Patzicía es un municipio del departamento de Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Tenía una población de 40 848 habitantes en 2022. Su extensión territorial es de 44 km² y tiene una altitud de 2130

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos, tributos destinados para los mismos; esta legislación se encuentra dispersa en diversos niveles.  Ahora bien, que exista legislación específica para los municipios no significa que a estos no les sean aplicables las normas contenidas en otros cuerpos normativos, pues aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, las mismas se encuentran sujetas, al igual que todas las entidades de tal naturaleza, a la legislación nacional.

Específicamente, las principales leyes que rigen a los municipios en Guatemala desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios de Guatemala está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal, de conformidad con el artículo 254 de la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala, que establece que «el gobierno municipal será ejercido por un concejo municipal». A su vez, el código municipal —que tiene carácter de ley ordinaria y contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios de Guatemala— establece en su artículo 9 que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal». Por último, el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra de conformidad con lo que establece la Constitución en su artículo 254, es decir «se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos». Al respecto, el código municipal en el artículo 9 establece «que se integra por el alcalde, los síndicos y los concejales, todos electos directa y popularmente en cada municipio de conformidad con la ley de la materia».

Historia

El poblado fue fundado en la época prehispánica, aproximadamente en el siglo XII, y forma parte del territorio kakchikel.

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica en 1821, la constitución del Estado de Guatemala promulgada en 1825 dividió el territorio del Estado para la administración de justicia en diez distritos y varios circuitos. Patzicía estaba en el circuito de Chimaltenango en el Distrito N.° 8 (Sacatepéquez); este distrito contenía a Chimaltenango, Yepocapa, San Miguelito, Tejar, San Luis, Acatenango, Itzapa, Calderas, Chimachoy, Nejapa, Parramos, Tuluché, Chicoj y San Jacinto.

El «Acta de Patzicía»

Históricamente se le conoce porque en Patzicía, el 3 de junio de 1871, el General Justo Rufino Barrios al frente de sus tropas, suscribió el Acta de Patzicía, en la cual desconocían el gobierno conservador del mariscal Vicente Cerna y Cerna y nombraban como presidente provisorio al general Miguel García Granados. Con la suscripción de dicha acta, prácticamente triunfó la Revolución Liberal de 1871, seis años después de la muerte del presidente conservador vitalicio, capitán general Rafael Carrera.

Terremoto de Guatemala de 1874

De acuerdo al periódico estadounidense The New York Times, el terremoto de Guatemala del 3 de septiembre de 1874 fue el más devastador de los que se registraron en ese año en todo el mundo. No solamente se destruyó completamente el pueblo de Parramos,
 sino que bandas de forajidos armados con cuchillos y otras armas punzocortantes intentaron asaltar a los damnificados y robarles lo poco que les quedaba; afortunadamente, las bandas fueron capturadas por la policía del gobierno del general Justo Rufino Barrios y ejecutadas sumariamente.

Los sismos se iniciaron en agosto, pero nadie les puso atención pues la población estaba acostumbrada a que temblara con cierta frecuencia; es más, no impidieron que se celebrara una gran gala en honor al enlace matrimonial del presidente Barrios con su joven esposa, Francisca Aparicio de Barrios.

Un testigo relató que el terremoto se sintió como una combinación de una larga serie de movimientos verticales y horizontales que hacían que pareciera que el suelo se movía en forma de olas y que se elevaba hasta un pie de alto por encima de su nivel normal.

Otro testigo indicó que el pueblo de San Miguel Dueñas quedó totalmente destruido, y quienes lograron sobrevivir salieron huyendo buscando áreas más seguras.  En total, hubo US$300,000 en pérdidas; los poblados afectados aparte de Antigua Guatemala, Dueñas, Parramos y Patzicía, fueron Jocotenango, San Pedro Sacatepéquez, Ciudad Vieja y Amatitlán.

Terremoto de Guatemala de 1976

La Carretera CA-I —antigua Carretera Interamericana— sufrió severos daños entre Patzicía, Patzún, Godínez y Panajachel, en Sololá; las reparaciones de esta carretera estuvieron a cargo de la Secretaría de Obras Públicas de México que envió más de doscientos hombres en destacamentos autosuficientes, es decir, con sus propios campamentos, maquinaria y provisiones.  En el punto intermedio entre Godínez y Patzún, en el lugar conocido como Los Chocoyos, hubo un derrumbe de tal magnitud que sepultó a varias casas con todo y sus habitantes.

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2023
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Historia Completa de Patzicía Chimaltenango

Municipios de Chimaltenango

Patzicía


La Gobierna es una veleta con denominación popular en la ciudad de Zamora, en España. En la actualidad desde el año 1905 se encuentra en el Museo Provincial de Zamora.

Historia
"La Gobierna" es epónima de la antigua torre que defendía la entrada sur al Puente de Piedra, la cual remató desde 1708 hasta que dicha torre fue demolida en 1905. La Gobierna es una de las veletas emblemáticas de la ciudad de Zamora. La veleta representa a la Fama con su trompeta como atributo en una mano, mientras que lleva las llaves de la ciudad en la otra. Una reinterpretación moderna de La Gobierna, realizada en 1992 por el escultor zamorano Antonio Pedrero, está situada en el centro del Puente de los Tres Árboles, frente a otra del Peromato obra del mismo autor.

La Gobierna en la cultura popular
El refranero zamorano posee una referencia a la Gobierna:

Referencias

Véase también
 Pero Mato, otra veleta emblemática de Zamora
 Giraldillo en Sevilla
 Historia de la provincia de Zamora

Gobierna
Gobierna

La Gobierna


Komser Şekspir, Sinan Çetin'in yönettiği 2000 yapımı trajik ve komedi Türk filmi.

Konusu
Sert bir komiser olan Cemil (Kadir İnanır) karakolunu tiyatro stüdyosuna çevirip, lösemi hastası kızının (Pelin Batu) tiyatro tutkusunu gerçekleştirebilmek için gözaltındaki tutuklulara (deneyimli bir hayat kadını (Müjde Ar), bir zamanların Yeşilçam'ının çocuk yıldızı olan bir esrar satıcısı (Okan Bayülgen), bir tinerci (Mesut Ceylan) ve bir mafya babası (Özkan Uğur)) Pamuk Prenses ve Yedi Cüceler'i oynatır. Bununla yetinmeyip karakolun bahçesine 'Vatansever Şekspir' anıtını diken Komser, kızını çok istediği yarışmaya katabilmek için bir savcıya silah çeker. Ancak oyunun sahnelenmesine çok kısa bir süre kala, Kraliçe'yi oynayan fahişe ayağını kırınca bu rolü üstlenen mafya babası silahlı saldırıya uğrayıp vurulunca, komiser onun yerine geçip kraliçe olur.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler

Adaylıklar

 2001 - 34. Sinema Yazarları Derneği Ödülleri, En İyi Yardımcı Kadın Oyuncu (Müjde Ar)

Dış bağlantılar
 SinemaTürk'te Komser Şekspir
 IMDb'de Komser Şekspir

Sinan Çetin'in yönettiği filmler
2000 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Crossdresser temalı Türk filmleri
Konusu İstanbul'da geçen filmler
Plato Film filmleri
2000'lerde Türkçe filmler
2000 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Komser Şekspir


Habarovsk (Rusça: Хаба́ровск) Uzak Doğu Rusya'da Rusya Federasyonu'nun Çin sınırına yaklaşık 30 km uzaklıkta bir şehirdir.

Şehir Vladivostok'tan sonra Uzak Doğu Federal Bölgesi'nin ikinci büyük kentidir. 2002 yılı sayımlarına göre nüfusu 583072'dir.

Coğrafya
Habarovsk, ismini kâşif Yerofey Habarov'dan alır. 1858 yılında bir askeri uç karakol olarak kurulan şehir daha sonra önemli bir sanayi merkezi haline gelmiştir. Şehir Amur ve Ussuri ırmaklarının birleştiği noktada, Vladivostok kentine yaklaşık 800 km.uzaklıkta ve Trans Sibirya Demiryolu üzerinde Moskova'ya 8523 km. uzaklıkta yer almaktadır. Matematiksel Konumu 48°28′K 135°06′D'dur.

Kardeş kentler
  (1965)
  (1988)
  (1990)
  (1993)
  (2002)
  (2011)
  (2011)

Habarovsk


Les femmes dans le Coran sont des personnages apparaissant généralement comme liées à des prophètes de l'islam : elles tiennent le rôle d'épouses, filles, sœurs, compagnonnes ou antagonistes de ceux-ci. Seule Marie (Maryam), mère de Jésus (ʿĪsā), est nommée, les autres sont anonymes.

Épouse d'Adam

Le nom d' ne se trouve que dans les hadîths et les exégèses du Coran (les premiers écrits sont aux ) : dans le Coran, elle est mentionnée comme l'« épouse » d'Adam (zawdj), mais pour Jacqueline Chabbi, il est plus pertinent de traduire zawdj par « appariée ».

Dans le Coran, le verset 1 de la sourate des femmes explique la création d'Adam, puis d'Ève à partir de ce dernier :

Dieu permet à Adam et de son épouse de vivre dans le jardin d'Éden (djanna), mais leur interdit de manger d'un certain arbre. Le Shaïtân invite le couple à goûter les fruits de l'arbre défendu afin qu'ils voit leurs . Leur péché provoque la colère de Dieu. Adam et son épouse demandent miséricorde, Il les chasse sur la Terre. Contrairement à la Bible, il n'est pas question d'expier une faute, le pardon est divin immédiatement accordé après le repentir.

Épouse de Noé

Anonyme dans la Bible (appelée Nahama par la tradition juive) et le Coran, elle a différents noms dans les exégèses : le pseudo-Ibn Abbas (entre les ), Al Baidawi (mort en 1286) et les deux Djalal () l'appellent Wahila(h), alors que Tabari (m. 923) l'appelle Amzura.  Elle est citée avec l'épouse de Loth parmi les hypocrites :

Épouse d'Abraham

Épouse de Loth

Anonyme dans la Bible (appelée Édith par la tradition juive) et le Coran, les exégèses du pseudo-Ibn Abbas et des deux Djalal l'appellent Wa'ila(h). Elle est citée avec l'épouse de Noé parmi les hypocrites :

Elle meurt durant la destruction des cités de Loth, de façon différente à celle de la Bible :

Reine de Saba

Personnage biblique et coranique anonyme, la Tradition musulmane l'appelle Balkis ou Bilkis. Reine légendaire du royaume de Saba, le roi Salomon s'énerve de ne pas voir une huppe lorsqu'il observe les oiseaux. La huppe arrive et dit qu'elle revient de Saba, où une femme règne sur le pays, elle est très riche et sont trône est grandiose. En raison du diable, elle et son peuple adore le Soleil. Salomon remet une lettre à la huppe pour la reine de Saba. Elle hésite à accepter l'invitation de Salomon ; après consultation de ses conseillers, qui la rassure sur sa puissance, la reine envoie des présents pour établir un premier contact, mais le roi d'Israël les rejette :  Salomon demande à ce qu'on lui apporte le trône de Saba. Le génie Ifrit et un autre  disent qu'il rempliront cette mission. Le trône devant Salomon, il ordonne :  Les djinns retournent le trône méconnaissable à la reine, qui le reconnaît comme le sien. La reine de Saba rencontre Salomon et remonte les pans de sa robe, car on voyait un cours d'eau sous le sol est de cristal. La reine se repent de son idolâtrie et se convertit au monothéisme.

Épouse d'un Égyptien et les dames égyptiennes

L'histoire biblique de Joseph, fils de Jacob, est racontée et modifiée, notamment l'épisode de Joseph et la femme de Putiphar. Dans la Bible, Potiphar est un officier eunuque d'un pharaon, et la femme de Potiphar. Dans le Coran, l'homme est appelé El-Aziz, « le puissant », et sa profession n'est pas déterminée. Plusieurs traditions reprennent le nom Potiphar ou nomment le mari d'après des formes dérivées (Kitfir, Itfir, Kittin). Dans la tradition, sa femme est d'abord appelée Ra'il  d'après une arabisation des noms hébreux, puis plus généralement Zouleïkha (ou Zalika, Zulayka) et parfois Asnath.

