Vice-Admiral John Benbow (10 March 16534 November 1702) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He joined the navy aged 25 years, seeing action against Algerian pirates before leaving and joining the merchant navy in which he traded until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereupon he returned to the Royal Navy and was commissioned.

Benbow fought against France during the Nine Years War (1688–97), serving on and later commanding several English vessels and taking part in the battles of Beachy Head, Barfleur and La Hogue in 1690 and 1692. He went on to achieve fame during campaigns against Salé and Moor pirates; laying siege to Saint-Malo; and fighting in the West Indies against France during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).

Benbow's fame and success earned him both public notoriety and a promotion to admiral. He was then involved in an incident during the action of August 1702, in which a number of his captains refused to support him while he commanded a squadron of ships. Benbow instigated the trial and later imprisonment or execution of a number of the captains involved, though he did not live to see these results. These events contributed to his notoriety, and led to several references to him in subsequent popular culture.

Family and early years
Benbow was born the son of William and Martha Benbow. The astrologer John Partridge recorded the exact time and date of his birth as being at noon on 10 March 1653, and this is the date used by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the local historical accounts of Joseph Nightingale published in 1818. A biography within an 1819 publication of The Gentleman's Magazine, however, records in a short biography entitled Life and Exploits of Admiral Benbow by D. Parkes that he was born in 1650, as does the 1861 Sea kings and naval heroes by John George Edgar. Edgar records that Benbow's father died when Benbow was very young, while Parkes' account describes his father as being in the service of the Army under Charles I and not dying until Benbow was in his teens. Encyclopædia Britannica writes that Benbow's father was in fact a tanner. Meanwhile, his uncle, Thomas, was executed by Charles I. Both Parkes and the National Museum of the Royal Navy concur that Benbow was born in Coton Hill in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, and Nightingale asserts that the death of both uncle and father, and the family's association with Charles I in the years following his execution, ensured that the "family were brought very low". Benbow's lack of possessions, Nightingale writes, turned him to a career at sea.

Naval career

Early years
Benbow entered the Royal Navy on 30 April 1678, aged 25 years. He became master's mate aboard the 64-gun  under the command of Captain Arthur Herbert, whilst she was fitting out at Portsmouth. He sailed with her to the Mediterranean, where Herbert was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral whilst serving under the commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, Admiral Sir John Narborough. During this period the English fleet was often in action against the Barbary pirates of North Africa that were actively preying upon European shipping. Rupert herself captured an Algerine warship in 1678, which was later commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Tiger Prize. Benbow distinguished himself well in a number of actions against the Algerine vessels, and won Herbert's approval. On Narborough's return to England, Herbert was appointed acting commander-in-chief, and made Benbow master aboard  on 15 June 1679. Nonsuch would remain at Tangiers and off the African coast and had a number of successive captains who would go on to achieve flag rank, including George Rooke, Cloudesley Shovell and Francis Wheler. All were impressed by Benbow, and would afterwards help to advance his career.

Nonsuch was next in action on 8 August 1681, this time against the Algerine warship Golden Horse. Golden Horse had been engaged by , under the command of Captain William Booth, and when Nonsuch arrived on the scene Golden Horse surrendered. A dispute then arose over the question of the prize money and how it should be shared out, and comments were made amongst Nonsuchs crew against those of Adventure. Benbow's repetition of these eventually came to Booth's knowledge, and the captain brought a court-martial against Benbow; however, this revealed that Benbow had only been repeating these words rather than being their originator. Benbow was ordered to forfeit three months' pay, amounting to £12 15s., to Adventures crew, and to "ask Captain Booth's pardon on board His Majesty's ship Bristol, declaring that he had no malicious intent in speaking those words; all the commanders being present, and a boat's crew of each ship's company".

Merchant trading
Nonsuch then returned to England and was paid off on 9 November 1681. Benbow left the Royal Navy and entered the merchant service, sailing a merchant vessel from London and Bristol to ports in Italy and Spain. By 1686 he was a "tough merchant seaman" and the owner and commander of a frigate named Benbow, trading with the Levant. In May 1687 he commanded a merchant vessel, Malaga Merchant, and was aboard her when she was attacked by a Salé pirate. He mounted a successful defence and beat off the attack. It was claimed afterwards that he cut off and salted the heads of thirteen Moors who were slain aboard his ship, and then took them into Cadiz to claim a reward from the magistrates. A Moorish skull-cap, "coated with varnish and set in silver" and bearing the inscription "First adventure of Captain John Benbow, and gift to Richard Ridley, 1687" is referred to in 1844 by Charles Dickens in Bentley's Miscellany where he speaks of Shrewsbury's history, and the 1885 Dictionary of National Biography also relates the story.

Return to the Navy

Benbow only returned to the Royal Navy after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. His first recorded commission was to the post of third lieutenant of  on 1 June 1689, under the command of Captain David Mitchell. His first command came on 20 September of that year, when he was appointed captain of . He was transferred to  on 26 October and then to  on 12 November.

Benbow's next post was as Master Attendant of Chatham Dockyard. He then moved to become Master Attendant at Deptford Dockyard in early March 1690, a post he intermittently held for the next six years. He was master of HMS Sovereign in summer 1690, under his old commander Arthur Herbert, now Lord Torrington. He was assigned to act as master of the fleet, and took part in the English defeat in the Battle of Beachy Head. After the defeat, a Royal Commission was held into the circumstances that led to it. Benbow was highly regarded as a specialist in both navigation and pilotage, and his evidence given in July 1690 to the preliminary investigation strongly favoured his old patron, Torrington. He did not, however, testify during Torrington's court-martial in December that year.

Benbow continued aboard Sovereign throughout 1691, and by the summer of 1692, was again master of the fleet, this time under Admiral Edward Russell, then aboard Britannia. Benbow worked closely with his old colleague David Mitchell, then serving as Russell's first captain, and Josiah Burchett, Russell's clerk. Benbow may have advised Russell to take the Gull Passage inside the Goodwin Sands to the Downs, where they linked up with the Dutch forces. Benbow served as master of the fleet during the Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue. After the battles, Benbow returned to Deptford to resume his duties as master attendant, spending a brief period at Portsmouth Dockyard helping to oversee repairs to the fleet. He had already had his pay upgraded to that of a master attendant, he was now to be paid as a master, in addition to his master attendant's wage, presumably as an acknowledgement of his special services.

With the bomb flotillas

Benbow returned to active naval service in September 1693, joining Thomas Phillips, the second engineer of the ordnance, in jointly commanding a flotilla of bomb vessels to attack Saint-Malo. Benbow went aboard the 48-gun  and began the bombardment on 26 November. It continued intermittently until 19 November when a large fireship was sent into the harbour. An attempt was made to bring her alongside the town walls, but she ran aground, was set on fire, and exploded. Despite the failure of the initial plan, considerable damage was done, and Benbow's forces were able to take the fort on Quince Rock and disable it, carrying artillery and prisoners away and bringing them to Guernsey. Benbow was still dissatisfied with the overall result and initiated a court-martial against Captain Henry Tourville, accusing him of cowardice for not bringing his ship in closer. There was no conviction though, as the mortars were proved to be defective.

Benbow's experience led to him being promoted to a similar flotilla, this time to be deployed against Dunkirk under the command of Vice-Admiral Shovell. A number of converted merchant vessels, rigged like fireships but designed to explode rather than burn, were assigned to support the expedition. Benbow had a hand in preparing these vessels for the operation throughout 1694, and worked closely with the principal storekeeper of the ordnance, Willem Meesters. Benbow's attacking fleet was covered by Shovell's fleet on the Downs and the attack was planned for 12 and 13 September. However, the French were able to block the entrance to the port, preventing Benbow's squadron from entering, and a storm further disrupted operations. Benbow drew back from Dunkirk, and instead sailed around to Calais, where he carried out a further bombardment on 27 September. He returned to the Downs and then resumed his duties at Deptford Dockyard. He spent December organising a convoy for a fleet of merchant vessels due to sail to Cadiz.

Rise to admiral

Benbow was soon at sea again in March 1695, being appointed commander-in-chief of His Majesty's ships which were then off the coast of France. His squadron was highly successful, taking a number of French merchants in early April and bringing them to England as prizes. Benbow was recommended by Lord Berkeley, who had served with Benbow at Saint-Malo, to be promoted to rear-admiral at the next opportunity, and in the meantime he was appointed to the command of the 70-gun . He was soon joined by a volunteer – his then fourteen-year-old son – also named John Benbow. Benbow then sailed with Berkeley and the Dutch lieutenant-admiral Philips van Almonde to Saint-Malo, intending to operate against privateering operations being conducted from the area. Benbow moved to command , to direct the inshore operations of ten English and Dutch warships, nine English bomb vessels, and seventeen small boats and vessels. They began operations on their arrival off Saint-Malo on 4 July, remaining in action until evening the next day when they withdrew, without having achieved any decisive result. Several houses had been destroyed for the damage and loss of a few of the bomb vessels. Benbow was given eight bomb vessels and seven or eight frigates and was dispatched down the coast. He attacked Granville on 8 July, shelling it with over 900 bombs over several hours, and departed having set the town ablaze.

Public and private reception
The outcome of the operations had left Benbow in a tense relationship with his immediate superiors. Berkeley had been accused of excessive timidity in his actions, which it was believed had led to the failure of the attack on Dunkirk. Benbow on the other hand was widely lauded for his fearless inshore attacks with his bomb vessels. Berkeley wrote on 28 July:

As to Captain Benbow, I know of no difference between him and me, nor have we had any. He has no small obligation to me, but being called in some of the foolish printed papers 'the famous Captain Benbow', I suppose has put him a little out of himself, and has made him play the fool, as I guess, in some of his letters. I will not farther now particularize this business, but time will show I have not been in the wrong, unless being too kind to an ungrateful man.

