John George Terry (born 7 December 1980) is an English professional football coach and former player who played as a centre-back. He was previously captain of Chelsea, the England national team and Aston Villa. Regarded as one of the greatest defenders of his generation, as well as one of the best English and Premier League defenders ever.

Terry was named UEFA Club Defender of the Year in 2005, 2008 and 2009, PFA Players' Player of the Year in 2005, and was included in the FIFPro World XI for five consecutive seasons, from 2005 to 2009. He was also named in the all-star squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the only English player to make the team.

Terry is Chelsea's most successful captain. During his 19 years with the club, he led them to five Premier League titles, five FA Cups, three League Cups, one UEFA Europa League and one UEFA Champions League title. He is one of six players to have made over 500 appearances for Chelsea and is also the club's all-time highest scoring defender. In 2007, he became the first captain to lift the FA Cup at the new Wembley Stadium in Chelsea's 1–0 win over Manchester United, and also the first player to score an international goal there, scoring a header in England's 1–1 draw with Brazil. In his final season at Chelsea in 2017, he became the first ever player to captain a team to the Premier League title on five occasions.

Following his departure from Chelsea, Terry spent one season with Aston Villa in the Championship before retiring, ultimately losing the 2018 Championship play-off final. He returned to Aston Villa a few months later as assistant manager to Dean Smith. The side went on to win the 2019 Championship play-off final to be promoted back to the Premier League. Terry left the role in July 2021. When Smith joined Leicester City as manager in April 2023, he appointed Terry to his coaching staff once again.

Early life
John George Terry was born on 7 December 1980 in Barking, Greater London. He attended Eastbury Comprehensive School and played for local Sunday league team Senrab.

Club career

Chelsea

1991–1998: early years
As a boy, Terry was part of West Ham United's youth system, joining them as a midfielder in 1991. He moved to Chelsea at 14, playing for the club's youth and reserve teams. It was due to a shortage of central defenders that he was moved to centre-back, the position he played throughout his career. After finishing school, he joined the club on a YTS at age 16 and signed professional terms a year later.

1998–2000: first appearances

Terry made his Chelsea debut on 28 October 1998 as a late substitute in a League Cup tie with Aston Villa; his first start came later that season in an FA Cup third-round match, a 2–0 win over Oldham Athletic.

2000: Loan to Nottingham Forest
Terry spent a brief period on loan with Nottingham Forest in 2000 to build up his first-team experience and was the subject of interest from both Forest manager David Platt and Huddersfield Town manager Steve Bruce.

2000–2002: first-team breakthrough
In 2002, Terry was involved in an altercation with a bouncer at a West London nightclub with Chelsea teammate Jody Morris and Wimbledon's Des Byrne, which led to him being charged with assault and affray. In August 2002, Terry was acquitted of the charges in court. During the affair, he was given a temporary ban from the English national team by The Football Association. Previously, along with Chelsea teammates Frank Lampard, Jody Morris, Eiður Guðjohnsen and former teammate Frank Sinclair, in September 2001 Terry was fined two weeks wages by Chelsea after drunkenly harassing grieving American tourists in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks. During his early days at Chelsea, Terry shared a flat with Andrew Crofts.

Terry began to establish himself in the Chelsea first team from the 2000–01 season, making 23 starts and was voted the club's Player of the Year. He continued his progress during 2001–02, becoming a regular in the defence alongside club captain and France international Marcel Desailly. On 5 December 2001, he captained Chelsea for the first time, in a Premier League match against Charlton Athletic. Chelsea reached the FA Cup final, following wins against London rivals West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur in the fourth and six rounds respectively, and Fulham in the semi-final – where Terry scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory. A virus denied Terry a place in the starting line-up for the final, although he came on as a second-half substitute while Chelsea lost 2–0 to Arsenal. In 2003–04 season, his performances led to him becoming vice-captain by manager Claudio Ranieri when Desailly was out of the team. He played well in the absence of the French international, forming a strong defensive partnership with William Gallas.

2003–2008: captaincy and successes

Following Desailly's departure, new Chelsea manager José Mourinho chose Terry as his club captain, a choice which was vindicated throughout the 2004–05 season as Chelsea won the Premier League title in record-breaking fashion with the best defensive record in Football League history with the most clean sheets and the most points accrued. He was voted Player of the Year by his fellow professionals in England and scored eight goals, including a late winner against Barcelona, in the UEFA Champions League. He was voted the best defender in the Champions League for the season. In September 2005, he was selected as a member of the World XI at the FIFPro awards. The team was chosen by a vote of professional footballers based in 40 countries.

Chelsea defended their Premier League title in 2005–06, earning 91 points, and confirming the title with a 3–0 victory against Manchester United.

In a match on 14 October 2006 against Reading, Terry had to take over in goal for Chelsea in the final minutes of the match after goalkeepers Petr Čech and Carlo Cudicini were injured and Chelsea had no substitutes remaining. Terry kept a clean sheet as Chelsea held out to win 1–0. On 5 November 2006, playing against Tottenham Hotspur, Terry was sent off for the first time in his Chelsea career after receiving two yellow cards as the Blues lost at White Hart Lane for the first time since 1987. Terry was charged with misconduct by the FA for questioning the integrity of match referee Graham Poll after the match. On 10 January 2007, Terry was ordered to pay £10,000 for the inappropriate conduct after he changed his mind and pleaded guilty to the FA.

In the 2006–07 season, Terry missed matches for Chelsea due to a recurring back problem. On 26 December 2006, José Mourinho stated that his captain might require surgery to fix the problem. In Terry's absence Chelsea drew 2–2 at home to both Reading and Fulham over Christmas, draws that were to prove crucial in the destiny of the Premier League title for that season. On 28 December, Chelsea released a press statement saying Terry had had back surgery: "The operation to remove a sequestrated lumbar intervertebral disc was successful." Although he was expected to return in the match against Wigan Athletic, which Chelsea won 3–2 thanks to a late goal from winger Arjen Robben, Terry was missing once again, due to the recurring back problem. He made his return in Chelsea's 1–0 victory over Charlton Athletic on 3 February 2007 coming on in the 88th minute for Claude Makelele. Terry played his first 90 minutes of football for nearly three months in Chelsea's 3–0 victory over Middlesbrough and received much applause from the Chelsea faithful. Didier Drogba scored two goals for Chelsea in that match, while the other goal came courtesy of an own goal from Abel Xavier of Middlesbrough.

Playing in the UEFA Champions League round of 16 away against Porto, he suffered another injury, this time to his ankle, and was set to miss the 2007 League Cup final against Arsenal, but managed to recover from the injury within days and played in the final. During the second half of the match, at an attacking corner, he threw himself at the ball with a diving header; Arsenal's Abou Diaby, in an attempt to clear the ball, kicked Terry in the face. Terry was unconscious for several minutes, at which point he nearly swallowed his tongue. He was carried off the field on a stretcher and immediately transferred to the University Hospital of Wales. Terry discharged himself the same day and returned to the Millennium Stadium to celebrate his team's 2–1 win. The only recollection he had of the second half is walking out onto the pitch and he did not remember the ten minutes he played prior to his injury. He went on to lead Chelsea to the semi-final of the UEFA Champions League, the third time in four years that Chelsea had made it to the final four of the competition. In May 2007, Terry captained Chelsea in the 2007 FA Cup final, in the first FA Cup final at the new Wembley Stadium.

Despite failing to agree terms to a new contract immediately following 2006–07, Terry stated on several occasions that he had no intention of leaving Chelsea. In late July, he signed a new five-year contract with a base salary of between £131,000 and £135,000 per week, making him the highest-paid player in the Premier League at the time.

On 16 December 2007, whilst playing against Arsenal, while going to clear a ball Terry's foot was stepped on by Emmanuel Eboué and Terry had suffered 3 broken bones in his foot. He was expected to be out for at least three months but made a speedy recovery and managed to captain Chelsea to the 2008 League Cup final against Tottenham, which Chelsea lost 2–1. On 11 May 2008, whilst playing in the last league match of the season against Bolton, he collided with goalkeeper Petr Čech and suffered a partially dislocated elbow, which was eventually put back into place en route to the hospital. This injury did not prevent him playing in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final against Manchester United. The match went to penalties, and Terry missed a penalty which would have won Chelsea the match (and the Champions League). His standing leg slipped as he took his kick, and the ball missed the goal. Chelsea lost the shootout 6–5, which Terry reacted to by breaking down in tears. On 28 August 2008, Terry was awarded the Defender of The Year award from UEFA at the Champions League group stage draw in Monaco, together with Frank Lampard and Petr Čech, who received the award for their respective positions.

On 13 September 2008, Terry received the first straight red card of his career against Manchester City for rugby-tackling Jô. However, this was later rescinded on appeal. Despite being a defender, he occasionally scored important goals for Chelsea, such as in the Champions League Group A home match against Roma. However, Chelsea went on to lose the away leg 3–1.

2008–2012: double and Champions League

In July 2009, Manchester City made a third bid for Terry, but Chelsea coach Carlo Ancelotti insisted Terry would remain at Chelsea. He made his debut for the new season against Premier League team Hull City, a match Chelsea won. On 8 November 2009, Terry scored the decisive goal in Chelsea's match against Manchester United at Stamford Bridge to preserve their perfect home record for the season.

On 9 May 2010, Terry captained Chelsea as they won their fourth Premier League title after an 8–0 win against Wigan Athletic at Stamford Bridge. A week later, on 15 May 2010, Terry captained Chelsea as he won his fourth FA Cup medal, defeating Portsmouth in the final by 1–0 at Wembley Stadium.

On 31 December 2011, in a home match against Aston Villa, Terry captained the Chelsea team for the 400th time of his career, a record for the club.

Terry was the world's third best passer in 2011 for players with over 1,000 passes, with a 91.6% pass accuracy rate. Only Barcelona player Xavi (93.0%) and Swansea City player Leon Britton (93.3%) were better.

On 24 April 2012, Terry was sent off for violent conduct after driving a knee into Barcelona's Alexis Sánchez in an off-the-ball incident in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League semi-final at the Camp Nou. Chelsea's 3–2 aggregate victory over the holders qualified them for the final against Bayern Munich, for which Terry would be suspended. Terry later apologised for letting his teammates and Chelsea fans down. Terry scored his sixth league goal of the season, seventh in all competitions, in the final match of the season, a 2–1 victory over already-relegated Blackburn. The goal meant that it was Terry's most prolific season and he told the Chelsea website, "I am delighted with seven... It's always good to end a league season with a win."

Even though Terry was suspended for the Champions League final, along with teammates Ramires, Branislav Ivanović and Raul Meireles, he took part in celebrations at the final whistle after Chelsea triumphed 4–3 on penalty kicks, with striker Didier Drogba netting the decisive penalty.

2012–2017: later career
Terry was snubbed by Queens Park Rangers defender Anton Ferdinand in the pre-match handshake against QPR. Terry was banned for four matches when he was found guilty of racially abusing Ferdinand.

On 11 November 2012, in his first match back from the four-match ban, Terry scored his 50th goal for Chelsea against Liverpool. He went off injured in the 39th minute of the same match and was suspected to have ligament damage on his right knee, but a scan the next day showed that there was "no significant damage". On 7 December 2012, new Chelsea manager Rafael Benítez confirmed Terry would not be back from injury in time to play in the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup. Terry's knee injury kept him out of action for 16 first-team matches in total, including the Club World Cup defeat. He made a 45-minute comeback for Chelsea's under-21 team on 10 January, before returning to the first team in a 2–2 draw away to Brentford in the FA Cup, that was his third match since he last played since November; 3 months prior.

On 17 April 2013, Terry scored twice in the derby match against Fulham that ended 3–0. On 13 May 2014, Terry signed a new one-year deal with the Blues.