Joseph est vendu comme esclave par ses frères. L'Égyptien qui l'a acheté dit à son épouse de bien s'occuper de Joseph encore enfant, envisageant de peut-être l'adopter. Une fois que Joseph est adulte, l'épouse de l'Égyptien tente de le séduire mais il la repousse ; elle déchire l'arrière de sa tunique alors qu'il coure vers la porte. L'épouse dit à l'Égyptien que Joseph voulu abuser d'elle, mais son mensonge est découvert. Des femmes de la ville se moquent de la passion de l'épouse de l'Égyptien, alors cette dernière les invite à un goûter : quand Joseph entre pour les servir, elles se coupent les mains avec leurs couteaux en s'exclamant : « Par Allah ! Ce n'est pas un être charnel ! C'est sûrement un Messager sublime ! »

Joseph s'échappe de nouveau et est emprisonné temporairement. Cependant, le Shaïtân le fait oublier en prison pendant plusieurs années, jusqu'au rêve par le pharaon des sept vaches grasses mangées par les sept vaches maigres. Après l'explication du rêve par Joseph, le pharaon le renvoie à son maître. Le souverain questionne ensuite les dames égyptiennes aux mains coupées qui affirment que Joseph n'a rien fait, et l'épouse se repentit de ses mensonges ; Joseph entre ensuite comme grand officier du service du pharaon.

Épouse de Moïse

Mère et sœur de Moïse
Personnages exclusifs au Coran : de la famille de Moïse, la Bible ne mentionne que son père Téra, son frère Arân et son neveu Loth, le fils d'Arân.

Épouse de Pharaon

Anonyme dans la Bible et le Coran, la tradition musulmane l'appelle Assia bint Muzahim. La grande épouse royale du Coran joue un rôle analogue à celui de la fille du Pharaon de l'Exode, que la tradition juive appelle Bithiah.

Épouse d'Imrân

Personnage coranique anonyme, la Tradition l'appelle Hannah bînt Fankodh, d'après Anne, mère de Marie dans le Protévangile de Jacques.

Le Coran utilise et adapte le matériau narratif du Protévangile : l'épouse d'Imrân pense avoir un fils et consacre à Dieu l'enfant qu'elle porte. Mais Dieu a voulu ce que soit une fille qui naisse et qui soit consacrée, alors elle invoque la protection divine contre le Diable.

Marie, mère de Jésus

Sources du Coran
Dans le Coran, Marie est presqu'indissociable de Jésus de Nazareth, car ce dernier est souvent appelé « Jésus, fils de Marie ». Outre les Évangiles canoniques (Marc, Matthieu, Luc et Jean), le Coran emprunte à plusieurs livres apocryphes, appelés « Évangiles de l'enfance » : le Protévangile de Jacques, l'Évangile arabe de l'Enfance, et ceux du Pseudo-Thomas et du Pseudo-Matthieu.

Récit coranique
Maryam bint Imrân (Marie, fille de Joachim) est importante dans l'islam : seule femme nommée du Coran, la sourate 19 porte son nom. Elle appartient à la famille d'Imrân et a un frère appelé Aaron. Le Coran rapproche la mère de Jésus et Myriam la Prophétesse, sœur de Moïse et Aaron, dont les noms se traduisent Marie en français.

Adam, Noé, la famille d'Abraham et celle d'Imrân sont élues par Dieu. Protégée du diable par un vœu fait par sa mère à sa naissance, Marie sert au Temple de Jérusalem, et sa garde fut objet de querelles ; elle est placée sous la protection de  Zacharie, père de Jean le Baptiste, deux prophètes dans l'islam. Zacharie découvrant avec étonnement de la nourriture dans la chambre de celle-ci, Marie explique que c'est Dieu qui pourvoit à ses besoins.

L'Annonciation coranique ressemble à celle de l'Évangile selon Luc : Marie est élue « au-dessus des femmes » et purifiée par Dieu afin qu'elle enfante seule, en récompense de sa piété et de sa virginité.  L'Esprit de Dieu (traditionnellement identifié à l'ange Gabriel) se présente sous forme humaine à Marie, qui s'affole de la présence d'un homme chez elle. L'Esprit lui annonce que son fils sera Jésus le Messie, créé en elle par la volonté divine, répondant à l'étonnement de Marie qui se défendait que  Ensuite, l'Esprit insuffle en la jeune femme la Parole de Dieu (kalimat Allah), qui donnera Jésus.

Le Coran mélange le Pseudo-Matthieu et l'Évangile arabe : Marie se retire  et enfante Jésus sous un palmier-dattier, près d'une source. Revenue auprès des siens après son accouchement, les Juifs l'accusent de fornication ; mais Jésus nouveau-né affirme que sa mère est vierge.

Les récits sur la naissance Jean le Baptiste et celle de Jésus sont identiques dans leur narration, et selon Freyer-Stowasser, l'association de Zacharie et de Marie d'une part et de leurs fils d'autre part donnent à Marie une place spéciale dans le Coran. Plusieurs exégètes vont considérer Marie, l'épouse de Pharaon, la mère d'Isaac et celle de Moïse comme des prophétesses et des messagères de l'islam.

Si la Bible donne Joseph, fiancé de Marie, comme père nourricier de Jésus, il s'agit d'une figure absente du Coran. Cependant, une tradition dit qu'un charpentier appelé Djouraydj s'était fiancé à Marie, et qu'il fut le premier à remarquer sa grossesse et à être convaincu qu'elle était d'origine miraculeuse.

Épouse d'Abou-Lahab

Mentionnée dans la sourate 111 où elle est maudite avec son mari, l'épouse d'Abou-Lahab est mentionnée comme étant une porteuse de bois, qui aura au cou une corde de fibres en Enfer.

La Tradition musulmane affirme qu'il s'agit de l'oncle et la tante de Mahomet, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Abd-al-Mouttaleb, dit Abou-Lahab (« père de la flamme »), et son épouse Awra bint Harb, dite Oumm Djémil, qui s'opposaient aux prêches de leur neveu. Abou-Lahab s'en serait violemment prit à Mahomet et l'aurait maudit. Selon la traditions, Mahomet déshonorerait Omm-Djémil en insistant sur son métier car il s'agit d'un des plus vils pour les femmes selon les mœurs arabes médiévales ; ou alors parce qu'elle aurait placé des épines sur le passage de Mahomet pour lui blesser les pieds ; ou selon un sens métaphorique, elle portait du bois pour alimenter le feu des calomnies envers Mahomet.

La lecture traditionnelle de cette sourate, ainsi que sa datation (mecquoise ou médinoise ?) sont remise en question par la recherche historique moderne. Il faut lire, dans les exégèses, des interprétations du Coran au travers d'une reconstruction d'un passé mythifié par des traditions.

Épouses et filles de Mahomet

Elles sont mentionnées dans plusieurs versets, dont :

Croyante plaidant

Selon la Tradition, en , après le traité d'Houdaybiya, le Coran raconte qu'à Médine, la compagnonne Khawla bint Tha'laba avait été répudiée par son mari, Aws ibn al-Samit, qui avait utilisé une formule païenne de divorce : « Tu es pour moi comme le dos de ma mère ! » Elle serait allé voir Mahomet, qui aurait invalidé cette répudiation et prohibé cette formulation pour divorcer, puis il indique les différentes façons de comment se racheter de cette parole.

La lecture traditionnelle de cette sourate est remise en question par la recherche historique moderne. L'historicité de l'anecdote derrière la « révélation » de ces versets est douteuse : c'est la tradition islamique qui a désigné la plaignante et son époux comme Khawla bint Tha'laba et Aws ibn al-Samit, et celui à qui elle s'adresse (« toi ») comme Mahomet. Il n'est pas explicite que le sujet du v. 1 soit lié aux vv.  2 à 4, à savoir le divorce avec une formule prohibée et le rachat de cette mauvaise action. Le v. 4 est lui-même considéré par Richard Bell comme un ajout tardif (en deux temps) et une modification du v. 3.

Annexes

Notes

Références
Coran

Autres sources

Bibliographie
Sources primaires

Sources secondaires
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Articles connexes
 Coran
 Prophètes de l'islam
 Femmes dans les sociétés arabes
 Place des femmes dans l'islam

Personnage coranique
Place des femmes dans l'islam

Femmes dans le Coran


Ankara kedisi, dünyaca tanınan bir kedi ırkı. Ana yurdu Ankara olan Ankara kedisi, en eski uzun kıllı kedi soylarından birisidir.

İlk kez 17'nci yüzyılda denizciler tarafından Avrupa'ya da götürülen Ankara kedisi 18'inci yüzyılda Avrupa soylularının sevgilisi hâline gelmiştir. Eski zamanlarda Fransız krallarının saraylarında dâhil her yerde mevcuttu. Diğer uzun tüylü bir kedi soyu olan Fars kedisinin ortaya çıkması ile Ankara kedisinin yıldızı solmaya başlamıştır. Ancak 1950'li yıllarda Amerikalı kedi yetiştiricileri tarafından tekrar bir Ankara kedisi çifti Anadolu'dan götürülerek yetiştirilmesi sonrasında tekrar sevilen bir ev kedisi olarak popülerliğine kavuşmuştur.

Bugünkü Ankara kedileri güçlü, enerji dolu ama nazik, orta uzun ipeğimsi tüylü bir kedi olarak tanınır. Çok hareketli olup atlamayı severler, ilgi ve şefkat beklerler.

Ankara kedisi saf ve doğal bir kedi türü olmasının yanı sıra Türkiye'nin ulusal hazinelerinden biri olarak görülür. Ankara kedisi pek çok kişi tarafından orijinal uzun tüylü kedi olarak kabul edilir.

Eski adı Angora olan Ankara; ipeksi, zarif desenli ve uzun postlu hayvanların evi olarak bilinir. Ankara kedileri; hâlâ Türkiye'nin köylerinde ve kırsal yerlerinde, yüzyıllardır neredeyse hiç değişikliğe uğramadan dolaşmaktadır. Bu kadar zaman boyunca hayatta kalmasını sağlayan özellikleri; içgüdülerine oldukça bağlı ve son derece zeki olmasıdır. Günümüzde, özgür yaşamak yerine insanlarla yaşamaya alışmış olsa da kendine özgü güçlü kişilik özelliklerini korur.

Ankara kedisi, Avrupa'da görülen ilk uzun tüylü kedi olarak bilinir. 10. yy.ın başlarında Vikingler tarafından Avrupa'ya getirildiği ve bu yüzden günümüz uzun tüylü kedilerinin atası oldukları bilinmektedir. Bugünkü Ankara kedisi; varlığını 1960'lı yıllarda Atatürk Orman Çiftliği Hayvanat Bahçesi gibi kuruluşlara borçludur.

Ankara kedisi, 16. yüzyılın sonlarında bilim insanı Claude Fabri de Peirese ile birlikte Fransa'ya varmıştır. Vücudunun güzel ve oryantal yapısı, kısa zamanda popüler olmasını sağlamıştır. 1868 yılında bir İngiliz yazar tarafından "genellikle boyun kısmında uzun, gümüşe çalan muhteşem ve farklı tüylere sahip güzel bir kedi" olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu türün beyaz rengi, türünün gerçek temsilcisi olarak görüldüğünden, beyaz kediler için Atatürk Orman Çiftliği Hayvanat Bahçesi tarafından bir üreme programı başlatılmıştır.

Karakteri

Ankara kedisi; çok zeki, cesaretli ve sahibine bağlı bir kedidir. Evde çıkılmamış hiçbir dolap, açılmamış hiçbir kapı bırakmayan Ankara kedilerinin, kendilerine ait atletik bir zarafeti vardır. Sosyal ve oyuncudur. Oldukça yaramaz (hırçın) olan kuzenleriyle kıyaslandığında genellikle iyi huyludur. Yaşadığı coğrafi konum dolayısıyla sudan pek hoşlanmaz ki bu durum Van kedisinde tam tersidir.

