Gennady Gennadyevich Golovkin () cunoscut sub numele de "GGG" sau "Triple G", este un boxer profesionist din Kazahstan, care deține în prezent titlurile unificate WBA (Super), WBC, IBF și IBO la mijlocie. Începând din septembrie 2017, este clasat ca cel mai bun boxer mijlociu la nivel mondial de către BoxRec și Transnational Boxing Rankings Board (TBRB), iar al doilea de revista The Ring. De asemenea, este clasat ca cel mai bun boxer din lume, pound for pound de către The Ring, al doilea de TBRB, și al treilea de BoxRec.

Golovkin a câștigat primul său campionat mondial, titlul intermediar WBA la mijlocie, învingându-l pe Milton Núñez în 2010. A fost ridicat la campion WBA (Regular) în același an, iar în 2011 va câștiga titlul IBO vacant, învingându-l pe Lajuan Simon. În 2014, Golovkin a fost ridicat la statutul său actual de campion WBA (Super) și a apărat cu succes ambele titluri împotriva lui Daniel Geale. Mai târziu, în acel an l-a învins pe Marco Antonio Rubio să adauge titlul intermediar WBC la colecția sa și la învins pe David Lemieux în 2015 pentru a câștiga titlul IBF middleweight. După ce Canelo Álvarez și-a eliberat titlul WBC în 2016, Golovkin a fost ridicat la campionat și acum deține titluri mondiale de către trei din cele patru corpuri majore de sancționare a boxului.

Rezultate în boxul profesionist

|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"|42 de victorii (37 prin knockout, 5 la puncte), 2 înfrângeri, 1 remiză
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rez.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rezultat general
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Adversar
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Runda, timp
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Data
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Locația
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Note
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Înfrângere
|42–2–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Canelo Álvarez
|UD
|12
|17 septembrie 2022
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|Victorie
|42–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Ryota Murata
|TKO
|9 (12),
|9 aprilie 2022
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|41–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Kamil Szeremeta
|RTD
|7 (12),
|18 decembrie 2020
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|40–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Sergiy Derevyanchenko
|UD
|12
|5 octombrie 2019
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|39–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Steve Rolls
|KO
|4 (12),
|8 iunie 2019
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Înfrângere
|38–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Canelo Álvarez
|MD
|12
|15 septembrie 2018
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|38–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Vanes Martirosyan
|KO
|2 (12),
|5 mai 2018
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Remiză
|37–0–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Canelo Álvarez
|
|12
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|37–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Daniel Jacobs
|UD
|12
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|36–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Kell Brook
|TKO
|5 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|35–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Dominic Wade
|KO
|2 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|34–0
|style="text-align:left;"| David Lemieux
|TKO
|8 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|33–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Willie Monroe Jr.
|TKO
|6 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|32–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Martin Murray
|TKO
|11 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|31–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Marco Antonio Rubio
|KO
|2 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|30–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Daniel Geale
|TKO
|3 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|29–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Osumanu Adama
|TKO
|7 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|28–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Curtis Stevens
|RTD
|8 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|27–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Matthew Macklin
|KO
|3 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|26–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Nobuhiro Ishida
|KO
|3 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|25–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Gabriel Rosado
|TKO
|7 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|24–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Grzegorz Proksa
|TKO
|5 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|23–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Makoto Fuchigami
|TKO
|3 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|22–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Lajuan Simon
|KO
|1 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|21–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Kassim Ouma
|TKO
|10 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|20–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Nilson Julio Tapia
|KO
|3 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|19–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Milton Núñez
|KO
|1 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|18–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Mikhail Makarov
|KO
|2 (10),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|17–0
|style="text-align:left;"| John Anderson Carvalho
|KO
|2 (12),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|16–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Anthony Greenidge
|KO
|5 (10),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|15–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Javier Alberto Mamani
|TKO
|1 (10),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|14–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Malik Dziarra
|RTD
|2 (10),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|13–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Amar Amari
|UD
|8
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|12–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Ibrahim Sid
|TKO
|8 (8),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|11–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Ian Gardner
|UD
|8
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|10–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Tshepo Mashego
|KO
|1 (8),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|9–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Mehdi Bouadla
|
|8
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|8–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Sergey Khomitsky
|TKO
|5 (8),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|7–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Simon Mokoena
|RTD
|6 (8)
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|6–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Sylvain Gomis
|KO
|4 (6),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|5–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Jorge Ariel Garcia
|KO
|2 (6),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|4–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Martins Kukulis
|
|2 (4),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|3–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Daniel Urbanski
|TKO
|4 (4)
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Sergei Navarka
|
|3 (4),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Victorie
|1–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Gabor Balogh
|
|1 (4),
|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|}

Legături externe

Boxeri kazahi
Campioni mondiali la box
Boxeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2004

Gennady Golovkin


Isaac Pierson (* 15. August 1770 in Orange, Province of New Jersey; †  22. September 1833 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1827 und 1831 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New Jersey im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Isaac Pierson besuchte private Schulen und absolvierte im Jahr 1789 das Princeton College. Nach einem anschließenden Medizinstudium am College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City und seiner Zulassung als Arzt begann er in Orange in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. 1807 wurde er bei der dortigen Stadtverwaltung als Assessor angestellt. Dieses Amt übte er ein Jahr lang aus. Zwischen 1807 und 1809 war Pierson als Sheriff Polizeichef im Essex County. Im Jahr 1827 wurde er Präsident der Medical Society of New Jersey.

In den 1820er Jahren wurde Pierson zum Anhänger von Präsident John Quincy Adams. Später schloss er sich der National Republican Party an. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1826 wurde er im sechsten Wahlbezirk von New Jersey in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1827 die Nachfolge von Daniel Garrison antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1831 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Nach dem Amtsantritt von Präsident Andrew Jackson  wurde innerhalb und außerhalb des Kongresses heftig über dessen Politik diskutiert. Dabei ging es um die umstrittene Durchsetzung des Indian Removal Act, den Konflikt mit dem Staat South Carolina, der in der Nullifikationskrise gipfelte, und die Bankenpolitik des Präsidenten.

1830 wurde Pierson nicht wiedergewählt. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus ist er politisch nicht mehr in Erscheinung getreten. Er starb am 22. September 1833 in Orange.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für New Jersey
Mitglied der National Republican Party
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1770
Gestorben 1833
Mann

Isaac Pierson


La arteria subclavia aberrante, o el síndrome de la arteria subclavia aberrante o arteria subclavia lusoria o anillo vascular, se refiere a una rara variante anatómica del origen de la arteria subclavia derecha. Esta es una de las anomalías congénita vascular más comunes del arco aórtico.

Presentación

La arteria aberrante por lo general surge justo distal a la subclavia izquierda y no del tronco braquiocefálico, cruza en la parte posterior del mediastino por lo general por detrás del esófago en su camino a la extremidad superior. Dicho curso de este vaso aberrante puede causar un anillo vascular alrededor de la tráquea y el esófago. La disfagia debido a una arteria subclavia aberrante derecha se denomina disfagia lusoria. La parálisis del nervio laríngeo recurrente se denomina síndrome de Ortner.
La arteria subclavia derecha aberrante con frecuencia surge de un segmento dilatado de la aorta descendente proximal, el divertículo de Kommerell.

Tratamiento
El tratamiento de la enfermedad es quirúrgico

Imágenes

Referencias

Enfermedades del sistema circulatorio
Malformaciones congénitas
Enfermedades raras

Arteria subclavia aberrante


يريكا  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سيسكييوو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 21 أبريل، 1857.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة ليريكا:

أعلام
 إريك بينيت
 ريتشي مايرز

مراجع

يريكا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1851
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1857
تأسيسات سنة 1851 في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1857 في كاليفورنيا
حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
مقرات المقاطعات في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة سيسكييو (كاليفورنيا)
السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في مقاطعة سيسكييو (كاليفورنيا)
المناطق التاريخية في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في كاليفورنيا
مجتمعات تعدين في حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا

يريكا (كاليفورنيا)


Bank of America Center may refer to:

 Bank of America Center (Austin, Texas)
 Bank of America Center (Baltimore), Maryland
 Bank of America Center (Houston), Texas
 Bank of America Center (Los Angeles), California
 Bank of America Center (Norfolk, Virginia)
 Bank of America Center (Orlando, Florida)
 Bank of America Center (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
 Bank of America Center (Portland, Oregon)
 Bank of America Corporate Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
 555 California Street, San Francisco, California, formerly known as the Bank of America Center
 CenturyLink Arena Boise, Boise, Idaho, formerly known as Qwest Arena and Bank of America Centre

See also
 Bank of America Building (disambiguation)
 Bank of America Plaza (disambiguation)
 Bank of America Tower (disambiguation)

Bank of America Center


Kolosso je glavni lik talijanske serije avanturističko-komičnih stripova koji je stvorio Mario Faustinelli. Prvi je put objavljen između 1964. i 1966.

Povijest i profil
Glavni lik Mac Kolosso je predstavljen kao "nećak Hercules i Maciste", a bio je zamišljen kao ironična parodija filmskog žanra mača i sandala, kao i pokušaj da se ponovi uspjeh Dicka Fulminea Carla Cossie. Izmjenjivalo se nekoliko književnika i crtača, posebno Pier Carpi, Alfredo Castelli, Antonio Canale, Carlo Cossio, Carlo Porciani i Franco Paludetti.

Izvorno postavljene zahvaljujući triku vremenskog stroja, priče su se na kraju protezale od prapovijesti do budućnosti. Stripove je objavila Casa Editrice Gli Amici u istoimenoj seriji stripova. Do travnja 1964. su objavljena 104 broja. 105. epizoda na kraju je objavljena 1971. u časopisu Ploff!.

Izvori

Talijanski strip

Kolosso (strip)


Liga Nogometnog saveza općine Nova Gradiška također i kao Liga NSO Nova Gradiška; Općinska nogometna liga Nova Gradiška (ali također navedeno i kao Liga Nogometnog saveza Područja Nova Gradiška; Područna liga Nova Gradiška; Područna liga NSP Nova Gradiška; Međuopćinska liga Nova Gradiška) je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1977./78.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Budućnost" iz Rešetara.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Slavonska zona – Posavska skupina 1977./78.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Ivo Petranović i dr.: Pola stoljeća nogometa u Rešetarima, Rešetari, 1989., UDK: 796.332(497.5 Rešetari)](067.5) * 061.2(497.5 Rešetari):796.332](067.5), str. 95-102
 Edvard Bogovič: Sve je počelo prije 85 godina : monografija 85 godina nogometa u Novskoj , Novska, 2005., , str. 61-62
 Željko Čeglaj: Čudnovate zgode stoljetne "Bubamare" : stoljeće nogometa Brodsko-posavske županije : 1909. – 2009., Slavonski Brod, 2009., , str. 155-157
 Antun Toni Bardašević: Omladinac u srcu : [50 godina NK Omladinac] , Vrbova, 2011.,  (Arca), str. 85-87

1977-78
Nova Gradiška
1977-78 Nova Gradiška

Liga NSO Nova Gradiška 1977./78.


Rivertonprisen' er en norsk pris for bedste handling i krimigenren

Vindere

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Om prisen  hos Rivertonklubben

Litteraturpriser fra Norge
Etableret i 1973

Rivertonprisen


İncir, dut familyası'ndaki küçük ağaç türleri olan Ficus caricanın yenilebilir meyvesidir. İncir, Akdeniz ve batı Asya'ya kadar yerlisi ağacı olup eski zamanlardan beri yetiştirilir. Şimdi hem meyvesi hem de süs bitkisi olarak dünya çapında yaygın olarak yetiştirilir. Ficus carica 800'den fazla tropikal ve subtropikal bitki içeren Ficus cinsinin tip türüdür.

İncir bitkisi,  boyuna kadar büyüyen, pürüzsüz beyaz kabuğu olan küçük yaprak döken bir ağaç veya büyük çalıdır.

