An Elymus plurinervis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joyce Winifred Vickery, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Henry Eamonn Connor. An Elymus plurinervis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymus

Elymus plurinervis


L'o paraphe est une lettre additionnelle de l'alphabet latin utilisé dans certaines variantes de l'alphabet phonotypique d'Isaac Pitman et Alexander John Ellis ou ses dérivées comme l'alphabet de Knowles.

Utilisation

L'o paraphe est utilisé dans l'alphabet phonotypique de 1847 développé par Isaac Pitman et Alexander John Ellis. Pitman l'utilise encore dans ses révisions de l'alphabet phonotypique. Il est aussi utilisé dans plusieurs variantes américaines comme l'alphabet phonétique anglais utilisé à Cincinnati. Certains ouvrages malécites, mendé et micmac produits par des missionnaires durant la deuxième moitié du  utilisent des variantes de l'alphabet phonotypique avec cette lettre.

L'o paraphe est utilisé par le missionnaire Carstairs Douglas pour la transcription du chinois dans son dictionnaire chinois-anglais publié en 1873.

Formes et variantes

Représentation informatique
L'o paraphe n'a pas été ajouté a un codage standard.

Notes et références

Sources

Lettre O diacritée

O paraphe


Ukonkivi (que quiere decir en finés: "Piedra Ukko") es un islote rocoso que se encuentra en la isla de Ukon (Ukonsaari) en el lago Inari, parte de la Laponia finlandesa. El nombre de Inari Sami de la isla es Äijih. El área del lago es llamado Ukonselkä. Ukonkivi fue utilizado por el pueblo sami como un lugar de sacrificios sagrados, tal vez en fecha tan reciente como el . El nombre de "Ukko" se refiere al antiguo dios del trueno en la mitología finlandesa.

La isla se eleva a unos 30 metros de altura, 50 metros de anchura y su longitud es de unos 100 metros. La distancia desde el pueblo de Inari a Ukonkivi es de unos 11 kilómetros. Se realizan visitas guiadas al sitio durante el verano desde el puerto de Sami.

Véase también
 Geografía de Finlandia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Islas lacustres de Finlandia
Laponia finlandesa
Yacimientos arqueológicos de Finlandia
Bienes inscritos en la Lista Indicativa del Patrimonio de la Humanidad

Ukonkivi


Le Marinmuseum (anciennement : Shipyard Museum, Varvsmuseet ; alternative : Naval Dockyard Museum ; traduction : Musée Naval) est un musée maritime situé sur l'île de Stumholmen, à Karlskrona. C'est le musée naval national de Suède, dédié à la défense navale suédoise et à la préservation de l'histoire navale du pays.

Historique
Le Marinmuseum est l'un des plus anciens musées de Suède. Le musée a été créé en 1752 lorsque le roi Adolphe-Frédéric a commencé la collecte et la documentation d'objets navals dans ce qui a été appelé la salle des modèles (Modellkammaren). Il a également ordonné la préservation des modèles de navires et des machines de construction navale.

De 1953 à 1997, le musée était situé dans la caserne du port d'Örlogshamnen. Avant 1963, il était connu sous le nom de Musée du chantier naval (Varvsmuseet). Dans les années 1960, dix figures de proue créées par Johan Törnström ont été apportées au musée. Depuis juin 1997, le musée est installé sur l'île de Stumholmen, dans le centre de Karlskrona. L'organisation Statens Maritima Museer supervise les opérations du Marinmuseum, ainsi que du Musée Vasa de Stockholm et du Musée maritime.

Architecture et aménagements
La conception du bâtiment rectangulaire comprend une jetée qui s'étend dans l'eau. Autour de la jetée se trouvent plusieurs navires-musées. Un tunnel sous-marin spécialement conçu avec des fenêtres permet de voir l'épave de plusieurs navires du XVIIe siècle.

Collections
Des figures de proue de navires suédois sont exposées, dont beaucoup ont été réalisées par le sculpteur Törnström sculpteur royal de la marine qui a travaillé au chantier naval de Karlskrona dans les années 1700. Ceux-ci incluent la figure de proue du navire le Dristigheten. Les archives du Marinmuseums comprennent 4 000 dessins et cartes, principalement liés à l'histoire navale de la Suède. Il y a aussi des images, des peintures et des maquettes. Les sujets abordés comprennent les sous-marins, les stratégies de construction navale, les tactiques de combat et la vie à bord des navires de la mer Baltique.

En juin 2014, une nouvelle section du musée a ouvert ses portes où les visiteurs peuvent voir le tout premier sous-marin de la marine suédoise, le , ainsi que son frère d'armes beaucoup plus moderne, le , qui peut être vu non seulement de l'extérieur mais aussi de l'intérieur.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Voir aussi

Liens internes

Musée maritime en Suède
Musée militaire en Suède
Musée national en Suède
Organisme fondé en 1752
Comté de Blekinge

Marinmuseum


() is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located  from the center of Paris, between Charles de Gaulle Airport and Le Bourget Airport.

Name
The name Le Blanc-Mesnil was recorded for the first time in the 11th century as . This name is a compound of Medieval Latin , meaning 'little houses', from Latin  (accusative ), and of Germanic (Old Frankish) , , meaning 'glossy, shining, white', which gave French  ('white') and English blank.

The name is interpreted by some as a reference to the houses of Le Blanc-Mesnil which were whitened due to the flour dust coming from the windmills located there in ancient times. One researcher, however, thinks that  had also the meaning of 'free' in Old French, and so the name would mean 'free mesnil, free village', perhaps because the villagers had been freed from serfdom. None of these interpretations is certain.

Geography

Nearest municipalities

Bondy
Aulnay-sous-Bois
Drancy
Le Bourget
Dugny
Bonneuil-en-France in Val d'Oise and Gonesse.

History

Prehistory and Antiquity
A discovery in 1984 concerning archeological excavation found three polished axes and modified flint attests a human presence in Le Blanc-Mesnil in the Neolithic period and the Gallo-Roman era. Shards of gallic ceramic were found.

The Morée and Molette rivers nearby and the existence of an ancient roman road support this theory.

French Revolution
On 2 December 1792, a third of the territory of Aulnay was detached and became the commune of .

Heraldry

Economy

  in Blanc-Mesnil, Bourget and Drancy. It includes Centre Albert Einstein, created in 1987.

 Garonor

 , for tourism business. Three hotels three stars, a Novotel hotel.

French and international companies
Several French companies have their world headquarters in Blanc-Mesnil, such as Forclum and Sicli.

Population

Immigration

Administration

Political life
The following political parties have a permanent base in Blanc-Mesnil:

 Parti Communiste Français
 Parti Socialiste
 Union for French Democracy (UDF)
 Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)
 Groupe des Verts

Politics

Mayors

Transport
Le Blanc-Mesnil is served by Le Blanc-Mesnil station on Paris RER line B.

Le Blanc-Mesnil is also served by Drancy station on Paris RER line B. This station (formerly called ), although administratively located on the territory of the neighboring commune of Drancy, is the closest from the town center of Le Blanc-Mesnil and is thus used by people in Le Blanc-Mesnil.

The bus company provides 17 lines of buses to travel within the city.

Ideally placed at the junction between the A1 and the A3.

 from Le Bourget airport,  from Charles de Gaulle Airport and  from , one can easily get to  and Disneyland as well as the centre of Paris and the .

Religion
Catholic churches: , , .
Evangelic churches:

Education
The commune has the following schools: four preschools in the south, seven preschools in the centre of town, and six preschools in the north. It has four elementary schools in the south, six elementary schools in the centre, and six elementary schools in the north.

Junior high schools:

Senior high schools:

The  Jacques Prévert serves as the municipal library.

Environment

Parks and gardens
 Jacques-Duclos Park
 Vineyards produces , a Chardonnay
 Vegetal wall of Forum culturel by Patrick Blanc

 Square Stalingrad

Sports
Blanc-Mesnil Sports (BMS), founded in 2005, is the city's sport club.

International relations
Le Blanc-Mesnil is twinned with:
Sandwell in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom,
Peterhof in Russia,
Debre Berhan in Ethiopia,
Beni Douala in Algeria.

For fifteen years, twinning between le Blanc-Mesnil and Debre Berhan has been based on the development: water sanitation, education, construction of roads. In a rare spirit, that of a collaboration of equal to equal.

Personalities
 Jérémy Abadie, footballer
Adil Aouchiche, footballer
 Amara Baby, footballer
 Pierre-Edouard Bellemare, hockey player
 Jonathan Biabiany, footballer
 Jean-Felix Dorothee, footballer
 Abdou Doumbia, footballer
 Morgaro Gomis, footballer
 Raphaël Guerreiro, footballer
 Sylvie Guillem, star dancer at Paris Opera
 Patrick Hernandez, famous singer of Born to Be Alive
 Mickael Marolany, footballer
 Fabien Marsaud, known as Grand Corps Malade, slam poet
 Fabrice N'Sakala, footballer
 Moussa Sissoko, footballer
 Ludovic Sylvestre, footballer
 Tristan Valentin, road bicycle racer
 Élisabeth Vonarburg, writer of science-fiction

See also
Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department

References

Bibliography
 Le Blanc-Mesnil et son passé, Ernest Soitel, 1969.
 Histoire anecdotique de Blanc-Mesnil, Albert Galicier, 1973.
 Le Blanc-Mesnil des temps modernes : 1935-1985, 1986.
 Le Blanc-Mesnil, Pierre Bourgeade, Gilles Smadja, Jean-Pierre Vallorani, Françoise Vasseur, 1992.
 Le Blanc-Mesnil : citoyens de demain, Patrick Laigre et Jocelyne Héquet, 1993.
 Le Blanc-Mesnil : 2000 regards, Photographies de Luc Choquer, François Crignon, Erwan Guillard, 1999.
 Le Blanc-Mesnil, Christian Massart, 2005.
 Twinning between Le Blanc-Mesnil and Debré-Berhan (in English and French).

External links

 Official website
 Forum culturel
 Blog du Forum culturel

Communes of Seine-Saint-Denis

Le Blanc-Mesnil


Camille Berlin, née le  dans le 4 arrondissement de Paris et morte à une date inconnue après 1929, est une artiste peintre française.

Biographie

Famille et jeunesse
Camille Berlin naît à Paris en 1866, d'Étienne Napoléon Berlin et de Félicie Léontine Esmieu, son épouse. Ses parents se sont mariés en 1863 et sa sœur aînée, Berthe Antoinette Félicie, est née neuf mois plus tard. Le père, instituteur, est directeur d'école communale à la naissance de Camille Berlin.

Formation
Camille Berlin apprend la peinture avec Benjamin Constant, Jean-Paul Laurens à l'Académie Julian, ainsi qu'avec Henri Martin.

Carrière artistique
Camille Berlin expose au Salon des artistes français dès 1889 et obtient une mention en 1900. Elle reçoit une médaille d'argent à l'exposition internationale d'Angers en 1895. Elle participe à différentes expositions à Troyes, Nantes, Angers et Montauban.

Son atelier de peinture se trouve au 65, rue de Malte.

Elle rejoint l'union des femmes peintres et sculpteurs en 1892.

En 1901, Camille Berlin est nommée officier d'académie, puis officier de l'instruction publique en 1912.

En 1914, son tableau Autoportrait dans l'atelier est exposé au  Salon des femmes peintres et sculpteurs.

Elle s'établit à Toulon vers 1920, au 1 impasse Jeanne, faubourg du Mourillon, puis à La Seyne-sur-Mer, avenue Frédéric-Mistral, villa Clair Logis, vers 1928. On perd sa trace après le , date à laquelle elle revend sa propriété.

Collections publiques

 Fillette aux cerises, 1907, huile sur toile,  ; musée Saint-Nazaire de Bourbon-Lancy.
 Autoportrait dans l'atelier, huile sur toile,  ; musée d'Art de Toulon.

Hommage
En 2016, le musée d'art de Toulon expose son Autoportrait dans l'atelier, dans le cadre de l'exposition Elles s'exposent, qui présente une centaine d'œuvres d'artistes femmes conservées dans ses collections. À cette occasion, un article paru dans Var-Matin présente Camille Berlin comme .

