Andrea Grosske (* 23. März 1928 in Nürnberg; † 30. November 1997 in Hamburg) war eine deutsche Schauspielerin, Hörspiel- und Synchronsprecherin.

Leben
Andrea Grosske sammelte ihre ersten Bühnenerfahrungen bereits im Alter von 5 Jahren. Nach einer Schauspiel- und Tanzausbildung in Hamburg war sie von 1945 bis 1949 an der dortigen Tanzbühne "Lola Rogge" tätig. Weitere Bühnenstationen waren Braunschweig, Basel, die Niedersächsische Landesbühne Wilhelmshaven und abermals Hamburg, wo sie am Theater im Zimmer und am Deutschen Schauspielhaus unter namhaften Regisseuren wie Oscar Fritz Schuh und Ivan Nagel auftrat. Für ihre künstlerischen Leistungen wurde sie mit dem Hamburger Inselpreis ausgezeichnet.

Seit Anfang der 1950er Jahre übernahm Andrea Grosske immer wieder Rollen in Film- und Fernsehproduktionen. Sie spielte in der Johannes-Heesters-Komödie So was tun die Herren immer wieder gerne, in Paul Verhoevens Drama Die Schuld des Dr. Homma, in Tom Toelles sozialkritischem Millionenspiel, in Egon Monks Mehrteiler Bauern, Bonzen und Bomben nach Hans Fallada sowie in der Surminski-Verfilmung Kudenow oder An fremden Wassern weinen. Außerdem spielte sie Gastrollen in Fernsehserien und -reihen wie Tatort, Hamburg Transit, Im Auftrag von Madame, Cliff Dexter und Percy Stuart. In dem auf wahren Begebenheiten beruhenden Fernsehkrimi Das Haus an der Stör aus der Reihe Stahlnetz verkörperte sie die Assistenten des von Rudolf Platte gespielten Kommissars "Roggenburg".

Daneben war Andrea Grosske auch umfangreich als Sprecherin für Hörspiel und Filmsynchronisation tätig. Sie synchronisierte beispielsweise Patsy Smart in Der wütende Mond und Emilia Krakowska in Das gelobte Land.

Hörspiele (Auswahl)
 1961: Das Bild an der Wand; Regie: Gustav Burmester, mit Gustav Knuth, Hannelore Schroth, NDR.
 1963: Who is who; Regie: Günter Siebert, mit Michael Gaffron, Haide Lorenz, RB.
 1963: Fünfzig Pfund für einen falschen Armenier; Regie: Günter Siebert, mit Günter Siebert, Günther Stoll, RB.
 1964: Die finsteren Zeiten; Regie: Peter Michel Ladiges, mit Heiner Schmidt, Richard Münch, SWF.
 1964 Hafenpolizei (Fernsehserie) Episode Gefährliche Zuflucht
 1965 Gestatten – mein Name ist Cox (Fernsehserie) Episode Eine reizende Abendgesellschaft
 1967: Ehe der Hahn kräht; Regie: Ulrich Lauterbach, mit Edda Seippel, Heinz Schimmelpfennig, RB.
 1970: Die Puppe in meinem Kopf; Regie: Peter Michel Ladiges, mit Horst Michael Neutze, SWF.
 1972: Ballett: Regie: Horst Loebe, mit Horst Tappert, Paul Edwin Roth, RB.
 1978: Onkel Davids Rendezvous; Regie: Jörg Jannings, mit Johannes Schauer, Wolfgang Unterzaucher, NDR.
 1978: Die Verbände distanzieren sich; Regie: Hans Bernd Müller, mit Sabine Postel, Stefan Behrens, RB.
 1979: Unterm roten Dach; nach Enid Blyton.
 1979: Die Einsamkeit des Meeresgrundes; Regie: Peter Lilienthal, mit Wladimir Weigl, Ulli Rad-Höfer, WDR.
 1990: Eine Seelenangelegenheit; nach Ingmar Bergman, Regie: Ulrich Heising, mit Christa Berndl, NDR.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1951: Professor Nachtfalter
 1951: Die Schuld des Dr. Homma
 1963: Stahlnetz: Das Haus an der Stör
 1965: Der Fall Hau
 1965: Gestatten, mein Name ist Cox: Eine reizende Abendgesellschaft
 1966: Cliff Dexter (Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 1969: Gnade für Timothy Evans
 1969: Die Kuba-Krise 1962 (Fernsehfilm)
 1970: Das Millionenspiel
 1970: Die Kriminalerzählung
 1973: Bauern, Bonzen und Bomben
 1974: Fluchtgedanken
 1977: Frauen in New York
 1979: Tatort: Freund Gregor
 1981: Kudenow oder An fremden Wassern weinen

Literatur
 Who's Who in the Arts and Literature, Bd. 2: Applied Arts and Music. Karl Strute und Theodor Doelken (Hrsgg.), 3. Auflage, Zürich: red series 1983, S. 228.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Synchronsprecher
Hörspielsprecher
Deutscher
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 1997
Frau

Andrea Grosske


Döner Kümbet, Kayseri'de 1276 yılında Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Alaeddin Keykubad'ın kızı Şah Cihan Hatun için yaptırılmıştır. Bu sebeple Şah Cihan Hatun Kümbeti olarak da bilinir. Döner Kümbet Talas yolu üzerinde bulunmaktadır.

Sarımsı renkli kesme taştan, kara taban üzerine oturtulan kümbet, silindirik bir gövdeye sahiptir. Türbenin 12 yüzü de kabartma olarak yapılmış bitkisel ve geometrik motiflerle süslüdür. Türbeye iki yönü dar bir merdivenden çıkılır. Kapı üzerinde bazı yerleri kırılmış insan başlı iki aslan kabartması bulunmaktadır. Döner Kümbet'in kitabesinde tarih yazmaz.

Efsaneye göre bu kümbetin döndüğü söyleniyor.Bu kümbet 1980 yılında koruma altına alınmıştır.

Gövdenin etrafında, kaval silmelerin meydana getirdiği on iki sivri kemerden her birinin çevirdiği yüzeyler, farklı süslemelerle işlenmiştir. Ayrıca taç kapının solunda, bir hurma ağacının üstünde, çift başlı kartal ve iki tarafında birer aslanı gösteren harap bir kabartma, taç kapının sağında da diğer bir hurma ağacı kabartması vardır.

Figürlü plastik süslemelerin bolluğu ile göze çarpan ve abidevi bir çadırı andıran kümbetin kapı cephesi üstünde, insan başlı, kanatlı iki pars figürü arasında çift başlı kartal arması tahrip edilmiş halde belli olmaktadır.

Kayseri ilindeki yapılar
Türkiye'deki kümbetler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yapılar

Döner Kümbet


Le Monde illustré est un hebdomadaire montréalais fondé le 10 mai 1884 par Trefflé Berthiaume et Napoléon Sabourin. Ce journal illustré francophone a été créé afin d'occuper la « place vacante » laissée par la disparition de L'Opinion publique. Selon Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, « Le Monde illustré constitue une source unique pour l'appréciation de l'art de l'illustration québécoise au tournant du  ». En 1902, Le Monde illustré devient L'Album universel.

Liens externes

Références

Presse écrite au Canada

Le Monde illustré (Montréal)


Almadén de la Plata, İspanya'nın güneybatı kesiminde yer alan Endülüs (Andalucía) özerk bölgesindeki Sevilla şehri sınırları dâhilinde kalan ilçe. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu 1,713 kişidir.

Dı bağlantılar
www.almadendelaplata.net

Almadén de la Plata


الهباه قرية في سوريا وهي قرية تقع شمال مدينة الرقة مسافة 65 كيلومترا ويبلغ عدد السكان 1000 شخص أو أكثر وكافة السكان هم من نفس القبيلة ويتحدث الجميع اللهجة البدوية  ويمارس السكان رعاية الغنم والزراعة ويعتمد السكان في الزراعة على الأمطار جميع السكان هم من القبائل المعروفة وقبيلتهم عنزة.

مراجع

قرى محافظة الرقة

الهباه (الرقة)


Sirija je unitarna država adminitrativno podijeljena u 14 pokrajina (provincija), (arapski muḥāfaẓāt, jednina muḥāfaẓah). Pokrajine su podijeljene u 60 okruga (manāṭiq, jednina minṭaqah), koji su dalje podijeljeni u nahije (nawāḥī, jednina nāḥiyah). Nahije uključuju sela, koja su najmanje administrativne jedinice.

Svakom pokrajinom upravlja guverner, kojeg imenuje predsjednik i potvrđuje vlada. Vlada je odgovorna za administraciju, zdravstvo, socijalu, obrazovanje, turizam, javne radove, promet, unutarnju trgovinu, poljoprivredu, industriju, civilnu obranu, te za održanje reda i mira u pokrajini. Ministar uprave blisko surađuje sa svakim guvernerom u koordinaciji i nadgledanju lokalnih razvojnih projekata. Guverneru pomaže pokrajinsko vijeće, čiji su svi članovi birani na izborima svake četiri godine. Pored toga, svako vijeće između svojih članova bira izvršni ured koji svakodnevno upravlja pitanjima između sjednica pokrajinskog vijeća. Svaki izvršni službenik zadužen je za određene funkcije.

Okružima i pododjelima upravljaju službenici koje imenuje guverner. Ti dužnosnici rade na lokalnim pitanjima s izabranim okružnim vijećima i služe kao posrednici između središnje vlade i tradicionalnih lokalnih vođa, poput seoskih poglavara, vođa klana i vijeća staraca.

Popis

Glavni grad

Poveznice
Sirijski okruzi
ISO 3166-2:SY
Popis naselja u Siriji

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sirijske pokrajine


O Moinho de vento das Verdigueiras, igualmente conhecido como Verdugueiras, é um edifício histórico na freguesia de Luzianes-Gare, no concelho de Odemira, na região do Alentejo, em Portugal.

Descrição e história
A estrutura consiste num moinho de vento, com uma planta simples de forma circular. Está situado no alto de uma colina, numa zona rural, num local conhecido igualmente como Verdugueiras, a uma distância aproximada de 6,5 Km da sede da freguesia. É considerado como um dos monumentos mais destacados na freguesia.

O imóvel foi provavelmente construído em 1867. Em 2009 ainda estava em funcionamento, embora já de forma motorizada, com dois motores, um a a gasóleo e outro eléctrico, tendo o mecanismo vindo do Moinho da Portela do Carvalhal. Contava igualmente com um sistema para a separação automática da farinha e do farelo, que também veio do moinho da Portela do Carvalhal, e que tinha sido introduzida de forma a concorrer com as unidades industriais de moagem, que produziam farinha já peneirada. Produzia farinha para as populações locais e para a padaria de Portimão, no Algarve, onde era misturada com farinhas industriais, resultando na chamada farinha espoada. Neste período, o proprietário e moleiro era o Sr. António Guerreiro, que tinha esta função desde 1976. Produzia farinha que era utilizada para fazer papas de milho e pão.

Ver também
Lista de património edificado em Odemira
Fábrica do Miranda
Fábrica de Moagem de Sabóia
Igreja Paroquial de São Luís
Moinho de Água da Assenha
Moinho de Vento da Agonia
Moinho de Vento da Longueira
Moinho de Vento de Odemira
Moinho de Vento da Pereira
Moinho de Vento das Quintas
Moinho de Vento da Toca do Mocho
Sítio arqueológico de Abóbora
Sítio arqueológico de Consultas
Villa romana de Casas Novas das Barradas

Bibliografia

Leitura recomendada

Ligações externas

Património edificado em Odemira
Fundações em Portugal do século XX
Moinhos de vento de Portugal

Moinho de vento das Verdigueiras


İspanya'nın internet kod harfleri. İspanya Ağ Bilgi Merkezi tarafından yönetilmektedir.

İkinci düzey alan adları
 .com.es : Tüm adaylara açık. (ticari kuruluşlar için tasarlanmıştır)
 .nom.es : Tüm adaylara açık. (kişisel sayfalar için)
 .org.es : Tüm adaylara açık. (Ticari olmayan kuruluşlar için tasarlanmıştır)
 .gob.es : Sivil toplum kuruluşları için.
 .edu.es : Eğitim kurumları için.

Es
es

.es


İpsilantizade veya İpsilanti ailesi ( İpsilantis), Osmanlı, Eflak, Boğdan ve Yunanistan tarihinde önemli roller oynamış bir Fenerli Rum ailesidir. Aile aslen Karadeniz'deki Pontus bölgesindendi. 1655 yılında Antiyohus İpsilanti Trabzon'dan ayrılarak Kostantiniyye'ye (İstanbul'a) yerleşti.

İpsilanti ailesinin kayıtlara geçmiş ilk üyesi olan Atanasios İpsilanti 1730 yılında Konstantiniyye'de doğdu. İtalya'da Padova Tıp Fakültesi'nde hekimlik eğitimi gördü. İstanbul'a dönerek 1760 yılına kadar vezir Ragıp Paşa'nın hekimliğini yaptı. Daha sonra Bükreş'te Eflak beyi Giga'ya danışman hekimi oldu. Kardeşi Aleksandros İpsilanti ise Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eflak ve Boğdan beyliğini yaptı. Oğlu Konstantin de Boğdan Beyliği görevinde bulundu. Konstantin'in oğlu Aleksandros İpsilanti ise Rumların Osmanlı Devletinden bağımsızlığına öncülük yapan Filiki Eterya derneğinin başkanlığını yaptı.