On 18 October 2014, Terry captained Chelsea for the 500th time against Crystal Palace. In the next match, on 21 October, Terry scored in Chelsea's record Champions League win against Slovenian team Maribor. Later, he scored Chelsea's fastest-ever goal in the Champions League by heading in a goal after 90 seconds against Schalke 04.

In the League Cup final on 1 March 2015, Terry opened the scoring and was named Man of the Match in Chelsea's 2–0 victory over Tottenham. On 26 March, Terry signed a one-year extension to his contract. On 26 April, Terry, along with five of his Chelsea teammates, was voted into the PFA Premier League Team of the Year. On 29 April, Terry became the joint highest-scoring defender in the Premier League with 38 goals, having scored the second goal in a 3–1 win over Leicester City. On 10 May, Terry surpassed David Unsworth as the highest-scoring defender in the Premier League after scoring his 39th in the opening five minutes against Liverpool, an eventual 1–1 draw.

On 23 August 2015, Terry received his first league red card for over five years, being dismissed for a foul on Salomón Rondón in a 3–2 win at West Bromwich Albion. On 15 January 2016, Terry scored an own goal in the 50th minute as well as his first goal of the season in the 98th minute, earning a 3–3 draw against Everton. On 1 February 2016, Terry announced that he would leave Chelsea in the summer of 2016, saying "It's not going to be a fairy-tale ending."

Although Terry announced in February that there were no talks held to discuss a new contract, on 18 May 2016, Terry signed a new one-year contract to remain at Chelsea until the end of the 2016–17 season. Ten days previously, Terry had been sent off in a 3–2 loss to Sunderland at the Stadium of Light in what was widely believed to have been his final appearance for the club.

During Antonio Conte's first press conference as the new Chelsea manager, Conte confirmed that Terry would remain the club captain. On 11 September 2016, during the closing minutes of the match against Swansea City, Terry suffered an ankle injury and required crutches to leave the pitch after the final whistle.

On 8 January 2017, making his first start for Chelsea since an EFL Cup defeat to West Ham United in October 2016, Terry was given a straight red card for a foul on Lee Angol as Chelsea beat Peterborough United 4–1 in the FA Cup third round. On 17 April, he announced that he would be leaving Chelsea at the end of the 2016–17 season. After Chelsea celebrated their Premier League victory, Terry played his 717th and final match for Chelsea on 21 May in a 5–1 home win over Sunderland, coming off in the 28th minute (the substitution board went up in the 26th minute, the same as that of his shirt number), and received a guard of honour from his teammates. In December 2019, Terry was voted in Chelsea's team of the decade as voted for by its fans.

Aston Villa

On 3 July 2017, Terry signed a one-year contract with Championship club Aston Villa on a free transfer. He was appointed as the captain for the 2017–18 season. He made his debut for Aston Villa on 5 August 2017 in a 1–1 home draw with Hull City in the Championship. Terry scored his only goal for Aston Villa in a 2–1 victory over Fulham in the Championship on 21 October.

On 30 May 2018, Terry left Aston Villa after the club failed to gain promotion to the Premier League as they lost 1–0 against Fulham in the Championship play-off final.

In September 2018, Terry underwent a medical with Spartak Moscow, but declined their offer of a contract, citing family reasons. He announced his retirement from playing on 7 October.

International career

Terry made his England debut in June 2003 against Serbia and Montenegro, and started his first match for England on 20 August 2003 at Portman Road, Ipswich, in a friendly against Croatia. England won 3–1. His main central defensive partner had been Rio Ferdinand. He played for his country at Euro 2004, and England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson stated that Terry was the first-choice centre-back, ahead of Sol Campbell.

In 2005 during a FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Poland, Terry wore England's captain armband, replacing Michael Owen as captain after the latter was substituted.

He cemented his place in the England squad after being selected for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. In a warm-up match for that tournament against Hungary on 30 May 2006, Terry scored his first goal for England, the team's second in a 3–1 victory. Despite an injury scare in a friendly against Jamaica, he recovered to play in England's opening fixture against Paraguay, a 1–0 victory. In the next match against Trinidad and Tobago, Carlos Edwards beat England's Paul Robinson to a cross and as Stern John bundled a header towards the goal, Terry cleared the ball off the line with an overhead kick. In the quarter-final match against Portugal, Terry played the entire match, but England lost on penalties and he was left in tears with his fellow players. Six days later, he was the only English player to be named in the tournament's all-star squad.

On 10 August 2006, Steve McClaren named John Terry as the England captain, succeeding David Beckham. McClaren said, "Choosing a captain is one of the most important decisions a coach has to make. I'm certain I've got the right man in John Terry. I'm convinced he will prove to be one of the best captains England has ever had." Terry scored a goal on his debut as the England captain, in a friendly international against Greece. This was the first goal of the match and also the first goal during McClaren's reign as manager. However, with Terry as captain, England did not qualify for UEFA Euro 2008 – their first absence from a tournament finals since the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Midway through the qualification campaign, Terry had accepted that he would "bear full responsibility" should England fail to qualify.

On 1 June 2007, Terry became the first player in the senior England team to score an international goal at the new Wembley Stadium when he scored England's goal from a header in the box after a free kick cross by David Beckham in a 1–1 draw with Brazil. Almost a year later, he scored a similar headed goal once again from a free kick cross by David Beckham to put England 1–0 up against the United States on 28 May 2008.

Terry was confirmed as the England captain in August, and captained England in qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. During his first match after being reinstated as the permanent England captain, a friendly against Czech Republic, he was given a torrid time by Milan Baroš and was turned far too easily when Baros scored the first goal for his team. The match ended 2–2 with Joe Cole scoring a fortunate equaliser for England in the 92nd minute of the match. He scored his first competitive England goal against Ukraine on 1 April 2009, in the qualifiers for the World Cup, grabbing a late winner after earlier giving away a free kick which led to Andriy Shevchenko's equalising goal for Ukraine. England sealed their place in the final tournament in September 2009, following a 5–1 home win against Croatia.

On 5 February 2010, following allegations regarding Terry's private life, England manager Fabio Capello announced that Terry was removed as the captain of the England team. He was replaced by fellow defender Rio Ferdinand.

At the 2010 FIFA World Cup, England started with two draws against the United States and Algeria, which received heavy criticism from the English media.

Two days after the Algeria match in a media interview, Terry hinted at dissatisfaction with Capello's team selection and stated that the players were bored with little to do in the evenings at their training base; he also said that a clear-the-air team meeting would take place that evening. The next day, Capello responded by saying that Terry had made "a very big mistake" in challenging his authority to the media.

On 19 March 2011, Capello reinstated Terry as England captain following a long-term injury to previous captain Rio Ferdinand. On 3 February 2012, with Terry due to stand trial due to allegations that Terry had racially abused QPR's Anton Ferdinand, the FA stripped Terry of the England captaincy for the second time. This led to Capello resigning.

Terry was named in new manager Roy Hodgson's squad for UEFA Euro 2012 while Rio Ferdinand was left out, leading to heavy speculation that this was to avoid potential conflict due to Terry's upcoming trial for racially abusing Ferdinand's brother Anton. Terry played 90 minutes in all four of England's matches at the Euros.

Terry announced on 23 September 2012 he had retired from international football.

Style of play
Described by ESPN as a "commanding, no-nonsense style of player", Terry was a strong, tenacious, and physical defender, who was known for his tough and uncompromising style of play. He usually played as a centre-back, although he initially started out playing as a midfielder in his youth. A tall defender, he excelled in the air, which enabled him to defend crosses and high balls effectively, and also made him a goal threat for his team in the opposing penalty area, despite his defensive playing role. Although he was primarily known for his aggressive tackling, he was also an intelligent player, who was recognised by pundits for his positioning and anticipation, as well as his ability to read the game, which compensated for his lack of pace or athleticism, in particular in his later career; he also stood out for his leadership and bravery throughout his career, as well as his ability organise the back–line. Despite not being a particularly fast player, however, in particular over short distances, Samuel Eto'o once described Terry as being "surprisingly quick", while in his youth, a 2003 match report from an international friendly against Croatia described "speed and tackling ability" as his strengths, while instead citing his reading of the game and ability to defend set pieces in the air as areas in need of improvement. Regarded as one of the best defenders in the world at his peak, he is considered to be one of the greatest central defenders of his generation, as well as one of the best English and Premier League defenders ever.

Despite the praise he received in the media for his defensive skills, critical opinion on Terry's technical ability was frequently divided; throughout his career, he was often paired with an intelligent, more technical and more mobile ball–playing centre-back, such as Ricardo Carvalho at Chelsea or Rio Ferdinand with England, which complemented Terry's more physical playing style as a "stopper", and also provided cover for him, as his lack of pace saw him struggle at times in teams that played a high defensive line. While some pundits, such as Chris Wright of ESPN or Robin Bairner and Sulmaan Ahmad of Goal, have cited Terry's technique as a weakness, with Tom Sheen of The Independent also noting that his general reputation for lacking speed or elegance in possession and his reluctance to carry the ball out from the back saw him perceived as "a bit of a plodder when on the ball," others, such as Jamie Carragher and Jamie Redknapp, have instead argued that his ability on the ball and composure in possession was an underrated aspect of his game, which did not get as much attention as his tactical sense. During one of Terry's final matches for Chelsea, in a 2017 article for The Guardian, Barney Ronay noted that "Terry lined up at the heart of the central defensive three," and described him as: "A little heavier, clanking about like an eager old tin man, he still has an excellent touch although, had he played much deeper in the second half, he might have been best served bringing out a shovel and digging a trench in front of his own goal." In 2009, UEFA.com praised Terry for his ability to control the ball with his chest. Moreover, although Terry's passing was initially cited as being in need of improvement in his early career, his distribution throughout his career was also generally solid and reliable, which often saw him complete many passes throughout the course of a season with a high success rate, although he usually favoured making simpler short passes on the ground; Michael Cox described his distribution as "underrated" in 2015, however, while Redknapp and Carragher have both noted that Terry was also capable of playing long balls with either foot, despite being naturally right–footed, a trait which Sam Wallace and Tom Sheen of The Independent also noticed in 2011 and 2014 respectively, with the latter describing Terry as "an exceptionally two-footed footballer," who "will show off a range of passing with either foot." As Sheen notes, Terry's ability with either foot often allowed him to play as a left–sided centre-back in a four–man defensive line throughout his career. In 2011, Terry was the world's third best passer for players with over 1,000 passes, with a 91.6% pass accuracy rate. Only Barcelona player Xavi (93.0%) and Swansea City player Leon Britton (93.3%) were better. He also played in a three–man back–line on occasion, in particular in his later career under Chelsea manager Antonio Conte, although he struggled to adapt to this formation due to his lack of pace as a result of his advancing age. Despite his reputation as a defender, however, Terry has also drawn criticism in the media for his involvement in several controversial incidents throughout his career, both on and off the pitch.

Coaching career
On 10 October 2018, Terry was appointed assistant head coach of Aston Villa, with newly appointed Dean Smith as head coach. On 26 July 2021, Terry departed Aston Villa after three years at the club, in which they achieved promotion to, and consolidated their position in the Premier League. He described Dean Smith as a great influence on his coaching career. In December 2021, his return to Chelsea, commencing in January 2022 in a coaching consultancy role was announced.

Following the announcement of Dean Smith as the new Leicester City manager on 10 April 2023, Terry was appointed to his coaching staff once again.

In July 2023, Terry returned to Chelsea as the club's Academy coach.

Sponsorship
On the UK version of Pro Evolution Soccer 6, Terry appears on the front cover with Brazil international Adriano.

Family and personal life

Terry is married to his childhood sweetheart Toni (née Poole). On 18 May 2006, Terry and Toni had twins, a boy and a girl. They married at Blenheim Palace in June 2007.