Büyük yaprakları üç ila beş lobludur.

Meyvesi gözyaşı şeklinde (botanik olarak infructescence, bir tür çoklu meyvedir),  uzunluğunda ve mora doğru olgunlaşabilen yeşil kabuğu ve çok sayıda gevrek tohum içeren kahverengi, tatlı ve yumuşak kırmızımsı eti vardır. Yeşil kısımların sütsü özü insan derisi için tahriş edici bir maddedir.

Kuzey Yarımküre'de taze incir mevsimi yaz sonundan sonbahar başlarına kadardır. Ilımlı mevsimsel donlara dayanırlar ve sıcak yaz karasal iklimlerde bile yetiştirilebilirler.

İncirler taze olarak yenebilir ve ya kurutulabilir veya reçel, rulo, bisküvi ve diğer tatlı türlerinde işlenebilir. Olgunlaşmış meyve taşınmadığı ve iyi muhafaza edilemediği için ticari üretimin çoğu kurutulmuş ve işlenmiş formlardadır.
Çiğ incir, çok az protein, yağ ve mikro besin içeriği ile kabaca %80 su ve %20 karbonhidrat içerir. Orta derecede bir diyet lifi kaynağıdırlar.

2018 yılında dünya çiğ incir üretimi 1.14 milyon ton olarak gerçekleşti ve toplu olarak en büyük üreticiler Türkiye ve Kuzey Afrika ülkeleri (Mısır, Fas ve Cezayir) liderliğinde toplamın %64'ünü oluşturur.

İncir, dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasına ait olan incir cinsinin içerdiği yaklaşık 800 tür içinde ticari önemli meyve veren tek bitkidir. Dişi ve erkek olarak ağaçları ikiye ayrılır, aynı ağaç üstünde hem dişi hem de erkek nitelikli organlar bulunmaz. Dişi ağaçların meyvesi büyük ve fazladır, erkek ağaçların ise ufak ve az meyvesi bulunmakta ve meyvesi dişilerininki gibi yenilebilir lezzette de değildir ancak tozlaşma için gereklidir. Genelde tozlaşma için pek çok dişi ağacın yakınına sadece bir tane erkek ağaç dikilir. İncir bitkisinin çiçeklerinde tozlaşma olayı mazı böcekleriyle gerçekleşir. Bu olaya "Kaprifikasyon" denir.

Meyvelerinin besin değeri yüksektir. Meyvelerin bileşimini %30-40 şeker, A,B,C vitaminleri oluşturmaktadır.

İncir başlıca dış satım ürünümüzdür. Ege bölgesinde tarımda ön planda yer alır. Türkiye'de en fazla Aydın yöresinde yetiştirilir.

Üretim

2018 yılında dünya çiğ incir üretimi 1,14 milyon ton olarak gerçekleşti. Dünya toplamının %27'si ile Türkiye, Mısır, Fas ve Cezayir tarafından en büyük üreticiler toplamın %64'ünü oluşturur.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Ficus

İncir


Chariots of Fire er bresk kvikmynd frá árinu 1981. Hún var leikstýrð af Hugh Hudson. Hún er byggð á sannsögulegri sögu tveggja breskra íþróttamanna sem kepptu í ólympíuleikunum 1924. Samnefnt lag sem samvið var fyrir kvikmyndina er oft kallað ólympíulagið.

Kvikmyndir

Chariots of Fire


Lennart Johansson er navnet på flere personer:
 Lennart Johansson (1929-2019) – svensk idrætsleder
 Lennart Johansson (ingeniør) (1921-2008) – svensk ingeniør og administrerende direktør for SKF 1971-1985
 Lennart Johansson (ishockeyspiller) (1941-2010) – svensk ishockeyspiller
 Lennart Johansson (officer) (født 1942) – svensk officer

Lennart Johansson (flertydig)


Gruemberger ist ein Einschlagkrater im äußersten Süden der Mondvorderseite, westlich des Kraters Curtius und nordwestlich von Moretus.
Der Kraterrand ist sehr stark erodiert, ein Teil im Nordosten wird überlagert von dem kleineren Krater Cysatus. Das Kraterinnere ist stark zerfurcht.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Jesuiten und Astronomen Christoph Grienberger offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Gruemberger auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Gruemberger (Mondkrater)


ඔවුන්ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ විශාල නගරයන් සැමකගේ මෙන්ම කුඩා සුළු නගරයන් බොහෝමයක සහ කාර්මික භූමීන්ගේ පරිහරණය තකා රෝමන්වරු බොහෝ දිය මං ඉදි කළහ. රෝම නගරය වෙත දිය මං විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වී තිබූ අතර, වසර 500 ක පමණ කාලයක් තුල නිමැවුනු දිය මං එකලොසක් මගින් එය වෙත ජලය සැපයුනි. පානීය ජලය මෙන්ම නගරයෙහි බාහුල්‍යව පැවති නාන ස්ථානයන් සහ දිය බුබුළු වෙතද සැපයුම ඒවා මගින් සිදුකෙරුනු අතර, අවසානයෙහිදී පල්දෝරු වෙත මුදාහරිනු ලැබූ වරක් භාවිතා කෙරුනු  මලින ජලය විසින් එහි අවසන් කෘත්‍යය වන අපද්‍රව්‍යයන් ඉවත් කිරීම සිදු කරනු ලදි.

රෝමානු දිය මං අතරින් පළමුවැන්න වූයේ,   රෝමානු ජනරජය සමයයෙහිදී ක්‍රිපූ 312දී ඉදිකෙරුණු අක්වා අප්පියා යන්නයි. විට්‍රෑවියස් විසින් ක්‍රිපූ පළමුවන සියවසේහි ලියැවුනු ඔහුගේ  ඩි ආකිටෙක්ටුරා නමැති කෘතියෙහි ඉදිකිරීම් ක්‍රමවේදයන් විස්තර කර තිබුණි. රෝමයෙහි බාහුල්‍යවූ  දිය මං පරිපාලනය කෙරුමට ක්‍රිව පළමුවන සියවසෙහි අග භාගයෙහිදී පත්කෙරුණු  ජනරාල් වරයෙකු වූ ෆ්‍රොන්ටිනස් හට මොහුගේ මෙම කෘතිය මහත් අනුග්‍රහයක් වන්නට ඇත.

රෝමානු දිය මග


Ungdom i arbejde [lang toneudg.] er en dansk propagandafilm fra 1941 instrueret af Theodor Christensen efter eget manuskript.

Eksterne henvisninger

Ungdomsfilm fra Danmark
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Propagandafilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1941

Ungdom i arbejde (lang toneudg.)


Madalya dağılımı

Erkekler

100 m. serbest

200 m. serbest

400 m. srbest

1500 m. serbest

100 m. sırtüstü

200 m. sırtüstü

100 m. kurbağalama

200 m ayaklar havada yüzme

100 m kelebek

200 m kebebek

400 m karışık

4x200 m serbest bayrak

4x100 m karışık bayrak

Olimpiyatlarda yüzme
Yüzme
Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda yüzme

1980 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda yüzme


اسمه الكامل عيسى بن ضيف الله حداد كاتب وشاعر و طبيب سوري ولد عام 1943 في قرية رخم من أعمال حوران جنوب سوريا

مؤهلاته العلمية

 _بكالوريا الفرع العلمي – سورية 1960
 _دكتوراه في الطب البشري، كلية الطب، جامعة دمشق، 1971
 _دبلوم في الدراسات العليا في البيولوجيا الطبية، كلية الطب، جامعة دمشق، 1974
 _دبلوم جامعي في الدمويات، فرنسا 1976
 - دبلوم جامعي في المناعيات وأمراض الحساسية، فرنسا 1978
 _ليسانس في اللغة العربية والأدب العربي، جامعة ليون، فرنسا 1985
 - متريز في اللغة والأدب العربي، جامعة ليون، فرنسا 1987
 _دبلوم في الدراسات المعمقة في التاريخ القديم، كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة بيزانسون، فرنسا 1992- 1993

نشاطاته

في سوريا:

عمل رئيس تحرير مجلة دراسات في جامعة دمشق، 1966- 1970 / معيد في كلية الطب، جامعة دمشق، 1972- 1978

في الجزائر:

طبيب أخصائي في أمراض الحساسية الصدرية، في مشافي الجزائر العاصمة 1978- 1985 / أستاذ مساعد في معهد العلوم البيولوجية، أستاذ مساعد في معهد علم النفس، جامعة وهران، 1985-1991

في فرنسا:

طبيب في أمراض الربو والألرجيا التنفسية / طبيب باحث في مجال المناعياتو[[الحمات الراشح]ة] 1992-2003

مجالات أخرى

عمل في مجال تدريب ل المعلوماتية, و رئيس الجمعية العربية الفرنسية للثقافة – عضو في اتحاد الكتاب العرب عبر الأنترنيت – عضو في اتحاد الكتاب العرب في دمشق

أعماله الأدبية

ألف سلسلتين من الكتب: تتعلق الأولى ببحوث ودراسات في حقل التوراة، صدر منها ثلاث كتب ( نظرات في إشكاليات التوراة " مقاربات ورؤى "، أفكار وأسرار في التوراة والأسفار، النظام الاقتصادي الاجتماعي التوراتي " ناموس وطقوس ومكوس ". والرابع في طريق الصدور ويحمل عنوان " أسرار في مسار التشكّل التاريخي للتوراة والأسفار". أما السلسلة الثانية فتحمل عنوان أسفار الأيام، الأول، بعنوان " في معترك الحياة " والثاني " على درب الجامعة " نشر مقالات في دورية طبية تحمل عنوان التجوال بين المرض والسياسة، تناولت حتى الآن روزفلت وتشرشل.. قصائد شعرية بعنوان " أناشيد القهر والحداد.. مجموعة من القصائد والقصص منشورة في بعض المنتديات.

المصادر
- 74k موقع القصة السورية

- 12k سلسلة دراسات في التوراة - عيسى حداد

أطباء سوريون
كتاب وكاتبات سوريون

عيسى حداد


Om menneskets værdighed () er en berømt offentlig tale, holdt i 1486 af Pico della Mirandola, en italiensk lærd og filosof i renæssancen. Værket er senere blevet opfattet som "Renæssancen manifest".

Pico tilhørte en familie, der længe havde boede på slottet i Mirandola, men afgav sin andel af slægtens fyrstendømme til sine to brødre for at hellige sig sine studier. I sit fjortende år drog  han til Bologna for at studere jura og forberede sig selv til en gejstlig løbebane. Frastødt af den udelukkende positivistiske retsvidenskab helligede han sig til studiet af filosofi og teologi og tilbragte syv år skiftende mellem de førende universiteter i Italien og Frankrig for at studere græsk, latin, hebraisk, syrisk og arabisk.

Referencer

Taler
Litteratur fra renæssancen

Om menneskets værdighed


Leslie Cayola P. ( 1976, La Paz) es una botánica, agrónoma, exploradora y bióloga boliviana. En 2001 obtiene su titulación de ingeniería agronómica en la Universidad Mayor de San Simón.

Recibió entrenamiento científico en el Programa Latinoamericano del Jardín Botánico de Misuri. Trabaja con el "Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética" (CBG) de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS) de Cochabamba, Bolivia, en el "Proyecto Políticas y Planeamiento Ambiental del Manejo Participativo de la Biodiversidad", Mancomunidad Unión Amazónica Filadelfia-Bolpebra (MUAFB), en el Departamento de Pando, Bolivia.

