir .

Faaliyet kiralamasında kiracı işleme konu edilen yatırım malı için amortisman ayıramamaktadır. Mal mülkiyeti kiralayanda olduğu için amortismanı da kendisi ayırmaktadır. Kiracı, sadece ödediği kiraları giderleştirebilmekte ve böylece vergi avantajından yararlanmaktadır .

Faaliyet kiralaması, kredilendirme işlemine finansal kiralama şirketleri açısından birçok farklı değişken katmaktadır. Gerçek mal riski, artık değer (residual value) gibi kavramlar gündeme gelmekte, Öte yandan fiyatlama açsından yeni modellere gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Hepsinin ötesinde, finansal kiralama şirketleri yeni bir mevzuata ayak uydurmak zorunda kalmaktadır. Örneğin, faaliyet kiralamasının uygulandığı birçok ülke mevzuatında kiracı belirli süreler içinde ihbar ettiği takdirde kiralama sözleşmesini feshetme hakkına sahiptir. Kiracı, yine belirli ihbar koşulları olmak kaydıyla, işlem konu olan malın yenilenmesi ve teknolojiye ayak uydurmasının sağlanmasını talep edebilmektedir.

Finansal kiralama şirketlerinin sisteme uymak için geçirmek zorunda oldukları değişim sadece fiyatlama ve kanuni yükümlülüklere ayak uydurmak ile sınırlı değildir. Kiralanan, buna karşın devredilmeyen bir yatırım malı, finansal kiralama şirketi için şüphesiz bir risktir. Bu riskin iyi yönetilmesi ve malın ikinci el değerinin piyasa koşullarına göre gerçekçi bir şekilde tahmin edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu riskle başa çıkabilmek için sağlam bir sabit kıymet yönetimi altyapısı gerekmekte, Öte yandan söz konusu malların bir başkasına yeniden kiralanabilmesi için daha güçlü bir pazarlama stratejisi uygulanması gerekmektedir. Malın ikinci el değerinin en az hatayla tahmin edilmesi ancak finansal kiralama şirketinin söz konusu mal ya da mal grubunda uzmanlaşması ile olanaklı olabilmektedir. Bu uzmanlaşma, şirketin pazarlama stratejisindeki başarıyı de etkileyen çok önemli bir faktördür.

Faaliyet kiralaması işleminde kiralayan taraf olan şirketin yüklendiği artık değer riski, ona fazladan bir gelir yaratma imkânı da doğurmaktadır. Şirketin, sözleşme süresi boyunca kiralara yansıtmak suretiyle elde ettiği faiz gelirinin yanında, bundan böyle kiralanmayacak olan malların ikinci el piyasasında satılmasıyla elde edebileceği bir gelir de mevcuttur. Bunun için gelişmiş bir ikinci el piyasasının varlığı şarttır. Bu yüzden faaliyet kiralaması işlemleri öncelikle gelişmiş bir ikinci el pazarı bulunan mal gruplarında hayat bulmaktadır. Faaliyet kiralaması işlemlerinin yaygınlaşması da ikinci el pazarlarını geliştirecek bir unsur olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu noktada karşılıklı bir etkileşimden söz etmek olanaklıdır.
Faaliyet kiralaması genellikle teknolojik gelişmenin hızlı olduğu yani teknolojik açıdan çabuk eskiyen mallar ile satın alma bedelleri çok yüksek olan araçların (tıbbi araçlar gibi) finansmanında tercih edilmektedir . Örneğin, bilgisayar sistemini yenilemek isteyen bir işletme çabuk eskiyecek, değer kaybedecek ve yenilenmesi gerekecek olan bu sistemi satın almak ya da finansal kiralama yoluyla taksitle satın almak yerine kullanım hakkını kiralamayı (faaliyet kiralaması) ve sözleşme süresi sonunda eskiyen ekipmanla teknolojik açıdan yenilenmiş olan yeni ekipmanları değiştirebilmeyi tercih edecektir. Aynı şekilde, büyük bir proje için kapasitesini artırma gereği duyan bir şirketin tercihi söz konusu projeyi hayata geçirecek olan yatırım mallarının mülkiyetini üzerine almak yerine söz konusu projenin sonuna dek söz konusu malların kullanım haklarını satın almaktan yana olacaktır.

Faaliyet kiralaması, kiracıya daha homojen bir ödeme planı sunmaktadır. Bunun nedeni ödemelerin taksit yerine gerçek anlamda kira niteliği taşıyor olmasıdır. Kiracı bu yöntemle daha ekipman bedelini ve bunun faiz gideri yüklenmemekte, böylelikle daha az kiralama bedeli de ödemektedir.

Hepsinin ötesinde, kiracı mala ilişkin riski de üzerinden atmaktadır. Malın eskimesi ya da teknolojik açıdan çağdışı kalması sorunları faaliyet kiralaması yöntemi uygulandığı takdirde kiracıyı ilgilendiren bir unsur olmaktan çıkacaktır.
Faaliyet kiralaması kiracısına yatırımını yatırım bütçesini kullanmadan ve banka kredilerinde olduğu gibi yatırımlarının bir kısmını kendileri finanse etmek zorunda kalmadan yapma olanağı da tanımaktadır . Şirketler, sene başında belirlenen satın alma bütçelerini kullanmadan yatırımlarını hayata geçirebilmektedirler. İşleme malların devralınması söz konusu olmadığından kirası ödenen ve kullanım hakkı elde bulundurulan yatırım malları bilanço dışı (off-the balance sheet) yatırım olarak kalıp ödenen kiraların giderleştirilmesi ve bu yolla vergi avantajı sağlanması da olanaklıdır. Yatırımcının, yatırımı için ayırdığı ve kullandığı fon miktarının azlığı, yatırımın getirisini önemli ölçüde artırmaktadır. Günümüzde birçok şirket faaliyet kiralaması sayesinde hissedarlarına güçlü ve sağlıklı bir görünüm sunabilmektedir .

kaynaklar:
 Wall Street Exchange, "Operating Leases"2001, http://www.geocities.comWallStreetExchange8413basics4.html, (2 Temmuz 2006)
 Olga Shishlyannikova, "Tested in Practice", Leasing-Courier - Special Issue, 2000.
 Forum Europa, "Operating Leasing"2002, https://web.archive.org/web/20070124200137/http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/nfaccount/info/data/esa95/en/een00496.htm, (1 Temmuz 2006).
 Joe Russo, "The Source for Business Owners," St. Louis Small Business Monthly, Şubat1999.
 Michael Drake ve Bob Bertin, "Leasing Information Technology," MGMA Connexion, Ocak 2004.
 Find Articles, "Finance Leasing Basics- Brief Article Railway Age," Haziran 2001, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_6_202/ai_76611774 , (14 Temmuz 2006)

share capital=balance sheet
income tax payable=balance sheet

Finans
Bankacılık

Faaliyet kiralaması


Jastrebac je naseljeno mjesto u gradu Zenici, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 408

 Muslimani - 408 (100%)

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 423

 Bošnjaci - 423 (100%)

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Jastrebac


Werner Dankwort ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Werner Dankwort (1895–1986), deutscher Diplomat, siehe Carl Werner Dankwort
* Werner Dankwort (Physiker), deutscher Physiker, Verfahrenstechniker und Hochschullehrer

Werner Dankwort


Bornholms historiske Ruiner er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Bornholm. Optagelser fra Christiansø. Storetårn og havnen. Hammershus ruiner. Naturbilleder. Fire personer besøger og beser ruinerne. Kysten ved Løvehovederne. Solnedgang over havet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1917
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Historiske Ruiner

Bornholms historiske Ruiner


The umbilical vein is a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing fetus. The umbilical vein provides convenient access to the central circulation of a neonate for restoration of blood volume and for administration of glucose and drugs.

The blood pressure inside the umbilical vein is approximately 20 mmHg.

Fetal circulation
The unpaired umbilical vein carries oxygen and nutrient rich blood derived from fetal-maternal blood exchange at the chorionic villi. More than two-thirds of fetal hepatic circulation is via the main portal vein, while the remainder is shunted from the left portal vein via the ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava, eventually being delivered to the fetal right atrium.

Closure
Closure of the umbilical vein usually occurs after the umbilical arteries have closed. This prolongs the communication between the placenta and fetal heart, allowing for a sort of autotransfusion of remaining blood from the placenta to the fetus.

Within a week of birth, the neonate's umbilical vein is obliterated and is replaced by a fibrous cord called the round ligament of the liver (also called ). It extends from the umbilicus to the transverse fissure, where it joins with the falciform ligament of the liver to separate segment 4 from segments 2 and 3 of the left hepatic lobe.

Recanalization
Under extreme pressure, the round ligament may reopen to allow the passage of blood. Such recanalization may be evident in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Patients with cirrhosis experience rapid growth of scar tissue in and around the liver, often functionally obstructing nearby vessels. Vessel occlusion increases vascular resistance and therefore leads to hypertension. In portal hypertension, the vessels surrounding the liver are subjected to abnormally high blood pressure—so high, in fact, that the force of the blood pressing against the round ligament is sufficient to recanalize the structure. This leads to a condition called caput medusae.

Catheterization
A newborn baby has a patent umbilical vein for at least a week after birth. This umbilical vein may be catheterised for ready intravenous access. It may be used as a site for regular transfusion in cases of erythroblastosis or hemolytic disease. It also provides a route for measuring central venous pressure.

Additional images

See also
Human umbilical vein graft
Ductus venosus

References

External links

Embryology of cardiovascular system
Veins

Umbilical vein


كبارة إحدى قرى فلسطين المهجرة قبل حرب 1948.