Terry was a Manchester United supporter growing up. His older brother, Paul (born 1979), is a former professional footballer, having played for Dagenham & Redbridge and Yeovil Town. Terry's nephew, Frankie, is currently a professional footballer for Colchester United.

In 2016, Terry paid the £1,600 funeral costs for an eight-year-old Chelsea fan with leukaemia who died after an unsuccessful bone marrow transplantation.

Terry co-owns custom swimwear company Thomas Royall with fellow footballers Sam Saunders and Liam Ridgewell.

Legal issues
In September 2001, Terry and three teammates were fined two weeks' wages by Chelsea for an incident involving American tourists at a Heathrow airport bar in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. In January 2002, Terry, Chelsea teammate Jody Morris and Des Byrne of Wimbledon were charged with assault and affray after a confrontation with a nightclub bouncer. Terry was banned from selection for the England team for the duration of the case, though he was ultimately cleared of all charges. In 2009, Terry was investigated by Chelsea and the FA for allegedly taking money from an undercover reporter for a private tour of Chelsea's training ground. The club responded that it was "confident that at no time did Terry ask for or accept money in relation to visits to the training ground."

Extramarital affair allegations

In January 2010, a super-injunction was imposed by a High Court judge preventing the media from reporting allegations that Terry had had a four-month affair in late 2009 with Vanessa Perroncel, the former girlfriend of Wayne Bridge, his former Chelsea and England teammate. The injunction was lifted a week later, and the British media – especially the tabloid press – covered the rumours in great detail in the days following. The News of the World and the Mail on Sunday subsequently printed apologies to Perroncel for breaching her privacy and stated that the story was "untrue in any case". Perroncel maintains that the alleged affair never took place. The allegations led to then-England manager Fabio Capello removing Terry from the captaincy on 5 February 2010, replacing him with Rio Ferdinand. Terry was reinstated as captain the following year.

On 27 February 2010, Terry played against Bridge for the first time since the incident, where in a highly publicised incident prior to the match, Bridge refused to shake hands with Terry.

Racial abuse allegations

In November 2011, Terry was placed under police investigation following an allegation of racist abuse made at Anton Ferdinand during a match between Chelsea and Queens Park Rangers on 23 October 2011. Video footage circulated on the internet led to accusations that Terry called Ferdinand a "fucking black cunt." In response to the video footage, Terry claimed that he was actually asking Ferdinand, "Oi, Anton, do you think I called you a black cunt?" On 21 December 2011, he was charged with using racist language by the Crown Prosecution Service. In February 2012, the Football Association stripped Terry of his England captaincy for the second time, stating that Terry would not captain the national team until the racial abuse allegations against him were resolved. When the trial began in July 2012, Terry entered a not guilty plea and was acquitted of the charge on 13 July 2012.

On 27 July 2012, the FA charged Terry for using "abusive and/or insulting words and/or behaviour" which "included a reference to the ethnic origin and/or colour and/or race of Ferdinand." The FA had delayed the charge until after the conclusion of Terry's criminal trial. Terry denied the charge. On the eve of the FA's hearing, Terry announced his retirement from the English national football team, saying his position had become "untenable" due to the disciplinary charge. On 27 September 2012, the hearing concluded with Terry being found guilty; he was punished with a four-match ban and a £220,000 fine. In October 2012, Terry decided not to appeal against the verdict and his four-match ban and issued an apology for "the language [he] used in the game" and stated that it was "not acceptable on the football field or indeed in any walk of life."

In popular culture
Terry has been represented in a meme which pictures him taking part in great moments in history and fiction, following his decision to come on to the pitch to lift the European Cup in full kit despite being suspended for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final; he repeated this when Chelsea won the 2013 UEFA Europa League final, in which he did not play due to injury. These included the fall of the Berlin Wall, the freeing of Nelson Mandela and the triumph of Rocky Balboa. Over the summer of 2012 this developed into his celebrating current sporting achievements such as 2012 Summer Olympics medal wins by Team GB.

Career statistics

Club

International

England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Terry goal

Honours

Chelsea
Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17
FA Cup: 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12; runner-up: 2001–02, 2016–17
Football League Cup: 2004–05, 2006–07, 2014–15; runner-up: 2007–08
FA Community Shield: 2005, 2009
UEFA Champions League: 2011–12; runner-up: 2007–08
UEFA Europa League: 2012–13

Individual
Chelsea Player of the Year: 2000–01, 2005–06
Premier League Player of the Month: January 2005
Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2005, 2015
PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2004–05
PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 Premier League, 2004–05 Premier League, 2005–06 Premier League, 2014–15 Premier League
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
ESM Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10
UEFA Club Defender of the Year: 2005, 2008, 2009
UEFA Team of the Year: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2006
PFA Team of the Century (1997–2007): 2007

See also
List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Barking, London
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Senrab F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Europa League winning players
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Association football coaches
Aston Villa F.C. non-playing staff
Leicester City F.C. non-playing staff
Association football controversies
Race-related controversies in the United Kingdom
People acquitted of crimes

John Terry


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Centrul Olimpic de BMX


Tango Ya Ba Wendo es una película documental del año 1992.

Sinopsis
"Tango Ya Ba Wendo" habla de los años de 1940 a 1950 en Kinshasa, cuando triunfó Wendo, el gran pionero de la rumba zairense. En 1992, Wendo casi tiene 70 años. El viejo cantante y aventurero cuenta su vida; habla de su madre, una cantante tradicional; de su primer trabajo como mecánico; de sus comienzos como cantante en la época colonial, seguidos por el éxito y el olvido… mientras canta y canta.
La wendo es mi profesora

Premio
FESPACO 1993 (Festival de cine de Uagadugú)

Referencias

Tango Ya Ba Wendo


Un proces-verbal poate fi un înscris (cu caracter oficial) în care se consemnează un fapt de natură juridică sau poate fi un act cu caracter oficial în care se redau pe scurt discuțiile și hotărârile unei adunări constituite.

Procesul-verbal poate fi:
 Proces-verbal de contravenție. Cel mai uzitat este cel întocmit de agenții de circulatie atunci când constată săvârșirea unei contravenții rutiere. Procedura întocmirii unui proces verbal de contravenție, conținutul său și modalitatea în care acesta poate fi contestat sunt aspecte prevăzute de O.G. nr. 2/2001.
 Proces-verbal de predare-primire a unei gestiuni
 Proces-verbal ședință – se întocmește de către secretarii organelor respective sau de alte persoane însărcinate cu redactarea lor.
 Proces-verbal de sechestru, act procedural îndeplinit de executorul judecătoresc la locuința debitorului sau la locul unde se găsesc bunurile mobile urmăribile ale acestuia, prin care aceste bunuri sunt inventariate și declarate ca sechestrate definitiv; reprezintă primul act de executare în cadrul urmăririi silite a bunurilor mobile.

Note

Legături externe
 Procesul verbal de contraventie - ce trebuie sa contina si cand se anuleaza, 17 mai 2011, Roxana Neagu, Avocatnet.ro

Drept

Proces verbal


Zvučni velarni frikativ suglasnik je koji postoji u nekim jezicima, a u međunarodnoj fonetskoj abecedi za njega se koristi simbolom [  ].

Glas ne postoji u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku, ali pojavljuje se kao alofon glasa /x/ pred zvučnim suglasnicima (primjerice, šah bi [ʃaɣ‿bi]). Pojavljuje se u jezicima poput modernoga grčkog, nizozemskog, azerbejdžanskog i drugih.

Karakteristike su:

 po načinu tvorbe jest frikativ
 po mjestu tvorbe jest velarni suglasnik
 po zvučnosti jest zvučan.

Izvori

Fonetika

Zvučni velarni frikativ


දේශපාලන පක්ෂ ක්‍රම අතර, ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය () තුළ දී, ප්‍රධාන පක්ෂ දෙකක් පවතින අතර වෙනත් පක්ෂයකට ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමට අපහසුය. එක් පක්ෂයක් දක්ෂිණාංශක වන අතර අනෙක් පක්ෂය වාමාන්ශික වේ. මෙම පක්ෂ දෙකත් සමග අනෙක් සුලු පක්ෂ  එක්වේ. එක්සත් ජනපදය, ජැමේකාව වැනි රට වල ද්වීපක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් පවති.

එක්සත් ජනපදය පවත්නාක් මෙන් සරල බහුතර ඡන්ද ක්‍රමක් සාමාන්‍යෙන් ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයකට මග පාදයි. මෙම සම්බන්ධය මෝරිස් ඩුවර්ගර් විසින් " ඩුවර්ගර් ගේ නිතිය " යටතේ හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදි

ආශ්‍රිත
 Duverger's law
 False dichotomy
 බහු පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය
 Dominant-party system
 One-party state
 Political organisation

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Dunleavy, Patrick, Duverger's Law is a dead parrot. Outside the USA, first-past-the-post voting has no tendency at all to produce two party politics

Types of democracy
ඡන්ද විමසීම්
Political party systems

ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය


La resolución 82 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas fue una medida aprobada por el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas el 25 de junio de 1950. La resolución demandó que Corea del Norte pusiera fin de inmediato a la invasión de Corea del Sur, el catalizador para el inicio de la Guerra de Corea. La medida fue adoptada por un voto de 9 a favor, ninguno en contra y una abstención.

La península de Corea había sido dividida entre las fuerzas de ocupación de Estados Unidos y de la Unión Soviética desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial a lo largo del paralelo 38º. Cada una de las partes trató de apuntalar a un gobierno de su lado de la frontera de ocupación y cuando comenzó la Guerra Fría, aumentaron las tensiones entre las dos Coreas. Estas culminaron en una guerra abierta con la invasión de Corea del Norte a Corea del Sur el 25 de junio. Durante este tiempo, la recién formada Naciones Unidas apoyó a Corea del Sur y la consideró como el único gobierno legal.

La resolución demandó que el Norte detuviera de inmediato su invasión y moviera sus tropas hasta el paralelo 38º. Vista como una victoria diplomática de Estados Unidos, la resolución fue completamente ignorada por Corea del Norte. Asimismo, llevó a que la ONU y Estados Unidos tomaran otras medidas, al establecer el estado para la participación internacional masiva y la expansión de la Guerra de Corea.

Antecedentes

División de Corea
Al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la península de Corea, que hasta ese momento había estado ocupada por el Imperio de Japón, fue dividida a lo largo del paralelo 38º. Al norte, la Unión Soviética ocupó el país que se estableció como un Estado comunista, la República Popular Democrática de Corea bajo el gobierno de Kim Il-sung. Al sur, Estados Unidos ocupó el país que se estableció como una República de Corea democrática bajo el gobierno de Syngman Rhee. Cuando las tensiones aumentaron entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética, cada gobierno en Corea reclamó que tenía soberanía sobre el otro. La recién formada Naciones Unidas reconoció a la República de Corea como el gobierno legítimo soberano en el país.

En la resolución 112 de la Asamblea General, las Naciones Unidas había instaurado una comisión temporal para vigilar la realización de elecciones libres en Corea. La ONU había intentado reunificar Corea bajo un gobierno; sin embargo, la comisión de Naciones Unidas no fue capaz de ingresar en Corea del Norte. Después de observar las elecciones en Corea del Sur, la ONU declaró en la resolución 195 de la Asamblea General del 12 de diciembre de 1948 que la nación iba a ser establecida bajo el gobierno surcoreano tan pronto como fuera posible y que las fuerzas de ocupación in situ se fusionarían por último en este gobierno, a la vez que se retirarían las tropas estadounidenses y soviéticas. Pero mientras avanzaba el tiempo, el gobierno norcoreano se volvía cada vez más agresivo, de forma que las escaramuzas entre las tropas del Norte y del Sur se tornaron comunes. Se asignaron observadores militares de la ONU para supervisar la situación y evitar que escalara. La resolución 293 de la Asamblea General, aprobada el 21 de octubre de 1949, reconoció como legal solamente el gobierno de Corea del Sur. Por su parte, Corea del Norte negó la legitimidad de las decisiones de la ONU y declaró que dicha organización sería expulsada del país. Corea del Norte envió una carta a la ONU en la que negaba la legalidad de sus actividades en Corea y decía que expulsaría a la ONU del país.

