L'Inde, marquée par une tradition culturelle végétarienne, accorde une grande importance au lait et aux produits lactés. La révolution blanche des années 1970-1990, menée au bénéfice du secteur coopératif, a permis une croissance massive de la production : depuis 1998, l'Inde est le premier producteur mondial de lait. Depuis 1991, la libéralisation de l'économie et l'évolution du goût des consommateurs entraînent une diversification du marché.

Culture et mythologie
L'Inde, de culture traditionnellement végétarienne jusqu'à une date récente, fait une grande consommation de produits laitiers pour assurer ses besoins en protéines ; vers la fin du , 60 % de la population est végétarienne, pourcentage qui descend à 20 % en 2018. Le lait tient une grande place dans sa mythologie : les textes fondamentaux, Vedas, Puranas, Mahabharata et Ramayana évoquent la légende du barattage de la mer de lait qui fait émerger les composants du monde à partir du liquide primordial. Le lait est un .

Une économie paysanne et coopérative

Jusqu'à l'indépendance en 1947, la collecte et la transformation du lait étaient surtout assurés par des commerçants privés. En 1955, le gouvernement de l'Inde lance un vaste programme, le City Milk Scheme (« programme laitier urbain »), destiné à régulariser l'approvisionnement des villes, en même temps qu'un plan de soutien à l'. Cependant, ces plans restent peu efficaces et le pays doit importer massivement du lait en poudre :  tonnes par an dans les  pour une production laitière estimée à un million de tonnes par jour.

En 1946, des agriculteurs du district de Kheda dans le Gujarat créent une coopérative destinée à livrer leurs produits à Bombay, une des plus grandes agglomérations du pays. En 1964, elle prend le nom d'Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited). En 1970-1971, la Première ministre Indira Gandhi décide d'étendre ce modèle, qualifié de « révolution blanche », à l'ensemble de l'Inde en créant le National Dairy Development Board (« bureau national de développement des produits laitiers », NDDB) et lance le programme Operation Flood -  destiné à assurer l'approvisionnement en lait des quatre plus grandes villes du pays, Bombay, New Delhi, Calcutta et Madras. La FAO contribue à ce programme par le don de  tonnes de lait en poudre et  tonnes d'huile de beurre sur cinq ans. Vers 1998, le système coopératif NDDB regroupe  de paysans dans  sociétés villageoises ; il alimente  de consommateurs dans . La commercialisation du lait assure un revenu supplémentaire aux villageois, notamment aux femmes, et, demandant moins d'heures de main-d'œuvre que le travail des champs, libère du temps pour la scolarisation des enfants.

Une évolution rapide du marché

Depuis 1991, la politique de privatisations du gouvernement indien entraîne la percée du secteur privé : des multinationales comme Nestlé et Danone s'implantent en Inde en s'associant à des entreprises indiennes. Le secteur coopératif, partagé entre ses objectifs sociaux et son souci de rentabilité, n'assure pas des bénéfices aussi élevés que le secteur privé et s'adapte moins vite aux nouvelles exigences des consommateurs.

En 1998, l'Inde devient le premier producteur mondial de lait avec  de tonnes, dépassant les États-Unis. La quantité de lait disponible passe de  par habitant et par jour en 1973-1974 à  en 1994-1995.

Le lait de chèvre est une production relativement marginale assurée par certains groupes tribaux comme les  du Rajasthan mais, depuis quelques années, sa réputation diététique lui vaut un succès commercial sur le marché national et à l'exportation.

La consommation de produits laitiers industriels, fromages de marque, crèmes glacées, etc., est devenue habituelle dans les jeunes générations urbaines ; la production est partagée entre le secteur coopératif, le secteur privé national et certaines multinationales étrangères.

En 2017-2018, la production laitière vient des espèces suivantes :
 Buffle autochtone : 35 %
 Buffle non précisé : 14 %
 Vache (Bos Taurus) autochtone : 10 %
 Vache croisée : 26 %
 Vache non précisée : 10 %
 Vache exotique : 1 %
 Chèvre : 4 %

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 The Cheese Industry in India, India Reports, Chillibreeze,

Liens internes
 Révolution blanche (Inde)
 Révolution verte
 Amul
 Vache sacrée
 Liste de fromages indiens

Agriculture en Inde
Inde

Produits laitiers en Inde


31598 Danielrudin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
31598 Danielrudin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,45 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 6,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 31001-32000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

31598 Danielrudin


في الرياضيات يرمز للجذر التكعيبي لعدد ما x بالشكل  أو x1/3، وإذا كان الجذر التكعيبي هو العدد a فتكون العلاقة التالية محققة a3 = x.

لجميع الأعداد الحقيقية جذر تكعيبي حقيقي واحد وجذرين تكعيبيين عقدين.

لجميع الأعداد العقدية غير الصفرية تمتلك ثلاث جذور تكعيبية عقدية.

أمثلة
 الجذر التكعيبي للعدد 8 هو 2، لأن 23 = 8.
 الجذور التكعيبية للعدد 27- هي:

خصائص الجذر التكعيبي
 عملية الجذر التكعيبي هي عملية غير تجميعية وغير توزيعية مع الجمع والطرح.
 عملية الجذر التكعيبي هي عملية تجميعية مع الرفع إلى أس وتوزيعية مع عملية الضرب والقسمة في مجموعة الأعداد الحقيقية، ولكن ليس دائماً في مجموعة الأعداد العقدية.

انظر أيضاً

 جذر عدد
 جذر تربيعي

مراجع

جبر ابتدائي
دوال ابتدائية خاصة

جذر تكعيبي


Svobodni  es un jútor del raión de Séverskaya, en el krai de Krasnodar de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla derecha del río Ubin, afluente del Afips, de la cuenca del Kubán, 4 km al sur de Séverskaya y 35 km al suroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 157 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Séverskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Свободный (Северский район).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Svobodni (Séverskaya, Krasnodar)


est un josei manga japonais écrit et dessiné par Rikachi. Il est prépublié dans le magazine Be Love de Kōdansha depuis le numéro de . Dix volumes reliés ont été assemblés au . Une version française est éditée par Michel Lafon depuis le .

Le manga se classe  parmi les 10 meilleures bandes dessinées de 2021 selon l'écrivain Yumika Shiraishi, sur  en . Il remporte le  Prix du manga Kōdansha dans la catégorie « Meilleur shōjo ».

Résumé
Nina est une orpheline se battant pour survivre dans les bidonvilles en compagnie de ses amis Saji et Colin. À la mort de ce dernier d'une maladie, Saji dénonce Nina, qui se faisait passer pour un garçon, à des individus en quête d'une jeune fille aux yeux bleus. Elle se retrouve alors face à Azur Seth Fortuna, second prince du royaume de Fortuna, qui lui annonce qu'elle va devoir devenir la princesse Alisha, décédée dans un accident. Nina a alors trois mois pour apprendre l'étiquette, au terme desquels elle devra épouser l'héritier du royaume de Galgada, tandis qu'elle développe des sentiments pour celui qui la lui apprend.

Production
Nina du royaume aux étoiles est prépublié dans le magazine Be Love de Kōdansha depuis le numéro de  paru le . Le premier volume relié paraît le  et dix volumes ont été assemblés au .

Une version française est publiée dans la collection Kazoku des éditions Michel Lafon depuis le . La traduction est signée Angélique Mariet et six tomes sont parus au .

À l'occasion de la sortie du cinquième tome au Japon le , des bandes sonores sont réalisées, reproduisant des scènes du manga. Elles peuvent être obtenues en scannant des QR codes présents sur la couverture du cinquième volume. Les deux personnages doublés sont Azur Seth Fortuna, par Yūichirō Umehara, et le prince de Galgada, par Kōki Uchiyama.

Accueil

Réception critique
Legoffe du site sceneario salue le  et le soin et le souci du détail apporté aux dessins.

Rebecca Silverman d'Anime News Network souligne que, si l'histoire d'une campagnarde prenant la place d'une princesse décédée n'a rien d'original, l'histoire n'en reste pas moins appréciable. Le fait que l'apparence véritable de la princesse soit peu connue en dehors de la couleur de ses yeux permet d'apporter une crédibilité qui manque souvent à ce genre d'histoires. Elle apprécie également le personnage de Nina, dont le caractère reste cohérent avec celui d'une fille qui a appris à survivre par elle-même dans les rues. Lynzee Loveridge d'Anime News Network également loue le travail artistique effectué sur les décors et l'esthétique des vêtements.

Prix et récompenses
Le manga se classe  parmi les  selon l'écrivain Yumika Shiraishi, sur  en .

Il remporte le  Prix du manga Kōdansha dans la catégorie « Meilleur shōjo ».

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Série manga
Josei manga
Manga publié par Kōdansha
Manga romantique
Manga de fantasy
Prix du manga Kōdansha

Nina du royaume aux étoiles


Anne Hébert  (pronounced  in French) (August 1, 1916 – January 22, 2000), was a Canadian author and poet. She won Canada's top literary honor, the Governor General's Award, three times, twice for fiction and once for poetry.

Early life
Hébert was born in Sainte-Catherine-de-Fossambault (name later changed to Sainte-Catherine-de-Portneuf, and in 1984 to Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier), Quebec. Her father, Maurice Hébert, was a poet and literary critic. She was a cousin and childhood friend of modernist poet Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau. She began writing poems and stories at a young age.

Career
By the time she was in her early twenties, Hébert's work had been published in a number of periodicals. Her first collection of poems, Les Songes en Équilibre, was published in 1942. In it she writes of  herself as existing in solitude in a "dreamlike torpor". It received positive reviews and won her the Prix David.

Saddened by the 1943 death of her thirty-one-year-old cousin, Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, and by the death of her only sister Marie in 1952, Hébert's poetry became filled with images of death and drowning."
No Quebec publisher would publish her 1945 collection of stories, Le Torrent. It was finally published in 1950 at the expense of Roger Lemelin. The provocative tales were considered shocking at the time, but later grew in popularity.

Hébert was affiliated with Canada's first film bureau. She worked for Radio Canada, Film Board of Canada and National Film Board of Canada during the 1950s.

Again, she could not find a publisher for her second book of anguish-filled poetry, Le Tombeau des rois (The Tomb of Kings), and had to publish it at her own expense in 1953. In 1954 Hébert used a grant from the Royal Society of Canada to move to Paris, thinking that the city would be more receptive to her writing.

Les Chambres de bois (1958), her first novel, was a passionate story which depicted violence and brutality through evocative imagery. Hébert was one of the first Québécois writers to experiment in her work with the expression of alienation and rebellion, rather than realistic narration and discussion."

In 1960 during Québec's Quiet Revolution, Hébert published Mystère de la parole, a new collection of poems  about more down-to-earth subjects than her previous work.

Hébert's 1970 novel Kamouraska combines two romantic yet suspenseful stories and is set in 19th-century Québec.

Hébert returned to Canada in the 1990s. Her last novel Un Habit de lumière was published in 1998.

Hébert died of bone cancer on January 22, 2000, in Montreal.

Recognition
Hébert's first book of poetry, Les Songes en Équilibre, won Quebec's Prix David. She won the Prix France-Canada and the Ludger-Duvernay Prize in 1958 for Les chambres de bois.

Hébert was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1960.

Her Poèmes (a reprinting of Le Tombeau des rois, coupled with a section of new poems, Mystère de la parole) won the Governor General's Award for poetry in 1960. She twice won the Governor General's Award for fiction, for her novels Les enfants du sabbat (1975) and L'enfant chargé des songes (1992).

She won the Molson Prize in 1967.

Hébert won France's Prix de librairies for her 1970 novel Kamouraska and its Prix Fémina for her 1982 novel Les fous de Bassan. Both books have also been made into movies, Kamouraska in 1973 directed by Claude Jutra, and Les fous de Bassan in 1986 by Yves Simoneau. Kamouraska also won the Grand Prix of the Académie royale de la langue françaises de Belgique.

Hébert's work has been translated into at least seven languages, including English, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. The First Garden, the English translation of Le premier jardin, won the Félix Antoine-Savard Prize for Translation in 1991,

L'école Anne-Hébert, opened in Vancouver in 1983, is an elementary school that offers instruction from kindergarten through grade 6 in French only.

In 2013, documentary filmmaker Michel Langlois released Anne des vingt jours, a biographical documentary about Hébert.

Commemorative postage stamp
On September 8, 2003, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the National Library of Canada, Canada Post released a special commemorative series, "The Writers of Canada", with a design by Katalina Kovats, featuring two English-Canadian and two French-Canadian stamps. Three million stamps were issued. The two French-Canadian authors used were Hébert and her cousin, Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau.