Expositions

 Elles s'exposent, musée d'art de Toulon, Toulon, 2016

Distinctions
 .
 .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1866
Naissance dans le 4e arrondissement de Paris
Peintre français du XXe siècle
Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Élève de l'Académie Julian
Officier de l'Instruction publique
Peintre française
Date de décès incertaine (XXe siècle)
Lieu de décès inconnu

Camille Berlin


An Isachne pygmaea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach. An Isachne pygmaea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isachne

Isachne pygmaea


PrimeStar was an American direct broadcast satellite broadcasting company formed in 1991 by a consortium of cable television system operators (TCI Satellite Entertainment Group, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications, Comcast and MediaOne) and GE Americom, the satellite arm of General Electric, collectively referred to as the PrimeStar Partners. PrimeStar was the first medium-powered DBS system in the United States but slowly declined in popularity with the arrival of DirecTV in 1994 and Dish Network in 1996.

Technology
PrimeStar was a medium-powered DBS-style system utilizing FSS technology that used a larger 3-foot (91 cm) satellite dish to receive signals.

Broadcast originally in analog, they later converted to digital technology.  The system used the DigiCipher 1 system for conditional access control and video compression.  The video format was MPEG-2. Primestar's satellite receivers were made by General Instrument.

PrimeStar was owned by a consortium of cable television companies who leased equipment to subscribers through the local cable company.

The company was in the process of converting to a high-powered DBS platform when it was purchased and shut down by DirecTV.  The Tempo-1 and Tempo-2 DBS satellites acquired by PrimeStar from the defunct ASkyB were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively.

History
The system initially launched using medium-powered FSS satellites that were facing obsolescence with the onset of high-powered DBS and its much smaller, eighteen-inch satellite dishes.  In a move to convert the platform to DBS, PrimeStar, originally based in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania before moving to the suburbs of Denver, Colorado in 1997,  bid for the 110-degree satellite location that was eventually awarded to a never-launched direct broadcast satellite service by MCI and News Corporation called ASkyB, or American Sky Broadcasting, named after News Corp's British Sky Broadcasting, also named as a combination of the merged companies British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television.

The ASkyB company sold the incomplete Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 DBS satellites to PrimeStar in the process of going out of business.  PrimeStar launched Tempo-2 in 1997 but it was not used for many years. PrimeStar stored the other satellite, Tempo-1, until the company and the two satellites were purchased by DirecTV.  DirecTV eventually launched the Tempo 1 satellite after years of delays as the DirecTV-5 satellite in 2002. Meanwhile, ASkyB's license for the 110-degree satellite location, and an uplink center, was resold to EchoStar, the parent company of Dish Network. The 110-degree satellite is now named EchoStar West 110 and is the most commonly used satellite, along with 119 as both can be received with a single wide-format parabolic dish, providing signal to North America.

PrimeStar Partners sold its assets to DirecTV in 1999 and after briefly being known as PrimeStar by DirecTV all subscribers were converted to the DirecTV platform. The PrimeStar brand and its FSS broadcast platform was shut down. Meanwhile, Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 satellite remained and were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively, and moved to several locations to serve DirecTV customers.

Features
During Primestar's years as a competing satellite television provider, it originally had a 95-channel lineup. However, beginning on April 20, 1997, Primestar announced it would add 65 channels, for a total of 160 channels. However, due to a lack of capacity on the FSS platform, many channels only aired for part of the day or week (e.g., MuchMusic USA aired weekdays from 2:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. ET, and weekends from 12:00 to 5:00 p.m. ET). Primestar, also at this time in 1997, grouped their channels by category, (e.g., "NEWS", "FAMILY", "SPORTS", "MOVIES", etc.), and added a color-coded button on the remote for each category. When pressed, it would bring the user to the beginning of that category, (e.g., pressing the orange "FAMILY" button would bring the user to Nickelodeon which was first in that category). Primestar called this feature "Hyper-Surfing". (Earlier remotes that lacked the buttons could instead use repetitive channel numbers to bring them to the desired category.)

New uses for old equipment
Old PrimeStar satellite dishes are popular among hobbyists for free-to-air (FTA) satellite broadcasts on the Ku band transponders of FSS satellites.

The dishes are also popular for wireless computer networking as high-gain Wi-Fi antennas. The antennas are also used by amateur (ham) radio operators to transmit two-way amateur television.

See also
 AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service), a defunct satellite broadcaster that also used medium-powered FSS satellites and larger dishes.
 DirecTV, a direct competitor using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes.
 Dish Network, a direct competitor using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes.
 Orby TV, a short-lived discount DBS operator that leased service instead of operating their own fleet.
 Shaw Direct, a Canadian broadcaster using medium-powered FSS satellites and larger dishes.
 Bell Satellite TV, a Canadian broadcaster using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes.
 Free-to-air

References

External links
 Primestar official homepage via Internet Archive (5/12/1997)

1991 establishments in Pennsylvania
1999 disestablishments in Colorado
Telecommunications companies established in 1991
Companies disestablished in 1999
Defunct companies based in Colorado
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
Direct broadcast satellite services

PrimeStar


Revel in Time é o terceiro álbum de estúdio do projeto/supergrupo de metal progressivo de Arjen Anthony Lucassen, Star One, lançado pela Inside Out em 18 de fevereiro de 2022.

Como nos álbuns anteriores do Star One, Arjen se concentra aqui no lado "metal" de seu projeto principal, Ayreon, enquanto dispensa os elementos acústicos e folclóricos típicos deste último. Ele particularmente viu mais elementos de hard rock neste álbum. Além disso, as letras são novamente inspiradas em filmes ou séries de ficção científica, mas desta vez focam em filmes que envolvem manipulação do tempo, como loops e viagens no tempo. O título é inspirado em uma citação de Blade Runner.

Ao contrário dos álbuns anteriores, porém, em que o mesmo quarteto de quatro vocalistas convidados (Damian Wilson, Dan Swanö, Floor Jansen e Russel Allen) participariam das músicas principais, Revel in Time apresenta vários vocalistas diferentes, um para cada faixa., incluindo Roy Khan, Tony Martin, Jeff Scott Soto, Joe Lynn Turner e os quatro supracitados. Isso se deve em parte às restrições de viagens internacionais causadas pela pandemia do COVID-19.  O disco também traz solos de guitarra e teclado de instrumentistas convidados, como Jens Johansson, Steve Vai, Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal e Adrian Vandenberg.

Lançamento e divulgação
A primeira música e vídeo a ser lançado foi a épica faixa de encerramento "Lost Children of the Universe". Ela aparece no álbum cantada por Roy Khan (CD 1) ou Tony Martin (CD 2), mas o vídeo é uma versão especial combinando ambas as performances. Foi seguido em 17 de novembro por "Fate of Man", com Brittney Slayes e Michael Romeo. O terceiro single e vídeo, "Prescient", apresenta Ross Jennings e Micheal Mills e foi lançado em 17 de dezembro de 2021. A faixa-título foi lançada como o último single e vídeo em 19 de janeiro de 2022, com a participação de Brandon Yeagley.

O álbum foi lançado como uma edição digipak com CD duplo,  2CD Digipak; edição de luxo com 3CDs incluindo um Blu-ray e um livro de arte; e LP duplo de 180g. O livro de arte vem com um Blu-ray com uma versão de áudio de alta resolução em 5.1 mix e cenas dos bastidores.

Recepção

Jordan Blum, da Metal Injection, disse que Arjen "e sua trupe continuam a fazer coisas notavelmente atraentes e criativas" e comentou que "pode levar meia dúzia de escutadas profundas para algumas músicas revelarem suas especialidades e se destacarem do grupo". concluindo que o álbum é "um retorno soberbo do maior compositor do metal progressivo, bem como um dos melhores álbuns de gênero que você ouvirá este ano".

Na Tuonela Magazine, a editora Laureline Tilkin considerou Revel in Time "o mais dinâmico" dos três álbuns do Star One, além de dizer que no geral "tem um caráter mais leve". Ela encerrou chamando-o de "um clássico instantâneo do progressivo que todos que estão remotamente interessados no trabalho de Arjen Lucassen devem ouvir".

Escrevendo para o Sonic Perspectives, John Kokel disse que "não sendo um álbum real do Ayreon, este pode ser o melhor álbum do Ayreon desde o Human Equation ". Ele argumentou que compará-lo com os álbuns do Ayreon seria mais justo do que fazer o mesmo com os álbuns do Star One, já que esse trabalho "parece ser o melhor, mais diversificado e mais bem produzido dos álbuns do Star One".

Faixas

Paradas

Créditos
Conforme fontes.

 Star One
 Arjen Anthony Lucassen — guitarras, baixo, teclados, vocais em "Today Is Yesterday (alternate version)", solo de guitarra em "Beyond the Edge of It All" (ambas as versões)
 Erik van Ittersum — Solina Strings
 Ed Warby — bateria
 Marcela Bovio — vocais em "Fate of Man (alternate version)" e "A Hand on the Clock (alternate version)", vocais de apoio
 Irene Jansen — vocais em "A Hand on the Clock (alternate version)", vocais de apoio
 Hellscore Choir — vocais

Instrumentistas convidados
 Michael Romeo (Symphony X) — solo de guitarra em "Fate of Man" (ambas as versões)
 Timo Somers (Delain) — solo de guitarra em "28 Days (Till the End of Time)" (ambas as versões)
 Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal (Sons of Apollo, ex-Guns N' Roses) — solo de guitarra em "Back from the Past" (ambas as versões)
 Adrian Vandenberg (Vandenberg, Whitesnake) — solo de guitarra em "Revel in Time" (ambas as versões)
 Jens Johansson (Stratovarius, Cain's Offering, ex-Rainbow, ex-Yngwie Malmsteen) — solo de teclado em "The Year of '41"
 Alessandro Del Vecchio — solo de teclado em "The Year of '41 (alternate version)"
 Marcel Singor — solo de guitarra em "Today is Yesterday" (ambas as versões)
 Lisa Bella Donna — solo de Moog em "Today is Yesterday" (ambas as versões)
 Joost van den Broek (After Forever) — solo de teclado em "A Hand on the Clock" (ambas as versões)
 Steve Vai — solo de guitarra em "Lost Children of the Universe" (ambas as versões)

 Pessoal técnico
 Jef Bertels — capa

Vocalistas convidados
 Brittney Slayes (Unleash the Archers) em "Fate of Man"
 Russell Allen (Symphony X, Adrenaline Mob) em "28 Days (Till the End of Time)"
 Michael Mills (Toehider) em "Prescient"
 Ross Jennings (Haken, Novena) em "Prescient"
 Jeff Scott Soto (Sons of Apollo, ex-Yngwie Malmsteen, ex-Axel Rudi Pell) em "Back from the Past"
 Brandon Yeagley (Crobot) em "Revel in Time"
 Joe Lynn Turner (ex-Rainbow, ex-Yngwie Malmsteen, ex-Deep Purple) em "The Year of '41"
 Damian Wilson (Headspace, ex-Threshold) em "Bridge of Life"
 Dan Swanö (Edge of Sanity, Nightingale, Witherscape) em "Today Is Yesterday"
 Floor Jansen (Nightwish, Northward, ReVamp, After Forever) em "A Hand on the Clock"
 John Jaycee Cuijpers (Praying Mantis) em "Beyond the Edge of It All", "28 Days (Till the End of Time) (alternative version)", "Back From the Past (alternate version)", "Revel in Time (alternate version)"
 Will Shaw em "Prescient (alternative version)"
 Alessandro Del Vecchio em "The Year of '41"
 Wilmer Waarbroek em "Bridge of Life"
 Mike Andersson em "Beyond the Edge of It All (alternate version)"
 Tony Martin (ex-Black Sabbath) em "Lost Children of the Universe (alternate version)"

Álbuns de 2022
Álbuns da InsideOut Music

Revel in Time


6620 Peregrina este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6620 Peregrina este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Zimmerwald de Paul Wild. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,28 și o înclinație de 7,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1973
Centura de asteroizi

6620 Peregrina


جان كريستوف روفير ( في مونبيلييه)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الوطنية نيم الفرنسي منذ 2005 في خط الوسط .

لعب روفير في أندية مونبيلييه (1993-1999) بوردو (1999-2000) تولوز (2000-2001) مونبيلييه مجددا (2001-2005) .