Publicaciones
 . 2010. Passiflora madidiana, a New Species of Passifloraceae from Northern Bolivia. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 20 (3): 285-288 resumen en línea

  2006. Estructura y composición florística de un bosque amazónico de pie de monte, Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi, La Paz – Bolivia. Floristic Composition and Structure of an Andean foot hill forest in the Madidi Protected Area, La Paz - Bolivia. Ecología en Bolivia, 41 (2): 117-129 resumen en línea

 . 2005a. "Las moráceas de la región de Madidi, Bolivia". Ecología en Bolivia 40 (3): 212-264

 . 2005b. Lista anotada de las plantas vasculares registradas en la región de Madidi. Ecología en Bolivia 40 ( 3): 70-169

 . 2005c. Estructura y composición florística de un bosque seco subandino yungueño en el valle del Tuichi, Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi, La Paz (Bolivia). Ecología en Bolivia 40 ( 3): 396-417

 . 2004. Estructura, composición y variabilidad del bosque subandino xérico en un sector del valle del río Tuichi, Anmi Madidi, La Paz (Bolivia). Ecología y conservación ambiental (ReBECA) 15 resumen en línea

Honores
Miembro de
 Asociación para la Biología de la Conservación - Bolivia (Capítulo de "Society for conservation Biology". Presidenta del Comité Científico.

 Responsable Departamental
 por Cochabamba: 1ª Olimpiada Científica Plurinacional Boliviana, 2011.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicas de Bolivia
Científicas de Bolivia
Agrónomos de Bolivia
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Escritores en inglés del siglo XXI
Paceños

Leslie Cayola


Marie Čermínová (), cunoscută sub numele de Toyen, a fost o pictoriță, ilustratoare și desenatoare cehă, membră a mișcării suprarealiste.

Biografie

Între anii 1919 și 1920, Toyen a urmat cursurile UMPRŮM (Academia de Arte, Arhitectură și Design) din Praga. A fondat în 1920, împreună cu scriitorul Karel Teige, grupului anarhist Devětsil. În 1922, ea l-a întâlnit la Paris pe pictorul și poetul suprarealist Jindřich Štyrský (1899-1942), cu care a lucrat până la moartea lui Štyrský. Cei doi au participat la o expoziție colectivă organizată de grupul Devětsil și intitulată "Bazart d'art moderne". Ea a adoptat numele Toyen, după cuvântul francez "citoyen", ce înseamnă cetățean (1923).

În primele sale lucrări, Toyen s-a inspirat dintr-un cubism "purist" pe care-l va abandona pentru o serie de tablouri naive pe teme erotice. În 1925, ea s-a stabilit la Paris, împreună cu Štyrský. În timpul șederii lor la Paris, cei doi au fondat o alternativă artistică la abstractizare și suprarealism, pe care au numit-o artificialism, prin care anticipează numeroase elemente ale abstractizării lirice. Ei au cunoscut grupul suprarealist. Prima lor expoziție comună a avut loc la galeria Vavin, prefața catalogului fiind semnată de Philippe Soupault.

S-au întors la Praga în 1929. Toyen s-a referit la ea la genul masculin, respingând referirile la sex în adevărata modă avangardistă. Ea a intenționat să-și limiteze feminitatea cu scopul de a pătrunde în lumea artistică modernistă aproape exclusiv masculină. Schițele, ilustrațiile de carte și picturile lui Toyen au fost frecvent erotice și ea a contribuit cu schițe erotico-umoristice pentru Eroticka Revue a lui Štyrský (1930-1933). Această revistă a fost publicată doar pe bază de abonament într-un tiraj de 150 de exemplare. Štyrský a publicat, de asemenea, cărți la tipografia Edice 69, dintre care unele au fost ilustrate de Toyen. De exemplu, ea a ilustrat în 1932 romanul Justine al marchizului de Sade. Ea a contribuit parțial la Die Frau als Künstlerin, Femeia ca Artist, prestigiosul sondaj din 1928 în rândul femeilor artist din lumea occidentală.

Toyen și Štyrský au devenit treptat tot mai interesați de suprarealism. După ce asociații lor Vítězslav Nezval și Jindřich Honzl l-au cunoscut pe André Breton la Paris, ei au fondat în 1934 Grupul Suprarealist Ceh din Praga, împreună cu alți artiști, scriitori și cu compozitorul Jaroslav Ježek. Membrii grupului i-au primit cu căldură pe André Breton și Paul Éluard în martie 1935. În același an, în luna mai, ea a participat la Expoziția internațională suprarealistă din Tenerife (Insulele Canare). În 1938, cu ocazia unei expoziții comune a lui Štyrský și Toyen, a apărut o monografie dublă în care textele au fost semnate de Nezval, Teige și Vitèzslau.

Invadarea Cehoslovaciei în 1939 de către Germania Nazistă a determinat interzicerea oricărei exprimări publice. Ea a realizat în clandestinitate un ciclu de desen intitulat Tir (Střelnice, 1940), de ilustrații erotice pentru opera poetului Jindřich Heisler Seules les crécerelles pissent (1940) și Cache-toi, guerre ! (Schovej se valko), precum și o serie de desene ce înspțeau poeziile aceluiași Heisler (1944). Jindřich Štyrský a murit în 1942.

Nevoită să se ascundă în timpul ocupației Naziste și a celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, ea l-a adăpostit pe cel de-al doilea partener artistic al ei, Jindřich Heisler, un poet de origine evreiască care aderase la Grupul Suprarealist Ceh în 1938. După război, Toyen a expus din nou la Praga în 1945. Ea a plecat la Paris în 1947, împreună cu Jindřich Heisler, înainte de preluarea puterii în Cehoslovacia de către comuniști în 1948. Ei au lucrat la Paris cu André Breton, Benjamin Péret și alți suprarealiști.

A participat la activitățile grupului suprarealist și a expus la galeria Denise René. Catalogul expoziției a fost prefațat de André Breton. În anii '60 ea a realizat două cărți-obiect pentru editorul François Di Dio și, în anii '70, colaborează la publicațiile colectivului Maintenant fondat de Pierre Peuchmaurd, împreună cu Radovan Ivsic, Georges Goldfayn, Annie Le Brun, care o considera ca fiind "personajul cel mai romantic al suprarealismului" (À distance, Jean-Jacques Pauvert aux éditions Carrère, 1984, p. 158).

Toyen a fost înmormântată în cimitirul Batignolles din Paris. Pe anunțul său mortuar a fost scris:

Opera
 Le Reste de la nuit, 1935 (?)
 Spectres du désert, 1937, desene
 Le Tir, 1940, desene
 Relâche, 1943, ulei pe pânză, 109 × 52,5 cm
 Au château Lacoste, 1946
 Tous les éléments, 1950, huile sur toile, 68,2 × 104,5 cm
 Le Paravent, 1966
 Coulée dans le lointain, 1962, ulei pe pânză, 51 × 150 cm
 Le Festin de soie, 1962, ulei pe pânză, 100 × 60 cm

Filmografie
 1967: Angoisse de Zdenèk Kopac, Praga.
 2005: Toyen de Jan Němec, explorează relația între Toyen și Jindřich Heisler, pe care ea l-a ascuns în Praga de naziști și cu care a plecat la Paris în 1947.

Note

Bibliografie
 Huebner, Karla Tonine. "Eroticism, Identity, and Cultural Context: Toyen and the Prague Avant-garde." Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2008.
 André Breton, Jindřich Heisler, Benjamin Péret, Toyen, Sokolova, 1953.
 Radovan Ivsic, Toyen, Paris, Filipacchi, 1974.
 Adam Biro & René Passeron, Dictionnaire général du surréalisme et de ses environs, Office du livre, Fribourg-Paris, Suisse et Presses universitaires de France, 1982, pp. 405-406.
 Annie Le Brun, « À l'instant du silence des lois », în À distance, Paris, Jean-Jacques Pauvert aux éditions Carrère, 1984, pp. 150-160.
 Georgiana Colvile, Scandaleusement d'elles. Trente quatre femmes surréalistes, Paris, Jean-Michel Place, 1999, pp. 284-289, cu o fotografie a artistei realizată de Man Ray în 1935.
 Karel Srp, Toyen, une femme surréaliste, Paris, Artha, 2003.

Legături externe
 Biography in Czech and English

Nașteri în 1902
Nașteri pe 21 septembrie
Decese în 1980
Decese pe 9 noiembrie
Artiști din secolul al XX-lea
Decese în Paris
Desenatori cehi
Eponime ale asteroizilor
Ilustratori cehi
Pictori cehi
Pictori suprarealiști
Pictorițe suprarealiste
Suprarealism

Toyen


A giant star is a star with substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III.  The terms giant and dwarf were coined for stars of quite different luminosity despite similar temperature or spectral type by Ejnar Hertzsprung about 1905.

Giant stars have radii up to a few hundred times the Sun and luminosities between 10 and a few thousand times that of the Sun. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant, but any main-sequence star is properly called a dwarf, regardless of how large and luminous it is.

Formation

A star becomes a giant after all the hydrogen available for fusion at its core has been depleted and, as a result, leaves the main sequence.  The behaviour of a post-main-sequence star depends largely on its mass.

Intermediate-mass stars
For a star with a mass above about 0.25 solar masses (), once the core is depleted of hydrogen it contracts and heats up so that hydrogen starts to fuse in a shell around the core. The portion of the star outside the shell expands and cools, but with only a small increase in luminosity, and the star becomes a subgiant.  The inert helium core continues to grow and increase in temperature as it accretes helium from the shell, but in stars up to about  it does not become hot enough to start helium burning (higher-mass stars are supergiants and evolve differently). Instead, after just a few million years the core reaches the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit, rapidly collapses, and may become degenerate.  This causes the outer layers to expand even further and generates a strong convective zone that brings heavy elements to the surface in a process called the first dredge-up. This strong convection also increases the transport of energy to the surface, the luminosity increases dramatically, and the star moves onto the red-giant branch where it will stably burn hydrogen in a shell for a substantial fraction of its entire life (roughly 10% for a Sun-like star). The core continues to gain mass, contract, and increase in temperature, whereas there is some mass loss in the outer layers., § 5.9.

If the star's mass, when on the main sequence, was below approximately , it will never reach the central temperatures necessary to fuse helium., p. 169.  It will therefore remain a hydrogen-fusing red giant until it runs out of hydrogen, at which point it will become a helium white dwarf., § 4.1, 6.1. According to stellar evolution theory, no star of such low mass can have evolved to that stage within the age of the Universe.

In stars above about  the core temperature eventually reaches 108 K and helium will begin to fuse to carbon and oxygen in the core by the triple-alpha process.,§ 5.9, chapter 6.  When the core is degenerate helium fusion begins explosively, but most of the energy goes into lifting the degeneracy and the core becomes convective.  The energy generated by helium fusion reduces the pressure in the surrounding hydrogen-burning shell, which reduces its energy-generation rate. The overall luminosity of the star decreases, its outer envelope contracts again, and the star moves from the red-giant branch to the horizontal branch., chapter 6.

When the core helium is exhausted, a star with up to about  has a carbon–oxygen core that becomes degenerate and starts helium burning in a shell. As with the earlier collapse of the helium core, this starts convection in the outer layers, triggers a second dredge-up, and causes a dramatic increase in size and luminosity. This is the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) analogous to the red-giant branch but more luminous, with a hydrogen-burning shell contributing most of the energy. Stars only remain on the AGB for around a million years, becoming increasingly unstable until they exhaust their fuel, go through a planetary nebula phase, and then become a carbon–oxygen white dwarf., § 7.1–7.4.

High-mass stars
Main-sequence stars with masses above about  are already very luminous and they move horizontally across the HR diagram when they leave the main sequence, briefly becoming blue giants before they expand further into blue supergiants. They start core-helium burning before the core becomes degenerate and develop smoothly into red supergiants without a strong increase in luminosity.  At this stage they have comparable luminosities to bright AGB stars although they have much higher masses, but will further increase in luminosity as they burn heavier elements and eventually become a supernova.

Stars in the  range have somewhat intermediate properties and have been called super-AGB stars. They largely follow the tracks of lighter stars through RGB, HB, and AGB phases, but are massive enough to initiate core carbon burning and even some neon burning. They form oxygen–magnesium–neon cores, which may collapse in an electron-capture supernova, or they may leave behind an oxygen–neon white dwarf.

