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Barabbas (; ) was, according to the New Testament, a prisoner who was chosen over Jesus by the crowd in Jerusalem to be pardoned and released by Roman governor Pontius Pilate at the Passover feast.

Biblical account

According to all four canonical gospels there was a prevailing Passover custom in Jerusalem that allowed Pontius Pilate, the  or governor of Judea, to commute (reduce) one prisoner's death sentence by popular acclaim. In one such instance, the "crowd" (ὄχλος : óchlos), "the Jews" and "the multitude" in some sources, are offered the choice to have either Barabbas or Jesus released from Roman custody. According to the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and the account in John, the crowd chooses Barabbas to be released and Jesus of Nazareth to be crucified. Pilate reluctantly yields to the insistence of the crowd. One passage, found in the Gospel of Matthew, has the crowd saying (of Jesus), "Let his blood be upon us and upon our children."

Matthew refers to Barabbas only as a "notorious prisoner". Mark and Luke further refer to Barabbas as one involved in a στάσις (stásis, a riot), probably "one of the numerous insurrections against the Roman power" who had committed murder. Robert Eisenman states that John 18:40 refers to Barabbas as a λῃστής (lēstēs, "bandit"), "the word Josephus always employs when talking about Revolutionaries".

Three gospels state that there was a custom that at Passover the Roman governor would release a prisoner of the crowd's choice; , , and . Later copies of Luke contain a corresponding verse (), although this is not present in the earliest manuscripts, and may be a later gloss to bring Luke into conformity.

The custom of releasing prisoners in Jerusalem at Passover is known to theologians as the Paschal Pardon, but this custom (whether at Passover or any other time) is not recorded in any historical document other than the gospels, leading some scholars to question its historicity and make further claims that such a custom was a mere narrative invention of the Bible's writers.

Name

There exist several versions of this figure's name in gospel manuscripts, most commonly simply  without a first name. However the variations (, , ) found in different manuscripts of the Matthew 27:16–17 give this figure the first name "Jesus", making his full name "Jesus Barabbas" or "Jesus Bar-rabban", and giving him the same first, given name as Jesus. The Codex Koridethi seems to emphasise Bar-rabban as composed of two elements in line with a patronymic Aramaic name. These versions, featuring the first name "Jesus" are considered original by a number of modern scholars. The Church Father Origen seems to refer to this passage of Matthew in claiming that it must be a corruption, as no sinful man ever bore the name "Jesus" and argues for its exclusion from the text. He however does not account for the high priest  from 2 Maccabees 4:13, whose name seems to transliterate the same Aramaic name into Greek, as well as other bearers of the name Jesus mentioned by Josephus. It is possible that scribes when copying the passage, driven by a reasoning similar to that of Origen, removed this first name "Jesus" from the text to avoid dishonor to the name of the Jesus whom they considered the Messiah.

Etymology
Of the two larger categories in which transmitted versions of this name fall , seems to represent Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: בּר רַבָּן, romanized: Bar Rabbān, lit. 'Son of our Rabbi/Master', while  appears to derive ultimately from Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: בּר אַבָּא , romanized: Bar ʾAbbā lit. 'Son of ʾAbbā/[the] father''', a patronymic Aramaic name. However, ʾAbbā has been found as a personal name in a 1st-century burial at Giv'at ha-Mivtar. Additionally it appears fairly often as a personal name in the Gemara section of the Talmud, a Jewish text dating from AD 200–400.

Historicity
The story, on its face, presents the Roman authority, Pontius Pilate, backed by overwhelming military might, being cowed by a small crowd of unarmed civilians into releasing a prisoner condemned to death for insurrection against the Roman Empire. Further, Dimont argues against the believability of the Barabbas story by noting that the alleged custom of , "the privilege of Passover", where a criminal is set free, is only found in the Gospels. Raymond E. Brown argued that the Gospels' narratives about Barabbas cannot be considered historical, but that it is probable that a prisoner referred to as Barabbas (bar abba, "son of the father") was indeed freed around the period Jesus was crucified and this gave birth to the story.

On the other hand, Craig A. Evans and N. T. Wright argue in favor of the historicity of the Passover pardon narrative, quoting evidence of such pardons from Livy's Books from the Foundation of the City, Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews, Papyrus Florence, Pliny the Younger's Epistles and the Mishnah.

The similarities of the name () in some manuscripts and the name of Jesus have led some modern scholars to argue that the counter-intuitive similarity of the two men's names is evidence of its historicity. They doubt a Christian writer would invent a similar name for a criminal, practically equating Christ with a criminal, if he were fictionalizing the story for a polemical or theological purpose.

A minority of scholars, including Benjamin Urrutia, Stevan Davies, Hyam Maccoby and Horace Abram Rigg, have contended that Barabbas and Jesus were the same person.

Antisemitism

The story of Barabbas has played a role in historical antisemitism because it has historically been used to lay the blame for the crucifixion of Jesus on the Jews, and thereby to justify antisemitism – an interpretation known as Jewish deicide.

Pope Benedict XVI, in his 2011 book Jesus of Nazareth, dismisses this reading, since the Greek word "ὄχλος : óchlos''" in  means "crowd", rather than "Jewish people".

See also
 Biblical criticism
 Historicity of Jesus
 Textual criticism

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

People in the canonical gospels
Pontius Pilate
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Matthew
Gospel of Luke
Gospel of John
Prisoners and detainees
Biblical murderers

Barabbas


The Scotland men's national football team represents Scotland in men's international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It competes in the three major professional tournaments: the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship. Scotland, as a country of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee, and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games. The majority of Scotland's home matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park.

Scotland is the joint oldest national football team in the world, alongside England, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. Scotland has a long-standing rivalry with England, whom they played annually from 1872 until 1989. The teams have met only nine times since then, most recently in a friendly in September 2023.

Scotland have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on eight occasions, and the UEFA European Championship four times, but have never progressed beyond the first group stage of a finals tournament. The team have achieved some noteworthy results, such as beating the 1966 FIFA World Cup winners England 3–2 at Wembley Stadium in 1967. Archie Gemmill scored what has been described as one of the greatest World Cup goals ever in a 3–2 win during the 1978 World Cup against the Netherlands, who reached the final of the tournament. In their qualifying group for UEFA Euro 2008, Scotland defeated 2006 World Cup runners-up France 1–0 in both fixtures.

Scotland supporters are collectively known as the Tartan Army. The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for every player who has made more than 50 appearances for Scotland. Kenny Dalglish holds the record for Scotland appearances, having played 102 times between 1971 and 1986. Dalglish scored 30 goals for Scotland and shares the record for most goals scored with Denis Law.

History

Early history

Scotland and England are the oldest national football teams in the world. Teams representing the two sides first competed at the Oval in five matches between 1870 and 1872. The two countries contested the first official international football match, at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Scotland, on 30 November 1872. The match ended in a goalless draw. All eleven players who represented Scotland that day played for Glasgow amateur club Queen's Park. Over the next forty years, Scotland played matches exclusively against the other three Home Nations—England, Wales and Ireland. The British Home Championship began in 1883, making these games competitive. The encounters against England were particularly fierce and a rivalry quickly developed.

Scotland lost just two of their first 43 international matches. It was not until a 2–0 home defeat by Ireland in 1903 that Scotland lost a match to a team other than England. This run of success meant that Scotland would have regularly topped the Elo ratings, which were calculated in 1998, between 1876 and 1904. Scotland won the British Home Championship outright on 24 occasions, and shared the title 17 times with at least one other team. A noteworthy victory for Scotland before the Second World War was the 5–1 victory over England in 1928, which led to that Scotland side being known as the "Wembley Wizards". Scotland played their first match outside the British Isles in 1929, beating Norway 7–3 in Bergen. Scotland continued to contest regular friendly matches against European opposition and enjoyed wins against Germany and France before losing to the Austrian "Wunderteam" and Italy in 1931.

Scotland, like the other Home Nations, did not enter the three FIFA World Cups held during the 1930s. This was because the four associations had been excluded from FIFA due to a disagreement regarding the status of amateur players. The four associations, including Scotland, returned to the FIFA fold after the Second World War. A match between a United Kingdom team and a "Rest of the World" team was played at Hampden Park in 1947 to celebrate this reconciliation.

1950s

The readmission of the Scottish Football Association to FIFA meant that Scotland were now eligible to enter the 1950 FIFA World Cup. FIFA advised that places would be awarded to the top two teams in the 1950 British Home Championship, but the SFA announced that Scotland would only attend the finals if Scotland won the competition. Scotland won their first two matches, but a 1–0 home defeat by England meant that the Scots finished as runners-up. This meant that the Scots had qualified by right for the World Cup, but had not met the demand of the SFA to win the Championship. The SFA stood by this proclamation, despite pleas to the contrary by the Scotland players, supported by England captain Billy Wright and the other England players. The SFA instead sent the Scots on a tour of North America.

The same qualification rules were in place for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, with the 1954 British Home Championship acting as a qualifying group. Scotland again finished second, but this time the SFA allowed a team to participate in the Finals, held in Switzerland. To quote the SFA website, "The preparation was atrocious". The SFA only sent 13 players to the finals, even though FIFA allowed 22-man squads. Despite this self-imposed hardship in terms of players, the SFA dignitaries travelled in numbers, accompanied by their wives. Scotland lost 1–0 against Austria in their first game in the finals, which prompted the team manager Andy Beattie to resign hours before the game against Uruguay. Uruguay were reigning champions and had never before lost a game at the World Cup finals, and they defeated Scotland 7–0.

The 1958 FIFA World Cup finals saw Scotland draw their first game against Yugoslavia 1–1, but they then lost to Paraguay and France and went out at the first stage. Matt Busby had been due to manage the team at the World Cup, but the severe injuries he suffered in the Munich air disaster meant that trainer Dawson Walker took charge of the team instead.

1960s
Under the management of Ian McColl, Scotland enjoyed consecutive British Home Championship successes in 1962 and 1963. Jock Stein, John Prentice and Malky MacDonald all had brief spells as manager before Bobby Brown was appointed in 1967. Brown's first match as manager was against the newly crowned world champions England at Wembley Stadium. Despite being underdogs, Scotland won 3–2 thanks to goals from Denis Law, Bobby Lennox and Jim McCalliog. Having defeated the world champions on their own turf, the Scotland fans hailed their team as the "unofficial world champions". Despite this famous win, the Scots failed to qualify for any major competitions during the 1960s.

1970s

After Tommy Docherty's brief spell as manager, Willie Ormond was hired in 1973. Ormond lost his first match in charge 5–0 to England, but recovered to steer Scotland to their first World Cup finals in 16 years in 1974. At the 1974 World Cup finals in West Germany, Scotland achieved their most impressive performance at a World Cup tournament. The team was unbeaten but failed to progress beyond the group stages on goal difference. After beating Zaïre, they drew with both Brazil and Yugoslavia, and went out because they had beaten Zaïre by the smallest margin.

Scotland appointed Ally MacLeod as manager in 1977, with qualification for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina far from assured. The team made a strong start under MacLeod by winning the 1977 British Home Championship, largely thanks to a 2–1 victory over England at Wembley. The Scotland fans invaded the pitch after the match, ripping up the turf and breaking a crossbar. Scotland's form continued as they secured qualification for the World Cup with victories over Czechoslovakia and Wales.