However, the Admiralty approved of Benbow's conduct and ordered him "to be paid as Rear-Admiral during the time he has been employed this summer on the coast of France ... as a reward for his good service." Benbow was then appointed to the grand committee of sixty men to oversee the plans for Greenwich Hospital in December 1695, but the issue dragged on until 1 May 1696. The Admiralty again stepped in, and Benbow was finally promoted and appointed commander-in-chief of the squadron before Dunkirk as "Rear-Admiral of the Blue for the duration of this present expedition" and moved aboard the 70-gun . His orders were to protect English and Dutch shipping, especially from the squadron of the privateer Jean Bart. Bart, however, was mostly successful in evading pursuit, usually escaping into Dunkirk when Benbow's force drew near.

Benbow was appointed to command a squadron in the Soundings in December 1696. He carried out a number of cruises between March and August 1697, protecting allied trade and escorting the West Indian and Virginian merchant fleets into port. These activities marked the last English naval expedition of the war. He also carried out reconnaissance activities on the French fleet in port in Brest in July, before resuming patrol operations off Dunkirk, this time in concert with a number of Dutch ships under Rear-Admiral Philips van der Goes, until the end of the war in September 1697.

Appointment to the West Indies
Benbow was made commander-in-chief of the King's ships in the West Indies on 9 March 1698, and instructed to tackle the issue of piracy. He sailed in November, the first leg taking him from Portsmouth to Madeira. Sailing under his protection from the Salé pirates was Paramore, under Edmond Halley, then sailing to the North Atlantic to carry out experiments to observe magnetic variations. Benbow finally reached Barbados in February 1699, and moved to the Spanish Main aboard his flagship, the 60-gun . He threatened the governor of Cartagena with a blockade, and so compelled him to restore two English merchant ships that he had detained. These ships had been intended to take part in an expedition against the Scottish Darién scheme. Without the ships, this became impossible and the colonists were saved for the time being. This was counter to the English government's desire to see the end of the Scottish colonising efforts, and in June Benbow and the other West Indies governors received orders "not to assist the Scotch colony in Darien".

Benbow then sailed as far north as Newfoundland in order to drive the pirates away, but they evaded capture. Benbow returned to England in the summer of 1700, and was appointed to the command of a fleet in the Downs. Benbow served there until summer 1701, under the command of Admiral Sir George Rooke. He was promoted to rear-admiral of the red on 14 April, followed by vice-admiral of the blue on 30 June. He then flew his flag in the 70-gun .

Spanish treasure fleet, West Indies, the action of 1702
With the peace becoming increasingly uneasy, the English government became concerned over the possible fate of the Spanish silver fleet, due to arrive in European waters from America. They were worried that the French would intercept the ships and use the treasure for war preparations. Benbow was issued secret instructions to find the fleet, and then "to seize and bring them to England, taking care that no embezzlement be made". Benbow's squadron was detached on 2 September and sailed for the West Indies, arriving on 14 November, and was at the Jamaica Station in mid-December. He remained there for several months, being joined on 8 May 1702 by several vessels under Captain William Whetstone. Whetstone was made Rear-Admiral under Benbow, who had been promoted to Vice-Admiral of the White on 19 January 1702

By now, the War of the Spanish Succession had broken out, and news of its declaration reached Benbow on 7 July. He detached Whetstone and six ships to search off Port St Louis in Hispaniola for a French squadron under Admiral Jean du Casse, which he believed would call at the port on his voyage to Cartagena, and from there he might raid English and Dutch shipping. After Whetstone had left, Benbow took his squadron and sailed for Cartagena, anticipating that either he or Whetstone would find Du Casse and bring him to battle.

By the time that Whetstone had reached Hispaniola, Du Casse had already departed. Benbow's force subsequently sighted the French on 19 August, sailing off Cape Santa Marta. The French had three transports and four warships carrying between 68 and 70 guns, while Benbow commanded seven ships carrying between 50 and 70 guns. The English forces were heavily scattered, and the light winds meant that they were slow to regroup. They did not achieve a form of collective order until four in the afternoon, after which a partial engagement was fought, lasting about two hours, until nightfall caused the fleets to temporarily break off.

The action quickly revealed a breakdown in discipline amongst Benbow's captains. He had intended that the 64-gun  under Captain Richard Kirkby would lead the line of battle, but Kirkby was not maintaining his station. Benbow decided to take the lead himself, and Breda pulled ahead, followed by the 50-gun  under Captain George Walton. The two maintained contact with the French throughout the night, but the other five ships refused to close. The chase ensued until 24 August, with only Benbow, Walton, and Samuel Vincent aboard  making active efforts to bring the French to battle. At times, they bore the brunt of the fire of the entire squadron. Ruby was disabled on 23 August, and Benbow ordered her to retire to Port Royal. The French resumed the action at two in the morning on 24 August, the entire squadron closing on Breda from astern and pounding her. Benbow himself was hit by a chain-shot that broke his leg and he was carried below.

Benbow was determined to continue the pursuit, despite his wounds and despite Captain Kirkby's arrival on board, attempting to persuade Benbow to abandon the pursuit. Benbow summoned a council of war, and the other captains agreed, signing a paper drafted by Kirkby which declared that they believed "that after six days of battle the squadron lacked enough men to continue and that there was little chance of a decisive action, since the men were exhausted, there was a general lack of ammunition, the ships' rigging and masts were badly damaged, and the winds were generally variable and undependable." They recommended breaking off the action and following the French to see if the situation improved. Benbow had "seen the cowardly behaviour of some of them before, [and] had reason to believe that they either had a design against him or to be traitors to their country if an opportunity happened that the French could have destroyed the Admiral". He, therefore, ordered the squadron to return to Jamaica. On their arrival, he ordered the captains to be imprisoned, awaiting a trial by court-martial.

Benbow received a letter from du Casse after the engagement:

Sir,
I had little hopes on Monday last but to have supped in your cabin: but it pleased God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for by God they deserve it.
Yours,
Du Casse.

Trial of the captains
Acting Rear-Admiral Whetstone returned to Port Royal, having spent 62 days cruising off Hispaniola, and preparations were made for the trial. Before it could begin, Captain Thomas Hudson died, who had commanded . The remaining captains appeared at the court-martial which convened on Breda, held between 19 and 23 October. Due to his injuries, Benbow passed to Whetstone the role of presiding over the court, but he was present at the trial. The court found Captain Kirkby of  and Cooper Wade of  guilty of breach of orders, neglect of duty, and the "ill signed paper and consultation ... which obliged the Admiral ... to give over the chase and fight", and condemned them to be shot.

John Constable of  was found guilty of breach of orders and drunkenness and was cashiered. Samuel Vincent of Falmouth and Christopher Fogg of Breda were initially sentenced to be cashiered for signing the six captains' resolution, but Benbow personally declared that they had fought bravely, and their sentences were remitted by the Lord High Admiral. The sentences were deferred so that Queen Anne could have a chance to examine the proceedings. After her consideration in January 1703, she allowed the sentences to proceed and Constable, Kirkby, and Wade were returned to England as prisoners. Constable was imprisoned until 1704, when the Queen pardoned him. Kirkby and Wade were shot aboard  on 16 April 1703 while she was anchored in Plymouth Sound under Captain Edward Acton. Controversy slowly began to develop over the events of August 1702. Supporters of the disgraced Kirkby and Wade sought to discredit Benbow by publishing their own account of the action.

Death and burial
Benbow died at Port Royal, Kingston, Jamaica on 4 November 1702. Whetstone reported that the cause of death was "the wound of his leg which he received in battle with Monsieur Du Casse, it never being set to perfection, which malady being aggravated by the discontent of his mind, threw him into a sort of melancholy which ended his life as before." He was buried on 16 November in the chancel of St Andrew's Church, Kingston. A marble slab was later laid over the grave, emblazoned with a coat of arms and inscribed:

Here lyeth the Body of John Benbow, Esq., Admiral of the White, a true pattern of English Courage, who lost his life in Defence of his Queene & Country, November the 4th, 1702, In the 52nd year of his age, by a wound in his Legg. Received in an Engagement with Monsr. Du Casse; being Much Lamented.

Secretary of State Lord Nottingham wrote to Benbow in January 1703, before news of his death had reached London, to inform him that the queen was "extremely well pleased with your conduct and much offended with the baseness of those officers who deserted and betrayed you." Meanwhile, the cabinet was preparing to promote him to vice-admiral of the white and to dispatch him to transport troops to Newfoundland.

Personal life and legacy
Benbow married a woman named Martha (died 1722) after his return to England in 1681. The couple had at least seven children, including daughter Martha and sons Richard and John. Another son Solomon was baptised in 1686 but died in infancy. There are also records of two more sons named Richard who were born in Kent, and another daughter named Katherine. Son John went on to serve in the Royal Navy. The family lived in the parish of St Dunstan and All Saints, Stepney. In 1709, Katherine married Paul Calton of Milton, Berkshire, where Benbow is said to have stayed in the 1690s.
According to Parish Records William Benbow son of Admiral John Benbow was buried at St Nicholas Parish Church, Deptford, Kent (now SE London) on 7 April 1729. One of the admiral's granddaughters married the Rev. John Simpson, who commissioned the current Stoke Hall, Derbyshire, following his acquisition of the estate upon their marriage.

Benbow and Peter the Great
Benbow signed a three-year lease on Sayes Court in June 1696, a house belonging to diarist John Evelyn. Six months later, Evelyn wrote to a friend complaining, "I have let my house to Captain Benbow, and have the mortification of seeing everyday much of my former labours and expenses there impairing for want of a more polite tenant." In January 1698, Tsar Peter of Russia arrived in London to study British shipbuilding and seamanship. He and his entourage were provided with Sayes Court to reside in during their stay by William III. The Russians spent three months in London before leaving to tour the country. Benbow promptly asked for reparations from the Treasury, in order to be able to reimburse Evelyn and recover his own losses. He complained that the Russians had caused considerable damage to his house, with "much of the furniture broke, lost or destroyed". Christopher Wren was instructed to survey the property and declared it "entirely ruined". Benbow lost "twenty fine paintings" and "several fine draughts and other designs relating to the Sea" from his personal property. The Treasury eventually allowed payment of £350 9s. 6d. in compensation.

"Brave Benbow"

Benbow's fame led to his name entering popular culture. A monument by sculptor John Evan Thomas was erected in 1843 by public subscription in St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury commemorating Benbow as "a skillful and daring seaman whose heroic exploits long rendered him the boast of the British Navy and still point him out as the Nelson of his times." A 74-gun ship of the line and two battleships were named .