ساهم روفير في تتويج منتخب فرنسا ببطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم العسكرية 1995 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو مونبلييه
لاعبو نيم
مواليد 1974
مواليد في مونبلييه

جان كريستوف روفير


A expressão desaparecido em combate ou desaparecido em ação conhecido pela expressão  (MIA) é um termo utilizado para classificação de baixas atribuída a combatentes, militares, médicos de combate e prisioneiros de guerra que são dados como desaparecidos durante a guerra ou cessar-fogo.

Eles podem ter sido mortos, feridos, capturados, executados ou abandonados. Se falecido, nem seus restos mortais nem túmulo foram identificados positivamente. Tornar-se MIA tem sido um risco ocupacional desde que houve guerra.

Problemas e soluções
Até por volta de 1912, o pessoal de serviço na maioria dos países não recebia rotineiramente etiquetas de identificação . Como resultado, se alguém fosse morto em ação e seu corpo não fosse recuperado até muito mais tarde, muitas vezes havia pouca ou nenhuma chance de identificar os restos mortais, a menos que a pessoa em questão estivesse carregando itens que a identificassem, ou tivesse marcado suas roupas ou posses com informações de identificação.

A partir da época da Primeira Guerra Mundial, as nações começaram a emitir etiquetas de identificação para seu pessoal de serviço. Estes eram geralmente feitos de algum tipo de metal leve, como alumínio. No entanto, no caso do exército britânico o material escolhido foi a fibra comprimida, que não era muito durável. Embora o uso de etiquetas de identificação tenha se mostrado altamente benéfico, o problema permanecia que os corpos poderiam ser completamente destruídos (variando da destruição total do corpo à vaporização total), queimados ou enterrados pelo tipo de munições altamente explosivas rotineiramente usadas na guerra moderna ou na destruição de veículos. Além disso, o próprio ambiente de combate pode aumentar a probabilidade de falta de combatentes, como guerra na selva, ou guerra submarina, ou quedas de aeronaves em terreno

montanhoso remoto, ou em mar.

Alternativamente, podem ocorrer erros administrativos; a localização real de um túmulo temporário no campo de batalha pode ser identificada incorretamente ou esquecida devido ao "nevoeiro da guerra". A falta de um protocolo de notificação unificado sobre os mortos, feridos e capturados contribui para os desaparecimentos. Finalmente, uma vez que as forças militares não tinham um forte incentivo para manter registros detalhados dos mortos inimigos, os corpos eram frequentemente enterrados (às vezes com suas etiquetas de identificação) em sepulturas temporárias, cujos locais eram frequentemente perdidos ou obliterados, por exemplo, os esquecidos vala comum em Fromelles. Como resultado, os restos mortais de combatentes desaparecidos podem não ser encontrados por muitos anos, ou nunca. Quando combatentes desaparecidos são recuperados e não podem ser identificados após um exame forense completo (incluindo métodos como teste de DNA e comparação de registros dentários), os restos mortais são enterrados com uma lápide que indica seu status desconhecido. Outro problema em questão é a ocultação de um possivel crime de guerra, como a execcução de militares de alta patente após sua rendição, assim resultando na destruição do corpo para propositalmente dificultar a identificação do mesmo.

O desenvolvimento da impressão digital genética no final do século 20 significa que, se amostras de células de um swab de bochecha forem coletadas do pessoal de serviço antes da implantação em uma zona de combate, a identidade pode ser estabelecida usando até mesmo um pequeno fragmento de restos humanos. Embora seja possível coletar amostras genéticas de um parente próximo da pessoa desaparecida, é preferível coletar essas amostras diretamente dos próprios sujeitos. É um fato da guerra que alguns combatentes provavelmente desaparecerão em ação e nunca serão encontrados. No entanto, usando etiquetas de identificação e usando tecnologia moderna, os números envolvidos podem ser consideravelmente reduzidos. Além das vantagens militares óbvias, a identificação conclusiva dos restos mortais de militares desaparecidos é altamente benéfica para os parentes sobreviventes. Ter uma identificação positiva torna um pouco mais fácil aceitar sua perda e seguir em frente com suas vidas. Caso contrário, alguns parentes podem suspeitar que a pessoa desaparecida ainda está viva em algum lugar e pode retornar algum dia. No entanto, muitos desses procedimentos de identificação não são normalmente usados para combatentes que são membros de milícias, exércitos mercenários, insurreições e outras forças irregulares.

História

Antes do século 20
As inúmeras guerras que ocorreram ao longo dos séculos criaram muitos MIAs. A lista é longa e inclui a maioria das batalhas que já foram travadas por qualquer nação. Os problemas usuais de identificação causados pela rápida decomposição foram agravados pelo fato de que era prática comum saquear os restos mortais dos mortos para quaisquer objetos de valor, como itens pessoais e roupas. Isso tornou ainda mais difícil a já difícil tarefa de identificação. Depois disso, os mortos eram rotineiramente enterrados em valas comuns e poucos registros oficiais eram mantidos. Exemplos notáveis incluem batalhas medievais como Towton, a Guerra dos Cem Anos, A Batalha de Alcácer Quibir, onde o Rei Sebastião de Portugal desapareceu, as posteriores Guerras Civis Inglesas e Guerras Napoleônicas juntamente com qualquer batalha que lugar até meados do século XIX. Começando na época da Guerra da Crimeia, Guerra Civil Americana e Guerra Franco-Prussiana, tornou-se mais comum fazer esforços formais para identificar soldados individuais. No entanto, como não havia um sistema formal de etiquetas de identificação na época, isso poderia ser difícil durante o processo de limpeza do campo de batalha. Mesmo assim, houve uma mudança notável nas percepções, por exemplo, onde os restos mortais de um soldado em uniforme confederado foram recuperados, digamos, do campo de batalha de Gettysburg, ele seria enterrado em uma única sepultura com uma lápide que afirmava que ele era um confederado desconhecido soldado . Essa mudança de atitude coincidiu com as Convenções de Genebra, a primeira das quais foi assinada em 1864. Embora a Primeira Convenção de Genebra não abordasse especificamente a questão dos MIAs, o raciocínio por trás dela (que especificava o tratamento humano de soldados inimigos feridos) foi influente.

Primeira Guerra Mundial
O fenômeno dos MIAs tornou-se particularmente notável durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, onde a natureza mecanizada da guerra moderna significava que uma única batalha poderia causar um número surpreendente de baixas. Por exemplo, em 1916, mais de 300.000 combatentes aliados e alemães foram mortos na Batalha do Somme . Um total de 19.240 combatentes britânicos e da Commonwealth foram mortos em ação ou morreram de ferimentos apenas no primeiro dia dessa batalha . Portanto, não é de surpreender que o "Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme" na França tenha os nomes de 72.090 combatentes britânicos e da Commonwealth, todos os quais desapareceram em ação durante a Batalha do Somme, nunca foram encontrados e que não têm túmulo conhecido . Da mesma forma, o memorial Menin Gate na Bélgica comemora 54.896 combatentes aliados desaparecidos que são conhecidos por terem sido mortos no Ypres Salient . O ossuário de Douaumont, entretanto, contém 130.000 conjuntos não identificáveis de restos franceses e alemães da Batalha de Verdun.

Mesmo no século 21, os restos mortais de combatentes desaparecidos são recuperados dos antigos campos de batalha da Frente Ocidental todos os anos. Essas descobertas acontecem regularmente, muitas vezes durante trabalhos agrícolas ou projetos de construção. Normalmente, os restos mortais de um ou vários homens são encontrados ao mesmo tempo. No entanto, ocasionalmente, os números recuperados são muito maiores, por exemplo, a vala comum em Fromelles (escavada em 2009), que continha os restos mortais de nada menos que 250 soldados aliados. Outro exemplo é a escavação ocorrida em Carspach (região da Alsácia, na França) no início de 2012, que descobriu os restos mortais de 21 soldados alemães, perdidos em um abrigo subterrâneo desde 1918, depois de terem sido enterrados por uma granada de artilharia britânica de grande calibre. Independentemente disso, esforços são feitos para identificar quaisquer restos encontrados por meio de um exame forense completo. Se isso for alcançado, tentativas são feitas para rastrear quaisquer parentes vivos. No entanto, muitas vezes é impossível identificar os restos mortais, além de estabelecer alguns detalhes básicos da unidade em que serviram. No caso de MIAs britânicos e da Commonwealth, a lápide é inscrita com a quantidade máxima de informações conhecidas sobre a pessoa. Normalmente, essas informações são deduzidas de objetos metálicos, como botões de latão e flashes de ombro com insígnias regimentais/unidades encontradas no corpo. Como resultado, lápides são inscritas com informações como "Um soldado dos Cameronians" ou "Um cabo australiano" etc... Onde nada é conhecido além da lealdade nacional do soldado, a lápide está inscrita "Um Soldado da Grande Guerra". O termo "marinheiro" ou "aviador" pode ser substituído, conforme apropriado.

Segunda Guerra Mundial

Há muitos combatentes desaparecidos e outras pessoas em serviço desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Nas Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos, 78.750 pessoas desaparecidas em ação foram relatadas até o final da guerra, representando mais de 19% do total de 405.399 mortos durante o conflito.

Tal como acontece com os MIAs da Primeira Guerra Mundial, é uma ocorrência de rotina que os restos mortais de pessoas desaparecidas mortas durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial sejam periodicamente descobertos. Normalmente, são encontrados por acaso (por exemplo, durante os trabalhos de construção ou demolição), embora em algumas ocasiões sejam recuperados após buscas deliberadas e direcionadas. Assim como na Primeira Guerra Mundial, na Europa Ocidental os MIAs são geralmente encontrados como indivíduos, ou em duplas ou trios. No entanto, às vezes os números em um grupo são consideravelmente maiores, por exemplo , a vala comum em Villeneuve-Loubet, que continha os restos mortais de 14 soldados alemães mortos em agosto de 1944. Outros estão localizados em locais remotos de queda de aeronaves em vários países. Mas na Europa Oriental e na Rússia, as baixas da Segunda Guerra Mundial incluem aproximadamente dois milhões de alemães desaparecidos, e muitas valas comuns ainda não foram encontradas. Quase meio milhão de desaparecidos alemães foram enterrados em novas sepulturas desde o fim da Guerra Fria. A maioria deles permanecerá desconhecida. A Comissão Alemã de Túmulos de Guerra está liderando o esforço. Da mesma forma, existem aproximadamente 4 milhões de militares russos desaparecidos espalhados pela antiga Frente Oriental, de Leningrado a Stalingrado, embora cerca de 300 grupos de voluntários façam buscas periódicas em antigos campos de batalha para recuperar restos humanos para identificação e reenterro.

Durante os anos 2000, houve uma atenção renovada dentro e fora das forças armadas dos EUA para encontrar restos de desaparecidos, especialmente no Teatro Europeu e especialmente desde que testemunhas envelhecidas e historiadores locais estavam morrendo. O grupo World War II Families for the Return of the Missing foi fundado em 2005 para trabalhar com o "Agência de Contabilidade POW/MIA do Departamento de Defesa dos EUA" e outras entidades governamentais para localizar e repatriar os restos mortais de americanos perdidos no conflito. O presidente do grupo disse em referência aos esforços muito mais divulgados para encontrar restos mortais dos EUA na Guerra do Vietnã : "O Vietnã tinha defensores. Esta era uma geração mais velha, e eles não sabiam a quem recorrer."

Em 2008, os investigadores começaram a realizar buscas no atol de Tarawa, no Oceano Pacífico, tentando localizar os restos mortais de 139 fuzileiros navais americanos, desaparecidos desde a Batalha de Tarawa em 1943. Entre 2013 e 2016, os restos mortais de 37 fuzileiros navais dos EUA foram recuperados de Tarawa. Entre os recuperados estava Alexander Bonnyman, ganhador da Medalha de Honra.

Em 30 de dezembro de 2021, de acordo com a Agência de Contabilidade POW/MIA do Departamento de Defesa dos EUA, ainda havia 72.550 militares e civis dos EUA ainda desaparecidos da Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Animais
Animais militares também podem ser declarados oficialmente desaparecidos em ação.