During the build-up to the 1978 FIFA World Cup, MacLeod fuelled the hopes of the nation by stating that Scotland would come home with a medal. As the squad left for the finals in Argentina, they were given an enthusiastic send-off as they were paraded around a packed Hampden Park. Thousands more fans lined the route to Prestwick Airport as the team set off for South America. Scotland lost their first game 3–1 against Peru in Córdoba, and drew the second 1–1 against newcomers Iran. The disconsolate mood of the nation was reflected by footage of MacLeod in the dugout with his head in his hands. These results meant Scotland had to defeat the Netherlands by three clear goals to progress. Despite the Dutch taking the lead, Scotland fought back to win 3–2 with a goal from Kenny Dalglish and two from Archie Gemmill, the second of which is considered one of the greatest World Cup goals ever; Gemmill beat three Dutch defenders before lifting the ball over goalkeeper Jan Jongbloed into the net. The victory was not sufficient to secure a place in the second round, and Scotland were eliminated on goal difference for the second successive World Cup.

1980s

MacLeod resigned as manager shortly after the 1978 World Cup, and Jock Stein, who had won nine consecutive Scottish league titles and the European Cup as manager of Celtic, was appointed as his successor. After failing to qualify for the 1980 European Championship, Scotland qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup from a tough group including Sweden, Portugal, Israel and Northern Ireland, losing just one match in the process. They beat New Zealand 5–2 in their first game at the World Cup, but lost 4–1 to a Brazil team containing Sócrates, Zico, Eder and Falcão. Scotland were again eliminated on goal difference, after a 2–2 draw with the Soviet Union.

Scotland qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, their fourth in succession, in traumatic circumstances. The squad went into their last qualification match against Wales needing a point to progress to a qualifying playoff against Australia. With only nine minutes remaining and Wales leading 1–0, Scotland were awarded a penalty kick, which was calmly scored by Davie Cooper. The 1–1 draw meant that Scotland progressed, but as the players and fans celebrated, Stein suffered a heart attack and died shortly afterwards. His assistant Alex Ferguson took over. Scotland qualified by winning 2–0 against Australia in a two-leg playoff, but were eliminated from the tournament with just one point from their three matches, a goalless draw with Uruguay following defeats by Denmark and West Germany.

In July 1986, Andy Roxburgh was the surprise appointment as the new manager of Scotland. Scotland did not succeed in qualifying for Euro 1988, but their 1–0 away win over Bulgaria in the final fixture in November 1987 helped Ireland to a surprise first-place finish and qualification for the finals in West Germany.

1990s
Scotland qualified for their fifth consecutive World Cup in 1990 by finishing second in their qualifying group, ahead of France. Scotland were drawn in a group with Costa Rica, Sweden, and Brazil, but the Scots lost 1–0 to Costa Rica. While they recovered to beat Sweden 2–1 in their second game, they lost to Brazil in their third match 1–0 and were again eliminated after the first round.

By a narrow margin, Scotland qualified for the UEFA European Championship for the first time in 1992. A 1–0 defeat by Romania away from home left qualification dependent upon other results, but a 1–1 draw between Bulgaria and Romania in the final group match saw Scotland squeeze through. Despite playing well in matches against the Netherlands and Germany and a fine win against the CIS, the team was knocked out at the group stage. Scotland failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The team finished fourth in their qualifying group behind Italy, Switzerland and Portugal. When it became clear that Scotland could not qualify, Andy Roxburgh resigned from his position as team manager.

New manager Craig Brown successfully guided Scotland to the 1996 European Championship tournament. The first game against the Netherlands ended 0–0, raising morale ahead of a much anticipated game against England at Wembley. Gary McAllister missed a penalty kick, and a goal by Paul Gascoigne led to a 2–0 defeat. Scotland recovered to beat Switzerland 1–0 with a goal by Ally McCoist. England taking a 4–0 lead in the other match briefly put both teams in a position to qualify, but a late goal for the Netherlands meant that Scotland were knocked out on goals scored.

Brown again guided Scotland to qualification for a major tournament in 1998, and Scotland were drawn against Brazil in the opening game of the 1998 World Cup. John Collins equalised from the penalty spot to level the score at 1–1, but a Tom Boyd own goal led to a 2–1 defeat. Scotland drew their next game 1–1 with Norway in Bordeaux, but the final match against Morocco ended in an embarrassing 3–0 defeat.

During the qualification for the 2000 European Championship, Scotland faced England in a two-legged playoff nicknamed the "Battle of Britain" by the media. Scotland won the second match 1–0 with a goal by Don Hutchison, but lost the tie 2–1 on aggregate.

2000s

Scotland failed to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, finishing third in their qualifying group behind Croatia and Belgium. This second successive failure to qualify prompted Craig Brown to resign from his position after the final qualifying match. The SFA appointed former Germany manager Berti Vogts as Brown's successor. Scotland reached the qualification play-offs for Euro 2004, where they beat the Netherlands 1–0 at Hampden Park, but suffered a 6–0 defeat in the return leg. Poor results in friendly matches and a bad start to the 2006 World Cup qualification caused the team to drop to a record low of 77th in the FIFA World Rankings. Vogts announced his resignation in 2004, blaming the hostile media for his departure.

Walter Smith, a former Rangers and Everton manager, was brought in to replace Vogts. Improved results meant that Scotland rose up the FIFA rankings and won the Kirin Cup, a friendly competition in Japan. Scotland failed to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, finishing third in their group behind Italy and Norway. Smith left the national side in January 2007 to return to Rangers, with Scotland leading their Euro 2008 qualification group. New manager Alex McLeish guided Scotland to wins against Georgia, the Faroe Islands, Lithuania, France and Ukraine, but defeats by Georgia and Italy ended their chances of qualification for Euro 2008. These improved results, particularly the wins against France, lifted Scotland into the top 20 of the FIFA world rankings.

After the narrow failure to qualify for Euro 2008, McLeish left to join Premier League club Birmingham City. Southampton manager George Burley was hired as the new manager, but he came in for criticism from the media after the team lost their first qualifier against Macedonia. After Scotland lost their fourth match 3–0 to the Netherlands, captain Barry Ferguson and goalkeeper Allan McGregor were excluded from the starting lineup for the following match against Iceland due to a "breach of discipline". Despite winning 2–1 against Iceland, Scotland suffered a 4–0 defeat by Norway in the following qualifier, which left Scotland effectively needing to win their last two games to have a realistic chance of making the qualifying play-offs. Scotland defeated Macedonia 2–0 in the first of those two games, but were eliminated by a 1–0 loss to the Netherlands in the second game. Burley was allowed to continue in his post after a review by the SFA board, but a subsequent 3–0 friendly defeat by Wales led to his dismissal.

2010s

The SFA appointed Craig Levein as head coach of the national team in December 2009. In UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying, Scotland were grouped with Lithuania, Liechtenstein, the Czech Republic and world champions Spain. They took just four points from the first four games, leaving the team needing three wins from their remaining four games to have a realistic chance of progression. They only managed two wins and a draw and were eliminated after a 3–1 defeat by Spain in their last match. Levein left his position as head coach following a poor start to 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, having taken just two points from four games.

Gordon Strachan was appointed Scotland manager in January 2013, but defeats in his first two competitive matches meant that Scotland were the first UEFA team to be eliminated from the 2014 World Cup. Scotland finished their qualification section by winning three of their last four matches, including two victories against Croatia.

UEFA Euro 2016 expanded from 16 teams to 24. After losing their first qualifier in Germany, Scotland recorded home wins against Georgia, the Republic of Ireland and Gibraltar. Steven Fletcher scored the first hat-trick for Scotland since 1969 in the game with Gibraltar. Later in the group, Scotland produced an "insipid" performance as they lost 1–0 in Georgia. A home defeat by Germany and a late equalising goal by Poland eliminated Scotland from contention. After a win against Gibraltar in the last qualifier, Strachan agreed a new contract with the SFA.

In qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Scotland were drawn in the same group as England, facing their rivals in a competitive fixture for the first time since 1999. On 11 November 2016, England beat Scotland 3–0 at Wembley. The return match saw Leigh Griffiths score two late free-kicks to give Scotland a 2–1 lead, but Harry Kane scored in added time to force a 2–2 draw. A draw in Slovenia in the final game of the group ended Scottish hopes of a play-off position, and Strachan subsequently left his position by mutual consent. In February 2018, Alex McLeish was appointed manager for the second time. The team won their group in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, but McLeish left in April 2019 after a poor start to UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying, including a 3–0 loss to 117th-ranked Kazakhstan.

2020s
Steve Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in May 2019. The team failed to qualify automatically for UEFA Euro 2020, but consecutive victories in penalty shootouts in the playoffs against Israel and Serbia put Scotland into their first major tournament since 1998. Defeats by the Czech Republic and Croatia, either side of a goalless draw with England, meant that Scotland finished bottom of Group D.

Six consecutive wins later that year meant that Scotland finished second in Group F of 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification. This progressed the team into the play-offs, where they were paired with Ukraine in a semi-final at Hampden; Scotland lost 3–1. Later that year, Scotland won their Nations League group and promotion to League A.

The Scots began their UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying campaign with five wins out of five, including a 2-0 victory over Spain at Hampden. Despite losing their sixth match, the return game against Spain, they qualified for Euro 2024 with two matches to spare.

Stadium

Hampden Park in Glasgow is the traditional home of the Scotland team and is described by the SFA as the National Stadium. The present stadium is one of three stadiums to have used the name. Stadiums named Hampden Park have hosted international matches since 1878. The present site was opened in 1903 and became the primary home ground of the Scotland team from 1906. The attendance record of 149,415 was set by the Scotland v England match in 1937. Safety regulations reduced the capacity to 81,000 by 1977 and the stadium was completely redeveloped during the 1990s, giving the present capacity of 52,000. Hampden is rated as a category four (elite) stadium within the UEFA stadium categories, having previously held the five-star status under the old rating system.

Some friendly matches are played at smaller venues. Pittodrie Stadium in Aberdeen and Easter Road in Edinburgh were both used as venues during 2017. Other stadiums were also used while Hampden was being redeveloped during the 1990s. Celtic Park, Ibrox Stadium, Pittodrie Stadium and Rugby Park all hosted matches during the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign, while Tynecastle Stadium, Pittodrie, Celtic Park and Ibrox Stadium were used for Euro 2000 qualifying matches. Since the last redevelopment to Hampden was completed in 1999, Scotland have played most of their competitive matches there. The most recent exception to this rule was in 2014, when Hampden was temporarily converted into an athletics stadium for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The SFA purchased Hampden from Queen's Park in 2020, and all of Scotland's home games have been played there since then.

Media coverage
Most matches played by Scotland are presently covered by the streaming service Viaplay, who have bought the rights for Scotland games between 2024 and 2028.

The arrangements to show Scotland matches on subscription services were criticised in 2008 by the Scottish Government, who argued that all competitive internationals should be a Listed Event that can only be broadcast on free-to-air television. Live coverage is only restricted during major tournament finals, which are normally shown on BBC Scotland or STV. The SFA have argued that limiting the rights for other games, such as qualifying matches, would reduce the revenue from that source. The Scottish Affairs Committee of MPs in the British House of Commons published a report in 2023 calling for more co-operation between rights holders. They also pointed to the greater coverage given on free-to-air television for qualifying matches involving England and Wales.