There are a number of real life Admiral Benbow public houses around the world, and other institutions that have borne his name. Whether they are named as a result of Robert Louis Stevenson's use of "The Admiral Benbow Inn" in his novel Treasure Island, or if they're named for the Admiral himself, it is impossible to say. It is alleged that Stevenson named the Hawkins' Inn after the arrest of several members of the "Benbow Brandy Men" smuggling gang that frequented the Benbow pub in Penzance shortly before he visited in August 1877.

The incident of August 1702 also took hold on the popular imagination, and was celebrated in an alehouse song, listed as number 227 in the Roud Folk Song Index:

Come all you seamen bold
and draw near, and draw near,
Come all you seamen bold and draw near.
It's of an Admiral's fame,
O brave Benbow was his name,
How he fought all on the main,
you shall hear, you shall hear.

Brave Benbow he set sail
For to fight, for to fight
Brave Benbow he set sail for to fight.
Brave Benbow he set sail
with a fine and pleasant gale
But his captains they turn'd tail
in a fright, in a fright.

Says Kirby unto Wade:
We will run, we will run
Says Kirby unto Wade, we will run.
For I value no disgrace,
nor the losing of my place,
But the enemy I won't face,
nor his guns, nor his guns.

The Ruby and Benbow
fought the French, fought the French
The Ruby and Benbow fought the French.
They fought them up and down,
till the blood came trickling down,
Till the blood came trickling down
where they lay, where they lay.

Brave Benbow lost his legs
by chain shot, by chain shot
Brave Benbow lost his legs by chain shot.
Brave Benbow lost his legs,
And all on his stumps he begs,
Fight on my English lads,
'Tis our lot, 'tis our lot.

The surgeon dress'd his wounds,
Cries Benbow, cries Benbow
The surgeon dress'd his wounds, cries Benbow.
Let a cradle now in haste,
on the quarterdeck be placed
That the enemy I may face
'Til I die, 'Til I die.

Its musical theme forms one of the three arrangements on which English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams based his Sea Songs, originally arranged for military band in 1923 as the second movement of his English Folk Song Suite, and subsequently re-arranged for full orchestra in 1942 by the composer.

The song was collected in the oral tradition from traditional singers in England in the twentieth century. A recording of Sam Bennett of Ilmington, Warwickshire made by James Madison Carpenter in the 1930s can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Website. The Copper Family also have a traditional version of the song which was passed down through several generations and is available online.

Another song has survived from the period with different air and rhythm but also known as Admiral Benbow, and it is often sung by folksingers.  It begins We sailed from Virginia and thence to Fayal.

References

Specific

General

Online

Printed

External links

  Letitia Elizabeth's poetical illustration to a painting by Sir G. Kneller, engraved by W. T. Mote (actually William Henry Mote) from Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 together with a brief historical note.

1653 births
1702 deaths
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War
British naval commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
Military personnel  from Shrewsbury
Royal Navy vice admirals

John Benbow


Die DUPAL-Anomalien sind geochemische Anomalien in den Blei-Isotopenverhältnissen von magmatischen Gesteinen. Die Anomalien sind am deutlichsten in Basaltgesteinen des Südatlantiks, zentralen Indiks und zentralen Westpazifiks ausgebildet. Sie sind ein eindeutiges Indiz für großmaßstabige Heterogenitäten und unvollendete Mischvorgänge im Erdmantel.

Bezeichnung
Das Akronym DUPAL leitet sich von den französischen Geochemikern Bernard Dupré und Claude Allègre ab, den beiden Entdeckern der Anomalien in Basalten des Indischen Ozeans im Jahr 1983. Es ist eine Zusammenziehung der Abkürzung ihrer Familiennamen (Dup + Al). Das Akronym war ein Jahr später von Hart geprägt worden.

Definition
Die beiden Anomalien sind wie folgt definiert:

 Δ 7/4 = [(207Pb/204Pb)DS - (207Pb/204Pb)NHRL] x 100 (1)
 Δ 8/4 = [(208Pb/204Pb)DS - (208Pb/204Pb)NHRL] x 100 (2)

wobei Δ 7/4 die Anomalie des Blei-Isotopenverhältnisses 207Pb/204Pb darstellt und Δ 8/4 die Anomalie von 208Pb/204Pb. Das Subskript DS bezieht sich auf den Datensatz der untersuchten Probe, das Subskript NHRL ist der Referenzdatensatz, mit dem die Probe verglichen wird. Die DUPAL-Anomalien werden außerdem von erhöhten Δ Sr-Werten begleitet, die ihrerseits wie folgt definiert sind:

 ΔSr = [87Sr/86Sr – 0.7030] × 104 (3)

Das Subskript NHRL leitet sich ab von engl. Northern Hemisphere Reference Line oder manchmal auch Northern Hemisphere Regression Line (Nordhemisphären-Referenzlinie bzw. Nordhemisphären-Regressionslinie). Die NHRL wird nun ihrerseits für die beiden Isotopenverhältnisse wie folgt definiert:

 207Pb/204Pb = 0,1084(206Pb/204Pb) + 13,491 (4)
 208Pb/204Pb = 1,2090(206Pb/204Pb) + 15,627 (5)

Die beiden Anomalien Δ 7/4 und Δ 8/4 sind ein absolutes Maß, wie sehr sich untersuchte, magmatische Gesteine von der Referenzlinie bzw. Regressionslinie unterscheiden.

Auf der NHRL liegen die Datensätze von MORB-Basalten des Mittelatlantischen Rückens (MAR – Mid Atlantic Ridge), des Ostpazifischen Rückens (EPR – East Pacific Rise) sowie von ozeanischen Inselbasalten (OIB-Basalten) wie Hawaii, Island, Azoren, Kanarische Inseln und Kapverdische Inseln. Ihre DUPAL-Anomalien liegen definitionsgemäß bei Null.
Oberhalb der NHRL gelegene Datensätze sind positive, unterhalb gelegene Datensätze negative DUPAL-Anomalien.

Beispiel
Nach Eintragen des Datensatzes im 207Pb/204Pb - 206Pb/204Pb-Diagramm bzw. im 208Pb/204Pb - 206Pb/204Pb-Diagramm werden die Werte auf der jeweiligen Abszisse abgelesen, der korrespondierende NHRL-Wert wird subtrahiert und das Ergebnis mit dem Faktor 100 multipliziert.

Die DUPAL-Anomalien können aber auch direkt anhand der oben angeführten Formeln berechnet werden. Als Beispiel mag der Datensatz eines Seamount-Basaltglases aus dem Südatlantik bei 26° 30' dienen (Datensatz von M. Regelous):

 206Pb/204Pb: 18,2411
 207Pb/204Pb: 15,5476
 208Pb/204Pb: 38,1807

Anhand von (5) wird zuerst der 208Pb/204Pb-Wert auf der NHRL berechnet und dann in (2) eingesetzt:

208Pb/204Pb = 1,209*18,2411 + 15,627 = 22,0535 + 15,627 = 37,6805

Δ 8/4 = [38,1807 - 37,6805]*100 = 0,5002*100 = 50,02

Der Seamount hat eine positive Δ 8/4-Anomalie von + 50,02. Für Δ 7/4 wird analog verfahren, es ergibt sich der Wert + 37,12.

DUPAL-Gruppe
Ozeanische Gesteine der so genannten DUPAL-Gruppe haben positive DUPAL-Anomalien, die beispielsweise für das Verhältnis Δ 8/4 Werte bis zu + 141 annehmen können (wie der Ninety East Ridge auf Äquatorhöhe im Indik). Negative DUPAL-Anomalien sind wesentlich seltener und weniger deutlich ausgeprägt (siehe  Sankt Helena mit – 69).

Die positiven DUPAL-Anomalien bilden ein bei 30 bis 40° südlicher Breite gelegenes Band. Ihr Maximum erstreckt sich vom Mittelatlantischen Rücken in den zentralen Indik und in den westlichen Zentralpazifik. Zur DUPAL-Gruppe gehören im Südatlantik  Tristan da Cunha, Gough, der Discovery-Seamount, der Rio-Grande-Rücken, der Walfischrücken und die Paraná-Basalte/Etendeka-Basalte, im Indik Amsterdam, Saint-Paul, Crozet und Kerguelen sowie im Pazifik Rarotonga. Eine etwas undeutlichere Ausdehnung vom Südatlantik in Richtung Oceanographer Fracture Zone und Azoren kann ebenfalls ausgemacht werden.

Die DUPAL-Anomalien des Westpazifiks wurden 1989 von Castillo abgetrennt und als SOPITA-Anomalie (engl. South Pacific Isotope and Thermal Anomaly – Südpazifische Isotopen- und Wärmeanomalie) neu bezeichnet.

Neben diesen klassischen DUPAL-Vorkommen wurden mittlerweile DUPAL-Signaturen auch in magmatischen Gesteinen der Philippinischen Platte und Ostchinas, in Ophiolithen Taiwans, im Japanischen Meer, in Ostsibirien (miozäne Basalte im Ostsajan) und in der Arktis gefunden.

Mischvorgänge
Die Datensätze von Gesteinen der DUPAL-Gruppe sind alle oberhalb der NHRL angesiedelt, entlang derer abgereicherte Asthenosphären-Magmen (engl. Depleted Mantle oder DM – manchmal auch Depleted Mantle Magma oder DMM) der ozeanischen Rücken zu liegen kommen. Die DUPAL-Gesteine haben sich demzufolge in ihren Isotopenverhältnissen von der DM-Komponente in Richtung angereicherter Magmen (engl. Enriched Mantle oder EM) hinbewegt. Dies kann in erster Näherung mit einem binären Mischvorgang erklärt werden. Datensätze aus dem Indischen Ozean legen nahe, dass noch eine zusätzliche Komponente – die so genannte Sankt-Helena-Komponente (SHC) – zugegen war, die unterhalb der NHRL liegt und sich durch recht hohe 206Pb/204Pb –Verhältnisse auszeichnet. Neuerdings werden darüber hinaus auch noch weitere Mischkomponenten ins Spiel gebracht, wie beispielsweise die Sedimentkomponenten EM I (pelagische Sedimente plus oberhalb der Subduktionszone liegender Mantel) und EM II (kontinentale Sedimente), HIMU (engl. high mu – rezyklierte ozeanische Kruste) und PREMA/FOZO (engl. prevalent mantle/focal zone – nicht angereicherte Untermantelkomponente).