O class main sequence stars are already highly luminous. The giant phase for such stars is a brief phase of slightly increased size and luminosity before developing a supergiant spectral luminosity class. Type O giants may be more than a hundred thousand times as luminous as the sun, brighter than many supergiants.  Classification is complex and difficult with small differences between luminosity classes and a continuous range of intermediate forms.  The most massive stars develop giant or supergiant spectral features while still burning hydrogen in their cores, due to mixing of heavy elements to the surface and high luminosity which produces a powerful stellar wind and causes the star's atmosphere to expand.

Low-mass stars
A star whose initial mass is less than approximately  will not become a giant star at all. For most of their lifetimes, such stars have their interior thoroughly mixed by convection and so they can continue fusing hydrogen for a time in excess of  years, much longer than the current age of the Universe. They steadily become hotter and more luminous throughout this time. Eventually they do develop a radiative core, subsequently exhausting hydrogen in the core and burning hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. (Stars with a mass in excess of  may expand at this point, but will never become very large.) Shortly thereafter, the star's supply of hydrogen will be completely exhausted and it is expected to become a helium white dwarf, although the universe is too young for any such star to exist yet, so no star with that history has ever been observed.

Subclasses
There are a wide range of giant-class stars and several subdivisions are commonly used to identify smaller groups of stars.

Subgiants

Subgiants are an entirely separate spectroscopic luminosity class (IV) from giants, but share many features with them. Although some subgiants are simply over-luminous main-sequence stars due to chemical variation or age, others are a distinct evolutionary track towards true giants.

Examples:
 Gamma Geminorum (γ Gem), an A-type subgiant;
 Eta Bootis (η Boo), a G-type subgiant.

Bright giants
Bright giants are stars of luminosity class II in the Yerkes spectral classification.  These are stars which straddle the boundary between ordinary giants and supergiants, based on the appearance of their spectra. The bright giant luminosity class was first defined in 1943.

Well known stars which are classified as bright giants include:
 Canopus
 Epsilon Canis Majoris
 Omicron Scorpii
 Theta Scorpii
 Beta Draconis
 Beta Capricorni
 Alpha Herculis
 Gamma Canis Majoris

Red giants

Within any giant luminosity class, the cooler stars of spectral class K, M, S, and C, (and sometimes some G-type stars) are called red giants. Red giants include stars in a number of distinct evolutionary phases of their lives: a main red-giant branch (RGB); a red horizontal branch or red clump; the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), although AGB stars are often large enough and luminous enough to get classified as supergiants; and sometimes other large cool stars such as immediate post-AGB stars.  The RGB stars are by far the most common type of giant star due to their moderate mass, relatively long stable lives, and luminosity. They are the most obvious grouping of stars after the main sequence on most HR diagrams, although white dwarfs are more numerous but far less luminous.

Examples:
 Pollux, a K-type giant.
 Epsilon Ophiuchi, a G-type red giant.
 Arcturus (α Bootes), a K-type giant.
 Gamma Comae Berenices (γ Comae Berenices), a K-type giant.
 Mira (ο Ceti), an M-type giant and prototype Mira variable.
 Aldebaran, a K-type giant

Yellow giants
Giant stars with intermediate temperatures (spectral class G, F, and at least some A) are called yellow giants. They are far less numerous than red giants, partly because they only form from stars with somewhat higher masses, and partly because they spend less time in that phase of their lives. However, they include a number of important classes of variable stars. High-luminosity yellow stars are generally unstable, leading to the instability strip on the HR diagram where the majority of stars are pulsating variables. The instability strip reaches from the main sequence up to hypergiant luminosities, but at the luminosities of giants there are several classes of pulsating variable stars:
RR Lyrae variables, pulsating horizontal-branch class A (sometimes F) stars with periods less than a day and amplitudes of a magnitude of less;
W Virginis variables, more-luminous pulsating variables also known as type II Cepheids, with periods of 10–20 days;
Type I Cepheid variables, more luminous still and mostly supergiants, with even longer periods;
Delta Scuti variables, includes subgiant and main-sequence stars.

Yellow giants may be moderate-mass stars evolving for the first time towards the red-giant branch, or they may be more evolved stars on the horizontal branch. Evolution towards the red-giant branch for the first time is very rapid, whereas stars can spend much longer on the horizontal branch. Horizontal-branch stars, with more heavy elements and lower mass, are more unstable.

Examples:
 Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis), an F-type giant and a Delta Scuti variable;
 Capella Aa (α Aurigae Aa), a G-type giant.

Blue (and sometimes white) giants

The hottest giants, of spectral classes O, B, and sometimes early A, are called blue giants. Sometimes A- and late-B-type stars may be referred to as white giants.

The blue giants are a very heterogeneous grouping, ranging from high-mass, high-luminosity stars just leaving the main sequence to low-mass, horizontal-branch stars. Higher-mass stars leave the main sequence to become blue giants, then bright blue giants, and then blue supergiants, before expanding into red supergiants, although at the very highest masses the giant stage is so brief and narrow that it can hardly be distinguished from a blue supergiant.

Lower-mass, core-helium-burning stars evolve from red giants along the horizontal branch and then back again to the asymptotic giant branch, and depending on mass and metallicity they can become blue giants. It is thought that some post-AGB stars experiencing a late thermal pulse can become peculiar blue giants.

Examples:
 Alcyone (η Tauri), a B-type giant, the brightest star in the Pleiades;
 Thuban (α Draconis), an A-type giant.

References

External links
 Interactive giant-star comparison.

Star types

Giant star


Radonjići su naseljeno mjesto u općini Vareš, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 208

 Muslimani - 182
 Srbi - 26

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 151

 Bošnjaci - 151

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Vareš

Radonjići (Vareš, BiH)


Anthony Joseph "Tony" Jaros (Minneapolis, Minnesota,  - St. Anthony, Minnesota, ) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó cuatro temporadas entre la BAA y la NBA, y una más en la NBL. Con 1,91 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de alero.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante 4 temporadas con los Golden Gophers de la Universidad de Minnesota.

Profesional
En 1946 fichó por los Chicago Stags de la recién creada BAA, siendo uno de los jugadores más destacados, promediando 8,2 puntos por partido, y llegando a las Finales en las que cayeron ante Philadelphia Warriors.

Al año siguiente se formó el equipo de los Minneapolis Lakers, que se inscribieron en la NBL, y sus primeros fichajes fueron Jaros y Don "Swede" Carlson, ambos procedentes de los Stags y originarios de Minnesota. Tras ganar la liga con George Mikan como estrella del equipo, en  se unieron a la BAA, ganando nuevamente el anillo de campeones tras derrotar en las Finales a los Washington Capitols. Jaros promedió 5,8 puntos y 1,0 asistencias por partido.

En  la liga pasó a denominarse NBA, y los Lakers siguieron con su supremacía, volviendo a ganar el campeonato, con Jaros prediendo protagonismo, promediando 3,9 puntos y 1,0 asistencias por partido. Jugó una temporada más en el equipo, para retirarse definitivamente en .

Estadísticas en la BAA y la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Tony Jaros en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Minnesota
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Minnesota Golden Gophers
Baloncestistas de los Chicago Stags
Baloncestistas de los Minneapolis Lakers
Nacidos en Minneapolis

Tony Jaros


Đorđija Pulevski ili Đorđ Pulevski (makedonski: Ѓорѓија Пулевски ili Ѓорѓи Пулевски) (Galičnik, 1817.  - Sofija, 13. veljače 1893.) - makedonski pisac, leksikograf, povjesničar i vojskovođa. Pulevski je autor prve tiskane makedonske gramatike i autor jednog od prvih rječnika na makedonskom jeziku.

Rane godine

Rođen je u selu Galičnik. Bio je migrantski radnik u Rumunjskoj, nastavio je život kroz razne oslobodilačke ratove i ustanke u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća. Počeo je borbu za slobodu svoga naroda, istovremeno sudjelujući u oslobodilačkoj borbi ostalih balkanskih naroda.

Dobrovoljac u borbama

Vjerujući, da se bori za domovinu, Pulevski se najprije kao dragovoljac uključio u oslobodilačke akcije u događajima 1862.-1863. kada se kao vodnik pontonske čete borio protiv turske posade u Beogradu. Potom je nakon izbijanja srpsko-turskog rata (1876.) ponovno stupio u srpsku vojsku kao dobrovoljac. Rusko-turski rat počeo je sljedeće godine i Pulevski je ponovno sa svojom četom bio u redovima prethodnice ruske vojske prilikom oslobađanja Bugarske. Jedrenskim primirjem i Sanstefanskim predugovorom obustavljena je okupacija Makedonije. Ali iduće godine (1878.) Pulevski ponovno aktivno sudjeluje kao vojvoda u Kresnenskom ustanku, stavljajući se izravno u funkciju borbe za slobodu makedonskog naroda.

Borac za makedonski jezik

Ništa manje važno nije njegovo kulturno-nacionalno djelovanje kao leksikografa, gramatičara, pjesnika, folklorista, etnografa i povjesničara. Njegovo prvo objavljeno djelo bio je Rječnik četiriju jezika (ili četrojezičnosti, nekad znan i kao dvojezičnik), objavljen u Beogradu 1873. Zapravo je dvojezični, jer u rubrici srpski jezik daje leksičku građu iz dva bliska, ali ipak različita jezika: makedonskog i srpskog. Druga objavljena knjiga Pulevskog je Rječnik triju jezika (trojezični), također objavljen u Beogradu 1875. godine. Ovo djelo je posebno važno zbog jasne koncepcije i otvoreno iznesene ideje o domovini Makedoniji, makedonskom narodu i makedonskom jeziku kao posebnom u slavenskom svijetu.

U Bugarskoj
Nakon neuspjeha makedonskog Kresnskog ustanka i njegovog odlaska u Sofiju, Pulevski je 1879. zasebno objavio prvu makedonsku domoljubno-političku pjesmu "Samovila Makedonska", u kojoj spominje Filipa Makedonskog i Aleksandra Makedonskog kao pretke današnjih Makedonaca, 300 godine prije Krista. Odražava ideologiju makedonskih sudionika Makedonskog (Kresnenskog) ustanka.Tada je objavio i prvu zasebnu zbirku pjesama na makedonskom jeziku u makedonskoj književnoj povijesti "Makedonska pjesmarica" (u dvije knjižice). Zbirka pjesama sadrži tri osobne i više narodnih pjesama.

Zbirka makedonskih narodnih pjesama bila je vrlo pozitivno prihvaćena među makedonskim emigrantima u Bugarskoj. Konstantin Vezenkov bio je oduševljen domoljubljem svog poznanika Đorđija Pulevskog izraženim u njegovim izvornim pjesmama o Filipu i Aleksandru Makedonskom, pa je odlučio neke od njih objaviti u listu "Marica". Sljedeće 1880. godine izlazi "Slognica Recovska", prva objavljena gramatika makedonskog jezika. Pulevski je pokušao stvoriti temeljne norme u makedonskom književnom jeziku, spajajući srednjomakedonski dijalekt sa slavenskom pisanom tradicijom u Makedoniji, stvarajući vrlo zanimljiv leksikon i posuđujući riječi iz drugih slavenskih jezika, ali uvijek izrazito makedoniziranih.

Slavomakedonska literaturna družina

U sklopu djelovanja Pulevskog među makedonskim iseljenicima u Sofiji je i osnivanje Slavomakedonskog književnog društva 1888. pod njegovim predsjedanjem. Ima poseban značaj kao prva makedonska književna udruga uopće i samo je još jedan dokaz njezina domoljubnog kulturnog djelovanja i nacionalno-političkog usmjerenja.