Ankara kedisi, sahibiyle hayatının ve evinin her yerinde birlikte olmak ister. Birlikte yaşadığı kişiye derin bir sevgi duyar ve karşılığında da aynı sevgiyi almaktan hoşlanır. Sahibi nerede olursa olsun ve ne yaparsa yapsın, yaptıklarından haberdar olmak için yanında olur. Sahibini oldukça abartılı sevgi gösterileriyle ödüllendirir fakat bir şeyi yapmaya niyetlendiği zaman, en akıllı insan bile onu yolundan geri çeviremez. Yaptığı her şeyi ustalık ve çeviklik ile yapar.

Hem erkeği, hem de dişisi harika ve sorunsuz üreyen bir kedidir. Sağlıklı, yapılı kedi yavrularına çok az zorlukla sahip olur ve onları yetiştirirken sevgi ve kur yapar.
Zeki ve çevik olmasının yanı sıra bazen de çabuk sinirlenen bir kedidir. Sahibine istediğini yaptırmak için onu beceriyle kullanabilecek kadar akıllıdır. Bir Ankara kedisine susadığı zaman musluğu açmasını ya da bir dolabı kapatmayı sahibi öğretebilir.

Vücut yapısı
Ankara kedisinin vücudu uzundur. Uzun bacaklara, uzun bir kuyruğa ve yine uzun ve kaslı, narince yapılanmış bir gövdeye sahiptir. Çok düzgün bir kemik yapısına sahiptir ve zarif bir görüntüsü vardır. Erkek kediler, dişilerden büyük olabilir. Uzun bacaklarının arka tarafı, önlerinden daha uzun olur. Parmaklarının arasında küçük tüyler bulunan, küçük ve yuvarlak patileri vardır. Mevsime göre uzunluğu değişen tüyleri vardır. Günümüzde pek çok değişik renk tüylü Ankara kedisi vardır. En iyi tüylere sahip Ankara kedileri, genellikle üç yaşını geçmiş kedilerdir. Bakılıp tarandıklarında tüyleri uzamaya ve kabarmaya müsaittir. Geniş ve badem şekilli gözlere sahiptir ve renkleri bakır, mavi, altın, yeşil ve ela olabilir. Geniş ve sivri uçlu, dik kulakları vardır. Orta boyda bir buruna sahiptir. Yürürken kuyruklarını vücut hizasında tuttukları görülür. Ankara kedileri genel olarak farklı göz rengine sahip kabul edilse de, bal rengi ve mavi gözlü Ankara kedileri de yaygındır. Gözleri farklı renkte olan Ankara kedileri arasında sağırlık yaygınken, tek renkli gözlere sahip Ankara kedileri normal bir şekilde duyabilirler.

Hastalıkları
Ankara kedileri kas koordinasyon bozukluğuna ve hipertrofik kardiyomiyopati hastalığına genetik olarak yatkındırlar. Sağırlık Ankara kedilerinde yaygın görülen bir hastalık olup her iki gözü mavi ya da bir gözü mavi diğeri kehribar renginde ve tüyleri beyaz renkte olan kediler genelde sağırdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Calico kedisi
 Van kedisi

Dış bağlantılar
 Dr. Tarkan Özçetin, Ankara'nın Evcil Hazineleri: Ankara Kedisi
 Ankara Kedisi Derneği
 Ankara Kedisi Fotoğrafları
Ankara Kedisi Irk Rehberi

Kaynakça

Kedi
Türkiye kökenli kedi ırkları

Ankara kedisi


La A-División fue hasta el año 2012 la máxima categoría del fútbol profesional en Bután, pero ha sido superada por la recién creada Liga Nacional de Bhután. La A-División es disputada por equipos de la capital Thimphu y alrededores, y sigue existiendo esencialmente como un torneo de clasificación para la Liga Nacional, es organizada por la Federación de Fútbol de Bután.

El club campeón de la Liga Nacional de Bután obtiene la clasificación a la Copa AFC.

Historia

Los profesores extranjeros introdujeron el fútbol en Bután en la década de los 50. El juego decayó después de un comienzo prometedor y solo empezó a renacer en los años 90 por la acción del monje budista Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse.

Equipos 2019

A-Division

B-Division

Palmarés

A-División

Títulos por club

Liga Nacional
Toman parte seis equipos, tres clubes representantes de la A-División (Thimphu) y otros tres equipos que representan a otros distritos del país.

Véase también
 Copa de Bután
 Selección de fútbol de Bután
 Liga Nacional de Bután

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Liga  en fifa.com
 Lista de Campeones
 Soccerway.com

Fútbol en Bután

Liga Timbú


Low Gap ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Low Gap (Kentucky)
 Low Gap (Missouri)
 Low Gap (North Carolina)
 Low Gap (Ohio)
 Low Gap (Virginia)
 Low Gap (Washington)
 Low Gap (West Virginia)

Siehe auch:
 Low Gap Township

Low Gap


HMS Impulsive was an  built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s.  She saw service in World War II before being scrapped in 1946.  She has been the only ship of the Navy to bear this name.

Description
The I-class ships were improved versions of the preceding H-class. They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and were intended to give a maximum speed of . Impulsive only reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of  at . Their crew numbered 145 officers and ratings.

The ships mounted four 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from bow to stern. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two quadruple mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. The I class was fitted with two above-water quintuple torpedo tube mounts for  torpedoes. One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted; 16 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. Impulsive was one of the four I-class destroyers fitted with minelaying equipment in late 1938 – January 1939 at Malta. This consisted of mounts for rails on the deck on which to carry the mines and an electric winch to move the mines down the rails. A pair of sponsons were added to the stern to allow the mines to clear the propellers when dropped into the sea. 'A' and 'Y' guns and both sets of torpedo tubes were modified to allow them to be removed to compensate for the weight of the mines. The ships could carry a maximum of 72 mines. The I-class ships were fitted with the ASDIC sound detection system to locate submarines underwater.

Construction and career
Impulsive was laid down on 9 March 1936 by J. Samuel White and Company at their Cowes shipyard, launched on 1 March 1937 and completed on 29 January 1938. 28 and 29 May 1940 she made four trips to Dunkirk and rescued 2,919 troops.  Following that, she participated in mine-laying duties and in the Arctic convoys. She attacked and sank the  in the Barents Sea north-east of Murmansk in Russia on 16 September 1942.  The destroyer's commander was William Scott Thomas, grandfather of actress Kristin Scott Thomas and the father of Admiral Sir Richard Thomas (a former Black Rod).

Impulsive was sold for scrap to W. H. Arnott, Young and Company, Limited on 22 January 1946 and broken up at Sunderland.

Notes

Bibliography

I-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the Isle of Wight
1937 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom

HMS Impulsive


نهر الغراف هو أحد فروع نهر دجلة ويتفرع من نهر دجلة عند سدة مدينة الكوت في مدينة الكوت في محافظة واسط ويمر بمدن الموفقية و قضاء الحي ثم يدخل أراضي محافظة ذي قار ويمر على المدن ناحية الفجر ومدينة قلعة سكر والرفاعي وناحية النصر و الشطرة وناحية الغراف. وكان يسمى شط الحي، قال محمود فهمي درويش في كتابه (دليل المملكة العراقية) "ليس الغراف رافداً من روافد الفرات، إنما هو مجرى دجلة القديم".

مراجع

أنهار العراق
ذي قار (محافظة)
محافظة واسط
مدن العراق
ممرات مائية في العراق

نهر الغراف


Peirescius ist ein Einschlagkrater am südöstlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite, südwestlich des Kraters Oken und südöstlich von Vega.
Der Kraterrand ist erodiert, das Innere weitgehend eben.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem französischen Astronomen Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Peirescius auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Peirescius (Mondkrater)


Ondřej Knotek, né le  à Sušice, est un homme politique tchèque. Il est député européen depuis 2019 pour le parti ANO 2011.

Biographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des députés européens de Tchéquie de la  - Liste des députés européens de la

Liens externes

Député européen membre d'ANO 2011
Député européen du groupe Renew Europe 2019-2024
Député européen élu en Tchéquie 2019-2024
Naissance en août 1984
Naissance à Sušice
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Ondřej Knotek


Ivan Leko (Proložac, 18. listopada 1914. – Zagreb, 30. ožujka 1983.), hrvatski pedagog.

Pučku školu je pohađao u Prološcu. 1926. godine upisuje se u građansku školu u Imotskom koju završava 1930. godine. Tada uspješno polaže prijemni ispit za učiteljsku školu u Zagrebu u kojoj stječe zvanje učitelja 1935. godine. Od tada počinje  njegov predani i mukotrpni rad s djecom, s ljudima boreći se za pravdu i slobodu.

Kao učitelj početnik i idealista radi u siromašnim krajevima oko Benkovca, Knina, Drniša i Imotskog. Ne uči samo djecu, Razvija prosvjetiteljski rad u cijeloj okolici, pomažući ljudima u svim poslovima, savjetujući ih. Za takve svoje poglede postao je za tadašnju vlast nepoćudan, pa biva često premještan.

Ivan Leko nastavlja svoj prosvjetiteljski rad sve do početka 2. svjetskog rata u Drnišu. Tu je uhapšen pa je jedno vrijeme proveo u zatvoru, a kasnije i u koncentracijskom logoru iz kojeg se izbavio razmjenom.

Svoje učiteljevanje nastavlja u oslobođenim mjestima Dalmacije. Poslije rata radio je jedno vrijeme u Komisiji Izvršnog vijeća NR. Hrvatske za izgradnju narodne vlasti. Bio je pomoćnik ministra prosvjete, a zatim sekretar Savjeta za prosvjetu. Kako je završio i Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu radio je i kao profesor na Pedagoškoj akademiji u Zagrebu.

U svom predanom radu zaslužan je za uvođenje obveznog osmogodišnjeg školovanja i bio jedan od prvih tvoraca prve školske reforme. Objavio je niz članaka iz područja pedagogije u dnevnom i stručnom tisku. Svakom svom poslu posvećivao se sav, unoseći zanos u vječnom sukobu sa zastarjelim shvaćanjem. Volio je ljude i shvaćao ih u stalnoj potrazi dobroga u njima.

Pomagao je učenicima i studentima prilikom upisa u škole i fakultete. Želio je da se što više mladih ljudi školuje. Čitav svoj život borio se za prava i slobodu čovjeka. Uočavao je da srpska vlast u bivšoj Jugoslaviji želi zatrti hrvatsko ime pa je i on sudjelovao u Hrvatskom proljeću nakon čega je smijenjen sa svih svojih funkcija.

Želio je slobodnu i nezavisnu Hrvatsku, ali ju nažalost nije dočekao. Prilikom boravka u Imotskom i Prološcu Janko Bobetko je izjavio da mu je pokojni Leko rekao pred svoju smrt da mu je žao što neće dočekati slobodu svoje drage Hrvatske čiju je samostalnost već tada nazreo i prorekao.

Glavna djela:

 Mjesto i uloga učeničkih zadruga (1958.)
 Osnovna škola: odgojno-obrazovna struktura (koautor, 1960)
 Novi školski sistem (1961)
 Uvod u pedagogiju (1969)
 Velike revolucije i obrazovanje (1969).

Hrvatski pedagozi

Ivan Leko (pedagog)


Plavi avion prvi je album Rundek Cargo Trija. Album je snimljen tijekom 2010. godine. Album sadrži 12 pjesama od kojih su hitovi naslovna skladba, Indijanska, Sanjala si da si sretna itd.

Album je objavljen u listopadu 2010. u izdanju Menarta.

Pozadina
Projekt Rundek Cargo Trio osnovan je 2009. godine. godine, a Plavi avion je prvi album novoosnovanog benda. Ova postava je nastavak njihovog prethodnog projekta "Between".

O albumu
Pjesma "Ruskaja" otpjevana je na ruskom jeziku, a pjesma "Drina" traje više od osamnaest minuta, što je neobično s obzirom na Rundekov dosadašnji rad. Glazbeni kritičar Petar Janjatović rekao je da je "Drina" službeno najduža pjesma nekog izvođača na području bivše Jugoslavije. Ovaj album odiše improvizacijom i slobodnim izražavanjem svakog glazbenika.

Uslijedili su spotovi za pjesme Sanjao si da si sretan i Indijanska.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Albumi iz 2010.