Sky Sports, BBC Scotland, STV, Setanta Sports, Channel 5, BT Sport and Premier Sports are among other networks that have previously shown Scotland fixtures. Sky Sports opted to show the Euro 2020 playoff against Serbia on their Pick channel, which was available on Freeview. All matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio Scotland and, when schedules allow, BBC Radio 5 Live also.

Colours

Scotland traditionally wear dark blue shirts with white shorts and dark blue socks, the colours of the Queen's Park team who represented Scotland in the first international. The blue Scotland shirt was earlier used in a February 1872 rugby international, with reports stating that "the scotch were easily distinguishable by their uniform of blue jerseys.... the jerseys having the thistle embroidered". The thistle had previously been worn to represent Scotland in the 1871 rugby international, but on brown shirts. The shirt is embroidered with a crest based upon the lion rampant of the Royal Standard of Scotland.

Another style often used by Scotland comprises blue shirts, white shorts and red socks, whilst a number of kits have used navy shorts and socks. Navy is routinely used as alternative colours for the shorts and socks when Scotland faces a team who share the same colours for these items, but when the home shirt is still appropriate.

Change colours vary, but are most commonly white or yellow shirts with blue shorts. In 2016–17, Scotland wore pink shirts with black shorts and socks as the away kit; the kit was additionally used in a single home match against Slovakia due to both Slovakia kits clashing with the Scotland home kit, which featured white sleeves. Third kits have been produced on two occasions. Amber shirts, navy shorts and navy socks were used in 2005–06, as the alternative sky blue shirts were unsuitable when Scotland travelled to teams wearing any shade of blue shirt, while an all 'cherry red' kit was used a single time against Georgia in the Euro 2008 qualifiers in 2007.

From 1994 to 1996, a tartan kit was used; this kit was worn in all three of Scotland's matches at UEFA Euro 1996.

Scotland have not always played in dark blue; on a number of occasions between 1881 and 1951 they played in the primrose and pink racing colours of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery. A former Prime Minister, Lord Rosebery was an influential figure in Scottish football, serving as honorary President of the SFA and Edinburgh team Hearts. His colours were used most frequently in the first decade of the 20th century. When Scotland defeated England 4–1 in 1900, Lord Rosebery remarked, "I have never seen my colours so well sported since Ladas won the Derby". Rosebery colours were revived as a change kit for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches.

The current version of the crest is a roundel similar to the crest used from 1961 to 1988 enclosing a shield, with "Scotland" written on the top and "Est 1873" on the bottom. In the shield background there are 11 thistles, representing the national flower of Scotland, in addition to the lion rampant. Since 2005, the SFA have supported the use of Scottish Gaelic on the national team's strip in recognition of the language's status in Scotland.

Supporters

Scotland fans are collectively known as the Tartan Army. During the 1970s, Scotland fans were known for their hooliganism in England, particularly after they invaded the Wembley pitch and destroyed the goalposts after the England v Scotland match in 1977. Since then, the Tartan Army have won awards from UEFA for their combination of vocal support, friendly nature and charity work. The Tartan Army have been awarded a Fair Play prize by the Belgian Olympic Committee and were named as the best supporters during the 1992 European Championship. The fans were also presented with a trophy for non-violence in sport and were voted by journalists to be the best supporters for their sense of fair play and sporting spirit at the 1998 World Cup in France.

Coaching staff

The role of a team manager was first established in May 1954, as Andy Beattie took charge of six matches before and during the 1954 FIFA World Cup. Until then the team had been picked by a SFA selection committee, and after the tournament the selection committee resumed control of the team until the appointment of Matt Busby in 1958. Busby was initially unable to assume his duties due to the serious injuries he sustained in the Munich air disaster.

Twenty-four men have occupied the post since its inception, with Beattie, Jock Stein and Alex McLeish occupying it in two spells. Six of those managers held the post on a caretaker basis. Craig Brown held the position for the longest to date; a tenure of 9 years, comprising two major tournaments and a total of 71 matches. Beattie (1954), Dawson Walker (1958), Willie Ormond (1974), Ally MacLeod (1978), Jock Stein (1982), Alex Ferguson (1986), Andy Roxburgh (1990 and 1992), Brown (1996 and 1998) and Steve Clarke (2020) have all managed the team at major competitions. Ian McColl, Ormond and MacLeod all won the British Home Championship outright.

German coach Berti Vogts became the first foreign manager of the team in 2002, but his time in charge was generally seen as a failure and the FIFA World Ranking declined to an all-time low of 88 in March 2005. Walter Smith and Alex McLeish achieved better results, with the ranking improving to an all-time high of 13 in October 2007, but both were only briefly in charge before returning to club management. George Burley and Craig Levein both had worse results with the team and were eventually sacked. Results improved somewhat under Gordon Strachan, but he was unable to secure qualification for a tournament. After McLeish had a second spell as manager, Steve Clarke was appointed in May 2019. Clarke guided the team to qualification for Euro 2020, their first major competition since 1998, and Euro 2024.

Current personnel

Statistical record
Statistically the most successful manager was Alex McLeish, who won seven of the ten games during his first spell as manager. Discounting managers who took charge of less than ten games, the least successful manager was George Burley, with just three wins in 14 games.

Last updated: France v Scotland, 17 October 2023. Statistics include official FIFA-recognised matches, five matches from the 1967 SFA tour that were reclassified as full internationals in 2021, and a match against a Hong Kong League XI played on 23 May 2002 that the Scottish Football Association includes in its statistical totals.

Players

Current squad
The following players were called up for the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying match against Spain and friendly match against France in October 2023.

Caps and goals updated as of 17 October 2023, after the match against France. Clubs correct as of 1 September 2023.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been selected by Scotland in the past twelve months.

INJ Player withdrew from the squad for that game due to injury

Honoured players
The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for every player who has made more than 50 appearances for Scotland.  there are 34 members of this roll, with John McGinn the most recent addition to the list. The qualifying mark of 50 appearances means that many notable Scotland players including Jim Baxter, Davie Cooper, Hughie Gallacher, John Greig, Jimmy Johnstone, Billy McNeill, Bobby Murdoch, Archie Gemmill and Lawrie Reilly are not on the roll of honour.

The Scottish Football Museum operates a hall of fame which is open to players and managers involved in Scottish football. This means that membership is not restricted to people who have played for Scotland; inductees include Brian Laudrup and Henrik Larsson, as well as John McGovern who never played in Scotland or gained an international cap. Sportscotland operates the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame, which has inducted some footballers.

Records

Kenny Dalglish holds the record for Scotland appearances, having played 102 times between 1971 and 1986. He is the only Scotland player to have reached 100 caps. Jim Leighton is second, having played 91 times, a Scottish record for appearances by a goalkeeper. The title of Scotland's highest goalscorer is shared by two players. Denis Law scored 30 goals between 1958 and 1974, during which time he played for Scotland on 55 occasions. Kenny Dalglish scored an equal number from 102 appearances. Hughie Gallacher as well as being the third highest scorer is also the most prolific with his 24 goals coming from only 20 games (averaging 1.2 goals per game).

The largest margin of victory achieved by a Scotland side is 11–0 against Ireland in the 1901 British Home Championship. The record defeat occurred during the 1954 FIFA World Cup, a 7–0 deficit against reigning world champions Uruguay.

Scotland's 1937 British Home Championship match against England set a new world record for a football attendance. The Hampden Park crowd was officially recorded as 149,415, though the true figure is unknown as a large number of additional fans gained unauthorised entry. This attendance was surpassed 13 years later by the decisive match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, but remains a European record.

Competitive record

FIFA World Cup

Scotland did not compete in the first three World Cup competitions, held in 1930, 1934 and 1938. FIFA ruled that all its member associations must provide "broken-time" payments to cover the expenses of players who participated in football at the 1928 Summer Olympics. In response to what they considered to be unacceptable interference, the football associations of Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales held a meeting at which they agreed to resign from FIFA. The Scottish Football Association did not rejoin FIFA as a permanent member until 1946. The SFA declined to participate in 1950 although they had qualified, as Scotland were not the British champions.

Scotland have since qualified for eight finals tournaments, including five consecutive tournaments from 1974 to 1990. Scotland have never advanced beyond the first round of the finals competition – no country has qualified for as many World Cup finals without progressing past the first round. They have missed out on progressing to the second round three times on goal difference: in 1974, when Brazil edged them out; in 1978, when the Netherlands progressed; and in 1982, when the Soviet Union went through.

UEFA European Championship

Scotland have qualified for four European Championships, but have failed to advance beyond the first round. Their most recent participation was at Euro 2020, in which Hampden Park also hosted three group games and a last 16 match. Hampden is also due to host matches in Euro 2028.

UEFA Nations League
When the UEFA Nations League was inaugurated in 2018–19, Scotland were allocated to League C. With a 3–2 win against Israel in their final match, Scotland won promotion to League B of the 2020–21 competition.

Scotland won promotion to League A in their final match of the 2022–23 competition, a goalless draw against Ukraine in Kraków.

Other honours
 Continental
UEFA Nations League
League B (1): 2022–23
League C (1): 2018–19

 Sub-continental
British Home Championship
Winners (24): 1884, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1900, 1902, 1910, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1929, 1935, 1936, 1946, 1949, 1951, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1976, 1977
Shared (17): 1886, 1890, 1903, 1906, 1908, 1912, 1927, 1931, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1970, 1972, 1974
Rous Cup
Winners (1): 1985

Other
Kirin Cup
Winners (1): 2006
Qatar Airways Cup
Winners (1): 2015

United Kingdom team

Scotland has always participated by itself in most of the major football tournaments, such as the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. At the Olympic Games the International Olympic Committee charter only permit a Great Britain Olympic football team, representing the whole of the United Kingdom, to compete. Teams of amateur players represented Great Britain at the Olympics from 1900 until 1972, but the FA stopped entering a team after then because the distinction between amateur and professional was abolished. The successful bid by London for the 2012 Summer Olympics prompted the FA to explore how a team could be entered. The SFA responded by stating that it would not participate, as it feared that this would threaten the independent status of the Scotland national team. FIFA President Sepp Blatter denied this, but the SFA expressed concern that a future President could take a different view. An agreement was reached in May 2009 whereby the FA would be permitted to organise a team using only England-qualified players, but this was successfully challenged by the British Olympic Association. Only English and Welsh players were selected for the men's squad, but two Scottish players were selected for the women's team.

Notes

References

External links

 Scottish Football Association
 Scotland at UEFA
 Scotland at FIFA
 Complete results and player statistics at FitbaStats

European national association football teams
1872 establishments in Scotland

Scotland national football team


Sægreifinn er íslenskur tölvuleikur sem kom út árið 1994. Leikurinn var hannaður og þróaður af Ármanni Sverrissyni og Bjarna Einarssyni hjá Tölvu- og hugbúnaðarþjónustunni á Akureyri. Leikurinn gengur út á að leikmaður stýrir útgerðarfyrirtæki á Íslandi. 30 raunveruleg íslensk fyrirtæki birtast í leiknum.