موقعها
تقع كبارة إلى الجنوب من مدينة حيفا، وتبعد عنها مسافة 30كم، وترتفع أقل من 25م عن سطح البحر، ويرجع اسمها إلى جمع (كوبري) وهي كلمة تركية بمعنى الجسر وعرفها الصليبيون بين بيدرور. بلغت مساحة أراضيها 9831 دونماً وتحيط بها أراضي قرى قيسارية، جسر الزرقاء والطنطورة. قدر عدد سكانها عام 1922 حوالي (110) نسمة وفي عام 1945 حوالي (120) نسمة ويحيط بالقرية مجموعة كبيرة من الخرب ذات المواقع الأثرية قامت المنظمات الصهيونية المسلحة بهدم القرية وتشريد أهلها البالغ عددهم عام 1948 حوالي (139) نسمة وكان ذلك في 30-4-1948.

بعد التهجير
أقيمت على أراضي القرية ثلاث مستوطنات هي:
 «معيان تسفي» وأسست سنة 1938.
 «معجان ميخائيل» وأسست سنة 1949.
 «بيت حنانيا» وأسست سنة 1950.

إحصاءات وحقائق

ملكية الأرض

استخدام الأراضي عام 1945

التعداد السكاني

عدد البيوت

القرية اليوم
نُقلت أنقاض منازل القرية إلى موضع مرتفع من السفح، وهي الآن ظاهرة للعيان، ومغطاة بالتراب. وينمو شجر الموز ونبات الصبّار في الموقع، فضلاً عن بعض أشجار التين والخرّوب والزيتون المتناثرة هنا وهناك.

المستوطنات الصهيونية على أراضي القرية
تقع مستعمرة معيان تسفي، التي أُسست في سنة 1938، على أراضي القرية من جهة الشمال. كما أُنشئت على أراضيها مستعمرتان أُخريان هما معفان ميخائيل وبيت حنانيا في سنتي 1949 و 1950 على التوالي، بعد إخلاء القرية من سكانها.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة المدن والقرى الفلسطينية التي طرد منها سكانها خلال حرب 1948
 مغارة كبارة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها قبل الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء حيفا
مدن فلسطين
مقالات تتضمن معلومات من موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

كبارة (حيفا)


Siliqua ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Metropolitanstadt Cagliari auf Sardinien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 27,5 Kilometer westnordwestlich von Cagliari am Parco Geominerario Storico ed Ambientale della Sardegna.

Geschichte
Die Gemeinde ist bekannt für sein Domus de Janas. Daneben gilt das Castello di Acquafredda aus dem 13. Jahrhundert im Ortsteil Cixerri als besondere Sehenswürdigkeit.

Verkehr
Bei Siliqua kreuzt die von Cagliari nach Iglesias führende Strada Statale 130 Iglesiente die in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufende Strada Statale 293 di Giba.

Siliqua hat einen Bahnhof an der Bahnstrecke Decimomannu–Iglesias. Per Bahn sind Cagliari, Iglesias und Carbonia einfach zu erreichen.

Rund fünf Kilometer südwestlich von Siliqua befindet sich ein kleiner Flugplatz (La tana del volo) für Leichtflugzeuge mit einer 400 Meter langen Start- und Landebahn (09/27).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort auf Sardinien

Siliqua (Sardinien)


Marcos Marcelo Tejera Battagliesi (født 6. august 1973 i Montevideo, Uruguay) er en uruguayansk tidligere fodboldspiller (offensiv midtbane).

Gennem karrieren spillede Tejera for adskillige klubber i både hjem- og udland. Han repræsenterede blandt andet Montevideo-klubberne Defensor Sporting, Peñarol og Nacional, og vandt et uruguayansk mesterskab med førstnævnte i 1991. Af hans klubber i udlandet kan nævnes italienske Cagliari, argentinske Southampton samt Millonarios i Colombia.

Tejera spillede desuden seks kampe for Uruguays landshold i perioden 1991-2005.

Titler
Primera División Uruguaya
 1991 med Defensor Sporting

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Personer fra Montevideo

Marcelo Tejera


Askerî Müze, İstanbul'un Harbiye semtinde Cumhuriyet Caddesi üzerinde bulunan, 54.000 m²lik bir alan üzerinde kurulu 18.600 m²lik binasıyla bir yapılar kompleksidir. Geniş bir alana yayılan Mekteb-i Harbiye binası, Osmanlı Devleti'ne subay yetiştirmek amacıyla kurulmuş ve 1862'de inşa edilmiştir.

Geçmişi
II. Abdülhamid tarafından yaptırılan okul binası, 1936'ya kadar okul, 1964'e kadar Kolordu Karargâhı olarak kullanılmıştır. Binanın güney bölümü Harbiye Orduevi inşa edilene kadar orduevi olarak hizmet vermiştir. 1964'te asıl binanın askerî müze olarak kullanımına karar verilmiş ve 1966'da restorasyonuna Mimar Prof. Dr. Nezih Eldem tarafından başlanarak, 1991'de bitirilmiştir. Başlangıcından bugüne kadar yapıda işlevsel ve mekânsal değişiklikler meydana gelmiş ve bina okuldan müzeye çevrilene kadar gerek iç, gerekse dış görünümü itibarıyla birçok değişiklik geçirmiştir.

Resim galerisi

Ayrıca bakınız
 İstanbul Deniz Müzesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Genelkurmay Başkanlığı sitesindeki Askerî Müze sayfası
 Müzeden birçok fotoğraf

Kaynakça

Müze
1991'de kurulan müzeler
Şişli'deki müzeler
İstanbul'daki askerî müzeler
Harbiye, Şişli

Askerî Müze (İstanbul)


Feddea, monotipski rod glavočika smješten u vlastiti tribus Feddeeae. Jedini predstavnik je kubanski endem Feddea cubensis, kritično ugrožena

Izvori

Glavočike cjevnjače
Flora Kube

Feddea


Jong PSV er reservehold for den hollandske fodboldklub PSV Eindhoven fra Eindhoven. Holdet har spillet i Hollands næstbedste række Eerste divisie siden 2013.

Spillertrup

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jong PSV på psvjeugd.nl

PSV Eindhoven
Fodboldklubber i Nederlandene

Jong PSV


Das Kastell Cornacum war ein römisches Militärlager, dessen Besatzung für Sicherungs- und Überwachungsaufgaben am Limes Pannonicus zuständig war. Die Donau bildete hier in weiten Abschnitten die römische Reichsgrenze. Die archäologisch weitgehend unbekannte Fortifikation befinden sich höchstwahrscheinlich auf einem hart an dem Fluss gelegenen Hügel, der zur Gemarkung der Ortschaft Sotin in der Gespanschaft Vukovar-Syrmien in Kroatien gehört.

Lage

Die frühesten Siedlungsspuren im Umfeld von Sotin stammen aus dem Neolithikum. Das Zentrum des antiken Cornacum mit dem Kastell wird aufgrund der zahlreichen Kleinfunde und Hinweise, die bei Feldbegehungen gewonnen werden konnten, auf dem die Umgebung überragenden Popino-Hügel (deutsch: Priesterhügel), einer aus Tonsandstein (Löss) bestehenden Erhebung unmittelbar über der Donau, angenommen. Dort erhebt sich heute die katholische Pfarrkirche der Seligen Jungfrau Maria. Die rund zwei Hektar große Hügelkuppe selber stellt sich als ein zur nordöstlich vorbeifließenden Donau seitlich abgeschnittenes Rund dar, dessen Nordflanke in ein von Bächen gebildetes, tief eingeschnittenes kleines Tal abfällt, das in den Fluss mündet. Auch an den anderen Seiten bilden Gräben und Hohlwege ein natürliches Hindernis, so dass der Zugang nur von Süden möglich ist. Nach Westen, Süden und Südosten sowie über die Donau hinweg in das Barbaricum hinein ist das Land topographisch relativ flach und gut überschaubar. Nur nach Nordwesten – der Donau entlang – gibt es einen stark ausgeprägten steil zum Fluss abfallenden Lösshang.

Cornacum (Κόρνακον) gibt Claudius Ptolemäus im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. zwischen dem nördlicher gelegenen niederpannonischen Teutoburgium und dem mösischen Kastellplatz Acumincum an. Nach dem Itinerarium Antonini, einem Reichsstraßenverzeichnis aus dem 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr., ist Cornacum 16 römische Meilen von Teutoburgium und 13 Meilen von dem südlicheren Garnisonsort Cuccium entfernt. Entsprechend findet sich der Ort auch in der Notitia dignitatum, einem spätantiken Staatshandbuch aus der ersten Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts.

Name
Das latinisierte Ethnonym Cornacates, das die hier während der römischen Okkupationszeit lebende Bevölkerung erhielt, wurde nach Meinung des Archäologen András Mócsy (1929–1987) offenbar aus dem Ortsnamen Cornacum abgeleitet und bezeichnete eine von den Römern organisierte Gruppierung. Das Territorium der von dieser Gruppe bewohnten Civitas peregrina wurde von Mócsy durch zwei Festlegungen bestimmt. Zum einen durch das Fragment eines Militärdiploms, das bei Sirmium, der Hauptstadt von Unterpannonien entdeckte wurde und das im Mai 1896 von einem Fischer in der Nähe von Bela Crkva aus der Save gezogen wurde, zum anderen durch die Lokalisierung des antiken Ortes selbst. Das Diplom, das in der Save aufgefunden wurde, stammt aus der Zeit vor dem 13. Februar 54 n. Chr. und bezeugt die 2. teilberittene Kohorte der Spanier (hier als: cohort(is) II Hispanorum) unter dem Kommando des Caius Cavarius Priscus. Die Ehe des ehrenvoll entlassenen Reiters Dasens, Sohn des Dasmenus aus der Gemeinde Cornac(ati) und seiner Frau Iora(?), die Tochter des Prososius, wurde mit dieser Entlassungsurkunde genauso legitimiert, wie ihr Sohn Emeritus und ihre Töchter Turuna und Emerita. Mócsy verortet die Civitas der Cornacates demnach zwischen Donau und Save und östlich der Gebiete der Breuker und Andizetes.