İpsilanti ailesi Osmanlı Devletinin yüksek kademelerinde aldıkları görevlerden dolayı çok zengin oldular. Tarabya semtinde inşa ettirdikleri gösterişli yalı Fransız ressam Melling'in gravüründe tasvir edilmiştir. Ailenin Yunanistan'ın bağımsızlık hareketlerine katılmalarını cezalandırmak için Osmanlı Devleti bu yalıya el koydu. Yalı önce Fransa'nın Osmanlı Elçiliğine yazlık binası olarak verildi. Binanın bazı bölümleri yıllar boyunca çeşitli yangınlar sonucu kül oldu. Geriye kalan bölümleri şu an Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi tarafından Fransızca Kamu Yönetimi bölümünün binası olarak kullanılmıştır.

İpsilanti ailesinin bazı tanınmış üyeleri
 Atanasios İpsilanti (1730-?), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Eflak'ta saray hekimi
 Aleksandros İpsilantis (1725-1805), Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eflak ve Boğdan beyi, küçük Aleksandro İpsilanti'nin dedesi
 Konstantin İpsilantis (ölümü 1816), Osmanlı Devleti'nin Boğdan beyi, büyük Aleksandro'nun oğlu, küçük Aleksandro'nun babası
 Aleksandros İpsilantis (1792-1828), Konstantin'in oğlu, Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı'nın önderlerinden biri
 Dimitri İpsilanti (1793-1832), Konstantin'in diğer oğlu, Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı'nın önderlerinden biri

Osmanlı Rum aileleri
Fenerli Rumlar
Rumen boyar aileleri

İpsilanti ailesi


Rivalry between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is a phenomenon going back many centuries. During most of that time, they were the only two universities in England and Wales, making the rivalry more intense than it is now.

The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, sometimes collectively known as Oxbridge, are the two oldest universities in England. Both were founded more than 800 years ago, and between them they have produced a large number of Britain's most prominent scientists, writers, and politicians, as well as noted figures in many other fields. Yet for many of these centuries the two universities were unrecognisable as universities in the modern sense, as they were largely institutions for producing clergymen and were thus strongly tied to the Church. Competition between Oxford and Cambridge also has a long history, dating back to around 1208 when Cambridge was founded by scholars taking refuge from hostile townsmen in Oxford.

Direct competition between the two universities
Many annual competitions are held between Oxford and Cambridge, including the annual Boat Race. First contested in 1829, the race pits Cambridge University Boat Club against their Oxford counterparts over a four-mile (6 km) stretch of the River Thames. The very first Boat Race was won by Oxford, but Cambridge lead the overall series with 86 wins to Oxford's 81, with one dead heat in 1877 (as of 2023). Recent races have been closely fought, with Oxford winning by the shortest ever margin of  in 2003 and Cambridge winning in 2004 despite Oxford's claims of a foul.

The other major Oxbridge competitions are the Rugby Union and Rugby League Varsity Match, the former being a rugby union game played annually in December at Twickenham stadium. Cambridge currently has 64 wins, Oxford has 60 (Cambridge won the most recent match in December 2019), and 14 games have ended in draws. The Rugby Football Union chose to advertise the 2006 match with a campaign promoting inter-university rivalry: their advertising agency Lowe London produced posters showing the number of Prime Ministers produced by the universities (Oxford 26 – Cambridge 14), with the tagline "It's time to get even".

The Rugby League Varsity Match is a rugby league game played annually in March at The Stoop. Whilst not having the history of its Union counterpart, the fixture has been contested for over 30 years, and is broadcast live on Sky Sports. Cambridge currently lead the series 16–14, with one draw in 1994.

The Boat Race and the two Varsity Matches are notable in the UK in that they are the only university sports events that have any public profile outside the universities themselves; all three are screened live on national television and are widely covered in the national media.

All other significant sports have their own varsity match at some point during the year; some of these, such as the cricket fixture, the Ice Hockey Varsity Match and the Varsity Polo Match have attracted significant attention in the past. The results of all the varsity matches in The Varsity Games are aggregated and each year one university wins the Varsity Games title. Sportsmen who have competed at a Varsity Match in the prestigious Full Blue sports are eligible for an Oxford Blue or Cambridge Blue respectively.

At direct sporting competitions the rivalry can be heard in the customary insults used by members of each University. 'Shoe the Tabs', derived from Cantabridgian, is traditionally used by those from Oxford. Likewise, 'GDBO', or God Damn Bloody Oxford, is the response from Cambridge.

Oxbridge co-operation
Despite the impassioned rivalry between the two universities, there is also much cooperation when the need arises. Most Oxford colleges have a sister college in Cambridge. Some Oxford and Cambridge colleges with the same or similar names are 'sisters': for example, Jesus College, Cambridge, and Jesus College, Oxford, or Magdalen College, Oxford and Magdalene College, Cambridge. However, namesakes are not always paired up: for example, St John's College, Oxford, is the sister college of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, while St John's College, Cambridge, is the sister college of Balliol College, Oxford. Arrangements between sister colleges vary, but may include reciprocal offers of accommodation to students from the other university when they are visiting. Furthermore, a significant proportion of academic staff has at some point been a member of the "other place".

Concerns are often raised that Oxford and Cambridge do not project a socially inclusive image to potential applicants from state schools, and thus Oxbridge students are disproportionately from wealthy backgrounds. The two universities have made individual and combined efforts in recent years to promote themselves to potential applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds. Each year, the Universities spend around £8 million on access schemes, and there is a designated Access Officer in every JCR and students' union.

Graduates of both universities are eligible for membership of the Oxford and Cambridge Club, a private members' club in London.

See also
 College rivalry
 Golden triangle (universities)
 King's College London–UCL rivalry
 The London Varsity
 Russell Group

References

External links
 University of Cambridge
 University of Oxford
 The Boat Race
 The Varsity Match
 Oxbridge Student Conferences
 Oxford Journal — It's Not Duke-North Carolina, but Oxford-Cambridge Is Unrivaled, New York Times

Oxbridge
Culture of the University of Oxford
Culture of the University of Cambridge
English culture
Academic culture
Rivalry

zh:牛桥

Oxford–Cambridge rivalry


The Great Wall er en amerikansk-kinesisk fantasy film fra 2016. Filmen er instrueret af Yimou Zhang, skrevet af Tony Gilroy, og har Matt Damon og Andy Lau i hovedrollerne.

Handling

Sat til det 15. århundre i Kina, hvor handlingen centrerer sig om mysteriet omkring det at bygge Den kinesiske mur mens enorme mytiske skabninger angriber jorden.

Rolleliste
 Matt Damon
 Andy Lau
 Pedro Pascal
 Willem Dafoe
 Jing Tian
 Zhang Hanyu
 Peng Yuyan
 Pilou Asbæk
 Luhan
 Lin Gengxin
 Ryan Cheng
 Chen Xuedong
 Huang Xuan
 Wang Junkai
 Yu Xintian
 Liu Qiong
 Emma Wu
 Yang Mi
 Mackenzie Foy

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2016
Actionfilm fra USA
Science fiction-film fra USA
Thrillerfilm fra USA
Film fra Kina

The Great Wall


In financial accounting, a cash flow statement, also known as statement of cash flows, is a financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing and financing activities. Essentially, the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and out of the business. As an analytical tool, the statement of cash flows is useful in determining the short-term viability of a company, particularly its ability to pay bills. International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7) is the International Accounting Standard that deals with cash flow statements.

People and groups interested in cash flow statements include:
 Accounting personnel, who need to know whether the organization will be able to cover payroll and other immediate expenses
 Potential lenders or creditors, who want a clear picture of a company's ability to repay
 Potential investors, who need to judge whether the company is financially sound
 Potential employees or contractors, who need to know whether the company will be able to afford compensation
Company Directors, who are responsible for the governance of the company, and are responsible for ensuring that the company does not trade while insolvent
 Shareholders of the company.

Purpose

The cash flow statement (previously known as the flow of funds statement), shows the sources of a company's cash flow and how it was used over a specific time period. It is an important indicator of a company's financial health, because a company can report a profit on its income statement, but at the same time have insufficient cash to operate. The cash flow statement reveals the quality of a company's earnings (i.e. how much came from cash flow as opposed to accounting treatment), and the firm's capacity to pay interest and dividends.

The cash flow statement differs from the balance sheet and income statement in that it excludes non-cash transactions required by accrual basis accounting, such as depreciation, deferred income taxes, write-offs on bad debts and sales on credit where receivables have not yet been collected.

The cash flow statement is intended to:
 provide information on a firm's liquidity, solvency and financial flexibility (the ability to change cash flows in future circumstances)
 help predict future cash flows and borrowing needs
 improve the comparability of different firms' operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods. The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations, which might be derived from different accounting methods, such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets.

History and variations
Cash basis financial statements were very common before accrual basis financial statements. The "flow of funds" statements of the past were cash flow statements.

In 1863, the Dowlais Iron Company had recovered from a business slump, but had no cash to invest for a new blast furnace, despite having made a profit. To explain why there were no funds to invest, the manager made a new financial statement that was called a comparison balance sheet, which showed that the company was holding too much inventory. This new financial statement was the genesis of the cash flow statement that is used today.

In the United States in 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) defined rules that made it mandatory under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) to report sources and uses of funds, but the definition of "funds" was not clear. Net working capital might be cash or might be the difference between current assets and  current liabilities. From the late 1970 to the mid-1980s, the FASB discussed the usefulness of predicting future cash flows. In 1987, FASB Statement No. 95 (FAS 95) mandated that firms provide cash flow statements. In 1992, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued
International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7), Cash Flow Statement, which became effective in 1994, mandating that firms provide cash flow statements.

US GAAP and IAS 7 rules for cash flow statements are similar, but some of the differences are:
 IAS 7 requires that the cash flow statement include changes in both cash and cash equivalents. US GAAP permits using cash alone or cash and cash equivalents.
 IAS 7 permits bank borrowings (overdraft) in certain countries to be included in cash equivalents rather than being considered a part of financing activities.
 IAS 7 allows interest paid to be included in operating activities or financing activities. US GAAP requires that interest paid be included in operating activities.
 US GAAP (FAS 95) requires that when the direct method is used to present the operating activities of the cash flow statement, a supplemental schedule must also present a cash flow statement using the indirect method. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) strongly recommends the direct method but allows either method. The IASC considers the indirect method less clear to users of financial statements. Cash flow statements are most commonly prepared using the indirect method, which is not especially useful in projecting future cash flows.

Cash flow activities
International Accounting Standard 3 specifies the cash flows and adjustments to be included under each of the major activity categories.

Operating activities
Operating activities include the production, sales and delivery of the company's product as well as collecting payment from its customers. This could include purchasing raw materials, building inventory, advertising, and shipping the product.

Operating cash flows include:
 Receipts for the sale of loans, debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio
 Interest received on loans
 Payments to suppliers for goods and services
 Payments to employees or on behalf of employees
 Interest payments (alternatively, this can be reported under financing activities in IAS 3)
 Purchases of merchandise

Items which are added back to (or subtracted from, as appropriate) net income (which is found on the Income Statement) to arrive at cash flows from operations generally include:
 Depreciation (loss of tangible asset value over time)
 Deferred tax
 Amortization (loss of intangible asset value over time)
 Any gains or losses associated with the sale of a non-current asset, because associated cash flows do not belong in the operating section (unrealized gains/losses are also added back from the income statement)
Dividends received general reserves

Investing activities
Examples of investing activities are:
 Purchase or sale of an asset
 Loans made to suppliers
 Payments related to mergers and acquisitions

Financing activities
Financing activities include inflows and outflows of cash between investors and the company, such as:
 Dividends paid
 Sale or repurchase of the company's stock
 Net borrowings
 Repayment of debt principal, including capital leases
 Other activities which impact the company's long-term liabilities and equity

Disclosure of non-cash activities
Under IAS 7, non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in footnotes to the financial statements. Under US General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), non-cash activities may be disclosed in a footnote or within the cash flow statement itself. Non-cash financing activities may include:
 Leasing to purchase an asset
 Converting debt to equity
 Exchanging non-cash assets or liabilities for other non-cash assets or liabilities
 Issuing share
 Payment of dividend taxes in exchange for assets

Preparation methods
The direct method of preparing a cash flow statement results in a more easily understood report. The indirect method is almost universally used, because FAS 95 requires a supplementary report similar to the indirect method if a company chooses to use the direct method.

Direct method
The direct method for creating a cash flow statement reports major classes of gross cash receipts and payments. Under IAS 7, dividends received may be reported under operating activities or under investing activities. If taxes paid are directly linked to operating activities, they are reported under operating activities; if the taxes are directly linked to investing activities or financing activities, they are reported under investing or financing activities. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) vary from International Financial Reporting Standards in that under GAAP rules, dividends received from a company's investing activities is reported as an "operating activity," not an "investing activity."