Desaparecido em combate


Diretório Político do Estado (também traduzido como Administração Política do Estado), ou GPU, foi o serviço de inteligência e a polícia secreta da República Socialista Federativa Soviética Russa (RSFSR) de 6 de fevereiro de 1922 a 29 de dezembro de 1922, e a União Soviética de 29 de dezembro de 1922, até 15 de novembro de 1923.

Nome
A designação oficial em linha com a referência nativa é:

 Русский: = Государственное Политическое Управление (ГПУ) при Народном комиссариaте внутравление (ГПУ) при Народном комиссариaте внутренних делДРРСделДРРСдеСД
 tr = Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie (GPU) pri narodnom komissariate vnutrennikh del (NKVD) RSFSR – (GPU pri NKVD RSFSR)
 Português: = Diretório Político do Estado (também Administração Política do Estado) sob o Comissariado do Povo de Assuntos Interiores da República Socialista Federativa Soviética Russa (RFSR)

Estabelecimento
Formado a partir da Cheka, a organização original de segurança do Estado Russo, em 6 de fevereiro de 1922, foi inicialmente conhecida sob a abreviatura russa GPU - abreviação para "Diretório Político do Estado sob o NKVD da RSFSR" (Russo: Государственное политическое управление при НКВД РСФСР, Gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravlenie sob o NKVD da RSFSR"). Seu primeiro chefe foi o ex-diretor da Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky.

Missão

Segurança Interna
No papel, a nova agência deveria agir com mais moderação do que a Cheka. Por exemplo, ao contrário da Cheka, ela não tinha o direito de atirar à vontade em suspeitos "contra-revolucionários". Todos os suspeitos de crimes políticos tinham que ser levados a um juiz em circunstâncias normais.

Inteligência Estrangeira
O 'Departamento Estrangeiro' da GPU era chefiado por um ex-bolchevique e membro do partido, Mikhail Trilisser. O Departamento de Relações Exteriores foi encarregado de atividades de inteligência no exterior, incluindo espionagem e liquidação de 'inimigos do povo'. O próprio Trilisser foi posteriormente liquidado por José Stalin durante o Grande Expurgo em 1940.

Desestabelecimento
Com a criação da URSS em dezembro de 1922, uma organização unificada foi necessária a exercer o controle sobre a Segurança do Estado em toda a nova união. Assim, em 15 de novembro de 1923, a GPU deixou o NKVD russo e foi transferida para o Diretório Político do Estado Unificado de Toda a União, também traduzido como "Administração Política do Estado Unificado de Toda a União". Seu nome oficial era "Diretório Político do Estado Unificado sob o Conselho dos Comissários do Povo da URSS" (russo: Obyedinyonnoye Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravleniye sob o SNK da URSS, Объединённое Государственное Политическое Управление при СНК СССР), ou OGPU (ОГПУ).

Pessoal

Ver também

 Polícia secreta da União Soviética

 Tcheka
 NKVD
 KGB
 FSB

Referências

Polícia secreta
Serviços de inteligência por país
União Soviética
História da União Soviética e Rússia Soviética
Política da União Soviética

Diretório Político do Estado


Isabella of Portugal (; 21 February 1397 – 17 December 1471) was Duchess of Burgundy from 1430 to 1467 as the third wife of Duke Philip the Good. Their son was Charles the Bold, the last Valois Duke of Burgundy.

Born a Portuguese infanta of the House of Aviz, Isabella was the only surviving daughter of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster. She served as the regent of the Burgundian Low Countries during the absence of her spouse in 1432 and in 1441–1443. Isabella served as her husband's representative in negotiations with England regarding trade relations in 1439 and those with the rebellious cities of Holland in 1444.

Early life
Isabella was born to John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, who had six children survive infancy. Born in 1397 in Évora, and raised in the Portuguese court in Lisbon, Isabella was the fourth child and only daughter to survive to adulthood. Phillippa instilled in all her children, including her daughter, a sense of duty, faith and belief in education. Isabella was an avid reader and held an interest in politics. Her father ensured that she was given a good understanding of politics, joining her brothers in their instructions in affairs of state and she became proficient in Latin, French, English and Italian during her studies with the princes. She was fond of riding and hunting with her brothers.

In 1415 Isabella received an offer of marriage from her cousin Henry V of England, an effort for England to form closer links with Portugal against France. The negotiations failed and Isabella remained unmarried. Also in 1415 she grieved at the death of her mother on 19 July, with whom she had a close relationship.

Marriage negotiations

Aged 30, Isabella was still unmarried when the Burgundian house of Valois provided her with an offer of marriage in 1428.  The reigning Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, had already been widowed twice - by Michelle of Valois and Bonne of Artois. Neither marriage left surviving issue. For his third wife, Philip was anxious to seek a candidate from or a nation allied to England to secure his alliance with it further. Isabella was attractive to Philip as a potential consort being well-bred, shrewd and accomplished.

On 19 October 1428, Philip sent a delegation from Sluys led by his chief counsellor, the Seigneur de Roubaix, that arrived in Lisbon on 16 December after calling at Sandwich until 2 December and acquiring two more ships. The delegation waited another month while Isabella's father and brothers met at Aviz to discuss the matter. On 19 January 1429, a formal request for the Infanta's hand was made by the Burgundians, and discussions between the two parties began. The Portuguese agreed to the marriage and sent messengers on 2 February to receive the Duke of Burgundy's formal response, signed on 5 May and received by the Portuguese on 4 June. The marriage contract was drawn up, and Isabella, still in Portugal, was married to Philip the Good by proxy on 29 July 1429, with Roubaix acting as groom. She arrived in Bruges on 8 January 1430.

Duchess of Burgundy

Isabella did not leave Portugal for another eight weeks. Her father had a fleet and trousseau prepared and on 19 October 1429, with a flotilla of about 20 ships, Isabella—accompanied by almost 2000 Portuguese—left Portugal forever. After an eleven-week journey when the fleet was beset by storms, causing the loss of several ships and much of her bridal trousseau, the convoy reached Sluys on 25 December 1429. The Duchess disembarked the following day where she and Philip celebrated their formal religious marriage two weeks later, on 7 January 1430.

With her husband, and accompanied by the Countess of Namur, Jeanne de Harcourt, Isabella then travelled through the main territories of Burgundy: from Ghent (16 January) to Kortrijk (13 February) to Lille, and then to Brussels, Arras, Péronne-en-Mélantois, Mechelen and, by mid-March Noyon, where Isabella, now pregnant, chose to rest through the spring, only leaving when Joan of Arc led a campaign against the nearby Compiègne. She then returned to Ghent, where she dealt with a potential guild uprising.

Isabella was at first unprepared for the lavish style of court life in Burgundy, one of the most extravagant in Europe. The Portuguese infanta, described by the Burgundian embassy that had negotiated her marriage as appearing to their eyes as a nun when they had first met, and now dressed in loose clothing and flat over-panels to hide her pregnancy, looked particularly dowdy at her new court. More upsetting to Isabella, however, was her husband's behaviour. He had showered gifts on her when she had first arrived, and still more when she had become pregnant; yet, he made it clear that he had no intention of keeping his vows of fidelity and chastity. He kept numerous women as his lovers, most living away from the court, and as many as 50 illegitimate children.

Isabella gave birth to her first child on 30 December 1430 at Coudenberg in Brussels, a year after her marriage. The child, Antoine, sickly at birth, was christened on 16 January 1431, and soon after both parents left to attend to ducal business. By the autumn of that year, Isabella was once again pregnant with their second son, Joseph; more importantly, she had spent a long continuous period of time with her husband, and demonstrated her intelligence and abilities, as well as her commitment to Burgundian independence. Because of this, when Charles VII of France began attacking Burgundy in January 1432, Philip—leaving Coudenburg to defend Dijon—ordered that she represent him during his absence. Antoine and Joseph both died in 1432, but the duchess then gave birth to the future Charles the Bold on 10 November 1433. Thus, the couple had issue:
 Anthony (Antoine) of Burgundy (30 September 1430, Brussels – 5 February 1432, Brussels), Count of Charolais, died in infancy;
Joseph (Josse) of Burgundy (24 April 1432 – in 1432, after 6 May), Count of Charolais, lived only a few weeks;
 Charles of Burgundy (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), Philip's successor, known as "Charles the Bold".

Isabella was a refined and intelligent woman who liked to be surrounded by artists and poets. She was a generous patron of the arts. In politics, she had a great influence on her son, but even more so on her husband, whom she represented on several diplomatic conferences and for whom she governed when he was absent. Most notably, she negotiated many of the marriages of the members of her court, among them the marriage of her son Charles to Catherine of France. She also took special pains on behalf of Mary of Guelders, who attended upon Catherine. Isabella helped arrange her marriage to James II of Scotland, which would make her queen.

Later life
By 1457, however, she had withdrawn from the court and distanced herself from her husband, partly to side with her son in his estrangement with him, partly out of a desire to live a more devout and quieter life. Her personal feelings came into conflict with the decisions of her husband, resulting in her abandoning court and taking up refuge in the castle of La Motte-au Bois, where she established a parallel court, which became a protectorate for the victims of her husband's official politics. At that time she assisted the Flemish harmed by Philip's military actions and, under her protection, advanced Josse van Huerter to her nephew, Ferdinand of Portugal.

Following the death of Henry VI of England, who had no surviving heirs, Isabella asserted her right to the English throne in a charter dated 17 June 1471, declaring herself to be Henry's universal heiress on account of the consanguinity conferred by her grandfather (and Henry's great-grandfather), John of Gaunt. She would later relinquish the claim to her son, Charles, one month before her death.

She died in Aire-sur-la-Lys in December 1471.

References

Further reading

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Duchesses of Burgundy
Portuguese infantas
1397 births
1471 deaths
House of Aviz
House of Valois
Philip the Good (Duke of Burgundy)
Duchesses of Brabant
Duchesses of Luxembourg
Duchesses of Limburg
Countesses of Burgundy
Countesses of Flanders
Countesses of Artois
Countesses of Holland
Countesses of Hainaut
Burials at Champmol
15th-century Portuguese people
15th-century women rulers
15th-century Portuguese women
15th-century French people
15th-century French women
Daughters of kings
Portuguese people of English descent
Royal reburials

Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy


An Hypseochloa cameroonensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Hypseochloa cameroonensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypseochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypseochloa

Hypseochloa cameroonensis


Raymond Leroy, né le  à Paris et mort pour la France le  à Takrouna, est un militaire et résistant français, Compagnon de la Libération. Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il choisit de se rallier à la France libre et participe aux combats en Libye puis en Tunisie où il est tué en montant à l'assaut d'une position ennemie.

Biographie

Jeunesse et engagement

Fils d'un fonctionnaire du ministère de l'agriculture, Raymond Leroy naît le trois novembre 1908 dans le  arrondissement de Paris. Lors de son service militaire, il entre à l'école de cavalerie de Saumur et suit les cours d'élève officier de réserve. Il part ensuite pour le Canada où il devient importateur commercial.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Capitaine de réserve, il se trouve toujours en Amérique du Nord lorsque débute la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Mobilisé, il est affecté à la mission militaire française à New-York. Le 18 juin 1940, il prend connaissance de l'appel du général de Gaulle et décide de se rallier à la France libre. Parvenu jusqu'à Londres, il s'engage dans les forces françaises libres et est envoyé à Brazzaville en octobre 1940. Affecté au cabinet du général de Larminat, Haut-commissaire de l'Afrique française libre, il en devient l'interprète, le conseiller et l'aide de camp. Désireux de combattre, il est ponctuellement détaché à la  Brigade française Libre Indépendante ( BFL) du général Kœnig avec laquelle il participe à la guerre du désert en Libye. Il contribue notamment à l'installation des troupes françaises sur la position de Bir Hakeim mais se trouve à l'hôpital pour une infection lorsqu'éclate la bataille. En juillet 1942, alors qu'il accompagne le général de Larminat en Égypte, les deux hommes sont victimes d'un grave accident de voiture.