Geophysik

Geoidanomalie
Es besteht eine sehr gute Korrelation zwischen dem DUPAL-Anomalienmuster und einer äquatorialen Aufbeulung des Geoids, welche gemäß Busse einer Auftriebszone des tieferen Erdmantels entspricht. Die DUPAL-Anomalie könnte somit möglicherweise die charakteristische Handschrift des tieferen Erdmantels tragen.

Seismik
Der untere Mantel weist im Bereich der DUPAL-Anomalien eine verringerte Geschwindigkeit der seismischen P-Wellen auf (engl. Low Velocity Region – LVR), die im Südatlantik bis zu – 25 m/s und im äquatorialen Westpazifik bis zu – 30 m/s betragen kann. Da seismische Wellen sich in weniger dichten Medien langsamer ausbreiten ist er in diesen Bereichen folglich wesentlich wärmer, was auf ein eventuelles Aufwallen hindeutet. Die Low Velocity Region des unteren Mantels weist darüber hinaus eine sehr gute Korrelation mit marinen Hot-Spots auf, die mehrheitlich in diesem Bereich auftreten (Ausnahmen sind die Hot-Spots von Bermuda, Sankt-Helena und Tubuai).

Entstehung
Die Entstehung der DUPAL-Anomalien ist nach wie vor umstritten. Es stehen sich generell zwei Erklärungsmuster gegenüber:
 Vom Erdinnern in Richtung Oberfläche gerichtete Auftriebsbewegungen thermischen Ursprungs:
 Diapirartiger Auftrieb von angereichertem Mantelmaterial
 Von der Oberfläche in die Tiefe verlaufende Absinkbewegungen:
 Subduktion von ozeanischer Kruste und deren Sedimenthülle
  Kontamination durch delaminierte, kontinentale Unterkruste
 Absinkender subkontinentaler Lithosphärenmantel

Das Auftriebsmodell besitzt mehrere Varianten, die sich auf den Ursprungsort der Diapire beziehen. Manche Autoren sehen ihn an der Kern-Mantel-Grenze (engl. core mantle boundary layer oder CMBL), andere an der 660-km-Diskontinuität zwischen Oberem und Unterem Erdmantel. Ein gleichzeitiges nebeneinander beider Auftriebssysteme wird ebenfalls für möglich gehalten.

Auch das Absinkmodell kennt mehrere Varianten. So geht beispielsweise das Krusten-Kontaminationsmodell von kontinentalem Rifting im Zusammenhang mit dem Zerfall Gondwanas aus, welches im Südatlantik vor 132 Millionen Jahren BP in der Unterkreide begann. Die dabei stattfindende Delamination der mafischen Unterkruste wurde vom oberen Mantel absorbiert und veränderte seine Isotopenverhältnisse in Richtung der DUPAL-Anomalien. Beispielsweise dokumentieren die beim Auseinanderbrechen von Südamerika und Afrika entstandenen Parana-Etendeka-Basalte sehr hohe DUPAL-Werte.

Manche Forscher halten auch einen das Isotopenverhältnis verändernden, außerirdischen Eintrag durch Meteoriten durchaus für möglich.

Weblinks
 Beitrag von M. Regelous über DUPAL-Anomalien vom MAR bei 26°S (PDF; 983 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Geochemie
Petrologie

DUPAL-Anomalien


Gareth Jones ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Gareth Jones (Journalist) (1905–1935), britischer Journalist und Politikberater
 Gareth Jones (Schauspieler) (1925–1958), britischer Schauspieler
 Gareth Jones (Jurist) (* 1930), britischer Jurist
 Gareth Jones (Politiker) (* 1939), britischer Politiker
 Gareth Jones (Regisseur) (* 1951), britischer Regisseur, Drehbuchautor und Filmproduzent
 Gareth Jones (Musikproduzent) (* 1954), britischer Musikproduzent
 Gareth Jones (Dirigent) (* 1960), britischer Dirigent
 Gareth Jones (Moderator) (* 1961), britischer Fernsehmoderator
 Gareth Jones (Rugbyspieler) (1979–2008), britischer Rugbyspieler
 Gareth Bryan-Jones (* 1943), britischer Hindernisläufer
 Gareth Stedman Jones (* 1942), britischer Historiker

Siehe auch:
 Gary Jones

Gareth Jones


Zak Hilditch este un regizor de film și scenarist australian. Este cunoscut pentru 1922 (2017), These Final Hours (2013) și Transmission (2012).

Filmografie

Ca regizor
 Waiting for Naval Base Lilly (2003)
 The Actress (2005)
 At Play (2006, scurtmetraj)
 The Glimpse (2006, scurtmetraj)
 Plum Role (2007)
 Before Closing (2007, scurtmetraj)
 Arrivals and Departures (2009, scurtmetraj)
 The Toll  (2010)
 Transmission (2012, scurtmetraj)
 These Final Hours (2013)
 1922 (2017)

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Zak Hilditch, cinemagia.ro

Vezi și
Listă de regizori australieni

Regizori australieni
Scenariști australieni

Zak Hilditch


Baldur's Gate, BioWare isimli firma tarafından yapılmış bir bilgisayar rol yapma oyunudur (RYO/RPG). 1998 yılında Interplay Entertainment tarafından yayınlanmıştır. Baldur's Gate oyunu, üç oyunluk bir Baldur's Gate serisinin ilk oyunudur. Microsoft Windows ve Macintosh işletim sistemlerinden sonra Android platformuna da uyarlanmıştır.

Hikâye oyunucunun karakterinin Time of Troublestan sonra gelişmesini takip eder. Karakter gelişiminde oyun savaş ve diyaloğa önem veriliyor. Karakter oyunucun yaptığı ahlaki seçimlere göre ödüllendiriliyor.  Oyunun başlangıcında gösterilen Nietzsche sözü oyunun felsefesini özetliyor.

 Genel Açıklama

 Oynanış

Oyun Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: İkinci Edisyon kuralları kullanılarak yapılan bir oyundur. Ancak gerçek zamanlı bir oyun yapmak için bu kuralların bazılarında ufak değişiklik yapılmıştır. Oyun aynı zamanda Forgotten Realms rol yapma oyunu kurallarıda uygulanmıştır. Oyun hem gerçek zamanda hem de sıra tabanlı oynanabiliyor. Oyunda, sıra tabanlı oyun yöntemi auto-pause seçeneği ile oynanabiliyor. Oyun 7 bölüme ayrılıyor. Bu bölümler ara piyesi (interlude) diyalogları ile kesilmektedir. Oyunun her bölümünde oyun dünyasını istediğiniz gibi araştırabiliyorsunuz. Ancak bazı bölgeler oyunda belirli görevleri gerçekleştirmeden oyuncuya açılmiyor. Oyuncu, müttefiki olmadan, az gereç ve güçsüz özelliklere sahip bir karakter olarak başlıyor. Oyuncular oyun sırasında yeni silahlar, gereçler ve aletler buluyorlar. Aynı zamanda güçlerini/özelliklerini artırıp onlar ile beraber savaşacak Oyuncu Olmayan Karakterler (OOK) (Non-Player Character/NPC) ile karşılaşıp bunlar ile gruplar kurabiliyorlar. Grubunuzda en fazla 6 tane OOK olabiliyor. Görevleri tamamladıkça grubunuzdaki OOK'ların da özellik sayıları artıyor ve var olan özelliklerinde daha da uzmanlaşıyorlar.

 Kurgu

 Oyun Dünyası
Oyunun geçtiği gezegen ismi Abeir-Toril'dir. Faerûn kıtasının batı kıyısı, ekolojik çeşitlilik bakımından çok zengin bir coğrafi bölgedir. Bu bölgenin ismi Kılıç Kıyısı'dır. Kıtanın farklı bölgelerinden insanları kendine çeken bu bölge aynı zamanda Baldur's Gate oyunun geçtiği bölgedir.

Oyunun geçtiği bölgenin coğrafi sınırları ise kuzeyde bölgenin en büyük şehri olan Baldur's Gate, doğuda Wood of Sharp Teeth, güneyde Cloud Peaks ve batıda Sea of Swords'dur.

 Oyundaki Hedefler
Oyundaki karakterler, Faerûn kıtasının batı kıyısındaki bölgedeki çeşitli şehirleri, kasabaları, madenleri vb. dolaşarak bir maceradan ötekine atılırlar. Oyunun iki esas konusu vardır. Birinci hedef, oyun dünyasındaki bir komployu ortaya çıkarmaya çalıştırmaktır. Bu komplo ya Zhentarim, Red Wizards of Thay, The Iron Throne, Flaming Fist, The Chill, The Black Talons ve Harpers gibi gizli örgütlerde dahildir. İkinci hedef ise, oyundaki ana karakterin geçmişini araştırıp ailesi ve kendi geçmişi hakkında bilgi edinmektir.

 Karakterler

 Konu Özeti
Oyunda yönettiğiniz karakter Gorion'un gözetiminde Imoen isimli arkadaşı ile büyümüştür. Öksüz bu iki genç, Candlekeep isimli çok eski kaleden bozma kütüphanede büyümüştür. Kütüphane Baldur's Gate şehrinin güneyindeki Kılıç Kıyısı bölgesinde bulunmaktadır. Kılıç Kıyısı bölgesinde birçok gariplik yaşanmaktadır. Demir üretimi neredeyse durmuştur, üretilen metaller çok çabuk bir şekilde çürümektedir ve eşkıyalar bölgede geriye kalan bütün demirleri toplama çalmaya çalışmaktadır.

 Gorion
Gorion, Baldur's gate adlı Frp oyununun ana karakterini evlatlık olarak alan babasıdır. Bir büyücü olan Gorion, neredeyse biz hiç tanıyamadan ölür.