Publications

Novels
 Les chambres de bois. (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1958),  – The Silent Rooms (1974, translated by Kathy Mezei)
 Kamouraska (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1970.),  – Kamouraska (1974, translated by Norman Shapiro)
 Les enfants du sabbat. (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1975),  – Children of the Black Sabbath (1977, translated by Carol Dunlop-Hébert)
 Heloise (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1980.),  –
 Les fous de Bassan – (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1982.),  – In the Shadow of the Wind (Toronto: Anansi, 1983; translated by Sheila Fischman)
 Le premier jardin. (Paris: Seuil, 1988.),  – The First Garden (Toronto: Anansi, 1991; translated by Sheila Fischman)
 L'enfant chargé de songes. (Paris : Editions du Seuil, 1992),  – The Burden of Dreams (Toronto: Anansi, 1994; translated by Sheila Fischman)
 Est-ce que je te dérange?) – (1998) – Am I disturbing you? (Anansi, 1999; translated by Sheila Fischman)
 Un habit de lumière. (Paris : Editions du Seuil, 1999.),  – A Suit of Light. (Toronto: Anansi, 2000, translated by Sheila Fischman)
 Collected Later Novels. (Toronto: Anansi, 2003, translated by Sheila Fischman),

Poetry
 Les songes en equilibre – (1942)
 Le tombeau des rois (The Tomb of the Kings) – (1953)
 Poèmes (Poems) – (1960) – Poems by Anne Hébert (Don Mills, ON: Musson Book Co., 1975, translated by Alan Brown).,
 Selected Poems – (1987) – Selected Poems (1987)
 Le jour n'a d'égal que la nuit (Québec : Boréal, [1992]),  Day Has No Equal But the Night (Toronto: Anansi, 1997; translated by Lola Lemire Tostevin)
 Oeuvre poétique. (1993)
 Poèmes pour la main gauche – ([Montréal]: Boréal, [1997]),

 Short stories and novellas
 Le torrent. (1950),  – The Torrent (1973, translated by Gwendolyn Moore)
 Aurélien, Clara, Mademoiselle et le Lieutenant anglais. (1995)  Aurélien, Clara, Mademoiselle, and the English Lieutenant  (Toronto: Anansi, 1996; translated by Sheila Fischman)
 Est-ce que je te dérange? (Paris : Editions du Seuil, 1998),  – Am I Disturbing You? (Toronto: Anansi, 1999; translated by Sheila Fischman)

 Theater
 La Mercière assassinée –  (The Murdered Shopkeeper, translated by Eugene Benson and Renate Benson, Canadian Drama/L'Art dramatique Canadien, vol. 10, no.2 (1984).)
 Le temps sauvage – (1956) – (The Unquiet State, translated by Eugene Benson and Renate Benson, Canadian Drama/L'Art dramatique Canadien, vol. 14, no. 2 (1988).)
 Les Invités au Procès – (The Guests on Trial, translated by Eugene Benson and Renate Benson, Canadian Drama/L'Art dramatique Canadien, vol. 9, no.1 (1983).)
 La cage suivi de L'île de la demoiselle – (1990) – (The Cage and L'Île de la demoiselle, translated by Pamela Grant, Gregory J. Reid, and Sheila Fischman, (2010).)

 Film scripts
 L'Éclusier (Lock-keeper) – (1953)
 The Charwoman – (1954)
 Midinette (Needles and Pins) – (1955)
 La Canne à pêche – (1959)
 Saint-Denys Garneau – (1960)
 L'Étudiant – (1961)
 Kamouraska – (1973)
 Les Fous de Bassan'' – (1987)

References

Notes

External links
 Anne Hébert's entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia
 English translation of one of Hébert's poems: "Woman Bathing"

1916 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian novelists
Canadian modernist poets
Modernist women writers
Canadian women novelists
Canadian women poets
Canadian poets in French
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Companions of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
French Quebecers
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers
Governor General's Award-winning poets
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Prix Alain-Grandbois
Prix Athanase-David winners
Prix Femina winners
Prix des libraires winners
Writers from Quebec
20th-century Canadian women writers
Canadian novelists in French

Anne Hébert


The term "half dollar" refers to a half-unit of several currencies that are named "dollar". One dollar ($1) is normally divided into subsidiary currency of 100 cents, so a half dollar is equal to 50 cents. These half dollars (aka 50 cent pieces) are denominated as either Coins or as banknotes. Although more than a dozen countries have their own unique dollar currency, not all of them use a 50 cent piece or half dollar. This article only includes half dollars and 50 cent pieces that were intended for circulation, those that add up to units of dollars, and those in the form of a coin.

Note: The blue linked years included in the tables link to articles about the coins.

Currently minted

Formerly minted

Notes

References

Fifty-cent coins

Half dollar


Laeliinae, podtribus kaćunovki, dio tribusa Epidendreae.

Pripada mu 42 roda.

Rodovi

 Subtribus Laeliinae Benth.
 Meiracyllium Rchb. fil. (2 spp.)
 Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. (8 spp.)
 Jacquiniella Schltr. (12 spp.)
 Scaphyglottis Poepp. & Endl. (84 spp.)
 Nidema Britton & Millsp. (2 spp.)
 Domingoa Schltr. (5 spp.)
 Arpophyllum La Llave & Lex. (5 spp.)
 Alamania La Llave & Lex. (1 sp.)
 Isabelia Barb. Rodr. (3 spp.)
 xIsanitella Leinig (0 sp.)
 Loefgrenianthus Hoehne (1 sp.)
 Homalopetalum Rolfe (8 spp.)
 Pygmaeorchis Brade (2 spp.)
 Epidendrum L. (1822 spp.)
 Microepidendrum Brieger (5 spp.)
 Dimerandra Schltr. (5 spp.)
 Barkeria Knowles & Westc. (19 spp.)
 Acrorchis Dressler (1 sp.)
 Tetramicra Lindl. (10 spp.)
 Artorima Dressler & G. E. Pollard (2 spp.)
 Hagsatera R. González (2 spp.)
 Pseudolaelia Porto & Brade (23 spp.)
 Leptotes Lindl. (9 spp.)
 Dinema Lindl. (2 spp.)
 Oestlundia W. E. Higgins (5 spp.)
 Amoana Leopardi & Carnevali (2 spp.)
 Encyclia Hook. (194 spp.)
 Prosthechea Knowles & Westc. (133 spp.)
 Psychilis Raf. (15 spp.)
 Caularthron Raf. (2 spp.)
 Cattleya Lindl. (140 spp.)
 Guarianthe Dressler & W. E. Higgins (4 spp.)
 Broughtonia R. Br. (6 spp.)
 Quisqueya Dod (4 spp.)
 Schomburgkia Lindl. (21 spp.)
 xSchombolaelia (0 sp.)
 Laelia Lindl. (7 spp.)
 Adamantinia van den Berg & C. N. Gonç. (1 sp.)
 Myrmecophila Rolfe (9 spp.)
 Rhyncholaelia Schltr. (2 spp.)
 Brassavola R. Br. (15 spp.)
 Constantia Barb. Rodr. (6 spp.)

Sinonimi
 Stenoglossinae Benth.
 Cattleyinae Pfitzer
 Meiracyliinae Dressler
 Arpophyllinae Dressler
 Epidendrinae Szlach.

Izvori

Epidendreae

Laeliinae


Claudio Lattanzi (* 1958 in Rom) ist ein italienischer Regieassistent und Filmregisseur.

Lattanzi war Ende der 1980er Jahre Assistent von Michele Soavi bei dessen Filmen. Ihm wird die Regie des Filmes Killing Birds, bei dem Joe D'Amato Produzent und Kameramann war und in dessen Händen die eigentliche Inszenierung des Filmes lag, zugeschrieben.

Filmografie
 1987: Killing Birds (Uccelli assassini)

Weblinks

 Eintrag bei mymovies (italienisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Italiener
Geboren 1958
Mann

Claudio Lattanzi


الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا ويشيع استخدام الاختصار الإنجليزي له  وتلفظ «مينا» هو مصطلح يستخدم للتعبير عن منطقة المشرق العربي أو عموم جنوب غرب آسيا الذي يشيع تسميته ب«الشرق الأوسط» وعموم «شمال أفريقيا» معاً، وهو يستخدم غالبا في الأعمال الأكاديمية والكتابة. يغطي المصطلح عموما منطقة واسعة، تمتد من المغرب في شمال غرب أفريقيا إلى إيران في جنوب غرب آسيا. وبصفة عامة تشمل جميع البلدان التي في الشرق الأوسط وبلدان شمال أفريقيا، وكذلك إيران وفلسطين وتركيا في أحيان ودونها في أحيان أخرى.

ولكون المصطلح (وبالذات شق «الشرق الأوسط») مفهوم إستشراقي ذو منظور أوروبي للعالم أو حتى إستعماري إنجليزي تحديدا، فإن مصطلحا شمال إفريقيا وغرب آسيا واختصاره الإنجليزي  وتلفظ «ناوا»، ومصطلح غرب آسيا وشمال إفريقيا واختصاره  وتلفظ «وانا» البديلين يستعملان كذلك في الكتابات الأكاديمية.

الشرق الأوسط هو اختصار ل «الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا» (حرفيا، «الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا») تستخدم بشكل روتيني في الكتابة الأكاديمية والتجارية. وهو يشير إلى مساحة كبيرة، من المغرب في شمال غرب إفريقيا إلى إيران في جنوب غرب آسيا، التي تضم عادة كل دول الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا.
يشمل الشرق الأوسط العديد من الدول التي تمتلك احتياطيات هائلة من النفط والغاز الطبيعي الضروري للحفاظ على النشاط الاقتصادي العالمي. ووفقا لبيان من 1 يناير 2009 مجلة مجلة النفط والغاز، بلدان الشرق الأوسط تحتل 60٪ من الاحتياطي العالمي للنفط (810980000000 برميل) و 45٪ من احتياطيات العالم من الغاز الطبيعي (GM3 2 868886). في عام 2009، ثمانية من اثني عشر بلدا في منظمة البلدان المصدرة للبترول (أوبك) هي جزء من الشرق الأوسط.

حيث يقدر عدد سكان منطقة الشرق الوسط وشمال أفريقيا على أقل تقدير بحوالي 381 مليون نسمة، ويشكل ذلك حوالي 6% من مجموع سكان العالم.

قائمة بالدول

حسب تعريف البنك الدولي

السكان
تضم سكان منطقة MENA حوالي 6 ٪ من مجموع سكان العالم، وتعادل ثلث عدد سكان جمهورية الصين الشعبية. يعادل عدد سكان منطقة الشرق الأوسط تقريبا عدد سكان الاتحاد الأوروبي، وتعد واحد وربع مرة أكبر من عدد سكان الولايات المتحدة.

موارد
تملك منطقة الشرق الأوسط احتياطيات كبيرة من النفط والغاز الطبيعي التي تجعله مصدرا حيويا للاستقرار الاقتصادي العالمي. وفقا لمجلة النفط والغاز (1 يناير، 2007)، تمتلك منطقة الشرق الأوسط 70 ٪ من احتياطي النفط في العالم (797.04 مليار برميل) و 46 ٪ من احتياطيات العالم من الغاز الطبيعي (2.8413 كوادرليون قدم مكعب).

الديانة
يعد الإسلام هو الدين السائد في جميع مناطق الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا تقريبا، فحوالي 91.2٪ من السكان مسلمين.

وتضم منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا 20 دولة وإقليما يقدر عدد سكانها المسلمين ب 315 مليون نسمة أو حوالي 23٪ من سكان العالم المسلمين. وغالبا ما تصنف دول «الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا» بأنها دول مسلمة، على الرغم من أن العديد من دول المنطقة ليست أغلبية مسلمة.

الاقتصاد
تمتلك منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا احتياطي ضخم من البترول والغاز الطبيعي مما يجعلها مصدرا حيويا للاستقرار الاقتصادي العالمي، ووفقا لمجلة النفط والغاز في (1 يناير 2009)، تمتلك منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا 60٪ من احتياطي النفط العالمي الذي يقدر بحوالي (810.98 مليار برميل (128.936 كيلومتر مكعب)، و 45٪ من احتياطي الغاز الطبيعي في العالم بحوالي 2.868.886 مليار قدم مكعب (81.237.8 كيلومتر مكعب).

مصطلحات أخرى

MENAP
ويشير مصطلح (MENAP) إلى (Middle East and North Africa and Afghanistan and Pakistan) وبالعربية «الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا وأفغانستان وباكستان».