Sample cash flow statement using the direct method

Indirect method
The indirect method uses net-income as a starting point, makes adjustments for all transactions for non-cash items, then adjusts from all cash-based transactions. An increase in an asset account is subtracted from net income, and an increase in a liability account is added back to net income. This method converts accrual-basis net income (or loss) into cash flow by using a series of additions and deductions.

Rules (operating activities)

The following rules can be followed to calculate Cash Flows from Operating Activities when given only a two-year comparative balance sheet and the Net Income figure. Cash Flows from Operating Activities can be found by adjusting Net Income relative to the change in beginning and ending balances of Current Assets, Current Liabilities, and sometimes Long Term Assets. When comparing the change in long term assets over a year, the accountant must be certain that these changes were caused entirely by their devaluation rather than purchases or sales (i.e. they must be operating items not providing or using cash) or if they are non-operating items.
Decrease in non-cash current assets are added to net income
Increase in non-cash current asset are subtracted from net income
Increase in current liabilities are added to net income
Decrease in current liabilities are subtracted from net income
Expenses with no cash outflows are added back to net income (depreciation and/or amortization expense are the only operating items that have no effect on cash flows in the period)
Revenues with no cash inflows are subtracted from net income
Non operating losses are added back to net income
Non operating gains are subtracted from net income

The intricacies of this procedure might be seen as,

For example, consider a company that has a net income of $100 this year, and its A/R increased by $25 since the beginning of the year. If the balances of all other current assets, long term assets and current liabilities did not change over the year, the cash flows could be determined by the rules above as $100 – $25 = Cash Flows from Operating Activities = $75. The logic is that, if the company made $100 that year (net income), and they are using the accrual accounting system (not cash based) then any income they generated that year which has not yet been paid for in cash should be subtracted from the net income figure in order to find cash flows from operating activities. And the increase in A/R meant that $25 of sales occurred on credit and have not yet been paid for in cash.

In the case of finding Cash Flows when there is a change in a fixed asset account, say the Buildings and Equipment account decreases, the change is added back to Net Income. The reasoning behind this is that because Net Income is calculated by, Net Income = Rev - Cogs - Depreciation Exp - Other Exp then the Net Income figure will be decreased by the building's depreciation that year. This depreciation is not associated with an exchange of cash, therefore the depreciation is added back into net income to remove the non-cash activity.

Rules (financing activities)
Finding the Cash Flows from Financing Activities is much more intuitive and needs little explanation. Generally, the things to account for are financing activities:
Include as outflows, reductions of long term notes payable (as would represent the cash repayment of debt on the balance sheet)
Or as inflows, the issuance of new notes payable
Include as outflows, all dividends paid by the entity to outside parties
Or as inflows, dividend payments received from outside parties
Include as outflows, the purchase of notes stocks or bonds
Or as inflows, the receipt of payments on such financing vehicles.
In the case of more advanced accounting situations, such as when dealing with subsidiaries, the accountant must
Exclude intra-company dividend payments.
Exclude intra-company bond interest.
A traditional equation for this might look something like,

Example: cash flow of XYZ:

See also
Cash flow
Income statement
Balance sheet
Statement of changes in equity

Notes and references

Cash flow
Financial statements
Accounting terminology

Cash flow statement


Knoxville est une ville située dans l'État américain de l'Arkansas, dans le comté de Johnson.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Comté de Johnson (Arkansas)
Town en Arkansas

Knoxville (Arkansas)


Ogwacha es un té tradicional de Corea hecho con nueces, castañas, semillas de Gingko, azufaifo, gotgam (caqui seco), y jengibre. Se le conoce como un buen remedio para las personas que con frecuencia sufren de gripe o tos. El ogwa significa "cinco frutas", mientras que en Corea del cha significa "té", aunque la bebida no está hecha de Camellia sinensis.

Véase también
 Té coreano
 Hwachae
 Gastronomía de la corte real coreana

Referencias

Té
Bebidas de Corea

Ogwacha


The spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis) is a large, Sub-Saharan African waterbird in the family Anatidae, which includes geese and shelducks. However, over millennia, P. gambensis developed unique environmental adaptations, which resulted in the evolution of several anatomical features that are not shared with other anatids; thus, the species has been classified one step further into its own subfamily, the Plectropterinae.

Description

Adults are  long, and weigh an average of  (rarely up to ), with ganders (males) being noticeably larger than the geese. The wingspan can range from . One source claims the average weight of males is around  and the weight of females is around . However, 11 individuals that were banded in South Africa, were found to average only , with a range of . Another South African-based study found 58 males weighing an average of  and measuring  in total length; meanwhile, 34 females averaged  in weight and  in total length. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the bill is  and the tarsus is . They are among the largest true African waterfowl (besides the wading Goliath heron) and are, on average, the world's largest "goose", although in average weight, their size is at least rivaled by the Cape Barren goose. Spur-winged geese appear to be more closely allied to shelducks than "true geese" such as those from the Branta and Anser genera. They are mainly black, with a white face and large white wing patches. The long legs are pinkish red in colour. The nominate race P. g. gambensis has extensive white on the belly and flanks, but the smaller-bodied subspecies P. g. niger, which occurs south of the Zambezi River, has only a small white belly patch. From a distance, P. g. niger can appear to be all black.

The male differs from the female, not only in size, but also in having a larger red facial patch extending back from the red bill, and a knob at the base of the upper mandible. This is generally a quiet species. Typically, only males make a call, which consists of a soft bubbling cherwit when taking wing or alarmed. During breeding displays or in instances of alarm, both sexes may utter other inconspicuous calls.

Toxicity

Some populations of the spur-winged goose are toxic. Populations that have a diet that includes significant quantities of blister beetles are poisonous. The poison, cantharidin, is held within the tissue of the bird resulting in poisoning of those that eat the cooked goose. A dose of 10 mg of cantharidin can kill a human.

Habitat
This species often occurs in open grasslands with lakes, seasonal pools, rivers, swamps and river deltas. Large inland rivers and lakes are perhaps most commonly inhabited, with saline lakes and upland areas generally being avoided, although the species can occur to an elevation of  in eastern Africa. It is also absent from arid zones.

Ecology
The spur-winged goose is gregarious, generally meeting in small flocks that contain up to 50 birds. They occur around various African rivers, lakes and swamps. Varied sites may be used for post-breeding moulting, in which case large numbers of the geese may congregate. This common species feeds by grazing, but spends the middle part of the day resting by water. Its diet consists predominantly of plant matter such as the vegetative parts and seeds of grasses, sedges and aquatic plants, agricultural grains, fruit (e.g. figs)  and tuberous crops, although it may occasionally supplement its diet with small fish or insects. Dispersal may occur in pursuit of feeding opportunities outside of the breeding season.

The breeding season for spur-winged geese is variable across the range. In the north, breeding generally occurs from August to December, in eastern Africa from January to June and in southern Africa from August to May. This species is highly aggressive to other waterfowl (including conspecifics) during the breeding season. At this time of the year, the geese may violently put the spur on the bend of the wings to use in conflicts with other birds. Adult male geese are especially prone to attacking other adult males. The large nest is usually concealed in vegetation near water, but tree holes, cavities in rocks, old hamerkop, African fish eagle or social weaver nests and even the top of a termite mound and an aardvark burrow have been used as nests. When choosing a tree-nest site, they will generally select a nest located close to the ground at between  high in trees  high. Generally, they prefer quiet, undisturbed stretches of riverbank and wetlands for nest sites.

Status
The spur-winged goose is a common bird of African wetlands. Perhaps the main threat to the species is development and destruction of wetland habitats and unregulated hunting. A counting survey of the population in western Africa wetlands from Senegal to Chad in early 1977 produced a count of 10,000 geese, mostly being found in the Niger basin. This bird is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

References

External links

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Death by toxic goose

spur-winged goose
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
spur-winged goose
spur-winged goose
Toxic birds

Spur-winged goose


Wat Chana Songkhram ist der Name folgender buddhistischer Tempelanlagen in Thailand:

 Wat Chana Songkhram (Bangkok), im Stadtteil Phra Nakhon von Bangkok
 Wat Chana Songkhram (Sukhothai), in Sukhothai

Wat Chana Songkhram


Debdú,  (en lengua  bereber : ⴷⴱⴷⵓ) es una ciudad del este de Marruecos en la provincia de Taourirt, con una población de casi 4600 personas

Historia
De 1430 a 1563, Debdú fue la capital de un virreinato vasallo de los wattássidas, que los separan de los otomanos y gobernado por la dinastía de los Ouartajin:

 Moussa Ben Hammou (1430-1460)
 Ahmed (1460-1485)
 Mohamed Ben Ahmed (1485-1513)
 Mohamed II (1513-1550)
 Ammar (1550-1563)

Su principal característica fue quizá la importancia que revistió la comunidad judía, ya que fue una de las pocas ciudades del Magreb en el que los judíos llegó a constituir la mayoría de la población, hasta la década de 1960 cuando la mayoría emigró a Israel.

Comunidad judía de Debdú
La comunidad judía de Debdú tuvo su origen en unas pocas familias sefaradíes emigradas de Sevilla en 1391. La población creció sostenidamente llegando a ser mayoría en la ciudad hasta que a mediados del  una epidemia de cólera devastó la ciudad y por muertes o emigración la población judía, dos tercios de la total, se redujo de 630 a 330 familias.

A fines de ese siglo, la ciudad, cuya población alcanzaba los 2000 habitantes, un tercio de ellos judíos, era nuevamente un renombrado centro de esa cultura, que aportaba rabinos a las restantes ciudades de Marruecos.

En 1903 la creciente hostilidad de la población musulmana y el deterioro de su posición económica llevaron a la comunidad judía de Debdou a solicitar y obtener asistencia financiera de la Alliance Israélite Universelle con sede en París.

Si bien la creación del protectorado francés en 1912 eliminó los problemas de seguridad de la comunidad, la población judía emigró gradualmente a las cercanas ciudades. Pese a ello, hasta mediados de la década del 50 Debdou mantuvo su posición central en la vida del judaísmo maghrebi. Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, un millar de judíos continuaban en la ciudad. En 1955 y 1956 la mayoría emigraron a Israel.

Galería

Notas y referencias

Historia de Marruecos

Debdú


ليندا هاميلتون ، (مواليد 26 سبتمبر 1956 -) ممثلة أمريكية شاركت في عدة أفلام سينمائية، وخاصة في فترة الثمانينيات والتسعينيات، ومنها فيلم ذا تيرميناتور وتيرميناتور 2: يوم الحساب والذي مثلت بهم بدور سارة كونور، ومن أشهر أدوارها في الشاشة الصغيرة مسلسل الجميلة والوحش) (1987-1990). كما لعبت دور فيكي في بطولة فيلم الرعب أطفال الذرة. ترشحت لجائزتي غولدن غلوب وجائزة إيمي.

الحياة المبكرة
ولدت ليندا هاملتون في سالزبوري بولاية ماريلاند. والد هاملتون هو الطبيب كارول ستانفورد هاملتون، توفي عندما كانت ليندا في الخامسة من عمرها، تزوجت أمها لاحقا من رئيس الشرطة. لدى ليندا شقيقة توأم مطابقة لها اسمها (ليزلي هاملتون جيرن)، ولديها أخت أكبر منها وأخت أصغر منها. قالت إنها نشأت في أسرة مملة للغاية، و«تقرأ الكتب بحرص» خلال أوقات فراغها. ذهبت هاميلتون إلى مدرسة مقاطعة ويكوميكو ومن ثم مدرسة ويكوميكو المتوسطة ومدرسة ويكاميكو الثانوية في سالزبوري، مع توأمها ليزلي. درست لمدة سنتين في كلية واشنطن في تشيسترتاون، ماريلاند قبل الانتقال إلى نيويورك لدراسة التمثيل. قالت هاملتون إن أستاذها بالوكالة في كلية واشنطن أخبرها أنه لا أمل لها في كسب رزقها كممثلة. في نيويورك، حضرت ورشات عمل مع لي ستراسبرغ.

الحياة الشخصية
تزوجت هاملتون وطلقت مرتين. كان زواجها الأول من عام 1982 إلى عام 1989، من بروس أبوت، والذي تركها عندما كانت حاملاً بإبنها دالتون. في عام 1991، انتقلت للمخرج جيمس كاميرون بعد طلاقه من كاثرين بيغلو. وحظي منها بابنة، جوزفين، ولدت في 15 فبراير 1993. تزوجت هي وكاميرون في عام 1997، ولكن الزواج لم يدم طويلاً، وانتهى بتسوية طلاق بقيمة 50 مليون دولار في عام 1999.

وصفت هاملتون نفسها بأنها سياسية ديمقراطية، ولكنها صوتت لصالح المرشح الجمهوري أرنولد شوارزنيجر، في انتخابات حكام الولايات المتحدة عام 2003 بعد أن أقنعته بأن حملته كانت مناسبة لهذا المنصب. وهو النجم المشارك لها في فيلم ذا تيرميناتور.