Heimildir

Íslenskir tölvuleikir

Sægreifinn (tölvuleikur)


In Utero, Nirvana'nın son stüdyo albümüdür. 1993 yılının Eylül ayında piyasaya çıkmıştır.

Kurt Cobain albümün adını eşinin okuduğu bir dergide görmüş ve oradan esinlenmiştir. Bu albüm Nirvana'nın popüler kültüre bir rest çekişidir. Kendilerini zirveye taşıyan Nevermind albümünün en kaba tabirle pop oluşunun aksine bu albüm noise punk'a varan sertlikte, bol distortion'lı tam bir punk albümü olmuştur. Kurt Cobain'in soundunu en sevdiği albümdür.

Şarkı listesi

 "Serve the Servants" (Kurt Cobain) – 3:34
 "Scentless Apprentice" (Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic) – 3:47
 "Heart-Shaped Box" (Kurt Cobain) – 4:39
 "Rape Me" (Kurt Cobain) – 2:49
 "Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle" (Kurt Cobain) – 4:07
 "Dumb" (Kurt Cobain) – 2:29
 "Very Ape" (Kurt Cobain) – 1:55
 "Milk It" (Kurt Cobain) – 3:52
 "Pennyroyal Tea" (Kurt Cobain) – 3:36
 "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter" (Kurt Cobain) – 4:49
 "Tourette's" (Kurt Cobain) – 1:33
 "All Apologies" (Kurt Cobain) – 3:50
 Bonus şarkı: "Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip" (Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic) – 7:33

Nirvana albümleri
1993 albümleri
DGC Records albümleri
Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab albümleri
Billboard 200'de bir numara olan albümler

In Utero


Osmanlı zamanında kullanılan uzunluğu 7 karış, her biri 56.5 kg ağırlığında ikisi bir ata yüklenebilir top. Bunlar büyüklük sırasına göre Şahi Darbzen, Miyane Darbzen, Darbzen olmak üzere 3 ayrılır.

Osmanlı topları

Darbzen topu


Europe Day is a day celebrating "peace and unity in Europe" celebrated on 5 May by the Council of Europe and on 9 May by the European Union.

The first recognition of Europe Day was by the Council of Europe, introduced in 1964. The European Union later started to celebrate its own European Day in commemoration of the 1950 Schuman Declaration which first proposed the European Coal and Steel Community, leading it to be referred to by some as "Schuman Day" or "Day of the united Europe". Both days are celebrated by displaying the Flag of Europe.

History

The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949, and hence it chose that day for its celebrations when it established the holiday in 1964.

The "Europe Day" of the EU was introduced in 1985 by the European Communities (the predecessor organisation of the EU). The date commemorates the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950, put forward by Robert Schuman, which proposed the pooling of French and West German coal and steel industries. This led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the first European Community, established on 18 April 1951.

A "raft of cultural icons" was launched by the European Commission in 1985, in reaction to the report by the ad hoc commission "for a People's Europe" chaired by Pietro Adonnino. The aim was to facilitate European integration by fostering a Pan-European identity among the populations of the EC member states. The European Council adopted "Europe Day" along with the flag of Europe and other items on 29 June 1985, in Milan.

Following the foundation of the European Union in 1993, observance of Europe Day by national and regional authorities increased significantly. Germany in particular has gone beyond celebrating just the day, since 1995 extending the observance to an entire "Europe Week" () centered on 9 May. In Poland, the , a Polish organisation advocating European integration established in 1991, first organised its Warsaw  on Europe Day 1999, at the time advocating the accession of Poland to the EU.

Observance of 9 May as "Europe Day" was reported "across Europe" as of 2008. In 2019, 9 May became an official public holiday in Luxembourg each year, to mark Europe Day. The EU's choice of the date of foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community rather than that of the EU itself established a narrative in which Schuman's speech, concerned with inducing economic growth and cementing peace between France and Germany, is presented as anticipating a "vocation of the European Union to be the main institutional framework" for the much further-reaching European integration of later decades.

The European Constitution would have legally enshrined all the European symbols in the EU treaties; however, the treaty failed to be ratified in 2005, and usage would continue only in the present de facto manner. The Constitution's replacement, the Treaty of Lisbon, contains a declaration by sixteen members supporting the symbols. The European Parliament "formally recognised" Europe Day in October 2008.

Celebrations and commemorations

Open Doors Day
The EU institutions open their doors to the public every year in Brussels and Strasbourg, allowing citizens to visit these places. Moreover, many of these organize commemorative events to honor the historical importance of the date.

The bodies that choose to make this symbolic gesture are:

 European Parliament (EP)
 Council of the European Union
 European Commission (EC)
 European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)
 The European Committee of the Regions (CoR)

In 2020 and 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent inability to host physical events, the EU institutions organized virtual acts to pay tribute to all those Europeans who were collaborating in the fight against the pandemic. Furthermore, 2020 marked the 70th anniversary of the Schuman declaration and the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. Given the occasion, the above-mentioned EU institutions launched several online events to commemorate the importance of the date.

Legal recognition
Europe Day is a public holiday for employees of European Union institutions. In 2019, it was declared a public holiday in Luxembourg, and is also a public holiday in Kosovo. It is a "memorial day" in Croatia, which is a legally-recognised day, but is not a public holiday; a legally-recognised commemorative day in Lithuania; and a "flag day" () in Germany, where flags are ordered to be shown by federal decree. Europe Day is also celebrated in Romania, where it coincides with the State Independence Day of Romania (Romania's independence day).

Between 2003 and 2023, Europe Day was celebrated in Ukraine on the third Saturday of May. On 8 May 2023, the President of Ukraine established a decree to celebrate Europe Day on May 9, coinciding with EU member states.

See also
 Symbols of the European Union
 Liberation Day
 Victory Day (9 May) – commemorates the day when the Nazis signed the German Instrument of Surrender to the Red Army and the Allied Expeditionary Force in Berlin, ending World War II in Europe.
 Commonwealth Day
 United Nations Day
 Africa Day
Mediterranean Day

References

External links

 The symbols of the EU – Europa
 Europe Day, 9 May
 Declaration of 9 May 1950
 The Inter institutions website publishing all organized activities during these celebrations.

Day
Day
May observances
International organization days
1964 establishments in Europe
Recurring events disestablished in 1964
1985 establishments in Europe

Pan-Europeanism
German flag flying days

fi:Euroopan unionin symbolit#Eurooppa-päivä

Europe Day


«La huella» puede referirse a:

Cine
 La huella / "Sleuth" (1972), película dirigida por Joseph L. Mankiewicz;
 La huella (1991), película dirigida por Jesús Fragoso Montoya;
 La huella / "Dark Water" (2005), película dirigida por Walter Salles;
 La huella / "Sleuth" (2007), película dirigida por Kenneth Branagh - remake de la de 1972;
 La huella (1997), cortometraje dirigido por Juan Diego Garreton.

La huella


Tschechoslowakische Badminton-Mannschaftsmeisterschaften wurden von 1964 an bis zum Ende des Bestehens der gemeinsamen Republik von Tschechen und Slowaken ausgetragen. Die Austragung von Juniorenmeisterschaften begann 1965 und die Austragung von Titelkämpfen der Erwachsenen 1961. Als internationale Titelkämpfe der ČSSR wurden die Czechoslovakian International durchgeführt.

Die Mannschaftsmeister

Weblinks
Badminton Europe

Mannschaft
Liste (Badminton)
Erstveranstaltung 1964


An Puccinellia sublaevis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Holmb., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Puccinellia sublaevis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puccinellia

Puccinellia sublaevis


An Acrachne perrieri in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Sylvia Mabel Phillips. An Acrachne perrieri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Acrachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Acrachne

Acrachne perrieri


David Gouverneur Burnet (April 14, 1788 – December 5, 1870) was an early politician within the Republic of Texas, serving as interim President of Texas (1836 and again in 1841), Vice President of the Republic of Texas (1839–1841), and Secretary of State (1846) for the new state of Texas after it was annexed to the United States.

Burnet was born in Newark, New Jersey, and attended law school in Cincinnati, Ohio. As a young man, he lived with a Comanche tribe for a year before he returned to Ohio. In 1806 Burnet volunteered to serve the unsuccessful filibustering expeditions led by General Francisco de Miranda for the independence of Venezuela from Spain. He fought in Chile in 1807 and in Venezuela in 1808. After Miranda broke with Simon Bolivar, Burnet returned to the United States in 1812.

In 1826, he moved to Stephen F. Austin's colony in Mexican Texas. He received a land grant as an empresario but was forced to sell the land after he had failed to attract enough settlers to his colony, and he later lost his right to operate a sawmill after he refused to convert to Roman Catholicism.

On hearing of William B. Travis's plea for help at the Alamo, Burnet traveled to Washington-on-the-Brazos to recruit help from the Convention of 1836. He remained at the convention and was elected interim president on March 17, 1836. On his orders, the government fled Washington-on-the-Brazos for Harrisburg, thus inspiring the Runaway Scrape. Burnet narrowly avoided capture by Mexican troops the following month.

After Sam Houston's victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, Burnet took custody of Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna and negotiated the Treaties of Velasco. Many Texans were infuriated that the treaty allowed Santa Anna to escape execution, and some called for Burnet's arrest for treason. Burnet declined to run for president and resigned as interim president on October 22, 1836.

He served as vice president under Mirabeau B. Lamar and participated in the Battle of Neches. He was defeated in the next presidential election by Houston. When Texas was annexed by the United States, Burnet served as the state's first Secretary of State.

The first Reconstruction state legislature appointed him to the United States Senate, but he was unable to take his seat because of the Ironclad oath.

Burnet County, Texas, is named for him.

Early life and career

Burnet was born to Dr. William Burnet and his second wife, Gertrude Gouverneur Rutgers, widow of Anthony Rutgers (a brother of Henry Rutgers who founded Rutgers University). His father had served in the Continental Congress. David Burnet was orphaned as a child.

In 1805, Burnet became a clerk for a New York counting house, Robinson and Hartshorne. When the firm suffered financial difficulty, Burnet gave his entire personal inheritance, $1,300, to try to save the company. The firm went bankrupt, and Burnet lost all of the money.

In 1806, Burnet volunteered to serve the unsuccessful filibustering expeditions led by general Francisco de Miranda for the independence of Venezuela from Spain rule. He fought in Chile in 1807 and in Venezuela in 1808. After Miranda broke with Simon Bolivar, Burnet returned to the United States in 1812.

Upon his return Burnet moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to study law.  He lived with his two older brothers, Jacob, who later became a U.S. Senator, and Isaac, who later served as mayor of Cincinnati.

Early Texas years
In 1817, Burnet moved to Natchitoches, Louisiana and set up a mercantile business. After several months he developed a bloody cough. A doctor diagnosed him with tuberculosis and suggested he move to Texas, then a part of Mexico to recuperate in the dry air.  Later that year, Burnet traveled alone into Texas. A Comanche tribe came to his aid when he fell off of his horse by the Colorado River, and he lived with them for two years until he made a full recovery. Near the end of the year, he met Ben Milam, who had come to the village to trade with the tribe.