Une fois rétabli, il participe à la campagne de Tunisie avec la  division française libre. Le 11 mai 1943, alors qu'il est détaché au bataillon de marche , Raymond Leroy mène une compagnie à l'assaut de la crête des Djebilats, près de Takrouna. Lors de l'attaque, il est tué par un éclat de grenade sous les yeux du général de Larminat qui observe les combats à la jumelle. D'abord inhumé sur place, il rapatrié en 1949 et réinhumé au cimetière de Passy.

Décorations

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

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Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Résistant français
Officier des Forces françaises libres (terrestres)
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Naissance en novembre 1908
Naissance dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en mai 1943
Décès en Tunisie
Décès à 34 ans
Mort pour la France

Raymond Leroy


Anja Nissen (født 6. november 1995 i Winmalee, New South Wales) også sommetider kaldt Anja er en dansk-australsk sanger, sangskriver, danser og skuespiller.

Hun kendes bl.a. for at have vundet tredje sæson af det australske talentshow, The Voice i 2014 samt i Danmark for sin deltagelse i Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2016, hvor hun opnåede en andenplads, og 2017, hvor hun vandt med sangen "Where I Am". Derfor repræsenterede hun Danmark i Eurovision Song Contest 2017 i Kyiv, hvor det blev til en 20. plads. Dermed var hun den første danske repræsentant, der nåede finalen i tre år.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Danmark
Sangere fra Australien
Vindere af Dansk Melodi Grand Prix
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Danmarks Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2016
Deltagere ved Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2017

Anja Nissen


Susurluk, Balıkesir'in bir ilçesidir. İlçe merkezinin nüfusu 23.800'dür. Susurluk ilçesi Balıkesir iline bağlı bir ilçe olup, ilin kuzey doğusunda yer almaktadır. İlçenin doğusunda Bursa'ın Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesi, kuzeyinde yine Bursa'nın Karacabey ve Balıkesir'in Bandırma ilçeleri, batısında Manyas, güneybatısında Karesi, güney ve güney doğusunda Kepsut ilçesi yer almaktadır. Ayranı ve tostu ile bilinir. 1996'daki trafik kazası ise dünyaca tanınmasına neden olmuştur.

Tarih

Sözlü tarih
İlçe Lidyalılar, Romalılar, Bizanslılar ve Selçuklu Hanedanının egemenliklerinden sonra, Karesi Beyliği'nin idaresine geçmiştir. Osmanlı idaresine geçmesi Orhan Gazi zamanında gerçekleşmiştir.

Susurluk'un bulunduğu yer, Karesi Beylerinden İne Bey Vakfına ait ormanlık ve bataklık boş bir alan iken İne Bey'in torunları burasını Susığırlık adı altında bir çiftlik halinde idare etmiştir. Daha sonra 1634'te Karaman tarafından gelen akıncılar, Hacı Hatip Oğulları buraya yerleşmişlerdir.

Susığırlık çiftlik halinde iken, Bursa ve İstanbul'a geçen kervanların konaklama yeri olmuştur. 1858 ve 1878 Türk-Rus savaşında Anadolu'ya göç eden Bulgaristan ve Kafkas Göçmenleri ve sonraları Ahmet Vefik Paşa tarafından iskan ettirilen Türkmen aşiretleriyle kalabalıklaşmıştır.

Susurluk 1892'de bucak, 1926'da ilçe olmuştur. 5 Eylül 1922 Susurluk'un düşman işgalinden kurtuluş günüdür. Her yıl 5 Eylül'de "Kurtuluş Bayramı" törenlerle kutlanmaktadır.

3 Kasım 1996'da meydana gelen trafik kazası ve ardından patlak veren skandalla (Susurluk davası) tanınan Susurluk ilçesi, Türkiye'nin gündemine derin devlet tartışmalarını getirmiştir.

Coğrafi yapı
Doğu kesimini Çataldağ (1336 m), batı kesimlerini Sularya dağlarının uzantısı olan Keltepe (881 m) engebelendirir. Dağlık alanlar ormanlarla kaplıdır.

Susurluk ilçesi deniz seviyesinden ortalama olarak 63 m yüksekliktedir. Fazla yüksek olmayan engebeli arazilerden oluşan ilçe toprakları,ilin kuzey doğusunda yer almaktadır. İlçe merkezinin doğusundan (Simav) Susurluk Çayı geçmekte ve şehri eski Susurluk ve Karşıyaka Mahallesi olarak ikiye bölmektedir, ilçenin güney batısından gelip şehrin içinden geçen Hatap deresi, şehrin doğusunda Susurluk Çayı'yla birleşmektedir. Şehrin doğusunda yer alan Çataldağ'dan gelen ve Susurluk Çayı'yla birleşen Çaylak Deresi ilçenin su kaynağı olmuştur. Kıyısında Çaylak Mesire Yeri vardır.

Ulaştırma ve altyapı durumu
Ulaşım imkânları bakımından ilçe merkezi çok elverişli bir konumda olup, İstanbul, İzmir, Balıkesir ve Bandırma (Hızlı Feribot) karayolu üzerindedir. İlçe merkezi etrafında bulunan dinlenme tesisleri birçok vatandaşa istihdam sağlamaktadır. İlçenin Balıkesir'e uzaklığı 45 km, Bursa iline uzaklığı 108 km'dir. Susurluk merkezinden çevre il, ilçe ve köylerin hepsine ulaşım imkânı vardır. 9 mahallenin ulaşımı stabilize yol, 35 mahallenin ulaşımı asfalt yol ile sağlanmaktadır. İzmir-Bandırma demiryolu ilçeden geçmekte olup, en yakın sivil hava alanı ise 108 Km. uzaklıktaki Bursa hava alanıdır. Bandırma'dan her gün karşılıklı olarak düzenlenen Bandırma-İstanbul Hızlı Feribot seferleri ilçe için de ayrı bir yarar sağlamaktadır.

Ayrıca Otoyol 5 (İstanbul - İzmir Otoyolu) da buradan geçmektedir.

İlçe elektrik bakımından "Ulusal Enterkonnekte" şebekeye bağlı olup; şehir içi şebekesi yeterlidir. Balıkesir ile Susurluk arasına ikinci bir enerji nakil hattının istimlak çalışmaları devam etmektedir. Şehrin içme suyu miktar olarak yetersiz olup, dağıtım şebekesi eskidir. Mevcut suyun fazlalaştırılması için Çataldağ İçme ve Sulama Göleti programa alınarak, 13.11.2001 günü temeli atılmış, 2008 yılında tamamlanmıştır. İlçeye bağlı 44 mahallenin içme suyu şebekelidir.

İlçe merkezinde 9.216, çevre mahallerinde 6.241 olmak üzere toplam 15.457 abonelik otomatik telefon santralleri mevcut olup, merkezde 1, köylerde ise 14 santral bulunmaktadır. Bütün köylerde telefon hattı mevcuttur.

 Susurluk - Mustafakemalpaşa 24 km
 Susurluk - Balıkesir 45 km
 Susurluk - Bandırma 45 km
 Susurluk - Erdek 62 km
 Susurluk - Bursa 108 km

Nüfus

Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi'ne (ADNKS) göre Susurluk'a bağlı belde ve köylerin 2008, 2009, 2010 ve 2011 yılı nüfus bilgileri aşağıdaki tabloda yer almaktadır.

Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi'ne (ADNKS) göre Susurluk'a bağlı belde ve köylerin 2008, 2009, 2010 ve 2011 yılı nüfus bilgileri yukarıdaki tabloda yer almaktadır.

İdari yapı
İlçenin 54 Mahallesi bulunmaktadır. 2014 yılında Balıkesir ilinin büyükşehir statüsü alması ile birlikte ilçedeki 44 köy ve 2 kasaba mahalle statüsüne dönüşmüştür. Merkez ilçede belediye vardır.

Eğitim
İlçe merkezinde 6 İlköğretim Okulu, 5 Ortaöğretim Okulu, 1 Genel Lise, 1 Anadolu Lisesi, 1 Teknik Lise ve Endüstri Meslek Lisesi, 1 İmam-Hatip Lisesi, 1 Kız Meslek Lisesi bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Mesleki Eğitim Merkezi Müdürlüğü 2001-2002 Öğretim yılında eğitim öğretime açılmıştır.

Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesine bağlı Susurluk Meslek Yüksek Okulu mevcut olup; bünyesinde Süt Ürünleri, Et Ürünleri, Elektronik ve Otomasyon, Gıda İşleme, Veterinerlik programlarını bulundurmaktadır.

Ekonomi
Susurluk, ayranı ile meşhurdur. İlçe sınırlarında, Bursa-İzmir karayolunda olması sebebiyle, pek çok dinlenme tesisi bulunur. Dinlenme tesisleri ve beraberindeki fabrika satış mağazaları ilçe ekonomisine ve istihdama çok büyük katkılar sağlamaktadır.

İlçe topraklarının engebeli yapısı hayvancılıkta yol alınmasına neden olmuştur. İlçe ekonomisi büyük oranda küçük ve büyük baş hayvancılığa ve ondan elde edilenlerin işlenmesine dayanır. Yörsan Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Fabrikası ile Susurluk Şeker Fabrikası ilçe merkezinde bulunur. İlçe köylerinde ise Assan Aş ve Fide Aş Konserve Fabrikaları, Ümiteli Köyünde Ahi Güven ve Uçar Donmuş Gıda Fabrikaları ile Askon Meyve Suyu Fabrikası bulunmaktadır. Dört Mevsim Et Aş Entegre Tesisi, Türkiye'nin en önemli hijyenik et ve et ürünleri üretim tesisleri arasında bulunmaktadır.

İlçede tarımsal ekonominin şah damarı hayvancılıktır. Tümü saf ırk olan 30.000 büyükbaş hayvan, bunun yanında 30.000 küçükbaş damızlık hayvan bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenlerle hayvancılık ve hayvan beslemeye yönelik yem bitkileri ekilişleri ilçenin en önemli ekonomik kaynağını oluşturmaktadır.

İlçede Tarım faaliyetleri, oldukça çeşitli ve yoğundur. En önemli Tarım ürünleri; Şekerpancarı, Domates, Biber, Ayçiçeği, Buğday ve diğer tarım ürünleridir. İlçe sanayisi de; potansiyelimiz olan Tarım ürünlerimize dayalı olarak çalışmaktadır. İlçemizde bolca, Salça ve Konserve, hazır yemek ve dondurulmuş gıda, konsantre fabrikaları bulunmaktadır.

İlçede aynı zamanda, meyveciliği geliştirme projesi kapsamında, meyve üretimi de teşvik edilmekte, İlçe Tarım Müdürlüğü ve S.S. Susurluk ve Köyleri Yaş Sebze Meyve Yetiştiricilikleri Kooperatifi fidan desteği sağlamakta, Seracılık faaliyetleri de yaygınlaşmaktadır.

Tarım arazilerinin % 92'si tarım arazisi, %6'sı Sebze - Meyve alanı, %0,5'i Bağlık arazi, geriye kalan %1,5'i nadas alanı olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Turizm
İlçede 2 adet kaplıca vardır. Biri Bandırma yolundaki Ilıcaboğazı Kaplıcaları (şehir merkezinden yaklaşık 23 km) diğeri ise Yıldız Köyü Kaplıcaları Balıkesir yolunda şehir merkezine yaklaşık 17 km mesafededir. Ayrıca Türkiye'nin en büyük alışveriş merkezlerinden Festiva Outlet Park Balıkesir karayolunda Susurluk'a 10 km mesafede yer almaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Susurluk ayranı
 Susurluk kazası

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Susurluk Kaymakamlığı Web Sitesi
 Susurluk Belediyesi Web Sitesi

Susurluk


Tatuşağı, Tunceli ilinin Ovacık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 78 km, Ovacık ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ovacık belde ve köyleri

Tatuşağı, Ovacık


Lídia Korneievna Chukovskaia ( – 7 de fevereiro de 1996) foi uma escritora, poeta, editora, publicitária, memorialista e dissidente soviética. S

eus escritos profundamente pessoais refletem o custo humano da repressão soviética, e ela dedicou grande parte de sua carreira a defender dissidentes como Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn e Andrei Sakharov. Filha do célebre escritor infantil Korney Chukovski, ela era esposa do cientista Matvei Bronstein, e colaboradora próxima e cronista da poeta Anna Akhmatova.

Ela foi a primeira a receber, em 1990, o novo Prêmio Andrei Sakharov de Coragem Cívica do Escritor.