في ظهور لليندا في برنامج لاري كينغ لايف في أكتوبر 2005، ناقشت ليندا مشاكل اكتئابها واضطرابها ثنائي القطبية، مما أدى إلى تقلبات مزاجية عنيفة وأفكار انتحارية أثناء زواجها من أبوت، مما أدى في النهاية إلى تدمير زواجها. كما ناقشت كيف تلقت العلاج في نهاية المطاف لإدارة هذه الحالة.

أثناء تصوير فيلم تيرميناتور 2: يوم الحساب، عانت ليندا من ضرر دائم في السمع في إحدى الأذنين عندما أطلقت النار داخل مصعد بدون استخدام سدادات الأذن.

الحياة المهنية
جاء أول ظهور لليندا في التمثيل في مسلسل تلفزيوني، تلاه عمل دور رئيسي باسم ليزا روجرز في مسلسل دراما اسمه أسرار ميدلاند هايتس والذي عُرِض من كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1980 - كانون الثاني / يناير 1981. كانت أول ظهور لها على الشاشة الكبيرة في فيلم تاغ: لعبة اغتيال (1982)، ونتيجة لذلك تم إدراجها كواحدة من اثنى عشر «ممثلة جديدة واعدة لعام 1982». كما شاركت دور البطولة في الفيلم بلد الذهب ، والذي مثلت فيه مع لوني أندرسون وإيرل هوليمان.

لعبت ليندا دورًا قياديًا في فيلم «أطفال الذرة»، والذي مبني على قصة رعب قصيرة كتبها ستيفن كينغ، حقق الفيلم 14 مليون دولار في شباك التذاكر، والذي أُنتقد بشدة من قبل النقاد. كان الدور التالي لليندا في فيلم ذا تيرميناتور، والذي أدت به دور البطولة بجانب مايكل بين، في عام 1984. حقق الفيلم نجاحًا تجاريًا كبيرًا بشكل غير متوقع. بعد فيلم ذا تيرميناتور، قامت ليندا بدور البطولة في فيلم بلاك مون رايزينغ، وهو فيلم من نوع الحركة والإثارة، أدت به دور البطولة مع تومي لي جونز. عادت ليندا بعدها إلى التلفزيون كضيف ضليع في سلسلة جرائم القتل قتل، هي كتبت، وسجلت حينها مراجعات إيجابية. أدت ليندا دور البطولة مع رون بيرلمان في المسلسل التلفزيوني الجميلة والوحش. حظيت السلسلة بإعجاب شديد، وتلقت ترشيحات جائزة إيمي وجائزة غولدن غلوب. غادرت ليندا المسلسل في عام 1989 وانتهى عام 1990.

عادت هاملتون إلى الشاشة الكبيرة مع مايكل كين في مستر ديستني (1990) وتيرميناتور 2: يوم الحساب (1991)، وهو الجزء الثاني لفيلم ذا تيرميناتور. حطم الجزء الثاني شباك التذاكر، وفاز بأكثر من 500 مليون دولار، أكثر من أي فيلم آخر ذلك العام. خضعت ليندا لتدريب جسدي مكثف للتأكيد على تحول الشخصية عن الفيلم الأول. وشقيقتها التوأم المطابقة لها كانت أيضاً في تيرميناتور 2. حازت ليندا على جائزتي إم تي عن دورها في الفيلم، واحدة لأفضل أداء نسائي والأخرى لأفضل أنثى مرغوبة. كررت شخصية سارة كونور في لعبة الفيديو T2 3-D. في عام 1990 تم اختيار ليندا من قبل مجلة بيبول كأحد أكثر 50 شخصًا جمالًا في العالم. بعد نجاح سلسلة تيرميناتور، استضافت في ساترداي نايت لايف.

عادت إلى التلفزيون في فيلم صلاة الأم (1995)، مثلت فيه دور أمًا فقدت زوجها وتشخصت بمرض الإيدز. بالنسبة لأدائها في الفيلم والذي شارك فيه أيضاً كيت نيلجان وبروس ديرن، حصلت ليندا على جائزة CableACE لأفضل أداء درامي ورُشحت لجائزة غولدن غلوب أخرى في عام 1996. وفي نفس العام شاركت ليندا في فيلمين تم إصدارهما في عام 1997، وهما: مؤامرة الظل مع تشارلي شين وفيلم دانتيز بيك مع بيرس بروسنان. تراجع مؤامرة الظل في شباك التذاكر، ولكن بلغت أرباح دانتيز بيك 180 مليون دولار وكان واحد من أكبر النتائج التجارية لهذا العام. حصلت على جائزة القنبلة للترفيه لأفضل أداء إناث لفيلم دانتيز بيك.

وقد ظهرت ليندا منذ ذلك الحين على المسلسل التلفزيوني فرايجر (الموسم 4 حلقة «أود مان أوت» بدور لورا). ووفقا لجيم وقامت بمزيد من المسلسلات التلفزيونية، بما في ذلك على الخط، وارتفاع الروبوتات، ورجال الإنقاذ: قصص الشجاعة: اثنين من الأزواج، وآخر مشاهدة ولون الشجاعة. انضمت ليندا وشريكها في فرقة مسلسل الجميلة والوحش ورون بيرلمان ولم المسلسل شملهما وقاموا بعمل فيلم دراما ما بعد حرب فيتنام وهو مفقود في أمريكا (2005).

في عام 2009 عادت ليندا بدور سارة كونور في تيرميناتور: الخلاص، في عمليات التسجيل الصوتي فقط. في عام 2010 انضمت إلى فريق مسلسل تشاك بدورها المتكرر ماري إليزابيث بارتوسكي، وهي عميلة في وكالة المخابرات المركزية الأمريكية وأم مفقودة منذ فترة طويلة من تشاك وإيلي. كما ظهرت كضيف شرف في برنامج تلفزيوني لشبكة شوتايم التلفزيونية لمسلسل ويدز باعتبارها مورد الماريجوانا للشخصية الرئيسية في العرض (ماري-لويس باركر). في نوفمبر 2011 رويت فيلم وثائقي بعنوان مستقبل الخوف.

وفي الآونة الأخيرة لعبت هاميلتون دورًا بارزًا في مسلسل فتاة ضائعة ودورًا مرموقًا كضيفة شرف في مسلسل تحد.

أعمالها
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! السنة
! اسم الفيلم
! مثلت في دور الفيلم
! ملاحظات
|-
|
| ''| Susan Swayze
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|
| أطفال الذرة| Vicky
|
|-
| المبيد| سارة كونور (شخصية خيالية)
|
|-
| The Stone Boy| Eva Crescent Moon (lady on bus)
|
|-
|
| Secret Weapons|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|
| حياة كينج كونج| Dr. Amy Franklin
|
|-
| Black Moon Rising| Nina
|
|-
| | Carol McDermott
| TV Series
|-
|
| الجميلة والوحش| Catherine Chandler
| TV Series (1987–89)
|-
|
| Go Toward The Light| Claire Madison
|
|-
|
| Mr. Destiny| Ellen Jane
|
|-
|
| يوم الحساب| Sarah Connor (fictional character)|Sarah Connor
|
|-
|
| Silent Fall| Karen Rainer
|
|-
|
| Separate Lives| Lauren Porter/Lena
|
|-
|
| T2 3-D: Battle Across Time| Sarah Connor (fictional character)|Sarah Connor
| At Universal Studios, Orlando. Narrator
|-
|rowspan="3"|
| دانتيز بيك| Mayor Rachel Wando
|
|-
| Shadow Conspiracy| Amanda Givens
|
|-
| فرايجر (مسلسل)| Laura
| TV series (guest star season 4 Ep 24)
|-
|rowspan="2"|
| On the Line| Det. Jean Martin
| TV Movie
|-
| Point Last Seen| Rachel Harrison
| TV Movie
|-
|
| The Secret Life of Girls| Ruby Sanford
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|
| Skeletons in the Closet| Tina Conway
|
|-
| Sex & Mrs. X| Joanna Scott
| TV Movie
|-
|
| Bailey's Mistake| Liz Donovan
| TV Movie
|-
|
| Silent Night| Elisabeth Vincken
| TV Movie
|-
| قائمة أفلام 2003
| Wholey Moses| Valerie
| Short
|-
| قائمة أفلام 2004
| Jonah| June
| Short
|-
| قائمة أفلام 2004
| A Girl Thing| Rachel
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| Smile| Bridget
|
|-
| Missing in America| Kate
|
|-
| The Kid & I| Susan Mandeville
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| Thief| Roselyn Moore
| TV series (guest-star in two episodes)
|-
| Home by Christmas| Julie Bedford
| TV movie
|-
| 2007
| المكسور (فيلم)| Karen
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2009
| Holy Water| Cory
|
|-
| The Line| Carol
| TV series (guest-star in two episodes)
|-
| المدمر: الخلاص| Sarah Connor
| Voice role
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| ويدز (مسلسل)| Linda
|
|-
| DC Showcase: Jonah Hex| Madame Lorraine
| Voice role
|-
| تشاك| Mary Elizabeth Bartowski
|
|-
| 2013
| Bad Behavior|
|
|-
| 2013
| Lost Girl| طلح
| 2 Episodes
|-
| 2014
| Air Force One Is Down| US President Harriet Rowntree
| TV Mini Series
|-
| 2015
| Defiance| Pilar McCawly
| 6 Episodes
|-
| 2015
| A Sunday Horse| Mrs. Walden
| Movie
|-
|2019
|Terminatore:Dark Fate|Sara Konor
|}

 مراجع

 وصلات خارجية

 مقابلة ليندا هاميلتون على برنامج Sidewalks Entertainment''
 مقابلة ليندا هاملتون مع لاري كينج

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مصابون باضطراب ثنائي القطب
أشخاص من سالزبوري
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
توائم أمريكيون
خريجو مسرح لي ستراسبرغ ومعهد السينما
ديمقراطيون من ولاية ماريلند
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل بريطاني
ممثلات من ماريلند
مواليد 1956
مواليد في سالزبوري

ليندا هاميلتون


The Hilda asteroids (adj. Hildian) are a dynamical group of more than 5,000 asteroids located beyond the asteroid belt but within Jupiter's orbit, in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter. The namesake is the asteroid 153 Hilda.

Hildas move in their elliptical orbits in such a fashion that they arrive closest to Jupiter's orbit (i.e. at their aphelion) just when either one of Jupiter's ,  or  Lagrange points  arrives there. On their next orbit their aphelion will synchronize with the next Lagrange point in the –– sequence. Since ,  and  are 120° apart, by the time a Hilda completes an orbit, Jupiter will have completed 360° − 120° or two-thirds of its own orbit. A Hilda's orbit has a semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2 AU (the average over a long time span is 3.97), an eccentricity less than 0.3, and an inclination less than 20°. Two collisional families exist within the Hilda group: the Hilda family and the Schubart family. The namesake for the latter family is 1911 Schubart.

The surface colors of Hildas often correspond to the low-albedo D-type and P-type; however, a small portion are C-type. D-type and P-type asteroids have surface colors, and thus also surface mineralogies, similar to those of cometary nuclei. This implies that they share a common origin.

Dynamics

The asteroids of the Hilda group (Hildas) are in 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. That is, their orbital periods are 2/3 that of Jupiter. They move along the orbits with a semimajor axis near 4.0 AU and moderate values of eccentricity (up to 0.3) and inclination (up to 20°). Unlike the Jupiter trojans they may have any difference in longitude with Jupiter, nevertheless avoiding dangerous approaches to the planet.

The Hildas taken together constitute a dynamic triangular figure with slightly convex sides and trimmed apices in the triangular libration points of Jupiter—the "Hildas Triangle". The "asteroidal stream" within the sides of the triangle is about 1 AU wide, and in the apices this value is 20–40% greater. Figure 1 shows the positions of the Hildas (black) against a background of all known asteroids (gray) up to Jupiter's orbit at January 1, 2005.

Each of the Hilda objects moves along its own elliptic orbit. However, at any moment the Hildas together constitute a loosely-triangular configuration, and all the orbits together form a predictable ring. Figure 2 illustrates this with the Hildas positions (black) against a background of their orbits (gray). For the majority of these asteroids, their position in orbit may be arbitrary, except for the external parts of the apexes (the objects near aphelion) and the middles of the sides (the objects near perihelion). The Hildas Triangle has proven to be dynamically stable over a long time span.

The typical Hilda object has a retrograde perihelion motion. On average, the velocity of perihelion motion is greater when the orbital eccentricity is lesser, while the nodes move more slowly. All typical objects in aphelion would seemingly approach closely to Jupiter, which should be destabilising for them—but the variation of the orbital elements over time prevents this, and conjunctions with Jupiter occur only near the perihelion of Hilda asteroids. Moreover, the apsidal line oscillates near the line of conjunction with different amplitude and a period of 2.5 to 3.0 centuries.

In addition to the fact that the Hildas triangle revolves in sync with Jupiter, the density of asteroids in the stream exhibits quasi-periodical waves. At any time, the density of objects in the triangle's apexes is more than twice the density within the sides. The Hildas "rest" at their aphelia in the apexes for an average of 5.0–5.5 years, whereas they move along the sides more quickly, averaging 2.5 to 3.0 years. The orbital periods of these asteroids are approximately 7.9 years, or two thirds that of Jupiter.