 Imoen
Imoen, ana karakterin üvey babasının (Gorion) üvey kızıdır. Baldur's gate 2 adlı serinin devam oyununda öğreniriz ki; Imoen aynı ana karakter gibi bhaal doğumludur.

 Bhaalspawn (Bhaal doğumlu, bhaal kanı taşıyan vb.)
Bhaalspawn, ana karakterin lakabıdır. Bhaal-spawn İngilizce bir kelime olarak Türkçeye çevirisi şudur; Bhaal-doğumlu yani Bhaal kanı taşıyan birey, Bhaal ölüm efendisi anlamına gelmektedir. Ana karaktere Bhaalspawn olarak hitabet edilir çünkü ana karakterin kanında Bhaal kanı vardır ve Bhaal kanı taşıyan bireyler çoğunlukla kötü yöneliklerde olurlar ve bir kıyım yaratmaya çalışırlar.

 Aldığı Ödüller 1998 Yılın Oyunu Ödülü Computer Games Online
 Computer Games Strategy Plus (Computer Games Magazine)
 GameCenter Reader's Choice
 GamesDomain
 Imagine Games Network
 Vault Network1998 Yılın RYO/RPG Ödülü'

 Adrenaline Vault
 Computer Games Online
 Computer Gaming World
 Electric Games
 GameCenter
 GameCenter Reader's Choice
 GamesDomain
 Gamespot
 Gamepsot Reader's Choice
 Imagine Games Network
 PC Gamer
 Vault Network

Dış bağlantılar
 Oyun Yapımcısınin Resmi Sitesi.
 Çeşitli Değerlendimeler.
 PlayStation için yapımı tamamlanmayan Baldur's Gate sürümü.
 Moby Games sayfasındaki değerlendirme.

Kaynakça

BioWare
Microsoft Windows oyunları
Rol yapma video oyunları
1998 video oyunları
Baş karakterlerinin cinsiyeti seçilebilen oyunlar
Unutulmuş Diyarlar video oyunları
BioWare oyunları
İzometrik grafiğe sahip video oyunları

Baldur's Gate


Le Parti national démocratique () était un parti politique salvadorien qui a existé de 1913 à 1931. Le parti a occupé le pouvoir de 1913 à 1931 à une époque du Salvador connue sous le nom de dynastie Meléndez-Quiñónez. Le pays est surnommé la « république du café » pendant le règne du PND en raison de la forte dépendance du pays à l'égard des exportations de café. Il était le seul parti politique du pays.

Le parti n'a pas participé aux élections générales de 1931 puisque le président Pío Romero Bosque n'a pas désigné de successeur comme l'avaient fait ses prédécesseurs. Il est dissous à la suite du coup d'État de 1931 lorsque tous les partis politiques ont été interdits.

Notes et références

Parti politique interdit
Parti politique disparu en 1931
Parti politique fondé en 1919
Parti unique
Parti politique au Salvador

Parti national démocratique (Salvador)


Lenny Fernandes Coelho (23 de marzo de 1990, Río de Janeiro, Brasil), es un futbolista brasileño que juega como delantero. Él está actualmente sin club.

Carrera
Lenny debutó profesionalmente a finales del 2005 en algunos partidos del Campeonato en el Fluminense. Su fútbol "atrevido" comenzó a atraer la atención al principio de la temporada 2006, durante el juego de la Copa de Brasil.

Fue a la selección en el 2007.

Su primer título, como profesional, llegó con la conquista de la Copa de Brasil de 2007, cuando el Fluminense derrotó, en la final, al Figueirense. Poco después, a pesar de la mala etapa, Lenny fue cedido finalmente al Sporting de Braga, de Portugal.

El 3 de enero de 2011, Lenny no estaba siendo aprovechado por el Palmeiras a causa de una serie de lesiones y luego fue anunciado como refuerzo del Figueirense. El 28 de enero de 2011, Lenny anunció la rescisión del contrato con el Palmeiras.

El 4 de agosto de 2011, anunció la terminación de su contrato con el Figueirense debido a las lesiones que siguieron desde el momento de que dejó Palmeiras. Después de su terminación, Lenny volvió al Desportivo Brasil.

En enero de 2012, firmó un contrato con Boavista en Río de Janeiro, para competir por el Campeonato.

Clubes

Palmarés
Fluminense
 Copa de Brasil: 2007

Palmeiras
 Campeonato Paulista: 2008

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Lenny en Sambafoot.com

Futbolistas de Río de Janeiro
Futbolistas del Figueirense Futebol Clube
Futbolistas del Fluminense Football Club
Futbolistas de la Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
Futbolistas del Sporting Clube de Braga
Futbolistas del Boavista Sport Club

Lenny Fernandes Coelho


O USS South Dakota é um submarino nuclear de ataque operado pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos e a décima sétima embarcação da Classe Virginia. Sua construção começou em abril de 2016 nos estaleiros da General Dynamics Electric Boat em Connecticut e foi lançado ao mar em fevereiro de 2018, sendo comissionado na frota norte-americana em fevereiro do ano seguinte. É armado com doze lançadores verticais de mísseis e quatro tubos de torpedo de 533 milímetros, tem um deslocamento de quase oito mil toneladas e alcança uma velocidade máxima de 32 nós.

Ligações externas

Classe Virginia (submarinos)
Navios de 2018
Navios construídos em Connecticut
Submarinos nucleares da Marinha dos Estados Unidos

USS South Dakota (SSN-790)


The pulse of Moscow er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1990 instrueret af Jenö Farkas efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Vi havde otte dage i Moskva til at tage pulsen på byen, og vi skød løs. Historierne drev os fra sted til sted. Vi skulle fange nu'et.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1990
Moskva

The pulse of Moscow


Úrslitaleikur Mjólkurbikars karla árið 2021 var leikinn þann 16. október á Laugardalsvelli.
Knattspyrnufélag ÍA keppti á móti Víkingum og lauk leiknum með 0-3 sigri Víkinga.

Upplýsingar um leikinn

 Lið ÍA:  Árni Marinó Einarsson (m), Óttar Bjarni Guðmundsson (f), Aron Kristófer Lárusson (Elias Alexander Tamburini 82, Wout Drouste (Guðmundur Tyrfinsson 63), Sindri Snær Magnússon (Jón Gísli Eyland Gíslason 82), Viktor Jónsson(Ingi Þór Sigurðsson 88), Steinar Þorsteinsson, Gísli Laxdal Unnarsson, Ísak Snær Þorvaldsson, Hákon Ingi Jónsson (Eyþór Aron Wöhler 63), Alexander Davey. Þjálfari: Jóhannes Karla Guðjónsson. Ónotaðir varamenn:	Dino Hodzic (m), Hlynur Sævar Jónsson

 Lið Víkings: Ingvar Jónsson (m), Sölvi Geir Ottesen (f) (Karl Friðleifur Gunnarsson 88), Halldór Smári Sigurðsson, Kári Árnason, Atli Barkarson, Erlingur Agnarsson (Helgi Guðjónsson 68), Júlíus Magnússon, Pablo Punyed, Viktor Örlygur Andrason (Kwame Quee 68), NIkolaj Andreas Hansen (Logi Tómasson 68), Kristall Máni Ingason (Adam Ægir Pálsson 90). Þjálfari: Arnar Bergmann Gunnlaugsson. Ónotaðir varamenn: Þórður Ingason (m), Tómas Guðmundsson.

Leiklýsing
Leiklýsing er byggð á textalýsingu Fótbolti.net. Texti innan gæsalappa er tekinn beint úr texta Fótbolti.net

1 mín: Jóhann Ingi Jónsson flautar leikinn á - hann er talinn hafa verið besti dómari sumarins af sparkspekingum.
2 mín: Fyrsta færi leiksins er Skagamanna. "Boltinn kemur upp hægri kantinn á Viktor Jónsson sem á frábæra sendingu á fjær þar sem Gísli Laxdal mætir og skallar boltann í jörðina og framhjá"
6 mín: Skagamenn vilja víti!! "Hornspyrna frá vinstri þar sem boltinn skoppar í teignum og Skagamenn vilja meina boltinn hafa farið í höndina í Víkingi??"
10 mín: "Viktor Jónsson er með boltann fyrir utan teig og vippar boltanum inn fyrir vörn Víkinga, Steinar Þorsteinnson og Ingvar Jónsson fara í kapphlaup um boltann en Ingvar hefur betur!"
18 mín: Mark!  Erlingur Agnarsson  skorar. ÞVÍLIKT MARK HJÁ VÍKINGUM!!! 1 - 0. "Kristall með flotta sendingu á Pablo sem fær boltann fyrir utan teig, keyrir í átt að teignum og leggur boltann inn fyrir vörn ÍA þar sem Erlingur Agnarsson kemst gegn Árna Marinó og klárar frábærlega í nærhornið!!!"
21 mín: Víkingar freista þess að bæta við marki. Taka nú hornspyrnu frá vinstri! Kristall Máni tekur hornspyrnuna, hún er á nærsvæðið þar sem Halldór Smári framlengir boltanum í átt að fjærstöng en Víkingarnir rétt missa af knettinum. Augnablikið er með Víkingum.
21 mín: Skagamenn sækja að marki Víkinga. Ísak með sendingu á Gísla Laxdal sem sækir á Sölva og á skot sem Ingvar ver frábærlega í hornspyrnu.
26 mín: Skyndisókn hjá Víkingum. "Kristall keyrir upp að teig ÍA og reynir sendingu inn fyrir vörn Skagamanna, fer í varnarmann og fær boltann aftur og reynir þá skot í fjærhornið en boltinn rétt framhjá".
26 mín: "Manstu þegar Arnar Gunnlaugs var með hár", syngja Skagamenn í stúkunni.
45 mín: Tveimur mínútum er bætt við fyrri hálfleikinn.
45 mín: Mark!  Kári Árnason skorar í lokaleik sínum á knattspyrnuferlinum!  2 - 0. "Pablo með hornspyrnu inn á teig beint á kollinn á Kára Árnasyni sem einfaldlega stýrir boltanum í nærhornið".
47 mín: Viktor Örlygur, miðvallarleikmaður Víkinga, á góða sendingu inn fyrir vörn ÍA - Erlingur kemst einn inn fyrir en Árni ver frábærlega. "Árni heldur Skaganum á lífi".
50 mín: Víkingar byrja seinni hálfleikinn mun betur en Skagamenn. "Viktor Örlygur fær mikið svæði vinstra megin í teig Skagamanna og reynir sendingu þvert fyrir markið - Árni gerir vel sem fyrr og handsamar fyrirgjöfina! "Nikolaj Hansen beið á fjær og var að fara pota þessum inn!"
52 mín: Víkingar í færi. "ÞETTA HEFÐI VERIÐ MARK TÍMABILSINS!!!!" "Kristall með aukaspyrnu af 30 metra færi og á stórgóða spyrnu sem fer hárfrínt framhjá markskeytunum nær."
62 mín: Víkingar eru nærri því að bæta við þriðja markinu. "Pablo á skot fyrir utan teig sem smellur í fjærstönginni og fellur þaðan til Kristals sem á skot í fyrsta framhjá markinu!"
65 mín: "Steinar Þorsteinsson leikmaður ÍA kemst einn inn fyrir með menn í bakinu og rennir boltanum til hliðar á Gísla Laxdal sem kemst einn gegn Ingvari en sá gerir sig stóran og ver þetta frábærlega".
72 mín: Stöngin stöðvar Víkinga enn í að bæta við marki. "Kwame fær boltann á vinstri kantinum og keyrir inn á völlinn og reynir skot í nærhornið sem endar í stönginni!!"
74 mín: Skyndisókn hjá Víkingum sem endar á því að Atl á fast skot beint á Árna sem ver!! Andartaki síðar er Atli aftur á ferðinni - tók þá aukaspyrnu. Spyrnan er mjög góð en endar í hliðarnetinu.
86 mín: Steinar Þorsteinsson leikmaður ÍA á gott skot að nærhorni marks Víkinga en Ingvar sér við honum!
87 mín: Víkingar gera heiðursskiptingu: Fyrirliði liðsins, Sölvi Geir Ottesen, fer af velli í sínum síðasta leik fyrir Víking og á sínum ferli. Áhorfendur á Laugardalsvelli fagna ákaft, honum til heiðurs.
94 mín:  Mark!  Helgi Guðjónsson skorar frábært mark og gerir endanlega út um leikinn! 3 - 0. Helgi á öflugan sprett, kemst upp allan völlinn í kapphlaupi við Guðmund Tyrfingsson - Helgi hefur betur, kemst einn gegn markmanni og rennir boltanum með vinstri fæti milla fóta Árna!!