Bei Plinius dem Älteren (23/24–79), der ohne Lokalisierung als einziger antiker Autor den Stammesnamen nennt, findet sich noch die ursprüngliche keltische Bezeichnung mit a-Vokalismus als Carnacates. Die wahrscheinlich noch am Anfang des 2. Jahrhunderts ephigraphisch belegte Civitas der Cornacates wurde nach der unter Kaiser Hadrian (117–138) erfolgten Erhebung der Colonia Aurelia Cibalae zum Municipium dorthin integriert.

Forschungs- und Baugeschichte
Als römischer Garnisonsort war Sotin schon lange in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Die Archaeologisch-epigraphischen Mittheilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn berichten 1880 von den Funden aus Sotin: "... gewaltige Kalksteinblöcke, die in der Architektur ihren Platz gefunden hatten, sehr feiner Stucküberzug, Gefässschalen, Münzen, Ziegel und Kleinigkeiten treten häufig zu Tage. Es ist nicht unwahrscheinlich, dass hier das antike Cornacum gelegen habe."

Der Popino-Hügel birgt Kulturschichten von der Urgeschichte über die Römerzeit bis zum Mittelalter. Trotzdem blieben systematische Forschungen im 20. Jahrhundert mit Ausnahme einiger Notgrabungen aus. Die erste bedeutende Probegrabung in Sotin fand unter der Leitung der Archäologin Daria Ložnjak Dizdar mit Assistenz ihres Kollegen Mato Ilkić im Spätherbst 2008 auf der Gemarkung Srednje polje statt. Hier wurden vor allem prähistorische und frühmittelalterliche Befunde beobachtet.

Das Auxiliarkastell konnte zwar höchstwahrscheinlich auf dem Popino-Hügel lokalisiert werden, doch sind seine Ausmaße unbekannt. Insgesamt sind bisher nur sehr geringe Befunde gesichert worden, die auf den im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. errichteten Garnisonsort mit seiner Zivilsiedlung, dem Vicus, hinweisen. Es ist vorstellbar, dass die Fortifikation in Analogie zu der Entwicklung anderer Kastellorte am pannonischen Limes zunächst als Holz-Erde-Lager entstand und im 2. Jahrhundert in Steinbauweise erneuert wurde. Gleichfalls wird es, wie sich anderorts feststellen ließ, kriegerische Zerstörungen, Wiederaufbauten und Umbauten gegeben haben. Das Militärbad, das zur Standardausstattung aller festen Militärstandorte an den römischen Reichsgrenzen gehörte, wurde bisher noch nicht entdeckt.

Ohne noch ausstehende großräumige Ausgrabungen wird es nicht möglich sein, auch nur die wichtigsten Fragen rund um Cornacum zu beantworten. So ist es bisher unmöglich, die militärischen und zivilen Zonen voneinander zu trennen und die verschiedene zeitliche Bauperioden zu unterscheiden.

Truppe

Weitere wichtige Funde

Militaria
Aus Cornacum stammen einige bemerkenswerte Militariafunde, darunter Waffen, Teile eines Schuppenpanzers sowie das zu einem Maskenhelm gehörende Gesichtsvisier das im 2./3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. entstand. Zudem wurden in Sotin Einzelteile eines Pferdegeschirrs geborgen, das in das 1. nachchristliche Jahrhundert datiert wird. Der kavalleristische Charakter dieser Fundobjekte verweist auf die Ausstattung dort stationierte Einheiten.

Zum Fundgut gehören auch zwei heute in Zagreb aufbewahrte Münzen der Legio XV Apollinaris.

Militärdiplom
Auf dem Popino-Hügel wurde 2001 in der Nähe der Pfarrkirche eine 2009 von Ilkić veröffentlichte Bürgerrechtskonstitution gefunden, die am 6. Dezember 157 für den Infanteristen ([ped]ite) Valerius, Sohn des Marcus Frontonus, ausgestellt wurde. Dieser stammte aus Anazarbos im kleinasiatischen Kilikien. Die zufällig beim Pflügen aus dem Boden gekommene fragmentierte Bronzeurkunde, welche beim Reinigen durch einen Konservator weitere kleinere Schäden erlitt, ist heute in Privatbesitz. Sie enthält nicht nur alle damals in Unterpannonien stationierten Truppenverbände, sondern auch den Namen des damaligen Statthalters und zwei bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unbekannte Konsuln. In Kroatien waren Militärdiplome noch im frühen 21. Jahrhundert ziemlich seltene Funde. Bei den Namen der bisher unbekannten Konsuln, die nur in Bruchstücken erhalten sind, handelt es sich um Q(uinto) V[---] Su[---]cio und Q[uinto] [---(ab?)]ino.

Ziegelstempel
Bis 2005 wurden insgesamt 59 Ziegelstempel in und um Sotin gefunden. Von der Gesamtzahl dieser Stempel stammten 56 Prozent aus dem Areal des Popino-Hügels. Außer den bereits näher genannten Stempeln sind noch weitere Marken hier gefunden worden, welche von Verbänden stammen, die sicher nicht zu den in Cornacum stationierten Truppen gehört haben.

Neun der bis 2005 bekannten Stempel waren mit der Marke EXER PAN INF (Exercitus Pannoniae Inferioris – Niederpannonisches Heer) versehen und zeigten trotz des immer gleichen Reliefstempels deutliche Unterschiede in der Art des Materials, aus dem sie hergestellt wurden. Die Ziegel entstanden während oder nach der Regierungszeit des Kaisers Trajan (98–117), da erst in dieser Zeit die niederpannonische Provinz gegründet wurde.

Wie der Archäologe János Szilágyi (1907–1988), der sich mit Ziegelstempeln intensiv beschäftigt hat, bemerkte, stammt aus Sotin auch ein singulärer Stempel der unter dem Kaiser Diokletian (284–305) aufgestellten Legio I Noricorum (Erste Legion der Noriker), dessen genauer Fundort allerdings unbekannt ist. Die Verhandlung eines in der Provinz Noricum hergestellten Ziegels nach Niederpannonien kann mit Hilfsleistungen und regen Beziehungen zwischen den Truppenverbänden in den verschiedenen Donauprovinzen begründet werden. Der Stempel trägt die Inschrift FIGVLINAS IVENSIANAS L [EG I NOR].

Auch die diokletianische Legio VI Herculia, welche ein für diese Truppe sehr frühes epigraphisches Zeugnis in Form einer Bauinschrift aus dem Jahr 307 n. Chr. im Kastell Ad Militare hinterließ, ist in Cornacum durch Stempel vertreten. Der ungarische Historiker Péter Kovács stellte die Überlegung auf, dass aufgrund der Inschrift aus Ad Militare dort möglicherweise auch deren erster Garnisonsort zu suchen ist. Die Formenvielfalt der mit LVI HR C X abgekürzten Legionsstempel zeugt von verschiedenen spätantiken Zeiträumen, in denen die einzelnen Ziegelkontingente nach Sotin kamen. Sie spiegeln auch die Spätphase der römischen Präsenz in Pannonien wider. Ein Großteil dieser Legionsziegel kam im Umfeld der Pfarrkirche auf dem Hügel zu Tage, was einen weiteren Hinweis auf die Position des Kastells gibt.

Ein Stempeltyp zeigte die Form einer Tabula ansata, in der das Kürzel  DEC stand. Auch aus Cibalae (Vinkovci) sind diese Stempel bekannt. Aufgelöst bedeutet die Abkürzung DEC(urionum) und steht in diesem Fall für den Stadtrat von Cibalae, der diese Ziegel herstellen ließ. Dies sind die einzigen bekannten Ziegel, welche in Cornacum nicht aus einer militärischen Produktionsstätte stammen.

Münzhort
Im Jahre 1937 fand sich beim Pflügen für die Wintersaat in der Nähe von Cornacum ein Hortfund, der aus 1939 Silbermünzen sowie einem As bestand. Die Prägungen waren in einem Gefäß aus dünnem Bronzeblech deponiert und wurden mit Ausnahme von wenigen Stücken, die der Finder verschenkt hatte, vom Kunsthistorischen Museum in Wien angekauft. Auf den frühen Münzen fand sich eine Vielzahl von Prüfzeichen. Die jüngste Münze aus diesem Hort ist eine Münze für Faustina die Jüngere, die zwischen 161 und 176 n. Chr. geprägt wurde. Die früheste genau datierbare Münze war eine Prägung Mark Aurels aus dem Jahr 166 n. Chr. Als Datum für die Niederlegung dieses Funde wurden von den Archäologen Josef Brunšmid (1858–1929) und Jahrzehnte später von Ivan Mirnik die Jahre 166/167 n. Chr. vorgeschlagen.

Steindenkmäler
Bisher wurden nur sehr wenige Steindenkmäler aus Cornacum bekannt. Dazu gehört der aus Kalkstein gehauene Grabstein des Marcus Domitius, dem Sohn des Marcus aus der bedeutenden Grenzstadt Viminatium in der Provinz Moesia superior (Obermösien), der in der dort stationierten Legio VII Claudia 17 Jahre gedient hatte. Ein Großteil der Inschrift wurde für eine sekundäre Verwendung zerstört.