Although the triangle is nearly equilateral, some asymmetry exists. Due to the eccentricity of Jupiter's orbit, the side – slightly differs from the two other sides. When Jupiter is in aphelion, the mean velocity of the objects moving along this side is somewhat smaller than that of the objects moving along the other two sides. When Jupiter is in perihelion, the reverse is true.

At the apexes of the triangle corresponding to the points  and  of Jupiter's orbit, the Hildas approach the Trojans. At the mid-sides of the triangle, they are close to the asteroids of the external part of the asteroid belt. The velocity dispersion of Hildas is more evident than that of Trojans in the regions where they intersect. The dispersion of Trojans in inclination is twice that of the Hildas. Due to this, as much as one quarter of the Trojans cannot intersect with the Hildas, and at all times many Trojans are located outside Jupiter's orbit. Therefore, the regions of intersection are limited. This is illustrated by the adjacent figure that shows the Hildas (black) and the Trojans (gray) along the ecliptic plane. One can see the spherical form of the Trojan swarms.

When moving along each side of the triangle, the Hildas travel more slowly than the Trojans, but encounter a denser neighborhood of outer-asteroid-belt asteroids. Here, the velocity dispersion is much smaller.

Research
The observed peculiarities in the Hildas' motion are based on data for a few hundred objects known to date and generate still more questions. Further observations are needed to expand on the list of Hildas. Such observations are most favorable when Earth is near conjunction with the mid-sides of the Hildas Triangle, because that is when the asteroids are closest to Earth, and in opposition with the Sun. They are therefore at their brightest. These moments occur each 4 and 1/3 months. In these circumstances the brilliance of objects of similar size could run up to 2.5 magnitudes as compared to the apices.

The Hildas traverse regions of the Solar system from approximately 2 AU up to Jupiter's orbit. This entails a variety of physical conditions and the neighborhood of various groups of asteroids. On further observation some theories on the Hildas may have to be revised.

References

Jupiter

Hilda asteroid


La torre de la Cárcel de Puértolas es un Monumento declarado Bien de Interés Cultural por el Gobierno de Aragón, se ubica en Puértolas, pequeña localidad perteneciente al municipio del mismo nombre, Comarca de Sobrarbe, provincia de Huesca, Aragón, España. Y que se encuentra dentro del Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido.

Descripción
Edificio construido en un desnivel del terreno. Es una torre de planta cuadrada de tres plantas, con puerta en la segunda planta. Solamente posee vanos en los pisos más altos.

Se trata de una torre defensiva cuadrada construida en sillería. Tiene tres plantas. El acceso se sitúa en el segundo piso da a una estancia desde la que se pasa a las otras dos plantas. Presenta diversos vanos y aspilleras.

Enlaces externos
Sistema de información del Patrimonio cultural Aragonés (SIPCA) (http://www.sipca.es/censo/1-INM-HUE-003-189-002/La/Cárcel.html)

Referencias

Antiguas prisiones de Aragón
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Huesca
Puértolas
Casas torreadas del Alto Aragón

Cárcel de Puértolas


El grupo Phalanx () era una asociación de artistas formada en Múnich en 1901 que se oponían a la vieja usanza y puntos de vista conservadores en el arte. Los miembros fundadores fueron: Wassily Kandinsky, Rolf Niczky, Waldemar Hecker, y Wilhelm Hüsgen. Kandinsky fue elegido presidente de la asociación y también se convirtió en el director de «La Escuela de Pintura de la Falange». La asociación organizó doce exposiciones entre 1901 y 1904, aparte de sus miembros, contó con la participación y las obras de Claude Monet, Jugendstil (Art Nouveau), Simbolistas y Postimpresionistas: Paul Signac, Félix Vallotton y Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

La Falange era el lugar de encuentro de Kandinsky con Gabriele Münter, una estudiante de arte de la escuela. Ella se convirtió en su discípula, compañera íntima y crítica hasta cuando se separaron en 1914.

A pesar de la aceptación del grupo la disolución fue inevitable en la conservadora Múnich, se reportaban menos estudiantes, por lo que la exposición y la enseñanza en la Escuela tuvieron que ser cerradas, a pesar de los éxitos alcanzados en 1904.
En 1909 por iniciativa de Marianne von Werefkin, Adolf Erbslöh, Alexei von Jawlensky y Oscar Wittenstein, deciden fundar la Nueva Asociación de Artistas de Múnich (sigla ). Kandinsky fue su primer director, dejó el grupo en 1911, y para ese mismo año con los mismos integrantes fundan Der Blaue Reiter, junto con Franz Marc para empezar.

Enlaces externos

Wassily Kandinsky (en inglés)
Primera exposición de carteles de Kandinsky

Expresionismo
Arte de Alemania
Alemania

Phalanx (arte)


A Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida é um templo da Igreja Católica localizado na Rua Vasco Alves, em Alegrete, município do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi fundada em 1846.

O Padroeiro
Nossa Senhora da Conceição é a veneração da Virgem Maria, concebida, conforme dogma católico, sem manchas, sem pecado. Sua festa é comemorada em 8 de dezembro e foi inscrita no calendário litúrgico da Igreja em 28 de fevereiro de 1477, pelo papa Sisto V. Sua solenidade é festa de guarda em toda a Igreja Católica, ou seja, todos os fiéis devem participar da Missa como se fosse domingo.

Referências

Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida


Den franske sektion af arbejdernes Internationale (SFIO) (fransk: Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) eller Parti Socialiste Unifié – Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière) var et fransk socialdemokratisk parti, der blev dannet i 1905, og som blev en del af Parti Socialiste i 1969.

Selv om Anden Internationale gik i opløsning omkring 1917, så beholdt partiet navnet Den franske sektion af arbejdernes Internationale (SFIO) indtil 1969.

Der havde været mindre socialistiske partier i Frankrig siden 1879. I årene 1900–1905 blev nogle af partiene lagt sammen, og SFIO opstod.

I 1920 brød det kommunistiske parti (PCF) ud af SFIO.

Kendte politikere fra partiet
Vincent Auriol (1884–1966) var den Fjerde franske republiks første præsident i 1947–1954.

Pierre Bérégovoy (1925–1993) var fransk regeringsleder i 1992–1993.

Léon Blum (1872–1950) var regeringsleder tre gange i 1936–1947. Han var den første socialist og jøde, der blev fransk regeringsleder.

Jean Jaurès (1859–1914) blev myrdet, da han forgæves forsøgte at forhindre 1. verdenskrig.

Paul Lafargue (1842–1911), svigersøn til Karl Marx, i 1891 blev Lafargue det første socialistiske medlem af den franske nationalforsamling.

Pierre Laval (1883–1945) var regeringslederfire gange i 1931–1944. Henrettet for sin rolle under Vichy-regeringen.

Pierre Mauroy (1928–2013) var regeringsleder i 1981–1984.

Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001) medlem af den franske nationalforsamling 1945–1958, ministerposter i den franske regering 1955–1956 og 1959–1961, Senegals første præsident i 1960–1980.

Philibert Tsiranana (1912–1978) medlem af den franske nationalforsamling 1956–1958, havde en ministerpost i den franske regering 1959–1961, Madagascars første præsident i 1959–1972.

Politiske partier i Frankrig
Socialdemokratiske partier
Etableret i 1905
Ophørt i 1969

Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière


Yangnyung (* 1394; † 7. September 1462) war ein koreanischer Prinz, Dichter, Maler und Schriftsteller während der Joseon-Dynastie. Er war Sohn von Taejong von Joseon, 3. König der Joseon-Dynastie in Korea. Sein Geburtsname war Yi Je (, ).

Weblinks
 Prinz Yangnyeong auf Naver (koreanisch).
 Prinz Yangnyeong auf Navercast (koreanisch).
 왕위 버리고 자유 택하다. OhmyNews vom 15. September 2006 (koreanisch).

Maler (Korea)
Autor
Literatur (Koreanisch)
Joseon-Dynastie
Koreaner
Geboren 1394
Gestorben 1462
Mann

Yangnyung


نظام نسخ الصينية بالتشيكية طريقة لكتابة رموز اللغة الصينية بحروف الأبجدية اللاتينية التشيكية. أنشأ هذه الطريقة الكاتب التشيكي  عام 1951.

انظر أيضاً
 شيوئرتشنغ | نسخ بالصينية

وصلات خارجية
 Transkripce čínských slov

رومنة الصينية

نسخ الصينية بالتشيكية


Die Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 7. September 2018 wieder und umfasst acht Baudenkmäler.

Baudenkmäler nach Gemeindeteilen

Westendorf

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Dösingen

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Westendorf (Allgäu)

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Westendorf #Allgau
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Westendorf (Allgäu)


Richard Bieling (* 3. September 1888 in Gau-Algesheim, Rheinland-Pfalz; † 8. August 1967 in Bonn) war ein deutscher Mediziner, der in leitender Funktion bei den Behringwerken in Frankfurt sowie an der Philipps-Universität Marburg und der Universität Wien tätig war.

Leben

Familie
Richard Bieling war der Sohn des praktischen Arztes Franz Bieling (1858–1928) und dessen Ehefrau Helene, geborene Mäckler. Der Ehe mit Luisa, geborene Schneider, (1892–1958) entstammten zwei Töchter und ein Sohn. Helenes Tante Angelika (1839–1910) war mit Richard Avenarius (1840–1917), dem Gründer der chemischen Fabrik Gebrüder Avenarius in Gau-Algesheim, verheiratet.

Ausbildung und Beruf
Richard Bieling legte 1907 das Abitur am Großherzoglichen Ostergymnasium in der Kaiserstraße in Mainz ab. Danach studierte er Medizin und wurde 1914 bei Paul Morawitz in Freiburg im Breisgau mit der Arbeit Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffversorgung bei Anämien promoviert. Im Ersten Weltkrieg leistete er Sanitätsdienst und wurde Assistenzarzt der Reserve. 1918 wurde er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, später Leiter der Serumabteilung der Behringwerke in Frankfurt-Höchst am Main. Im Jahr 1923 erfolgte die Habilitation; ab 1927 war er außerordentlicher Professor. 1937 wurde er Privatdozent an der Universität Marburg und 1940 außerordentlicher Professor.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er von 1939 bis 1944 Oberstabsarzt (bzw. Oberstabsarzt der Reserve), später Oberstarzt und Beratender Hygieniker der Wehrmacht. Laut Ernst Klee gab Carl Lautenschläger an, dass er "Kontaktmann für Fleckfieber zur Heeressanitätsinspektion" war. Zudem verweist Klee darauf hin, dass er in Fleckfieberversuche im KZ Buchenwald involviert war.

Ab Dezember 1945 war er Leiter des Viruslabors der Behringwerke. Bieling war Zeuge der Verteidigung vor dem US-Militärgerichten 1947 im Nürnberger Ärzteprozess und 1948 im IG-Farben-Prozess.

Im Jahr 1951 wurde er Professor der Hygiene an der Universität Wien, 1959 erfolgte die Emeritierung. In Österreich gehörte er ab 1952 dem Obersten Sanitätsrat an und ab 1954 dem Landessanitätsrat in Wien. Als Virusexperte war er für die Weltgesundheitsorganisation tätig. 1961 wurde ein Ermittlungsverfahren wegen der Lieferung von Impfstoffen zu Menschenversuchen durch die Staatsanwaltschaft Limburg a. d. Lahn eingestellt. Ab 1962 war er Honorarprofessor in Bonn.

Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen
 Präsident der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Arbeitsmedizin
 Präsident der Gesellschaft für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene
 1958: Verleihung des Großen Verdienstkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Veröffentlichungen
 Die diagnostische Bedeutung des Harnpepsins bei Magencarcinom. Aus dem biochemischen Laboratorium des Krankenhauses Moabit in Berlin. In: Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin. 102. Band. Leipzig 1911, S. 507–514.
 Zur Verbreitungsweise und bakteriologischen Diagnostik des Paratyphus A-Bazillus. In: Dtsch. med. Wochenschr. 42. Jahrgang, 1916, S. 531–533.
 mit Fritz Meyer: Heilsera und Impfstoffe in der Praxis. Schriftenreihe Therapie in Einzeldarstellungen. Thieme, Leipzig 1932.
 Entstehung und biologische Bekämpfung typischer Infektionskrankheiten. Vorlesungen auf Grund der Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen. Erste Folge. Barth, Leipzig 1937.
 Viruskrankheiten. I. Teil: Die Viruskrankheiten des Menschen, ihre Erreger und ihre Bekämpfung. II. Teil: Die Viruskrankheiten der Haus- und Laboratoriumstiere, ihre Erreger und ihre Bekämpfung. Barth, Leipzig 1938.
 Mitautor an: Untersuchungen und Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiete der Virus-Forschung. Gewidmet der 95. Versammlung der Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte Stuttgart, September 1938. Behringwerke, Marburg 1938.
 mit Martin Nordmann: Kriegserfahrungen zur Pathologie und Therapie des Gasbrandes. Aus dem Feldlaboratorium einer Armee (= Veröffentlichungen aus der Konstitutions- und Wehrpathologie. Heft 47). 11. Band, Heft 1. Fischer, Jena 1941.
 mit Heinz Zeiss: Behring. Gestalt und Werk. 1. und 2. überarbeitete Auflage. Schultz, Berlin-Grunewald 1941.
 Der Tod hatte das Nachsehen. Emil von Behring – Gestalt und Werk. Bielefelder Verlag, Bielefeld 1954.
 mit Otto Gsell: Die Viruskrankheiten des Menschen. Ihre Erreger und ihre Bekämpfung. Barth, Leipzig 1954; sechs Auflagen bis 1964.