Fróðleikur

Molar um liðin, leikmenn og þjálfara
 Fjórða skiptið sem Víkingur komst í úrslitaleikinn. Þeir sigruðu Breiðablik í úrslitaleiknum árið 1971, biðu lægri hlut á móti KR árið 1967 og sigruðu Fimleikafélagið í úrslitunum árið 2019.
 Nítjánda skiptið sem Skagamenn komust í úrslitaleikinn. Níu úrslitaleikir þeirra enduðu með sigri, jafnmargir með ósigri.
 Víkingar áttu möguleika á að verða tvöfaldir meistarar með sigri í úrslitaleiknum. Jafnframt yrði það í fyrsta sinn sem félaginu tækist að verja titilinn og þriðja árið í röð sem félagið væri ríkjandi bikarmeistari.
Með sigri í úrslitaleiknum áttu Skagamenn möguleika á að enda 18 ára bið sína eftir bikarameistaratitli.

Arnar Bergmann Gunnlaugsson, þjálfari Víkings, átti möguleika á að vinna sinn annan bikartitil sem þjálfari Víkings. Hann varð bikarmeistari tvívegis sem leikmaður; árin 2003 með KR og 2007 með FH.
Jóhannes Karl Guðjónsson, þjálfari Skagamanna, átti möguleika á að verða bikarmeistari í fyrsta skipti, en hann lék á árum áður í liði þeirra.

Fyrri viðureignir í bikarkeppni

 Af 54 innbyrðis mótsleikjum liðanna (í deildar- og bikarkeppni) eru tíu bikarleikir.
 3.7 mörk voru skoruð að meðaltali í bikarleikjunum. Skagamenn sigruðu sjö þeirra og Víkingar þrjá.

Leiðir liðanna í úrslitaleikinn

Heimildaskrá

Úrvalsdeildir karla í knattspyrnu á Íslandi
Knattspyrna á Íslandi

Mjólkurbikar karla í knattspyrnu 2021


Wolfgang Heider (* 14. Dezember 1558 in Wölfis, Thüringen; † 16. August 1626 in Jena) war ein deutscher Professor für Ethik und Politik und Universitätsrektor.

Leben
Heider war der Sohn des Bauern Salomon Heider und dessen Frau Anna (geborene Funck). Er besuchte, nachdem er anfänglich zu einem bäuerlichen Leben bestimmt war, die Höhere Schule in Ohrdruf und wurde durch seinen Vetter Valentin Fuck drei Jahre lang in Latein und Griechisch unterrichtet. Anschließend wechselte er nach Magdeburg, wo er durch Georg Rollenhagen unterrichtet wurde und nach Hildesheim. Er begann 1580 ein Studium in Jena und erhielt 1583 die Magisterwürde sowie 1587 eine Professur für Ethik und Politik. Heider war zwölfmal Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät und im Sommersemester 1591, sowie 1607 Rektor der Alma Mater. Die Geschichte der Universität Jena weist Heider als  (der Philosophischen Fakultät). Er war Professor für Ethik und Politik von 1587 bis zu seinem Todesjahr 1626. Er beschäftigte sich auch mit ökonomischen und pädagogischen Fragen und war über viele Jahre als Inspektor für die Stipendiaten tätig. Er starb 1626.

Heider war dreimal verheiratet und hatte mehrere Kinder.
 1583 mit Margaretha Crusi, Tochter des Jenaer Protonotars Albert Crusii (* 1536 [Krause]). Aus der Ehe stammen 6. Söhne und vier Töchter.
 1600 mit Barbara († 26. Juni 1604), die Tochter des Ratsherrn in Jena Quirin Sachse (Saxonis). Aus der Ehe stammen drei Töchter.
 Barbara Heider (* 30. Juli 1601; † 11. Oktober 1634) ⚭ mit dem Pfarrer Mag. Elias Johannes Hesling (* um 1605; um 1667)
 1605 mit Barbara, Tochter des Pfarrers Johannes Breuning, die Stieftochter des Jenaer Mathematikprofessors Georg Limnäus.

Werke

 mit Nikolaus Schober: Problemata Ethica. Jena 1591.
 Libellus de ira cohibenda ex Aristotele, Seneca, Plutarcho et aliis collectus. Jena 1600.
 Threnologia in obitum Johannis, Ducis Sax. Jena 1606.
 Actus introductionis Gymn. Hagae-Schaumburgium. Hagae 1610.
 Oratio de vita et morte Christiani II. Electoris Sax. Jena 1612.
 Orationes duae de VVelpeculis scholasticis. Jena 1614, 1617.
 mit Herzog Johann Philipp: Oratiuncula gratulatoria in natalem vicesimum Illustrissimi Principis ac Domini Dn. Johannis Philippi, Ducis Saxoniae …. Jena 1616.
 Philosophiae Moralis Systema. Jena 1629, 1638, 1646.
 Philosophiae Politicae Systema. Jena 1628.
 Orationum Band 1 und 2, Jena 1628, 1629.
 Poëmatum libri quatuor. Jena 1631, 1641.

Literatur

 Henning Witte: Memoriae philosophorum, oratorum, poetarum, historicorum et philologorum nostri seculi clarissimorum renovatae decas prima (- nona). Band 1, Hallervord, Frankfurt/Main, 1677, S. 198 (uni-mannheim.de).
 Johann Caspar Zeumer, Christof Weissenborn: Vitae Professorum Theologiae, Jurisprudentiae, Medicinae et Philosophiae qui in illustri Academia Jenensi, ab ipsius fundatione ad nostra usque tempora vixerunt et adhuc vivunt una cum scriptis a quolibet editis quatuor classibus. Johann Felici Bieleck, Jena 1711, Teil III, Philosophen S. 45.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena)
Rektor (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena)
Moralphilosoph
Deutscher
Geboren 1558
Gestorben 1626
Mann

Wolfgang Heider


Karla Marksa  es un jútor del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar del sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Ponura 2º, que desemboca en el Ponura, afluente del río Kirpili, 11 km al oeste de Dinskaya y 21 km al norte de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 1 714 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Novotítarovskoye.

Transporte

Al este de la localidad pasa la carretera federal M4 Don.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net
 ''Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Карла Маркса (Динской район)
 Sitio web del municipio .

Localidades del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Karla Marksa (Dinskaya, Krasnodar)


Wajid Ali Chaudhry (* 4. August 1981) ist ein pakistanischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Wajid Ali Chaudhry ist einer der bedeutendsten Badmintonspielers Pakistans der Gegenwart. Er ist einer der wenigen heutigen Spieler des Landes, die auch größere internationale Erfolge aufweisen können. So gewann er sowohl 2004 als auch 2006 Bronze im Herreneinzel bei den Südasienspielen, 2004 zusätzlich auch Silber mit dem Team. Von 2001 bis 2009 war er des Weiteren sechs Mal im Einzel bei den nationalen Titelkämpfen erfolgreich.

Weblinks
melbourne2006.com.au

Badmintonspieler (Pakistan)
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Pakistan)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Pakistan)
Teilnehmer an den Südasienspielen (Pakistan)
Pakistanischer Meister (Badminton)
Pakistaner
Geboren 1981
Mann

Wajid Ali Chaudhry


Like It Like That —en español: Me gusta que sea así— es el quinto álbum de estudio del cantante malayo Guy Sebastian. El álbum es producido por David Ryan Harris y Fredrick Odesjo y fue publicado el 23 de octubre de 2009 (en Australia) y el 29 de junio de 2010 (en Estados Unidos).