Ein 1906 an der damaligen Schule geborgener Weihealtar aus Sandstein, der dem Liber Pater als Gott des Weinbaus gewidmet war, wurde von Caius Antonius Sabinus, einem Beneficiarius consularis, in Erfüllung eines Gelübdes geweiht.

Einen weiteren Votivaltar, der unmittelbar vom Popino-Hügel stammte, hatte eine Infanterieeinheit gestiftet.

Bleiplomben
Aus dem reichen Fundmaterial an Bleiplomben werden neben jenen der bereits genannten Cohors II Aurelia Dacorum Antoniniana hier nur einige herausgegriffen. Der Typus einer runden Plombe zeigte die in der Seitenansicht wiedergegebene Büste des Kaisers Constantius II. (337–360) mit einem Diadem. Von der Umschriftung blieb [D N CONS]TAN-TIV[S P F AV]G lesbar erhalten. Auch spätantike Typen mit dem Christusmonogramm PAX und mit der Menora gehören zu den meist im Umfeld oder am Popino-Hügel aus dem Boden gekommenen Stücken. Es fanden sich neben Herrscherbildnissen unter anderem auch Plomben mit den Abbildungen römischer Götter und Tieren (Biene, Ziege, evtl. Löwe) Ilkić ging davon aus, dass zumindest die Bleiplomben, welche Kaiserbildnisse und militärische Themen zeigen, mit dem angelieferten Truppensold zusammenhängen könnten. Die Plomben mit dem siebenarmigen Leuchter hingegen gehören sicher in einen jüdischen Kontext, lassen sich aber nicht ohne weiteres erklären.

Fundverbleib
Funde aus Cornacum befinden sich heute im Museum Carnuntinum im niederösterreichischen Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, im Archäologischen Museum von Zagreb sowie im Stadtmuseum von Vukovar.

Denkmalschutz
Archäologische Funde und Stätten sowie archäologische Zonen, Landschaften und Teile davon sind Kulturgüter der Republik Kroatien und genießen besonderen Schutz. Zuständig ist die Kroatische Verwaltungsbehörde für Denkmalschutz im Ministerium für Kultur in Zagreb. Den Schutz regelt das auf Artikel 89 der kroatischen Verfassung erlassene Gesetz Nr. 01-081-99-1280/2 vom 18. Juni 1999 mit seinen nachfolgenden Ergänzungen und Änderungen. Beschädigung, Zerstörung und der Diebstahl von Kulturgütern ist sofort, aber spätestens am nächsten Tag der zuständigen Behörde zu melden. Unangemeldete Grabungen sind verboten, Verstöße gegen die Ausfuhrregelungen werden im schwersten Fall als Verbrechen, im leichtesten Fall als Vergehen im Sinne der kroatischen Gesetzgebung gerichtlich geahndet.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Limeskastelle in Kroatien und Serbien

Literatur

 Mirjana Sanader: Die Grenze in Kroatien. In: Gerhild Klose, Annette Nünnerich-Asmus (Hrsg.): Grenzen des römischen Imperiums. von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-3429-X, S. 153–156.
 Zsolt Visy: Die jugoslawische Strecke des pannonischen Limes. In: Zsolt Visy: Der pannonische Limes in Ungarn. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8, S. 126–130.

Weblinks
  (in kroatischer Sprache).

Anmerkungen

Römisches Bauwerk in Kroatien
Römische Befestigungsanlage (Pannonia)
Römische Befestigungsanlage (Pannonia inferior)
Römische Befestigungsanlage (Pannonia secunda)
Cornacum, Kastell

Kastell Cornacum


Lovča este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Žiar nad Hronom din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 672 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Lovča este atestată documentar din 1278.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Lovča, Slovacia


William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg (14 July 192829 December 2012) was a British newspaper journalist who was Editor of The Times from 1967 to 1981. In the late 1970s, he served as High Sheriff of Somerset, and in the 1980s was Chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain and Vice-Chairman of the BBC's Board of Governors. He was the father of the politicians Sir Jacob and Annunziata Rees-Mogg.

Early life
William Rees-Mogg was born in 1928 in Bristol, England. He was the son of Edmund Fletcher Rees-Mogg (1889–1962) of Cholwell House in the parish of Cameley in Somerset, an Anglican, and his Irish American Catholic wife, Beatrice Warren, a daughter of Daniel Warren of New York. William Rees-Mogg was raised in the Roman Catholic faith.

He was educated at Clifton College Preparatory School in Bristol and Charterhouse in Godalming, where he was Head of School.

Not yet eighteen, Rees-Mogg went up to Balliol College, Oxford, as a Brackenbury Scholar to read history in January 1946 as a place had fallen temporarily vacant. By the end of the Trinity (summer) term, he had been elected to the library committee (the junior committee) of the Oxford Union Society and was due to be an officer of the Oxford University Conservative Association under Margaret Roberts (the future Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), President for Michaelmas (autumn) Term 1946.

However, having spent two terms at Oxford he did not return in October. He later wrote that he had been forced to give up his place to a disabled ex-serviceman. From 1946 to 1948, beginning with an exceptionally bitter winter, he did his National Service in the Royal Air Force education department rising to the rank of sergeant. His duties included teaching illiterate recruits to read and write, and his reference from his commanding officer stated that he was competent to perform simple tasks under supervision.

He returned to Oxford to complete his degree, and became President of Oxford University Conservative Association in Michaelmas Term 1950 and President of the Oxford Union in Trinity term, 1951. He graduated that term with a second-class degree.

Career
Rees-Mogg began his career in journalism in London at the Financial Times in 1952 becoming chief leader writer in 1955 and, in addition, assistant editor in 1957. During this period, he was Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat of Chester-le-Street in a by-election on 27 September 1956, losing to the Labour candidate Norman Pentland by 21,287 votes, as he did in the subsequent general election by a similar margin.

He moved to The Sunday Times in 1960, later becoming its Deputy Editor from 1964 where he wrote "A Captain's Innings", which many believe convinced Alec Douglas-Home to resign as Tory leader, making way for Edward Heath, in July 1965.

Rees-Mogg was editor of The Times from 1967 to 1981. In a 1967 editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel?", he criticised the severity of the custodial sentence for Mick Jagger on a drugs offence. With colleagues, he attempted a buyout of Times Group Newspapers in 1981 to stop its sale by the Thomson Organisation to Rupert Murdoch, but was unsuccessful. Murdoch replaced him as editor with Harold Evans. Rees-Mogg wrote a comment column for The Independent from its foundation in the autumn of 1986 until near the end of 1992, when he rejoined The Times, where he remained a columnist until shortly before his death. In his Memoirs, published in 2011, he wrote of Murdoch: "Looking back, he has been an excellent proprietor for the Times, but also for Fleet Street."

Rees-Mogg was a member of the BBC's Board of Governors and chairman of the Arts Council, overseeing a major reform of the latter body which halved the number of arts organisations receiving regular funding and reduced the Council's direct activities. Having been High Sheriff of Somerset from 1978 to 1979, he was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1981 Birthday Honours and knighted by Elizabeth II in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 3 November 1981. In the 1988 Birthday Honours, Rees-Mogg was made a life peer on 8 August that year as Baron Rees-Mogg, of Hinton Blewett in the County of Avon, and sat in the House of Lords as a cross-bencher, having twice attempted to become a Conservative MP in the 1950s. He was a member of the European Reform Forum. The University of Bath awarded him an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) in 1977.

He co-authored, with James Dale Davidson, three books on the general topic of financial investment and the future of capitalism: Blood in the Streets, The Great Reckoning, and The Sovereign Individual. Published in 1997, The Sovereign Individual argues that in an internet age the nation state will become outmoded, and an era of the individual will develop. Peter Thiel, the co-founder of PayPal, stated in 2014 that The Sovereign Individual was the most influential book he had read. The Sovereign Individual has had a strong influence on neoreactionary (NRx) politics.

Writing in The Times in 2001, Lord Rees-Mogg, who had a house in Somerset, described himself as "a country person who spends most of his time in London", and attempted to define the characteristics of a "country person". He also wrote that Tony Blair was as unpopular in rural England as Mrs Thatcher had been in Scotland. By now his liberal attitude to drugs policy had led to his being mocked as "Mogadon Man" by Private Eye. The magazine later referred to him as "Mystic Mogg" (a pun on "Mystic Meg", a tabloid astrologer) because of the perception that his economic and political predictions were ultimately found to be inaccurate.

Rees-Mogg served as the chairman of the London publishing firm Pickering & Chatto Publishers and of NewsMax Media and wrote a weekly column for The Mail on Sunday. He also collected 18th-century literature.

Personal life

Rees-Mogg and his wife Gillian Shakespeare Morris (b.1939) married in 1962. She is the daughter of Thomas Richard Morris who was a lorry driver and later a car salesman. He became a Conservative councillor and Mayor in the Borough of St Pancras, and later councillor for the Kings Cross ward of the London Borough of Camden. He was also a JP.