Plavi avion


Gee, sometimes written GEE, was a radio navigation system used by the Royal Air Force during World War II. It measured the time delay between two radio signals to produce a fix, with accuracy on the order of a few hundred metres at ranges up to about . It was the first hyperbolic navigation system to be used operationally, entering service with RAF Bomber Command in 1942.

Gee was devised by Robert Dippy as a short-range blind landing system to improve safety during night operations. During development by the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) at Swanage, the range was found to be far better than expected. It then developed into a long-range, general navigation system. For large, fixed targets, such as the cities that were attacked at night, Gee offered enough accuracy to be used as an aiming reference without the need to use a bombsight or other external references. Jamming reduced its usefulness as a bombing aid, but it remained in use as a navigational aid in the UK area throughout and after the war.

Gee remained an important part of the RAF's suite of navigation systems in the postwar era, and was featured on aircraft such as the English Electric Canberra and the V-bomber fleet. It also had civilian use, and several new Gee chains were set up to support military and civil aviation across Europe. The system started to be shut down in the late 1960s, with the last station going off the air in 1970. Gee also inspired the original LORAN ("Loran-A") system.

History

Prerequisite work

The basic idea of radio hyperbolic navigation was well known in the 1930s, but the equipment needed to build it was not widely available at the time. The main problem involved the accurate determination of the difference in timing of two closely spaced signals, differences in milli- and microseconds.

During the 1930s, the development of radar demanded devices that could accurately measure these sorts of signal timings. In the case of Chain Home, transmission aerials sent out signals, and any reflections from distant targets were received on separate aerials. An oscilloscope (or oscillograph as it was known in the UK) was used to measure the time between transmission and reception. The transmitter triggered a time base generator that started a "trace" moving quickly along the oscilloscope display. Any received signals caused the beam to deflect downward, forming a blip. The distance that the trace had moved from the left side of the display could be measured to accurately calculate the difference in time between sending and receiving, which, in turn, could be used to calculate the slant range to the target.

Radar can also be used as a navigation system. If two stations are able to communicate, they could compare their measurements of the distance to a target, and use basic trilateration to determine the location. This calculation could then be sent to the aircraft by radio. This is a fairly manpower-intensive operation, and while it was used by both the British and Germans during the war, the workload meant it could generally only be used to guide single aircraft.

Landing system proposal

In October 1937, Robert (Bob) J. Dippy, working at Robert Watson-Watt's radar laboratory at RAF Bawdsey in Suffolk, proposed using two synchronized transmitters as the basis for a blind landing system. He envisaged two transmitting antennas positioned about  apart on either side of a runway. A transmitter midway between the two antennas would send a common signal over transmission lines to the two antennas, which ensured that both antennas would broadcast the signal at the same instant.

A receiver in the aircraft would tune in these signals and send them to an A-scope-type display, like those used by Chain Home. If the aircraft were properly lined up with the runway, both signals would be received at the same instant, and thus be drawn at the same point on the display. If the aircraft were located to one side or the other, one of the signals would be received before the other, forming two distinct peaks on the display. By determining which signal was being received first, pilots would know that they were closer to that antenna, and would be able to recapture the proper direction by turning away from it.

Watt liked the idea, but at the time, a pressing need for the system was not apparent. At the time, the RAF relied on daylight bombing by tight formations of heavily defended bombers as its primary attack force, so night landings were not a major concern. Landing aids would be useful, but radar work was the more urgent need.

Navigation system proposal

The RAF's bombing campaign plans quickly went awry, especially after the Air Battle of the Heligoland Bight in 1939. Contrary to prewar thinking, the bombers proved extremely vulnerable to both ground fire and attacking fighters. After some discussion, the best course of action was decided to be to return to night bombing, which had been the primary concept earlier in the 1930s.

This raised the need for better landing aids, and for night navigation aids in general. Dippy refined his system for this purpose, and formally presented a new proposal on 24 June 1940. The original design used two transmitters to define a single line in space, down the runway centerline. In his new concept, charts would be produced illustrating not only the line of zero-difference, where the blips were superimposed like the landing system, but also a line where the pulses were received 1 μs apart, and another for 2 μs, etc. The result would be a series of lines arranged at right angles to the line between the two stations.

A single pair of such transmitters would allow the aircraft to determine on which line they were, but not their location along it. For this purpose, a second set of lines from a separate station would be required. Ideally, these lines would be at right angles to the first, producing a two-dimensional grid that could be printed on navigational charts. To ease deployment, Dippy noted that the station in the centre could be used as one side of both pairs of transmitters if they were arranged like an L. Measuring the time delays of the two outlier stations relative to the centre, and then looking up those numbers on a chart, an aircraft could determine its position in space, taking a fix. The gridded lines on the charts gave the systems its name, "Gee" for the "G" in "Grid".

As the system was now intended to offer navigation over a much wider area, the transmitters of a single station would have to be located further apart to produce the required accuracy and coverage. The single-transmitter, multiple-antenna solution of the original proposal was no longer appropriate, especially given that the stations would be located far apart and wiring to a common point would be difficult and expensive. Instead, Dippy described a new system using individual transmitters at each of the stations. One of the stations would periodically send out its signal based on a timer. The other stations would be equipped with receivers listening for the signal arriving from the control station. When they received the signal, they would send out their own broadcasts. This would keep all the stations in synchronization, without the need for a wire between them. Dippy suggested building stations with a central "master" and three "secondaries" about  away and arranged roughly 120 degrees apart, forming a large "Y" layout. A collection of such stations was known as a chain.

The system was expected to operate over ranges around , based on the widely held belief within the UK radio engineering establishment that the 30 MHz shortwave signals would have a relatively short range. With this sort of range, the system would be very useful as an aid for short-range navigation to the airport, as well as helping bombers form up at an arranged location after launch. Additionally, after flying to their cruising altitude, the bombers could use Gee fixes to calculate the winds aloft, allowing them to more accurately calculate dead reckoning fixes after the aircraft passed out of Gee range.

Experimental systems were being set up in June 1940. By July, to everyone's delight, the system clearly was usable to at least  at altitudes of . On 19 October, a fix was made at  at 5,000 feet.

New offensive

The discovery of Gee's extended range arrived at a pivotal point in the RAF's bombing campaign. Having originally relied on day bombing, the RAF had not invested a tremendous amount of effort on the navigation skills needed for night flying. When The Blitz night-bombing offensive started, the Germans were found to have developed a series of radio aids for this, notably the X-Gerät system. The RAF initially pooh-poohed this approach, claiming it only demonstrated the superiority of the RAF's training.

By late 1940 a number of reports were trickling back from observers in the field, who were noting that Allied bombers did not appear to be bombing their targets. In one instance, bombs reportedly fell over  from their target. For some time, these results were dismissed, but calls for an official enquiry led to the Butt report, which demonstrated only 5% of the bombs sent out on a mission landed within  of their targets. With these statistics, any sort of strategic campaign based on attacks against factories and similar targets was hopeless. This led to Frederick Lindemann's notorious "dehousing" paper, which called for the bomber efforts to be used against the houses of the German citizens to break their ability to work and will to resist. This became official policy of the RAF in 1942.

While the debate raged, Bomber Command dramatically lowered their sortie rate, awaiting the rebuilding of the force with the newly arriving 4-engine "heavies" such as the Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster, and the deployment of Gee. The two, combined, would offer the accuracy and weight of bombs that Lindemann's calculations called for. Efforts to test and deploy Gee became a high priority, and the Chain Executive Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Robert Renwick in October 1941 to site a series of Gee stations. Gee was not the only solution being developed; it was soon joined by H2S radars and the Oboe system.

Near-compromise

As the initial availability of the Gee devices would be limited, the idea of the pathfinder force was adopted. This concept had originally been developed by the Luftwaffe for their early night raids against England. Lacking enough radio sets and the widespread training to place their radio navigation systems on all their aircraft, they collected what they had into the single group, KG100. KG100 would then use their equipment to drop flares, which acted as an aiming point for following bombers.

Eager to test the Gee system, prototype sets were used on target indicator aircraft well before the production sets were available in the number required for large raids. On 15 May 1941, such a set provided an accurate fix at a range of  at an altitude of . The first full transmitter chain was completed in July 1941, but in testing over the North Sea, the sets proved to be unreliable. This was traced to the power supplies and tubes, and corrections were designed and proved that summer.

On the night of 11/12 August, two Gee-equipped aircraft bombed using Gee coordinates only and delivered "uncanny accuracy". However, on the next night on a raid over Hanover, a Gee-equipped Vickers Wellington was lost. The Gee set did not contain self-destruct systems, and it might have fallen into German hands. Operational testing was immediately suspended.

R. V. Jones responded by starting a disinformation campaign to hide the existence of the system. First, the use of the codename 'Gee' in communications traffic was dropped, and false communications were sent referring to a fictitious system called 'Jay'; it was hoped the similarity would cause confusion. A double agent in the Double Cross system reported to German Intelligence a fictional story of hearing a couple of RAF personnel talking carelessly in a hotel about Jay, and one dismissing it as it was "just a copy" of the German Knickebein system. Jones felt this would flatter the Germans, who might consider the information more reliable as a result. Extra antennae were added to the Gee transmitters to radiate false, unsynchronized signals. Finally, false Knickebein signals were transmitted over Germany. Jones noted all this appealed to his penchant for practical joking.

In spite of these efforts, Jones initially calculated only 3 months would be needed before the Germans would be able to jam the system. As it turns out, jamming was not encountered until five months into the campaign, and it was much longer before it became a serious concern.

Into service

Even with limited testing, Gee proved itself to be easy to use and more than accurate enough for its tasks. On 18 August 1941, Bomber Command ordered Gee into production at Dynatron and Cossor, with the first mass-produced sets expected to arrive in May 1942. In the meantime, a separate order for 300 hand-made sets was placed for delivery on 1 January 1942, which was later pushed back to February. Overall, 60,000 Gee sets were manufactured during World War II, used by the RAF, USAAF, and Royal Navy.

The first operational mission using Gee took place on the night of 8/9 March 1942, when a force of about 200 aircraft attacked Essen. It was installed on a Wellington of No. 115 Squadron from RAF Watton captained by Pilot Officer Jack Foster, who later said, "targets were found and bombed as never before". Krupp, the principal target, escaped bombing, but bombs did hit the southern areas of the city. In total, 33% of the aircraft reached the target area, an enormous advance over earlier results.

The first completely successful Gee-led attack was carried out on 13/14 March 1942 against Cologne. The leading crews successfully illuminated the target with flares and incendiaries and the bombing was generally accurate. Bomber Command calculated that this attack was five times more effective than the earlier raid on the city. The success of Gee led to a change in policy, selecting 60 German cities within Gee range for mass bombing using 1,600–1,800 tons of bombs per city.

To provide coverage of the entire UK, three Gee chains were constructed under the direction of Edward Fennessy. The original chain started continuous operation on 22 June 1942, followed by a chain in Scotland later that year, and the southwest chain in 1943. Even as German jamming efforts took hold, Gee remained entirely useful as a short-range navigation system over the UK. Only 1.2% of Gee-equipped aircraft failed to return to their base, as opposed to 3.5% of those without it. Gee was considered so important that an unserviceable Gee set would ground an aircraft.

One illustration of Gee's routine employment by Bomber Command in navigation tasks was its use (albeit a limited one) in Operation Chastise (commonly known as the "Dam Buster Raid") in May 1943. In his memoir, Enemy Coast Ahead, Guy Gibson, the leader of the raid, briefly mentions his navigator, F/O 'Terry' Taerum, RCAF, employing what Gibson calls Taerum's "G Box" to determine groundspeed while flying very low at night over the North Sea from Britain to Holland, en route to Germany.

Upgrades

The first serious jamming was encountered on the night of 4/5 August 1942. This grew in strength as the bombers approached their target at Essen, and the signals became unusable at  from the target. The newly formed southern chain was not yet known to the Germans and continued to be useful. On 3/4 December, a fix was made from this chain over Turin in Italy, at a range of . This remained the operational record for Gee, bested only by a freak reception over Gibraltar at a range of .