Literatur
 Wilhelm Kallmorgen: Siebenhundert Jahre Heilkunde in Frankfurt am Main. Diesterweg, Frankfurt 1936, S. 223.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Philipps-Universität Marburg)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Wien)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Sachbuchautor
Biografie
Oberstabsarzt
Zeuge in den Nürnberger Prozessen
Deutscher
Geboren 1888
Gestorben 1967
Mann

Richard Bieling


https://www.thelawofattraction.com/what-is-the-law-of-attraction/ LOW OF ATTRACTIONS

Law of attraction

money

220.127.116.11 10:01, 22 ජූනි 2023 (යූටීසී)

Low of attraction


Lacurile de acumulare de pe Crișul Repede alcătuiesc o zonă naturală (arie de protecție specială avifaunistică - sit SPA) situată în partea nord-vestică a României, pe teritoriul județului Bihor.

Localizare
Aria naturală este situată în centrul județului Bihor, pe teritoriile administrative ale comunelor: Aștileu, Ineu, Lugașu de Jos, Oșorhei, Săcădat, Tileagd și Țețchea și pe cele ale orașelor Aleșd și Oradea. Situl este străbătut de drumul național DN1, care leagă municipiul Cluj Napoca de Oradea.

Înființare
Situl Lacurile de acumulare de pe Crișul Repede (cu o suprafață de 1.818 ha.) a fost declarat arie de protecție specială avifaunistică prin Hotărârea  de Guvern nr. 971 din 5 octombrie 2011 (pentru modificarea și completarea Hotărârii Guvernului nr. 1.284/2007 privind declararea ariilor de protecție specială avifaunistică ca parte integrantă a rețelei ecologice europene Natura 2000 în România).

Biodiversitate
Încadrat în bioregiunea geografică continentală din bazinul mijlociu al Crișului Repede, ce include lacurile de acumulare Lugașu și Tileagd, situl dispune de patru tipuri de habitate naturale: Ape dulci continentale (stătătoare și curgătoare), Culturi cerealiere extensive (inclusiv culturile de rotație cu dezmiriștire), Plantații de arbori sau arbusti (inclusiv livezi, crânguri, vii) și Alte terenuri arabile; ce asigură condiții de odihnă, hrănire, cuibărire și iernat pentru diferite specii de păsări acvatice.

La baza desemnării sitului se află mai multe specii avifaunistice protejate la nivel european prin Directiva 79/409/CEE din 2 aprilie 1979<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1979L0409:20081223:RO:PDF  Directiva Consiliului Europei 79/409/CEE din 2 aprilie 1979, privind conservarea păsărilor], accesat la 4 aprilie 2018</ref> (privind conservarea păsărilor sălbatice) sau aflate pe lista roșie a IUCN; astfel: pescăruș albastru (Alcedo atthis), rață roșie, (Aythya nyroca), rață fluierătoare (Anas penelope), rață pestriță (Anas strepera), rață mică (Anas crecca), rață lingurar (Anas clypeata), rață cârâitoare (Anas querquedula), rață sulițar (Anas acuta), rață catifelată (Melanitta fusca), rață lingurar (Anas clypeata), rață scufundătoare (Aythya marila), rață cu cap castaniu (Aythya ferina), rață mare (Anas platyrhynchos), rață sunătoare (Bucephala clangula), rață de ghețuri (Clangula hyemalis - specie vulnerabilă), barză albă (Ciconia ciconia), barză neagră (Ciconia nigra), fluierar de munte (Actitis hypoleucos), stârc cenușiu (Ardea cinerea), lebădă de vară (Cygnus olor), prundașul gulerat mic (Charadrius dubius), egretă mică (Egretta garzetta), egretă mare (Egretta alba), lișiță (Fulica atra), cufundar mic (Gavia stellata), cufundar polar (Gavia arctica), găinușă de baltă (Gallinula chloropus), becațină comună (Gallinago gallinago), codalb (Haliaeetus albicilla), stârc pitic (Ixobrychus minutus), sfrâncioc roșiatic (Lanius collurio), pescăruș râzător (Larus ridibundus), pescăruș sur (Larus canus), pescăruș argintiu (Larus cachinnans), ferestraș mic (Mergus albellus), ferestraș mare (Mergus merganser), stârcul de noapte (Nycticorax nycticorax), vultur pescar (Pandion haliaetus), bătăuș (Philomachus pugnax), corcodel mare (Podiceps cristatus), corcodel mic (Tachybaptus ruficollis), cormoran mare (Phalacrocorax carbo), chiră de baltă (Sterna hirundo), fluierarul de zăvoi (Tringa ochropus) și nagâțul (Vanellus vanellus).

 Căi de acces
 Drumul național DN1, pe ruta: Cluj Napoca - Huedin - Ciucea - Aleșd.

 Monumente și atracții turistice
În vecinătatea sitului se află mai multe obiective de interes istoric, cultural și turistic (biserici de zid, biserici de lemn, castele, conace, muzee, case memoriale, arii protejate, situri arheologice, monumente istorice și de arhitectură); astfel:
 Biserica greco-catolică din satul Aștileu, construcție 1800.
 Biserica de lemn "Sfinții Arhangheli Mihail și Gavriil" din Botean. Construită în anul 1700, biserica se află înscrisă pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice.

 Biserica de lemn "Buna Vestire" din Lugașu de Sus, construcție 1720, monument istoric.
 Biserica ortodoxă "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" din satul Oșorhei, construcție 1710, monument istoric.
 Biserica de lemn "Sfinții Arhangheli Mihail și Gavriil" din Borșa, construcție 1692, monument istoric.
 Biserica de lemn "Sfinții Arhangheli Mihail și Gavril" din Tilecuș, construcție secolul XVIII, monument istoric.
 Biserica de lemn "Buna Vestire" din Peștiș (construcție 1797, monument istoric).
 Biserica de lemn "Sfântul Gheorghe" din Hotar (construcție 1714, monument istoric).
 Biserica de lemn "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" a schitului "Sfântul Ilie" din Poiana Florilor (construcție 1770, monument istoric).
 Conacul din Aștileu, construcție secolul al XVIII-lea, monument istoric.
 Castelul Zichy și Pivnitele lui Carandi din satul Lugașu de Jos (clădiri istorice).
 Castrul roman de la Tileagd
 Oradea: Biserica cu Lună, Biserica Velența, Biserica Evanghelică, Sinagoga Israelită Ortodoxă, Biserica Reformată, Muzeul Țării Crișurilor, Muzeul Militar Național, Muzeul Memorial "Iosif Vulcan", Muzeul Memorial "Ady Endre", Casa Memorială "Dr. Aurel Lazăr".
 Ariile naturale protejate: Gruiul Pietrii, Lentila 204 Brusturi - Cornet, Locul fosilifer din Valea Lionii-Peștiș, Peștera Igrița, Pădurea cu narcise de la Oșorhei,

 Vezi și
 Natura 2000
 Lista siturilor Natura 2000 din România

 Note

 Legături externe Reportaj Asociația Pescarilor Sportivi Aqua Crisius a anunțat marți, într-o conferință de presă organizată la Hotelul Continental, lansarea unui proiect pentru protejarea siturilor naturale și ariilor protejate din perimetrul defileurilor Crișului Repede și Crișului Negru, al căror custode este; (Sorin Sotoc), ebihoreanul.ro''


An Pariana gleasonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Pariana gleasonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pariana, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pariana

Pariana gleasonii


HMS Intrepid (L11) was one of two  amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy. A landing platform dock (LPD), she served from 1967 until 1999. Based in HM Naval Base, Devonport, Plymouth, Devon and HM Naval Base Portsmouth, she saw service around the world over her 32-year life.

At one point slated for decommissioning under terms of the 1981 Defence White Paper, she was rapidly returned to service to sail as part of the British operation to retake the Falkland Islands after the Argentine invasion in 1982. She landed troops in amphibious assaults on the Islands and the Argentine surrender was signed on her deck at the conclusion of the Falklands War.

Role

The landing platform docks (LPDs) provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform for the Headquarters capability prior to, and during, the assault phase.

Service

Intrepid was the second of her class of purpose built LPDs used by Royal Navy. She was built in Clydebank, West Dunbartonshire, at the John Brown & Company yard and was launched in 1964 before undergoing trials and commissioning in 1967. She was the last ship built by John Brown & Co for the Royal Navy.

The LPDs were intended to provide both a heavy lift for amphibious operations and to support a one star (Brigade) Headquarters afloat. As originally designed they could carry a load of fifteen main battle tanks (MBTs), five self-propelled guns, eight recovery and engineer vehicles, six 3-ton trucks with trailers and twenty-eight Landrovers and trailers, in essence an Armoured Battle Group, or any equivalent load. Accommodation was also provided for up to 450 troops.  The ships were equipped with an extensive array of communications equipment and an Amphibious Operations Room (AOR) linked to the Main Communications Office (MCO) and adjacent to the ships own Operations Room on 03 deck. The AOR was used by the Brigade Headquarters until it moved ashore. In addition to HQ 3 Commando Brigade, it could also be used by the army Brigade designated for amphibious operations. In the early 1970s this was Headquarters 24 (Airportable) Brigade based at Plymouth.

To support these roles, part of the original ship's complement included two army units, 661 Signal Troop and 506 Operating Troop RCT. The Signal Troop lived and worked with the ship's Communications Division whereas the Operating Troop, which included RCT stevedores, a Royal Engineers beach section and a REME recovery crew equipped with a Centurion Beach Armoureed Recovery Vehicle (BARV), worked as part of the Royal Marines Beach Unit. However, in the early 1970s the decision by the Royal Navy to re-role the LPDs, in rotation, as the Dartmouth Training Ship significantly reduced their availability for amphibious operations and training. The army subsequently decided to disband both units and this took place on 3 December 1973 at Devonport. Subsequently both roles were taken over by the Royal Marines.

In November 1967, Intrepid formed part of a naval task force deployed to cover the British Withdrawal from Aden. On 29 March 1968, Intrepid and the frigate  were deployed to patrol off the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, small islands in the Persian Gulf, to deter Iran from occupying the islands. Intrepid became the first Royal Navy warship equipped with satellite communication equipment in 1969.

Intrepid was the command and control ship for major disaster relief operation in East Pakistan in November 1970. The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal on 3 November 1970. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the deadliest natural disasters. Melting snow from the Himalayas met the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. Intrepid with HMS Triumph left Singapore for the Bay of Bengal to assist with the relief efforts. Force controlled twenty helicopters, eight landing craft, 650 troops, and assisted international and civilian rescue teams distributing supplies. At least 500,000 people lost their lives in the storm. Sailors and Soldiers had to help bury the dead. A hard duty for which Navy Rum, a 200-year tradition which had recently ceased, had to be re-instated.

As a result of defence cuts, Intrepid went into reserve in 1976, being brought back into active service in 1979 to allow Fearless to be refitted.

It was announced in 1981 that the two LPDs were to be deleted, though that decision was reversed just weeks prior to the outbreak of the Falklands War. Intrepid was rapidly brought back into commission, with her ship's company recalled by Commander Bryn Telfer (the Executive Officer), and Malcolm MacLeod, the crew gladly returned to form part of the task group committed to Operation Corporate, the British effort to recapture the islands. Intrepid was commanded by Captain Peter Dingemans.

With elements of 3 Commando Brigade embarked, Intrepid took part in the amphibious landings at San Carlos Water. Intrepid was under attack in San Carlos Water on 25 May 1982, with a few fatalities, mainly Royal Marines.  She came under heavy air attack once again during the operation, and was the main participant in the landings at Bluff Cove on 6 June. Margaret Thatcher and Sandy Woodward commended the efforts of the ships involved in the San Carlos attacks.

The Intrepid would be the last ship to arrive, the last piece in the jigsaw, and so all the timings depended on her.

As well as being one of the warships used for imprisoning the Argentine prisoners of war, the surrender ending the Falklands conflict was signed on Intrepids deck.

Intrepid was refitted at Devonport Royal Dockyard between January 1984 and June 1985, with two Sea Cat launchers removed, with twin 30 mm anti-aircraft mounts and two single 20 mm cannon added. From June 1985 until 1990 she supported the sea training phase of initial officer training, undertaken at Britannia Royal Naval College, as part of the Dartmouth Training Squadron. During the same period Intrepid also provided Marine Engineering Artificer Apprentices from HMS Sultan their sea training opportunity. During a three to four-month period, each entry of Artificers would spend a week working in each department aboard in order to learn more about the other trades in the Royal Navy.