Texto de la resolución

Véase también
 Resoluciones 1 a 100 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas
 Anexo:Sesiones especiales de emergencia de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
Texto de la resolución en UNHCR.org

82
82
Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobadas en 1950
Guerra de Corea
Corea del Norte en 1950
Corea del Sur en 1950

Resolución 82 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 900 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 900 en Finlande
  dans certains départements, en France

Route 900


Lovnica je planina u općini Konjic, BiH. Najviši vrh planine je na 1856 m.

Izvori

Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini
Konjic

Lovnica


Maritta Politz (* 18. Mai 1950 in Mosigkau), verheiratete Maritta Cierpinski, ist eine ehemalige deutsche Mittelstreckenläuferin, die sich auf die 800-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hatte und für die DDR startete.

1972 schied sie bei den Olympischen Spielen in München im Vorlauf aus. Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften 1973 in Rotterdam wurde sie Fünfte.

1972 wurde sie DDR-Vizemeisterin. In der Halle wurde sie 1972 DDR-Meisterin und 1973 Vizemeisterin.

Maritta Politz startete für den SC Chemie Halle. 1973 heiratete sie den späteren Marathon-Olympiasieger Waldemar Cierpinski. Ihr gemeinsamer Sohn Falk Cierpinski ist ebenfalls als Marathonläufer aktiv.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 400 m: 53,7 s, 5. September 1973, Budapest
 800 m: 1:59,9 min, 8. Juli 1973, Sofia

Weblinks

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1972
800-Meter-Läufer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
Olympiateilnehmer (DDR)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Frau
Geboren 1950

Maritta Politz


La Biblioteca Histórica José María Lafragua de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla es la biblioteca con fondo antiguo más cuantioso y diverso del Estado de Puebla y una de las más importantes de México en su género. La variedad, cantidad y calidad de sus materiales bibliohemerográficos y documentales antiguos, sus recursos bibliotecológicos y su función –definida formalmente– como biblioteca especializada de investigación, perteneciente a esta institución pública de educación superior, la han convertido en una biblioteca muy frecuentada por los investigadores.

Historia
La historia de la biblioteca, así como su fondo bibliográfico de origen, se remonta al , con la presencia de la Compañía de Jesús en la ciudad de Puebla y la labor educativa desarrollada por esta orden religiosa a través de sus acreditados colegios de los cuales, el principal de ellos, el Colegio del Espíritu Santo, alberga a este repositorio. La expulsión de los jesuitas en 1767 y la enajenación de sus bienes produjo, en el caso de las bibliotecas de los colegios y de los libros situados en otros lugares, su traslado a la biblioteca del seminario conciliar —Biblioteca Palafoxiana—. Ante la demanda de diversos sectores importantes de la sociedad poblana fue fundado por parte del clero secular en 1790, en el mismo lugar que ocupara el más importante colegio de los jesuitas, e l "Real Colegio Carolino del Espíritu Santo, de San Ignacio y de San Jerónimo", algunos de los libros pertenecientes a las "librerías" jesuitas volvieron a su lugar original para formar la biblioteca del nuevo colegio el cual tuvo una corta existencia. En la actualidad este edificio conserva el nombre de edificio Carolino.

En 1825 se fundó el Colegio del Estado de Puebla, la institución laica que correspondía al nuevo proyecto nacional para algunas entidades federativas o departamentos administrativos de México. La biblioteca de esta nueva institución se fue enriqueciendo paulatinamente al ir incorporando las obras que exigían las diversas asignaturas de las carreras profesionales que ofrecía el establecimiento, a la par que fueron a dar ahí las bibliotecas conventuales cuando fueron aplicadas las leyes de desamortización de los bienes del clero. El Colegio del Estado devino Universidad de Puebla en 1937 y la biblioteca siguió incrementando sus fondos con nuevas adquisiciones y donaciones de importantes bibliotecas particulares, de personas vinculadas al establecimiento educativo, como la del obispo Andrés de Arce y Miranda, don José María Lafragua, abogado, periodista y literato liberal, creador de leyes y fundador de instituciones como la Biblioteca Nacional de México, de la cual fue su director, así como del Archivo General de la Nación; la del abogado Manuel Aspiroz, fiscal del proceso del emperador Maximiliano I de México y profesor del propio Colegio; la del doctor Rafael Serrano, eminente alienista, así como las bibliotecas particulares de muchos otros destacados intelectuales.

A partir de 1587, en este mismo lugar y durante los siguientes cuatro siglos, se sucedieron diversas instituciones educativas —independientes entre sí—, pero que fueron transfiriendo sus respectivas bibliotecas hasta constituir la actual, la cual fue inaugurada oficialmente el 16 de septiembre de 1885 con el nombre de su principal benefactor José María Lafragua en una ceremonia que constituyó el acto culminante de las celebraciones, en la ciudad de Puebla, del 75 aniversario del inicio de la Independencia de México.

Las colecciones
La colección bibliográfica de la biblioteca está constituida por poco más de 90 mil volúmenes de los cuales cerca del 60% corresponden al fondo antiguo (siglos XVI- XVIII). Existe un número significativo de obras del  y el resto corresponde a libros contemporáneos. La biblioteca posee diversos fondos documentales que están relacionados con la historia de los establecimientos educativos que les dieron origen y con la historia regional como el fondo jesuita, el de la Academia de Bellas Artes de Puebla, el del Colegio del Estado, el de la Escuela de Medicina y Farmacia, etc. Asimismo, conserva tesis, revistas y periódicos locales del  que se encuentran custodiadas en la Hemeroteca Francisco M. Troncoso.

En el fondo restringido de la biblioteca se cuenta con dos códices indígenas del : el códice Sierra- Texupan y el códice Yanhuitlán y un legajo de cartas, firmadas en su mayoría por el caudillo insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón, entre otros muchos materiales importantes, entre los que se encuentra parte de la Colección de folletería del mismo José María Lafragua.

El libro más antiguo de la biblioteca es un Breviario Romano, libro manuscrito de (ca) 1370, elaborado en fina vitela con capitulares miniadas e iluminadas. La biblioteca Lafragua posee 17 incunables de temas religiosos y de autores clásicos latinos, entre los que destacan algunos libros que pertenecieron a fray Francisco de Toral, Provincial del Santo Evangelio en época de fray Bernardino de Sahagún, y que fueron utilizados en la evangelización de los indios de las poblaciones con conventos franciscanos de la región central del Estado de Puebla y la contigua, del Estado de Tlaxcala. Existen 8 impresos mexicanos del  entre los cuales se encuentra uno de los pocos ejemplares que existen en el mundo del libro Opera Medicinalia, impreso en el año de 1570 por Pedro Ocharte (tercer impresor de la Nueva España) que está formado por 4 estudios de carácter teórico realizados por el médico sevillano Francisco Bravo.

La biblioteca cuenta con un ejemplar de la biblia Reina-Valera o Biblia del oso (1560) primera traducción de la Vulgata al castellano, libro que fuera prohibido debido a la defección de sus autores de la Iglesia Católica. Existen numerosas obras de escritores jesuitas como Atanasio Kircher, Filippo Bonanni, Francisco Suárez, etc. Se hallan numerosas ediciones príncipes de libros de diversas materias y el fondo antiguo contiene libros de medicina, botánica, mecánica, gramática, filosofía, derecho, óptica, geografía, emblemas y egiptología como es el caso de la primera edición del libro Grammaire Egyptienne (1843) de Jean-François Champollion; Antiquities of Mexico (1870) de Lord Kingsborough; The orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala de Bates; el conjunto monumental la Description de l'Égypte (1809- 1829) que recoge los trabajos de la expedición científica que acompañó a Napoleón en su invasión a Egipto; Le Sacre de Louis XV…; Le plan de París…; etc.

Biblioteca para la investigación
Actualmente, la biblioteca está destinada a la investigación especializada en numerosas disciplinas del conocimiento para lo cual construye herramientas para sus usuarios como su catálogo OPAC de acuerdo a la normatividad internacional respecto a la identificación y descripción de los impresos antiguos; "Lafragua Digital", colección digital de libros a texto completo; dispone de un plan de conservación preventiva que garantiza la estabilidad de sus colecciones, desarrolla numerosas actividades de difusión como conferencias, exposiciones presenciales y digitales, presentaciones de libros y constantes cursos acerca de las materias que concurren en el tratamiento especializado de los impresos antiguos.

Proyectos y asociaciones
La biblioteca Lafragua mantiene relaciones de cooperación con universidades e instituciones culturales, tanto de México como del extranjero. Participa activamente en importantes proyectos como Los Primeros Libros de las Américas, el Catálogo Colectivo de Marcas de Fuego. Se encuentra inscrita en En línea provenance resources del Consortium of European Research Libraries, la Biblioteca Digital Mexicana, etc. Pertenece a diversas asociaciones tales como la Corporación Universitaria de Internet II, la Red Abierta de Bibliotecas Digitales, la Asociación Mexicana de Bibliotecas e Instituciones con Fondos Antiguos, A. C., etc.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web: Biblioteca Histórica José María Lafragua, BUAP

Bibliotecas universitarias de México
Cultura del estado de Puebla
Bibliotecas del siglo XIX
Organizaciones fundadas en 1885
México en 1885
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
Puebla de Zaragoza

Biblioteca Lafragua


ෆියුචර් මයින්ඩ්ස් (ඉංග්‍රීසි: FUTURE MINDS) කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයේ කනිෂ්ඨ ආදි ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමය විසින් වාර්ෂිකව සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන අධ්‍යාපන සහ වෘත්තීය මාර්ගෝපදේශන ප්‍රදර්ශනයකි. මේ සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයේ අනුමැතිය ඇත. මුල්ම වරට මෙම අධ්‍යානික සංදර්ශනය පවත්වනු ලැබුයේ වසර 2006 හිදීය.

මෙය කොළඹ බණ්‌ඩාරනායක අනුස්‌මරණ ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මන්ත්‍රණ ශාලාව, මහනුවර නගර ශාලාවෙහි හා ගාල්ල නගර ශාලාවෙහි පවත්වනු ලබයි.

මෙම අධ්‍යානික සංදර්ශනය සඳහා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, එංගලන්තය, ජපානය, නවසීලන්තය, චීනය හා ඉන්දියාව වැනි රටවල විශ්ව විද්‍යාල සිසුනද සහභාගී වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

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 ෆියුචර් මයින්ඩ්ස් අධ්‍යාපනික ප්‍රදර්ශනය මෙවර රට පුරා ස්ථාන තුනකදී

ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ
කොළඹ වාර්ෂික උත්සව

ෆියුචර් මයින්ඩ්ස්


Pascula citrica je vrsta morskog puža, morski mekušac iz porodice Muricidae.

 Puževi

Pascula citrica


«A Thousand Years» —en español: «Mil años»— es una canción interpretada por la cantante y compositora estadounidense Christina Perri. Se lanzó en iTunes el 18 de octubre de 2011 como parte de la promoción de la película The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 y su banda sonora, siendo el segundo sencillo del álbum y el tercero de la cantante. Conocida erróneamente por algunas publicaciones web como «Thousand Years» o confundida con el primer sencillo de Vanessa Carlton «A Thousand Miles», es una pista pop y piano rock, cuya instrumentación incluye piano, guitarra y violín y su letra se centra en los miedos y demás pensamientos de los personajes de la saga literaria y fílmica Twilight, Bella Swan y Edward Cullen antes y durante su boda.