His cough improved, Burnet returned to Cincinnati.  In his return, he asked that the Mexican prisoners be released with him and allowed to return home as well. The Comanches agreed to this proposal and the Mexican families were surprised that there was no ransom or other agreement to the release of these prisoners.

In Cincinnati, Burnet wrote a series of articles for the Literary Gazette detailing his time spent with the Indians. He practiced law for several years, but returned to Texas after hearing of Stephen F. Austin's successful colony for Anglos. Burnet settled in San Felipe, the headquarters of Austin's colony, in 1826. For the next 18 months he provided law advice to the 200 settlers in the town and organized the first Presbyterian Sunday School in Texas. A deeply religious man, Burnet neither drank nor swore and always carried a Bible in his pocket.

Texas empresario
After a failed venture with Milam, the Western Colonization and Mining Company, in 1827 Burnet traveled with Lorenzo de Zavala and Joseph Vehlein to the Coahuila y Tejas state capitol, Saltillo.  The men applied for grants as empresarios under the General Colonization Law of 1824.  Burnet received authorization to settle 300 families in East Texas, northwest of Nacogdoches, an area that had already been settled by the Cherokee.  Under the terms of his grant, a married settler could purchase a league of land ) for $200.

Burnet returned to Ohio to recruit settlers, but was unable to entice the required number of families. In 1828, he sold his land grant to the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company for $12,000.  Burnet remained in the United States for several years, and on December 8, 1830, married Hannah Estey of Morristown, New Jersey.  At the time of their wedding he was 43 and she was 30 years old.

Eager to return to Texas, Burnet and his new wife chartered the ship Call and brought with them a steam engine to operate a saw mill.  A storm grounded the ship along Bolivar Point, and, to lighten the load, they were forced to discard all of Hannah's furniture and her hope chest.  The steam engine was the only piece of cargo that was able to be saved.

Burnet established his saw mill on  of land along the San Jacinto River, in an area that came to be known as Burnet's Bay.  Under Mexican law, Burnet was entitled to an extra land grant because his saw mill provided a needed public service.  At that time, however, the law also required settlers to convert to Roman Catholicism to receive the extra land grant.  The devout Burnet refused, angering the Mexican authorities to the point that they cancelled his grant for operating the saw mill.  The mill was finally sold to Dr. Branch T. Archer at a large loss.

Early public service

Burnet was a delegate to the Convention of 1833, where he was elected the chairman of a committee which created a petition arguing that the Mexican Congress approve separate statehood for Texas. Stephen F. Austin carried the petition to Mexico City and was promptly jailed.

Shortly after the Convention of 1833 disbanded, Antonio López de Santa Anna became the new president of Mexico. Over the next two years Santa Anna began consolidating his political control over the country by dissolving the Mexican congress, and disbanding state legislatures.  In October 1835, Santa Anna declared himself military dictator and marched north to "reassert control over Texas".

During this time, Burnet had been appointed the first judge of the Austin district and organized a court at San Felipe. From then on he was known as Judge Burnet. He and other Texians were determined that Texas should be an independent state within Mexico. In November 1835, the Consultation of 1835 was held at San Felipe. At the consultation, Burnet took the lead in forming a provisional state government based on the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, which Santa Anna had already repudiated.

Republic of Texas

Birth
On March 1, 1836, a constitutional convention, the Convention of 1836, was held at Washington-on-the-Brazos. Burnet was not chosen as a delegate to the convention. On hearing of William B. Travis's plea for help at the Alamo, Burnet immediately set out to offer his assistance. He stopped at the convention to try to recruit others to join the fight but soon became so "inspired by their deliberations" that he remained as a visitor. Speaking privately with many of the delegates, Burnet professed that he would be willing to serve as president of a new republic, even if that made him a target of Santa Anna.

After hearing of the fall of the Alamo, the chairman of the convention, Richard Ellis, wanted to adjourn the convention and begin again in Nacogdoches.  Burnet leaped onto a bench and made a speech asking the delegates to stay and finish their business. They did so, and the new constitution was adopted that evening.  The frontrunners for the presidency of the new country, Austin, Sam Houston, and William H. Wharton, were absent from the convention and so the nominees became Burnet and Samuel Price Carson.  Burnet won, on a vote of 29–23, in the early hours of March 17, becoming the interim president of the new Republic of Texas.  De Zavala was elected vice president.

Interim presidency

Wartime
One of Burnet's first acts as president was to transfer the capital of the new state from Washington-on-the-Brazos to Harrisburg, which was located nearer to the small Texas Navy at Galveston Island. Harrisburg was also closer to the US border and would allow easier communication with US officials. The move took on a sense of urgency when the convention received word that Santa Anna was within  of Washington-on-the-Brazos.  Burnet quickly adjourned the proceedings and the government fled, inspiring a massive fight known as the Runaway Scrape.  Burnet personally carried the Texas Declaration of Independence in his saddlebags.

Sam Houston, leading the Texan Army, also decided to strategically retreat from Gonzales after learning of the defeat at the Alamo. On hearing of the government's flight, "Houston was pained and annoyed" and maintained it was a cowardly action that had caused a great deal of unnecessary panic. Burnet was infuriated by Houston's criticism and accused Houston of staging his own retreat because he was afraid to fight. Within several days, Burnet had stationed a spy, Major James H. Perry, on Houston's staff. In an effort to discredit Houston, Perry initiated a groundless rumor that Houston had begun taking opium.

On March 25, Burnet declared martial law and divided Texas into three military districts. All able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 55 were ordered to report for military duty. Four days later, Burnet issued a proclamation declaring that a man would lose his Texas citizenship and any future claim to land if he left Texas, refused to fight, or helped the Mexican Army.

In the hopes of gaining assistance from the US, Burnet sent Carson, now his secretary of state, to Louisiana to approach General Edmund P. Gaines, who had been given orders by US President Andrew Jackson not to cross the Sabine River into Texas. A small amount of relief came on April 9, however, with the arrival of the "Twin Sisters," two 6 lb. cannons that had been sent as a gift from the people of Cincinnati to show their respect for the Burnet family since Burnet's brother Isaac was the mayor of Cincinnati. Burnet immediately sent the guns to Houston.

Out of safety concerns, the government was moved again on April 13, now to Galveston.  Two days later, Santa Anna's army reached Harrisburg, to find a deserted town. On April 17, Burnet received word that the Mexican Army was headed for his location. He and his family crowded into a rowboat immediately, leaving all of their personal effects behind. When they reached  offshore, Colonel Juan Almonte and a troop of Mexican cavalry rode into view.  Burnet stood up in the rowboat so that the army would focus on him, instead of his family. Almonte ordered the troops not to fire, as he had seen Hannah Burnet in the boat and did not want to put her in danger.

Peacetime
Burnet did not hear of Houston's victory at San Jacinto and subsequent capture of Santa Anna until several days after the fact. He hurried to the battlefield, where he complained often about Houston's use of profanity.  Houston's staff "complained that the president grumbled ungraciously, was hard to please, and spent all of his time giving orders and collecting souvenirs." The two men also argued over the distribution of $18,000 in specie that had been found in Santa Anna's treasure chest. Burnet insisted that the money should go to the Texas treasury, but Houston had already given $3,000 to the Texas Navy and distributed the rest among his men.

Santa Anna, in his distrust of civil government, had requested that he be allowed to negotiate a treaty with Houston. His request was rejected, and Burnet took him into custody, first to Galveston Island and then to Velasco.  On May 14, 1836, both men signed the Treaties of Velasco. In a public treaty, Santa Anna agreed to cease all hostilities immediately and to withdraw his troops south of the Rio Grande. Burnet pledged that Santa Anna would have safe passage home. Secretly, the men also agreed that Santa Anna would "use his influence with the Mexican government to secure the recognition of Texas Independence with its southern boundary as the Rio Grande."  Mexico later repudiated the treaty.

The people of Texas were incensed at the terms of the treaty. The public, along with the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy, wanted to see Santa Anna executed for his actions. Despite the criticism, Burnet made arrangements for Santa Anna to travel by boat to Mexico.  His ship was delayed for several days by wind, and while it was docked, 250 volunteers, commanded by Thomas Green, arrived. Green demanded that Burnet resign immediately.  The ship's captain, afraid for his own safety, refused to set sail unless Green approved. With few other options, Burnet ordered Santa Anna brought ashore and imprisoned at Quintana. Many of the Texas army officers threatened to execute Santa Anna and to try Burnet for treason.

Most of Burnet's time was spent writing proclamations, orders, and letters appealing for funds and volunteers.  As a system of taxation had yet to be implemented, the Texas treasury was empty. There was no money to pay Burnet a salary, and his family soon had trouble paying for their expenses. To make ends meet, they sold a Negro woman and boy. Filling the treasury would take more effort, and Burnet proposed to sell land scrip in New York State. The bids dropped as low as 1¢ per acre and so the plan was shelved.

With no money and little respect for Burnet, it was not surprising that "no one followed orders, and the government struggled to direct the state effectively." Burnet wished to replace Thomas Jefferson Rusk as commander of the army and sent Secretary of War Mirabeau B. Lamar to take Rusk's place. Rusk instead proposed for General Felix Huston to be named as his replacement. Lamar called a vote of the men in the army, who overwhelmingly voted for Huston, essentially a vote of no confidence in Burnet's decisions.

Resignation
The first Texas presidential election was held September 5, 1836. Burnet declined to run, and Houston was elected to become the first president.  Houston was expected to take office in December. On October 3, Burnet called the first session of the Texas Congress to order in Columbia.  Houston arrived at the session on October 9, and the Congress quickly began lobbying Burnet to resign so that Houston could begin his duties. Burnet finally agreed to resign on October 22, the day after de Zavala resigned as vice president.

During the transition of power, Burnet's son Jacob died at Velasco. The Burnets returned to their home, which had been looted, which left them with no furniture or other household articles. To support his family, Burnet practiced law and farmed.

Vice president

Houston's term as president expired in 1838. Burnet declined offers to run as his replacement but agreed to run as the vice president for his friend, Mirabeau B. Lamar. Once the election returns were in, Burnet and Houston engaged in a shouting match, with Burnet calling Houston a "half-Indian" and Houston calling Burnet a "hog thief." Burnet challenged Houston to a duel, but Houston refused: "the people are equally disgusted with both of us." Lamar and Burnet were inaugurated on December 10, 1838.

Burnet was an active vice president. In 1839, he briefly served as acting Secretary of State after Barnard Bee had been sent to Mexico. Burnet served as part of a five-man commission to negotiate with Chief Bowl for the "peaceful" removal of the Cherokee tribe from their territory to the northwest of Nacogdoches. After a week of negotiations the group was not close to an agreement.

On July 15, three regiments of Texas troops attacked the Cherokee at the Battle of Neches. Chief Bowl and a hundred other Indians were killed; the survivors retreated into Arkansas Territory. Burnet fought in the battle as a volunteer and suffered minor wounds.

In December 1840, Burnet became acting president when Lamar took a leave of absence to seek medical treatment in New Orleans for an intestinal disorder. His first official act, on December 16, was to deliver an address to Congress alleging that Mexican armies were preparing to invade Texas. Burnet wanted Congress to declare war on Mexico and to attempt to push the Texas southern boundary to the Sierra Madres. His proposal was defeated by supporters of Houston, who was then serving in the legislature.