No, posebno mjesto u predstavljanju Pulevskoga djela zauzima njegova slavensko-makedonska opća povijest, koja je završila 1892. godine neposredno prije njegove smrti. Ovo njegovo kapitalno djelo u cijelosti su objavili Makedonska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti i Fondacija Trifun Kostovski 2003. godine, a dio, tj. "Car Veliki Aleksandrov" objavio je Institut za nacionalnu povijest 2005. godine. u Makedoniji pod naslovom "Makedonska Aleksandrida", a oba izdanja uredili su akademik Blaže Ristovski i prof. dr. Biljana R. Josifovska.

Djelo koje je objavljeno na izvornom pisanom jeziku - mijačkom govoru iz Galičnika i pokriva život Aleksandra Velikog od njegova rođenja, pohode u Egipat i Indiju do njegove smrti. Ne treba zanemariti ni njegov opsežni rukopis pod naslovom "Jezik", dovršen također u Sofiji, koji je poseban priručnik za učenje makedonskog jezika.

Galerija

Sjevernomakedonski književnici
Jezikoslovci

Đorđija Pulevski


Michael Garibaldi is a lead fictional character in the universe of the science fiction television series Babylon 5, played by Jerry Doyle.

Character history

Overview
During most of Babylon 5's five seasons, Garibaldi is the Chief of Security on board the space station Babylon 5. He holds the rank of Chief Warrant Officer. During the fourth season he suddenly resigned as Security Chief; he then begins working for Edgars Industries on Mars, one of the largest corporations on the planet. During the fifth and final season of Babylon 5 he was the Director of Covert Intelligence, a post similar to the present-day CIA Director, for the new Interstellar Alliance. Although friendly with the other crew members, he is very much his own man.

This independence leads him into great danger numerous times during the series. Like most of the characters on the series, Garibaldi is a complex person. On the positive side he is loyal, trustworthy, brave, shrewd, thorough in his job duties, and a tough and skilled soldier, with small arms, in hand-to-hand combat, or in the cockpit of a Starfury fighter. He possesses a lively sense of humor, enjoys watching old twentieth-century cartoons such as "Daffy Duck" (Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century) who is referred to as a "household god of frustration" for Garibaldi in a conversation between Zack Allan and G'Kar, loves twentieth-century motorcycles, and generally has an easygoing, laid-back personality when he's not on duty.

However, he can also (ironically, given his suspicious nature) be too trusting of close friends and aides, and his tendency towards alcoholism and self-destructive behavior is a constant struggle for him throughout the series. Of the major characters on Babylon 5 Garibaldi is in many ways the most "down-to-earth" and "ordinary"; he often sides with the working-class humans on the station and in turn is considered by them to be a kindred spirit. He loves Italian food and often cuts secret deals with Babylon 5 dockworkers to bring expensive Italian foods onto the station. The deals are secret because of the disapproval of Dr. Stephen Franklin, B5's medical chief and a close friend of Garibaldi. Dr. Franklin disapproves of Garibaldi's love of fatty foods, although on at least one occasion he agrees to eat an Italian meal (bagna càuda) cooked by Garibaldi.

Early life and career
Michael Alfredo Garibaldi was born in the Bronx, New York, Earth. He was the son of Alfredo Garibaldi, who was an EarthForce infantryman, who retired at the rank of sergeant-major. Garibaldi was raised in the Catholic church; he would later say he was "raised a good Catholic boy". Later in life he became an agnostic but always maintained respect for the church. His grandmother was a Boston cop.  Garibaldi inherited her Smith & Wesson .38 Special police revolver.

Garibaldi was an honest man. This honesty, and his refusal to "play along" with policies and actions he knew were illegal, got him into difficulties with corrupt officials on more than one occasion. During one incident, a landing pad had been rigged to explode; when it did, a close friend of Garibaldi's died. His friend's daughter blamed him for many years, and Garibaldi retreated into alcoholism.

During the bloody Earth–Minbari War Garibaldi was an infantryman (called "groundpounder" or "gropo") in EarthForce. He participated in a number of ground battles against the Minbari and managed to survive the war, a considerable accomplishment. However, his experiences led to a certain amount of distrust and dislike of pompous high-ranking officers, a fact which often got him into trouble with his superiors. However, his naturally suspicious and rebellious nature made him an excellent investigator and security officer. His alcoholism may also have been a coping mechanism stemming from some form of PTSD that he acquired during the war. Because of his bouts with alcohol & PTSD, he's often seen as a sympathetic character to fellow veterans of the war, giving them wide latitude when they commit minor infractions on his watch as B5 Chief of Security.

Garibaldi continued to have problems with alcoholism for a number of years, which got him fired from several jobs. Eventually he was able to bring his alcoholism under control. While piloting Jeffrey Sinclair over the surface of Mars, their shuttle malfunctioned and crashed. Garibaldi and Sinclair then had to trek across the planet's surface for several days in order to make it back to civilization, during the trek the two men became friends.

While on Mars, he also began a romantic relationship with Lise Hampton. She eventually broke up with him due to his repeated bouts of alcoholism and difficulties in keeping a job. However, she genuinely loved him and they continued to maintain a relationship on an "off and on" basis for nearly 15 years.

Babylon 5

First 3 seasons
When Sinclair was picked to command Babylon 5, he asked Garibaldi to serve as chief of security. Lise refused to go with Garibaldi, and the two broke up at that point. Lise later was briefly married and had a daughter, but when she divorced her husband, Earth Alliance judges biased towards Earth natives took her daughter away from her in a trial.

Garibaldi became an excellent chief of security over the next few years. He managed to keep his alcoholism under control (he is often seen refusing free liquor and drinking water instead), and became well-liked and respected by the security forces that he commanded. As Security Chief he made it his duty to know every nook and corner of the station where criminals could possibly hide and operate, and he also worked hard to know and keep track of every leader and member of human and alien organized-crime groups on the station. His presence alone was often enough to intimidate would-be criminals and evildoers from carrying out their plans, or to confessing to their crimes.

During Garibaldi's second year, he discovered a plot to assassinate Earth Alliance President Luis Santiago. When he confronted the plotters on the station, Garibaldi was shot in the back by his second-in-command, whom he had implicitly trusted and trained. Even though he managed to let Commander Sinclair know about the assassination plot, the news came too late as EarthForce One, the President's starship, soon exploded, with the President on board.

For the next several weeks Garibaldi was in a coma and near death, despite Dr. Stephen Franklin's best efforts. Franklin explained that he felt that a person in such circumstances could come to a point where they'd lose the will to live, and the body would then stop cooperating. Franklin felt that the debate was going on somewhere inside Garibaldi's mind.

Franklin eventually decided to try an alien healing device, which he had confiscated from its previous owner, on Garibaldi. Both he and John Sheridan donated life energy, which the machine transferred to Garibaldi. Once this was done, Garibaldi eventually emerged from his coma. Garibaldi discovered that Sinclair was gone, and that Sheridan was the new commanding officer. Telepath Talia Winters was able to help him discover who had attacked him. With this information, Garibaldi's former aide was arrested. The new president, Morgan Clark, recalled the aide back to Earth, but the aide disappeared en route. Although Garibaldi was suspicious of Sheridan at first, he eventually came to trust him.

Garibaldi struggled with the decision whether to return to his job or not. He felt that being shot in the back said something about the type of security officer he was, but Garibaldi eventually decided to return. For the next two years, Garibaldi continued to serve as chief of security. He became good friends with Sheridan. When President Clark began turning the Earth Alliance into a dictatorship, and with the reemergence of the Shadows, Garibaldi became the liaison between Babylon 5 and the Anla'Shok, or Rangers, upon receiving a message from Sinclair, who had since become the leader of the organization upon being posted to Minbar, a side duty that was known to the Rangers and a select few Sinclair felt he could trust, including Garibaldi.

When Nightwatch, a sinister police force created by President Clark to expose and arrest "traitors to Earth", began to infiltrate station security, Garibaldi refused to cooperate with them. Garibaldi eventually helped to locate, identify, and capture the members of Nightwatch on the station. He then oversaw a security force that included Narn replacements. When Sheridan withdrew Babylon 5 from the increasingly fascist Earth Alliance in the episode "Severed Dreams", the station was soon attacked by a fleet of EarthForce warships loyal to President Clark. During the battle a force of Earth Marines boarded and attempted to take over the station. Garibaldi led the station's security forces in a defence of the station, after a bitter and bloody fight the invading marines were defeated and forced to surrender. Initially, Garibaldi was shown to have broken his leg during the fight. But when the actor Jerry Doyle broke his arm during filming, in the next episode he was shown wearing a sling - Garibaldi explained this as that he fractured his wrist and forearm during the fight, but had initially not thought it bad enough to let Dr. Franklin put it in a cast.

Season 4
When the year came to the end, Sheridan went to Z'ha'dum. A Shadow attack force arrived at the station. Garibaldi went out in a fighter to protect the station. When Sheridan detonated the White Star - which had two fusion bombs on it - over the Shadow capital city, the force withdrew. Garibaldi was taken on board a Shadow vessel.

The Shadows used Psi-Corps personnel to reprogram humans. Alfred Bester diverted Garibaldi's transport to a Psi-Corps facility of his choosing, and spent the next two weeks carefully reprogramming him to uncover a conspiracy against the telepaths. After ensuring he remembered nothing, he was released unconscious onto an empty ship near Babylon 5. At about the same time, a revived Sheridan came back to Babylon 5.

During the buildup for the final attack on the Shadows, Garibaldi's mood changed. While he returned to duty as security chief, Garibaldi no longer had any enthusiasm for the job. Zack Allan thought that he had just been through a lot and he would recover sooner or later.

After the Shadow War was over, Garibaldi received a coded message that activated his programming. He resigned from his job as chief of security to work as an independent investigator over the next several months, helping people find what they had lost in the war. He increasingly came into conflict with Babylon 5 staff, violently confronting Sheridan on two occasions. Garibaldi rationalized his hostility towards Sheridan as a concern that he was developing a cult of personality around him and saw himself as the second coming.

He was recruited by William Edgars' anti-Sheridan right-hand-man known only as Wade, to work for the mega-corporation Edgars Industries. Garibaldi gained some initial trust in the organization by smuggling several valuable items destined for Mars through Babylon 5 customs. It was then that he learned that Lise had married William Edgars. Garibaldi demanded a face-to-face meeting on Mars with Edgars himself, wanting to know what he was involved in. When President Clark began attacking civilian targets, Sheridan declared his intent to remove Clark by any means necessary. Edgars agreed to bring Garibaldi into the inner circle if he arranged Sheridan's capture. Knowing Sheridan's weaknesses, Garibaldi provided medical details that allowed Sheridan's fugitive father to be captured. He then contacted Sheridan to offer help in rescuing his father, provided that he came to Mars alone. Still having some trust in Garibaldi, Sheridan fell into the trap. With Sheridan captured, Edgars informed him of the plot to release a virus contagious to human telepaths only. Psi-Corps agents moved in swiftly.

At this point, Bester came to Garibaldi and released him from his conditioning. Bester had only needed to adjust Garibaldi's personality subtly, increasing his natural suspicion and mistrust of authority. Bester admitted that some of Garibaldi's actions, such as quitting his post as head of security for Babylon 5, had surprised him.

Garibaldi, captured by the Martian resistance movement, was only able to avoid execution with Lyta Alexander's help. He helped Dr. Franklin and Lyta free Sheridan, and got him safely back to the fleet. Sheridan then took command of the EAS Agamemnon, and set the fleet on course for Mars.

Garibaldi remained behind on Mars. He helped take control of a bunker at the Earth Alliance base. From there, Lyta Alexander was able to activate the weaponized telepaths that had been smuggled on to the Earth Force ships.

After the battle of Earth was over, Garibaldi went looking for Lise. With the help of several Rangers, he was able to rescue Lise from the Martian Mafia. He then stayed with Lise for several days. At that point, with the consent of Lise, Garibaldi decided to return to Babylon 5 for one year to help Sheridan in the founding years of the Interstellar Alliance.