La pista recibió en general comentarios positivos de parte de los críticos de música contemporánea, de los cuales varios destacaron la voz de la intérprete. Gracias a su índice de ventas digitales, la canción obtuvo éxito comercial en varios países, entre los que destacan Irlanda, Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Estados Unidos. Su puesto más alto obtenido en los rankings fue el número siete en la lista irlandesa Irish Singles Chart, país en el que recibió un disco de oro por haber vendido 7500 copias.

En su video promocional, Christina Perri canta el tema mientras se muestran escenas del filme, principalmente de la boda y la luna de miel de los personajes principales. El video recibió comentarios diversos de parte de los críticos, quienes argumentaron que lo más importante de su contenido eran las escenas de la película. Perri presentó la canción en numerosos escenarios, como en el tour promocional de la película Breaking Dawn — Part 1, llamado Breaking Dawn Cast & Concert Tour, y también en los espectáculos del Reino Unido de su gira internacional The Lovestrong Tour.

Antecedentes y lanzamiento

«A Thousand Years» es una canción escrita por Christina Perri y David Hodges, producida por este último y grabada durante el 13 de agosto de 2011 —fecha en la que, según los libros, se casaron los protagonistas de la saga— en los estudios de Ocean Way Recording ubicados en Los Ángeles, California. Se anunció a través de la cuenta oficial de Twilight en Twitter el 26 de septiembre de 2011 que la intérprete participaría en la banda sonora del filme al revelar la lista de canciones del álbum y luego la cantante reveló en su sitio web que la canción sería lanzada en octubre por Atlantic, Warner y Chop Shop Records. Perri comentó durante una entrevista a Billboard cómo supo que había sido seleccionada para participar del álbum:

Un adelanto de la canción con una duración no superior a los treinta segundos fue puesto en la página oficial de la película en Facebook desde el 13 de octubre para promocionar el lanzamiento oficial del tema. Poco tiempo antes del lanzamiento de la canción, la intérprete se refirió en su sitio web y en su Twitter a lo que fue participar junto a David Hodges en la escritura del tema, diciendo que «fue un sueño hecho realidad» y explicó lo que sintió al formar parte de la lista de intérpretes seleccionados para incluir una pista en la banda sonora, argumentando: «Me siento tan honrada de estar entre todos estos fabulosos artistas». Perri también comentó que seguía la saga Twilight desde hace tiempo:

La carátula del tema fue lanzada durante el 17 de octubre de 2011 a través de la página oficial de la cantante, mientras que «A Thousand Years» se lanzó al día siguiente a través de la plataforma digital iTunes y de las radios de los Estados Unidos; la primera radioemisora en transmitir el tema fue la KLLC ubicada en San Francisco, California. De forma conjunta al lanzamiento del tema se dispuso un video promocional, dirigido por Elliot Sellers y hecho para mostrar la letra de la canción; el video contó con breves participaciones de Perri y se incluyeron numerosos artículos alusivos a las portadas de los libros de la saga Twilight. El videoclip se lanzó en las cuentas oficiales de Facebook y Twitter de la cantante, así como en su página web.

Estructura y composición

De acuerdo con la partitura publicada en el sitio web Music Notes por Hal Leonard Corporation, la canción es una balada que se asocia con los géneros pop y piano rock e incorpora en su instrumentación guitarras acústicas y piano. «A Thousand Years» está compuesta en un compás de cuatro cuartos y posee un tempo moderado de cincuenta pulsaciones por minuto. El tema está en la tonalidad de si bemol mayor. El registro vocal de Perri abarca dos octavas, desde fa #3 a do #5 y su progresión armónica es de mi-si-sol.

La letra de «A Thousand Years» trata sobre el amor eterno y los problemas de los personajes de la saga literaria y fílmica Twilight, Bella Swan y Edward Cullen. Se destacan su relación y el amor que se tenían el uno por el otro durante el coro de la canción, que dice: I have died every day waiting for you/Darling don't be afraid/I have loved you for a thousand years («He muerto cada día esperándote/Cariño no tengas miedo/Te he amado por mil años»). Respecto a la inspiración para la letra del tema la cantante dijo haberse basado lo menos posible en lo que vio durante la proyección de la película y en mayor medida en lo que sintió al leer la serie de Stephenie Meyer. Frente a su comentario anterior citó como la frase que mejor concuerda con la canción la de «hundirse en el agua y amarse eternamente». Refiriéndose a este extracto sobre la primera noche de la luna de miel de los protagonistas: «"No tengas miedo" murmuré. "Estamos hechos el uno para el otro" [...] "Para siempre", afirmó él, y a continuación nos llevó lentamente hacia las profundidades». Christina añadió: «En "A Thousand Years" escribí sobre el amor apasionado de Edward y Bella durante los últimos 1000 años, y los 1000 años siguientes y toda la eternidad. Por lo tanto, esa cita es la que más le va a la canción». Perri dijo que incluyó la temática sobre los problemas de los personajes al pensar en sus puntos de vista y en las sensaciones que pudieron pasar por sus mentes antes de la boda. Comentó sobre la letra de la canción a MTV que la consideraba «bonita, clásica y simple», y agregó que «es posiblemente la canción de amor puro más grandiosa que ha escrito, ya que trata la forma de amor más simple; sobre algo eterno».

Recepción

Crítica
«A Thousand Years» recibió, en general, respuestas positivas de parte de los críticos de música contemporánea. Kyle Anderson de la revista Entertainment Weekly dijo: «La fantásticamente opulenta "A Thousand Years", de la autora de "Jar of Hearts", Christina Perri, marca la pauta para The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn—Part 1; firmes rasgados acústicos, cuerdas en cascada y una voz penetrante que expresa adoración eterna. Cuando Sleeping at Last intenta alcanzar las mismas notas en "Turning page" solo demuestra cuán efectiva es la embrujada confianza de Perri». Bill Lamb, del sitio de crítica About.com, calificó la pista con cuatro de cinco estrellas y explicó:

Cuando Randall Roberts del diario Los Angeles Times reseñó la banda sonora de The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn, dijo: «Aquellos que no estén interesados en las baladas lentas y sentimentales deberían evitar como la peste las canciones de Imperial Mammoth, Sleeping at Last y Christina Perri, que derretirán a los vulnerables: Las únicas excepciones del álbum son "Aqualung" y "Cold", de Lucy Schwartz». En su crítica para la página web Consequence of Sound, Caitlin Meyer entregó comentarios negativos sobre la canción cuando sostuvo que «una Christina Perri particularmente quejumbrosa resume las falencias del álbum en que participa, interpreta una canción sin brillo sobre el amor, que incluye líneas hiperbólicas como "He muerto cada día esperándote"». Cristina Jaleru del diario Houston Chronicle entregó comentarios favorables sobre la canción señalando que «dio voz a los personajes principales de la película y a su necesidad de amarse», y añadió que la letra del tema «refleja de forma precisa los conflictos y pensamientos de los protagonistas», refiriéndose a las líneas: I have died every day waiting for you/I have loved you for a thousand years/I'll love you for a thousand more («He muerto cada día esperándote/Te he amado por mil años/Te amaré por mil más»).

Chad Grischow presentó una reseña mixta de parte del sitio web IGN, comentando que «esta nueva princesa del pop realiza su mejor intento de engatusar a los amantes de las baladas con "A Thousand Years"», y resaltó que «tanto el piano como la guitarra acústica acarician sus dulces y sólidas proclamaciones de amor, acompañadas en ocasiones por una voz masculina para crear armonías en esta agradable canción». Robert Copsey de la página web británica Digital Spy dio una crítica positiva de la canción diciendo: «El número de la prometedora estrella Christina Perri hará que los fans pidan a la pareja que se casen incluso si la actuación de los protagonistas no resultara convincente». El sitio web Music Reviews 10 argumentó que la pista «le viene a Christina Perri como anillo al dedo», comentaron que la canción no es tan buena como el sencillo de Bruno Mars «It Will Rain», pero que esto se debía posiblemente a que Perri no quiso forzar su voz en este sencillo debido a sus recientes problemas en las cuerdas vocales. MTV News España entregó una reseña positiva de la canción y de la interpretación de Perri en ella, llamándola como «la artista perfecta para cantar la historia de amor entre Edward Cullen y Bella Swan».

Comercial
En la semana del 23 de octubre de 2011, «A Thousand Years» debutó en el puesto número setenta y cuatro del conteo estadounidense Billboard Hot 100, para luego avanzar hasta el puesto treinta y uno, siendo esta su mejor posición antes de salir del listado; la pista también entró en las listas de Estados Unidos Adult Pop Songs y Adult Contemporary en los puestos quince y veinticuatro respectivamente, y más tarde avanzó varios puestos hasta las posiciones número siete y doce en ambas listas de éxitos. La canción se volvió merecedora de tres discos de platino en los Estados Unidos otorgados por la Recording Industry Association of America tras vender 3 000 000 de copias en dicho país. En las listas austriacas, la canción logró ingresar y mantenerse en el puesto número sesenta y nueve durante su primera semana para avanzar al número sesenta en la semana siguiente, siendo este su último puesto antes de salir del ranking; solo logró entrar y mantenerse durante cuatro semanas en las listas de éxitos de Bélgica, de la región flamenca Ultratop 50 Singles entrando en el puesto noventa y cuatro y alcanzando el cuarenta y cuatro como su mejor posición. En el Canadian Hot 100, la pista debutó y se mantuvo en la posición número setenta del conteo durante la semana que inició el 5 de noviembre, antes de salir definitivamente de la lista de éxitos al final de la respectiva semana; pasado un tiempo, la pista fue certificada con un disco de oro en Canadá al vender más de 40 000 copias digitales.

«A Thousand Years» fue un éxito en Australia y Nueva Zelanda, donde alcanzó los puestos número trece y once respectivamente; se mantuvo durante catorce semanas en ambos conteos y recibió dos discos de platino luego de vender más de 140 000 copias en Australia y uno en Nueva Zelanda al alcanzar las 15 000 copias vendidas. Logró ingresar en las listas irlandesas en el puesto once para luego trepar al número siete, en dicho país recibió un disco de oro otorgado por la Irish Recorded Music Association por haber vendido 7500 copias. «A Thousand Years» debutó en el UK Singles Chart en el puesto número treinta y dos manteniéndose en él por seis semanas consecutivas antes de salir de la lista. La pista logró entrar en la lista de éxitos de Finlandia Finland Singles Top 20 llegando al puesto diecinueve, manteniéndose en él por tres semanas consecutivas y a la de Escocia logrando situarse en el puesto veintiséis. En Japón, la canción debutó en el puesto número doce y luego avanzó hasta la posición número nueve, siendo su mejor puesto en la lista Japan Hot 100.

«A Thousand Years» logró entrar en la lista de éxitos musicales de Billboard Radio Songs, en la que ascendió hasta el puesto número cuarenta y seis, mientras que en las listas de éxitos Pop Songs y Latin Pop Songs —que también se basan en el nivel de airplay que las canciones reciben semanalmente— logró debutar los puestos treinta y ocho y treinta respectivamente, más tarde avanzó hasta la posición número treinta y uno en el ranking Pop Songs y hasta la veinticuatro en el Latin Pop Songs. «A Thousand Years» fue nombrada como la decimoquinta canción más escuchada a través de la radio estadounidense KLLC, mientras que la radioemisora de Texas KGSR la posicionó segunda en su lista de los temas más solicitados. La pista se posicionó en el número ochenta y ocho durante su semana debut en la lista de éxitos radiales checa Radio Top 100 Chart para luego trepar hasta el puesto trece y estancarse en él antes de salir de la lista.