Counter-jamming efforts had already been considered, and resulted in the Gee Mk. II. This replaced the original receiver with a new model where the oscillators could be easily removed and swapped out to provide a range of operational frequencies. These included the original 20–30 MHz band, as well as new bands at 40–50, 50–70, and 70–90 MHz. The navigator could replace these in flight, allowing reception from any active chain. Gee Mk. II went into operation in February 1943, at which point it had also been selected by the US 8th Air Force.

On 23 April 1942, the go-ahead was given to develop mobile stations for Gee in preparation for the invasion of Europe. This would not only extend the range of the system eastward, but also allow stations to move and suddenly appear elsewhere if jamming became an issue. The first of an eventual three such mobile chains was formed up on 22 November 1943. This was put into operation on 1 May 1944 at Foggia in Italy, and was used operationally for the first time on 24 May. Other units were sent into France soon after D-Day. The mobile units in France and Germany were later replaced by fixed stations, the "heavies".

After the end of the war in Europe, Britain planned to send Lancasters to the Japanese theatre as part of Tiger Force and to use Gee for the passage of flights to Asia. Preparations began for Gee transmitters in Nablus (in Palestine) guiding the flights across the Middle East, but the surrender of Japan removed the need for this chain. This work was being carried out by MEDME, Cairo, under Air Vice-Marshal R. S. Aitken.

German bombers also used the Gee system for attacks on the UK; captured Gee receivers provided the electronics.

Gee-H

Later in the war, Bomber Command wanted to deploy a new navigation system not for location fixing, but to mark a single spot in the air. This location would be used to drop bombs or target indicators for strikes by other bombers. The Oboe system provided this already; Oboe sent an interrogation signal from stations in the UK, "reflected" them from transceivers on the aircraft, and timed the difference between the two signals using equipment similar to Gee. However, Oboe had the major limitation that it could only guide a single aircraft at a time and took about 10 minutes to guide a single aircraft to its target. A system able to guide more aircraft at once would be a dramatic improvement.

The result was a new version of the same basic Oboe concept, but reversed so that it was driven by the aircraft and reflected from ground-based transceivers. This would require equipment on the aircraft that could receive and measure the time difference between two signals. The reuse of the existing Gee equipment for this purpose was obvious. The new Gee-H system only required a single modification, the addition of a new transmitter that would send signals out for reflection from ground-based transceivers. With this transmitter turned off, the system reverted to being a normal Gee unit. This allowed it to be used in Gee-H mode during attacks, and then Gee mode for navigation back to their home airfields.

Postwar use

Gee was of such great utility that the hurried deployments during the war were rationalized as the basis for an ongoing and growing navigational system. The result was a set of four chains, South Western, Southern, Scottish, and Northern, which have continuous coverage over most of the UK out to the northeastern corner of Scotland. These were joined by a further two chains in France, and a single chain in the UK occupation zone in northern Germany.

Technical details

Basic concept

Hyperbolic navigation systems can be divided into two main classes: those that calculate the time difference between two radio pulses, and those that compare the phase difference between two continuous signals. Here, only the pulse method is considered.

Consider two radio transmitters located at a distance of 300 km from each other, which means the radio signal from one will take 1 millisecond to reach the other. One of these stations is equipped with an electronic clock that periodically sends out a trigger signal. When the signal is sent, this station, A, sends out its transmission. A millisecond later, that signal arrives at the second station, B. This station is equipped with a receiver, and when it sees the signal from A arrive, it triggers its own transmitter. This ensures that stations send out signals precisely 1 ms apart, without the second station needing to have an accurate timer of its own. In practice, a fixed time is added to account for delays in the electronics.

A receiver listening for these signals and displaying them on an oscilloscope sees a series of blips on the display. By measuring the distance between them, the delay between the two signals can be calculated. For instance, a receiver might measure the distance between the two blips to represent a delay of 0.5 ms. This implies that the difference in the distance to the two stations is 150 km. In this case, an infinite number of locations exist where that delay could be measured – 75 km from one station and 225 from the other, or 150 km from one and 300 from the other, and so on.

When plotted on a chart, the collection of possible locations for any given time difference forms a hyperbolic curve. The collection of curves for all possible measured delays forms a set of curved radiating lines, centred on the line between the two stations, known as the "baseline". To take a fix, the receiver takes two measurements based on two different pairs of stations. The intersections of the two sets of curves normally results in two possible locations, equal distance on either side of the midpoint of the baseline. Using some other form of navigation, dead reckoning for instance, one can eliminate one of these possible positions, thus providing an exact fix.

Instead of using two separate pairs of stations, the system can be simplified by having a single master and two secondaries located some distance away from each other so their patterns overlap. A collection of such stations is known as a "chain".

Gee chains

Gee chains used an arrangement with one master and two or three slaves. The transmitters had a power output around 300 kW and operated in four frequency bands between 20 and 85 MHz.

The Gee signal for any given chain consisted of a series of pulses of radio signal with a roughly inverted-parabolic envelope about 6 microseconds in duration. In a three station system, the master sent a single pulse, referred to as A, followed 2 milliseconds (ms) later by a double pulse, A′ (A Prime). The first slave station sent a single pulse 1 ms after the master's single pulse, labeled B, and the second slave sent a single pulse 1 ms after the master's double pulse, labeled C. As the receiver did not have any means of automatically synchronizing to the master signal, the A′ double pulse allowed the order sequence to be identified by the navigator operating the receiver. The whole sequence repeated on a 4 ms cycle (i.e. 250 times per second), with the pattern A-B-A′-C. In the case of a four station system, the cycle above would be repeated, with the addition of the D station, which would broadcast another double pulse. To allow this to be identified, the D station was timed at 166 times per second, such that its pulse would move from the A-B trace to the A'-C trace, not appearing on either trace and back to the A-B trace. The cycle therefore was A-B-D-A′-C-A-B-A′-C-D-A-B-A′-C.... The D pulse appearing on both traces meant that a fix could be made using the combinations AB/AC, AB/AD, or AC/AD, giving a wider area of high precision coverage than the three station system.

The triggering of the A pulses was timed at 150 kHz by a stable local oscillator at the master station, but the timing was sometimes deliberately changed. The time for ten cycles of this 150 kHz oscillation, 66.66 μs, was called a Gee unit and corresponded to a range difference of .

Decoding the signals
On board the aircraft, the signals from the three or four stations were received and sent to the display. The description below is with reference to a three station system, but the D pulse would be substituted for either the B or C pulse in a four station system.

In the "Main" time base setting, the CRT display was configured to display the signal across two lines (each showing half of the time of the signal). A local oscillator of much less complexity than the one at the master station was used to trigger the display sweep. When first activated, it would be unlikely to have exactly the same timing as the master station, so the operator would see the pattern of blips traveling across the screen. A control knob that adjusted the oscillator was used to tune the local oscillator frequency until the blips on the display were stationary which meant the local and master oscillators now had the same timing. The pulses would be identified, then the oscillator control was adjusted to bring the double A′ pulses to the left of the bottom trace.

Rotary Switches followed by fine adjustment were used to position markers under the B and C pulses (the markers would invert the pulses on the display), and then the time base was switched to a "fast" position, which would add additional lines to the display, and show the A and A′ pulses above the inverted B and C pulses respectively. The fine adjustment would be used to position the B pulse directly beneath the A pulse, and the C pulse directly beneath the A′ pulse. A switch, referred to as the "clearing switch", was thrown, and the time of the fix noted. The clearing switch changed the display from displaying the pulses to displaying an internally generated scale. This scale would be read in the "fast" time base position for the decimal readings, followed by the whole numbers which would be read with the display in the "Main" time base setting. The respective numbers from the A-B and A′-C Readings would be plotted on a lattice chart.

Signals from different chains were closely spaced in frequency, close enough that the wide-band R1355 receiver would often tune in more than one chain at a time. For station identification, the A′ signals were only sent periodically. After the display was stabilized so the pulse trains were appearing in a single location on the screen, the A′ pulses could be seen blinking on and off with a set pattern (thus "ghosting" on the display). This allowed the operator to determine the identity of the master signal, and thus select the chain they wanted to use by positioning its associated A′ signal on the bottom left.

Accuracy

At long ranges the hyperbolic lines approximate straight lines radiating from the center of the baseline. When two such signals from a single chain are considered, the resulting pattern of lines becomes increasingly parallel as the baseline distance becomes smaller in comparison to the range. Thus at short distances the lines cross at angles close to 90 degrees, and this angle steadily reduces with range. As the accuracy of the fix depends on the crossing angle, all hyperbolic navigation systems grow increasingly inaccurate with increasing range.

When examining the signal on the expanded display, timing was based on 1/10 of a Gee unit, or 6.66 μs. This corresponds to a distance of . It was assumed that an operator under good conditions could measure the peaks of the pulse envelope within 1/10 of a calibration mark, or . This is the basic accuracy of the Gee system, at least at shorter ranges and at locations near the center of the baselines where the hyperbolic lines were close to perpendicular. In practice, the accuracy was a function of range from the transmitters, varying roughly with the square of distance. At short ranges accuracies of  were reported, while at long range over Germany it was quoted to about .

Equipment

The airborne side of the Gee Mk. II system consisted of two portions, the R1355 radio receiver, and the Indicator Unit Type 62 (or 62A) oscilloscope. The two were connected by two thick cables, one of which carried the video signal, and the second carried the power to the Indicator, the power supply being built into the receiver to save space on the display side. A "tropicalized" version of the system was also produced, with the R3645 receiver and Indicator Unit Type 299, which moved the latter's power supply into the display unit.

The R1355 was designed so as to allow the Radio Frequency Unit (RFU) to be easily swapped over in flight. This allowed the navigator to select different Gee Chains, the change-over operation taking only a minute or so. A change of RFU could also be used to avoid jamming, as the Germans would not know which Chains were being actively used.

Gee-H use

In the case of Gee-H, the use of the system was changed only slightly. Instead of the sweep being timed by the local oscillator in the display unit, the trigger signal was instead sent from an onboard timer. The signal was also amplified and sent out to interrogate the distant ground stations, whose response signals were received on the existing Gee receiver. In theory, this could be used to calculate a fix in exactly the same fashion as with Gee, using different charts. However, navigating to a target using such a system would be complex; multiple fixes would have to be taken over time and then averaged in order to calculate the ground speed and direction.

Instead, Gee-H was used in a fashion similar to the earlier Oboe system. The navigator would first pick a station to be the "cat" signal, using it as the main navigation beacon. The range from the cat station to the target was measured, and then the signal delay that would be seen at that range was calculated. A timer in the unit was set to this delay, producing a separate A-like blip on the display at that fixed point. The received pulse from the "cat" station would also be displayed on the same trace. By instructing the pilot to turn left or right, the navigator would guide the bomber until the two traces were precisely overlapped, meaning that the bomber was flying a precise distance from the station. The pilot would then fly the aircraft along the circular arc that would take them over the aim point, with periodic corrections from the navigator as needed to realign the two blips. The signal received from the second station, "mouse", was likewise set up for display on the lower trace, but in this case, the distance would continue to change as the aircraft flew along the arc of the "cat" station. When this signal overlapped the pre-set range from "mouse", the payload was dropped.

Using this method of operation greatly reduced the workload for the navigator. For much of the mission, he simply had to keep the blips on the upper trace aligned on the display, and then periodically watch the lower blips for timing. Additionally, due to the measurements always being measured as direct lines from the station, as opposed to hyperbolic curves, the accuracy fell off linearly instead of with the square of distance. Gee-H could thus guide the bomber to within 120 yards over Germany, a dramatic improvement over Gee's approximately 1 mile accuracy at the same distance.

Advantages and disadvantages
Unlike the German beam systems where the bombers flew to their targets along the beam, Gee pulses were radiated in all directions so, if detected, they would not reveal the bombers' destinations. As the system was passive, unlike H2S, there were no return signals which could give away the bombers' positions to night fighters. Additionally, this meant all of the aircraft could use the system at the same time.