Season 5

Head of Covert Intelligence
Garibaldi arrived at Babylon 5 shortly before Sheridan and Delenn returned. With the help of Dr. Franklin, he arranged a party for Sheridan, even though Sheridan had told him he didn't want that.

Soon new Babylon 5 commander Capt. Elizabeth Lochley arrived. Garibaldi helped with security for Sheridan's inauguration. Despite threats to his life, Sheridan decided to go ahead with the ceremony, and Lochley agreed. Garibaldi followed her out of the President's office, and angrily confronted her about her decision. Lochley told him that, as he wasn't actually part of the Alliance or Babylon 5 staff, his opinions didn't count for too much. Garibaldi found the assassin  and killed him before he could kill the President. After that, Garibaldi spoke to Sheridan about what Lochley had said, at which point Sheridan made him the Head of Covert Intelligence for the Alliance.

Garibaldi initially recruited several rogue telepaths to assist in intelligence gathering operations. This was followed by finding out that part of the Centauri government were behind attacks on ships.

When Bester arrived on Babylon 5, Garibaldi tried to take his revenge against him. He first stormed in on a meeting between Lochley and Bester. Lochley had him arrested. Even though Sheridan angrily confronted her later about it, she stood by her decision. During a later visit, Garibaldi walked into Bester's quarters with a phased plasma gun, intending to shoot him, but  discovered that Bester had done some further programming. Bester described it as "hitting him with an Asimov"—Garibaldi could want to kill Bester all he wanted, but he could not actually kill Bester, or through inaction allow Bester to come to harm, similar to Asimov's first law of robotics.

Shortly after this, Garibaldi began drinking again. He had done this in order to gain a sense of control over his life once again. However, the drinking would have serious consequences, not only for Garibaldi, but for many others as well. It resulted in the death of a pilot who had information on the Centauri attacks. Garibaldi's performance began to decline. Lise arrived on the station and found out about his drinking. Even though she tried to help him, Garibaldi didn't stop.

Eventually, Sheridan found out. While initially angry at Garibaldi, Sheridan was calmed down by Delenn. Sheridan was disappointed that Garibaldi didn't feel that he could go to Sheridan with his problems. When Garibaldi told Sheridan that he had been drinking for a couple months, Sheridan said that is about what he had suspected, but had tried to deny what was going on. With no other choice, Sheridan suspended Garibaldi.

Lochley also confronted him. When Garibaldi told her she didn't understand what he was going through, she revealed that she did. Not only did her father have alcoholism, but she had been addicted herself to a variety of drugs during her teen years. Lochley got Lise to return to Babylon 5 to help support Garibaldi.

When Lise returned, Garibaldi decided that the time had come for him to leave. Lise wanted him to help run Edgars Industries, and to give him a good life. He suddenly realized that he had a way to solve two major problems. Using his influence, he got Lyta Alexander released from jail and offered to funnel money and resources to her to finance her fight against the Psi-Corps. In return, she would remove Bester's programming, so that Garibaldi could try to "nail that sucker's head against the wall". She agreed to do that in two years if he was able to get her the funds. He also found out that the entire board of Edgars Industries was trying to have him and Lise assassinated.

Garibaldi soon married Lise. He then took over the day-to-day operations of the company. With the new Head of Covert Intelligence Tessa Holloran - the former Number One of the Mars resistance - Garibaldi was able to find out all sorts of useful information about the board. He not only fired the entire board, but he told them if any board member had either him or his wife killed, there was money set aside for bounty hunters to take them all out. He told them to leave the cigars.

Soon, Garibaldi and Lise left for Mars. He told Sheridan and Delenn that he had never expected to live that long—he had been sure for a long time that his tenure on Babylon 5 would end with him face down somewhere in Brown Sector.

Head of Edgars Industries
Upon arriving on Mars, Garibaldi began shaking up the company. He found a certain few of the troublemakers, and made them all new members of the board. Garibaldi told them that he wanted to know if he was making a mistake, and that they needed to stand their ground with him. If they were right, they'd get a bonus. If not, he told them, he'd have them for lunch.

In the following months, Garibaldi began a review of Edgars Industries. He retained all the worthwhile projects and exposed the company's black projects.

While no longer an official with the Interstellar Alliance, Garibaldi remained friendly with Sheridan and the others, and would assist them on numerous occasions. Several years later, he helped build the new Victory-class destroyer vessels. While there had been a great deal of problems integrating Earth and Minbari technology, two vessels were built, the prototypes Victory and Excalibur. While the Victory was destroyed in the Drakh attack on Earth, the Excalibur was able to help find the cure for the disease the Drakh spread on Earth.

In three novels - the last book of the Psi Corp trilogy, and the last two books of the Centauri Prime trilogy - the authors explored the period between the end of Babylon 5 and Sheridan's "death" in 2281. These novels are canon and give an interesting glimpse into Garibaldi's future. In one book, Garibaldi is able to track down Bester. While he isn't able to bring himself to kill him, he does help bring him to justice. Bester spends the rest of his life in prison, with his abilities suppressed by drugs. In the other books, Garibaldi is instrumental in gathering intelligence on Centauri Prime and uncovering the machinations of the Centauri government. Later, he is able to help find the Drakh Shiv'kala after their withdrawal from Centauri Prime. As a result, Vir is able to kill Shiv'kala, and release Sheridan's son David from the Drakh keeper.

Garibaldi and his wife eventually have a daughter named Mary. By 2281, she is about 14 years old.

When Sheridan realizes that he has very little time left, he sends invitations to all his friends to come to Minbar for one last party. The invitation arrives while Dr. Franklin is visiting Garibaldi. Despite his differences with Sheridan over the years, Garibaldi says that Sheridan is his friend, and decides to go to Minbar. They share one last meal. After Sheridan is taken from the galaxy by Lorien, Garibaldi makes one last trip to Babylon 5, for the shutdown ceremony, and takes a piece of the station—a shot glass bearing the station's logo—with him before leaving for the last time.

After the episode "Sleeping in Light" Garibaldi returns to his family on Mars. When arriving home, he finds that his daughter had won a tennis match. Garibaldi's life after Sheridan's departure is mostly quiet. Series creator J. Michael Straczynski says that his ultimate fate would be much quieter than Garibaldi could have imagined.

Legacy
500 years after the events in the television series, Garibaldi and all the main players in that story are long dead. However, Daniel, a member of an Orwellian faction seeking to sever Earth from the Interstellar Alliance in the face of a looming civil war, brings back holographic recreations of Garibaldi, Sheridan, Delenn, and Franklin.  He begins reprogramming the recreations to re-enact distorted and propagandized versions of historical events so that he can convince others that the Interstellar Alliance is (and always has been) evil.  Daniel explains this to the confused recreations; though they are outraged, they are unable to stop themselves from re-enacting the events as Daniel directs.

While the simulations are being re-enacted Garibaldi's recreation discovers that it possesses most of the real Michael Garibaldi's knowledge and skills, including his knowledge of computer systems.  Using these skills the recreation is able to hack into the rebel alliance's main computer network, finding plans detailing an impending surprise attack on the main Earth government, which he promptly sends to Earth authorities.  During a break between recordings the Garibaldi recreation reveals what he's done to Daniel, just seconds before the government launches a preemptive attack on the rebel facilities.  The holographic studio is destroyed shortly thereafter, prematurely starting a civil war but denying Daniel's organization the potentially catastrophic propaganda material they sought.

Naming
He is named after the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Current status
As Jerry Doyle died in July 2016, the Michael Garibaldi character will not make any further appearances in any future Babylon 5 movies or television series. His character nonetheless lives on with an extensive further history after the end of the Babylon 5 TV series proper in the novels. His appearance in the finale Sleeping In Light is the last canonically.

Analysis
Christina Francis looked at the pararells between Babylon 5 story and the Arthurian myth. She described Garibaldi as a "complicated character" comparing him to Arthurian Sir Kay.

Garibaldi's flaw of being a recovering alcoholic has been described as being quite personal for the actor who played him, who shared similar history in his real life.

References

Babylon 5 characters
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional characters from The Bronx
Fictional Martians
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional police officers
Television characters introduced in 1993

ru:Список персонажей телесериала «Вавилон-5»#Майкл Гарибальди

Michael Garibaldi


The U.S. Steel Tower, also known as the Steel Building, UPMC Building, or USX Tower (1988–2001), is a 64-story skyscraper at 600 Grant Street in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The interior has  of leasable space. Standing  tall, it is the tallest building in Pittsburgh, the fifth-tallest in Pennsylvania, and the 74th-tallest in the United States. It held its opening dedication on September 30, 1971.

The tower's original name when completed was the U.S. Steel Tower and was changed to USX Tower in 1988. The name was changed back to the U.S. Steel Tower in January 2002 to reflect U.S. Steel's new corporate identity (USX was the 1990s combined oil/energy/steel conglomerate). Although no longer the owner of the building, U.S. Steel remains one of the largest tenants.

History
Prior to 1970, the tallest building in Pittsburgh at 44 stories was the Gulf Building (now known as the Gulf Tower). In the planning stages, U.S. Steel executives considered making the building the world's tallest, but settled on  and the distinction of being the tallest building outside New York and Chicago. However, it eventually lost even that distinction to newer buildings erected across the United States.

The building contains over 44,000 U.S. tons (40,000 metric tons) of structural steel, and almost an acre of office space per floor. The U.S. Steel Tower is architecturally noted for its triangular shape with indented corners. The building also made history by being the first to use liquid-filled fireproofed columns. U.S. Steel deliberately placed the massive steel columns on the exterior of the building to showcase a new product called Cor-ten steel. Cor-ten resists the corrosive effects of rain, snow, ice, fog, and other meteorological conditions by forming a coating of dark brown oxidation over the metal, which inhibits deeper penetration and doesn't need painting and costly rust-prevention maintenance over the years. The initial weathering of the material resulted in a discoloration of the surrounding city sidewalks, as well as other nearby buildings. A cleanup effort was orchestrated by the corporation once weathering was complete to undo this damage, but the sidewalks still have a rusty tinge. The Cor-Ten steel for the building was made at the former U.S. Steel Homestead Works.

Rockwell International, which had its headquarters in the building, displayed a large model of the Rockwell-designed NASA Space Shuttle in the building's lobby until the company moved its headquarters to Southern California in 1988.

In May 1986, two men parachuted off the roof of the tower before being arrested by Pittsburgh Police near the Civic Arena.

Currently, the largest tenant of the building is UPMC, which occupies  of office space within the tower.  In 2008, UPMC added signage, lights displaying "UPMC," to the top of the tower for the first time in its history, a move that was criticized by some involved in the construction of the structure.

Possible departure of US Steel

On November 24, 2014, US Steel announced that they would be leaving the U.S. Steel Tower as an anchor tenant to build new office space at the adjacent site of the former Civic Arena. U.S. Steel canceled those plans in November 2015 and announced they would stay in the U.S. Steel Tower until at least 2017.

Features

Water filled columns

Although accepted for bridges, etc., exposing structural Cor-Ten in a building was not possible using standard construction methods because steel needed to be protected by concrete or an applied insulation to meet the fire-protection requirements of building codes.  Fire protection was achieved for the 18 columns of this tower by making them hollow and filled with a water/antifreeze/rust inhibitor mixture, a technique patented in the 19th century. In another building cited in 1970, the horizontal beams were also hollow and interconnected with the columns, the entire system tested to be leakproof.

LEED Certification
In 2019, Winthrop Management, with the help of sustainability consulting firm evolveEA, achieved LEED Silver Certification for the US Steel Tower under the Existing Buildings: Operations + Maintenance rating system. The building is one of the largest LEED for O+M: Existing Buildings V4 office buildings in the world. Multiple LEED Certifications have been earned for the interior office spaces inside the tower as well.