واعتبارا من أبريل 2013، بدأ صندوق النقد الدولي باستخدام منطقة تحليلية جديدة تسمى منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا وأفغانستان وباكستان، وبذلك قد أضاف أفغانستان وباكستان إلى بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا. ويعد MENAP  الآن قوة اقتصادية بارزة في تقارير صندوق النقد الدولي.

MENAT
وهناك مصطلح جديد آخر يسمى MENAT ويرمز إلى (Middle East and North Africa and Turkey) وبالعربية "الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا وتركيا).

عدم الاستقرار في المنطقة بسبب الموارد الغنية وخاصة النفط والغاز وأيضاً الموقع المتميز بين القارات الثلاث (آسيا وأفريقيا وأوروبا)، دائماً ما تدخل منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا في صراعات منذ انهيار الإمبراطورية العثمانية. لا سيما بوجود إسرائيل، دولة يهودية بين الدول العربية والإسلامية، واحتدام الصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني، واندلاع الحرب الإيرانية العراقية. والصراع بين إيران والسعودية، وتصاعد الإرهاب، وقد وصل الصراع في المنطقة إلى أعلى قمة له حتى الآن في القرن الحادي والعشرين، بالتزامن مع حوادث مثل تدخل الولايات المتحدة في العراق في عام 2003 وما تلاه من حرب العراق وصعود داعش، وأحداث الربيع العربي، الذي نشر الحرب في جميع أنحاء المنطقة مثل الحرب الأهلية السورية، والحرب الأهلية الليبية والحرب الأهلية اليمنية.

طالع أيضًا
 الشرق الأوسط
 الوطن العربي
 الإستشراق

روابط إضافية
 صفحة البنك الدولي حول MENA

المراجع

أسماء مختصرة
اقتصاد دولي
الشرق الأوسط
شمال إفريقيا

الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا


සන්නිවේදනය හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ අමාත්‍යාංශය යනු ඉන්දීය රජයේ අමාත්‍යාංශයකි. එහි දෙපාර්තමේන්තු තුනකි:
විදුලි සන්දේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව

සන්නිවේදනය හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධීක්ෂණයට හා පරිපාලනට යටත්ව මධ්‍යම සිවිල් සේවයේ පිරිස් (ඉන්දීය විදුලි සන්දේශ සේවය, ඉන්දියානු තැපැල් සේවය, ඉන්දියානු ගුවන් විදුලි නියාමන සේවය, ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් නියාමන සේවය සහ ඉන්දියාන්ය් තැපැල් හා ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් ගිණුම් හා මූල්‍ය සේවයද ඇතුලත්ව) කටයුතු කරයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
 නිල වෙබ්අඩවිය

ඉන්දියාව
තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය

සන්නිවේදනය හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ අමාත්‍යාංශය (ඉන්දියාව)


Brusy  (Kashubian: Brusë; formerly ) is a town in northern Poland, located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 5,201.

History

Brusy was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tuchola County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Since the 19th century Brusy was an important center of the Kashub movement, although a fair amount of Kashubians from Brusy emigrated to Winona, Minnesota in the late 1900s. In 2007, the ninth Congress of Kashubians was held here, and in 2012, the annual Kashubian Unity Day celebration was conducted here. A Kashubian secondary school is also located in the town.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), inhabitants of Brusy were among over 450 Poles massacred by the Germans in autumn of 1939 in the Igielska Valley. In November 1939 the SS, Gestapo and Selbstschutz murdered local Polish teachers in a large massacre of Polish teachers near Skarszewy. Further executions of local Poles were carried out in January 1940 in the Igielska Valley and in the fields near Chojnice. In May 1942, the Germans expelled dozens of Poles, whose farms were handed over to Germans as part of the Lebensraum policy. The secret Polish resistance organization Pomeranian Griffin (Gryf Pomorski) operated in the Brusy area under the leadership of Colonel Józef Wrycza, who was also a Roman Catholic priest. The Germans set up a Waffen-SS training ground in the vicinity, and located its administration in Brusy. Brusy was also the location of the Nazi German Bruss subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, in which around 500 female prisoners were held as forced labour.

The town has obtained city rights on 1 January 1988.

Notable people
 Stanisław Lamczyk (born 1957) a Polish politician, elected to the Sejm in 2005
 Piotr Piekarski (born 1964) a retired Polish 800 metres runner, participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics
 Jan Wyrowiński (born 1947) a Polish politician and Kashubian activist

See also
Brusy (PKP station)
Krëbane

References

External links
 Official site

Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Chojnice County

Brusy


Indecent assault is an offence of aggravated assault in some common law-based jurisdictions. It is characterised as a sex crime and has significant overlap with offences referred to as sexual assault.

England and Wales
Indecent assault was a broadly defined offence under sections 14 and 15 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956. It was replaced, with prospective effect only, by sexual assault under section 3 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003.  A range of acts toward the more severe among those in its actus reus augmented other offences, including rape (section 1).

Prosecutions can proceed under sections 14 and 15 of the 1956 act for offences committed before the new law came into force.

The mens rea and actus reus of the crime are similar to that for common law assault and/or battery. However with an additional element of "indecent circumstances". These were present if a "reasonable person" would believe the act indecent, whatever the belief of the accused.

India
In India it is punishable under section 354 of the Indian Penal Code. The accused may be punished up to two years' imprisonment and/or a fine.

Australia

In New South Wales, the offence of indecent assault is punishable under Section 61L of the Crimes Act 1900.

The mens rea and actus reus are the same for the common law offence of assault, the only distinction being that the act committed must have a sexual connotation.

References

Assault

Indecent assault


පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් පසු ලොව වෙසෙන විවිධ ජාතීන් හට ලොව නැවත ගොඩනැගීම හා කම්කරු  සංවිධාන ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට අවශ්‍යතාවක් ඇති විය. මහා බ්‍රිතන්‍යය විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද විට්ලි අතුරු කොමිසමේ නියෝග මත කාර්මික සංවර්ධන සභා ලොව පුරා පිහිට විණි. එසේම මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ කම්කරු පක්ෂය   විසින් තවත් අදහසක් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. ඔවුන්ගේ පොදු සම්මුතියේ මාතෘකාව වූයේ කම්කරු හා නව සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තියකි. වර්ෂ 1918 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේ දී මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය, බෙල්ජියම, ඉතාලිය, හා ප්‍රංශය යන රටවල් සාමූහිකව එකතු වී පොදු සම්මුතියක් ලෙස ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු අයිතීන් රැකීම සහ රහස්  රාජ්‍ය සම්බන්ධතා හා වෙනත් අභිමතාර්ථයන් සඳහා පොදු සම්මුතීයක් ඉදිරිපත් කෙරුණි. අන්තර් එකමුතු කම්කරු සමාජීය සම්මුතිය ලෙස එය නම් කෙරුණි. තවද 1918 දෙසැම්බර් මස දී ඇමෙරිකානු කම්කරු සංවිධානය (AFL) විසින් තවත් මතයක්  ලොවට ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. ඔවුන්ගේ සම්මුතිය වූයේ සාමූහික අදහස් ලොවට හුවමාරු කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිපත්තියකි.

ලෝක යුද්ධ‍ය නිමාවීමත් සමඟම, පශ්චාත් යුද්ධයේ ලෝකය තුළ තරඟකාරී දැක්මවල් දෙකක් පැන නැගුණි. පළමුවන දැක්ම අන්තර්ජාතික එක්සත් වෘත්තිය සංගමයයි. එය 1919 ජුලි මස සමුළුවක් කැඳවන ලදී. බර්න් (Berne)  සමුළුව විසින් IFTU  හි අනාගතය හා පසුගිය වසරවල ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද විවිධ යෝජනා යන කරුණු දෙකම සළකන ලදී. IFTU මඟින් බලය  විමධ්‍යගත කිරීම පිළිබඳ යෝජනා කෙරිණි. ALF හි සභාපති වන සැමුවෙල් ගොම්පස් (Samuel Gompers) එම සමුළුව වර්ජනය කළේය. ඔහු බලය  බෙදාහැරීම, යුද්ධ නගා ගෙනා පුද්ගලයින් හට රටට ඒමට දොර ඇරීමක් ලෙස  සැළකුවේය. ඒ වෙනුවට ඔහු විසින් සභාපතිගේ වුඩ්රෝ විල්සන්ගේ කරුණු දහ හතරට (wodrow wilgan's fourteen points) සහයෝගය දක්වන ලදී. ඇමෙරිකන් නියෝජිතයාගේ සහභාගීත්වය නැතිව වුවද නියම කරගත් පරිදි සමුළුව පැවැත්විණි.

එහි අවසාන වාර්තාවේදී බර්න් සමුළුව විසින් මුදලට වහල් වැඩ කිරීම නැවත්වනු ලැබීය. සමාජවාදය ස්ථාපිත කිරීම යන කාරණා අවධානයට  ලක් කෙරිණි. මෙම නැවැත්වීම ඉක්මනින් ලබා ගැනීමට නොහැකි වූවත් එක්සත් ජාතීන්ට සම්බන්ධ වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර ආයතන සේවකයන් හා වෘත්තීය සමිති ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට නීති පැනවීමට කටයුතු කර යුතුයි.
මේ අතර පැරිස් සාම සමුළුව (Paris Peace Conference) විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදයට ජනතාවගේ සහයෝගය අඩුවිම සොයා බලන ලදී. ඉන් පසු එලයිඩ් පවර්ස් (Allied Powers) විසින් කම්කරු සංවිධාන සහ සේවකයන්ගේ අයිති ආරක්ෂා කරන වාක්‍යයක් ඇතුලත් කල යුතු බවට එකඟ විය. අන්තර්ජාතික කම්කරු සංවිධානය ගොඩ නැගිමෙන්  අන්තර් ජාතික කම්කරු සම්බන්ධය ගොඩ නැගීමට උදව් වෙයි. සාම සමුලුව මඟින් මෙම යෝජනා කෙටුම්පත්  කිරීමට අන්තර්ජාතික කම්කරු ව්‍යවස්ථා සම්පාදන මණ්ඩලයේ උපදේශක සමුළුව පිහිටුවන ලදී. 1991 පෙබරවාරි 1 වන දින  පළමුවරට එක් වූ කොමිසම මඟින් ගොම්පර්ස් (Gampers) සභාපති ලෙස පත්කර ගන්නා ලදී.

ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සංවිධාන නියෝජනය කරන රටවල්

අනෙක් එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ විශේෂිත නියෝජිතායතන මෙන් නොව, ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සංවිධානය ව්‍යුහය කොටස් 3 කින් අන්තර්ගතව ඇත. මේවා රාජ්‍ය, හාම්පුතුන් හා සේවකයන් නියෝජනය කරයි.

පරිපාලන ආයතන

අන්තර්ජාතික කම්කරු කාර්යාලයේ විධායකය පරිපාලන ආයතන වේ. මෙම නිලධාරීන් වසරකට වාර 3 ක් මුණ ගැසීම කරනු ලබයි. මුණ ගැසීම/ සාකච්ඡා කරනු ලබන්නේ වසරේ මාර්තු, ජුනි හා නොවැම්බර් යන මාස වලදී ය. නිලධාරීන් තීරණ ගනු ලබන්නේ (ILO) ප්‍රතිපත්තිවලට අනුවය. මෙහි න්‍යාය පත්‍රය සකසනු ලබන්නේ අන්තර් ජාතික කම්කරු සම්මේලනයට අනුවය. තවද මෙම සංවිධානයට වැඩසටහන් හා අයවැයෙන් යන වාර්ෂික වැඩසටහන් මෙම සමුළුවටම බාරදෙනු ලබයි. තවද ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සංවිධානයේ විධායක අධ්‍යක්ෂක තෝරාගනු ලබයි.

ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සංවිධානයේ පරිපාලනය සෑදී තිබෙන්නේ රටවල් 28 ක රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන්ගේ එකමුතුවෙන් හා 14 දෙනෙක්ගෙන් සැදුම්ලත් කණ්ඩායමකින් ය. තවත් 14 දෙනෙක් කණ්ඩායමේ නියෝජිතයන් වශයෙන් සේවය කරති. අන්තර් ජාතික කම්කරු සංවිධානයේ නිත්‍ය සාමාජිකයන් වන්නේ බ්‍රසීලය, චීනය, ප්‍රංශය, ජර්මනිය, ඉන්දියාව, ජපානය, ඉතාලිය, රුසියාව, එංගලන්තය හා ඇමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයයි. අවුරුදු 3 කට වරක් මෙහි නියෝජිතයන් තෝරාගනු ලබන්නේ රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් විසිනි.

ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සම්මේලනය

සෑම වර්ෂයකදීම ජුනි මස ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සම්මේලනය ජිනිවාහි දී පවත්වනු ලබයි. එහි එකඟතාවයන්  පොදු සම්මුතීන් තුලින් ඉදිරි සැලසුම් ස්ථාපිත කරයි. තවද ප්‍රතිපත්තිමය තීරණ ගනු ලබන අතර අය - වැය හා වැඩසටහන් සම්පාදනය කරනු ලබයි.

සාමාජික රටවල්වල නිත්‍ය රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් දෙකක් හා හාම්පුතුන්ගේ නියෝජනයක් හා සේවක නියෝජනයක් ඉහත සම්මේලනයට සහභාගී වේ. සියලුම නියෝජිතයන්ට ඡන්ද අයිතිය ලැබෙන අතර, සෑම ඡන්දයක්ම එක හා සමානය. නියෝජිතයන්ගේ රටවල ජනගහනය ප්‍රමාණ‍ය මත එම ඡන්ද බලය වෙනස් නොවේ.

ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු ප්‍රඥාප්තිය

ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සංවිධානයේ පොදු සම්මුතියට අනුව මුලික ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය සිදුවනුයේ අන්තර් ජාතික කම්කරු ප්‍රඥාප්තීන්ට අනුවය. මෙහි නිර්දේශයන්ට අනුව කම්කරු සබඳතා විෂයන් ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු ප්‍රඥාප්තියට අනුකූලව සකසයි. මෙහි මාතෘකා සකසනු ලබන්නේ පහත සඳහන් විෂයන්ට ගැලපෙන ලෙසයි. හමුවීමේ නිදහස, හොඳ සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වය, ආරක්ෂාව, මුහුදු ආශ්‍රිත රැකියාවන් කරන අයට ලැබෙන පහසුකම්, රාත්‍රී සේවකයන්ට ලැබෙන පහසුකම්, සමාන අයිතීන් නොලැබීම, වයස් අඩු සේවයකයන් සේවයේ යෙදවීම හා පීඩනයන්ට ලක්කොට වැඩ ගැනීම.

ජාත්‍යන්තර කම්කරු සංවිධානය


An Agrostocrinum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Agrostocrinum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Agrostocrinum

Agrostocrinum


Curaçao er en likør med smag af skallen af laraha, en citrusfrugt, der findes på øen Curaçao i det Caribiske Hav og som nedstammer fra pomerans.

 Likøren er egentlig farveløs, men den ses ofte i kunstigt farvede udgaver, særligt orange eller blå. Alkoholindholdet kan være mellem 15 og 40 %.

Oprindelsen til curaçao står hen i det uvisse, men destilleriet Lucas Bols, grundlagt 1575 i Amsterdam, skal have fremstillet den blå curaçao fra senest i 1930'erne. Likøren fremstilles af flere firmaer, heriblandt Senior & Co. i Curaçao.

Referencer

Likører

Curaçao (likør)


Morro do Moco (hrvatski: Planina Moco) je najviša planina u Angoli s visinom 2620 m. Nalazi se u provinci Huambo u zapadnom dijelu države 70 km od grada Huambo. Planina je proglašena jednim od "sedam čuda Angole". Odredište je za planinare, promatrače ptica i padobranske jedrače.

Izvori

Reljefni oblici u Angoli
Planine u Africi

Morro do Moco


Srđan Tucić (Požega, 9. veljače 1873. – New York, 2. kolovoza 1940.) hrvatski je književnik. Bio dobitnik Demetrove nagrade u dva navrata i to za drame Golgota (1911./1912.) i Osloboditelji (1918.).

Životopis
Rođen je u Požegi 9. veljače 1873. Glumio je sporedne uloge od 1895. u zagrebačkom Hrvatskom narodnom kazalištu u kojem mu je tri godine kasnije prvi put izvedena njegova drama Povratak u jednom činu. To djelo kanonsko je djelo hrvatskog naturalizma te dramskoga modernizma. Tucić je Povratkom dobio značajan književni ugled.

Tucić je bio umjetnički ravnatelj te redatelj sofijskog Narodnog kazališta od 1903. do 1905. Bio je urednik zadarskog tjednika Hrvatska kruna od 1906. do 1907. Od 1909. do 1910. bio je ravnatelj Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta u Osijeku, a nakon toga tajnik Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta u Zagrebu. Nakon bezuspješnih izvedba novih vlastitih drama u zagrebačkom Hrvatskom narodnom kazalištu, Tucić se 1913. seli u Pariz, a godinu dana kasnije u London. Tamo je sudjelovao u radu Jugoslavenskog odbora te je uređivao Bulletin Yougoslave. Na kraju odlazi u New York te tada prekida sve veze s hrvatskom književnošću. U New Yorku se bavio prevođenjem te je surađivao u novinama. Preminuo je 2. kolovoza 1940. u New Yorku.

Odlike djela
Tucićeva djela ističu se naturalističkim obilježjima, motivima erotike i nasilja, kondenziranom dramskom strukturom te snažnim dijalogom. Među takvim djelima ubrajaju se Tucićeve tročine prozne drame Svršetak (1899.) i Bura (1901.) te nikada izvedene jednočine drame i dramske skice čije su radnje odvijaju u gradskim i kozmopolitskim sredinama, kao što su: Propalica (1898.), Stranac (1899.), Pred zapadom sunca (1900.), Sujet, (1902.) i Magda (1903.). Slične verističke i estetičke odlike imaju i Tucićeve prozne skice i crtice koje su tiskane oko 1900. te dramske i prozne skice sakupljene su u knjizi Pod bičem života (1911.). Od djela nastalih pod utjecajem Tolstojevog simbolizma i humanizma su: Truli dom (1898.), Kozaci (1913.), drama nastala na temelju novele istog imena Lava Nikolajeviča Tolstoja, kao i drama Osloboditelji (1914.). Motivi naturalizma ublaženo variraju u Tucićevoj trilogiji Kroz život (1911.) koju čine prozne jednočine drame Amerikanka, Niz strminu i Pred noć, te u proznoj drami u tri čina zvanoj Golgota (1913.) koja je nastala u duhu simbolizma te ničeanskog vitalizma.

Izvori

Životopisi, Požega
Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski dramatici

Srđan Tucić


Barrière de l'Esseillon hieß eine Verteidigungslinie mit fünf Forts, die Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts in der Gemeinde Aussois errichtet wurden, um Savoyen zu verteidigen, das bis zur Abtretung an Frankreich zum Königreich Sardinien gehörte.

Standorte
Die Forts, die die Namen von Familienmitgliedern des Hauses Savoyen tragen, sind:

 Fort Victor-Emmanuel ist das größte der Forts, in dem eine Garnison von 1500 Mann stationiert werden konnte ().
 Fort Marie-Christine ist das höchstgelegene der fünf Forts. Das Fort ist vollständig restauriert worden und beherbergt heute ein Restaurant und eine Jugendherberge ().
 Redoute Marie-Thérèse liegt alleine am linken Ufer des Arc, das Fort ist vollständig restauriert und beherbergt heute eine Bar und ein Museum ().
 Fort Charles-Félix, das einzige Fort, das 1860 auf Befehl Napoléon III. in Befolgung einer Klausel im Vertrag von Turin beschädigt wurde. Heute ist das Fort eine Ruine ().
 Fort Charles-Albert wurde nie fertiggestellt ().

Geschichte
Die Forts wurden zwischen 1819 und 1834 mit Hilfe der Entschädigungen, die Frankreich infolge des Wiener Kongresses an das Königreich Sardinien zahlen musste, erbaut. Die Barrière schützte den Zugang zum Mont Cenis und machte das Herzogtum Savoyen zu einer Pufferzone gegenüber Frankreich.

Die Forts wurden in den folgenden Jahren nie in Kämpfe hineingezogen. Der Vertrag von Turin 1860, in dem Savoyen an Frankreich angegliedert wurde, sah vor, dass Frankreich die Forts zerstören musste. Allerdings wurde diese Abmachung nur beim Fort Charles-Félix umgesetzt. Die französische Armee setzte die übrigen Anlagen vielmehr instand, um ihr Land vor einer italienischen Invasion zu schützen.

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden die Forts vom Königreich Italien besetzt. Aus Fort Vittorio-Emmanuele wurde ein Gefängnis für politische Gefangene, während Fort Maria-Teresa eine Kaserne der Guardia di Finanza wurde. Nach dem Waffenstillstand wurde Fort Vittorio-Emanuele von den Deutschen besetzt, die dort einen Bunker anlegten, von dem aus sie die Nationalstraße unter Beschuss nehmen konnten. Nach Kriegsende verfielen die Forts, werden aber zurzeit nach und nach restauriert.

Literatur
Yves Devaux: La Barrière de l'Esseillon: une architecture unique en France.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Savoyen
Aussois

Barrière de l’Esseillon


Agrilus chlorophyllus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Abeille de Perrin, 1904.

Referências

chlorophyllus

Agrilus chlorophyllus


El Portal Trelew Shopping es un centro comercial argentino perteneciente al holding chileno  Cencosud, inaugurado en el 2010. Se encuentra en la localidad de Trelew (Provincia del Chubut).
Posee una sucursal de Easy S.A. y Super Vea, un patio de comidas y (próximamente) salas de cine. El centro comercial ha tenido una amplia aceptación en la ciudad y se ha convertido en un punto de encuentro entre los trelewenses.

Se inauguró el 12 de marzo de 2010. No se realizó de forma formal, ya que la empresa se solidarizó con el terremoto de febrero de se año ocurrido en Chile. Solamente se abrieron 20 locales. Hacia enero de 2013, ya están abiertos todos los locales con excepción del cine.

Datos
 Easy Homecenter: 8300 m²
 Super Vea: 3300 m²
 Salas de cine (4): 1500 m² (todavía no construidas)
 Estacionamiento: capacidad para 900 vehículos
 60 locales comerciales que van de los 40 a los 320 m²
 Patio de comidas: con capacidad para unas 600 personas cómodamente sentadas en 150 mesas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Cencosud
 Portal Trelew en Wikimapia
 Página Portal Trelew

Cencosud
Centros comerciales de Argentina del siglo XXI
Trelew
Arquitectura de Argentina de 2010
Edificios y estructuras de la provincia de Chubut

Portal Trelew


Cueva Bat (en inglés: Bat Cave; que quiere decir Cueva del Murciélago) es una pequeña cueva en la isla caribeña de Santa Lucía, ubicada en su costa occidental.

La cueva es una señal o punto local para las embarcaciones que se dedican a la organización de viajes de snorkel para los turistas.

A pesar de lo que pudiera indicar su nombre, se cree que la cueva no posee una población de murciélagos de gran importancia.

Véase también
Geografía de Santa Lucía
Geografía de América

Referencias

Cuevas de Santa Lucía

Cueva Bat


භූගෝල විද්‍යාවෙහි සුළු ආසියාව ( වෙතින්  — "කුඩා ආසියාව"; නවීන ), ආසියානු තුර්කිය, ඇනටෝලියානු අර්ධද්වීපය හෝ, ඇනටෝලියානු සානුව ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන, ඇනටෝලියාව ( ග්‍රීක් භාෂාව වෙතින් ,  — "නැගෙනහිර" හෝ  "(හිරු)උදාව"; නවීන ), යනු  ආසියාවෙහි බටහිරතම නෙරායෑම වන අතර, වර්තමාන තුර්කියෙහි බහුතර භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් මෙය විසින් සදයි.

ඇනටෝලියාව


سوء الامتصاص هي حالة ناشئة عن خلل في امتصاص المواد الغذائية عبر الجهاز الهضمي. يمكن أن يكون الضعف من أحد المواد الغذائية أو مجموعة منها اعتمادا على الشذوذ. وهذا قد يؤدي إلى سوء التغذية ومجموعة متنوعة من أمراض فقر الدم.

عادة ما يهضم الجهاز الهضمي البشري العناصر الغذائية ويمتصها بكفاءة ملحوظة. النظام الغذائي الغربي النموذجي الذي يتناوله شخص بالغ في يوم واحد يتضمن ما يقرب من 100 جرام من الدهون، و400 جرام من الكربوهيدرات، و100 جرام من البروتين، و2 لتر من السوائل، والصوديوم، والبوتاسيوم، والكلوريد، والكالسيوم، والفيتامينات، وعناصر أخرى. تضيف إفرازات اللعاب والمعدة والأمعاء والكبد والبنكرياس 7-8 لترات إضافية من السوائل المحتوية على البروتين والدهون والكهارل إلى محتويات الأمعاء. يتم تقليل هذا الحمل الهائل عن طريق الأمعاء الدقيقة والغليظة إلى أقل من 200 غرام من البراز الذي يحتوي على أقل من 8 غرام من الدهون، و1-2 غرام من النيتروجين، وأقل من 20 ملي مول لكل من Na + ،K + ،Cl- ،HCO3- أو Ca2 + أو Mg2 +. إذا كان هناك ضعف في أي من الخطوات العديدة المتضمنة في العملية المعقدة لهضم المغذيات وامتصاصها، فقد ينتج عن ذلك سوء امتصاص معوي.