Biografia
Chukovskaia nasceu em 1907 em Helsingfors (atual Helsinque), no Grão-Ducado da Finlândia, então parte do Império Russo. Seu pai era Kornei Chukovski, um poeta que era escritor infantil.

Ela cresceu em São Petersburgo, a antiga capital do império dilacerado por guerras e revoluções. Chukovski observou que sua filha refletia sobre o problema da justiça social quando ainda era uma criança. Mas a maior paixão de Lídia era a literatura, principalmente a poesia. A casa deles era frequentemente visitada por importantes figuras literárias, como Alexander Blok, Nikolay Gumilyov e Akhmatova. A cidade também abrigava os melhores artistas do país - Lídia viu Feodor Chaliapin se apresentar na ópera, por exemplo, e também conheceu o pintor Ilya Repin.

Chukovskaia teve problemas com as autoridades bolcheviques ainda jovem, quando uma de suas amigas usou a máquina de escrever de seu pai para imprimir um panfleto antibolchevique. Ela foi exilada na cidade de Saratov por um curto período, mas a experiência não a tornou particularmente polizada. De fato, após seu retorno do exílio, ela voltou ao mundo literário de Leningrado, juntando-se à editora estatal Detgiz em 1927 como editora de livros infantis. Seu mentor foi Samuil Marshak, talvez o maior rival de seu pai na literatura infantil russa. Sua primeira obra literária, um conto intitulado Leningrado-Odessa, foi publicado nessa época, sob o pseudônimo de "A. Uglov".

Chukovskaia se apaixonou por um jovem físico de origem judaica, Matvei Bronstein, e os dois logo se casaram. No final da década de 1930, o Grande Terror de Joseph Stalin envolveu a terra. O empregador de Chukovskaia, Detgiz, foi atacado por ser muito " burguês ", e vários de seus autores foram presos e executados. Matvei Bronstein também se tornou uma das muitas vítimas de Stalin. Ele foi preso em 1937 sob uma acusação falsa e, sem o conhecimento de sua esposa, foi julgado e executado em fevereiro de 1938. Chukovskaia também provavelmente teria sido presa, se não estivesse fora de Leningrado na época.

Vida posterior e carreira

Por vários anos, sua vida permaneceria nômade e precária. Ela foi separada de sua filha Yelena e não soube sobre o destino de seu marido. Em 1939-1940, enquanto esperava em vão por notícias, Chukovskaia escreveu Sofia Petrovna, uma história angustiante sobre a vida durante os Grandes Expurgos. Mas demorou alfuns anos até que essa história alcançasse amplo reconhecimento. Chukovskaia foi incapaz de manter qualquer tipo de emprego estável, em parte por causa de suas desavanças com as autoridades soviéticas. Mas aos poucos, ela voltou a ser publicada: uma introdução às obras de Taras Shevchenko, outra para os diários de Miklouho-Maclay.

Chukovskaia foi amiga de longa data de Anna Akhmatova, a quem ela visitou em busca de conselhos após a prisão de Bronstein. Isso foi logo depois que Akhmatova compôs seu Requiem, que ela não ousou escrever. Chukovskaia foi uma dos primeiras pessoas a ouvi-lo recitado, na casa da escritora, e memorizá-lo. Quando foram evacuadas de Leningrado em outubro de 1941, após a invasão alemã da URSS, viajaram juntas para Tashkent. A próxima grande obra de Chukovskaia, Spusk pod Vodu ( Descida na Água ), descreveu, em forma de diário, as experiências precárias de Akhmatova e Mikhail Zoshchenko. Este livro também foi proibido de publicação em sua terra natal. Em 1964, Chukovskaia se manifestou contra a perseguição ao jovem Joseph Brodsky ; ela faria isso novamente por Solzhenitsyn e Andrei Sakharov. Ela escreveu uma série de cartas em apoio a Solzhenitsyn; estes foram publicados em Munique em 1970.

Na época da morte de Stalin em 1953, Chukovskaia havia se tornado uma figura respeitada no meio literário, como um dos editores do mensal cultural Literaturnaya Moskva. No final da década de 1950, Sofia Petrovna finalmente abriu caminho nos círculos literários soviéticos, em forma de manuscrito através do samizdat. O degelo de Khrushchev começou, e o livro estava prestes a ser publicado em 1963, mas foi interrompido no último momento por conter "distorções ideológicas". Indomável como sempre, Chukovskaia processou a editora por todos os royalties e venceu. O livro acabou sendo publicado em Paris em 1965, mas sem a permissão do autor e sob o título um tanto impreciso de The Deserted House. Houve também algumas alterações não autorizadas no texto. No ano seguinte, uma editora da cidade de Nova York o publicou novamente, desta vez com o título e o texto originais restaurados.

Em 1966, ela escreveu e distribuiu uma carta aberta a Mikhail Sholokhov, o escritor favorito do partido comunista, em resposta ao seu ataque aos escritores presos, Andrei Sinyavsky e Yuli Daniel, lembrando-o de que "O maior de nossos poetas, Alexander Pushkin, disse com orgulho 'Pedi misericórdia aos caídos'."

Em setembro de 1973, incapaz de publicar na União Soviética, Chukovskaia enviou uma carta ao exterior lamentando as campanhas oficialmente patrocinadas contra Boris Pasternak em 1958, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn em 1969 e o físico Andrei Sakharov em 1973, e "pombos profissionais" que os apoiaram. Em retaliação, o escritório da seção de Literatura Infantil do Sindicato dos Escritores de Moscou, ao qual ela pertencia, propôs que ela fosse expulsa. Em 9 de janeiro de 1974, ela foi convocada perante o conselho do sindicato dos escritores de Moscou, onde os guardas impediram qualquer um de seus amigos de seus apoiadores de comparecer, e foi formalmente expulsa do sindicato, o que garantiu que ela teria permissão para publicar qualquer coisa novamente.. Embora a KGB a monitorasse de perto, acredita-se que o estado soviético se absteve de aplicar punições mais severas, por causa de sua reputação no Ocidente, mas também por causa da indiscutível estatura de seu pai na cultura soviética.

Seu relacionamento com Akhmatova foi tema de mais dois livros. Ao longo de sua vida, Chukovskaia também escreveu poemas de natureza intensamente pessoal, abordando sua vida, seu marido perdido e a tragédia de seu povo.

Na velhice, ela dividia seu tempo entre Moscou e a dacha de seu pai em Peredelkino, um vilarejo que foi o lar de muitos escritores, incluindo Boris Pasternak. Ela morreu em Peredelkino em fevereiro de 1996.

Sofia Petrovna tornou-se legalmente disponível para os leitores soviéticos apenas em fevereiro de 1988, quando foi publicada na revista Neva. Esta publicação possibilitou a publicação de outras obras de Lídia Chukovskaia, já que Chukovskaia proibiu explicitamente qualquer publicação de sua ficção na União Soviética antes da publicação oficial de Sofia Petrovna.

Bibliografia
A maioria dos livros de Chukovskaia ainda não se encontra disponível em língua portuguesa.

 A Casa Deserta Traduzido por Aline B. Werth. (1967)
 Indo abaixo Traduzido por Peter M. Weston. (1972)
 À Memória da Infância Traduzido por Eliza Kellogg Klose. (1988)
 Sofia Petrovna Traduzido por Aline B. Werth; emendado por Eliza Kellogg Klose. (1994)
 The Akhmatova Journals Traduzido por Milena Michalski e Sylva Rubashova; poesia traduzida por Peter Norman. (1994)

Prêmios

 1990, o primeiro a receber o Prêmio Andrei Sakharov de Coragem Cívica do Escritor.

Referências

Dissidentes da União Soviética
Escritores da Rússia

Lídia Chukovskaia


Shinji Tanaka (født 25. september 1960) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Shinji Tanaka


In distributed computing, SECIOP (SECure Inter-ORB Protocol) is a protocol for secure inter-ORB communication.

References

Inter-process communication

SECIOP


Robert "Bob" McKinlay (født 10. oktober 1932, død 27. august 2002) var en skotsk fodboldspiller (centerhalf).

McKinlay tilbragte hele sin seniorkarriere hos Nottingham Forest i England. Han spillede mere end 600 ligakampe for klubben, og var i 1959 med til at vinde FA Cuppen. Han spillede hele kampen i finalesejren på 2-1 over Luton Town.

Titler
FA Cup
 1959 med Nottingham Forest

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Skotland
Fodboldspillere fra Nottingham Forest F.C.

Bob McKinlay


Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Marquise de Verneuil  (1579–1633) was the favourite mistress of Henry IV of France after Gabrielle d'Estrées died: her sister Marie-Charlotte de Balzac d'Entragues was also a mistress of the king. She was the daughter of Charles Balzac d'Entragues and his wife Marie Touchet, who was formerly the sole mistress of Charles IX of France.

Royal mistress
Catherine Henriette de Balzac was raised at a time when women often sought to become a royal mistress to royalty, and her mother Marie had previously been a mistress to Charles IX before her birth.

Ambitious, pretty and intriguing, by her late teens she had succeeded in becoming a mistress to Henry IV.  While Henry was still deeply grieving over the death of Gabrielle d'Estrées, she induced him into a written promise to marry her. This led to bitter scenes of jealousy and arguing at the court when shortly afterwards Henry married Marie de' Medici instead.

Terribly infuriated and feeling betrayed, she carried her spite so far as to be deeply compromised in a conspiracy against the king in 1608, but escaped with only a slight punishment after the plot was foiled, and in 1608 Henry took her back into favour again as one of his mistresses.

She was later involved in the Spanish intrigues which preceded the death of the King in 1610. Upon the King's death, his wife, Marie de' Medici, was named Regent by Parliament, and immediately exiled Catherine from the royal court. She lived 23 years after Henri's death, until she died in 1633 at the age of 54.

Children
She had two children with the king:

See also

Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses
List of French royal mistresses

References

Further reading
Herman, Eleanor. (2005). Sex with Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge. Harpercollins.
Williamson, David. (1991). Debrett's kings and queens of Europe. Salem House Pub.

External links

1579 births
1633 deaths
Mistresses of Henry IV of France
French marchionesses


مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 (الفصل التشريعي الثاني عشر) من 1 يونيو 2008 حتى حل المجلس  في 17 مارس 2009 أجريت انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في يوم السبت 17 مايو 2008 وترأس هاذا المجلس جاسم محمد الخرافي والذي تولى الرئاسة منذ 17 يوليو 1999 وفي 17 مارس 2009 صدر مرسوماً بحل المجلس.