Decommissioned
Intrepid was placed in reserve status late in 1990, when Fearless completed an extensive refit. Intrepid was in poor physical condition by this time, which prevented a similar upgrade, and was laid up at HM Naval Base Portsmouth. Intrepid was used as a source of spares for Fearless. She was decommissioned in 1999 and awaited her disposal, by scrapping, in Fareham Creek, Hampshire.

On 12 February 2007, the MoD announced that Intrepid was to be recycled at a British facility. Leavesley International was selected as the preferred bidder, pending licence acquisition.
The contract aimed to ensure that the ship was disposed of responsibly, and in full compliance with international environmental legislation.

Having received the required planning permission and environmental licences for disposal, Intrepid left Portsmouth for her final journey to Liverpool on 13 September 2008. Having been previously suggested as potential diving site on the south coast, various veterans of the Falklands War started a petition on the 10 Downing Street website to preserve the ship as a memorial to the conflict.

Replacement LPDs were ordered during the 1990s with  being commissioned in 2003.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Baker, A.D. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press,1998. .
 Blackman, Raymond V.B. Jane's Fighting Ships 1971–72. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd., 1971. .
 Clapp, Michael and Ewen Southby-Tailyour. Amphibious Assault Falklands. London (1996). .
 Gardiner, Roger and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
 Dingemans, Rear Admiral Peter. My Incredible Journey From Cadet to Command. Redditch (2016). Brewin Books Ltd. .
 Moore, John. Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. .
 Prézelin, Bernard and A.D. Baker. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1990/1991. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990. .
 Roberts, John. Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Annapolis, Maryland, USA:  Naval Institute Press, 2009.

External links

 HMSIntrepid.com
 Crew Manning And Operation

Fearless-class landing platform docks
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Clyde
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1964 ships

HMS Intrepid (L11)


El cotinga tijereta (Phibalura flavirostris), también denominado tesorito (en Argentina y Paraguay), anambé cola de tijera o cotinga cola de golondrina (en Argentina), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cotingidae, una de las dos pertenecientes al género Phibalura. Es nativa del centro este de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye por el sureste de Brasil (desde el centro de Bahía, sur de Goiás, Minas Gerais y Espírito Santo hacia el sur hasta Río Grande do Sul) y Paraguay y la provincia de Misiones al noreste de Argentina.

Esta especie es considerada poco común y local en su hábitat natural, los bordes del bosque y también en claros arbolados en la mata atlántica por debajo de los 1400 m de altitud. Anida en el verano en las partes más altas de su hábitat y desciende a las tierras bajas en invierno.

Descripción
Mide entre 21 y 22 cm de longitud. El macho tiene la cabeza negruzca con brillo azul, con una mancha roja en la corona roja, anillo ocular rosado y franja superciliar borrosa gris pardusca; la garganta y las mejillas son de color amarillo dorado; una línea blanca de detrás de los auriculares conecta con el pecho blanco, que presenta barras negras; el resto de las partes inferiores son de color amarillo, brillante en la región infracaudal, con escasas rayas oscurasen los ejes de las plumas; las partes superiores son de color oliva amarillento con barras gruesas negruzcas, más densa en la nuca; las alas son negruzcas con manchas gris claras en las terciarias; la cola es larga y bifurcada, negruzca con la base de las rectrices externas oliváceas, a menudo separadas en forma de 'V'. La hembra es más gris en la cabeza, menos blanca en el cuello, con las alas más oliváceas y la cola más corta.

Estado de conservación
El cotinga tijereta ha sido calificado como casi amenazado por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN) debido a la sospecha de que su población total, preliminarmente estimada en 10 000 individuos, está decayendo moderadamente rápido en línea con las tasas de pérdida de hábitat.

Comportamiento

Alimentación
Se alimenta de frutos (principalmente de bayas de múerdago e insectos. Esta ave utiliza el ataque en vuelo para atrapar insectos, y se considera como la especie que más vuela entre los miembros de la familia Cotingidae.

Reproducción
Construye con musgo su nido en algún árbol, generalmente en pequeñas colonias, con los nidos en diferentes árboles, separados menos de 100 m uno de otro. La hembra pone uno o dos huevos y ambos padres cuidan de los pichones.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie P. flavirostris fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista francés Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot en 1816 bajo el mismo nombre científico; localidad tipo «Río de Janeiro, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Phibalura» deriva del griego «phibalōs»: esbelto, y «oura»: cola; significando «de cola esbelta»; y el nombre de la especie «flavirostris», proviene del latín «flavus»: amarillo, amarillo-dorado y «rostris»: de pico; significando «de pico amarillo».

Taxonomía
Como lo sugiere su nombre común, ha sido tradicionalmente considerada como miembro de la familia Cotingidae, donde la sitúan varias clasificaciones como el Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC)  y Clements Checklist v2018, aunque para algunos autores es parte de la familia Tityridae. El género era colocado en Incertae sedis por el Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC), pero, sobre la base de las evidencias genético-moleculares presentadas por Berv & Prum (2014), la Propuesta N° 726 aprobó la colocación definitiva en Cotingidae.

El taxón Phibalura boliviana es considerado como especie plena por algunas clasificaciones, como el IOC y como la subespecie P. flavirostris boliviana por otras, como Clements Checklist v.2018 y el SACC, que rechazó (en votación muy dividida) la Propuesta N° 494 por considerar que las diferencias morfológicas, de vocalización y de comportamiento migratorio presentadas por Hennessey (2011) eran insuficientes para elevarla de rango.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Phibalura flavirostris en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Phibalura flavirostris en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de Phibalura flavirostris en Wikiaves.

Aves de América del Sur
flavirostris
Animales descritos en 1816
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot

Phibalura flavirostris


Raimondo Fassa (nascido a 18 de julho de 1959) é um advogado, professor e político italiano que foi presidente da câmara de Varese entre 1993 e 1997 e membro do Parlamento Europeu entre 1994 e 1999.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1959
Políticos da Itália

Raimondo Fassa


Olaylar
 Julianus, ilk Galya seferi sırasında Colonia Agrippina'yı (Köln) geri aldı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Antonios; Mısır'lı Antonios, Münzevi Antonios ya da Çöllerin Antonios'u olarak da bilinir, Hristiyan manastır sisteminin babasıdır (d. 251)

356


Stedten am Ettersberg ist ein Ortsteil der Landgemeinde Am Ettersberg im Landkreis Weimarer Land in Thüringen.

Geografie
Stedten liegt am Fuß der Nordabdachung vom Ettersberg südöstlich von Berlstedt an der Landesstraße 1054 in einem Ackerbaugebiet des Thüringer Beckens etwa 500 Meter westlich von Ramsla entfernt. Durch das Dorf fließt der Synderbach, ein Zufluss der Lache. Berlstedt und Ottmannshausen sind die westlichen Nachbarn.

Geschichte
Die urkundliche Ersterwähnung vom Dorf war am 10. März 1294 oder laut Gemeinde am 16. Januar 1194. Das Dorf lag an der Königsstraße (Via Regia). Diese Straße führte von Frankreich über Frankfurt am Main, Erfurt, Leipzig bis nach Krakau und weiter. Im ehemaligen Rittergutsdorf waren wenige Bauern ansässig. 1421 wurde die Kirche erstmals erwähnt. Sie steht unter Denkmalschutz. Jetzt dient sie noch den Wanderern auf dem Pilgerpfad als Herberge. Ab 1990 begann eine umfangreiche Sanierung des Dorfes. Ein Reiterhof hat sich im Dorf eingerichtet.

→ Siehe auch St. Kilian (Stedten)

Persönlichkeiten
 Charlotte Elisabeth Luise Wilhelmine von Ahlefeld(t) geborene von Seebach (1777 oder 1781 ?–1849), Schriftstellerin und Lyrikerin

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Am Ettersberg)
Ort im Landkreis Weimarer Land
Ersterwähnung 1294
Gemeindeauflösung 1974
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Weimarer Land)

Stedten am Ettersberg


مار شعيا هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء المتن في محافظة جبل لبنان.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء المتن
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان

مار شعيا (المتن)


Zsuzsa Gláser (* 23. April 1958 in Budapest) ist eine ungarische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Zsuzsa Gláser gewann von 1972 bis 1976 sieben nationale Juniorentitel in Ungarn, bevor sie 1978 das erste Mal bei den Erwachsenen erfolgreich war. Weitere Titelgewinne folgten 1979 und 1980.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? Band 1 (A–H). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1994. ISBN 963-7806-90-3

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungarischer Meister (Badminton)
Person (Budapest)
Ungar
Geboren 1958
Frau

Zsuzsa Gláser


An Scleria glabra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler. An Scleria glabra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 S. g. glabra
 S. g. pallidior

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria glabra


විදුලිය යනු අපට ඇසට නොපෙනෙන දෙයකි.අපට නොපෙනෙන ශක්තියක් විවිද මාර්ග අනුව නිමානය කර දත්ත ගණනය කිරීමට විවිද උපක්‍රම යොදාගෙන ඒ පිළිබඳව නිගමනයන්ට එලබී තනා ඇති විද්‍යාව විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව වේ.

විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව කොටස් කීපයකට බෙදී යන අතර;

01.විදුලිය නිෂ්පාදනය.

02.විදුලිය බෙදාහැරීම.

03.විදුලිය භාවිතය/යොදාගැනීම.

19 වන සියවසේ දී විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ ඇතිවූ වර්ධනය

නිබන්ධනයෙහි විදුලිය හා චුම්භකත්වය ඒකාබද්ධ කරමින් ඉදිරිපත් කළ න්‍යාය වැදගත් වේ. එක්දහස් අටසිය තිස් ගණන්වලදී ජෝජ් ඕම් විසින් ස්ථිති විද්‍යුතය හා සම්බන්ධව උපකරණයක් ද නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. වර්ෂ 1831 දී සිදු කල පර්යේෂණවලදී මයිකල් ෆැරඩේ විසින් ප්‍රථම වරට සමධ්‍රැවීය උත්පාදක යන්ත්‍රයක් (homopolar generator) නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එය නවීන ඩයිනමෝවල (චුම්භක ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් මගින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන උත්පාදක යන්ත්‍රවල) මූලාරම්භය විය.1866 දී වර්නර් වොන් සීමන්ස් (Werner von Siemens) විසින් නිපදවූ බාහිර කාන්දම් බලයක් භවිතා නොකල කාර්මික උත්පාදක යන්ත්‍රය, ඉන්පසුව නිපද වූ බොහෝ නිමැවුම් සඳහා පාදක විය. 1878 දී ජේම්ස් විම්ෂර්ස්ට් (James Wimshurst) නැමැති බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික නිමැවුම්කරු දඬු දෙකක් මත තැබූ වීදුරු තැටි දෙකක් සහිත උපකරණයක් නිපදවිය.(නමුත් ඔහු පිළිබඳ වාර්තා වූයේ 1883 දීය.)

තෝමස් එඩිසන් විසින් ප්‍රථමවරට මහා පරිමාණයේ විදුලි සැපයුම් ජාලය සාදන ලදී. එක් දහස් අටසිය ගණන් වල දී විද්‍යුතය පිළිබඳ හැදෑරීම භෞතික විද්‍යාවේම කොටසක් ලෙස සලකන ලදී.විශ්ව විද්‍යාල මඟින් විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ උපාධි පිරිනැමීම ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ 19 වැනි සියවසේ අග භාගයේදීය. 1883 දී කෝනෙල් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය (Cornell University) ප්‍රථම විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ පාඨමාලවක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර 1885 දී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ප්‍රථම විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ සභාපතිධුරය ලන්ඩන් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන්(University College London) හිමි විය.මිසුරි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය(University of Missouri) ක්‍රමයෙන් 1886 දී එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි ප්‍රථම විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳව දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් පිහිටුවිය.

මෙම කාල වකවානුවේදී මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය සම්බන්ධ වැඩ කටයුතු ශීඝ්‍ර ලෙස වර්ධනය විය. 1882 දී එඩිසන් විසින් පහළ මැන්හටන්හි සිටි පාරිභෝගිකයන් 59 දෙනෙකුට වෝල්ට් 110ක සරල ධාරා සැපයුමක් ලබා දෙමින් ලොව ප්‍රථම මහා පරිමාණයේ විදුලි සැපයුම් ජාලය නිර්මාණය කළේය. 1887 දී නිකොලා ටෙල්සා(Nikola Tesla) විසින් විදුලි සැපයුම් ක්‍රමයක් වන ප්‍රත්‍යාවර්ත ධාරා සැපයුම සම්බන්ධ පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් සඳහා ඉල්ලුම් කරන ලදී. මෙම සැපයුම් ක්‍රමය සම්බන්ධව එඩිසන් හා ටෙල්සා අතර ඉදිරි වසර කිහිපය ඇතුළත තරඟයක් ද(War of Currents) ඇතිවිය. ක්‍රමයෙන් සරල ධාරාව වෙනුවට බල ශක්ති උත්පාදනය හා බෙදා හැරීම සඳහා ප්‍රත්‍යාවර්ත ධාරාව භාවිත විය.