وتقسم المعايير المسببة كالآتي

التصنيفات
البعض يفضل أن يصنف سوء الامتصاص سريريا في ثلاث فئات أساسية هي:
 انتقائي، كما رأينا في سوء امتصاص اللاكتوز؛
 جزئي، و
 مجموعي كما هو الحال في مرض الداء البطني.

الفيزيولوجيا المرضية
يمكن أن يكون سوء الامتصاص في الأمعاء راجعا إلى:
 ضرر الأغشية المخاطية (الأمعاء)
 نقص خلقي أو مكتسب في السطح الماص
 عيوب الحلمهة محددة
 عيوب نقل الأيون
 قصور المعثكلة (البنكرياس)
 ضعف الدوران المعوي الكبدي

الأسباب

الأسباب الرئيسية للإصابة بسوء امتصاص العناصر الغذائية وتقسم إلى :-
1-الاسباب المتعلقة بنمط الحياة والعادات الصحية والبيئية :-

 سوء الامتصاص المرتبط بالأيدز
 السل المعوي
 الطفيليات على سبيل المثال، العوساء (دودة شريط السمك) (سوء امتصاص فيتامين بي12)، داء الجيارديات، الدودة الشصية (أنسيلوستوما، أسطوانية برازية)
 إسهال المسافرين
 ذرب مداري
 مرض ويبل
 اعتماد نظام غذائي غير صحي لفترة طويلة ؛ كتناول الأطعمة الغنية بالدهون المشبعة والضارة مثل، الوجبات السريعة
استخدام دواء مثبط مضخة البروتون (وهو علاج لحرقة المعدة ) قد يسبب براز دهني وسوء امتصاص العناصر الغذائية حيث يسبب بتقليل انتاج أحماض المعدة المسؤولة عن عملية هضم الطعام مما يسبب ضعف  في الهضم وامتصاص المواد الغذائية وبالتالي حدوث نقصان في الانزيمات الهاضمة وفقدان وزن حاد بشكل تدريجي
دواء كارامازيبين  من الأدوية المضادة للصرع التي يمكن أن تندرج تحت هذه الخانة التي تسبب أيضا مرض سوء الامتصاص للعناصر الغذائية
الأدوية التي تزيد من تكوين البويضات في الرحم
أدوية الطلق الصناعي
الحمل بعد فترة الانجاب بفترة سريعة سبب للإصابة بسوء الامتصاص للعناصر الغذائية
ادوية تأخير الدورة الشهرية
أدوية الضغط
العلاج الشعاعي

 الاستمناء بفرط
 التدخين
 الكحول والمشروبات الروحية والغازية
 الصرع
 المخدرات طويلة الأمد
 استنشاق لمواد سامة ، مثل غاز ثاني أكسيد التيتانيوم الصلب والبلاستيك والزئبق
 فسيولوجية الأمراض الروحية؛ وتصنف الاكثر تعقيدا بسبب غموض العثور على سبب جسدي وتصنف الأمراض كالآتي:- الحسد ،السحر ،المس الشيطاني ،وفي حال كانوا هم السبب سنواجه مشكلة في العلاج الطبي إذ لا يفيد اطلاقا إذ أن المشكلة لا تتعلق بمرض جسدي إنما على أساس الجسم الاثيري اي (الروح البشرية ) والمفترض علاج السبب المؤدي عند اي من المختصين بهذا المجال كإخراج النظرة ، وإبطال السحر ، وإخراج المس الشيطاني
 فسيولوجية الأمراض النفسية والاجتماعية والعقلية :- والتوتر النفسي المزمن والقلق والاكتئاب والوسواس القهري والرهاب الاجتماعي كلها تزيد من الضغط على الجهاز الهضمي مما يسبب عجز وضعف في القدرة على الهضم بسبب سرعة عمليات الايض عند المريض بهذه الاضطرابات النفسية مما يسبب بالتالي سوء الامتصاص ،والعلاج يكون عند اخصائي نفسي لتقييم الحالة ووصف العلاج أما بالأدوية أو بالجلسات النفسية وإذا كانت الحالة معقدة فيكون بالصدمات الكهربائية
الاسباب  المرضية التي سببها مرض عضوي في الإصابة بسوء الامتصاص للعناصر الغذائية:-
التهاب البنكرياس الحاد
التهاب البنكرياس المزمن
سرطان البنكرياس
الكبد الدهني الكحولي -مرض ناتج عن فرط شرب الكحول
تلف الكبد
فيروس سي
تشمع الكبد بسبب الخمر
انسداد القناة الصفراوية
حصى المرارة
الداء الزلاقي
مرض الاضطرابات الهضمية
حساسية القمح -السيلياك
وجود تشوهات في الأمعاء
القولون العصبي
التليف الكيسي
نقص انزيمات الهضم البنكرياسية
داء الارتجاع المريئي
التوتر
الضغط النفسي والعصبي
سرطان الكبد
سرطان المعدة
تمزق الطحال وتضخمه
الفشل الكلوي
سرطان القولون والمستقيم
التهاب الكبد والمرارة
مرض السكري النوع الثاني يسبب براز دهني
نقص الفيتامينات والمعادن خاصة فيتامينk وD
نقص الكالسيوم
أورام المرارة
انسداد الامعاء

أسباب العيوب الهيكلية
 متلازمة العروة العمياء
 الناسور، الرتج، والتضييق
 حالات الارتشاق مثل الداء النشواني، سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية، التهاب المعدة والأمعاء الحمضي
 أمراض التهاب الأمعاء، كما هو الحال في مرض كرون
 التهاب الأمعاء الإشعاعي
 متلازمة الأمعاء القصيرة
 التصلب الجهازي وأمراض الأوعية الدموية الكولاجينية

أسباب التغيرات الهيكلية الجراحية
 جراحة السمنة (جراحة إنقاص الوزن)
 استئصال المعدة؛ بضع الوريد

أسباب الشذوذ المخاطي
 الداء البطني
 عدم تحمل حليب الأبقار
 سوء امتصاص الفركتوز
 عدم تحمل حليب الصويا

أسباب نقص الإنزيم
 نقص اللاكتاز الذي يسبب عدم تحمل اللاكتوز (أساسي أو ثانوي أو نادرا ما يكون خلقيا)
 نقص ديساكريداز الأمعاء
 نقص معوي الببتيداز
 عدم تحمل السكروز

أسباب فشل الهضم
 فرط النمو البكتيري في الأمعاء الدقيقة
 اليرقان الانسدادي
 سوء امتصاص الحمض الصفراوي
 التهاب البنكرياس المزمن
 تليف كيسي
 مرض اللفائفي النهائي مثل مرض كرون
 متلازمة زولينجر أليسون

أسباب الأمراض الجهازية الأخرى التي تؤثر على الجهاز الهضمي
 فقد البروتين الشحمي بيتا من الدم
 مرض أديسون
 متلازمة كارسينويد
 الداء البطني
 عوز المناعة المتغير الشائع (CVID)
 نقص الألياف
 فقر الدم الخبيث (نقص العامل الجوهري، سوء امتصاص فيتامين بي12)
 قصور الغدة الدرقية وفرط نشاط الغدة الدرقية
 داء السكري
 فرط جارات الدرقية وقصور جارات الدرقية
 سوء التغذية

أسباب أخرى محتملة
 استخدام مثبط مضخة البروتون بشكل مزمن

الأعراض التي تظهر عند الإصابة بسوء الامتصاص للعناصر الغذائية

يمكن أن تظهر الأعراض بعدة طرق وقد تعطي الميزات دليلًا على الحالة الأساسية. يمكن أن تكون الأعراض معوية أو خارج الأمعاء - يسود الأول في سوء الامتصاص الشديد.
 الإسهال، غالبًا الإسهال الدهني، هو السمة الأكثر شيوعًا. يعتبر البراز المائي والنهاري والليلي الضخم والمتكرر السمة السريرية لسوء الامتصاص الصريح. وهو ناتج عن ضعف امتصاص الماء والكربوهيدرات والكهارل أو التهيج من الأحماض الدهنية غير الممتصة. هذا الأخير يؤدي أيضًا إلى الانتفاخ وعدم الراحة في البطن. عادة ما يشير ألم التشنج إلى وجود جزء معوي معرق، على سبيل المثال: في داء كرون، خاصة إذا استمر بعد التغوط.
 يمكن أن يكون فقدان الوزن كبيرًا على الرغم من زيادة تناول العناصر الغذائية عن طريق الفم.
 تأخر النمو، فشل الإزدهار، تأخر البلوغ عند الأطفال.
 تورم أو وذمة من فقدان البروتين.
 فقر الدم، عادة ينتج عن نقص فيتامين بي12، حمض الفوليك، والحديد تظهر على شكل شعور بالتعب والضعف الدائم، الاول من بينهم، قد يؤدي الى اعراض نفسية عصبية مثل احاسيس غير طبيعية، صعوبة المشي، وانخفاض القدرات الذهنية.
 يؤدي نقص فيتامين د ، ومنه نقص الكالسيوم إلى تشنج العضلات. كما يؤدي نقصهما إلى تلين وهشاشة العظام.
 نزيف الدم (نقص فيتامين ك وأوجه القصور الأخرى في عامل التخثر).
 براز دهني ذات عصارة دهنية وزيتية
 فقدان كبير جدا في الوزن
 زيادة استهلاك العناصر الغذائية لن يفيد في تحسين الصحة للجسم وذلك بسبب أن الجسم به فشل في الهضم والامتصاص وبالتالي لو استهلك كميات كبيرة من الطعام لن يفيده أبدا
 ازرقاق شديد تحت العين
 احمرار شديد في بياض العين
 علامات سوء التغذية تظهر مثل تدني المناعة وشحوب الوجه ونقص الفيتامينات
 افكار عقلية غريبة  وكلام هلوسي  بسبب تدني الصحة العقلية بسبب نقص إمدادات الدماغ للعناصر الغذائية
 تأخر النمو، فشل الإزدهار، تأخر البلوغ عند الأطفال.
 سرعة ترسيب الدم
 الام في الظهر
 انخفاض القدرات الذهنية وأحاسيس غير مألوفة ورغبة في القتل والسلوك الإجرامي
 نقص كبير في فيتامين د والكالسيوم مما يسبب خطورة في صحة العظام مثل الهشاشة وتقوس الظهر والساقين
 تكرار الإصابة بالزكام والسعال بسبب تدني المناعة
 الام في البطن خاصة جهة اليسرى العلوى من البطن بسبب سوء الهضم
 فقر الدم، عادة ينتج عن نقص فيتامين بي12، حمض الفوليك، والحديد تظهر على شكل شعور بالتعب والضعف الدائم، الاول من بينهم، قد يؤدي الى اعراض نفسية عصبية مثل احاسيس غير طبيعية، صعوبة المشي، وانخفاض القدرات الذهنية.
 يؤدي نقص فيتامين د ، ومنه نقص الكالسيوم إلى تشنج العضلات. كما يؤدي نقصهما إلى تلين وهشاشة العظام.
 نزيف الدم (نقص فيتامين ك وأوجه القصور الأخرى في عامل التخثر).

التشخيص
لا يوجد اختبار واحد محدد لسوء الامتصاص. أما بالنسبة لمعظم الحالات الطبية، فإن التحقيق يسترشد بالأعراض والعلامات. يمكن أن تؤدي مجموعة من الحالات المختلفة إلى سوء الامتصاص ومن الضروري البحث عن كل منها على وجه التحديد. تمت الدعوة إلى العديد من الاختبارات، وبعضها، مثل اختبارات وظيفة البنكرياس معقدة، وتختلف بين المراكز ولم يتم اعتمادها على نطاق واسع. ومع ذلك، أصبحت الاختبارات الأفضل متاحة مع سهولة أكبر في الاستخدام وحساسية أفضل وخصوصية للظروف المسببة. هناك حاجة أيضا إلى اختبارات للكشف عن الآثار الجهازية لنقص العناصر الغذائية غير الممتصة (مثل فقر الدم مع سوء امتصاص فيتامين بي12).

قد تكون هنالك حاجة لعديد من الأختبارات لمعرفة السبب الرئيسي.