Gee was highly susceptible to jamming; all the Germans had to do was radiate spurious pulses that made it impossible to determine which was a real signal from the stations and which was being broadcast from a jammer. This could be easily arranged by locating another slave station in France or the Netherlands and modifying its delay and signal strength for its signals to appear to be similar to those from one of the stations in the UK. This worked only over Germany; when aircraft flying over the UK the signal would appear too weak. Using conventional radio receivers and loop antennas for direction finding, radio operators could determine which of the signals was false. Even if jammed over enemy territory, Gee had the extremely useful advantage of providing a reliable navigational fix once homeward aircraft were over the North Sea on return from operations, making it easier for returning bombers to find their airfields with a resultant reduction in losses due to accidents.

Stations

World War II chains

Each chain had a code word using the names of American states, suggesting this was for the use of American aircraft.

Note: AMES is short for Air Ministry Experimental Station.

Eastern chain
Test work, including timing and signal strength, was undertaken at several places for much of 1941, with the 4 transmitter stations at Daventry (master), Ventnor, Stenigot and Clee Hill (slaves), and the monitoring station at Great Bromley running as an experimental chain from July.

The Eastern chain became operational (as opposed to conducting tests) from March 1942, and was used in "Bomber" Harris's major and unprecedentedly successful raids on Lübeck and Cologne that spring, Its HQ and monitoring station, initially at Great Bromley, moved on to Barkway that November. Wing Commander Phillips, assisted by Squadron Leader Allerston and the scientific side Edward Fennessey, were then in charge.
(AVIA 7/1251, AIR 29/147 & other National Archive Files; Air Ministry Maps of Gt Bromley and Barkway sites at RAF Museum; J P Foynes "AMES 24:The Pylons at Great Bromley"). Fully operational 22 June 1942.

Virginia: 48.75 MHz
 Master, Daventry, Northamptonshire ()
 Clee Hill, Shropshire ()
 Stenigot ()
 Ventnor then Gibbet Hill, Hindhead, Surrey ()
 Chain monitor, RAF Gt Bromley, Essex, then Barkway, near Royston, Hertfordshire. ()

Southern chain

Virginia: 48.75 MHz. Eastern and Southern (Virginia) chains could not operate simultaneously.
 Master, Bulbarrow Hill
 Truleigh Hill
 West Prawle

Carolina: 44.90 MHz. Used by Coastal Command and Combined Operations.

Same Master and Slave sites.

South-Eastern chain

Carolina: 44.90 MHz. Used by Combined Operations.
 Master, Truleigh Hill
 Canewdon

Northern chain

The Northern Gee chain operated from late 1942 until March 1946.
 Master, Burifa Hill on Dunnet Head, in Caithness, Scotland. ()
 Scousburgh, Shetland Islands ()
 Windyhead Hill, Pennan, Aberdeenshire ()
 Sango, Durness, Sutherland ()
 Chain Monitor co-located at Burifa Hill

South Western Chain
 Master, Sharpitor ()
 Worth Matravers ()
 Sennen ()
 Folly ()
 Chain Monitor, Trerew ()

Worth Matravers was used after the war as a training base for Gee operators.
 C Slave Brest. AMES 101 (a light Type 100) from 2 December 1944

North-Eastern chain

Operational 18 April 1944
 Master Station, Richmond, Yorkshire AMES 7711
 B Slave Station, High Whittle, Northumberland AMES 7721
 C Slave Station, Stenigot AMES 7722. Changed to Nettleton (formerly known as Caistor) because of poor coverage from Stenigot.

Western chain

A Western chain was planned but cancelled.

North Western chain

Operational for about six months in 1945.

Planned:
 Master Station, Mull AMES 7411 (Site unknown)
 B Slave Station, Saligo Bay AMES 7421
 C Slave Station, Barra AMES 7422 (Site unknown)
 D Slave Station, Down Hill (Northern Ireland)   AMES 7423

Operational:
 Master Station, Saligo Bay
 B Slave Station, Down Hill (Northern Ireland)
 C Slave Station, Kilkenneth, Tiree

Others

In 1945 after VE day, it was planned to redeploy large numbers of Lancaster Bombers to Asia to support the war against Japan, and to help guide the Bombers during the transfer, Gee chains were in process of being set up under the guidance of Air Vice-Marshal Max Aitken. This work ceased once the Atomic bombs were dropped. A station was being set up in Nablus, in Palestine, under the control of RAF MedME in Cairo.

There was another chain Indiana using 46.79 MHz but it was not in use by 1943.

An emergency frequency (XF) of 50.5 MHz, codeword Zanesville, was allocated.

Post D-Day chains in Europe

Channel Chain
 Master UK
 Slave UK
 C Slave Anneville-en-Saire, Cherbourg. Operational 23 August 1944. AMES 7921

Rheims Chain

Operational 5 October 1944. 83.5 MHz
 Master Rheims AMES 7912 became AMES 7913
 B Slave La Capelle AMES 7925 became AMES 105
 C Slave Ligny AMES 7926 became AMES 128
 D Slave Estissac AMES 7924 became AMES 124
 Monitor Mourmelon AMES 7931

Louvain / Ruhr Chain

Operational 9 October 1944, replaced by heavy mobile equipment 23 October 1944 and became the Ruhr Chain.

80.5 MHz (?)
 Master Louvain AMES 107 to be replaced by AMES 7911
 B Slave Eindhoven AMES 105 to be replaced by AMES 7923
 C Slave Laroche AMES 106 to be replaced by AMES 7922
 D Slave Axel AMES 108 to be replaced by AMES 7921

Saar Chain

Operational 21 March 1945 using light Type 100 units. Replaced with heavy units from the Rheims Chain. 50.5 MHz
 Master St Avold AMES 108 became AMES 7912 with AMES 108 as standby
 B Slave Diekirch AMES 106 became AMES 7925 with AMES 106 as standby
 C Slave Saverne AMES 104 became AMES 7225 with AMES 104 as standby
 D Slave Gondercourt

Metz / Munster Chain
 Master Commercy AMES 108
 B Slave Arlon AMES 106
 C Slave Remiremont AMES 104

Frankfurt Chain
 Master Roermond AMES 7932 later AMES 7911
 B Slave Nijmegen AMES 120 later AMES 7923
 C Slave Euskirchen AMES 102 later AMES 7922 (AMES 102 was the first 72 Wing unit deployed in Germany)
 D Slave Louvain AMES 129 later AMES 7921

Innsbruck / Nurnberg Chain

Planned but decided that no longer needed though decided to go ahead as part of the post-war Gee organisation. Operational 26 April 1945

Kassel / Central German Chain
 Master Winterberg AMES 7932
 B Slave Osnabruck AMES 120
 C Slave Gotha AMES 102
 D Slave Bad Homberg AMES 131

Munich Chain

Proposed:
 Master Bad Homberg AMES 108
 B Slave Fulda AMES 106
 C Slave Neustadt AMES 104
 D Slave Kempenich AMES 127

Deployed as:
 Master Hesselburg AMES 7912
 B Slave Zinzenzell AMES 7925
 C Slave Munsingen AMES 7926
 D Slave Fulda AMES 7921

Post-World War II chains

After World War II the Gee system was used as a navigational aid for civil aviation though mainly from new sites.

English Chains

Post-World War II the RAF re-sited two of the three wartime Gee chains in England. Eastern and South Western chains (four stations each) and Southern chain of three stations. The Southern chain became a four station London chain and Eastern chain became a Midland chain. This was planned for 1948.

Northern Chain

This continued post-World War II using existing sites, two on the North coast of Scotland, one North of Aberdeen and one in Shetland.

Scottish Chain

Opened around 1948 and closed early 1969.

Master Station: Lowther Hill

Slave Stations:
 Great Dun Fell, Cumberland
 Craigowl Hill, near Dundee
 Rhu Stafnish, near Campbeltown

Other chains

A chain of Gee stations was opened after the war in North Germany. Stations were at Winterberg, Bad Iburg, Nordhorn and Uchte.

There were several stations during the 1955–59 period that appeared to be more of a deception than really operational. They were 550 SU at Fort Spijkerboor outside of Purmerend, Holland; 889 SU at Eckernförde in North Germany; and 330 SU outside of Ingolstadt in Bavaria, Germany. These stations were rarely if ever operational in the late 1950s. 330Su was an amalgamation of 3 units 330. 259 and 953 signals units and was in continuous operation at Ingolstadt from May 1958 to September 1961. The other 2 units forming this chain were at Oberkirchen and Schleswig. All three had particular attractions: Ingolstadt had access to the main US Army PX in Munich. Oberkirchen was close to the NAAFI winter sports center and Schleswig was on the dunes by the nude bathing area.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 A modified version is Jerry Proc, "The GEE System", 14 January 2001

 Adapted from Air Ministry Confidential Document CD1136, 1956.

 Also published in the US as The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945, Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1978

Further reading

External links

 Radio Navigation Systems in Greg Goebel's THE WIZARD WAR
 GEE As A Homing Device
 Imperial War Museum page ; information about restored Gee receivers.
 Radarpages.co.uk page; information about the mechanics of the system.
 History of RAF Wintenberg and North German Gee chain
 "GEE- the Pulse System of Hyperbolic navigation" a 1946 Cossor advertisement for GEE in Flight.
 "Gee Chain Closure" a 1970 Flight news item
 Gee at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive.

World War II British electronics
Radio navigation
Aeronautical navigation systems
Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944

Gee (navigation)


عبد القادر مقداد هو فنان مسرحي من بين أهم الأسماء على الساحة المسرحية التونسية وهو أصيل ولاية قفصة.

سيرته
كانت بداياته مع المسرح وهو يزاول تعليمه الابتدائي، إذ شارك في العديد من المسرحيّات المدرسية على غرار مسرحية «حادث المقهى» و«غرام يزيد»...

أحب الموسيقى كثيرا وتعلّم العزف بإتقان على آلة الكمنجة وكان فكرّ جديّا في الاختصاص في الموسيقى. لكن بعد ما حقّقه من نجاح في تجسيد الأدوار التي تقمصها في عدّة مسرحيات غير وجهته من الموسيقى إلى المسرح والتحق عام 1969 بالمعهد العالي للفن المسرحي بتونس, حيث تحصّل على الديبلوم ثمّ سافر إلى فرنسا ليدرس هناك.

كما قام بعدّة تربصات في أوروبا الشرقية وبالتحديد في بلغاريا وإيطاليا وبلجيكيا وروسيا وإثر عودته من الخارج في السّبعينات تكونت «فرقة الجنوب بقفصة» فآنضمّ إليها وشارك في كل عروضها المسرحية التي كانت من إخراج فاضل الجعايبي.

التلفزيون
 الدوار
 فج الرمل

مسرحياته
وتولّى سنة 1975 إدارة «فرقة الجنوب بقفصة» وكانت الانطلاقة الحقيقية له كممثل بشخصية «حمّة الجريدي» لتكون مسيرته حافلة وثرية من خلال العديد من المسرحيات منها
 فئران الداموس
 صاحب الكلام
 عمار بالزور
 السوق
 صلاح الدين الأيوبي
 المجنون رقم
 جواب مصوقر
 كلاب فوق السّطوح
 أحبّك ياشعب
 انكشفت الأوراق، التي تندرج ضمن النّقد السّآخر والجاد في الوقت نفسه.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

خريجو المعهد العالي للفن المسرحي بتونس
مسرحيون تونسيون
ممثلو أفلام تونسيون
ممثلو مسرح تونسيون
ممثلون وممثلات تونسيون
مواليد 1951
مواليد في قفصة

عبد القادر مقداد


Vilhelm Salomon Glückstadt (født 18. februar 1885, død 3. april 1939) var en dansk filminstruktør og -direktør. Han var nevø til Landmandsbankens direktør Isak Glückstadt og kom i lære i banken. I 1908 blev han prokurist i import/eksportfirmaet Det skandinavisk-russiske Handelshus. Året efter skiftede firmaet forretningsområde til filmagentur, og i 1913 blev navnet A/S Filmfabriken Danmark og Glückstadt blev daglig leder af optagelsesteatret i Hellerup.