They had five children. They are:

 Emma Beatrice Rees-Mogg (born 1962), who married David William Hilton Craigie, son of Major Robin Brooks, in 1990. The couple have four children: Maud, Wilfred, Myfanwy and Samuel. She is a novelist under the name Emma Craigie
 Charlotte Louise Rees-Mogg (born 1964)
 Thomas Fletcher Rees-Mogg (born 1966), who married Modwenna Northcote in 1996. The couple have four children: former president of the Oxford University Conservative Association William, Beatrice, David and Constance
 Sir Jacob William Rees-Mogg (born 24 May 1969), who was elected Conservative MP for the new constituency of North East Somerset in 2010 after having stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Conservative Party in the 1997 and 2001 general elections (in Central Fife and The Wrekin respectively). He married Helena de Chair in 2007. The couple have six children: Peter, Mary, Thomas, Anselm, Alfred and Sixtus. In July 2019, he was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council in the Johnson ministry.
 Annunziata Mary Rees-Mogg (born 25 March 1979), who stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Conservative Party in the 2005 general election in Aberavon, and in Somerton and Frome at the 2010 election. She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the Brexit Party in 2019.

Rees-Mogg, a Roman Catholic, argued that the image of an ultra-conservative papacy is false and that the Vatican must overhaul its PR machine (as of 2009).

In 1964, Rees-Mogg purchased Ston Easton Park near Bath, Somerset, the former home of the Hippisley family. The house had been threatened with demolition and Rees-Mogg partially restored it. He sold the house to the Smedley family in 1978.

Death
Afflicted by oesophageal cancer, he became seriously ill just before Christmas of 2012, and died in London on 29 December at the age of 84. Rees-Mogg's funeral was held at Westminster Cathedral on 9 January 2013, with his body being buried in the graveyard of the Church of St James at Cameley in the county of Somerset.

Books

 The reigning error: The crisis of world inflation (1975)
 An Humbler Heaven (1977)
 Blood in the Streets: Investment Profits in a World Gone Mad (1986, with James Dale Davidson)
 Picnics on Vesuvius: Steps towards the millennium (1992)
 The Great Reckoning: How the World Will Change Before the Year 2000 (1992, with James Dale Davidson)
 The Sovereign Individual: Mastering the Transition to the Information Age (1997, with James Dale Davidson)

See also
 Self-ownership
 R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Rees-Mogg

Sources

Notes

References

External links

 Profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
 Profile at LevelBusiness

1928 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel
20th-century British journalists
21st-century British journalists
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century Roman Catholics
20th-century English non-fiction writers
21st-century English memoirists
Military personnel from Bristol
Royal Air Force airmen
Journalists from Bristol
English people of Irish descent
English people of American descent
William
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
BBC Governors
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from esophageal cancer
English male journalists
English newspaper editors
English Roman Catholics
High Sheriffs of Somerset
Crossbench life peers
Members of the Bow Group
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Presidents of the Oxford University Conservative Association
People educated at Charterhouse School
The Times people
Conservative Party (UK) politicians
Knights Bachelor
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
English columnists

William Rees-Mogg


Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine. DNA is wrapped around histones, and, by transferring an acetyl group to the histones, genes can be turned on and off. In general, histone acetylation increases gene expression.

In general, histone acetylation is linked to transcriptional activation and associated with euchromatin.  Euchromatin, which is less densely compact, allows transcription factors to bind more easily to regulatory sites on DNA, causing transcriptional activation.  When it was first discovered, it was thought that acetylation of lysine neutralizes the positive charge normally present, thus reducing affinity between histone and (negatively charged) DNA, which renders DNA more accessible to transcription factors.  Research has emerged, since, to show that lysine acetylation and other posttranslational modifications of histones generate binding sites for specific protein–protein interaction domains, such as the acetyllysine-binding bromodomain. Histone acetyltransferases can also acetylate non-histone proteins, such as nuclear receptors and other transcription factors to facilitate gene expression.

HAT families
HATs are traditionally divided into two different classes based on their subcellular localization. Type A HATs are located in the nucleus and are involved in the regulation of gene expression through acetylation of nucleosomal histones in the context of chromatin.  They contain a bromodomain, which helps them recognize and bind to acetylated lysine residues on histone substrates. Gcn5, p300/CBP, and TAFII250 are some examples of type A HATs that cooperate with activators to enhance transcription. Type B HATs are located in the cytoplasm and are responsible for acetylating newly synthesized histones prior to their assembly into nucleosomes. These HATs lack a bromodomain, as their targets are unacetylated. The acetyl groups added by type B HATs to the histones are removed by HDACs once they enter the nucleus and are incorporated into chromatin. Hat1 is one of the few known examples of a type B HAT.  Despite this historical classification of HATs, some HAT proteins function in multiple complexes or locations and would thus not easily fit into a particular class.

Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs)
HATs can be grouped into several different families based on sequence homology as well as shared structural features and functional roles. The Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) family includes Gcn5, PCAF, Hat1, Elp3, Hpa2, Hpa3, ATF-2, and Nut1. These HATs are generally characterized by the presence of a bromodomain, and they are found to acetylate lysine residues on histones H2B, H3, and H4.  All members of the GNAT family are characterized by up to four conserved motifs (A-D) found within the catalytic HAT domain. This includes the most highly conserved motif A, which contains an Arg/Gln-X-X-Gly-X-Gly/Ala sequence that is important for acetyl-CoA recognition and binding.  The C motif is found in most GNATs, but it is not present in the majority of other known HATs.  The yeast Gcn5 (general control nonderepressible-5) HAT is one of the best-characterized members of this family. It has four functional domains, including an N-terminal domain, a highly conserved catalytic (HAT) domain, an Ada2 interaction domain, and a C-terminal bromodomain. PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) and GCN5 are mammalian GNATs that share a high degree of homology throughout their sequences. These proteins have a 400-residue N-terminal region that is absent in yeast Gcn5, but their HAT functions are evolutionarily conserved with respect to the latter. Hat1 was the first HAT protein to be identified. It is responsible for most of the cytoplasmic HAT activity in yeast, and it binds strongly to histone H4 by virtue of its association with an additional subunit, Hat2. Elp3 is an example of a type A HAT found in yeast. It is part of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and plays a role in transcriptional elongation.

MYST HATs
The MYST family of HATs is named after its four founding members MOZ, Ybf2 (Sas3), Sas2, and Tip60.  Other important members include Esa1, MOF, MORF, and HBO1. These HATs are typically characterized by the presence of zinc fingers and chromodomains, and they are found to acetylate lysine residues on histones H2A, H3, and H4. Several MYST family proteins contain zinc fingers as well as the highly conserved motif A found among GNATs that facilitates acetyl-CoA binding.  A cysteine-rich region located in the N terminus of the HAT domain of MYST proteins is involved in zinc binding, which is essential for HAT activity.  Tip60 (Tat-interactive protein, 60 kDa) was the first human MYST family member to exhibit HAT activity. Sas3 found in yeast is a homolog of MOZ (monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein), which is an oncogene found in humans. Esa1 was the first essential HAT to be found in yeast, and MOF is its homolog in fruit flies. The HAT activity of the latter is required for the twofold increased transcription of the male X chromosome (dosage compensation) in flies. Human HBO1 (HAT bound to ORC1) was the first HAT shown to associate with components of the origin of replication complex. MORF (MOZ-related factor) exhibits very close homology to MOZ throughout its entire length.  It contains an N-terminal repression region that decreases its HAT activity in vitro as well as a C-terminal activation domain that is functional in the absence of the HAT domain.

Others
In addition to those that are members of the GNAT and MYST families, there are several other proteins found typically in higher eukaryotes that exhibit HAT activity. These include p300/CBP, nuclear receptor coactivators (e.g., ACTR/SRC-1), TAFII250, TFIIIC, Rtt109, and CLOCK. p300/CBP are metazoan-specific and contain several zinc finger regions, a bromodomain, a catalytic (HAT) domain, and regions that interact with other transcription factors.  Importantly, the HAT domain shows no sequence homology to other known HATs,  and it is required for p300/CBP to function in transcriptional activation.  In addition, these proteins contain several HAT domain motifs (A, B, and D) that are similar to those of the GNATs. They also possess a novel motif E that is homologous to sequences in the HAT domains of GNATs. TFIIIC is one of the general transcription factors involved in RNA polymerase III-mediated transcription. Three components in the human protein have been shown to possess independent HAT activity (hTFIIIC220, hTFIIIC110, and hTFIIIC90).  Rtt109 is a fungal-specific HAT that requires association with histone chaperone proteins for activity.  The HAT activities of the human TAFII250 and CLOCK coactivators have not been studied as extensively. TAFII250 is one of the TBP-associated factor subunits of TFIID, and it shares a Gly-X-Gly pattern with Gcn5 that is important for HAT activity.  CLOCK is a circadian rhythm master regulator that functions with BMAL1 to carry out its HAT activity.

Nuclear receptor coactivators
Three important nuclear receptor coactivators that display HAT activity are SRC-1, ACTR, and TIF-2. Human SRC-1 (steroid receptor coactivator-1) is known to interact with p300/CBP and PCAF, and its HAT domain is located in its C-terminal region. ACTR (also known as RAC3, AIB1, and TRAM-1 in humans) shares significant sequence homology with SRC-1, in particular in the N-terminal and C-terminal (HAT) regions as well as in the receptor and coactivator interaction domains.  ACTR also interacts with p300/CBP and PCAF. The former can prevent ACTR from binding to and activating its receptor by acetylating it in its receptor interaction domain. TIF-2 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2; also known as GRIP1) is another nuclear receptor coactivator with HAT activity, and it also interacts with p300/CBP.

A table summarizing the different families of HATs along with their associated members, parent organisms, multisubunit complexes, histone substrates, and structural features is presented below.