التحكم بالمرض
يتم توجيه العلاج إلى حد كبير نحو إدارة الأسباب الكامنة ورائه:
 قد يكون استبدال المواد الغذائية، الكهرل والسوائل ضروريا.
 تكميل أنزيمات المعثكلة شفويا في حالة القصور.
 تعديل النظام الغذائي مهم في بعض الحالات:
 اتباع نظام غذائي خال من الغلوتين في مرض الداء البطني.
 تجنب اللاكتوز في حالة عدم تحمل اللاكتوز.
 استعمل المضادات الحيوية لعلاج فرط الصغيرة الأمعاء البكتيرية.
 الكوليسترامين أو غيرها من منحيات حامض الصفراء تساعد في الحد من الاسهال في سوء حامض الصفراء.

انظر أيضا
 سوء امتصاص الفركتوز
 مرض الإضطرابات الهضمية
 نقص كوليستيرول الدم

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Practice guideline from World Gastroenterology Organisation
 Tests for malabsorption; from British Society for Gastroenterology (2003)

قالب:أمراض الجهاز الهضمي

أمراض معدية
اضطرابات القناة الهضمية
إسهال

سوء الامتصاص


ايعال هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لايعال:

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قضاء زغرتا
مدن لبنان

ايعال


Daru of Baekje (?–77, r. 28–77) was the second king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Background
He was the eldest son of the founding monarch Onjo and became the heir of throne in the year 10. He became king upon Onjo's death in 28 which was the 46th year of his reign. The Samguk Sagi records that "he was a generous man and had presence and esteem".

Reign
The Samguk Sagi records many battles against the "Malgal" during Daru's reign. It is unclear who this refers to, as the Mohe tribes are thought to have occupied Manchuria northwest of the northern Korean kingdom Goguryeo, far from Baekje's capital (generally presumed to have been in the present-day Seoul region). The "Malgal" do not appear to refer to the Buyeo people that founded Baekje, nor to the Mahan confederacy tribes subjugated by Baekje. They appear to have remained from the earlier period, incited by Chinese commanderies to attack Baekje. The battles indicate that Baekje as a new power was still expanding its control of the central Korean Peninsula.

Samguk Sagi:
 29 AD, spring, first month. The king paid respects at the shrine of his grandfather, Jumong. Second month. The king made sacrifices to heaven at the southern altar.
 30 AD, winter, tenth month. Heul-u(屹于) of the eastern district fought the Malgal to the west of Mt. Masu where he overcame them and awarded by the king.
 31 AD, autumn, eighth month. Gon-u(昆優), of the fortress of Gobon fought the Malgal and defeated them beheading over 200. Ninth month. The king went hunting at the summit of Mt. Hoeng(橫) and killed two deer in succession, and the people admired and praised him.
 33 AD, spring, first month. His son Giru is made crown prince. Second month. The king ordered that the southern counties of the country begin to cultivate grain.
 34 AD, spring, second month. The Marshal Bulwark of the Right, Gaeru, died. He was 90 years old. Heulu from the eastern district became Marshal Bulwark of the Right. Summer, fourth month. There was a red mist in the east. Autumn, ninth month. The Malgal attacked and sacked the Masu Fortress burning down houses of the common folk. Winter, tenth month. They attacked the palisade at Mt. Byeong.
 37 AD, winter, tenth month. The Marshal Bulwark of the Right, Heulu, became Marshal Bulwark of the Left. Jinhoe of the northern district became Marshal Bulwark of the Right. eleventh month. There was an earthquake that sounded like thunder.
 38 AD, autumn. The grains did not mature. Private brewing of alcohol was prohibited. Winter, tenth month. The king made a tour to console the two districts of the east and west. The poor people could not support themselves, and they were provided with 200 seok of tax grain.
 48 AD, spring, second month. A great locust tree in the palace grounds rotted on its own. Third month. The Marshal Bulwark of the Left, Heulu, died. The king wept and mourned him.
 55 AD, spring and summer. There was a drought. The king was worried and released prisoners, even those who had committed capital offenses. Autumn, eight month. The Malgal assaulted the northern borders.
 56 AD, spring, second month. The king ordered the people of the eastern district to build Ugok Fortress (우곡성/牛谷城). This was a preparation against the Malgal.
 63 AD, winter, tenth month. The king expanded his domain to Nangjagok Fortress. Then he sent messengers rival Korean state Silla to ask to meet them, but they did not come.
 64 AD, he dispatched soldiers to attack the Wasan Fortress (와산성/蛙山城) in Silla (today's Boeun), but they could not take it. Then he moved the soldiers to attack Goeyang Fortress (today's Okcheon or Goesan). Silla dispatched 2,000 soldiers and cavalry who fought back and repelled [the invaders].
 66 AD, he attacked and captured Silla's Wasan Fortress. 200 men were stationed there to defend it, but Silla won it back.
 70 AD, soldiers were dispatched to attack Silla.
 73 AD, summer, fifth month, last day of the month. There was a solar eclipse.
 74 AD, autumn, eighth month. The generals were sent to invade Silla.
 75 AD, winter, tenth month. Baekje again attacked Wasan and sacked it.
 76 AD, autumn, ninth month. The fortress of Wasan was taken back by Silla.
 77 AD, autumn, ninth month. The king died.

Family
 Father: Onjo of Baekje
 Mother: unknown
 Brother: name unknown
 Brother: Tokusa-Ō (德佐王, ?–?) - his name in Baekje would have been Buyeo Deokjwa (扶餘德佐), recorded in the Sakyō shoban (左京諸蕃) section of the Shinsen Shōjiroku as ancestor of several clans making him one of the earliest people from Baekje to settle in Japan.
 Queen(s): unknown
 Son: 3rd King, Giru of Baekje (己婁王, ?–128) - eldest son, before he became king he was known as Buyeo Giru (扶餘己婁).

See also
List of monarchs of Korea
History of Korea

References

  Content in this article was copied from Samguk Sagi Scroll 23 at the Shoki Wiki, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

The Academy of Korean Studies
Korea Britannica

77 deaths
Baekje monarchs
1st-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
1st-century Korean people

Daru of Baekje


Ayvalıca, Çorum ilinin Bayat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Demirciler köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 13 Ocak 1956'da köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 96 km, Bayat ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Bayat belde ve köyleri

Ayvalıca, Bayat


Die University of the People (UoPeople) ist eine US-amerikanische, gemeinnützige Online-Universität mit Sitz in Pasadena, Kalifornien, USA. Sie wurde im Januar 2009 von dem Ashoka-Stipendiaten Shai Reshef gegründet. Diese Universität ist akkreditiert und anerkannt vom United States Department of Education (U.S. DoED), vom Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), sowie von der Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC). Des Weiteren wurde sie vom California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE) anerkannt.

Im Dezember 2018 waren über 18.000 Studenten aus 200 Ländern immatrikuliert. Seit Februar 2014 ist sie als weltweit erste studiengebührfreie Online-Universität akkreditiert. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass dennoch Kosten für die Einschreibung und Klausuren anfallen.

Die Unterrichtssprache ist Englisch sowie Arabisch.

Akkreditierungen
Die Fernuniversität ist akkreditiert durch
die Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC), seit Januar 2014
das California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE).

Finanzierung
Die Einrichtung wird mit einem jährlichen Budget von 1,2 Millionen USD und mit Hilfe eines globalen Netzwerks von Volontären betrieben. Letztgenannte stammen von akademischen Institutionen, Unternehmen und Organisationen. Auf langfristige Sicht hin soll sich die Universität selbstständig tragen können. Ein Großteil der Finanzierung erfolgt über Sponsoren aus der Wirtschaft. Eine weitere Einnahmequelle sind Einschreibe- und Prüfungsgebühren.

Studiengänge
Es können folgende Abschlüsse erworben werden:
 Bachelor of Science (BS) in Betriebswirtschaftslehre
 Associate of Science (AS) in Betriebswirtschaftslehre
 Master of Business Administration (MBA) Aufbaustudium Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Master of Education (M.Ed.)
 Bachelor of Science in Informatik
 Associate of Science in Informatik
 Bachelor of Science in Gesundheitswissenschaften
 Associate of Science in Gesundheitswissenschaften

Voraussetzungen für eine Immatrikulation
Derzeit (August 2016) sind allein folgende drei Anforderungen für die Immatrikulation zu erfüllen:
 Volljährigkeit (18 Jahre und älter)
 Schulabschluss
 Englischzertifikat (z. B. IELTS, TOEFL, CAE etc.)

Kosten für Studierende
Studierende zahlen eine Registrierungsgebühr von 60 USD. Weiter wird eine Bearbeitungsgebühr in der Höhe von 120 bzw. 240 USD (letzteres fürs Masterstudium) pro Prüfung verlangt. Insgesamt muss ein Student pro Studiengang bis zu 40 Prüfungen bestehen. Studenten können sich für Stipendien bewerben. Die meisten Stipendien werden vermittelt, das heißt, mittels Drittmitteln finanziert.

Die Kosten werden zum Zeitpunkt der Prüfungen nach und nach per Kreditkarte, PayPal, Western Union oder Moneygram beglichen.

Partner
Studenten haben die Möglichkeit, sich an den Partneruniversitäten McGill University, University of Edinburgh, Long Island University sowie der Effat University entweder während oder nach Abschluss des Studiums für ein Bachelorstudium einzuschreiben. Dazu können die Studenten bestimmte Kurse an der Harvard Business School belegen und sich nach einem Jahr Studium an der New York University in Abu Dhabi bewerben.

Viele Professoren und Mitglieder der Leitungsgremien sind außerdem Alumni von Topuniversitäten. Diese beinhalten bspw. Harvard University, University of Oxford, Princeton University, Duke University, Yale University und Stanford University.

Lernmethode
Der Lernprozess fußt auf einem Selbstlernprozess anhand von Materialien aus der Public Domain, der daraufhin durch verschiedene Methoden gefestigt wird. Generell werden wöchentlich folgende Aspekte abgearbeitet:
 Studium der Materialien
 Beantwortung und Diskussion einer Fragestellung (mit Kommilitonen)
 Weitere Fragestellung im Essayformat (bewertet durch Kommilitonen in Folgewoche)
 Multiple Choice Selbstquiz
 Reflexion im Lerntagebuch
 Lernzielkontrolle (alle drei Wochen inklusive Abschlussprüfung)

Allgemein baut die Institution stark auf Peer-Review und -Feedback auf.

Siehe auch
Liste der Universitäten in Kalifornien

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

E-Learning
Fernuniversität
Organisation (Pasadena, Kalifornien)
Universität in Kalifornien
Gegründet 2009
Non-Profit-Organisation
Bildung in Pasadena (Kalifornien)

University of the People


Procatalepsis, also called prolepsis or prebuttal, is a figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to their own argument and then immediately answers it. By doing so, the speaker hopes to strengthen the argument by dealing with possible counterarguments before the audience can raise them.

In rhetoric, anticipating future responses and answering possible objections sets up one's argument for a strong defense. The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism states that there are three distinct theoretical uses of prolepsis: argumentation, literary discussion, and conjunction with narratological analyses of the order of events.

In argumentation, procatalepsis is used to answer the opponent's possible objections before they can be made. In literary discussion, procatalepsis is used as a figure of speech in which a description is used before it is strictly applicable. Sayings such as "I'm a dead man" exemplify the suggestion of a state that has not yet occurred. In narratological analyses, prolepsis can be used with the order of events and presentation of events in texts. That refers to the study of narrative in respect to "flashforwards" in which a future event serves as an interruption of the present time of the text.

Example:

As a linguistic phenomenon found in both classic and current languages, prolepsis is described as the construction whereby the subject of a subordinate clause occurs by anticipation as an object in the main clause. Although that definition is strictly technical as used in linguistics, it has also been used to describe the more general phenomenon of objects or phrases appearing earlier than intended or expected.

Other examples in rhetoric and argument

Procatalepsis as a rhetorical technique is also related to and used in other forms and techniques. A hypophora is described as a figure of speech in which a speaker raises a question then immediately answers it. Since these questions are often raised as possible dissenting opinions or audience objections, the hypophora can be said to be a use of procatalepsis.

The straw man argument, an informal fallacy in which one misrepresents an opposing argument in order to further one's own, can serve as an example of misused procatalepsis. In this fallacy, the rhetor misconstrues the words, arguments, or views of an opponent, most often on purpose, to facilitate rebuttal or create a false impression on the audience. This, in effect, creates a "straw man" against which the rhetor will then defend and strengthen his or her argument.