الأعضاء الفائزون حسب الدوائر

الدائرة الأولى

بلغت نسبة المقترعين في الدائرة الأولى 77.5%

 صالح عاشور 9314 صوتا
 عبد الله الرومي 9314 صوتا
 عبد الواحد العوضي 8464 صوتا
 حسن جوهر 7756 صوتا
 حسين الحريتي 7338 صوتا
 حسين القلاف 7274 صوتا
 عدنان عبد الصمد 7155 صوتا
 أحمد لاري 6919 صوتا
 مخلد العازمي 6872 صوتا
 محمد الكندري 6064 صوتا

الدائرة الثانية

بلغت نسبة المقترعين في الدائرة الثانية 74%، حيث شارك 30576 شخص في الانتخابات من اصل 41365 شخص ، وقد تمت إعادة جمع جميع الأصوات

 مرزوق علي الغانم 10878 صوتا
 جاسم الخرافي 10839 صوتا
 خالد سلطان بن عيسى 8687 صوتا
 محمد المطير 7508 صوتا
 جمعان الحربش 6496 صوتا
 محمد جاسم الصقر 6266 صوتا
 علي فهد الراشد 5902 صوتا
 خلف دميثير 5569 صوتا
 عبد اللطيف العميري 5361 صوتا
 محمد العبد الجادر 3636 صوتا

الدائرة الثالثة

بلغت نسبة المقترعين في الدائرة الثالثة 68% حيث صوت 39848 ناخب وناخبة في الانتخابات من أصل 58674 ناخب وناخبة

 فيصل المسلم 12695 صوتا
 عادل الصرعاوي 11242 صوتا
 وليد مساعد الطبطبائي 9753 صوتا
 علي العمير 8931 صوتا
 صالح الملا 7656 صوتا
 أحمد عبد المحسن المليفي 6948 صوتا
 روضان الروضان 6586 صوتا
 عبد العزيز حمد الشايجي 6250 صوتا
 أحمد عبد العزيز السعدون 6105 صوتا
 ناصر الصانع 6058 صوتا

الدائرة الرابعة

بلغت نسبة المقترعين في الدائرة الرابعة 65%، حيث صوت 60690 في الانتخابات من اصل 93710

 مسلم محمد البراك 14043 صوتا
 علي سالم الدقباسي 12548 صوتا
 محمد هايف 12106 صوتا
 ضيف الله بورمية 11482 صوتا
 سعد الخنفور 10567 صوتا
 ناصر الدويلة 10488 صوتا
 محمد الرشيدي 9765 صوتا
 رجا حجيلان 9474 صوتا
 حسين قويعان 8394 صوتا
 مبارك الوعلان 8340 صوتا

الدائرة الخامسة

بلغت نسبة المقترعين في الدائرة الخامسة 60% حيث صوت 61016 من أصل 101294 شخص

 جابر المحيلبي 15118 صوتاً
 مرزوق الحبيني 14864 صوتاً
 محمد العجمي 14546 صوتاً
 عبد الله فالح راعي الفحماء 14472 صوتاً
 فهد الميع 14087 صوتاً
 محمد هادي الحويلة 13271 صوتاً
 عبد الله البرغش 13135 صوتاً
 عصام الدبوس 10719 صوتاً
 علي الهاجري 10587 صوتاًً
 عبد الله مهدي العجمي 10285 صوتًا

بطلان عضوية نائبان بعد الطعن
في يوم 17 سبتمبر 2008 أعلنت المحكمة الدستورية عن سقوط عضوية النائبين مبارك محمد الوعلان من الدائرة الرابعة وعبد الله مهدي العجمي من الدائرة الخامسة وفوز عسكر عويد العنزي وسعدون حماد العتيبي بدلا منهم.

أبرز الأحداث

في يوم 18 نوفمبر 2008 تقدم النواب وليد الطبطبائي وعبد الله البرغش ومحمد هايف بطلب استجواب رئيس مجلس الوزراء الشيخ ناصر المحمد الأحمد الصباح ، ويتألف الاستجواب من ثلاثة محاور، المحور الأول هو تردي وتراجع الخدمات العامة في الدولة وعجز الحكومة عن معالجتها رغم توافر جميع الإمكانات لها، والمحور الثاني زيادة مظاهر الفساد الإداري وهدر الأموال العامة، والمحور الثالث هو تراجع الحكومة عن قراراتها وإلغاء المراسيم الأميرية المتكرر تحت الضغوط مما يهدد دولة المؤسسات والقانون ويفقد الثقة بالدولة ويعطل التنمية لاهتزاز ثقة المتعاملين مع الدولة بها.

في يوم 13 يناير 2009 صوت مجلس الأمة برفع الحصانة على ستة نواب وهم محمد العبيد ورجا الحجيلان وحسين قويعان ومحمد هايف وسعدون حماد العتيبي وعصام الدبوس بسبب قضايا انتخابات فرعية وشراء أصوات، بينما رفض رفع الحصانة عن محمد الصقر وحسن جوهر بسبب جنح صحفية وعن النائب محمد هادي الحويلة في قضية انتخابات فرعية.

وفي يوم 14 يناير 2009 صوت أعضاء مجلس الأمة على تحويل رواتبهم لشهر كامل إلى ضحايا الهجوم الإسرائيلي على غزة (2008-2009).

في يوم 1 مارس 2009 تقدم النائب د. فيصل المسلم بصحيفة استجواب إلى سمو رئيس مجلس الوزراء الشيخ ناصر المحمد الصباح وتضمن الاستجواب محوراً واحدا يتعلق بتجاوزات مصروفات ديوان.

في يوم 2 مارس 2009 تقدمت حدس (الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية) ممثلة بالنائب ناصر الصانع، عبد العزيز الشايجي ود. جمعان الحربش بصحيفة استجواب إلى سمو رئيس مجلس الوزراء الشيخ ناصر المحمد الصباح وتضمن الاستجواب 5 محاور ، وهي :
 المحور الأول: تضييع هيبة الدولة، بتناقض القرارات والتراجع عن المراسيم، والتهاون في القيام بالمسؤوليات التنموية.
 المحور الثاني : الإخفاق في تبني سياسة مالية واقتصادية رشيدة ترفع المعاناة عن المواطنين وتنقذ الاقتصاد الوطني، وتوظف الفوائض.
 المحور الثالث: تعطيل أعمال المجلس المخالف لأحكام الدستور بالمماطلة بتشكيل الحكومة، وإعادة ذات التشكيل الحكومي السابق.
 المحور الرابع: التجاوزات المالية لمصروفات ديوان سمو رئيس الوزراء.
 المحور الخامس: الإخلال بأحكام الدستور بشأن برنامج عمل الحكومة وخطة الدولة التنموية.

في يوم 9 مارس 2009 تقدم النائب محمد هايف بصحيفة استجواب إلى سمو رئيس مجلس الوزراء الشيخ ناصر المحمد الصباح وتضمن الاستجواب محوراً واحدا يتعلق بمسؤولية سمو رئيس مجلس الوزراء عن: تجاوزات رئيس لجنة متابعة القرارات الأمنية ورئيس لجنة ازالة التعديات على املاك الدولة والمظاهر غير المرخصة - بهدم وازالة مسجد الفنيطيس الذي يعد من المساجد الأثرية والتراثية الواجب المحافظة عليها وعدم الحاق الضرر بها. بهذا يرتفع عدد الاستجوابات المقدمة لرئيس مجلس الوزراء إلى 3 استجوابات.

تم في يوم 18 مارس 2009 حل مجلس الأمة حلاً دستورياً طبقاً للمادة 107 من الدستور الكويتي على أن تتم الانتخابات التشريعية في منتصف مايو

مراجع

مجلس الأمة الكويتي

مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008


{{Infookvir nogometni klub
| ime kluba          = Voždovac
| slika              =
| puno ime           = Fudbalski klub Voždovac
| nadimak            = Zmajevi
| godina osnivanja   = 1912.
| igralište          = Stadion Event Place, Beograd
| kapacitet stadiona =
| trener             =
| liga               = Superliga Srbije (I.)
| sezona             = 2022./23.
| plasman            = 7.
| trenutačna sezona  =
| igrači             =
| pattern_la1= |pattern_b1= |pattern_ra1= |pattern_sh1= |pattern_so1=
| leftarm1= |body1= |rightarm1= |shorts1= |socks1=
| pattern_la2= |pattern_b2= |pattern_ra2= |pattern_sh2= |pattern_so2=
| leftarm2= |body2= |rightarm2= |shorts2= |socks2=
| pattern_la3= |pattern_b3= |pattern_ra3= |pattern_sh3= |pattern_so3=
| leftarm3= |body3= |rightarm3= |shorts3= |socks3=
}}

Fudbalski klub Voždovac (srpski Фудбалски клуб Вождовац) je nogometni klub iz Beograda, Republika Srbija.
U sezoni 2017./18. nastupa u Superligi Srbije.

 O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1912. godine kao FK Dušanovac, a 1929. godine mijenja naziv u Voždovački SK. Klub 1964. godine osvaja Srpsku republičku ligu i ostvaruje plasman u Drugu saveznu ligu u kojoj igra do 1973. godine, kada se spaja s klubom "Sloboda", te klub otad ima naziv FK Voždovac.
Klub više desetljeća nastupa u nižim ligama SFRJ i SRJ (Srbije i Crne Gore). 2004. godine osvaja Srpsku ligu Beograd i ostvaruje lasman u Prvu ligu Srbije. 2005. godine se klub spaja sa "Železnikom" te preuzima njegovo mjesto u prvoj ligi,
te 2006. godine osvaja treće mjesto u posljednjem prvenstvu Srbije i Crne Gore.
2007. godine ispada iz Superlige Srbije, te do 2012. godine igra u Prvoj ligi Srbije i Srpskoj ligi Beograd, a od 2013. ponovno u Superligi''.

Uspjesi
 Prva liga Srbije i Crne Gore
 3. mjesto: 2005./06.

 Republička liga Srbije
 prvak: 1963./64.

 Srpska liga Beograd
 prvak: 2003./04., 2011./12.

 II. liga Beogradsko podsaveza
 prvak: 1933/34.

 III. Beogradska liga
 prvak: 1948./49.

 Kup Beogradskog saveza
 pobjednik: 1975.

Poveznice
  službene stranice
 srbijasport.net, FK Voždovac, profil kluba
 FK Železnik Beograd

Izvori
 fkvozdovac.rs, Istorijat kluba, pristupljeno 21. siječnja 2018.

Voždovac

FK Voždovac Beograd


An Bambusa glabrovagina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni G.A.Fu. An Bambusa glabrovagina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Hainan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa glabrovagina


Panamska nogometna reprezentacija je nogometna momčad koja predstavlja Panamu na međunarodnim natjecanjima.

Nogometni savez Paname osnovan je 1937. godine. Godinu dana kasnije postaje član FIFE. Dana, 12. veljače iste godine, reprezentacija Paname odigrala je svoju prvu utakmicu protiv Venecuele, pobijedila je s 3:1. Utakmice kao domaćin igra na stadionu Romel Fernandez u Panami. Reprezentacija ima nadimak "Los Canaleros" (ljudi s kanala), jer je zemlja poznata po Panamskom kanalu.

Reprezentacija Paname osam je puta sudjelovala na CONCACAF Gold Cupu. Najbolji plasman ostvarila je 2005. i 2013. godine kada je bila drugoplasirana. Najveći uspjeh reprezentacije je plasman na Svjetsko prvenstvo u Rusiji 2018. godine. Panama je igrala u grupi s Meksikom, Kostarikom, Hondurasom, SAD-om i Trinidadom i Tobagom. Zauzela je treće mjesto s 13 bodova.

Najviše nastupa u reprezentaciji Paname ima Gabriel Gómez, a najbolji strijelci su: Blas Pérez i Luis Tejada s po 43 postignutih golova.

Izvori

Nogometne reprezentacije
Nogomet

Panamska nogometna reprezentacija


Crotalaria juncea est une espèce de plante à fleurs de la famille des Fabaceae, plus communément appelée Chanvre indien, Chanvre brun, Chanvre sunn ou encore Chanvre de Mandras. C'est une plante tropicale asiatique.

Le chanvre peut être utilisé comme engrais vert (grâce à son statut de légumineuse), biocarburant, fourrage et comme fibres pour faire des cordages (à partir de la tige), dans une région tropicale ou subtropicale. L'espèce peut résister à la sécheresse et se plaît dans les régions chaudes. Ses feuilles sont allongées et alternées, et la fleur est de couleur jaune.

Systématique
L'espèce Crotalaria juncea a été décrite en 1753 par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné (1707-1778) dans son ouvrage Species Plantarum.

Description
C'est une plante herbacée annuelle pouvant mesurer entre 1 et  de hauteur. Elle est lâchement ramifiée avec des tiges assez côtelées comportant des poils couchés. Elle possède des feuilles alternées linéaires (étroites et allongées), au bord entier et à la nervure pennée parallèle (opposées par paires). La feuille est rattachée à la plante par une pétiole avec des stipules émincées mesurant entre 1 et  de longueur. On peut dire qu'ils sont presque absents.

La fleur a une structure classique de la famille des fabacées avec une symétrie bilatérale, un étendard (mesurant 1,5 à ), un carène et deux ailes un peu plus courtes que celui-ci. C'est une structure des pétales qui est assez commune. Elle est zygomorphe, bisexuée et de couleur jaune.

La grappe est dressée et peut atteindre  de longueur. Elle peut contenir de six à douze graines brun foncé ou noires.

Utilisations

Engrais vert
Crotalaria juncea, étant une légumineuse, est capable de fixer l'azote atmosphérique dans les nodosités de ses racines. Elle va par la suite le relâcher dans le sol, et donc enrichir celui-ci avec ce que l'on appelle un engrais vert (sous forme d'azote). Grâce à cela, les différentes conditions du sol vont être améliorées, notamment au niveau du contrôle de l'érosion, la lutte contre les nématodes ou encore la suppression de mauvaises herbes.