Overall structure

In general, HATs are characterized by a structurally conserved core region made up of a three-stranded β-sheet followed by a long α-helix parallel to and spanning one side of it.  The core region, which corresponds to motifs A, B, and D of the GNAT proteins,  is flanked on opposite sides by N- and C-terminal α/β segments that are structurally unique for a given HAT family.  The central core and the flanking segments together form a cleft over the former, which is where histone substrates can bind prior to catalysis.  While the central core domain (motif A in GNATs) is involved in acetyl-CoA binding and catalysis, the N- and C-terminal segments assist in binding histone substrates.  Unique features related to the sequence and/or structure of the N- and C-terminal regions for different HAT families may help to explain some observed differences among HATs in histone substrate specificity. CoA binding has been observed to widen the histone binding groove in the central core by moving the C-terminal segment of Gcn5 outward. In addition, since contacts between CoA and protein facilitate the formation of favorable histone-protein contacts, it is likely that CoA binding precedes histone binding in vivo.

GNAT and MYST families
HATs in the GNAT family are most notably characterized by an approximately 160-residue HAT domain and a C-terminal bromodomain, which binds to acetylated lysine residues.  Those in the MYST family have HAT domains that are about 250 residues in length. Many MYST proteins also contain a cysteine-rich, zinc-binding domain within the HAT region in addition to an N-terminal chromodomain, which binds to methylated lysine residues.

On a broader scale, the structures of the catalytic domains of GNAT proteins (Gcn5, PCAF) exhibit a mixed α/β globular fold with a total of five α-helices and six β-strands.  The overall topology resembles a vise, with the central core of the protein at the base and the N- and C-terminal segments on the sides.

p300/CBP family
The p300/CBP HATs have larger HAT domains (about 500 residues) than those present in the GNAT and MYST families.  They also contain a bromodomain as well as three cysteine/histidine-rich domains that are thought to mediate interactions with other proteins. The structure of p300/CBP is characterized by an elongated globular domain, which contains a seven-stranded β-sheet in the center that is surrounded by nine α-helices and several loops.  The structure of the central core region associated with acetyl-CoA binding is conserved with respect to GNAT and MYST HATs, but there are many structural differences in the regions flanking this central core. Overall, the structural data is consistent with the fact that p300/CBP HATs are more promiscuous than GNAT and MYST HATs with respect to substrate binding.

Rtt109
The structure of Rtt109 is very similar to that of p300, despite there only being 7% sequence identity between the two proteins. There is a seven-stranded β-sheet that is surrounded by α-helices as well as a loop that is involved in acetyl-CoA substrate binding. Despite the conserved structure, Rtt109 and p300/CBP are functionally unique. For instance, the substrate binding site of the former is more similar to that of the GNAT and MYST HATs. In addition, the residues in the active site of each enzyme are distinct, which suggests that they employ different catalytic mechanisms for acetyl group transfer.

Catalytic mechanisms
The basic mechanism catalyzed by HATs involves the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the ε-amino group of a target lysine side-chain within a histone.  Different families of HATs employ unique strategies in order to effect such a transformation.

GNAT family
Members of the GNAT family have a conserved glutamate residue that acts as a general base for catalyzing the nucleophilic attack of the lysine amine on the acetyl-CoA thioester bond.  These HATs use an ordered sequential bi-bi mechanism wherein both substrates (acetyl-CoA and histone) must bind to form a ternary complex with the enzyme before catalysis can occur. Acetyl-CoA binds first, followed by the histone substrate. A conserved glutamate residue (Glu173 in yeast Gcn5) activates a water molecule for removal of a proton from the amine group on lysine, which activates it for direct nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of enzyme-bound acetyl-CoA. After the reaction, the acetylated histone is released first followed by CoA.

MYST family
Studies of yeast Esa1 from the MYST family of HATs have revealed a ping-pong mechanism involving conserved glutamate and cysteine residues. The first part of the reaction involves the formation of a covalent intermediate in which a cysteine residue becomes acetylated following nucleophilic attack of this residue on the carbonyl carbon of acetyl-CoA. Then, a glutamate residue acts as a general base to facilitate transfer of the acetyl group from the cysteine to the histone substrate in a manner analogous to the mechanism used by GNATs. When Esa1 is assembled in the piccolo NuA4 complex, it loses its dependence on the cysteine residue for catalysis, which suggests that the reaction may proceed via a ternary bi-bi mechanism when the enzyme is part of a physiologically relevant multiprotein complex.

p300/CBP family
In human p300, Tyr1467 acts as a general acid and Trp1436 helps orient the target lysine residue of the histone substrate into the active site.  These two residues are highly conserved within the p300/CBP HAT family and, unlike enzymes in the GNAT and MYST families, p300 does not employ a general base for catalysis. Rather, it is likely that members of the p300/CBP family use a Theorell-Chance (i.e., "hit-and-run") acetyl transfer mechanism.

Rtt109
Rtt109 is likely to employ a mechanism that is different from that of the other HATs.  The yeast enzyme has very low catalytic activity in the absence of the histone chaperone proteins Asf1 and Vps75, which may be involved in delivering histone substrates to the enzyme for acetylation.  Moreover, a general acid or base have not yet been identified for this HAT.

Substrate binding and specificity
The structures of several HAT domains bound to acetyl-CoA and histone substrate peptides reveal that the latter bind across a groove on the protein that is formed by the central core region at the base and is flanked on opposite sides by the variable N- and C-terminal segments that mediate the majority of the interactions with the substrate peptide.  It is likely that these variable regions are at least in part responsible for the observed specificity of different HATs for various histone substrates.

Members of the GNAT and MYST families as well as Rtt109 exhibit greater substrate selectivity than p300/CBP, which is rather promiscuous with regard to substrate binding.  Whereas it appears that only three to five residues on either side of the lysine to be acetylated are necessary for effective substrate binding and catalysis by members of the GNAT and p300/CBP families, more distal regions of the substrate may be important for efficient acetylation by MYST family HATs.

Lysine selectivity
Different HATs, usually in the context of multisubunit complexes, have been shown to acetylate specific lysine residues in histones.

GNAT family
Gcn5 cannot acetylate nucleosomal histones in the absence of other protein factors.  In the context of complexes like SAGA and ADA, however, Gcn5 is able to acetylate H3K14 among other sites within histones H2B, H3, and H4 (e.g., H3K9, H3K36, H4K8, H4K16).  Both Gcn5 and PCAF have the strongest site preference for H3K14, either as a free histone or within a nucleosome.  Hat1 acetylates H4K5 and H4K12, and Hpa2 acetylates H3K14 in vitro.

MYST family
In flies, acetylation of H4K16 on the male X chromosome by MOF in the context of the MSL complex is correlated with transcriptional upregulation as a mechanism for dosage compensation in these organisms.  In humans, the MSL complex carries out the majority of genome-wide H4K16 acetylation. In the context of their cognate complexes, Sas2 (SAS) and Esa1 (NuA4) also carry out acetylation of H4K16, in particular in the telomere regions of chromosomes. Sas2 is also observed to acetylate H3K14 in vitro on free histones.  Esa1 can also acetylate H3K14 in vitro on free histones as well as H2AK5, H4K5, H4K8, and H4K12 either in vitro or in vivo on nucleosomal histones. H2AK7 and H2BK16 are also observed to be acetylated by Esa1 in vivo. Notably, neither Sas2 nor Esa1 can acetylate nucleosomal histones in vitro as a free enzyme. This happens to be the case as well for Sas3, which is observed to acetylate H3K9 and H3K14 in vivo as well as lysine residues on H2A and H4. MOZ can also acetylate H3K14.

Others
p300/CBP acetylate all four nucleosomal core histones equally well.  In vitro, they have been observed to acetylate H2AK5, H2BK12, H2BK15, H3K14, H3K18, H4K5, and H4K8.  SRC-1 acetylates H3K9 and H3K14, TAFII230 (Drosophila homolog of human TAFII250) acetylates H3K14, and Rtt109 acetylates H3K9, H3K23,  and H3K56 in the presence of either Asf1 or Vps75.

Non-histone substrates (in vitro)
In addition to the core histones, certain HATs acetylate a number of other cellular proteins including transcriptional activators, basal transcription factors, structural proteins, polyamines, and proteins involved in nuclear import.  Acetylation of these proteins can alter their ability to interact with their cognate DNA and/or protein substrates. The idea that acetylation can affect protein function in this manner has led to inquiry regarding the role of acetyltransferases in signal transduction pathways and whether an appropriate analogy to kinases and phosphorylation events can be made in this respect.

PCAF
PCAF and p300/CBP are the main HATs that have been observed to acetylate a number of non-histone proteins. For PCAF, these include the non-histone chromatin (high-mobility group (HMG)) proteins HMG-N2/HMG17 and HMG-I(Y), the transcriptional activators p53, MyoD, E2F(1-3), and HIV Tat, and the general transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIF.  Other proteins include CIITA, Brm (chromatin remodeler), NF-κB (p65), TAL1/SCL, Beta2/NeuroD, C/EBPβ, IRF2, IRF7, YY1, KLF13, EVI1, AME, ER81, and the androgen receptor (AR).  PCAF has also been observed to acetylate c-MYC, GATA-2, retinoblastoma (Rb), Ku70, and E1A adenovirus protein.  It can also autoacetylate, which facilitates intramolecular interactions with its bromodomain that may be involved in the regulation of its HAT activity.

p300/CBP
p300/CBP have many non-histone substrates, including the non-histone chromatin proteins HMG1, HMG-N1/HMG14, and HMG-I(Y), the transcriptional activators p53, c-Myb, GATA-1, EKLF, TCF, and HIV Tat, the nuclear receptor coactivators ACTR, SRC-1, and TIF-2, and the general transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIF.  Other substrates include the transcription factors Sp1, KLF5, FOXO1, MEF2C, SRY, GATA-4, and HNF-6, HMG-B2,  STAT3, the androgen and estrogen (α) receptors, GATA-2, GATA-3, MyoD, E2F(1-3), p73α, retinoblastoma (Rb), NF-κB (p50, p65), Smad7, importin-α, Ku70, YAP1, E1A adenovirus protein, and S-HDAg (hepatitis delta virus small delta antigen).  p300/CBP have also been observed to acetylate β-catenin, RIP140, PCNA, the DNA metabolic enzymes flap endonuclease-1, thymine DNA glycosylase, and Werner syndrome DNA helicase, STAT6, Runx1 (AML1), UBF, Beta2/NeuroD, CREB, c-Jun, C/EBPβ, NF-E2, SREBP, IRF2, Sp3, YY1, KLF13, EVI1, BCL6, HNF-4, ER81 and FOXO4 (AFX).