The correct use of procatalepsis is still an effective tactic in an argument, since it allows the rhetor to answer opponents before they have a chance to raise the counterargument themselves. This "inoculation" can be subtle, but also signaled rather obviously (e.g., "Now, my opponent might argue that . But, as you can see, "). The unique benefit to this more overt approach is twofold: The rhetor successfully replies to an opposing argument or audience objection, but also builds a sort of trust and authority with the audience. Then, if the opponent does in fact bring up the argument that the rhetor anticipated, the rhetor appears to be correct not only in the subject matter of the argument but in the general course of the argument itself.

Inoculation
Procatalepsis is linked to the rhetorical term inoculation. The Encyclopedia of Communication Theory describes this rhetorical technique in relation to its medical definition: introducing small doses of viruses to the body in order to build up immunization. In rhetoric, the small dose of the threat parallels to the awareness of the opposing argument that is used to build up one's argument by defense in prolepsis. William McGuire proposed the Inoculation Theory in 1964 to challenge attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that make an argument more resistant when exposed to counter views in weakened, small doses. Persuasion research in the 1950s found that providing two sides of an issue created a greater resistance to later arguments. This is closely related to the rhetorical use of procatalepsis as an opposing argument to defend the intended view of the argument.

Inoculation and procatalepsis are both present in certain courtroom situations, as described in the Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. An attorney may set up their defense by disclaiming the negative views or classifications of the accused as untrue: "The prosecutor will call Ms. Jones evil, a bad mother, and a poor member of society, but these labels are not true. I will prove to you their inaccuracy." When the prosecutor asserts an attack on Ms. Jones' character, the jury is already prepared and expecting to hear it and they may question or even discount these accusations. The goal is not to overwhelm the audience members with anticipation or the opposing view of the argument, but rather to use the inverse argument to one's advantage through strategic rhetoric.

See also
 Steelmanning

References

Rhetoric
Figures of speech

Procatalepsis


La prise en charge post-avortement est un ensemble de traitements et de conseils pour les femmes après un avortement. Il comprend des soins curatifs, tels que le traitement des éventuelles complications de l'avortement, ainsi que des actes de prévention, tels que la fourniture de contraceptifs pour prévenir de futures grossesses non désirées. La prise en charge post-avortement réduit la morbidité et la mortalité associées à l'avortement.

Prévalence
Environ 75 millions de femmes ont besoin d'une prise en charge post-avortement chaque année après un avortement provoqué ou spontané (fausse couche). Tous les pays se sont engagés à réduire la mortalité liée à la grossesse en fournissant un traitement pour les complications de l'avortement, que l'avortement ait été obtenu illégalement ou non. Cependant, une analyse de dix pays (Bangladesh, Haïti, Kenya, Malawi, Namibie, Népal, Rwanda, Sénégal, Tanzanie et Ouganda) a révélé que dans sept de ces pays, moins de 10 % des établissements primaires pouvaient fournir une prise en charge post-avortement de base. Aucun établissement de soins de santé primaire en Namibie n'a fourni de prise en charge post-avortement. Le Malawi, avec la prévalence la plus élevée, offrait une prise en charge post-avortement dans 29 % des établissements étudiés.

Description de la prise en charge
L'aspect soins curatifs de la prise en charge comprend le traitement des avortements incomplets, en enlevant tout tissu fœtal ou maternel restant dans l'utérus. Cela peut inclure l'utilisation d'une aspiration sous vide (aspiration) ou d'un curetage (grattage). L'aspiration entraîne des temps de procédure plus courts, moins de douleur et moins de perte de sang que le curetage. Le médicament misoprostol est une alternative au retrait manuel et constitue une autre option pour traiter l'avortement incomplet.

Pour la partie prévention, les femmes reçoivent des conseils et des services de planification familiale, car la plupart des femmes concernées n'utilisaient pas de contraceptifs modernes au moment de la fécondation. Une étude au Zimbabwe a révélé que les conseils en matière de planification familiale étaient associés à une réduction significative des grossesses non désirées et des avortements répétés dans l'année suivant la réception de la prise en charge post-avortement. Les dépistages de santé sexuelle tels que le dépistage du VIH sont rarement fournis dans le cadre de la prise en charge post-avortement, et le dépistage des infections sexuellement transmissibles est faible et a été identifié comme un besoin non satisfait dans le cadre de ces prises en charge.

Histoire
Le terme "prise en charge post-avortement" a été défini pour la première fois en 1991 par l'organisation non gouvernementale (ONG) Ipas. En 1993, Ipas a rejoint Jhpiego, EngenderHealth, Pathfinder International et l'International Planned Parenthood Federation, pour créer le Consortium de la prise en charge post-avortement.

En 1994, un modèle de prise en charge post-avortement a été articulé par le Postabortion Care Consortium, avec trois éléments clés, quelle que soit la légalité de l'avortement dans un pays donné : 1) traitement d'urgence pour les complications liées à l'avortement ; 2) conseils et services de planification familiale après avortement ; et 3) le lien entre les soins d'urgence et d'autres services de santé génésique, tels que la prise en charge des maladies sexuellement transmissibles. Le modèle a été adopté par l'Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international (USAID) en 1994. En 2002, deux éléments ont été ajoutés concernant le counseling et la participation communautaire. Le premier compendium de recherche sur la prise en charge post-avortement a été publié en 2007 par l'USAID, sous l'intitulé What Works, A Policy and Program Guide to the Evidence on Postabortion Care.

Références

Prise en charge post-avortement


Raël (born Claude Maurice Marcel Vorilhon, 30 September 1946) is a French journalist who founded and leads the Raëlian Movement, an international UFO religion.

Before becoming a religious leader, Raël, then known as Claude Vorilhon, worked as a sports-car journalist and test driver for his car-racing magazine, Autopop. Following a purported extraterrestrial encounter in December 1973, he formed the Raëlian Movement and changed his name to Raël (meaning "messenger of the Elohim"). He later published several books, which detail the encounter with a being called Yahweh in 1973. He traveled the world to promote his books for over 30 years.

Early life
Vorilhon was born in Vichy, Allier, France. He was raised in Ambert in the home of his maternal grandmother, who was atheist. His father was Jewish and his mother a "devout atheist". He attended a Catholic boarding school with Le Puy-en-Velay and caused a scandal by taking part in communion without being baptized. His parents withdrew him from the boarding school to put him in school in Ambert. He later advocated that Huguenot descendants receive reparations from the Church.

At age 15, Vorilhon ran away from boarding school and hitchhiked to Paris, where he spent three years playing music on the streets and in cafés and cabarets. He met with , the director of a national radio program(on Europe 1), who was scouting for young talent. Vorilhon signed a record contract and became a rising teen pop star on the radio. He took on a new identity, assuming the name Claude Celler, and released six singles, including a minor hit song, "Le miel et la cannelle" ("Honey and Cinnamon"). Vorilhon had a passion for the songs of Belgian singer Jacques Brel, and tried to imitate his singing style. He was saving up his money to buy a racing car, a dream he had since he was a young boy, but his prospects as a singer came to an abrupt end when Morisse killed himself in September 1970.

Vorilhon decided to work as a sports journalist to gain access to the world of car racing. He met Marie-Paul Cristini, a nurse. They moved to Clermont-Ferrand, where Vorilhon started his own publishing house. He created a sports car magazine, Autopop, whose first issue was released in May 1971. One of the tasks for his new startup was the position of testing new automobiles, which enabled him to enter the motor racing world.

The Raëlian messages

According to the book Le Livre qui dit la vérité (The Book That Tells the Truth), Vorilhon had an alien visitation on 13 December 1973. In a secluded area within a French volcanic crater, an extraterrestrial being came out of a craft that had descended gently from the sky, and told him, in French, that he had come for the sole purpose of meeting with him. Raël said he was given a message by this alien and told that it was his mission to pass this message on to the people of Earth.

The book states that advanced human scientists from another planet with 25,000 years of scientific advances created all life on Earth through DNA manipulation. These scientists, Raël said, were originally called Elohim or "those who came from the sky". He wrote that around 40 prophets in Earth's history were sent by Elohim, but their messages were distorted by humans, largely because of the difference in the level of civilization between the advanced race and Earth's primitive one.

Raël said he was given the mission to inform the world of humanity's origins in anticipation of these extraterrestrials' return by building a residential embassy in neutral territory. He stated that certain mysteries were explained to him based on new interpretations of sacred texts such as the Bible. He said that, on 7 October 1975, he was contacted by one of the Elohim, who took him to another planet to meet Buddha, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. He stated that his second book, Les extra-terrestres m'ont emmené sur leur planète (Extraterrestrials Took Me To Their Planet), relates the teaching he received from these people. In this book, Raël describes harmonious and peaceable beings free of money, sickness, and war.

In 1974, Raël decided to give up his automobile magazine, Autopop. That September, the last issue, number 34, was published. Raël then devoted himself to the task he said was given by his "biological father", an extraterrestrial named Yahweh. Shortly after a first public conference, Raël founded MADECH, a group of people interested in helping him in his task, which later became the International Raëlian Movement.

Marriages
Raël has been married three times.

His first wife was Marie-Paul Cristini. Sociologist Susan J. Palmer said that Cristini, a nurse, diagnosed Raël as clinically depressed after he appeared at her doorstep in 1987, burnt out from the tasks he carried out within the movement.

Raël focused on spreading his message in Japan in the 1980s, and by 1987, he met Lisa Sunagawa. Sunagawa soon began accompanying Raël during his travels to Lima, Miami, Brazil, and Martinique. In the 1990 Radio Canada television documentary They're Coming!, Raël is seen with four women, while Lisa, in slow motion, wears a pink tutu and holds hands with him.

Raël separated from Sunagawa sometime between 1990 and 1992. Around that time, Sophie de Niverville, whose mother and aunt were both Raëlians, was convinced of the authenticity of the messages. Sophie received a Raëlian baptism at age 15. When she turned 16, she married Raël at Montreal's city hall. During a December 2001 interview with Palmer, Sophie spoke positively about Raël, despite their divorce the previous year; they continued to live together.

Racing career
In 1994, wealthy Japanese Raëlians rented a race car and showed it to Raël. They believed that if he raced it, it would generate publicity for the movement. Raël accepted the offer on the condition that the funding not come from member tithes or embassy funding. Funding for Raël's races, which took place in the 1990s and early 2000s, came mostly from well-funded European and Japanese people. His best finishes included "a 3rd place finish in GT1 in Lime Rock with the Mosler Raptor in 1997, and a 7th place finish at Watkins Glen with a Viper GTS R in a 1999 FIA GT race". Raël participated in the 1999 BFGoodrich Tires Trans-Am Series and the 2000 Speedvision GT Championship. According to Palmer, Raël announced in November 2001 that he intended to retire from professional auto racing. She said that he still enjoyed racing in the form of video games.

Promoted technologies
Raël believes humanity is slowly transitioning into a society where humans will not need to work or have jobs. This is due to human technological advancement and because humans "are not made to work". He has stated that work is for machines, whereas humans are made to create, think, and enrich themselves.

Much of Raël's advocacy concerning futuristic technology is described in his 2001 book, Yes to Human Cloning. He supported human genetic engineering in order to avoid genetically inherited diseases and to reduce the economic burden on society. He said that no distinctive emphasis needed to be allocated to a particular race or religion. Elsewhere in the book, he stated that nanotechnology will make it possible to have micro-distributive power generation (essentially a power plant in each house), fur-like furnishings that are self-cleaning with hair-like fibers that move on their own, and biological robots. Nanostructures control biology, so Raël expected that meat and salads will someday be grown in a machine via molecular construction.

Raël believed that genetically modified food is the only way to stop hunger everywhere in the world, and he saw a future where qualities of different foods can be combined through direct genetic modification. In Raël's book, Extraterrestrials took me to their planet (book number 2 in the volume Intelligent Design), he said that animation of plant life was possible through nanotechnology and that he was presented genetically modified flowers, that swayed and changed colors with music, while on another planet.

Criticism and controversies

Plagiarism
In recent years, many ex-Raëlians have accused Vorilhon of plagiarism. They have compared numerous passages from his books with those of author Jean Sendy. Raëlian concepts such as chemical education, infinity, geniocracy, and others are all found in Sendy's books. Most of Raël's book Sensual Meditation is said to have been derived from the Silva 'Mind Control' Method, which was allegedly taught to him by ex-level-5 guide of the Canadian Raelian Movement, Jean-Denis Saint-Cyr.