Internal systems
The U.S. Steel Tower features several redundant systems that have allowed the building to remain free of unplanned service interruptions since it was constructed. It is fed by two redundant water mains, one from Grant Street and one from 7th Avenue. Both are fully maintained and tested annually. There is a fail over system in place, and either main will automatically meet the water demands of the building in the event of a failure. In addition, the building has four redundant water pumps, any one of which can meet the needs of the entire building. The building also has four redundant electrical feeds, which come from several substations.
Finally, the building has fully redundant heating and cooling systems, including two boilers and two water cooled chillers. The heating boilers can burn either natural gas or No. 2 fuel oil. There is no fail over, but manual adjustment of the system in the event of a supply shortage takes only minutes.

Signage
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center initially leased five floors of the tower, which now serves as the institution's headquarters, in 2007. Although U.S. Steel was the largest tenant in the building at the time, to go along with this lease, the company also purchased new signs reading "UPMC" for the top of each three sides of the building. The Pittsburgh Planning Commission approved the  signs. The signage cost $750,000, according to a document submitted in 2006 to the city planning commission.

Much deliberation surrounded the controversial issue of the sign in planning commission meetings.
"U", "P", and a "C" were installed via helicopter on May 3–4, 2008, but weather conditions postponed completion, and the "M" was not installed until some time later.
The sign was completed June 7–8, 2008. Illumination was provided several weeks after installation. Energy efficient LED lights replaced the neon bulbs used in the original sign in 2019.

Plaza and fountain
Next to the entrance of the building, there is a plaza and a fountain alongside a brewery named Brew Gentlemen. The area is known as "Steel Garden"  There is also a bus stop right outside the plaza that serves the Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway.

Nativity scene

Each year a nativity scene, goes on display in the building's courtyard.  It is larger than the original nativity, and is the only authorized replica of the Vatican's Christmas crèche in St. Peter's Square.

Roof
Unlike many buildings of similar heights, the U.S. Steel Tower does not taper in width from its lower floors to its higher floors. Accordingly, the tower sports the "largest roof in the world at its height or above", at a size of approximately one acre. This flat expanse was once used as a heliport, but it has sat dormant since 1992.

Top Of The Triangle
From shortly after the Tower's opening until 2001, the 62nd floor was home to Top of the Triangle, a fine dining restaurant that provided unequaled views of Pittsburgh and the surrounding region. Unable to negotiate new leasing terms, the restaurant closed after 30 years in business and was replaced with more office spaces.

High Point Park proposal
An organization known as the High Point Park Investigation was formed to explore the possibility of converting the dormant roof of the U.S. Steel Tower into an attraction of some sort—a "pinnacle of perspective where people go to see the view, a signature landmark like the Eiffel Tower or the Empire State Building". This transformation could take the form of a nature park, a gallery space, or some other type of attraction. The High Point Park Investigation is based at Carnegie Mellon University's STUDIO for Creative Inquiry and has received the endorsement of regional organizations including the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and VisitPittsburgh.com. A 360-degree, gigapixel panorama of the view available from the building's rooftop can be seen at www.gigapan.org or www.gigapanorama.org.  As of January 2010, the building's owner had expressed no interest in developing the roof of the tower, but public interest in the potential of such a project has been high.

In March 2013 a group of architects and designers finished detailed plans for a glass covered 2 floor atrium at the top of the skyscraper, however the building management has not responded thus far to requests for potential construction.

Sightseeing
On clear days, it is possible to spot the U.S. Steel Tower from as far as  away, from the top of Chestnut Ridge in the Laurel Highlands southeast of the city.

Fictional portrayals

The U.S. Steel Tower makes an appearance in the movie Dogma and figures prominently in Sudden Death, Boys on the Side, Striking Distance, Jack Reacher and the video for the 2010 rap song "Black and Yellow".  It can also be seen in the movie The Dark Knight Rises, and in the video for the 1986 song "America" by the KBC Band.  It is the setting for the Syfy network's series of web shorts, The Mercury Men.  It can also be seen in George A. Romero's 1978 horror film, Dawn of the Dead.

The Tower has also been portrayed in multiple video games set in and around Pittsburgh. It can be seen in the Fallout 3 downloadable mission pack The Pitt. It is also viewable in The Last of Us sporting the letters "NA" at the top instead of the usual "UPMC". Most recently used on daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless.

Gallery

See also
List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh
List of tallest buildings in the United States
List of skyscrapers

References

Further reading

External links

Building Website
U.S. Steel
Pittsburgh Press announcement of Tower
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette announcement of tower

Skyscraper office buildings in Pittsburgh
Office buildings completed in 1971
Headquarters in the United States
U.S. Steel
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
1971 establishments in Pennsylvania

U.S. Steel Tower


අගහරුගේ සිට සූර්යයාට සාමාන්‍ය දුර දළ වශයෙන් කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 230 ක් වන අතර එහි කක්ෂගත වීමේ කාලය පෘථිවි දින 687 ක් වේ. අගහරුගේ සූර්ය දිනයක් පැය 24 මිනිත්තු 39 තප්පර 35.244  ක් වන බැවින් එය පෘථිවියේ සූර්ය දිනයකට වඩා වැඩි වන්නේ සුළු වශයෙනි. අගහරුගේ වසරක්  පාථිවි වර්ෂ 1.8809 කට නැතිනම් වසරක් දින 320 ක් සහ පැය 18.2 කට සමාන වේ.

අගහරුගේ අක්ෂයෙහි අංශක 25.19 ක ආනතියක් ඇති අතර එය පෘථිවි අක්ෂයේ ආනතියට ආසන්න වශයෙන් සමාන වේ. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස අගහරු ග්‍රහයාගේ ද පෘථිවියේ මෙන් සෘතු දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර අගහරු ග්‍රහයාගේ වර්ෂය පෘථිවි වර්ෂයට වඩා දීර්ඝ බැවින් එහි සෘතු කාල පරාසයන් ද දීර්ඝ වේ. අගහරු ග්‍රහයා සූර්යයාට සමීපතම ලක්ෂයට 2007 ජුනි මාසයේ දී පැමිනුන අතර සූර්යයාගෙන්  දුරස්තම ලක්ෂයට පැමිනුනේ 2008 මැයි මාසයේ දීය.

අගහරු ග්‍රහයා සතුව 0.09 ක කක්ෂි විකේන්ද්‍රීයතාවයක් දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයේ අනෙක්  ග්‍රහයන්ගේ මීට වැඩි විකේන්ද්‍රියතාවයක් පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ බුධ ග්‍රහයා පමීණ. කෙසේ නමුත් අතිතයේ දී අගහරු ග්‍රහයාගේ කක්ෂය දැනට වඩා වෘත්තාකාරව පැවති බව සොයා ගෙන තිබේ. පෘථිවි වර්ෂ මිලියන 1.35 කට පෙර  එහි විකේන්ද්‍රියතාවය 0.002 ක්ව පැවති අතර එය අද පෘථිවියේ දක්නට ලැබෙන  විකේන්ද්‍රීයතාවයට වඩා අඩුය. අගහරැ පෘථිවි වක්‍රය වන වසර 100,000 සමග සසදන විට අගහරු ග්‍රහයාගේ විකේන්ද්‍රියතාවන චක්‍රය පාථිවි වර්ෂ 96,000 ක් වේ. කෙසේ නමුත් අනෙක් ග්‍රහ ලෝක වන ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ බලපෑම නිසා අගහරැ ග්‍රහයාගේ විකේන්ද්‍රිය බව වැඩිවෙමින් පවතී. පෘථිවිය සහ අගහරු ග්‍රහයා අතර ආසන්නතම දුර තවත් වසර 25,000 ක් ඇතුලත  අඩු වී යනු ඇති බවට  අනාවැකි පල වේ.

තාරකාවේදය-අගහරුගේ කක්ෂය සහ භ්‍රමණය


فيلبانت (Villepinte) بلدية تقع في شمال شرق ضواحي باريس عاصمة فرنسا، وهي تقع على بعد 18.3 كم (11.4 ميل) من وسط باريس.

أعلام
 إبراهيما تراوريه
 ألو ديارا
 سعيد التغماوي
 سيغاماري ديارا
 بوكاري درامي

مراجع

بلديات سين سان دوني
مدن فرنسا

فيلبانت


Non nobis solum (Türkçe: "Sadece kendimiz için değil") Brunei, Tazmanya, Avustralya'nın sloganı olan Latince deyiş. Ayrıca Québec, Kanada'daki, Lower Canada College isimli özel okulun ve Virginia, ABD'deki Massanutten Military Academy'nin sloganıdır.

Sözün kaynağı

Slogan, Cicero'nun en etkili felsefi eseri olan On Duty (Latince: De Officiis) incelemesindeki bir cümleden türetilmiştir. Cicero tam olarak şöyle yazar: "" ("Yalnızca bizim için doğmadık; ülkemiz, dostlarımız, bizde bir pay"; De Officiis, 1:22). Cicero'nun kendisinin de söylediği gibi bu cümle, Plato'nun Pistle to Archytas'ından bir duygunun birebir çevirisidir. Cümle, pasaj bağlamında "insanlar, kendi türlerinden başkaları için, hatta mümkün olduğu kadar birbirlerine fayda sağlamak için yaratılmıştır" anlamına gelir.  Cicero, bu kavramı Stoacı ideal olan kozmopolitanizm ile ilişkilendirir; diğer tüm insanlarla doğal bir akrabalık ve "vererek ve alarak iyilik eylemlerinin (officia) değiş tokuşuyla genel iyiliğe katkıda bulunma ihtiyacı."

Kuruluşlar tarafından kullanım

Slogan, Birleşik Devletler Ordusu 1. Bakım Şirketi ve Massanutten Academy, Walnut Hill Sanat Okulu, Pennthorpe Okulu, Aşağı Kanada Koleji, Durham Üniversitesi, Victoria Üniversitesi St. Joseph Hemşirelik Okulu, Willamette Üniversitesi, Swarthmore College (Sınıf 1918'in mottosu) dahil okullar, Montreal'in kuzeyinde bir YMCA kampı olan Kanawana Kampı ve Quebec tarafından kullanıldı. Baron Haden-Guest'in sloganıdır ve Baron'un armasında yer alır. Slogan ayrıca Frank Seiberling'in armasına dahil edildi ve 1900'lerin başında inşa ettikleri Akron, Ohio malikanesi Stan Hywet'in girişinde görünmektedir. Bu slogan aynı zamanda asker ve silah tasarımcısı olan George Fosbery'in ailesinin armasının bir parçasıydı. Arması ve sloganı, kattan doldurmalı prototip tüfeğinde de yer alır.

Kaynakça

Cicero
Latince deyişler

Non nobis solum


كتاب سُليم بن قيس الهلالي هو كتاب ألَّفه أبو صادق سُليم بن قيس الهلالي العامري الكوفي يتحدَّث عن الحوادث التي وقعت عقيب وفاة النبي محمد. وسُليم من أجلَّة أصحاب الأئمة عند الشيعة الإثني عشريَّة فقد عاصر أربعةً من أئمتهم، وهم علي بن أبي طالب وإبنيه الحسن والحسين وعلي بن الحسين السجَّاد، كما أدرك الخامس منهم وهو محمد بن علي الباقر. فقد ذكر ذلك من رجاليّ الشيعة: البرقي والطوسي وابن النديم. وقد أورده في أصحابهم - أي في أصحاب الأئمة - كلُّ من تعرَّض لترجمته من الرجاليين.

ولذا فإنَّ الكتاب ذو شأنٍ عند المسلمين الشيعة، بينما يورد عند مذاهب أهل السنة والجماعة ككاتب غير معتبر.

ويعتبر من رواة كسر الضلع ويعتقد أهل السنة قبل الشيعة بأن كشف الدار قد حدث بروايات إن أبو بكر ندم على كشف البيت فيما يعتقد الشيعة إن الكشف شمل كسر الضلع وقتل المحسن تثبت إن الكسر سنده صحيح

صاحب الكتاب
أصله من بني هلال بن عامر بطن من عامر بن صعصعة، من هوازن من قيس بن عيلان، من العدنانية الذين كانوا يقطنون الحجاز، وما زال قسم من عشيرتهم إلى عصرنا في المنطقة.