Karriere
Vilhelm Glückstadt debuterede som instruktør i 1912 og han kendes nok bedst for Slægten (1912) og De Dødes Ø (1913). Han forlod Filmfabriken Danmark i 1916 for at blive redaktør for Københavns Børs-Tidende. Næste år blev han direktør i importselskabet A/S Continental Film Agency, og året efter også søsterselskabet A/S Star Film Company. Begge stillinger blev han suspenderet fra i 1919 efter en bedrageriaffære omkring ulovlig kopiering og eksport af amerikanske film.
Affæren handlede om, at Glückstadt har købt amerikanske film gennem svenskeren Axel Ullberg. Senere har han solgt dem videre til blandt andet Tyskland. Problemet opstod, fordi ifølge Ullberg blev han tvunget at underskrive en handel angående rettigheder, selv om han ikke ejede disse. Ifølge Glückstadt gav Ullberg et mundtligt tilsagn og underskrev senere en kontrakt. Koperingen foregik ved hjælp af direktøren og ingeniøren Alexander Christian.

Familie
Hans far var grossereren Moritz Glückstadt (født 1837 i Fredericia - død 1897 i København). Hans mor Pauline Rosa, født Jacobsen i 1868 i København.
Vilhelm Glückstadts bror var ingeniør Carl Franz-Joseph Glückstadt (1882 - 1943).

Da Vilhelm var 12 år gammel i 1897, døde hans far af kronisk nyrebetændelse.

Vilhelm Glückstadt blev den 26. marts 1923 gift med Rigmor Solveig Holmelund, født Engh i 1894 i Kristiania, Norge.

Af Vilhelms begravelsesprotokol fremgår, at han blev skilt og at han var forhenværende grosserer. Han døde den 3. april 1939 af tuberkulose og blev kremeret på Bispebjerg krematorium.

Filmografi

 1912 - Slægten
 1912 - Konfetti
 1912 - Zigeunerorkestret
 1912 - De to Brødre
 1912 - Det blaa Blod
 1913 - Den sorte Varieté
 1913 - Katastrofen i Dokken
 1913 - De Dødes Ø
 1913 - Krigskorrespondenter
 1914 - Ungdomssynd
 1914 - En Sømandsbrud
 1914 - Hans første Kærlighed
 1914 - Den Fremmede
 1915 - For Barnets Skyld
 1915 - Buddhas Øje
 1915 - Britta fra Bakken
 1915 - Enhver
 1915 - I Storm og Stille
 1915 - Sporet i Sneen
 1918 - Kornspekulanten

Fodnoter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Danmark

Vilhelm Glückstadt


Hala Mohammad, née en 1959 à Lattaquié, est une poète et réalisatrice syrienne, exilée en France depuis 2011.

Biographie

Hala Mohammad est née à Lattaquié, sur la côte syrienne.

Après avoir effectué des études de cinéma en France, elle a travaillé dans le milieu du cinéma syrien. Elle a réalisé plusieurs courts métrages, des documentaires sur le thème de la littérature en prison et a été assistante réalisatrice sur deux longs métrages, et costumière sur différents longs métrages, tous tournés en Syrie, tandis que ses recueils paraissaient au Liban.

Connue dans le monde littéraire arabe, elle contribue régulièrement à divers journaux et a été traduite dans de nombreuses langues (anglais, français, allemand, suédois ou encore turc).

Au début des événements qui déchirent aujourd'hui son pays, elle a mis tout ce qu'elle possédait dans une valise et a trouvé refuge en France.

En France, elle œuvre au sein de l'association Norias, dont le but est de rapprocher les cultures syrienne et française.

Elle participe régulièrement  à plusieurs festivals littéraires internationaux, et anime des rencontres littéraires avec des publics divers.

Elle publie Ce peu de vie, un recueil marqué par "la blessure de l'absence", à l'occasion du Festival Voix vives.

En 2018, elle signe Prête-moi une fenêtre, un recueil poignant et combatif sur les gens qui ont tout perdu mais qui continuent à vivre et à aimer. En 2021 elle publie Les Hirondelles se sont envolées avant nous.

Bibliographie
 Les hirondelles se sont envolées avant nous, traduit de l'arabe par Antoine Jockey, Éditions Bruno Doucey, 2021, 144p.,
 Prête-moi une fenêtre, traduit de l'arabe par Antoine Jockey, Éditions Bruno Doucey, 2018, 152 p.,

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1959
Naissance à Lattaquié
Poétesse syrienne

Hala Mohammad


Brotar Thorgillsson (m. 1160), (irlandés: Brótar mac Torcaills) fue un caudillo vikingo y monarca del reino de Dublín. Hijo del rey Thorkell, según diferentes fuentes de los anales irlandeses murió en batalla contra Maelcron mac Gilla Sechnaill, rey de Brega. Según los anales, presuntamente estuvo implicado con sus hermanos en la muerte del caudillo de las Hébridas, Óttar, cuyo linaje gobernaba el reino de Dublín y competía por el control del reino con los herederos de Thorkell.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Ó Donáll, F, The Norse Kings of Ireland, Coogan Media, 1967.
 O'Donnell, Edward Eugene The Annals of Dublin, Wolfhound, 1987.

Reyes vikingos del siglo XII
Reyes vikingos de Dublín
Irlandeses del siglo XII

Brotar Thorgillsson


El músculo erector del pelo o piloerector (también llamado músculo horripilador o arrector) está compuesto por fibras musculares lisas y recibe inervación del sistema nervioso simpático. Se inserta en el folículo piloso, en su tramo medio, con una dirección oblicua, y cuando se contrae tensa el pelo y lo pone de punta.

Los músculos arrectores pili son pequeños músculos conectados a folículos de pelo en mamíferos. La contracción de estos músculos hace que el cabello esté de pie durante el final, conocido familiarmente como la piel de gallina. Cada arrector pili está compuesto por un bulto de las fibras de músculo lisas que adjuntan a varios folículos (una unidad follicular), y es inervado por la rama comprensiva del sistema autonómico nervioso. La contracción del músculo es por lo tanto involuntaria - los acentos como el frío, el miedo, etc. pueden estimular el sistema comprensivo nervioso y así causar la contracción, pero el músculo no es en el control consciente. La contracción de los músculos tiene diversos fines. Su función principal en la mayoría de mamíferos debe proporcionar aislamiento: el aire queda atrapado entre el cabello erguido, ayudando al animal a conservarlo.

Referencias

Músculos

Músculo erector del pelo


As It Was est une chanson du chanteur anglais Harry Styles sortie le  sous les labels Erskine et Columbia Records, en tant que premier single de son troisième album Harry's House.

Véritable succès planétaire, la chanson se classe n°1 dans 35 pays dont la France ; et dépasse le milliard d'écoutes sur Spotify en août 2022, soit moins de 5 mois après sa sortie.

Clip
Le clip de As It Was sort en même temps que le single, le 20 mai 2022. Il est réalisé par  qui considère qu'avoir travaillé avec Harry Styles est . Accompagné de la danseuse Mathilde Lin, Harry Styles danse pour laisser s'échapper les émotions négatives. Le clip est tourné au Barbican Centre, au  près du Palais de Westminster mais également dans une cage de pingouins du Zoo de Londres.

Performance
As It Was est un succès en devenant la chanson d'un artiste masculin la plus écoutée sur Spotify en  et entre dans le Livre Guinness des records. C'est le premier single du chanteur à atteindre la première place des UK Singles Chart en réalisant la meilleure première semaine pour un single en 2022 puis passe 10 semaines à la première place, la meilleure performance de l'année. Aux États-Unis, As It Was devient son deuxième single à atteindre la première place du Billboard Hot 100 après Watermelon Sugar en 2019 et passe 15 semaines à la première place, une première pour un artiste britannique ainsi que pour une chanson sans featuring. Le single réalise également la  meilleure performance du classement. Il passe également 18 semaines à la première place du Canadian Hot 100 et prend la première place de classements hebdomadaires dans plusieurs pays.

Le single bat les records, sur la plateforme musicale Spotify, devenant la chanson la plus écoutée aux États-Unis avec environ  d'écoutes en une seule journée.

Classements hebdomadaires

Reprise

Arcade Fire reprend la chanson dès mai 2022 à l'occasion d´une session BBC.

Références

Voir aussi

 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un en Allemagne en 2022
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un en Autriche en 2022
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un aux États-Unis en 2022
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un en France en 2022
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un au classement radio en France en 2022
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un au Royaume-Uni en 2022

Chanson interprétée par Harry Styles
Single musical sorti en 2022
Single numéro un au Danemark
Single numéro un au Royaume-Uni
Single numéro un dans le Billboard Adult Top 40
Single numéro un dans le Billboard Hot 100
Single numéro un dans le Canadian Hot 100 de Billboard
Single numéro un dans le Nederlandse Top 40
Single numéro un dans le Single Top 100
Single numéro un dans le Top Singles du SNEP
Single numéro un dans le Top 40 Mainstream
Single numéro un dans l'Ultratop 50 Singles flamand
Single numéro un dans l'Ultratop 50 Singles wallon
Single numéro un en Allemagne
Single numéro un en Australie
Single numéro un en Autriche
Single numéro un en Irlande
Single numéro un en Nouvelle-Zélande
Single numéro un en Suède
Single numéro un en Suisse
Single numéro un en France
Single certifié platine en Allemagne
Single certifié septuple platine en Australie
Single certifié double platine en Autriche
Single certifié quadruple platine au Canada
Single certifié platine au Danemark
Single certifié triple platine en Espagne
Single certifié double platine aux États-Unis
Single certifié diamant en France
Single certifié platine en Grèce
Single certifié triple platine en Italie
Single certifié triple platine en Nouvelle-Zélande
Single certifié double platine en Pologne
Single certifié triple platine au Royaume-Uni
Single certifié triple platine en Suisse
Single certifié double platine en Suède
Chanson écrite par Harry Styles
Single publié par Columbia Records

As It Was


Georg Christoph von Kreytzen (* 24. Juni 1683 in Polkitten, Preußen; † 21. April 1750 in Breslau) war ein königlich-preußischer Generalleutnant, Ritter des Pour le Mérite und Amtshauptmann von Egeln.

Herkunft
Er entstammte dem Adelsgeschlecht von Kreytzen, seine Eltern waren Ernst Albrecht von Kreytzen und Anna Dorthea von Kalnein. Sein Bruder Johann Friedrich von Kreytzen war preußischer Generalmajor. Der General Karl Erhard von Kalnein war ein Neffe von Anna Dorothea von Kalnein. Die zweite Frau seines Vaters war Luise Charlotte von Loebel (1668–1747). Seine Stiefschwester Charlotte Albertine von Kreytzen (* 21. Juni 1708; † 20. Januar 1769) heiratete später den Generalleutnant Reimar Julius von Schwerin. Sein Stiefbruder Friedrich von Kreytzen wurde ebenfalls Generalmajor.