Información del álbum

Sencillos
Like It Like That
Como gusta que debutó en el número 6 en la tabla de ARIA Singles de Australia a finales de agosto de 2009, llegando a número 1 en su cuarta semana, y permanecer allí durante dos semanas consecutivas. Se pasó 12 semanas en el top diez ARIA, y 25 semanas en el top 50. Ha sido certificado de platino 3x en Australia para la venta de 210.000 +. "Gusta que sea así", fue el más alto de la canción popular artista australiano en Australia en 2009, y el vendedor más alto sexta en general. En enero de 2010 ARIA publicado una lista de las canciones más vendido de la década anterior. "Gusta que sea así" el puesto No. 29 sobre el extremo del gráfico Decenio, la entrada más alta para una sexta canción artista australiano. "Gusta que sea así" también fue lanzado en Nueva Zelanda en 2011, como el segundo single del álbum retrospectivo Sebastián Twenty Ten. Alcanzó el puesto N º 30 y obtuvo la certificación de oro.

Posicionamientos

Posiciones
Weekly ARIA Chart

ARIA End of Year charts

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Álbumes de 2009
Álbumes de Guy Sebastian

Like It Like That


Die 1900 in Dienst gestellte Claes Uggla war der fünfte Torpedokreuzer (schwed. Torpedkryssare) der schwedischen Flotte und der Örnen-Klasse. Exakter wären die Boote wohl als Torpedokanonenboote bezeichnet worden, deren britischen Ausführungen sie nachempfunden waren. Die Claes Uggla war das einzige Boot der Klasse, das im Dienst verloren ging. Am 22. Juni 1917 lief sie bei der Sicherung eines schwedischen Küstengeleitzuges in den Schären nahe der Insel Ulvön  bei Örnsköldsvik auf. Die Versuche, das Schiff abzubringen, zerstörten den Rumpf weiter und am 30. August 1917 kenterte die Claes Uggla.

Baugeschichte

Die Claes Uggla und die vorangehende Psilander wurden auf der Finnboda Werft des Bergsunds-Konzern in Stockholm gebaut. Ihre Bewaffnung unterschied sich nicht von den vorangegangenen Booten. Auch sie hatten zwei 12-cm-L/45-Bofors-M.94-Schnellfeuergeschütze mit Schutzschilden auf dem Vor- und Achterdeck und in Schwalbennestern an den Seiten vier 5,7-cm-L/55-Maxim-Nordenfeldt-Schnellfeuergeschütze. Dazu kam noch das  Unterwasser-Torpedorohr im Bug. Auch die Panzerung der beiden Boote bestand aus einem 19 mm starken Panzerdeck aus normalem Stahl.

Allerdings hatten die beiden letzten Boote der Klasse einen etwas veränderten, längeren Rumpf mit einer veränderten Brücke und etwas anders stehenden Masten. Die beiden von Motala Verkstad zugelieferten Dreifach-Expansionsmaschinen waren mit zusammen 4500 PS etwas stärker, den notwendigen Dampf erzeugten weiterhin acht kleine Wasserrohrkessel vom Typ Yarrow, die eigentlich für Torpedoboote konstruiert worden waren.

Einsatzgeschichte
Die Claes Uggla kam am 28. November 1900 als fünfter "Kreuzer" der schwedischen Marine und letztes Boot der Örnen-Klasse in Dienst. Das Boot war nach dem schwedischen Admiral Claas Uggla (1614–1676) benannt, der als zweiter Befehlshaber in der Seeschlacht bei Öland gegen Dänen und Niederländer unter Cornelis Tromp, Niels Juel und Philipp van Almonde gefallen war.

1901 war die Claes Uggla. neben den Küstenpanzerschiffen Thor, Oden und Niord, das erste Boot der schwedischen Marine, das eine Funkanlage erhielt.
Nach der einseitigen Ausrufung der Aufgabe der schwedisch-norwegische Union durch das norwegische Storting im Juni 1905, wurde die schwedische Flotte in Alarmbereitschaft versetzt. Die Erhöhung der Spannung führte zur Verlegung eines Teils der Flotte nach Westen, um im Fall einer Eskalation des Konflikts die norwegischen Küste und die Hauptstadt, damals noch Kristiania genannt, anzugreifen. Die Claes Uggla gehörte mit drei Schwesterschiffen zu diesem Verband. Nach der Anerkennung der norwegischen Unabhängigkeit in den Verhandlungen von Karlstad wurde die Flotte am 11. Oktober 1905 wieder zurückgezogen.

Während des Ersten Weltkriegs überwachte sie dann die schwedischen Gewässer und diente als Geleitfahrzeug. Am 22. Juni 1917 lief sie bei der Sicherung eines schwedischen Küstengeleitzuges im Bottnischen Meerbusen in den Schären nahe der Insel Ulvön  bei Örnsköldsvik auf. Die Versuche, das Schiff abzubringen, zerstörten den Rumpf weiter und am 30. August 1917 kenterte die Claes Uggla.

Die Torpedokreuzer der Örnen-Klasse

Literatur
 B. Weyer: Taschenbuch der Kriegsflotten. J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, München, 1905
 Per Insulander, Curt Borgenstam, Bertil Åhlund: Kryssare : med Svenska flottans kryssare under 75 år. C B Marinlitteratur, ISBN 9789197070065

Weblinks
 Die Örnen-Klasse
 Postkarte der Claes Uggla
 Foto der "Clas Uggla, Kanonbåt"
  (PDF; 520 kB) und  schwed. Berichte zum Verlust der Claes Uggla, Bilder vom Bergungsversuch
 Bild vom Wrack der Claes Uggla 2007

Anmerkungen

Örnen-Klasse
Finnboda Varv
Schiffsverlust durch Grundberührung
Schiffsverlust 1917

Claes Uggla (Schiff)


Zagreb Bölgesi (Hırvatça: Zagrebačka županija). Orta Hırvatistan'da idari bölge. 2001 nüfusu 309.696'dır. Zagreb metropolitan alanının bir parçası kabul edilir. Bölgenin Zagreb dışında önemli şehirleri Zaprešić, Velika Gorica ve Sesvete'dir.

Zagreb Bölgesi


Eurojackpot ist eine seit 2012 gespielte Zahlenlotterie, die in 18 teilnehmenden europäischen Ländern gemeinsam ausgespielt wird. Es werden fünf Zahlen aus der Zahlenreihe 1 bis 50 getippt und zwei von 12 Zahlen (Eurozahlen). Diese bilden gemeinsam einen Tipp.

Ziehung und Jackpot
Seit dem 25. März 2022 werden die Zahlen jeden Dienstagabend und jeden Freitagabend in Helsinki (Finnland) um 20 Uhr (deutscher Zeit) gezogen. In der Zeit vor dem 25. März 2022 gab es nur eine Ziehung pro Woche (Freitagabend). Live verfolgt werden kann die Ziehung nur im finnischen TV, in den restlichen EU-Ländern wird diese nicht direkt übertragen. Ab 21 Uhr (deutscher Zeit) werden die Gewinnzahlen und Gewinnquoten im Internet bekanntgegeben. Für jede Ziehung wird ein Jackpot von mindestens 10 Mio. € garantiert. Wird dieser nicht gewonnen, wächst der Jackpot bis zu einer Begrenzung von 120 Mio. € an. Sollte bei Erreichen der Grenze von 120 Mio. € der Jackpot immer noch nicht geknackt sein, wird der Mehrbetrag in die Gewinnklasse 2 überwiesen, d. h., jeder weitere Euro oberhalb der Jackpot-Grenze von 120 Mio. € fließt in die Gewinnklasse 2.

 Die Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit in der Gewinnklasse 1 (der sogenannte Eurojackpot) liegt bei 1:140 Millionen (mögliche Kombinationen).

 Die Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit in der Gewinnklasse 2 liegt bei 1:6 Millionen (mögliche Kombinationen).

Spielteilnehmer (mindestens 18 Jahre alt bzw. volljährig) können durch die Abgabe mehrerer Tipps (Einzel oder als System) mehrfach an einer Eurojackpotziehung teilnehmen.

Verwendung der Spieleinnahmen
Die Hälfte der Einnahmen wird an die Teilnehmer der Lotterie ausgeschüttet. Die andere Hälfte fließt – abzüglich der Kosten für die Lottogesellschaften – in die Staatskasse der teilnehmenden Länder mit der Maßgabe, gemeinnützige Projekte zu fördern. Als Spieleinsatz werden 2,00 € pro Tipp fällig. Die deutschen Lottogesellschaften erheben zusätzlich pro Spielschein eine Bearbeitungsgebühr. Diese beträgt zum Beispiel in Nordrhein-Westfalen 0,75 € und in Niedersachsen 0,60 € für einen Spielschein.

Geschichte

Einführung 2012
Die allererste Eurojackpotziehung fand am 23. März 2012 statt. An der ersten Ziehung nahmen Dänemark, Grönland, Färöer, Deutschland, Estland, Finnland, die Niederlande und Slowenien teil. Der Verkaufsstart an den offiziellen Lotto-Verkaufsstellen war am 17. März 2012.

Eurojackpot wird aktuell (2023) in Dänemark, Deutschland, Estland, Finnland, Italien, Island, Kroatien, Lettland, Litauen, den Niederlanden, Norwegen, Polen, Schweden, der Slowakei, Slowenien, Spanien, Tschechien und in Ungarn gespielt. Die Bevölkerung aller teilnehmenden Staaten umfasst mehr als 300 Mio. Menschen.

Erste Jackpotgewinner
Den ersten Jackpot in Höhe von 19.536.863,80 Euro gewann eine Tippgemeinschaft aus dem Ruhrgebiet (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland) bei der Ziehung am 11. Mai 2012.

90.000.000-Euro-Jackpots
Jackpots in Höhe von 90.000.000 Euro wurden einige Male in einer Summe gewonnen. Am 23. August 2019 gewann eine aus 50 Mitspielern bestehende finnische Tippgemeinschaft aus Siilinjärvi, die einen Systemschein mit 4 Vorhersagen im System 7/3 für 504,00 Euro gespielt hatte, den maximalen Jackpotbetrag zuzüglich weiterer Gewinnbeträge aus den niedrigeren Gewinnklassen, also den Rekordgewinn von 91.938.695,00 Euro.