ولد سُليم قبل الهجرة بسنتين، وكان عمره عند وفاة الرسول محمد اثنتي عشرة سنة. ولم يأت المدينة زمن الرسول ولا زمن أبي بكر، وإنما دخلها شابا في أوائل خلافة عمر بن الخطاب قبل السنة 16 الهجرية.

مكانة الكتاب عند الشيعة
الكتاب معتمد عند الغالبيَّة من الشيعة، والقول بالتشكيك فيه عندهم قول ضعيف وقليل في قبال ما تسالمت عليه الطائفة من الاعتماد عليه وكونه من الأصول القديمة المعتبرة.

وسبب التشكيك هو وجود رواية تدل على وجود 13 إمام بعد الرسول ص ، لذا فقد شكك فيه قليل من علماء الشيعة، منهم ابن الغضائري وابن داود والمفيد وغيرهم:

 يقول المفيد: .

 وقال ابن أبي زينب النعماني في كتابه الغيبة أنَّه .

رأي علماء السنة في الكتاب وصاحبه
عند علماء أهل السُّنَّة والجماعة أن ما ورد في هذا الكتاب هو تزوير للتاريخ ويؤيدون هذا بغموض صاحب الكتاب واختفائه عن الأحداث التي يرويها.

ويعتمد المؤلف في نقله للتاريخ على محمد بن أبي بكر في نقل الأحداث التي حدثت بعد وفاة النبي، وكان عُمرُ محمد بن أبي بكر حين وفاة أبيه سنتين ونصف وهذا من أكبر المآخذ على هذا الكتاب ومؤلفه، فكيف يعقل أن تنقل هذه الأحداث عن طفل يبلغ من العمر سنتين ونصف. كما ينقل أيضاً عن سلمان الفارسي رغم أنه لم يكن بالمدينة حين دخلها عام 16 هـ.

ورغم أن شخصية سليم بن قيس لم تظهر في التاريخ إلا في هذا الكتاب ورغم أنه يكتب عن مرحلة تاريخية لم يشهدها ولم يشهدها من يروي عنه وهو محمد بن أبي بكر، حيث أن سليم بن قيس دخل المدينة في عهد عمر بن الخطاب ويروي سليم بن قيس ما حدث قبلها.

منشأ الطعن في كتاب سليم:

ما قاله محمد بن أبي بكر لأبيه عند موته: فقد جاء في كتاب سليم: أن سليما التقى بعبد الرحمان بن غنم فأخبره عما قاله معاذ بن جبل، وسالم مولى أبي حذيفة، وأبو عبيدة عند حضور أجلهم، حيث ذكروا: أنهم رأوا النبي محمد وعليا عند موتهم فبشرا كل واحد منهم بالنار.

ثم التقى سليم بمحمد بن أبي بكر، فأخبره بما قاله أبو بكر أيضا عند موته، ثم أخبره محمد بن أبي بكر، بأن عبد الله بن عمر قد سمع من أبيه عند موته مثل ذلك، وذكر له تفاصيل عما جرى بينه وبين أبيه.

وهذه الأمور لا يعقلها طفل عمره سنتان أو ثلاثة (كانت ولادته قبل الهجرة بسنتين)، بل يحتاج إلى وعي كامل، ومعرفة وتدبر للأمور. ثم أخبر محمد سليما أيضا بأنه أتى علي بن ابي طالب فحدثه بما سمعه من أبيه، وبما حدثه به ابن عمر عن أبيه، فقال له: «قد حدثني عما قاله هؤلاء الخمسة (1) من هو أصدق منك ومن ابن عمر، يريد بذلك الرسول محمد قبل موته أو بعده بالمنام، أو أخبره الملك الذي يحدث الأئمة. وبعد وفاة محمد بن أبي بكر بمصر التقي سليم بعلي، وسأله عما أخبره محمد بن أبي بكر، فقال:» صدق محمد، أما إنه شهيد حي يرزق «، ثم قرر كلام محمد بأن أوصياءه كلهم محدثون ».

المراجع

أحاديث نبوية
علوم الحديث
كتب الحديث
كتب الشيعة
كتب القرن 7
كتب شيعية عربية

كتاب سليم بن قيس الهلالي


Nathan Rosen (hebraisk: נתן רוזן; født 22. marts 1909, død 18. december 1995) var en amerikansk-israelsk fysiker, der blev kendt for sine studier af hydrogen-atomet og sit arbejde med Albert Einstein og Boris Podolskij om EPR-paradokset.

Einstein–Rosen-broen, senere kendt som teorien om ormehuller, var en af Nathan Rosens teorier.

Fysikere fra USA
Fysikere fra Israel

Nathan Rosen


Camilla Thorup (født 19. maj 1976) er en dansk billedkunstner, der bor og arbejder i København.

I 2000 til 2002 var hun elev på Det Fynske Kunstakademi. Dernæst blev hun uddannet på  Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi, hvor hun gik fra 2002-2008.

Camilla Thorup arbejder i et figurativt billedsprog, og tager sit udgangspunkt i genkendelige motiver, oftest menneskefiguren. Motiverne undersøges på tværs af maleri, tegning og skulptur, hvor samme fortællinger udfoldes sideløbende .

Udover sit kunstneriske virke har hun erfaring som kurator. og i 2005 var hun medindtiativtager til det kunstnerdrevne udstillingssted Førstetilvenstre. I 2019 blev hun en del af udstillingsstedet Koldinggade 12 på Østerbro, og underviser på Kunsthøjskolen i Holbæk.

Camilla Thorup har deltaget på en lang række udstillinger i både ind- og udland.

Kilder

Kunstnere fra Danmark

Camilla Thorup


James Robert Laxer (22 December 1941 – 23 February 2018), also known as Jim Laxer, was a Canadian political economist, historian, public intellectual, and political activist who served as a professor at York University. Best known as co-founder of the Waffle, on whose behalf he ran for the leadership of the New Democratic Party in 1971, he was the author of more than two dozen books, mostly on Canadian political economy and history.

Early life and family
Laxer was born in Montreal, Quebec, on 22 December 1941 and was the son of Edna May (née Quentin) and Robert Laxer, a psychologist, professor, author, and political activist. His father was Jewish and his mother was from a Protestant family. Both were members of the Communist Party of Canada and its public face, the Labor-Progressive Party, with Robert Laxer being a national organizer for the party. The Laxers left the party, along with many other members, following Khrushchev's Secret Speech revealing Joseph Stalin's crimes, and the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary. James Laxer wrote about his experiences growing up during this period in his memoir Red Diaper Baby: A Boyhood in the Age of McCarthyism. His father came to serve as a significant influence on his political worldview.

His paternal grandfather was a rabbi and his maternal grandfather was a minister and Christian missionary to China, where Laxer's mother was born. His brother, Gordon Laxer, became a political economist, author, and founder of the Parkland Institute.

He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto and Master of Arts (following approval of his thesis French-Canadian Newspapers and Imperial Defence, 1899–1914 in 1967) and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Queen's University. He was an active student journalist both at The Varsity at the University of Toronto and later at the Queen's Journal and was elected president of Canadian University Press in 1965.

Laxer married three times. He married Diane Taylor in 1965, from whom he was divorced in 1969. He married Krista Mäeots in 1969 with whom he had two children: Michael and Katherine (known as "Kate"). They were separated at the time of her death in 1978. Laxer married Sandra Price in 1979 with whom he had two more children: Emily and Jonathan.

Political career
In 1969, Laxer, along with his father Robert Laxer, Mel Watkins, and others, founded the Waffle, a left-wing group influenced by the New Left, the anti–Vietnam War movement, and Canadian economic nationalism, that tried to influence the direction of the New Democratic Party (NDP). Laxer was a principal author of their Manifesto for an Independent Socialist Canada in 1969 alongside Ed Broadbent and Gerald Caplan. The manifesto was debated at the 1969 federal NDP convention and was rejected by the delegates in favour of a more moderate declaration.

In 1971, Laxer ran for the leadership of the federal NDP and shocked the convention by winning one-third of the vote on the fourth and final ballot against party stalwart David Lewis. The Waffle was ultimately forced out of the NDP and briefly became a political party under the name Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada. Laxer and other Wafflers unsuccessfully ran for Parliament in 1974. This electoral failure led to the Waffle's demise, and Laxer concentrated on his work at York University, where he was a professor of political science for 47 years, and in broadcasting.

In 1981, he was hired as director of research for the federal NDP, but left in controversy in 1983 when he published a report critiquing the party's economic policy as being "out of date".

Academic, writer, and broadcaster
Laxer hosted The Real Story, a nightly half-hour current affairs program on TVOntario in the early 1980s. He also variously wrote a column and op-ed pieces for the Toronto Star from the 1980s until shortly before his death, as well as op-ed pieces for The Globe and Mail. He also played "Talleyrand", a mock political insider, on CBC Radio's Morningside in the 1980s.

Laxer co-wrote and presented the five-part National Film Board documentary series Reckoning: The Political Economy of Canada in 1986, which examined Canada's economic and political relationships with the United States and Canada's place in the changing global economy. Laxer and his co-writer won a Gemini Award in 1988 for Best Writing in an Information/Documentary  Program or Series for episode one of Reckoning titled "In Bed with an Elephant". The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation refused to air the series due to its critical view of free trade with the United States, which was being negotiated at the time, and it aired instead on TVOntario and other educational channels in Canada as well as a number of PBS stations in the United States.

A democratic socialist, Laxer believed that Canadian economic nationalism was a progressive force against the United States and American imperialism. He wrote extensively about the influence of American multinational corporations in the Canadian economy, particularly in the oil and gas industry, and his agitation helped lead to the creation of Petro-Canada. The creation of the Foreign Investment Review Agency, and the Canadian Development Corporation in the 1970s is also attributed in part to the work of Laxer, Watkins, and the Waffle. In the 1980s he strongly opposed the adoption of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, though he still believed that free trade agreements were capable of being used to the advantage of the political left through the entrenchment of social charters.

Laxer died suddenly and unexpectedly in Paris of heart-related problems on 23 February 2018 while in Europe researching a book on Canada's role in the Second World War.

Selected works

See also
 Canadian Dimension

References

Citations

Works cited

External links
James Laxer blog
James Laxer at rabble.ca
James Laxer's profile at York University

1941 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Canadian historians
21st-century Canadian historians
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation people
Canadian columnists
Canadian economists
Canadian nationalists
Canadian political scientists
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian socialists
Canadian television hosts
Canadian Screen Award winners
Historians of Canada
Independent candidates in the 1974 Canadian federal election
Jewish Canadian politicians
Jewish socialists
Journalists from Montreal
New Democratic Party people
Canadian democratic socialists
Politicians from Montreal
Politicians from Toronto
Post-Keynesian economists
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Toronto Star people
University of Toronto alumni
Writers about globalization
Writers from Montreal
Writers from Toronto
Academic staff of York University
Jewish Canadian journalists
Jewish Canadian filmmakers

James Laxer


جان بيير ديستروميلي  (2 يناير 1941 - 19 أبريل 2002) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي سابق سبق له اللعب في خط الوسط لصالح أندية روان ومارسيليا وباريس سان جيرمان . وبعد اعتزاله اللعب اتجه إلى التدريب وقام بتدريب أندية فالينسيان ، باستيا ، ليون ، بيزيرز ، وأورليانز .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم الرديف للرجال
لاعبو كرة قدم من نور (إقليم فرنسي)
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من كامبريه
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو روين
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوت دو فرانس
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للهواة
مدربو أولمبيك ليون
مدربو باستيا
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو نادي أورليانز
مدربو نادي فالينسيان
مواليد 1941
مواليد في كامبريه
وفيات 2002

جان بيير ديستروميلي