Presidential candidate
During his time as acting president, Burnet dismissed several of Lamar's appointees, angering the president. At the conclusion of Lamar's term, Burnet agreed to run for president. Lamar and his cronies only reluctantly supported Burnet after they could not entice Rusk to run. Burnet's primary competition was Houston, and the campaign was dominated by insults and name-calling. Houston questioned Burnet's honesty by accusing him of taking a $250,000 bribe from Santa Anna and calling him a "political brawler" and a "canting hypocrite." Houston also accused Burnet of being a drunk. Burnet again challenged Houston to a duel, but again, Houston refused. Houston won the election, with 7,915 votes to Burnet's 3,619.

Later life
After losing the presidential election, Burnet returned to his farm.  When Texas was annexed into the United States, Burnet served as the state's first Secretary of State under Governor James Pinckney Henderson. His feud with Houston continued, and in 1852, Burnet wrote the pamphlet "Review of the Life of General Sam Houston," which recounted many rumors and allegations of Houston's improper behavior. Houston retaliated in February 1859 by giving a speech on the floor of the US Senate that disparaged Burnet.

Burnet's health deteriorated, such that he needed help with his farm work. He and his wife purchased a black slave and the slave's sick wife for $1400. The man escaped, robbing  the Burnet's in the process.  Unable to make ends meet on their own, Burnet and his wife rented their  to another family in 1857 while they continued to live in their house.

Hannah Burnet died on October 30, 1858. Their only surviving child, William Estey Burnet, took a leave of absence from his military service and helped Burnet move to Galveston, where he lived with an old friend, Sidney Sherman. Burnet opposed secession and was saddened when his son joined the Confederate Army but later supported his son's efforts. Colonel William Burnet was killed on March 31, 1865, at Spanish Fort, Alabama, leaving Burnet as the only surviving member of his family.

In 1865, Sherman's wife died, and Burnet left Sherman's home to live with Preston Perry. The following year the first Reconstruction state legislature appointed Burnet and Oran Roberts to be U.S. senators from Texas.  Neither man was able to take the Ironclad oath and so they were not permitted to take their Senate seats.

Burnet's last public service came in 1868, when he was appointed as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, which nominated Horatio Seymour for president. In his later years, Burnet suffered from senility, and before his death, he had carried a trunk of his private papers into an empty lot and burned them all.

He died on December 5, 1870, aged 82, in Galveston. He was first buried in Magnolia Cemetery, but in 1894, his remains were moved to Galveston's Lakeview Cemetery, where he was buried next to Sidney Sherman's grave.

Burnet County was named in his honor when it was formed in 1852, as was its county seat.  In 1936, the state erected a statue of Burnet in Clarksville. David G. Burnet Elementary School in Dallas and David G. Burnet Elementary School in Odessa are named in his honor.

See also
Notable Freemasons

References

Further reading

External links
Handbook of Texas Article

Letter from David G. Burnet on survey land for the establishment of an education system, May 29, 1839 From Texas Tides

Burnet County, Texas
1788 births
1870 deaths
American emigrants to Mexico
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
People of the Texas Revolution
Presidents of the Republic of Texas
Vice presidents of the Republic of Texas
Secretaries of State of Texas
19th-century American politicians

David G. Burnet


Claes Berglund ist ein ehemaliger schwedischer Ski-Orientierungsläufer. Berglund gewann drei Weltmeistertitel, darunter den Einzelweltmeistertitel 1986.

Bei seinen ersten beiden Weltmeisterschaften 1982 in Aigen im Ennstal und 1984 in Lavarone gewann er zweimal Gold mit der Staffel, 1982 mit Magnus Lofstedt, Stefan Persson und Jan-Erik Thorn, 1984 mit Stefan Larsson, Ove Boström und Jan-Erik Thorn. 1986 im bulgarischen Batak siegte er im Einzelwettkampf über 19,1 km, bei der folgenden Weltmeisterschaft 1988 holte er in der Staffel mit Silber nochmal eine Medaille.

Platzierungen
Weltmeisterschaften:

 1982: 5. Platz Einzel, 1. Platz Staffel
 1984: 18. Platz Einzel, 1. Platz Staffel
 1986: 1. Platz Einzel, 4. Platz Staffel
 1988: 7. Platz Kurz, 2. Platz Staffel
 1992: 13. Platz Lang, 4. Platz Staffel

Weblinks
 Ski-OL-WM-Ergebnisse International Orienteering Federation

Weltmeister (Ski-Orientierungslauf)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Schweden)
Schwede
Mann
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert

Claes Berglund


Helm Polde er et 40 hektar stort flyvesandsområde i den sydlige del af den statsejede  Hønning Plantage, lige nordvest for Arrild mellem Skærbæk  og Toftlund i Tønder Kommune.   Det er en særegen natur på den sandede del af Toftlund Bakkeø, med  øer af gammelt flyvesand omgivet af plantage mod nord og intensivt dyrkede marker mod syd.  Plantagen domineres af smeltevandssand eller -grus nord for landevejen, medens flyvesand i form af en indsande dominerer i syd. Smeltevandsaflejringerne overlejres af flyvesand i mindre pletter i den nordlige del af plantagen.

Hedelyng og ene udgør de markante bevoksninger i dette fredede og ellers træløse område. Fra den nærliggende Hønning Plantage vandrer  krondyr ud på Helm Polde. Der er flere forholdsvis sjældne fugle i området, der spiller sammen med plantagen og Hønning Mose. Tranen har opholdt sig her i yngleperioden, og rødrygget tornskade ses også. hvepsevågen yngler i plantagen.

Hele området Helm Polde (40 ha) blev fredet i 1952, og området er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 93 Lindet Skov, Hønning Mose, Hønning Plantage og Lovrup Skov.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Om Helm Polde på fredninger.dk
 Natura 2000-område nr. 93 Lindet Skov, Hønning Mose, Hønning Plantage og Lovrup Skov

Danske heder
Tønder Kommunes geografi
Fredede arealer i Danmark ⋅

Helm Polde


Andıl, Adana ilinin Kozan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallede kendi adıyla bulunan bir kale vardır. Bu kalenin adı Ermeni olan Andala krallığından gelmektedir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kozan'ın mahalleleri

Andıl, Kozan


El Calafate, Arjantin'in güneybatısında bir şehirdir. Santa Cruz eyâletinde, Patagonya'da bulunan Lago Argentino gölünün güney kıyısında yer alır.

Şehir, gelirinin büyük kısmını, yakınlarında bulunan Perito Moreno Buzulu'nu ziyarete gelen turistlerden elde eder. El Calafate 2005 rakamlarıyla 18.000 kişilik nüfusa sahiptir ki bu rakam bir önceki (2001) sayımdaki rakamın 3 mislidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Devlet Sitesi  (İspanyolca)

Arjantin'deki şehirler
Santa Cruz (eyalet)
Güney Amerika'daki göl kıyısındaki yerleşim birimleri

El Calafate


RLL may refer to:

 Run Length Limited, an encoding scheme for disk drives
 Relay Ladder Logic, a programming language for industrial control
 Radio Local Loop, same as Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
 Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing, an auto racing team in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
 right lower lobe, see List of medical abbreviations: R

RLL


El Jardín Botánico Kaiserberg, en alemán : Botanischer Garten Kaiserberg es un jardín botánico de 2 hectáreas de extensión, en Duisburgo, Alemania.

Localización
Botanischer Garten Kaiserberg, Schweizer Straße 24, Duisburg 48149, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland-Alemania.

Se encuentra abierto todos los días y la entrada es gratuita.

No confundir con el Botanischer Garten Duisburg-Hamborn, otro jardín botánico en Duisburgo.

Historia
El jardín fue establecido en 1890

Colecciones
Actualmente el jardín cultiva fundamentalmente plantas nativas de la zona, pero también incluye especímenes de floras exóticas tales como Araucaria, Ginkgo biloba, Sequoiadendron.

Colección de azaleas y otras plantas ornamentales.

Enlaces externos
 Botanischer Garten Kaiserberg
 Entrada en la página Qype, con fotografías

Kaiserberg, Botanischer Garten

Jardín botánico Kaiserberg


An Schiedeella williamsiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Szlach., Rutk. ngan Joanna Mytnik-Ejsmont. An Schiedeella williamsiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schiedeella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schiedeella

Schiedeella williamsiana


Anđelko Herjavec (Varaždin, 23. studenoga 1958. – Posedarje, 20. srpnja 2001.), poznat i pod nadimkom Đelac, hrvatski je gospodarstvenik i nogometni menadžer.
1990-ih godina bio je direktor hrvatske podružnice Levi'sa u Novom Marofu, generalni direktor Varteksa u Varaždinu, predsjednik varaždinskog nogometnog kluba Varteks, član Izvršnog odbora Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza, predsjednik Nadzornog odbora Varaždinske banke i član predsjedništva Hrvatske demokratske zajednice. Poginuo je u prometnoj nesreći 2001. godine.

Djetinjstvo i mladost
Rođen je u Varaždinu 23. studenoga 1958. godine. Do polaska u školu živio je kod djeda i bake u Hlebinama, a začetnik hrvatske naivne umjetnosti Ivan Generalić bio mu je rod. Završio je Gimnaziju Varaždin, diplomirao marketing na Fakultetu organizacije i informatike u Varaždinu, te magistrirao na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Godine 1984. zaposlio se u Varteksu na poslovima uvoza.

Početak karijere u Levi'su
Anđelko Herjavec u Levi's je prešao 1986. godine, gdje se istaknuo na poslovima izvoza. Hrvatska podružnica Levi'sa, pokrenuta 1983. godine u Novom Marofu, poslovala je prema licenciji američke Levi Strauss &. Co. i bila sastavnim dijelom poslovnoga sustava Varteks, tada sačinjenog od desetak tvrki. Na temelju poslovnih rezultata ostvarenih u izvozu, Anđelko Herjavec 1990. godine imenovan je direktorom Levi'sa, a 1992. godine europska filijala američke kompanije uručila mu je priznanje za povećanje proizvodnje.

Karijera u Varteksu
Generalnim direktorom Varteksa, Herjavec je imenovan 1994. godine, na poziv dotadašnjeg rukovodstva tvornice koja se našla na rubu propasti zbog ratnih zbivanja, odnosno raspada jugoslavenske trgovačke mreže i neprilagođavanja tržišnim uvjetima poslovanja. Do kraja 1995. godine Herjavec uspijeva stabilizirati poslovanje i spriječiti propast, a 1997. godine uspijeva produžiti i licenciju za proizvodnju jeansa, bez koje tvornica također ne bi imala uvjete za opstanak. Budući da se Varteks sve teže nosio s dampinškim cijenama istočne proizvodnje, Herjavec se povezuje s osnivačem Zare Amanciom Ortegom i od Hugo Bossa pokušava preuzeti znanje i iskustvo, kako bi Varteks mogao ostvariti dodanu vrijednost u vidu modnog brenda koji bi bio prepoznat na globalnom tržištu. U ambiciji ga sprječava prometna nesreća, ali poslovanje Varteksa sve do svoje smrti uspijeva održati pozitivnim. Na prijelazu milenija Varteks izvozi u 28 svjetskih država, čini 1,4 posto ukupnog državnog izvoza i ostvaruje 720 milijuna kuna prihoda. Godine 2000. Herjavec otvara prvu robnu kuću Varteksa u SAD-u i među prvima nakon Domovinskog rata čini iskorak prema srpskom i bivšem jugoslavenskom tržištu.