Video musical

Producción
El video musical de «A Thousand Years» fue dirigido por Jay Martin —quien ya había trabajado con Perri en el videoclip de su sencillo «Jar of Hearts»— y grabado en el mismo lugar utilizado por los productores de la película como la casa de la familia Cullen durante el 7 de octubre de 2011, contiene variados extractos de The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn en los que se muestra la boda de los protagonistas y su posterior luna de miel en Brasil y también muestra a Perri interpretando la canción. Christina Perri utilizó un vestido negro muy similar al que usa Kristen Stewart durante la boda de su personaje —creado por Carolina Herrera— en el video del tema, dicho traje fue diseñado por la intérprete en conjunto con su estilista Alejandro Peraza, quien completó la imagen de la artista con una cadena de oro blanco anudada como pulsera. Respecto a lo que fue el diseño del vestido, Perri comentó:

La intérprete comparó el vestido con los trabajos del diseñador inglés Alexander McQueen y además alegó que si bien su similitud con el vestido de novia usado por Kristen Stewart no podía pasarse por alto, este parecido no poseía otra motivación que la de generar sentimiento y contraste frente a las escenas de Bella Swan caminando al altar. Las escenas de la boda y de la luna de miel de los protagonistas incluidas en el video fueron grabadas a partir del 1 de noviembre de 2010 en las ciudades de Río de Janeiro y Parati. Jay Martin realizó comentarios sobre la utilería del video antes de su lanzamiento, en los que dijo:

Trama
El video comienza con Christina Perri sosteniendo una pequeña vela mientras canta en la oscuridad. A continuación, se procede a mostrar imágenes de la película Breaking Dawn en las que distintos personajes se enteran de la boda de los protagonistas. El video continúa alternando entre la presentación de Perri y los clips del filme: las escenas incluyen la boda de Edward y Bella y su luna de miel en Brasil. A mitad de la presentación, Perri deja la vela en el suelo junto a otras miles que están ubicadas a su alrededor para luego dirigirse a cantar en un balcón. Al finalizar el vídeo se ve a Perri mirando por una gran ventana en silencio.

Lanzamiento y recepción

El video musical del tema fue puesto a disposición de los usuarios de la plataforma estadounidense del sitio web iTunes de forma anticipada a su lanzamiento mundial el 25 de octubre de 2011. Luego de varios cambios en la fecha de lanzamiento, el video fue estrenado el 26 de octubre de 2011, al principio, el clip lanzado en esa fecha sería el del primer sencillo de la banda sonora, «It Will Rain» de Bruno Mars, a través del canal MTV durante un especial llamado MTV: First, en el cual también participaría la supervisora musical de los filmes de Twilight Alexandra Patsavas. Sin embargo, poco antes de la fecha del estreno el intérprete del tema pospuso el lanzamiento del video musical aludiendo que «necesitaba más tiempo». Frente a dichos problemas, Atlantic Records y Summit Entertainment —este último, responsable de los videos musicales de las bandas sonoras de la saga fílmica— decidieron posponer el video de Bruno Mars hasta el 9 de noviembre y a través de las plataformas de MTV estrenaron durante el 26 de octubre el video musical de «A Thousand Years», a ser estrenado originalmente el 10 de noviembre. Las plataformas que se incluyeron fueron el programa AMTV, los canales MTV Hits, MtvU y la página oficial de dicha cadena de televisión, así como el sitio web del canal VH1y la cuenta de YouTube oficial de la cantante.

El clip del tema recibió en su mayoría comentarios favorables. Erin Strecker de Entertainment Weekly dijo que «el look gótico y pop de Perri es grandioso para el estilo de Twilight», pero que le recordaba muy desagradablemente a Goodbye Lullaby de Avril Lavigne. MTV.tv reseñó de forma positiva el video, describiéndolo «como algo que ofrece un tono perfecto y emocional», mientras que Nicole James de MTV News lo llamó como una «extravagancia de amor» y dijo que sus partes más importantes fueron las escenas de las velas, las imágenes de la película y el primer plano de los anillos de boda de los personajes dentro de dichos clips. Respecto al vestido utilizado por Perri, dijo que «era exactamente lo que se debe usar en este tipo de videos musicales». La editora del sitio web HitFix.com Katie Hasty comentó el video favorablemente, ya que según su opinión contiene uno de los mejores momentos del filme, refiriéndose a las escenas de la boda de los personajes principales. Ted Casablanca de E! Online dijo que «poseía una gran cantidad de magia» y alabó las escenas de los personajes Bella y Edward dentro del video. Nicole Eggenberger de la revista inglesa OK! dijo que el video estaba hecho simplemente para que «los fans del filme no se decepcionaran». El canal VH1 dijo en su sitio web que el video musical del tema había sido creado con el propósito de que «los fans de la saga fílmica se obsesionaran con algo hasta el estreno de la película» aludiendo a la gran cantidad de imágenes de esta que el video contiene.

El clip de la canción recibió promoción de parte de los canales MTV Y VH1, logrando ser considerado un favorito de MTV y llegando al Top 20 Video Countdown del canal VH1, gracias a sus numerosas reproducciones en pantalla. El video dirigido por Jay Martin también fue promocionado al ser incluido en las cajas recopilatorias de DVD y Blu-ray de edición especial de la película, Bella's Wedding Dress lanzadas por la cadena de tiendas estadounidenses Walmart el 10 de febrero de 2012 y distribuidas de forma especial por el sitio web Amazon.com; además del video musical del tema de Perri, se incluyó el video de la canción «It Will Rain» de Bruno Mars en las cajas recopilatorias.

Presentaciones en vivo
Christina Perri presentó «A Thousand Years» en variados escenarios. Su primera interpretación en directo del tema la realizó el viernes 19 de octubre en la ciudad de Dayton Ohio durante el concierto organizado por la radio MIX 107.7 llamado 2011 Concert for a Cure! que buscaba recaudar fondos para las mujeres con cáncer de mama, mientras que la segunda fue el 22 de octubre en la universidad estadounidense de Full Sail en una sesión organizada por la radio MIX105.1 FM. La cantante se presentó frente a una audiencia de más de 500 personas. Una vez finalizada su presentación en Full Sail Christina Perri comentó:

El gerente de Roadrunner Records llamó a la presentación de Perri como algo «realmente mágico» y luego agregó que esto no solo era algo especial para los asistentes sino también para la intérprete, mientras que Jay Noble, el productor de eventos de la institución dijo que la interpretación fue «maravillosa».

El 15 de noviembre de 2011, presentó la canción en el talk show estadounidense Jimmy Kimmel Live! y después la interpretó en el programa de la conductora de televisión Ellen DeGeneres, The Ellen DeGeneres Show junto a David Hodges. La cantante formó parte del tour promocional del filme The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1 llamado Breaking Dawn Cast & Concert Tour, en el cual interpretó la canción acompañada por los protagonistas de la película en las ciudades estadounidenses de Atlanta —presentándose en el teatro Buckhead—, Chicago, donde cantó el tema en la sala de conciertos del House of Blues y Dallas, lugar en el que presentó el tema en el Palladium Ballroom. Perri realizó las presentaciones los días 7, 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2011; entre las estrellas invitadas destacaron Ashley Greene, Nikki Reed, Peter Facinelli, Jackson Rathbone y varios intérpretes más de la banda sonora.

El 14 de febrero de 2012, Christina Perri se presentó en el programa matutino Live! with Kelly, donde interpretó la canción en directo para el público estadounidense. El mismo día, anunció la segunda parte de su gira para promocionar el álbum lovestrong, The Lovestrong Tour, en la que interpretará —además de temas de dicho disco— canciones de su EP The Ocean Way Sessions e incluirá el tema «A Thousand Years», como lo hizo durante sus presentaciones en Inglaterra, realizadas durante el 16 y el 18 de enero de 2012 en el Shepherds Bush Empire y en el HMV Ritz respectivamente. André Paine, del diario Evening Standard señaló que las interpretaciones de Perri en el Shepherds Bush Empire fueron «entretenidas» y llamó a su presentación de «A Thousand Years» como algo que «ofreció atisbos de destreza casi operática». La nueva parte de la gira, que recorrerá Estados Unidos y más lugares de Europa, contará con un total de 28 fechas, iniciando el 27 de abril en Hato Rey, Puerto Rico y terminando el 12 de julio en Colonia, Alemania. También interpretó el tema en el espacio matutino Morning Buzz del canal de televisión por cable VH1 que salió al aire durante el 15 de febrero y en el teatro del casino Lumiere Place ubicado en San Luis, Misuri.

Secuela

Tras el lanzamiento de «A Thousand Years» en octubre de 2011, Perri incluyó una secuela del tema titulada «A Thousand Years (Part II)» en la banda sonora de la última película de la saga Twilight, la nueva canción incluyó estrofas cantadas por el artista de Broadway Steve Kazee, él canta el segundo verso completo de la nueva canción; además de integrarse en el final del coro cantándolo a dueto con Perri. El tema figuró como la décimo tercera pista del álbum que apareció en el mercado el 13 de noviembre de 2012. Poco antes del lanzamiento del álbum la cantante dijo: «Estoy tan contenta y me siento tan honrada de participar en la banda sonora final», y en una entrevista para MTV Perri comento:

La nueva versión recibió comentarios variados en las reseñas de la banda sonora, James Reed del diario Boston Globe dijo que el tema era muy «empalagoso» mientras que Katie Hasty de HitFix.com dijo que era «pegadiza» y que «era un tema para ser escuchado, que estaba lejos de ser comparada a lo que Carter Burwell incluía en sus complicadas bandas sonoras». Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson y la autora de la saga Stephenie Meyer le agradecieron personalmente a la cantante por la composición del tema.

Impacto cultural

Un vimeo en el que Timothy Tiah Ewe Tiam, popular bloguero malayo y cofundador del sitio de blog publicitario Nuffnang, se proponía a su novia Audrey Ooi Feng Ling con «A Thousand Years» como música de fondo inmediatamente se convirtió en un video viral, alcanzando casi 4 millones de visitas en una semana. El presentador de American Idol, Ryan Seacrest, lo describió como una conmovedora culminación de 2011. Perri comentó respecto a la utilización del tema en el video: «Ahhh yo lloraba a mares y no podía dejar de sonreír, todo al mismo tiempo. El que utilizara mi canción me hizo sentir muy honrada».

El viernes 9 de marzo, la banda de jazz de la Universidad Estatal de California con sede en Los Ángeles, realizó una presentación en el Bernell and Flora Snider Music Recital Hall, donde interpretó de forma acústica la canción «A Thousand Years» junto al tema de Estelle y Kanye West «American Boy». La cantante estadounidense Pia Mia —conocida por interpretar junto a Bella Thorne el sencillo «Bubblegum Boy»— subió a YouTube el 17 de marzo de 2012 un video en el que interpreta la canción de forma acústica.

Lista de canciones
 Descarga digital

 Versiones especiales

Posición en las listas

Certificaciones

Fechas de lanzamiento

Créditos
 Christina Perri: Voz, composición.
 David Hodges: Composición, producción.
 Deborah Lurie: Cuerdas.
 Steven Miller: Guitarra.
 Mark Endert: Mezcla.
 Chad Copelin: Grabación.
 Justin Glasgow: Bajo, batería.
Créditos adaptados a partir de las notas de The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack y Discogs.

Referencias
Notas aclaratorias

Citas

Bibliografía consultada

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Christina Perri (en inglés).
 (en inglés).
  en Atlantic Records (en inglés).

Baladas pop
Sencillos de 2011
Sencillos certificados de triple platino por la Australian Recording Industry Association
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Recording Industry Association of New Zealand
Canciones de Christina Perri
Composiciones en si bemol mayor
Sencillos certificados de diamante por la Recording Industry Association of America

A Thousand Years


Grupa G de la Cupa Mondială de Baschet Masculin din 2019 a fost o grupă preliminară din cadrul Cupei Mondiale de Baschet Masculin din 2019 care și-a desfășurat meciurile la Shenzhen Bay Sports Centre, Shenzhen. Echipele care au făcut parte din această grupă au fost: Franța, Germania, Iordania și Republica Dominicană. Fiecare echipă a jucat cu fiecare echipă, primele două s-au calificat pentru a doua rundă, iar ultimele două pentru grupele pentru stabilirea părții inferioare a clasamentului final.