Multisubunit HAT complexes
The formation of multisubunit complexes has been observed to modulate the substrate specificity of HATs.  In general, while recombinant HATs are able to acetylate free histones, HATs can acetylate nucleosomal histones only when they are in their respective in vivo HAT complexes.  Some of the proteins that associate with HATs in these complexes function by targeting the HAT complex to nucleosomes at specific regions in the genome.  For instance, it has been observed that HAT complexes (e.g. SAGA, NuA3) often use methylated histones as docking sites so that the catalytic HAT subunit can carry out histone acetylation more effectively.

In addition, the formation of multisubunit HAT complexes influences the lysine specificity of HATs.  The specific lysine residues that a given HAT acetylates may become either broader or more restricted in scope upon association with its respective complex. For example, the lysine specificity of MYST family HATs toward their histone substrates becomes more restricted when they associate with their complexes. In contrast, Gcn5 acquires the ability to acetylate multiple sites in both histones H2B and H3 when it joins other subunits to form the SAGA and ADA complexes.  Moreover, the acetylation site specificity of Rtt109 is dictated by its association with either Vps75 or Asf1.  When in complex with the former, Rtt109 acetylates H3K9 and H3K27, but, when in complex with the latter, it preferentially acetylates H3K56.

Regulation of HAT activity
The catalytic activity of HATs is regulated by two types of mechanisms: (1) interaction with regulatory protein subunits and (2) autoacetylation.  A given HAT may be regulated in multiple ways, and the same effector may actually lead to different outcomes under different conditions.  Although it is clear that the association of HATs with multiprotein complexes provides a mechanism for the regulation of both HAT activity and substrate specificity in vivo, the molecular basis for how this actually occurs is still largely unknown.  However, data suggests that associated subunits may contribute to catalysis at least in part by facilitating productive binding of the HAT complex to its native histone substrates.

The MYST family of HATs, p300/CBP, and Rtt109 have all been shown to be regulated by autoacetylation.  Human MOF as well as yeast Esa1 and Sas2 are autoacetylated at a conserved active site lysine residue, and this modification is required for their function in vivo. Human p300 contains a highly basic loop embedded in the middle of its HAT domain that is hyperacetylated in the active form of the enzyme.  It has been proposed that, upon autoacetylation, this loop is released from the electronegative substrate binding site where it sits in the inactive HAT.  Acetylation of yeast Rtt109 at Lys290 is also required for it to exhibit full catalytic activity.  Some HATs are also inhibited by acetylation. For example, the HAT activity of the nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is inhibited upon acetylation by p300/CBP.

Interaction with HDACs
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are recruited to their target promoters through physical interactions with sequence-specific transcription factors. They usually function within a multisubunit complex in which the other subunits are necessary for them to modify histone residues around the binding site. These enzymes can also modify non-histone proteins.

Biological role

Chromatin remodeling

Histone acetyltransferases serve many biological roles inside the cell. Chromatin is a combination of proteins and DNA found in the nucleus, and it undergoes many structural changes as different cellular events such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcription occur.  Chromatin in the cell can be found in two states: condensed and uncondensed. The latter, known as euchromatin, is transcriptionally active, whereas the former, known as heterochromatin, is transcriptionally inactive.  Histones comprise the protein portion of chromatin. There are five different histone proteins: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. A core histone is formed when two of each histone subtype, excluding H1, form a quaternary complex. This octameric complex, in association with the 147 base pairs of DNA coiled around it, forms the nucleosome.  Histone H1 locks the nucleosome complex together, and it is the last protein to bind in the complex.

Histones tend to be positively charged proteins with N-terminal tails that stem from the core. The phosphodiester backbone of DNA is negative, which allows for strong ionic interactions between histone proteins and DNA. Histone acetyltransferases transfer an acetyl group to specific lysine residues on histones, which neutralizes their positive charge and thus reduces the strong interactions between the histone and DNA.  Acetylation is also thought to perturb interactions between individual nucleosomes and act as interaction sites for other DNA-associated proteins.

There can be different levels of histone acetylation as well as other types of modifications, allowing the cell to have control over the level of chromatin packing during different cellular events such as replication, transcription, recombination, and repair. Acetylation is not the only regulatory post-translational modification to histones that dictates chromatin structure; methylation, phosphorylation, ADP-ribosylation, and ubiquitination have also been reported.  These combinations of different covalent modifications on the N-terminal tails of histones have been referred to as the histone code, and it is thought that this code may be heritable and preserved in the next cell generation.

H3 and H4 histone proteins are the primary targets of HATs, but H2A and H2B are also acetylated in vivo. Lysines 9, 14, 18, and 23 of H3 and lysines 5, 8, 12, and 16 of H4 are all targeted for acetylation.  Lysines 5, 12, 15, and 20 are acetylated on histone H2B, while only lysines 5 and 9 have been observed to be acetylated on histone H2A.  With so many different sites for acetylation, a high level of specificity can be achieved in triggering specific responses. An example of this specificity is when histone H4 is acetylated at lysines 5 and 12. This acetylation pattern has been seen during histone synthesis. Another example is acetylation of H4K16, which has been associated with dosage compensation of the male X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster.

Gene expression

Histone modifications modulate the packing of chromatin. The level of packing of the DNA is important for gene transcription, since the transcriptional machinery must have access to the promoter in order for transcription to occur.  Neutralization of charged lysine residues by HATs allows for the chromatin to decondense so that this machinery has access to the gene to be transcribed. However, acetylation is not always associated with enhanced transcriptional activity. For instance, acetylation of H4K12 has been associated with condensed and transcriptionally inactive chromatin. In addition, some histone modifications are associated with both enhanced and repressed activity, in a context-dependent manner.

HATs act as transcriptional co-activators or gene silencers and are most often found in large complexes made up of 10 to 20 subunits, some of which shared among different HAT complexes.  These complexes include SAGA (Spt/Ada/Gcn5L acetyltransferase), PCAF, ADA (transcriptional adaptor), TFIID (transcription factor II D), TFTC (TBP-free TAF-containing complex), and NuA3/NuA4 (nucleosomal acetyltransferases of H3 and H4).  These complexes modulate HAT specificity by bringing HATs to their target genes where they can then acetylate nucleosomal histones.  Some HAT transcriptional co-activators contain a bromodomain, a 110-amino acid module that recognizes acetylated lysine residues and is functionally linked to the co-activators in the regulation of transcription.

Clinical significance
The ability of histone acetyltransferases to manipulate chromatin structure and lay an epigenetic framework makes them essential in cell maintenance and survival. The process of chromatin remodeling involves several enzymes, including HATs, that assist in the reformation of nucleosomes and are required for DNA damage repair systems to function.  HATs have been implicated as accessories to disease progression, specifically in neurodegenerative disorders. For instance, Huntington's disease is a disease that affects motor skills and mental abilities. The only known mutation that has been implicated in the disease is in the N-terminal region of the protein huntingtin (htt).  It has been reported that htt directly interacts with HATs and represses the catalytic activity of p300/CBP and PCAF in vitro.

The human premature aging syndrome Hutchinson Gilford progeria is caused by a mutational defect in the processing of lamin A, a nuclear matrix protein.   In a mouse model of this condition, recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage is delayed.  The molecular mechanism underlying this delayed repair response involves a histone acetylation defect.  Specifically, histone H4 is hypoacetylated at a lysine 16 residue (H4K16) and this defect is due to reduced association of histone acetyltransferase, Mof, to the nuclear matrix

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 is a neurodegenerative disease that arises as a result of a defective mutant Ataxin-1 protein.  Mutant Ataxin-1 reduces histone acetylation resulting in repressed histone acetyltransferase-mediated transcription.

HATs have also been associated with control of learning and memory functions. Studies have shown that mice without PCAF or CBP display evidence of neurodegeneration.  Mice with PCAF deletion are incompetent with respect to learning, and those with CBP deletion seem to suffer from long-term memory loss.

The misregulation of the equilibrium between acetylation and deacetylation has also been associated with the manifestation of certain cancers. If histone acetyltransferases are inhibited, then damaged DNA may not be repaired, eventually leading to cell death. Controlling the chromatin remodeling process within cancer cells may provide a novel drug target for cancer research.  Attacking these enzymes within cancer cells could lead to increased apoptosis due to high accumulation of DNA damage. One such inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases is called garcinol. This compound is found within the rinds of the garcinia indica fruit, otherwise known as mangosteen. To explore the effects of garcinol on histone acetyltransferases, researchers used HeLa cells. The cells underwent irradiation, creating double-strand breaks within the DNA, and garcinol was introduced into the cells to see if it influenced the DNA damage response. If garcinol is successful at inhibiting the process of non-homologous end joining, a DNA repair mechanism that shows preference in fixing double-strand breaks, then it may serve as a radiosensitizer, a molecule that increases the sensitivity of cells to radiation damage. Increases in radiosensitivity may increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy.