Karijera u nogometu
Na čelo Nogometnoga kluba Varteks, Herjavec je došao 1989. godine na poziv dotadašnjeg predsjednika kluba Vladimira Marića, tadašnjeg trenera Branka Ivankovića i Stjepana Cveka, 1990-ih savjetnika uprave kluba. Bilo je to u trenutku kada se formirala 1. HNL, zbog čega je trebalo okupiti sponzore, napraviti preustroj kluba i organizirati profesionalno poslovanje. Herjavec je, međutim, otišao i korak dalje, te je ključnim gradskim strukturama potencijalni uspjeh nogometnoga kluba uspio predstaviti kao gospodarski i politički interes grada Varaždina. Igračima i stožeru kluba na taj način omogućio je redovita primanja i razvoj nogometne škole, a zahvaljujući profesionalnim ugovorima obvezao ih na ostvarivanje rezultata koji su uslijedili već treće sezone u 1. HNL (1993./1994.). Varteks je tada nakratko uspio zasjesti na prvo mjesto ljestvice i osvojiti međunarodni nogometni turnir u New Delhiju, a Herjavec je iste godine nominiran za predsjednika HNS-a. Tada mu je nedostajao jedan glas za pobjedu, a prije smrti spominjalo ga se kao nasljednika Vlatka Markovića. U sezoni 1995./1996. Varteks je već konkurirao za naslov prvaka Hrvatske (utakmica protiv Hajduka), a 1998. godine uspio izboriti "europsko proljeće" (utakmica protiv Palma de Mallorce). Herjavec je stekao veliku popularnost u rodnom Varaždinu i prepoznatljivost širom zemlje.

Politički angažman

Hrvatskoj demokratskoj zajednici Anđelko Herjavec pridružio se uoči akcija Bljesak i Oluja 1995. godine, te je u Varaždinu organizirao doček hrvatske vojske. Bio je član gradskog i županijskog poglavarstva, te dugogodišnji predsjednik Zajednice sportskih udruga Grada Varaždina, za vrijeme čijeg mandata je 1996. godine izgrađena istočna tribina na gradskom stadionu, a 1998. godine bili su postavljeni i reflektori. Snažnije se politički angažirao 2000. godine, kada je podršku novom vodstvu HDZ-a uvjetovao promjenom statuta odnosno uvođenja načela podjednake regionalne zastupljenosti u predsjedništvu. Tada postaje član predsjedništva stranke, dok je ranije bio poznat kao osoba bliska Franji Tuđmanu s kojim ga je povezivala strast prema nogometu.

Zanimljivosti
U dobi od samo 32 godine bio je najmlađi direktor neke podružnice Levi'sa u svijetu, a u dobi od 36 godina postao je najmlađi direktor Varteksa u povijesti tvornice. Govorio je nekoliko stranih jezika i od rane mladosti bio strastveni kartaš. Prema knjizi Đelac – hazarder u smokingu, među prvima se u Hrvatskoj svjesno koristio komunikacijskim vještinama te ukazivao na potrebu za implementacijom istih u gospodarsko-politički javni prostor ("Borislavu Škegri zamjeram samo jednu stvar oko uvođenja PDV-a, da je napravljen loš public relations").

Pod Herjavečevim vodstvom Nogometnog kluba Varteks, Zlatko Dalić je 2001. godine započeo svoju trenersku karijeru.

Biografska knjiga i film

Varaždinski internetski portal "eVaraždin" 2018. godine pokrenuo je projekt izdavanja knjige i proizvodnje dokumentarnog filma o životu Anđelka Herjavca, te je 2020. godine izdana knjiga "Đelac – hazarder u smokingu" autora Alena Matušina i završen dokumentarni film pod naslovom "Đelac". Vizualni identitet projekta kojemu je prethodilo opsežno istraživanje kreirao je Luka Šalamun, a među 20-ak okupljenih svjedoka vremena jedan od sudionika na projektu bio je i izbornik Zlatko Dalić. U dokumentarnom filmu i biografskoj knjizi po prvi put su objavljene snimke koje je Herjavec samostalno načinio tijekom 1980-ih i 1990-ih godina. Knjiga ga svrstava u pionire PR-a u Hrvatskoj.

Izvori

Životopisi, Varaždin
Hrvatski športski djelatnici
NK Varaždin

Anđelko Herjavec


Alberto Navarro González (n. Villanueva del Aceral, Ávila; 1917 - f. Salamanca; 1990) fue un cervantista e historiador de la literatura español.

Biografía
Se educó en un colegio salesiano y en un seminario. Como tal fue arrestado durante los primeros meses de la Guerra Civil en zona republicana, pero pudo refugiarse en la embajada de Guatemala y, al concluir la contienda, estudió Filología Hispánica en Salamanca; se graduó en 1943 y se doctoró en 1945 con una tesis sobre Baltasar Gracián. Desde 1949 trabajó intensamente como profesor de lengua española y literatura en la Universidad de La Laguna, en la que llegó a ser rector (1953-1964). Volvió a la Universidad de Salamanca en 1964 como catedrático de su departamento de literatura española y también fue nombrado rector del Colegio mayor hispanoamericano Hernán Cortés.

Se especializó en literatura del Siglo de Oro, sobre todo en el Don Quijote, pero también en Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Vicente Espinel; asimismo hizo incursiones al  y . En el XVIII centró sus investigaciones en la obra de Diego de Torres Villarroel y en la de Tomás de Iriarte, cuyas Fábulas literarias editó para la colección Clásicos Castellanos de Espasa-Calpe. En cuanto al , estudió y editó especialmente la narrativa de Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Fernán Caballero. Tras jubilarse en 1985 fue profesor emérito en la Universidad de Salamanca, ciudad de la que ya había sido alcalde entre 1966 y 1968. Es Gran Cruz de la Orden de Alfonso X el Sabio.

Obras

Estudios
Calderon de la Barca: de lo trágico a lo grotesco  Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca
Cervantes entre el Persiles y el Quijote Universidad de Salamanca, 1981.
Las dos partes del Quijote: (analogías y diferencias) Universidad de Salamanca, 1979.
Una heterodoxia del Postmodernismo norteamericano: la narrativa moral de John Gardner, Universidad de Salamanca
Vicente Espinel: músico, poeta y novelista andaluz, 1977.
Fernán Caballero y la narrativa andaluza, 1974.
El mar en la literatura medieval castellana, 1962.
Calderón, 1984.
Robinsón y Don Quijote, 1962.
El Quijote español del siglo XVII, 1964.
Don Quijote de la Mancha y el escritor Cervantes, 1960.

Ediciones
Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Cefalo y Pocris Ediciones Almar
Con Pilar González Velasco, Vicente Espinel, Diversas Rimas Universidad de Salamanca
Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, La Pródiga Editora Nacional
Romances de Mar Instituto Histórico de Marina, 1973.
Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, Viajes por España Editorial Comares
Miguel de Unamuno, Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho Ediciones Cátedra
Tomás de Iriarte, Poesías. Prólogo y notas de A. Navarro González. Madrid, Clásicos Castellanos, 1963.
José María Gabriel y Galán, Obras escogidas, 1971.

Notas

Bibliografía
Derek W. Lomax, "Alberto Navarro González (1917-1990)", en Bulletin of Hispanic Studies Volume 68, Number 2 / 1991:Apr. pp. 311 y ss.

Alcaldes de Salamanca
Alcaldes del Franquismo
Escritores de España del siglo XX
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Ensayistas de España del siglo XX
Cervantistas
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XX
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Salamanca
Catedráticos de la Universidad de La Laguna
Grandes cruces de la Orden de Alfonso X el Sabio
Premio Fastenrath
Nacidos en la provincia de Ávila
III Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
IV Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
V Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
VI Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
VII Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
VIII Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas
IX Legislatura de las Cortes Españolas

Alberto Navarro González


Vorbereitungslehrgang steht für
 Vorbereitungslehrgang (Hochschule), ein Einführungs- oder fachgebundener Zulassungskurs
 Vorbereitungslehrgang (Berufsqualifikation), die Kurse diverser beruflicher Weiterbildungsabschlüsse
 Vorbereitungslehrgang (Höhere Schule), ein Aufnahmekurs zur Matura für Berufstätige in Österreich

Vorbereitungslehrgang


Colocasieae, biljni rod  iz porodice kozlačevki, dio potporodice Aroideae. Postoji sedam rodova od kojih je tipičan Colocasia iz jugoistočne i južne Azije

Rodovi
 Englerarum Nauheimer & P. C. Boyce (1 sp.)
 Ariopsis Nimmo (3 spp.), Azija
 Colocasia Schott (17 spp.), Azija
 Remusatia Schott (4 spp.), Azija, Afrika, Australija
 Steudnera K. Koch (10 spp.), Azija
 Leucocasia Schott (2 spp.), Azija
 Alocasia (Schott) G. Don (90 spp.), Azija, Australija
 Vietnamocasia N. S. Lý, S. Y. Wong & P. C. Boyce (1 sp.), Vijetnam

Izvori

Aroideae

Colocasieae


Valparaíso Şili'nin 15 idari bölgesinden biridir.  V. Región ("5. Bölge") olarak da bilinir. Santiago ile aynı enlemdedir ve denize kıyısı vardır.

Şili'nin ana limanı Valparaíso ve en büyük tatil kenti Viña del Mar bu bölgede bulunur. Büyük Okyanus'taki Șili topraklarini olușturan Paskalya Adası, Juan Fernández Adaları ve Desventuradas Adaları da idari bakimdan bu bölgeye dahildir.

Bu bölgede bakır ve çimento gibi madencilik ve sanayi sektörleri gelişmiştir. Şili'nin ana petrol rafinerisi Con-Con'da (Aconcagua nehrinin ağzında ve Valparaíso'nun 20 km. kadar kuzeyinde) yer almakta ve 2 önemli bakır madeni aritma tesisi, kamu işletmesi Ventanas (Con Con'un kuzeyinde sahilde) ve özel sektöre ait Chagres (90 km kadar içeride) bulunmaktadır.

Bölgenin Quinteros limanı yakınlarında kimyasal madde ve gaz depoları vardır. İç vadilerde ihraç amaçlı çalışan sanayiler bulunmaktadır; avokado (yerel adı: palta), "chirimoya" meyvesi ve çiçek önemli ihraç ürünlerindendir. Son göze çarpan gelişme tepe yamaçlarında yüksek teknolojili sulama tekniklerinin kullanılmasıyla tarıma uygun arazilerin artmasıdır. Bu uygulama, kuru ve üretime elverişsiz toprakların yüksek kalitede ürün vermesine yardımcı olmuştur.

Kaynakça
 27 Mart 2006 tarihli İngilizce Wikipedia Valparaíso Region

Valparaíso bölgesi


Dumas Lerena (* 10. April 1930 in Montevideo, Uruguay; † 16. Januar 2009) war ein uruguayischer Schauspieler und Theaterregisseur.