In her book Raël, Thief of Souls: Biography of a Liar (), Maryse Péloquin provides the result of her ten years of research into Vorilhon and his movement, with compelling evidence to support the conclusion that Raël has copied concepts from, and often paraphrased full paragraphs from, other UFO and ancient astronaut authors of the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, such as Sendy, Brinsley Le Poer Trench, and Robert Charroux. In her book, the dialogue of Raël's "encounter with an ET" is shown to closely resemble that of "contactee" George Adamski, who claimed that he had an encounter on 13 December 1952.

Much of the Raëlian philosophy also closely matches that of Osho. The white costume Raël wears closely resembles one that Osho was known to have worn.

Appearances in the media
In 1992, Raël appeared on Ciel mon Mardi, a French talk show hosted by journalist Christophe Dechavanne. Toward the end of the show, Raël's sexual liberalism was critiqued by a priest, a social worker, and a psychologist. A former Raëlian, Jean Parraga, believed that his wife and children were being held as prisoners, and that Raël attempted to break up his family. Parraga thought that his wife and children were being treated like criminals in activities such as orgies and sacrifices that involve children, at the Sensual Meditation camp. Parraga also had a criminal record as a drug dealer and car thief, and in August 1992, he attempted to shoot Raël.

Raëlians from around the world sent letters of protest to Dechevanne's TV station. Dechavanne portrayed that as "incitement to violence" and sued Raël. The judge appointed to the case decided to question Raël. Raël agreed to ask his members to stop sending letters if the station apologized publicly. The two parties agreed to drop the feud.

In 2004, Raël appeared on the first airing of the Quebec version of the French talk show Tout le monde en parle, hosted by Guy A. Lepage. During this appearance, Raël upset panel members with his statements on democracy and cloning. The situation reached its peak when caricaturist Serge Chapleau called Raël a "farce" and a "nerd", ridiculed his clothes, and grabbed him by the back of his neck. Raël left the stage, followed by his disciples. A fellow guest on the show, Parti Québécois Member of Quebec Legislative Assembly Pauline Marois, who later became premier of Quebec, called Raël "insane". The Raëlian Movement asked Marois to apologize; she refused.

A Swiss newspaper that called Raëlians "rat heads" was sued for defamation. Another suit was brought against journalist Stephane Baillargeon for writing in the Montreal daily Le Devoir that Raëlians defend pedophiles and that certain ex-Raëlians claim the "gourou" likes very young girls. After some negotiation, Le Devoir published a letter from Raël condemning the charge as "ignominious defamation" and asserting that the Raëlian Movement had "always condemned pedophilia and promoted respect for laws that justly forbid the practices that are always the fault of unbalanced individuals".

Appearances in court
In 1991, Raël sued French journalist Jean-Yves Cashga for defamation; Raël lost and was ordered to pay court costs. The judgment remains uncollected. Amid growing legal problems in France, Raël emigrated to Canada.

On two separate court dates of 2 September 1994 at the High Courts of Paris and 1 October 1996 at the Appeal Court of Paris, journalists Jacques Cotta and Pascal Martin of Flammarion Publishing were found guilty of attributing racist statements and distorted quotations to Raël in their book Dans le secret des sectes. They were fined 10,000FF in damages and 13,000FF in proceedings costs, ordered to insert stickers mentioning the sentence on copies not yet distributed and to suppress of the passage in the next editions, and told that they would be fined 100FF for each non-conforming copy.

On 26 January 1994, in emergency proceedings by the Appeal Court of Reims, Myriam Assan was accused of defamation for claiming in her book that "Raël was often sentenced for corruption of minors". Assan was given a provisional sentence of 10,000FF in damages and ordered to withdraw the book. She was sentenced to pay a penalty of 300FF per infringement and 5,000FF in proceedings costs and to publish the judgment in Le Monde and Le Figaro.

On 13 December 1994, Gérard Chol, director of Le Maine Libre, was declared guilty by the High Court of Le Mans for public defamation for claiming that the Raël's movement was laundering money coming from drug trafficking, prostitution, arms dealing, and the sale of pornographic videotapes. Chol was ordered to pay 1FF in damages and 3,000FF in proceedings costs and to publish the penal judgment in Le Maine Libre.

In 2003, Vorilhon sued Ottawa columnist Denis Gratton and Le Droit newspaper for $85,000 in defamation damages over a 23 January 2003 column; Raël lost and was ordered to pay court costs by Quebec Superior Court on 21 June 2006.

Government action against Raël

In response to Raël's association with Clonaid, South Korean immigration authorities at the airport denied him entry into their country in 2003. A planned Raëlian seminar continued, with Raël making some brief "big screen" video-camera appearances via the internet for the several hundred who attended. Raël instructed South Korean Raëlians to protest near the Ministry of Health and Welfare that ordered him to leave.

In February 2007, Raël, who wanted to start commercial activities with Swiss vintners, was denied residence in the Swiss Canton Valais, in part because he was feared to be endangering public values by promoting sexual liberty and the education of children on how to obtain sexual pleasure. Also cited was his association with the Clonaid human cloning claim; Switzerland forbade human cloning. In a brief statement, Raël said he considered appeal at the European level.

Discography
 1966: "Sacrée sale gueule"
 1966: "Dans un verre de vin"
 1967: "Le Miel et la cannelle" (Honey and cinnamon)
 1967: "Madam' Pipi" (Mrs. Toilet attendant)
 1967: "Monsieur votre femme me trompe" (Mister, your wife is cheating on me)
 1967: "Quand on se mariera" (When we'll get married)

Bibliography
 1974: Le Livre qui dit la vérité ("The Book Which Tells the Truth")
 1975: Les extra-terrestres m'ont emmené sur leur planète ("Extraterrestrials Took me to Their Planet")
 (collected in English as "The Message Given to Me by Extra-Terrestrials")
 1978: La géniocratie ("Geniocracy")
 1979: Accueillir les extra-terrestres ("Welcoming the Extraterrestrials")
 1980: La méditation sensuelle ("Sensual Meditation")
 1992: Le racisme religieux financé par le gouvernement socialiste
 1995: Vive le Québec libre!
 2001: Oui au clonage humain ("Yes to Human Cloning")
 2003: Le Maitraya ("The Maitraya")
 2006: Intelligent Design: Message from the Designers [English compilation of the 1974, 1975 and 1979 books]

Notes

Citations

References
 Lewis, James R. The Gods Have Landed: New Religions from Other Worlds SUNY Press, 1995. .
 Partridge, Christopher H. UFO Religions. Routledge, 2003. .
 Palmer, Susan J. Aliens Adored. Rutgers University Press, 2004. .

External links

 Raël, Intelligent Design – Message from the Designers . Nova Distribution, 2006. .
 Raël, Yes to Human Cloning: Immortality Thanks to Science . Tagman Press, 2001. ; .
 Maugé, Claude. "The Real Raël, UFO Contactee and the Last Prophet" in Ballester-Olmos, V.J. and Heiden, Richard W. (Eds.), The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony. UPIAR, Turin, Italy (2023), pp. 107-120. ISBN 9791281441002.
 Palmer, Susan J. "When Testimony Becomes Testament: The Case of Raël, UFO Prophet, and the Question of Witness Reliability" in Ballester-Olmos, V.J. and Heiden, Richard W. (Eds.), The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony. UPIAR, Turin, Italy (2023), pp. 153-165. ISBN 9791281441002.
 The Raëlian books compared to Jean Sendy's

1946 births
Contactees
Cult leaders
FIA GT Championship drivers
French people of Jewish descent
Raëlians
Founders of new religious movements
Living people
Motoring journalists
People from Vichy
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Trans-Am Series drivers
Self-declared messiahs
French LGBT rights activists
French eugenicists
French religious leaders

Raël


Il merito delle donne (em inglês: The Worth of Women) é um livro de Moderata Fonte publicado pela primeira vez postumamente em 1600. A obra é um diálogo entre sete mulheres venezianas que discutem o valor das mulheres e as diferenças entre os sexos em geral.

Enredo
O livro retrata um diálogo entre sete nobres venezianas ao longo de dois dias. No primeiro dia, as mulheres debatem se os homens são bons ou maus e também discutem a dignidade da mulher. No segundo dia, eles discutem uma visão geral do conhecimento da história natural e da cultura, mas também retornam à discussão dos sexos. Ambos os dias também contêm críticas e discussões sobre casamento e dotes.

Personagens
Adriana - uma senhora viúva
Virginia - jovem e solteira, filha de Adriana
Leonora - uma jovem viúva
Lucretia - uma senhora casada
Cornelia - uma jovem casada
Corinna - uma jovem "dimmessa"
Helena - uma jovem, casada recentemente

Desenvolvimento
De acordo com o biógrafo de Fonte, Fonte completou The Worth of Women pouco antes de sua morte em 1592. Uma das suas filhas afirmou que Fonte terminou The Worth of Women "no dia anterior à sua morte no parto".

The Worth of Women foi altamente influenciado por The Decameron, uma obra que Fonte frequentemente alude no texto. A obra também cita direta e indiretamente tanto o "Soneto 263" de Petrarca quanto o de Orlando Furioso. O estilo de diálogo foi influenciado por Baldassare Castiglione e Pietro Bembo.

Virginia Cox afirma que o trabalho foi influenciado pela economia em mudança da Itália no final do século XVI. Este período foi caracterizado por uma redução nas perspectivas de casamento para mulheres nobres venezianas, levando a um aumento no número de mulheres entrando nos conventos. No entanto, esse aumento no número de mulheres nos conventos fez com que se tornasse cada vez mais caro para as mulheres se tornarem freiras. Muitas famílias não conseguiram enviar suas filhas solteiras para conventos, o que levou ao que Cox descreve como a introdução da "figura praticamente sem precedentes da solteirona secular". Cox argumenta que esses números sem precedentes de "solteironas" e freiras forçaram as mulheres na Veneza do final do século XVI a se tornarem mais conscientes de sua vulnerabilidade e impotência e, assim, influenciaram os argumentos de Fonte em torno dos dotes femininos.

Histórico de publicação
O livro foi publicado pela primeira vez em 1600. A primeira edição foi prefaciada por uma biografia de Fonte escrita por Giovanni Nicolò Doglioni. Não está claro quais, se houver, mudanças que Doglioni fez no texto antes de sua publicação. O texto vinha acompanhado de uma dedicatória da filha de Fonte, Cecilia Zorzi, a Livia della Rovera, que tinha 14 anos na época da publicação. O livro recebeu uma segunda impressão em 1603.

A tradução inglesa de Virginia Cox, The Worth of Women, foi publicada pela primeira vez pela University of Chicago Press em 1997. Em 2018, a University of Chicago Press publicou a tradução de Cox sob o título The Merits of Women . A edição de 2018 omitiu a maioria das notas de rodapé e apêndices acadêmicos publicados com a versão anterior, na tentativa de incentivar um público mais amplo a ler o texto. The Merits of Women também contou com uma introdução recém-traduzida de Dacia Mariani.

Análise
Adriana Chemello, Prêmio Paola Malpezzi e Margaret King afirmaram que Corinna, de todas as mulheres no diálogo, é a que mais se aproxima de representar os pontos de vista e o caráter de Fonte.

Comentário bíblico
Amanda W. Benckhuysen descreve Fonte como apresentando uma "leitura pró-Eva". Fonte reconhece que o homem (Adão) foi criado antes da mulher no cristianismo, mas afirma que isso apoia a superioridade das mulheres. Eva foi criada como ajudante de Adão, o que Fonte afirma demonstrar a incompletude e inferioridade dos homens. Ela também vê o pecado de Adão como sendo pior que o de Eva. Benckhuysen afirma assim que a hierarquia social que coloca os homens acima das mulheres não tem base na Bíblia.

Amizade
Carolyn James afirma que a representação da amizade ideal de Fonte em The Worth of Women é ciceroniana. No entanto, James descobre que Fonte se afasta de Cícero ao afirmar que os homens, e não as mulheres, carecem de "amicitia", uma virtude essencial da amizade. Ao contrário de suas contemporâneas, Fonte apresenta a amizade como um fenômeno feminino.

Recepção
O livro é visto como parte do renascimento "querelle des femmes".

Adaptações
A adaptação do Teatro Kairos Italy fez sua estreia nos Estados Unidos na primavera de 2017 como parte do festival "La Serenissima" do Carnegie Hall. O texto foi traduzido por Virginia Cox e a produção foi dirigida por Jay Stern em colaboração com Laura Caparrotti. O show contou com música do compositor Erato Kremmyda e da letrista Maggie-Kate Coleman. O elenco era Carlotta Brentan, Laura Caparrotti, Tali Custer, Aileen Lanni, Marta Mondelli, Irene Turri e Annie Watkins. Em outubro de 2019, o teatro reencenou sua adaptação.

Livros publicados postumamente
Livros da Itália
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

The Worth of Women