Clasament

Meciuri

Republica Dominicană vs. Iordania

Franța vs. Germania

Germania vs. Republica Dominicană

Iordania vs. Franța

Germania vs. Iordania

Republica Dominicană vs. Franța

Referințe

Cupa Mondială de Baschet Masculin din 2019
Baschet în China
2019 în sport

Cupa Mondială de Baschet Masculin din 2019 - Grupa G


Mosolf steht für:
 Mosolf (Unternehmen), deutsche Automobilspedition

Mosolf ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Anna Mosolf (1895–1974), Mitbegründerin der Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft sowie des Deutschen Frauenrings
 Horst Mosolf (1928–2015), Logistikunternehmer
 Jörg Mosolf (* 1956), deutscher Manager

Mosolf


L'African Development University (ADU) est une université privée située à Niamey (Niger) et fondée en 2017.

Histoire

Genèse du projet et fondation
L'ADU (African Development University) est fondée par le Nigérien Kader Kaneye et l'Américaine Meredith Segal, qu'il a rencontrée à Harvard.

Kader Kaneye grandit au Niger. Il effectue ses études supérieures en France puis aux États-Unis.

Le projet d'université nait en 2007, à son retour au Niger. Il rédige ensuite le plan d'affaires lorsqu'il suit le programme YALI Fellow du président Obama en 2014. Le projet éducatif qu'il développe n'est pas retenu par le jury du programme YALI. Par la suite, il perfectionne son projet dans son cours de Design Thinking à Harvard, en collaboration avec Meredith Segal. Cette dernière, ancienne directrice de campagne jeunesse du président Obama, devient ensuite cofondatrice de A.D.U..

Mission
L'ADU veut rompre avec la formation classique de l'enseignement supérieur au Niger et proposer un système beaucoup plus moderne qui répond au besoin réel du marché du travail moderne.

La mission de l'African Development University est de préparer les leaders de demain qui contribueront au développement du Niger et de l'Afrique en tant qu'entrepreneurs, comptables, médecins, ingénieurs et responsables gouvernementaux.

Programmes académiques
L'A.D.U. propose différents programmes d'études. Des programmes de Bachelor, Master et MBA, mais aussi des programmes de certification et des cours pour les professionnels et les cadres.

Notes et références

Université au Niger
Enseignement à Niamey
Établissement scolaire fondé en 2017

African Development University


Boileau este o stație a premetroului din Bruxelles situată în comuna Etterbeek din Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles. Stația este poziționată sub Bulevardul Saint-Michel/Sint-Michiels, la intersecția cu Bulevardul Boileau, și poartă numele acestuia din urmă, el însuși denumit în onoarea scriitorului Nicolas Boileau.

Istoric
Stația Boileau a fost deschisă pe 30 ianuarie 1975, odată cu tunelul de 1.810 km până la stația Diamant, și face parte din axa Centura Mare (anterior numită Linia 5) a Metroului din Bruxelles. Prin stație circulă tramvaiele liniilor  și .

Caracteristici
Stația are două linii și două peroane, dispuse de o parte și de alta a liniilor. În partea de sud a stației se află o rampă care permite tramvaielor accesul la suprafață. La circa 200 de metri spre vest de Boileau se găsește stația de metrou Thieffry, situată pe Linia 5.

Linii de tramvai ale STIB în premetrou
  Heysel - Vanderkindere
  Rogier - Gara Boondael/Boondaal

Legături

Linii de autobuz ale STIB
  Konkel - Schuman

Note

Vezi și
Premetroul din Bruxelles

Legături externe
Stația Boileau pe pagina oficială a MIVB-STIB

Galerie de imagini

Stații de premetrou din Bruxelles

Boileau (stație de premetrou din Bruxelles)


Eiterstraum Station (Eiterstraum stoppested) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Nordlandsbanen, der ligger i Vefsn kommune i Norge. Stationen ligger lige ved elven Vefsna

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 5. juli 1940, da banen blev forlænget fra Grong til Mosjøen. Den blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. august 1958. Betjeningen med persontog blev indstillet 1. januar 1989, og 28. maj 1989 blev stationen nedlagt. Den blev imidlertid genoprettet som krydsningsspor 6. maj 2011.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1928 efter tegninger af Gudmund Hoel og Bjarne Friis Baastad. Den var oprindeligt en toetages banevogterbolig i træ i laftekonstruktion, der senere blev udvidet med en enetages tilbygning med ventesal og ekspedition. Hoel og Baastad stod desuden for en toiletbygning i bindingsværk.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Nordlandsbanen
Jernbanestationer i Nordland
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1940

Eiterstraum Station


කාදම්බරී දේවී (5 ජූලි 1859 — 21 අප්‍රේල් 1884) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ජ්‍යෝතීරින්ද්‍රනාථ් ඨාකූර්ගේ භාර්යාව සහ දේබේන්ද්‍රනාථ් ඨාකූර්ගේ ලේලියයි. 1868 ජූලි 5 දින විවාහ වන විට ඇගේ වයස අවුරුදු 9ක් වූ අතර, ඇගේ සැමියා ඇයට වඩා වසර දහයක් වැඩිමහල් විය. ඔහු ඇයට අධ්‍යාපනයට අවස්ථාව සලසා දුන්නේ ය. ඇය සිය මස්සිනා වූ රබීන්ද්‍රනාථ් ඨාකූර් හා සමවයස් කාණ්ඩයේ පසුවූවා ය.

ඇය සිය නිර්මාණාත්මක ප්‍රතිපෝෂණය සහ අදහස් මඟින් රබීන්ද්‍රනාථ්ගේ කවි හැඩගැස්වූවා ය. එසේම ඇය ඔහුගේ හොඳම මිතුරිය ද විය. ඇය සහ ඨාකූර් අතර තිබූ සම්බන්ධය මතභේදාත්මක අතර, එය ඛේදාන්තයක් බැව් පෙනීයයි.

නොදන්නා හේතූන් මත, 1884 අප්‍රේල් 21 දින ඇය සියදිවි හානිකරගත්තා ය. මේ වන විට රබීන්ද්‍රනාථ් ඨාකූර්ගේ විවාහය සිදුවී මාස හතරකි. ඇගේ මරණය පිළිබඳ ඨාකූර් පවුල නිහඬ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් අනුගමනය කළහ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLEJ8D7mRSBafh9G0B82n0ilmuRQbYYjtd&v=qDUdC_4XxuE
 The Telegraph. Spotlight on the women in Tagore's life. 7 May 2004.

කොල්කතාවේ ජනයා
බටහිර බෙංගාලයේ කාන්තාවෝ
බෙංගාලි කලා ශිල්පිනියෝ
1858 උපත්
1884 මරණ

කාදම්බරී දේවී


Round Table  er et netværk for unge mænd mellen 20 og 40 år, der udspringer fra Rotary club tilbage i 1927 i England. Idéen til Round Table blev skabt af den unge bager, Louis Marchesi, som ønske at etablere et netværk, hvor unge mænd kunne mødes og udveksle erfaringer og tanker uden at være undergivet ældre menneskers påvirkning.

Foreningen motto er "adapt, adopt, improve", der sammen med foreningens navn, Round Table, kommer fra en tale, som den daværende Prince of Wales holdt i 1927 ved åbningen af en industrimesse i Birmingham. Her sagde han blandt andet: "The young business and professional men of this country must get together ROUND the TABLE, ADOPT (tilegne) methods that proves so sound in the past, ADAPT (tillempe) them to the changing needs of the times and, whenever possible, IMPROVE (forbedre) them".

Den første lokale afdeling af Round Table blev etableret den 14. marts 1927, hvor Louis Marchesi samlede 90 unge forretningsfolk i Suckling House i Norwich.

Danmark var det første land udenfor England, hvor der blev stiftet en afdeling. Dette skete den 5. marts 1936, hvor RT1 København blev stiftet med et medlemstal på 15. Der er i dag 129 aktive klubber i Danmark fordelt i hele landet, der hver har mellem 15 og 25 medlemmer.

Referencer

Foreninger fra Storbritannien
Etableret i 1927

Round Table


(1995) Hajek es un asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de asteroides descubierto el 26 de octubre de 1971 por Luboš Kohoutek desde el observatorio de Hamburgo-Bergedorf, Alemania.

Designación y nombre
Hajek recibió al principio la designación de .
Más tarde, se nombró en honor del médico y astrónomo checo Hagecio (1525-1600), cuyo verdadero nombre fue Tadeáš Hájek.

Características orbitales
Hajek está situado a una distancia media de 2,529 ua del Sol, pudiendo acercarse hasta 2,393 ua. Tiene una inclinación orbital de 10,82° y una excentricidad de 0,05398. Emplea en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol 1469 días.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (1901) al (2000)
 Cuerpos menores del Sistema Solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Luboš Kohoutek
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio de Hamburgo-Bergedorf
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1971
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(1995) Hajek


Metin And, (d. 17 Haziran 1927, İstanbul – ö. 30 Eylül 2008, Ankara), Türk tiyatrosu, Türk-İslâm tasvir ve süsleme sanatları hakkındaki araştırmalarıyla tanınmış bilim ve kültür araştırmacısıdır. Asıl adı Metin Tevfik Çavdar'dır. Soyadı, liseyi bitirdikten sonra büyük dayısı Cenab And'ın evlâtlığı olduğundan "And" olarak değişti.

Hayatı
17 Haziran 1927'de İstanbul'da doğdu. 1946'da Galatasaray Lisesi'nden, 1950'de İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu. Lise yıllarında babasının desteğiyle müzik ve tiyatro ile yakından ilgilendi. İstanbul Belediyesi Konservatuvarı'nda Ferdi Ştatzer ve Cemal Reşit Rey'in derslerine dışarıdan devam etti. Yüksek lisans eğitimi için İngiltere'ye gitti, fakat müzik ve tiyatro üzerinde çalışma isteği ağır bastığından bu alanda yoğunlaştı. Bir süre Almanya'da bulundu. 1953'te Türkiye'ye döndü.

Kavaklıdere Şarapları'nda çalışmaya başladı. Müzik, bale, opera, tiyatro ve edebiyat konularında çalışmaya ve yazmaya devam etti. Türk Folklor Araştırmaları (1949-1980), Hisar (1950-1980), Müzik Görüşleri (1951), Pazar Postası (1953-1954), Forum (1954) ve Ulus (1955) gibi yayınlarda yazılara yayınlandı.

Rockefeller Vakfının verdiği bursla New Yorka gitti ve bale, opera ve tiyatro hakkında araştırmalar yaptı.

Metin And, 30 Eylül 2008'de Ankarada kalp krizi sonucu öldü. İstanbul'da Yeni Topkapı Mezarlığına defnedildi.

Meslek hayatı
Yazı hayatına 1954 yılında edebiyat, opera ve bale eleştirmenliği ile başlayan And, Ulus gazetesinde 15 yıl boyunca tiyatro eleştirileri yazdı. Ayrıca Forum, Değişim, Dost, Türk Dili gibi dergilerde yazıları yayınlandı. Kuruluşundan itibaren Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tiyatro Bölümünde (DTCF Tiyatro Bölümü) otuz yıldan uyun bir süre ders verdi. 1969 yılında Meşrutiyet Çağı Siyasal, Hukuksal ve Toplumsal Düzeninin Türk Tiyatrosuna Etkisi başlıklı teziyle doktor, 1975'te Osmanlı Tiyatrosu başlıklı teziyle doçent, 1980'de Dünyada ve Bizde Gölge Oyunu adlı takdim teziyle profesör oldu. 1994'te emekliye ayrıldı. Emekli olduktan sonra Boğaziçi Üniversitesi ve Bilkent Üniversitesinde üçer yıl "kültür tarihi" dersleri verdi. Milliyet ve Vatan gazetelerinde yazıları yayımlandı.