Fünf weitere 90.000.000-Euro-Gewinne wurden geteilt. Am 6. Januar 2017 gewannen fünf Einzelspieler aus Berlin, Hessen, Niedersachsen, den Niederlanden und Dänemark je ein Fünftel der 90.000.000 Euro, ebenso wie am 16. November 2018 fünf Einzelspieler aus Hamburg, Hessen, Finnland, Italien und Spanien je ein Fünftel der 90.000.000 Euro gewannen. Am 6. Juli 2018 gewannen zwei Spieler aus den Bundesländern Sachsen-Anhalt und Hessen je die Hälfte der 90.000.000 Euro und am 10. Mai 2019 zwei Spieler aus Nordrhein-Westfalen und Polen. Am 22. November 2019 gewannen drei Spieler aus Bayern, Hessen und Ungarn je ein Drittel der 90.000.000 Euro.

Regeländerungen 2013/2014
Anfangs gab es eine Regelung zur Zwangsausschüttung des Jackpots nach der zwölften Ziehung, die aber nur einmal (am 10. August 2012 in Höhe von 27.545.857,50 €) zur Anwendung kam und seit dem 1. Februar 2013 aufgehoben ist. Seit dem 10. Oktober 2014 werden die Eurozahlen nach der Formel 2 aus 10 statt zuvor 2 aus 8 gespielt.

Regeländerungen 2022
Am 25. März 2022 (Freitag) wurde die aktuelle Spielformel zu 5 aus 50 plus 2 aus 12 und ersetzte die bis dahin angewandte Spielformel: 5 aus 50 plus 2 aus 10. Mit dieser Änderung glichen sich die Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeiten derer der Lotterie Euromillionen an. Die Obergrenze für den Jackpot wurde um 30.000.000 Euro auf 120.000.000 Euro angehoben. Des Weiteren wurde die Dienstagsziehung eingeführt, welche erstmals am 29. März 2022 gezogen wurde.

Höchste Einzelgewinne
Der bisherige Höchst-Jackpot in Höhe von 90.000.000 Euro wurde mehrmals von Einzelgewinnern geknackt und darüber hinaus auch der neue Höchst-Jackpot in Höhe von 120.000.000 Euro:

Gewinnklassen
Bei der Eurojackpot-Lotterie gibt es 12 verschiedene Gewinnklassen, auf welche das Preisgeld verteilt wird. Dabei werden 50 % des Einsatzes als Gewinnsumme ausgeschüttet. Für einen Gewinn in der niedrigsten Gewinnklasse werden 2 richtige Zahlen und 1 Eurozahl benötigt. Für den Hauptgewinn werden 5 Richtige und 2 korrekte Eurozahlen gefordert.

In der ersten Gewinnklasse wird eine Ausschüttung von 10 Millionen garantiert. Reichen die Spieleinnahmen dafür nicht aus, wird diese Ausschüttung aus dem Boosterfonds aufgefüllt. In diesen fließen bei jeder Ziehung 9 Prozent der gesamten Ausschüttung, Rundungsreste und nicht abgeholte Gewinne.

Gewinnchancen
Welche Gewinnklasse ein Spiel erreicht, ergibt sich aus der Kombination der Anzahl an Richtigen in Feld A (aus 50 Zahlen werden 5 getippt und 5 gezogen) und Feld B (aus 12 Eurozahlen werden 2 getippt und 2 gezogen).

Vor dem 10. Oktober 2014 wurden ebenfalls fünf aus 50 Zahlen, aber zwei aus (nur) acht sog. Eurozahlen getippt. Vor dieser Änderung der Spielformel lagen die Chancen für einen Hauptgewinn besser (1:59.325.280), jedoch lagen die Wahrscheinlichkeiten der Gewinnklassen ohne richtige Eurozahl (3, 6, 10) vor der Änderung niedriger, da es wahrscheinlicher war, zusätzlich eine oder zwei Eurozahlen richtig zu tippen. Insbesondere die Chance auf zwei richtige Eurozahlen war zuvor besser. Auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit, irgendeine Gewinnklasse zu erreichen, lag zuvor mit ca. 1:21 um etwa ein Fünftel höher als nachher mit ca. 1:26.

Wahrscheinlichkeiten

Die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines solchen Ereignisses berechnet sich mit

Anzahl der möglichen Tipps in der jeweiligen Gewinnklasse

Legende:
  = Binomialkoeffizient bzw. Kombination
 Spalte A = Übereinstimmungen bei der Ziehung 5 aus 50
 Zeile B = Übereinstimmungen bei der Ziehung 2 aus 12
  = Zeilen bzw. Spaltensumme
 grün = Gewinnklasse
 rot = keine Gewinnklasse (Niete)
 Übereinstimmungen in A + Übereinstimmungen in B berechnet sich aus A*B

Beispiel
Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Gewinnklasse (3+1)
 (1 Tipp)

 (10 verschiedene Tipps)

 (600 verschiedene Tipps)

Weiteres
 Summe der gewinnbringenden Tipps:

 Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Gewinn zu erzielen:

 Summe der nicht gewinnbringenden Tipps:

 Wahrscheinlichkeit keinen Gewinn zu erzielen:

 die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass eine bestimmte Zahl gezogen wird:
 (5 aus 50) :
 (2 aus 12) :

Strategisches Spiel
Vorangegangene und nachfolgende Ziehungen haben keinen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeiten einer aktuellen Ziehung. Jeder Tipp hat bei jeder Ziehung die gleiche Gewinnchance (1:139.838.160). Es ist daher aus mathematischer Sicht unerheblich, ob man immer die gleichen oder verschiedene Zahlenkombinationen spielt. Auch die Gewinnzahlen der vorangegangenen Ziehungen haben wieder die gleichen Gewinnchancen wie jeder andere Tipp. Es hat auch keine Bedeutung, wie häufig eine Zahl in der Vergangenheit gezogen wurde; jede Zahl hat vor der Ziehung die gleiche Wahrscheinlichkeit.

Es gibt jedoch Zahlen und Zahlenkombinationen, die durchschnittlich häufiger gespielt werden als andere. Dies ändert zwar nichts an ihrer Wahrscheinlichkeit, jedoch hat dies Einfluss auf den Erwartungswert eines Tipps, welcher im Verhältnis zum Einsatz beim Lotto immer einen Verlust darstellt. So haben Zahlen und Zahlenkombinationen, die sehr häufig gespielt werden, einen niedrigeren Gewinn zu erwarten als solche, die seltener gespielt werden. Dies liegt daran, dass der Geldbetrag einer Gewinnklasse auf die Gewinner verteilt wird. Diese Ungleichverteilung der getippten Zahlen kommt daher, dass viele Menschen Geburtstage, Muster oder Glückszahlen spielen oder Zahlen, die in der Vergangenheit nicht so häufig gezogen wurden.

Theoretisch wäre es möglich, einen Jackpot zu "kaufen", indem man auf alle möglichen Kombinationen tippt. Ein solcher Tipp würde derzeit 190.688.400 Euro kosten. Bei der derzeitigen durchschnittlichen Teilnehmerzahl über die Gewinnklassen, die man bei einem kompletten Tipp vollständig bedient, bekäme man etwas weniger als die Hälfte des Einsatzes wieder zurück, da 50 % der Einsätze in die Ausschüttung fließen: bei aktueller Nutzung etwa 90.000.000 Euro.

Suchtgefahr
Aufgrund der höheren Jackpots warnen Experten, dass diese Lotterie ein größeres Suchtpotential haben könnte als das herkömmliche Lotto in Deutschland (6 aus 49).

Nachahmungen und Internetteilnahme
Buchmacher im Internet bieten Wetten auf die Gewinnzahlen im Eurojackpot an. Oft ergibt sich das nur aus dem Kleingedruckten (z. B. die Firma ist in einer Steueroase registriert) oder auch dem Fehlen desselben. Es wird versucht, den Eindruck zu erwecken, man nehme an der offiziellen Lotterie teil. Nach deutschem Recht sind solche Angebote unzulässig und die Teilnahme daran ist rechtlich zumindest in einer Grauzone. Ob ein Buchmacher in der Lage ist, einen möglichen 90-Millionen-Gewinn auszuzahlen, erscheint fraglich.
Die Internetteilnahme an der richtigen Lotterie ist in Deutschland nur über in Deutschland zugelassene gewerbliche Spielevermittler und die Landeslotteriegesellschaften selbst möglich. Eine Liste der in Deutschland zugelassenen gewerblichen Spielevermittler ist auf der Seite der Gemeinsamen Glücksspielbehörde der Länder zu finden.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Eurojackpot-Website der Westdeutschen Lotterie

Einzelnachweise

Lotterie
Wirtschaft (Europa)
Gesellschaft (Europa)

Eurojackpot


Ricardo de Pascual (Cidade do México, 21 de agosto de 1932), é um ator e comediante mexicano de trajetória proeminente no cinema, teatro e televisão, é conhecido por seus interesses em papéis coadjuvantes nos programas Chespirito; ser ator recorrente do início ao fim das transmissões desses programas. Também é reconhecido por suas atuações em séries e novelas da empresa Televisa.

Biografia
Iniciou sua carreira artística em 1972 como coadjuvante nos programas Chespirito, destacando-se na série de comédia Chaves com personagens como Hurtado e Calvillo.

Após a participação nos programas da Chespirito, destacou-se principalmente no seriado cômico.

Em 1987 estreou-se nos melodramas com participações marcantes em produções como Senda de gloria, El privilegio de amar, Locura de amor, Camaleones, entre outras.

Ao longo de sua carreira, pascual combinou televisão com cinema e teatro.

Ligações externas

Naturais da Cidade do México
Atores do México
Humoristas do México
Elenco de Chespirito (programa de televisão)

Ricardo de Pascual


Derekutuğun, Çorum ilinin Bayat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 92 km, Bayat ilçe merkezine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Bayat belde ve köyleri

Derekutuğun, Bayat


Monotropastrum sciaphilum er tegund blómplantna af lyngætt. Hún er ættuð frá Kína (Yunnan). Eins og aðrar tegundir undirættarinnar, þá er hún sérhæfður sníkill/sambýlingur á sveppum sem mynda svepprót.

Tilvísanir

Lyngætt

Monotropastrum sciaphilum