Phytoremédiation
Le chanvre, grâce à ses propriétés physiologiques, va pouvoir réaliser un des mécanismes de dépollution du sol : la phytoremédiation. En effet, la phytoremédiation se compose d'un ensemble de mécanismes utilisés par les plantes ou les arbres afin de dépolluer les sols de manière très écologique. Dans le cas suivant, Crotolaria juncea est capable de dépolluer un sol riche en cuivre. L'avantage pour elle est, par exemple, d'éviter d'avoir de la concurrence dans son espace vital (car la contamination va empêcher la croissance de celle-ci), et va aussi la protéger des prédateurs (car consommer cette plante sera toxique pour eux). Le transport de métaux lourds dans la plante se fait à l'aide de canaux ioniques transmembranaires où sont impliqués certaines protéines.

Cordage
C'est une plante qui est très utilisée pour faire du cordage. En effet, cela peut aboutir à la création de sacs, de filets de pêches, de ficelles, de toiles, de sandales ou encore de semelles de chaussures.

Son chanvre permet également de confectionner des tapis, de la literie et des sangles.

Publication originale

Notes et références

Liens externes

Bibliographie

Fabaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)

Crotalaria juncea


The Boston Latin School is a selective public exam school in Boston, Massachusetts. It was established on April 23, 1635, making it both the oldest public school in British America and the oldest existing school in the United States. The school's admission policies and demographics have been controversial.

History

Boston Latin School was founded on April 23, 1635 by the Town of Boston. The school was modeled after the Free Grammar School of Boston in England under the influence of Reverend John Cotton. The first classes were held in the home of the Master, Philemon Pormort.  John Hull was the first student to graduate (1637). It was intended to educate young men of all social classes in the classics. The school was initially funded by donations and land rentals rather than by taxes.  A school established in nearby Dedham was the first tax-supported public school.

Latin is the mother of modern Romance languages and was an educational priority in the 17th century.  The ability to read at least Cicero and Virgil was a requirement of all colonial colleges, and to write and speak Latin in verse and prose was the first of the "Harvard College Laws" of 1642.  Boston Latin prepared many students for admission to Harvard, with a total of seven years devoted to the classics.  However, most graduates of Boston Latin did not go on to college, since business and professions did not require college training.

A cadet corps was founded during the American Civil War, and was disbanded in the early 1960s.

Boston Latin has produced four Harvard University presidents, four Massachusetts governors, and five signers of the United States Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin and Louis Farrakhan are among its well-known dropouts.

Until the 19th century, the Latin School admitted only male students and hired only male teachers. Helen Magill White was the school's first female graduate and the first American woman to earn a doctorate. Magill White was the only female pupil at the school when she attended. Later, the Girls' Latin School was founded in 1877. Boston Latin admitted its first co-educational class in 1972.

The school appointed Marie Frisardi Cleary and Juanita Ponte as the first two women in its academic faculty in 1967. Cornelia Kelley was the school's first female headmaster, serving from 1998 until her retirement in 2007, after which Lynne Mooney Teta became headmaster. In 2016, Mooney Teta resigned amid a federal probe into racially charged incidents at the school. In 2017, Rachel Skerritt became the first person of color to serve as headmaster. Skerritt resigned at the conclusion of the 2021-22 school school year and was succeeded in the retitled position of Head of School by elementary principal and fellow Latin School alumnus Jason Gallagher.

Location history

Academics
Boston Latin's motto is Sumus Primi, Latin for we are first. This is a double entendre, referring both to the school's date of founding and its academic stature. Boston Latin has a history of pursuing the same standards as elite New England prep schools while adopting the egalitarian attitude of a public school. Academically, the school regularly outperforms public schools in affluent Boston suburbs, particularly as measured by the yearly MCAS assessment required of all Massachusetts public schools. In 2006, Brooklyn Latin School was founded in New York City, explicitly modeled on Boston Latin, borrowing much from its traditions and curriculum.  In 2006, Washington Latin School was founded in Washington DC, also modeled on Boston Latin.

Admissions
Until 2020, admission to Boston Latin School was determined by a combination of a student's score on the Independent School Entrance Examination (ISEE) and recent grades, and is limited to residents of the city of Boston. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the entrance exam has been suspended, and admission is based on grades and Boston residency.

Although Boston Latin runs from the 7th through the 12th grade, it admits students only into the 7th and 9th grades.

The school has been the subject of controversy concerning its admissions process. Before the 1997 school year, Boston Latin set aside a 35% quota of places in the incoming class for under-represented minorities. The school was forced to drop this policy after a series of lawsuits were brought by white females who were not admitted despite ranking higher (based on test scores and GPA) than admitted minorities.

After the lawsuits, the percentage of under-represented minorities at Boston Latin fell from 35% in 1997 to under 19% in 2005, despite efforts by Boston Latin, the Boston Public Schools, and the Boston Latin School Association to recruit more minority applicants and retain more minority students.

Boston Latin later defeated a legal effort to end its admissions process entirely in favor of admissions by blind lottery.

In recent years, the admissions exam has continued to cause controversy due to the lack of diversity among admitted students. In 2017, Lawyers for Civil Rights published the demographics of the incoming class, highlighting that Black students are invited to attend Boston Latin at a rate that is more than two and a half times lower than their enrollment rates in Boston Public Schools overall.

The following year in 2018, Harvard Kennedy School released a brief explaining possible reasons for the racial gap in Boston Latin School's admissions. Among the reasons are the lower rates of participation in the ISEE by Black and Hispanic students, lower ISEE scores due to inequitable curriculum and resources in the schools from which these students come, reported GPA differences, and less likelihood of Black and Hispanic students to list Boston Latin School as their top choice in school placement forms.

In 2019, Lawyers for Civil Rights, alongside the Boston chapter of the NAACP, sent a letter to Mayor Walsh, the Boston School Committee, and the superintendent, seeking to redo the admissions policies for Boston Latin School. The organizations cited the disproportionate admission rates of Black and Hispanic students versus white students as a failure of the exam system, and asked for a process that would diversify the school and take into account a student's personal achievements.

The Educational Records Bureau (ERB), the organization responsible for creating and updating the ISEE, reportedly decided to end its yearly contract with the Boston Public Schools (BPS) in April 2019. In an email sent to the school district and other clients, ERB claimed that the test's scoring metric had been incorrectly applied by BPS, resulting in underrepresented race groups failing to be admitted. BPS, however, denied that ERB cut business ties with the school district. BPS claimed instead that it had ended the contract in search of a test enabling "more equitable access" to the exam schools.

In October 2020, the Boston School Committee voted to cancel entrance exams for the city's three exam schools in 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The School Committee opted for an admissions procedure under which 20% of the incoming class would be accepted based on top grades, and the other 80% based on grades and zip codes. Students coming from zip codes with lower-income communities would receive preferential treatment.

Boston Latin School has received backlash from some parents because of this decision. Opponents of the proposed admissions system created a Change.org petition, garnering almost 6,000 signatures. The petition, directed to Boston City Council, argued that cancelling the test would increase disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A protest was held prior to the vote on the steps of Boston Latin School. One common concern surrounded Chinatown students potentially being excluded based on Chinatown's surrounding area being rapidly gentrified, thus increasing the median income.

Curriculum
Declamation is one of the school's time-honored traditions. Students in the 7th through 10th grades are required to give an oration, known as declamation, in their English class three times during the year. The school also holds Public Declamation, in which students from all grades are welcomed to try out for the chance to declaim a memorized piece in front of an assembly. During Public Declamation, declaimers are scored on categories including "Memorization," "Presentation," and "Voice and Delivery," and those who score well in three of the first four public declamations are given the chance to declaim in front of alumni judges for awards in "Prize Declamation."

In addition to declamation in English classes, the Modern Languages department holds an annual "World Language Declamation" competition. Once a year, during National Foreign Language Week (usually the first week of March), students in grades 8 through 12 perform orations in languages other than English. Entrants are categorized by level, rather than language. So all students declaiming at the first-year level of various languages are competing against each other, all students declaiming at the second-year level compete against each other, and so on.

In 2001, the school decided to decrease the Latin requirement by one year, starting with the class of 2006. For students admitted for 7th grade, the minimum number of years of Latin required decreased from five years to four years, and for students admitted for 9th grade, from four years to three years. Students, however, can still take Latin (and Greek) electives after their fourth year.

Publications
There are currently three main publications of the Boston Latin School: The Register is the school's literary magazine, The Argo the school newspaper, and Catapulta is the school science magazine. George Santayana founded The Register in 1881 to serve as the school newspaper. Over the years, however, it evolved into a purely literary magazine, publishing prose and poetry written by members of the student body, as well as artwork. There are generally three editors-in-chief, and it is published twice per year. The Argo, the school's newspaper, is far younger, having been founded in 1970 after it was clear that the Register had become a purely literary magazine. As of the 2006–2007 school year, it is published seven times a year. Catapulta, the science magazine, highlights popular and recent science and technology and is generally published four times a year. The Register, the Argo, and Catapulta are entirely student-produced, and the "Argo" and the "Register" have won awards from the New England Scholastic Press Association, while Catapulta has won awards from the American Scholastic Press Association.

Another Boston Latin publication is "BLSA Bulletin", published by the Boston Latin School Association, whose president is Peter G. Kelly, '83.

Athletics

Boston Latin's teams are known as the Boston Latin Wolfpack; their colors are purple and white. Boston Latin has played rival Boston English in football every Thanksgiving since 1887, the oldest continuous high school rivalry in the United States.

In popular culture
 In "Six Meetings Before Lunch", a first-season episode of The West Wing, Rob Lowe's character Sam Seaborn mentioned Boston Latin School in a discussion of public school reform and school vouchers in American public education. He said, "Boston Latin, the oldest public school in America, is still the best secondary school in New England." Mallory O'Brien replies "They all can't be Boston Latin and Bronx Science."
 On January 8, 2002, President George W. Bush visited the Boston Latin School after signing the No Child Left Behind Act earlier that day.
 In Season 1, Episode 12 of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Matthew Perry's character Matt Albie mentioned that his nephew had a 3.8 GPA at Boston Latin.
 In the 2008–2009 school year, former vice president Al Gore visited Boston Latin School and commended the students for their hard work educating the community about making environmentally respectable decisions.

Alumni

Boston Latin has graduated notable Americans in the fields of politics (both local and national), religion, science, journalism, philosophy, and music. Of the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence, five were educated at Latin: Adams, Franklin, Hancock, Hooper, and Paine. Graduates and students fought in the Revolutionary War, American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, and the Vietnam War, and plaques and statues in the school building honor those who died.

Hall of Fame
The Hall of Fame, known casually as "The Wall," refers to the upper frieze in the school's auditorium, where the last names of famous alumni are painted. These names include Adams, Bernstein, Fitzgerald, Franklin, Hancock, Hooper, John Hull, Kennedy, Mather, Paine, Quincy, Santayana, Winthrop, Nicolas Hyacinthe, and many others. The most recent name, Wade McCree Jr., was added to the frieze in 1999, and the selection of the name involved a conscious effort to choose a graduate of color. There are no names of female graduates, mostly because women have attended the school for just 46 years and the honor is only bestowed posthumously. There is also a lower frieze with the names of many other distinguished graduates, and a place on the lower frieze can be awarded while the person is still alive.

Rankings and awards
In 2007, the school was named one of the top 20 high schools in the United States by U.S. News & World Report magazine. It was named a 2011 "Blue Ribbon School of Excellence", the Department of Education's highest award. As of 2018, it is listed under the "gold medal" list, ranking 48 out of the top 100 high schools in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.

In 2019, the school was rated as the top high school in the Boston area by U.S. News & World Report and number 33 in national rankings.

See also

Latin school
 John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science
 Roxbury Latin School
 Brooklyn Latin School
 List of the oldest public high schools in the United States

References

External links

 Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, Established in 1635: With an Historical Sketch, Henry Fitch Jenks (1886)

1635 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Educational institutions established in the 1630s
High schools in Boston
Middle schools in Boston
Public high schools in Massachusetts

Boston Latin School