And, bazıları yabancı dillerde olmak üzere 50 kadar kitap, 1500 kadar bilimsel inceleme, tanıtma-eleştiri yazısı ve ansiklopedi maddesi kaleme aldı.

Metin And, Türk Dil Kurumu Bilim Ödülü (1970), Türkiye İş Bankası Bilimsel Araştırma Ödülü (1980), Sedat Simavi Sosyal Bilimler Ödülü (1983), Fransız devletinin "Officier de l'ordre des Arts et des Letres" nişânı (1985), İtalya cumhurbaşkanlığı şövalyelik nişânı (1991), Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Hizmet Ödülü (1998) gibi ödül ve nişanlar aldı.

Eserleri
 Türkçe
 Kırk gün kırk gece
 Türk Köylü Dansları
 100 Soruda Türk Tiyatrosu
 Tiyatro Kılavuzu
 Dünyada ve Bizde Gölge Oyunu
 Geleneksel Türk Tiyatrosu
 Atatürk ve Tiyatro
 Türkiye'de İtalyan Sahnesi,İtalyan Sahnesinde Türkiye
 Osmanlı Tiyatrosu
 Türk Tiyatrosunun Evreleri
 Tanzimat ve İstibdat Döneminde Türk Tiyatrosu
 Meşrutiyet Döneminde Türk Tiyatrosu
 50 Yılın Türk Tiyatrosu
 Dionisos ve Anadolu Köylüsü
 Oyun ve Bügü
 Ritüelden Drama (Kerbelâ - Muharrem - Ta'ziye)
 Ataç Tiyatroda
 İnsanüstülük Taslayanların İçyüzü

 Tiyatro Kılavuzu
Dünya ve Türk tiyatrosunu inceleyen başvuru kitabıdır. İlk baskısı 1973 tarihinde Milliyet Yayınları tarafından yapılmıştır.

And, bu kitabında tiyatronun ilk çağlardan günümüze kadar olan gelişimini ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelemiş, tiyatroda köklü değişikliklere yol açan tiyatro kuramcılarını anlatmış, tiyatro akımlarına değinmiş, ayrıca sahne tekniği ve tiyatro terimlerine de yer vermiştir

Metin And "Tiyatro Kılavuzu"nu, "Tiyatronun tarihi" ve "Dramın tarihi" olmak üzere iki ana bölüme ayırmıştır. Kitabın sonuna da görece daha küçük bir "Türk Tiyatrosu" bölümü eklemiştir. Kitabın sonunda ayrıca oldukça kapsamlı bir "Tiyatro terimleri sözlüğü" de bulunmaktadır. Kitapta tiyatro tarihiyle ilgili fotoğraf, gravür, kroki ve çizimlere de yer verilmiştir.

Metin And bu kitabını yayımladığında Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'ne bağlı "Tiyatro Kürsüsü"nde öğretim üyesiydi ve bu kitapla hemen hemen aynı günlerde Cumhuriyetin kuruluşunun 50. yıldönümü dolayısıyla "İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları" için 50 Yılın Türk Tiyatrosu adında bir araştırma-başvuru kitabı daha yazmıştı. "50 Yılın Türk Tiyatrosu" yazarın dört ciltlik kapsamlı eseri "Türk Tiyatrosu Tarihi"nin 1923-1973 yılları arasını kapsayan dördüncü cildini oluşturmaktaydı. Yazarın ayrıca  100 Soruda Türk Tiyatrosu ve Geleneksel Türk Tiyatrosu adlı iki kitabı daha önce "Gerçek Yayınevi"nden çıkmıştı. Osmanlı ve geleneksel Türk tiyatrosuna, gölge oyununa, Antik Dönem tiyatrosuna, Türk köylü danslarına vb eğildiği onlarca inceleme kitabı olan And'ın bu kitabının diğerlerinden farkı hem dünya hem de Türk tiyatrosunu bütünüyle tek bir cilt içinde toparlamış olmasıdır. Bu anlamıyla kitap adının da çağrıştırdığı gibi bir tiyatro başvuru kitabı, bir kılavuz niteliğindedir. Arka kapağındaki tanıtım yazısında, kitabın tiyatro sevenler kadar tiyatro eğitimi alanlar için de iyi bir rehber olacağı ileri sürülmüştür.

Metin And kitabının önsözünde, Türkiye'de sahnelenen tiyatro oyunları ve tiyatro seyircisi hızla artmaktayken, tiyatro konusunda yazılan kitap sayısının aynı hızda artmadığından bahsetmekte, seyircinin tiyatro afişlerinde gördüğü "Aristophanes", "İbsen","Çehov" gibi adlarla, basında tiyatro eleştirilerini okurken gözüne çarpan "epik tiyatro", "romantizm", "trajedya" gibi terimleri zihninde tam yerli yerine oturtamadığını gördüğünü, Türk tiyatro seyircisinin hissettiği "bu boşluğu bir ölçüde doldurabilmek" için bu kapsayıcı kitabı yazma gereği duyduğunu belirtmiştir.

Kitabın bölümleri şu şekildedir:
 Önsöz
 Tiyatro ve Dram Nasıl Doğdu?
1. Tiyatronun tarihi

Tiyatro Seyircisi
 Yunan-Roma
 Orta Çağ
 Rönesans
 XVII. ve XVIII. Yüzyıl
 Doğu Tiyatrosu
 XIX. Yüzyıl
 Birinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan Sonra

Oyuncu
 Yunan'da Oyuncu
 Roma'da Oyuncu
 Orta Çağ
 Rönesans
 Fransa'nın Altın Çağı
 Restoration'da İngiltere
 XVIII.Yüzyıl
 Asya Tiyatrosunda Oyunculuk
 XIX.Yüzyıl XX.Yüzyıl

Oyun Yerleri-Tiyatrolar
 Yunan ve Roma'da
 Orta Çağda
 Rönesansta
 Elisabeth  İngilteresi
 Rönesans'ta İspanya'da Tiyatrolar
 Fransa
 Restoration'da İngiltere'de Tiyatrolar
 XVIII. Yüzyıl
 Asya'da Tiyatrolar
 XIX. Yüzyıl
 XX. Yüzyıl

Dekor-Giyim-Işık
 Eski Yunan'da
 Roma'da
 Orta Çağ
 Rönesans'ta
 Elizabeth  Çağı İngilteresi
 İspanya'da
 Fransa'da Altın Çağ
 Restoration'da İngiltere
 XVIII. Yüzyıl
 Asya Tiyatrosunda
 XIX. Yüzyıl
 Tiyatro Devrimi
 XX. Yüzyıl

Sahneye Koyucu ve Tiyatro Estetiği
 Yunan ve Roma
 Orta Çağ
 Elizabeth  Çağı İngilteresi
 XVII.Yüzyıl1
 XVIII.Yüzyıl
 Asya Tiyatrolarında
 Meiningen Dükü
 Antoine
 Wagner
 Appia
 Graig
 Stanislavski
 Copeau
 Reinhardt
 Tairov
 Meyerhold
 Vakhtangov
 Piscator
 Brecht
 Cartel Des Quatre
 Artaud
 İngiltere'de
 ABD'de
 Fransa'da
 İtalya'da

Tiyatro Toplulukları ve Yönetimi
 Yunan ve Roma
 Orta Çağ
 Rönesans
 Commedia Dell'Arte
 XVII. Yüzyıl
 XVIII. Yüzyıl
 XIX. Yüzyıl
 XX. Yüzyıl

2. Dramın tarihi

 Eski Çağlarda Dram
 Yunan Tragedyası
 Yunan Tragedyasının Üç Ustası
 Eski Komedya
 Yeni Komedya
 Hint Dramı
 Orta Çağda Dinî ve Din Dışı Dram
 Rönesans'ta Dram
 İtalya
 Tragedyalar
 Pastorallar ve Operalar
 Commedia Dell'Arte
 Fransa
 İspanya:Lopede Vega ve Calderon
 Cizvitler
 İngiltere
 Shakespeare ve Öncüleri
 Fransa: Klasik Çağ
 Molière ve Komedya
 Japonya: Nove Kabuki
 Restoration v eTöreler Komedyası
 XVIII. Yüzyıl
 Tragedya ve Opera
 Ağır Operalar Güldürü Operalar
 Burjuva Komedisi
 Gozzi ve Goldoni
 Kuzey'de Holberg
 Komedya: Sheridan, Goldsmith, Beaumarchai
 Duygusal Dram
 Romantik Tiyatro
 Tragedyadan Melodrama
 Alman Romantik Dramı: Leasing ve Goethe
 Schiller
 Schiller'in Ardından Alman Tiyatrosu
 Melodram Eğilimi:Kotzebue
 Fransa'da ve İngiltere'de Melodram:
 Pixérécourt ve Sonrası
 Büchner
 Rusya'da Romantizmin İzleri
 Fransa'da Romantizm
 İngiltere ve Doğu Avrupa
 Vodvil Eğilimi
 Almanya'da
 Rusya'da
 XIX. ve  XX. Yüzyılda Bulvar Tiyatrosu
 İngiltere'de
 Gerçekçilik ve Toplumsal Dram
 Hebbel
 Ibsen
 Strindberg
 Becque
 Hauptmann
 Avusturya
 Macaristan-Polonya
 Ostrovski-Turgeniyev
 Tolstoy
 Çekhov
 Gorki ve Sovyet Dramı
 Çin Tiyatrosu
 Shaw
 Priestley
 Öfkeli Genç Adamlar
 İrlanda
 Kışkırtma Tiyatrosu
 Varoluşçu Eğilimi
 İtalya'da Bölgecilik ve Evrenselcilik
 Natüralizm'den Sembolizm'e
 Bölgesel Ağızlar ve Gerçekçi Dram
 Napolili İnsancıl Komedya
 Pirandello
 Öteki İtalyan Yazarları
 ABD'de O'Neill
 Toplumsal Tiyatro
 Mitos ve Sembolizm
 Öncü Tiyatro
 Dışavurumculuk
 Brecht
 Mayakovski
 Savaştan Sonra Almanya
 Off Broadway
 İtalya'da Töreler Tiyatrosu
 Doğu Avrupa
 Günümüzün Siyasal Dramı
 Happening
 Üçüncü Dünya
 Living Teatre
 Sokak Tiyatrosu
 "Off off Broadway"

3. Türk tiyatrosu
 Geleneksel Tiyatro
 Tanzimat ve İstibdat Tiyatrosu
 Meşrutiyet Tiyatrosu
 Cumhuriyet Tiyatrosu
 Kısa Kaynakça

4. Tiyatro terimleri sözlüğü
 Tiyatro terimlerinin açıklamalarının yanı sıra, İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca, İtalyanca ve İspanyolca karşılıkları da belirtilmiştir.

 İngilizce
 Magic In Istanbul
 A History of Theatre and Popular Entertainment in Turkey (Forum Yayınları, Ankara, 1964)

 Karagöz: Turkish Shadow Theatre (Dost Yayınları, İstanbul, 1975)
 A Pictorial History of Turkish Dancing  (Dost Yayınları, Ankara, 1976)

 Fransızca

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

1927 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
2008 yılında ölenler
Ankara'da ölenler
20. yüzyıl Türk bilim insanları
21. yüzyıl Türk bilim insanları
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Türk hukukçular
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Hisarcılar
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi öğretim üyeleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Tarih ve Toplum kişileri

Metin And


Gylden Sol er en dansk kortfilm fra 1923 instrueret af Axel Petersen og Arnold Poulsen.

Medvirkende

 Ayoë Willumsen

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1923

Gylden Sol