See also
Histone-modifying enzymes
Histone deacetylase (HDAC)
Histone methyltransferase (HMT)
RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure
Acetyltransferase

References

External links

Transferases
EC 2.3.1
Epigenetics

Histone acetyltransferase


La Medalla Eligio Ancona es una presea otorgada por la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán anualmente, en virtud del Decreto Número 126 del gobierno del Estado de Yucatán, en México, para premiar al yucateco por nacimiento, cualquiera que sea su lugar de residencia, por sus méritos en las actividades culturales y de las artes.

Antecedentes
En 1947 el gobierno de Yucatán convocó a un concurso con motivo de la celebración del primer centenario del inicio de la Guerra de Castas, destinado a premiar un trabajo que mejor describiera  este cruento episodio de la historia de Yucatán. A tal premio se le dio el nombre de Eligio Ancona. Más tarde, en 1960, el propio gobierno yucateco, instituyó la Medalla Eligio Ancona para ser conferida a un yucateco por nacimiento, independientemente del lugar de su domicilio, distinguido en las artes, las ciencias y la cultura en general.

Esta medalla y el diploma correspondiente se otorgan hasta la fecha, anualmente, según laudo de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, para lo cual esta institución lanza una convocatoria pública los primeros días de cada año a fin de recibir propuestas de entre las que se discierne el premio en el mes de mayo subsiguiente.

Personas que han recibido la presea
Entre las personas que han recibido esta medalla y el diploma correspondiente, se citan:
 José Esquivel Pren, 1960.
 Gustavo Río Escalante, 1961.
 Gonzalo Cámara Zavala, 1962.
 Joaquín Ancona Albertos, 1963.
 Alfredo Barrera Vásquez, 1964.
 Santiago Burgos Brito, 1965.
 Ermilo Abreu Gómez, 1970.
 Clemente López Trujillo, 1971.
 Fernando Castro Pacheco, 1972.
 Leopoldo Peniche Vallado, 1973.
 Arcadio Poveda Ricalde, 1976.
 Silvio Zavala Vallado, 1977.
 Cirilo Montes de Oca, 1978.
 Enrique Gottdiener Soto, 1979.
 Juan Duch Colell, 1980.
 Alfonso Villa Rojas, 1981.
 Ramón Osorio y Carvajal, 1982.
 Ricardo López Méndez, 1984.
 Jesús Amaro Gamboa, 1985.
 Jaime Oroza Díaz, 1986 (póstuma).
 Víctor Suárez Molina, 1987.
 Antonia Jiménez Trava, 1988.
 Rodolfo Ruz Menéndez, 1989.
 Carlos Urzaiz Jiménez, 1990.
 Luis Felipe Rodríguez Jorge, 1991.
 Renán Irigoyen Rosado, 1992.
 Fernando Espejo Méndez, 1993.
 Felipe Escalante Ruz, 1994.
 Juan Helguera, 1995.
 Juan García Ponce, 1996.
 Humberto Peraza y Ojeda, 2001
 Fernando Cámara Barbachano, 2002
 Óscar González Cuevas, 2003.
 Nadima Simón Domínguez, 2004.
 Raúl Renán González, 2005.
 Judith Pérez Romero, 2006.
 Carlos Eduardo Bojórquez Urzaiz, 2007
 Gilberto Balam Pereira, 2008.
 Joaquín Bestard Vázquez, 2009.
 Emilio Vera Granados, 2010.
 Manuel Lizama Salazar, 2011.
 Luis Pérez Sabido, 2012.
 Jorge Humberto Álvarez Rendón, 2013

Véase también
 Medalla Yucatán

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Medalla Eligio Ancona a Juan García Ponce. Con acceso el 21 de enero de 2012.
 Historia de los galardonados con la Medalla Eligio Ancona

Medalla Eligio Ancona
Premios establecidos en 1960
 44 recipinediario de la Medalla Eligio Ancona

 Judith Pérez Romero recibe en 2006 la presea Eligio Ancona
 Medalla Eligio Ancona 2008

Medalla Eligio Ancona


Richard Felix von Arnim (* 10. August 1831 in Gerswalde; † 30. Juli 1901 in Frankfurt (Oder)) war ein preußischer Oberst, Militärschriftsteller und Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite.

Leben

Herkunft
Richard von Arnim entstammte der Gerswalder Linie des alten uckermärkischen Adelsgeschlechts von Arnim. Seine Eltern waren der Major Wilhelm von Arnim (1783–1861) und dessen Ehefrau Auguste Sponholz, geborene Boeck (1804–1861).

Militärkarriere
Arnim trat am 1. April 1848 als Sekondeleutnant in das 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß der Preußischen Armee ein. 1851/54 absolvierte er zur weiteren Ausbildung die Allgemeine Kriegsschule. Daran schlossen sich Kommandierungen als Lehrer beim Kadettenhaus Wahlstatt 1855/56 und 1857/58 bei der Garde-Divisions-Schule an. Als Premierleutnant war Arnim von August 1859 bis Februar 1860 Kompanieführer beim Garde-Landwehr-Regiment in Königsberg. Am 7. Juni 1860 wurde er als Kompanieführer zum 1. kombinierten Garde-Infanterie-Regiment kommandiert, aus dem das 3. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß hervorging. Dort avancierte er Ende Oktober zum Hauptmann und Mitte Dezember 1860 zum Chef der 6. Kompanie.

Im Jahre 1866 nahm er am Preußisch-Deutschen Krieg teil, kämpfte mit seinem Regiment in Böhmen und zeichnete sich besonders bei der Erstürmung einer Schanze bei Chlum aus. Sein Kommandeur, Oberst Knappe von Knappstaedt, schlug ihn deshalb König Wilhelm I. im September 1866 für die Auszeichnung mit dem Orden Pour le Mérite vor. Im Schreiben des Obersten an den König heißt es: "...Richard Felix v. Arnim, Hauptmann im 3. Garderegiment zu Fuß, hat seine Kompanie mit großem Bravour gegen die Schanze nördlich von Chlum geführt und 5 Geschütze genommen..." König Wilhelm entsprach diesem Vorschlag und zeichnete Richard von Arnim mit dem Orden Pour le Mérite aus.

Zu Beginn des Krieges gegen Frankreich wurde Arnim zum Major befördert und war vom 20. Juli 1870 bis zum 1. Mai 1871 Kommandeur des I. Bataillons im Garde-Landwehr-Regiment. In dieser Eigenschaft nahm er an den Kämpfe bei Bougival und Marcilly sowie den Belagerungen von Straßburg und Paris teil. Ausgezeichnet mit dem Eisernen Kreuz II. Klasse war er anschließend Kommandeur des Ersatz-Bataillon im 3. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß und übernahm am 23. Juni 1871 das II. Bataillon. Am 13. April 1872 erfolgte seine Versetzung als Kommandeur des III. Bataillons im Hohenzollernschen Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 40 nach Köln. In dieser Eigenschaft Anfang Juli 1875 zum Oberstleutnant befördert, wurde er am 15. August 1878 mit Pension zur Disposition gestellt und als Bezirkskommandeur weiterverwendet. Arnim erhielt am 12. Juli 1879 den Charakter als Oberst und wurde am 10. Juni 1882 von seiner Stellung entbunden.

Familie
Er heiratete am 1. Juli 1861 Magdalene von Keltsch und Riemberg (1841–1929) und hatte mit ihr sieben Töchter:
 Frieda (* 1862) ⚭ 1900 Johann Bartsch (1869–1956), Evangelist
 Martha (1864–1878)
 Elisabeth (1867–1943) ⚭ 1887 Wilhelm von Graevenitz (1858–1928), preußischer Generalleutnant
 Marie Magdalena (1879–1946)
⚭ 1893 Fritz von Borcke (1859–1898), preußischer Hauptmann und Sohn des preußischen Generals der Infanterie Ludwig von Borcke
⚭ 1902 Ulrich von Quistorp (1860–1903), preußischer Rittmeister a. D. und Rittergutsbesitzer
 Esther (1871–1938)
 Ursula (1872–1928) ⚭ 1893 Karl von Graevenitz (1859–1925), württembergischer Generalleutnant
 Helene (1875–1958)

Schriften
 Erinnerungen an den Feldzug von 1866. Helwing'sche Hofbuchhandlung, Hannover 1868,
 Aus dem Tagebuche eines Kompagnie-Chefs. Versuch einer Methode die Kompagnie bei beschränkter Zeit und unter möglichst ungünstigen Verhältnissen, dennoch hinreichend im Tiraillement und Felddienst auszubilden. 1873.
 Der Bataillons-Commandeur im Kriege und Frieden. Verlag W. Greven, 1875.
 Die Schlachten-Taktik, sonst und jetzt. Neue militärische Zeit- und Streitfragen, Heft 6, 1881.

Literatur
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen Häuser. 1903. Vierter Jahrgang, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1902, S. 47.
 Offizier-Stammliste des Königlich Preussischen 3. Garde-Regiments zu Fuss. Von 1860 bis 1910. Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg 1910, S. 5–6.

Einzelnachweise

Oberst (Preußen)
Person im Deutschen Krieg
Person im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes II. Klasse
Infanterist (Preußen)
Autor
Militärschriftsteller
Richard
Deutscher
Geboren 1831
Gestorben 1901
Mann

Richard von Arnim


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NGC 6869