මේ දෙදෙනාගේ උත්සාහයන් විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ අභිවෘද්ධිය සඳහා බෙහෙවින් ඉවහල් විය. ටෙල්සා, ප්‍රේරණ මෝටර සහ බහුපේනු පද්ධති සම්බන්ධව කටයුතු කළ අතර ඒවා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ ඉදිරි කටයුතු සඳහාද ඉවහල් විය. එඩිසන් විද්‍යුත් තැපෑල පිළිබඳ කටයුතු කළ අතර ඔහුගේ ස්ටොක් ටිකර්(stock ticker) නමැති යන්ත්‍රය, පසුකාලීනව ජෙනරල් ඉලෙක්ට්‍රික් ලෙස හැඳින් වූ ඔහුගේ සමාගමටද වාසිදායක විය.

19 වැනි ශතවර්ෂයේ අග භාගය වන විට විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ අනෙකුත් වැදගත් පුද්ගලයන් බිහි විය. චාල්ස් ප්‍රෝටියස් ස්ටයින්මියට්ස් (Charles Proteus Steinmetz), ඉංජිනේරුවන් සඳහා ගණිතමය න්‍යායන් ඉදිරිපත් කරමින් එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි විදුලිය සම්බන්ධ කර්මාන්තයෙහි ව්‍යාප්තිය සඳහා ප්‍රත්‍යාවර්ත ධාරාවේ විකාශනය සම්බන්ධව කටයුතු කරන ලදී.

කොන්‍රඩ් සූස්(Konrad Zuse) ප්‍රථම විදුලි පරිගණකය වූ Z22 නිපද විය. එය තවමත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වන අතර බර්ලින්හි ප්‍රදර්ශනයට තබා ඇත.

20 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේ දී විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව
ගුවන් විදුලිය සෑදීමේ දී බොහෝ විද්‍යාඥයින් සහ නිමැවුම්කරුවන් ගුවන් විදුලි තාක්ෂණයට හා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාවට තම දායකත්වය සැපයුහ.හයින්‍රිච් හර්ට්ස් (Heinrich Hertz) 1888 දී තම යූ.එච්.ෆ්. පර්යේෂණ වලදී ගුවන් විදුලි තරංග සම්ප්‍රේෂණය (ස්පාක් ගැප් ට්‍රාන්ස්මීටරයක් මගින්) සහ විද්‍යුත් උපකරණයක් මගින් ඒවා ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීම සිදුකරන ලදී. 1895 දී නිකොලා ටෙල්සා නිව්යෝක් හි පිහිටි තම පර්යේෂණාගාරයේ සිට සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කළ සංඥා වෙස්ට් පොයින්ට් හි දී ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීමට සමත් විය (කි.මි.80.4 ක දුරකින්). 1896 දී ඇලෙක්සන්ඩර් පොපෝව් (Alexander Popov) මීටර් 60 ක දුරක් අතර රැහැන් රහිත(වයර්ලස්) සම්ප්‍රේෂණය සිදුකළ අතර එම කාල වකවානුවේදීම ගුග්ලීමෝ මාර්කෝනි (Guglielmo Marconi) කි.මි. 2.4 ක් හරහා ගුවන්විදුලි තරංග සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කිරීමට සමත් විය. ජෝන් ෆ්ලෙමින් (John Fleming) විසින් 1904 දී ප්‍රථම ඩයෝඩය නිපදවන ලදී.

රෙජිනෝල්ඩ් ෆෙසෙන්ඩන් (Reginald Fessenden) විසින් කට හඬ සම්ප්‍රේෂණය සඳහා අඛණ්ඩව තරංගයක් ජනනය කළයුතු බව හඳුනාගත් අතර ඔහු විසින් නිකොලා ටෙල්සා, ජෝන් ස්ටෝන් සහ එලිහු තොම්සන් ගේ පර්යේෂණවලට දිගටම දායකත්වය ලබාදෙන ලදී. 1906 දී ඔහු ප්‍රථම වරට ගුවන් විදුලිය හරහා කට හඬ සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කිරීමට සමත් විය. තවද 1906 දී රොබර්ට් වොන් ලීබන් (Robert von Lieben) හා ලී ඩි ෆොරස්ට් (Lee De Forest) වෙන් වෙන්ව ට්‍රයෝඩය නිපදවන ලදී. එඩ්වින් හොවර්ඩ් ආම්ස්ට්‍රෝං (Edwin Howard Armstrong) 1931 දී ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික රූපවාහිනිය සඳහා වූ තාක්ෂණය සොයාගැනීමට සමත් විය.

දෙවැනි ලෝක යුද්ධය

දෙවැනි ලෝක යුද්ධ සමයේ දී ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාවේ ශීඝ්‍ර දියුණුවක් දක්නට ලැබිණි. විශේෂයෙන්ම රේඩාර් නිපදවීම සහ 1940 දී බ්‍රිමිංහැම් සරසවියේ දී රැන්ඩල් සහ බූට් විසින් මැග්නිට්‍රෝනය නිපදවනු ලැබීම මේ අතර වැදගත් වේ. මේ කාලයේදීම බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ගුවන් යානාවල රේඩියෝ පිහිටුම,රේඩියෝ සන්නිවේදනය හා රේඩියෝ මඟ පෙන්වීම පිළිබඳ තාක්ෂණය වර්ධනය විය. ජී.පී. හි ටොමී ෆ්ලවර්ස් විසින් ජර්මන් ලෝරන්ස් සයිෆර් (Lorenz cipher machine) යන්ත්‍රයෙහි සංකේතාත්මක පණිවුඩ තේරුම් ගැනීමට කොලෝසියස් නැමැති ප්‍රාථමික ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිගණක යන්ත්‍රය නිපදවන ලදී. මේ අවධියේදී රහස් ඔත්තු සේවාවේ නියෝජිතයින් සඳහා රහසිගත රේඩියෝ සංඥා සම්ප්‍රේෂණය හා පණිවිඩ ලබාගැනීමේ තාක්ෂණය ද සොයාගන්නා ලදී. ඇමෙරිකානුවන් විසින් චර්චිල් හා රූස්වෙල්ට් අතර දුරකතන පණිවුඩ මිශ්‍ර කිරීමේ උපකරණයක් නිපදවන ලදී. ග්‍රීන් හෝනට් (Green Hornet) නම් වූ මෙම පද්ධතිය ක්‍රියා කළේ අදාළ සංඥාවට වෙනත් ශබ්ද සංඥාවක් එක් කිරීමෙනි. ඉන්පසු එම සංඥාව අනෙක්පසින් ලබාගන්නා ලදී. ජර්මානුවන් හට මෙම පද්ධතිය අඩාල කිරීමට කිසිසේත් නොහැකි විය. රේඩියෝ දිශා සොයා ගැනීම, රේඛීය ස්පන්දන ජාල, සංඛ්‍යාත සැකසීම, වැකියුම් ටියුබ් පරිපථ, සම්ප්‍රේෂණ න්‍යාය සහ විද්‍යුත් චුම්භක ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ මූලධර්ම යනාදී දේ පිළිබඳව වූ යුධ පුහුණු කටයුතු සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි විශාල වැඩපිළිවෙලවල් දියත් කෙරිණි. මෙම අධ්‍යයන කටයුතු යුද්ධයෙන් පසු "රේඩියෝ සන්නිවේදන ශ්‍රේණිය" ලෙස 1946 දී මැක්ගෲහිල් මගින් ප්‍රකාශනයට පත් කරන ලදී. 1941 දී කොන්‍රඩ් සූස් (Konrad Zuse) ලොව ප්‍රථම ක්‍රියාකාරී සහ වැඩසටහන් සම්පාදනය කළ හැකි පරිගණකය වන Z3 නිපදවන ලදී.

ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව
භෞතික විද්‍යාව

විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව


Landevejsprincippet er et trafikpolitisk princip, der indebærer at det skal koste det samme at sejle med færge som at køre en tilsvarende strækning i bil på landevejen.

Landevejsprincippet blev første gang introduceret i 2003 som amtsvejsprincippet i rapporten "Læsø, Samsø og Ærø – udvikling og muligheder" udarbejdet af AKF, Amternes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut. Rapporten var finansieret af Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet og de fire kommuner på Læsø, Samsø og Ærø. Efter nedlæggelsen af amterne er princippet blevet omdøbt til landevejsprincippet.

Senere er begrebet blevet taget op i forskellige sammenhænge, således i 2013, hvor Ærø, Læsø og Samsø Kommuner udarbejdede rapporten "Betalingsringen. Ærø, Læsø og Samsø", som behandlede muligheden for at lade øboere sejle gratis og indførelse af landevejsprincippet for al øvrig person- og køretøjsoverførsel. Landevejsprincippet kaldes også RET-princippet, Road Equivalence Tariff. Dette begreb anvendes blandt andet i Transportministeriets rapport fra juni 2014 "Rammerne for den fremtidige færgebetjening af Bornholm", s. 41ff.

Konkret udmønter landevejsprincippet ved, at der gives (statsligt) tilskud til fx færgebilletter på færgefarten til øer for derved at nedbringe omkostningerne ved besøg på disse.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Anne Kaag Andersen m.fl.: Læsø, Samsø og Ærø – udvikling og muligheder; AKF Forlaget. November 2003
 Jess Jessen-Klixbüll: Betalingsringen. Ærø, Læsø og Samsø; KOU, juni 2013
 Transportministeriet: "Rammerne for den fremtidige færgebetjening af Bornholm". Juni 1914;
 Økonomi- og Indenrigsministeriet: Analyse af konkurrencemæssig ligestilling af små øer og ø-kommuner. Marts 2015;

Transport
Økonomi

Landevejsprincippet


Armijska grupa Rohr (njem. Armeegruppe Rohr) je bila vojna formacija austrougarske vojske u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata djelovala je na Talijanskom bojištu.

Povijest
Armijska grupa Rohr formirana je u 24. svibnja 1915. od jedinica koja su do tada činile Grupu Rohr. Njezinim zapovjednikom imenovan je Franz Rohr kojemu je načelnik stožera bio podmaršal Karl Scotti. Sjedište stožera armijske grupe bilo je u Villachu. Armijska grupa nalazila se u sastavu Jugozapadnog fronta, te je na Talijanskom bojištu držala položaje na južnim dijelovima koruških Alpa radi zaštite Koruške od prodora talijanskih snaga. U sastav armijske grupe ušle su 92. pješačka divizija, 57. gorska, te 59. gorska brigada koja je premještena s Istočnog bojišta.

Tijekom postojanja postrojbe u sastavu armijske grupe, osim u graničnim borbama, u nisu sudjelovale nekim značajnijim ratnim operacijama. Armijska grupa Rohr rasformirana je 23. siječnja 1916. godine kada je na osnovi njezinih jedinica formirana 10. armija.

Zapovjednici
Franz Rohr (24. svibnja 1915. – 23. siječnja 1916.)

Načelnici stožera
Karl Scotti (24. svibnja 1915. – 23. siječnja 1916.)

Sastav
svibanj 1915.: 92. pješačka divizija, 58. gorska brigada, 59. gorska brigada
kolovoz 1915.: 48. pješačka divizija, Grupa Fernengel, 92. pješačka divizija, 44. zaštitna divizija
listopad 1915.: 48. pješačka divizija, 94. pješačka divizija, 92. pješačka divizija, 44. zaštitna divizija
prosinac 1915.: 48. pješačka divizija, 94. pješačka divizija, 92. pješačka divizija, 44. zaštitna divizija, XV. korpus

Vojni raspored Armijske grupe Rohr u svibnju 1915.
Zapovjednik: general konjice Franz Rohr
Načelnik stožera: podmaršal Karl Scotti

92. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Langer)
183. pješačka brigada (genboj. Gössmann)
184. pješačka brigada (genboj. Jaschke)

57. gorska brigada (genboj. Lanzinger)

59. gorska brigada (genboj. Fernengel)

Vojni raspored Armijske grupe Rohr u listopadu 1915.
Zapovjednik: general konjice Franz Rohr
Načelnik stožera: podmaršal Karl Scotti

48. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Gabriel)
Pododsjek Fasser (puk. Fasser)
11. gorska brigada (genboj. Lawrowski)
12. gorska brigada (princ Schwarzenberg)

94. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Kuczera)
Pododsjek Zapad (potpuk. Gautsch)
Pododsjek Istok (potpuk. Fritsch)

92. pješačka divizija (genboj. Fernengel)
57. gorska brigada (genboj. Henneberg)
59. gorska brigada (puk. Dietrich)

44. zaštitna divizija (genboj. Nemeczek)
Pododsjek Schuschnig (puk. Schuschnig)
44. zaštitna brigada (puk. Majewski)
87. zaštitna brigada (genboj. Jellenchich)

Literatura
 Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, Osterreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg, 1914-1918, Austrian Militarwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, Beč, 1931.
 John Ellis, Michael Cox, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press Ltd. 2001.
 Pétér Jung, The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1) 1914-16, Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2003.
 Pétér Jung, The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (2) 1916-18, Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2003.

Vanjske poveznice
     Armijska grupa Rohr na stranici Austrianphilately.com
     Armijska grupa Rohr na stranici Austro-Hungarian-Army.co.uk
     Armijska grupa Rohr na stranici Valka.cz

Rohr

Armijska grupa Rohr