Lerena war 1953 Absolvent der Escuela Municipal de Arte Dramático (EMAD). Dort studierte er unter anderem mit der ebenfalls zu seinem Abschlussjahrgang gehörenden Estela Medina. Bereits währenddessen agierte er an unabhängigen Theatern. Dazu zählten das Teatro Libre und das Teatro Universal. Den Großteil seiner Rollen spielte er allerdings an der Comedia Nacional, deren Ensemble er nach Abschluss seiner Ausbildung bis 1991 angehörte. Insgesamt stand er in seiner Karriere in rund 80 Stücken als Schauspieler auf der Bühne. Sein letzter Auftritt datiert aus dem Jahr 2008, als er den Theaterlehrer in Bertolt Brechts Arturo Ui gab. Ab den 1970er Jahren arbeitete er an der Comedia Nacional auch als Regisseur. Sein Regiedebüt feierte er 1970 mit Juan Carlos Legidos Historia de judios. Jeweils 1981 und 1988 konnte er den Premio Florencio gewinnen, 1996 war er abermals nominiert.

Auszeichnungen
 1981: Premio Florencio als "Bester Nebendarsteller" im Williams-Stück Un tranvía llamado deseo
 1988: Premio Florencio für seine Comedia Nacional-Inszenierung En familia in den Bereichen "Bestes Schauspiel" und "Beste Regie"
 1996: Nominierung für den Premio Florencio als "Bester Nebendarsteller"

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 187f

Weblinks

 Falleció el director Dumas Lerena (spanisch) in El País vom 20. Januar 2009, abgerufen am 5. Mai 2012
 Falleció el prestigioso actor y director teatral Dumas Lerena (spanisch) in La República vom 20. Januar 2009, abgerufen am 5. Mai 2012

Theaterregisseur
Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Uruguayer
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2009
Mann

Dumas Lerena


Wladimir Martschenko ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Martschenko (* 1922), ukrainischer Mathematiker
 Wladimir Nikolajewitsch Martschenko (* 1952), russischer Turner

Wladimir Martschenko


මිෂනරි පිහිටුව හෝ පුරුෂයා-ඉහළින්-වන පිහිටුව යනු සාමාන්‍යයෙන්  ස්ත්‍රීය උඩ බලියෙන් සිටින විට ඇයගේ කය මත පුරුෂයා සිටිමින් එකිනෙකා නෙත ගැටෙමින් ලිංගික සංසර්ගය හෝ වෙනත් ලිංගික ක්‍රියාවක නියැලෙන, ලිංගික පිහිටුවකි.

මිෂනරි පිහිටුව


Lucien Przepiórski né en 1831 à Vilnius et mort le  à Paris est un peintre polonais.

Biographie
Lucjan Przepiórski de Cay est le fils d'Ignace Przepiorski de Cay et de Thérèse Borodriez.

En 1855, il dirige un studio photographique situé rue Nowy Świat à Varsovie, puis se rend à Vilnius, où il peint des portraits et des peintures pour des églises.

En 1857, il séjourne à Saint-Pétersbourg où il copie des peintures au musée de l'Ermitage et entame des études à l'Académie impériale des beaux-arts. Il expose à l'Académie.

De retour en Pologne en 1863, il participe aux batailles de l'insurrection de Janvier. Blessé, il perd une jambe.

À partir de 1864, exilé, il séjourne à Paris, où il travaille activement dans l'environnement de la Polonia parisienne.

La même année, il expose au Salon. Son atelier est situé rue de Seine, où il restaure également des tableaux.

En 1868, il épouse Hélène Godlewska. Hélène Przepiórska (1852-1900), également peintre, propose La Colombe au Salon de 1878. Parmi leurs enfants, Faustin Przepiórski de Cay deviendra dessinateur.

En 1875, il expose son Salon carré du Louvre, conservé à Paris au musée du Louvre.

Il reçoit une médaille de bronze en 1889, lors de l'Exposition universelle de Paris.

Lucien Przepiórski meurt le  à son domicile de la rue de Seine.

En 1952, par l'intermédiaire du tribunal de grande instance de la Seine, la famille obtient la rectification du patronyme en Przopiorski.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre polonais du XIXe siècle
Insurgé de janvier 1863
Naissance en 1831
Naissance à Vilnius
Décès en mai 1911
Décès dans le 6e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 81 ans

Lucien Przepiórski


Mihail Celarianu () a fost un poet și romancier român.

Biografie
Originar din București, el a fost al treilea din cei opt copii ai lui Constantin Celarianu, ofițer în armata română, și ai soției sale, Antoaneta (născută Pricup). După finalizarea învățământului gimnazial și liceal la București, respectiv Brăila, a urmat cursurile la Conservatorul din București, sperând să înceapă o carieră în muzica vocală, idee pe care a abandonat-o în cele din urmă. Celarianu a petrecut doi ani la Paris (1912-1914) unde a studiat medicina, întorcându-se acasă la izbucnirea Primului Război Mondial. (Romanul său din 1936, Femeia sângelui meu, pe care el îl considera "aproape în întregime autobiografic", evocă această perioadă; a fost acuzat de imoralitate atunci când a fost publicată.) S-a înrolat în armata română după ce România a intrat în război în 1916, mai întâi ca infanterist, iar apoi, după ce a urmat școala bombardierilor de la Pipera, ca mitralior în avion. Războiul a fost sursa de inspirație a piesei sale Drapelul, care a fost pusă în scenă în Onești, precum și un episod din romanul lui Diamant verde din 1940.

Din 1923 până în 1929, Celarianu a lucrat ca funcționar public la cabinetul lui Ion Minulescu în Ministerul Afacerilor Artistice și Culte, experiență care a stat la baza romanului său din 1934, Polca pe furate, publicat la recomandarea lui Mihail Sebastian. Din 1929 până în 1944, a fost bibliotecar și apoi specialist la Ministerul Muncii, Sănătății și Protecției Sociale, unde l-a avut ca și coleg de birou pe Felix Aderca. Între 1944 și 1949, a fost secretar al Uniunii Democrate a Scriitorilor. Soția lui, Nina, a fost fiica lui Alexandru Macedonski, ale cărui poezii le-a selectat și publicat în 1920 sub titlul Poezii alese.

La vârsta de treisprezece ani (în 1906) a scris prima poezie, Duminica. Prima sa carte, Poeme și proză, a apărut în 1913, în timpul șederii sale la Paris. A fost client fidel al restaurantului Oteteleșeanu și, la sugestia lui Tudor Vianu, a început să frecventeze cercul Sburătorul de Eugen Lovinescu. A scris două cărți pentru copii (Zâna izvorului sănătății, împreună cu Jean Bart și Dr. Ygrec, 1936; Isprăvile lui Stan cel cuminte, 1939), precum și un volum de schițe umoristice, Noaptea de fericire (1944). A tradus lucrări literare semnate de Honoré de Balzac, Boris Polevoy (în colaborare) și Édouard de Keyser. Printre revistele care publică lucrările sale se numără Sburătorul, Universul literar, Flacăra, Viața Românească, Revista Fundațiilor Regale și România literară. A câștigat Premiul Societății Scriitorilor din România în 1929, 1935 și 1939; și premiul Academiei Române Mihai Eminescu în 1966. În timpul perioadei interbelice, Celarianu a fost un promotor al romanelor care analizau situațiile prin satiră și mai ales erotism. A fost un poet simbolist al poeziei elegiace și senzuale sau erotice, lucru demonstrat prin volumele sale Drumul (1928) și Flori fără pace (1938).

Opera
 Poeme și proză (1913)
 Drumul (poezii, 1928)
 Polca pe furate (1934)
 Zâna izvorului sănătății, împreună cu Jean Bart
 Dr. Ygrec (1936)
 Flori fără pace (1938)
 Isprăvile lui Stan cel cuminte (1939)
 Noaptea de fericire (1944)
 Inima omenească" (poezii, 1966, cu prefață de Perpessicius)
 Diamant verde (roman, 1973, cu prefață de V. Fanache)
 Femeia sângelui meu'' (roman, 1991)

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1893
Decese în 1985
Traducători din secolul al XX-lea
Dramaturgi din secolul al XX-lea
Militari români în Primul Război Mondial
Bibliotecari români
Traducători români
Umoriști români
Scriitori români de literatură pentru copii
Dramaturgi români
Poeți simboliști
Bucureșteni

Mihail Celarianu


Mantık tarihi, mantığın tarihteki çeşitli kültürler ve geleneklerde ortaya çıktığı biçimlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak inceler.

Birçok kültür, ayrıntılı uslamlama sistemleri uygulamasına karşın, uslamlamanın doğrudan çözümlenmesi uğraşısı olarak mantık, başlangıçta yalnızca üç gelenekte geliştirilmiştir: Çin, Hindistan ve Yunanistan. Kesin tarihler bilinmemekle birlikte - özelikle Hindistan için -, mantığın her üç toplumda MÖ 4. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış olma ihtimali var. Mondern mantığın biçimsel olarak gelişkin ele alınışı Yunan geleneğinden gelmektedir. Aristo mantığının ve yorumlarının İslam felsefecileri üzerinden Orta Çağ Avrupası mantıkçıklarına ulaşmasıyla gelişmiştir.

Kaynakça
 Dov Gabbay ve John Woods,Handbook of the history of logic: Volume 1: Greek, Indian and Arabic logic. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004.

Dış bağlantılar
 Osmanlı Medreselerinde Mantık Eğitimi Üzerine
 The History of Logic from Aristotle to Gödel and Its Relationship with Ontology
 Overview of Indian and Greek Development of Logic and Language

Tarih

Mantık tarihi


Ariane este o serie de vehicule de lansare expandabile europene destinate lansărilor spațiale. Numele provine din traducerea franceză a numelui personajul mitologic Ariadna. Franța a a venit pentru prima dată cu propunerea proiectului "Ariane" ajungând la un acord oficial, la sfârșitul anului 1973, după discuții între Franța, Germania și Marea Britanie. Proiectul a fost a doua încercare a Europei de Vest de a-și dezvolta propriul lansator de vehicule spațiale, după proiectul eșuat Europa. Proiectul Ariane a primit numele de cod L3S (abreviere franceză pentru a treia generație de lansator de substituție).

Agenția Spațială Europeană (ESA) a însărcinat EADS filială a Astrium, în prezent Airbus Defence and Space, cu dezvoltarea de toate lansatoarele Ariane și a construirii facilităților de testare a acestora, în timp ce Arianespace, deținută în proporție de 32.5% de CNES (agenția spațială a guvernului francez) reprezintă filiala comercială, creată în 1980, se ocupă de producție, marketing și operațiuni. Arianespace își lansează rachetele de la Centrul Spațial Kourou, din Guyana franceză.

Versiuni

Note

Vezi și

 Europa (rachetă)
 Vega
 Programul spațial francez

Legături externe

 Agenția Spațială Europeană
 Arianespace

Agenția Spațială Europeană
Programul spațial francez

Ariane (serie de rachete)


Klaudije, rimski car
Apije Klaudije
Klaudije Ptolemej
Klaudije Elijan
Klaudije Gotski
Klaudije Klaudijan
Klaudije Cezar Neron
Klaudije de la Colombière
Klaudije (mučenik), srijemski mučenik

Klaudije (razdvojba)