Leben
Schon kurz nach seiner Geburt wurde sein Leben sehr abenteuerlich, denn das väterliche Gut geriet in Brand und er selbst wurde von einem Fremden, der zufällig zu Gast war, gerettet. Nach einer guten häuslichen Erziehung ging er 1698 zunächst in holländische Dienste. Er kam zunächst zum Regiment Holstein-Beck und zwei Jahre später in das preußische Regiment Nr. 25. Im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg kämpfte er 1702 bei der Belagerung von Kaiserswerth, 1704 in der Schlacht bei Höchstadt und in Landau an der Isar. 1706 kämpfte er in der Schlacht bei Oudenaarde, 1709 in der Schlacht bei Malplaquet und in einer Reihe anderer Gefechte. Nachdem er viel praktische Erfahrung gesammelt hatte, kämpfte er in der preußischen Armee bei der Belagerung von Stralsund. 1716 erhielt er seine eigene Kompanie. Am 4. Juli 1720 wurde er Major und Amtshauptmann von Egeln. Er besaß auch diplomatische Fähigkeiten und wurde von König Friedrich Wilhelm I. in geheimen Missionen sowohl an den französischen Hof als auch nach Den Haag geschickt. Er war danach mit der Beschaffung von Bekleidung und Bewaffnung der Armee zuständig, er beaufsichtigte auch die Manufakturen, welche die Gewehre herstellten. Am 11. Februar 1725 wurde er Oberstleutnant. 1729 erhielt er den Auftrag, Unruhen in der Stadt Essen zu bekämpfen. Am 27. April 1729 rückte er mit 700 Mann in die Stadt ein. Die von der Äbtissin des Stiftes Essen, Franziska Christine von Pfalz-Sulzbach, gerufenen drei Kompanien Pfälzer Truppen zogen sich zurück und der Streit wurde beigelegt. Am 23. Mai 1738 erfolgte seine Beförderung zum Oberst im Regiment Nr. 29. Bei den Herstalschen Unruhen im Jahre 1740 wurde er zum Bischof von Lüttich geschickt. Nach vergeblichen Verhandlungen wurde er nach dem Tod des Monarchen wieder zurückgeholt. Der neue König Friedrich II. schickte ihn später mit Truppen unter General Borcke erneut zum Bischof, dieses Mal war die Mission von Erfolg gekrönt. 1741 führte er die Truppen zurück ins Lager nach Brandenburg, wo er den Orden Pour le Mérite erhielt. 1742 kämpfte er in der Schlacht bei Chotusitz. Am 26. April 1743 erhielt er seine Beförderung zum Generalmajor und wurde Chef des Füselier-Regiment Nr. 40. 1744 führte er eine eigene Brigade nach Böhmen und war bei der Belagerung von Prag dabei. Er besetzte danach Budweis, Tabor und Frauenberg, wurde aber in Budweis von dem Pandurenführer Trenck eingeschlossen. Am 22. Oktober musste er sich nach tapferer Gegenwehr ergeben, da er keine Munition mehr hatte und auch kein Entsatz in Aussicht stand. Er wurde erst nach dem Frieden von Dresden aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft entlassen. Am 25. Mai 1747 erfolgte seine Ernennung zum Generalleutnant. Er starb 1750 in Breslau.

Familie
Er war seit 1731 mit Louise Katharina Friederike Charlotte von Bylandt-Rheyth, der Witwe des General Friedrich Wilhelm von Koenen, verheiratet. Die Ehe blieb ohne Kinder.

Literatur
 Julius Mebes: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Brandenburgisch-Preussischen Staates und Heeres. Band 1. 1861, S. 338 f.; .
 Karl Friedrich Pauli: Leben grosser Helden des gegenwärtigen Krieges. Band 8. 1763, S. 75 ff.; .

 Neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten, Band 36, S. 73; books.google.de

Weblinks
 Infanterieregiment-von-Kreytzen
 Infanterieregiment Alt-Kreytzen (polnisch)
 Trauerrede

Regimentsinhaber der Frühen Neuzeit
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Person in den Schlesischen Kriegen (Preußen)
General der Frühen Neuzeit (Brandenburg-Preußen)
Georg Christoph
Adliger
Deutscher
Geboren 1683
Gestorben 1750
Mann

Georg Christoph von Kreytzen


NGC 7252 je lećasta galaktika u zviježđu Vodenjaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7252
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7252 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7252 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7250 - 7299

7252

NGC 7252


İnsan kaynakları; bir işletme veya kurumun ürün ve hizmet yaratmak amaçlı kullandığı kaynaklardan biridir. İnsan kaynakları ürün ve hizmetlerin insanlar ile ilişkisini kurabilmek için pazarlama yetisini; organizasyona ait bilgiyi, deneyimi, becerileri, karar vermeyi ve yaratıcılığı; bu yeteneklerin örgütlendirilmesini, yapılandırılmasını ve ödüllendirilmesini içerir.

İnsan kaynakları birimi

İnsan kaynakları işyerlerinde ihtiyaç duyulan insan gücünü karşılamak ve verimli kullanmak için oluşturulmuş bölümün adıdır.

Daha önceleri, personel bölümü olarak, devam takibi yani puantaj işlemi yaparak bordro hazırlayan bir görevi olan bu bölüm günümüzde faaliyet alanını genişleterek bu ismi almıştır.

En genel anlamıyla insan kaynakları, işveren ile çalışan veya potansiyel çalışanların ilişkilerini düzenleyen süreçlerin genel adı ve işletmelerde aynı adla anılan birimdir. İşgücü planlaması ile başlar, işe alım, ücretlendirme ve yan menfaatler, endüstriyel/sendikal ilişkiler, kurumsal performans yönetimi, kariyer yönetimi ve eğitim, çalışanların memnuniyetinin ölçümlenmesi, sosyal ve idari hizmetlerin tahsisi gibi çalışanları ilgilendiren tüm konuları kapsar. İnsan kaynakları çalışanları, yasa gereği, iş arayan bireylerden hiçbir maddi talepte bulunamazlar.

Günümüzde insan kaynaklarının işlevi aşağıdaki şekilde tanımlanabilir:
 Eğitim ve geliştirme
 Sağlık için insan kaynakları
 İnsan kaynakları muhasebesi
 Stratejik insan kaynakları planlaması
 İnsan kaynakları politikası
 İnsan kaynakları yönetim sistemi
 İnsan kaynakları danışmanlığı
 İşgücü planlaması
 Kadrolama (sağlama, seçme, yerleştirme)
 İş değerleme
 Ödüllendirme
 Yetiştirme-Geliştirme
 Endüstriyel ilişkiler
 Koruma
 Performans Değerleme
 Ücretlendirme ve Yan Haklar
 Seçme ve Yerleştirme
 Çalışan Bağlılığı
 İnsan kaynakları varlıkları yönetimi
 Meslek analizi
 İş zanaatkarlığı
 İş talepleri-kaynaklar modeli
 İş genişletme
 İş zenginleştirme
 İş değerlendirmesi
 İş performansı
 İş rotasyonu
 İş paylaşımı

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 İnsan kaynakları yönetimi konuları
 Beşeri sermaye
 Tam zamanında öğrenme
 Uyarlanabilir performans
 İstihdam için başvuru
 Devamiyet yönetimi
 Çalışan deneyimi yönetimi
 Sanal yönetim
 Gönüllü yönetimi
 Kariyer yönetimi
 Beceri yönetimi
 Yönetim geliştirme
 İş tasarımı

İnsan kaynakları


William Culpepper  may refer to:

William T. Culpepper III, (born 1947) American politician
William Colepeper (died 1726), English politician and poet
Sir William Culpeper, 1st Baronet of Preston Hall (1588–1651), of the Culpeper baronets
Sir William Culpeper, 1st Baronet of Wakehurst (died 1651), of the Culpeper baronets
Sir William Culpeper, 4th Baronet (1668–1740), of the Culpeper baronets

William Culpepper


Borsfleth er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Horst-Herzhorn under Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Borsfleth ligger omkring fem kilometer nord for Glückstadt ved floden Störs udløb i Elben. Vandløbene Kremper Au og Große Wettern løber også gennem kommunens område. Bundesstraße B431 krydser Stör ved tidevandsreguleringen Störsperrwerk.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Borsfleth


Denise Fernandes (Lisboa,1990) é uma cineasta e argumentista caboverdiana, a sua primeira longa-metragem recebeu o prémio de Melhor Projecto de Primeira Obra pela Sociedade Suíça dos Autores.

Biografia
Filha de pais cabo-verdianos, nasceu em 1990 na capital portuguesa e cresceu perto de Locarno, no lado italiano da Suíça.

Estudou em Lugano, no Conservatório Internacional de Ciências audiovisuais (CISA) onde formou-se em realização e produção cinematográfica, em 2011.  A curta-metragem com que se diplomou, estreou no Festival Internacional de Cinema de Locarno desse ano.

Entre 2011 e 2013, frequenta a Escola Internacional de Cinema e TV de Cuba e lá realiza a premiada curta Pan Sin Mermelada.

Prémios e Reconhecimento
Pan sin mermelada, realizada em Cuba, é premiada no Festival Internacional de Winterthur e nomeada para o prémio Upcoming Talent do Solothurn Festival.

Em 2016, o projecto para a sua primeira longa-metragem rodada em Cabo Verde, Hanami, é seleccionado para  o Solothurn Talent Lab desse ano e a Sociedade Suíça dos Autores (SSA) atribui-lhe o prémio de Melhor Projeto de Primeira Obra.

Com Nha Mila, uma curta-metragem que conta com a participação da actriz Cleo Tavares, foi premiada, em 2020, com o Vila do Conde Short Film Candidate for the European Film Awards no Festival Curtas Vila do Conde e nomeada para o prémio Golden Pardino do Festival Internacional de Cinema de Locarno.

Em 2022, integrou o grupo de oito realizadores que criaram os NFT's que aparecem na colecção de selos Swiss Crypto Stamp 2.0 dos correios suíços.

Filmografia
Realizou:

 2009 - The Eve Show
 2010 - Lei
 2011 - Una Notte
 2012 - Pan sin mermelada
 2013 - Idylium
 2020 - Nha Mila

Ligações Externas
Trailer | Curta metragem: Nha Mila (2020)
Curtas do Vila do Conde | Denise Fernandes entrevistada por João Araújo (2020)
Crypto Stamp 2.0 ! Denise Fernandes: Harmony in diversity

Cineastas
Naturais de Lisboa
Nascidos em 1990
Cabo-verdianos

Denise Fernandes


A Tabernaemontana elegans, comummente conhecida como mcau-mcau , trata-se de uma  árvore de pequeno porte, originária da costa oriental africana.

Etimologia
Do que toca ao nome científico:

 O nome genérico, Tabernaemontana, foi cunhado em homenagem ao botânico e herbalista alemão do séc. XVI, James Theodore, conhecido pela alcunha «Tabernaemontanus»;
 O epíteto específico, elegans, provém do étimo latino clássico ēlĕgans, que significa «elegante; belo; fino»

Quanto ao nome comum, «mcau-mcau», patente no português de Moçambique, este tem origem na língua macua.

Descrição
Trata-se de uma árvore de pequeno porte ou de uma planta arbustiva de grandes dimensões.

Do que toca ao tronco, é de tacto liso e de coloração castanho-clara, exibindo inúmeras fissuras. Caracteriza-se também pela seiva leitosa, como látex, que pode brotar de qualquer parte da planta.

As folhas são perenes. Caracterizam-se por serem opostas, no que toca ao posicionamento; elípticas, no que toca ao formato; e verde-escuras e luzidias, no que toca à coloração. Geralmente, mostram-se glabras nas duas faces das folhas, contando com 12 a 13 sulcos laterais, geralmente rectos, com ligeira curvatura à medida que se aproximam da margem.

A mcau-mcau tem flores brancas, de fragrância redolente, dispostas em corimbos frouxos. As corolas são de uma coloração que alterna entre o branco, o creme e o amarelo-pálido. Floresce de Outubro a Fevereiro.

O fruto desta espécie é lenhoso, com uma configuração ovóide e oblíqua, dispondo-se aos pares. Estes frutos podem chegar aos 8 centímetros de comprimento, assumindo uma coloração esverdeada, sarapintada por pequenas protuberâncias acastanhadas. As sementes, por seu turno, são vermelhas e comestíveis.

Distribuição
Marca presença na costa oriental africana, desde a Somália ao Zimbabué e de Moçambique até à África do Sul.

Ecologia
Privilegia as florestas situadas a baixas altitudes e os terrenos ribeirinhos. Também surge frequentemente nas cercanias das zonas costeiras e até em dunas.

Tabernaemontana
Plantas descritas em 1894
Flora de Moçambique

Tabernaemontana elegans


Eselberg ist der Name folgender geographischer Objekte:

 Eselberg (Gangkofen), Ortsteil von Gangkofen, Landkreis Rottal-Inn, Bayern
 Eselberg (Gemeinde Kirchberg am Wechsel), Ortschaft von Kirchberg am Wechsel, Bezirk Neunkirchen, Niederösterreich
 Eselberg (Gemeinde Mautern), Ortschaft und Katastralgemeinde von Mautern in Steiermark, Bezirk Leoben, Steiermark
 Eselberg (Gemeinde Tieschen), Ortsteil von Tieschen, Bezirk Südoststeiermark, Steiermark
 Eselberg (Bucklige Welt) (974 m), Berg, siehe Bucklige Welt (Niederösterreich)

Siehe auch:
 Esselberg, Gemeindeteil von Greding, Landkreis Roth, Bayern
 Eselsberg

Eselberg