Beringen Belçika'nın Flaman Bölgesinde ve Limburg ilinde bulanan bir şehir'dir. Şehir'de yaklaşık 45.000 kişi yaşamaktadır.

Beringen'de Türkiye'den zamanında misafir işçi olarak gelen yaklaşık 5.000 Türk yaşamaktadır. Bu göç 1960'larda madenlerin açılmasıyla başlamıştır. Beringen'de bulunan Fatih camii, Belçika'nın üçüncü büyük camii olma unvanına sahiptir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Belçika'nın yerleşim birimleri

Flaman Bölgesi şehirleri
Limburg, Belçika ilindeki belediyeler

Beringen


The New Mexico State Penitentiary riot, which took place on February 2 and 3, 1980, at the Penitentiary of New Mexico (PNM) south of Santa Fe, was the most violent prison riot in U.S. history. Inmates took complete control of the prison and twelve officers were taken hostage. Several inmates were killed by other prisoners, with some being tortured and mutilated because they had previously acted as informants for prison authorities. Police regained control of PNM 36 hours after the riots had begun. By then, thirty-three inmates had died and more than two hundred were treated for injuries. None of the twelve officers taken hostage were killed, but seven suffered serious injuries caused by beatings and rapes.

There had been riots at PNM before it moved in 1956, the first occurring on July 19, 1922, and the second on June 15, 1953.

Causes
The causes of the riot are well documented. Author Roger Morris wrote that "the riot was a predictable incident based on an assessment of prison conditions." Prison overcrowding and inferior prison services, common problems in many correctional facilities, were major causes of the disturbance. On the night of the riot, there were 1,156 inmates in a prison that had beds for fewer than 963. First-time non-violent prisoners were not adequately separated from repeat violent prisoners. Many were housed in crowded, unsanitary dormitories. PNM's food was of poor quality, a problem which was exacerbated by the prevalence of cockroaches and mice. Intestinal diseases were common. A visiting warden reported PNM as the filthiest institution he had ever seen.

Another cause was the cancellation of educational, recreational and other rehabilitative programs. When the educational and recreational programs were stopped in 1975, prisoners had to be locked down for long periods. These conditions created strong feelings of deprivation and discontent in the inmate population that would increasingly lead to violence and disorder.

Inconsistent policies and poor communications meant relations between officers and inmates were increasingly in decline. These patterns have been described as paralleling trends in other U.S. prisons as populations started to grow in the 1970s. The Attica prison riot was organized with solidarity among prisoners, demonstrated by their lack of interest in attacking one another, whereas the "snitch system" in the New Mexico Penitentiary pitted inmate against inmate, resulting in the distrust among inmates unless identified with a group.

Following a change in prison leadership in 1975, the penitentiary experienced a shortage of trained correctional staff. A subsequent investigation by the state attorney general's office found that prison officials began coercing prisoners to become informants in a strategy known as "the snitch game". The report said that retribution for snitching led to an increased incidence of inmate-on-inmate violence at the prison in the late 1970s.

There had been several disturbances at the prison prior to the riot. In 1976, a work strike was organized by inmates as a response to the prison's poor conditions. In an attempt to subdue the protestors, Deputy Warden Robert Montoya authorized the use of tear gas against the striking prisoners. As they exited the dormitory coughing from the gas, "they were stripped naked and run nearly a hundred yards down the central corridor through a gauntlet of officials who beat them with ubiquitous ax handles. Called 'the night of the ax handles', the incident was corroborated by several eyewitnesses, including some officials themselves, and resulted in serious injuries as well as a federal law suit, still pending in 1982, naming deputy warden [Montoya] and a senior guard captain among the assailants". After this violent response to prisoners' concerns, one inmate, Dwight Duran, was prompted to draft a 99-page handwritten civil rights complaint to the US District Court of New Mexico called Duran v Apodaca, later to become the Duran Consent Decree. There was ample evidence from over ten grand jury investigations (between 1977 through 1979) about the conditions at the penitentiary, but the PNM administration resisted the changes and the legislature refused to allocate the necessary funds to make changes. The last time the US District Court grand jury ordered improvements was in November 1979, two months before the riot.

There have been conflicting reports about the inmate population at the time of the riot and the official capacity of the prison that weekend. According to the Report of the Attorney General on the February 2 and 3, 1980, Riot at the Penitentiary of New Mexico (PART I: The Penitentiary, the Riot, the Aftermath - Appendix C1) published the June after the riot, the design capacity of the penitentiary was 1,058, based on the Phase II Technical Report: Facilities Inventory of the 1977 New Mexico Corrections Master Plan. However, that number included the 60 beds in Cell Block 5, which was closed for renovations. It also included the 24 beds in the Annex and the 32 beds in the Modular Unit, both outside of the main facility. The official number of beds available, therefore, on the night of the riot was actually 974, but even that number is hardly fair as it includes the 11 solitary confinement cells in the basement of Cell Block 3. The official population of the prison the night of the riot was determined to be 1,156.

Hostages taken
The riot began with many of the prisoners intoxicated from homemade liquor they brewed inside the prison. Inmate Gary Nelson, assigned to E2 bunk 2, heard the plan to jump the guards if they did not lock the door to the dorm during the 1:00 a.m. count.

The routine for the count began with two officers entering the dormitory. A third officer was given all the other officers' keys and locked the door to the dorm until the officers were ready to come out. The dayroom was 60 feet all the way down to the far side of the dorm. The TV needed to be turned off and the dayroom locked. Because of overcrowding, the two officers went down two sides of a center aisle consisting of single beds the length of the dorm. As one officer looked down to the right between the rows of bunk beds, the other officer looked down to the left between the rows of bunks. At the last second, the shift commander entered E2 to help with the count. After he was let in, the officer outside the door did not latch it. The prisoners on the bunks by the door had to keep the door open, otherwise all they would accomplish was the taking of three officers locked in their own dorm.

On Saturday morning at 1:40 a.m., February 2, 1980, on cue, two prisoners in southside Dormitory E2 overpowered the officer before he closed the door. Including the officer manning the door, this meant the prisoners took four officers hostage. They also had escaped E2 dorm. They rushed out and overpowered the other officers engaged in shutting down the Cell Blocks at the south end of the prison. At this point the riot might have been contained if the grill to the south wing had been closed and locked. Officers Larry Mendoza and Antonio Vigil, who were eating breakfast in the officers' mess hall, heard men's voices in the main corridor. A prisoner in an officer's uniform was standing by the open grill, apparently guarding it. Approaching the grill marching north was a hallway filled with prisoners. The officers soon realized the vulnerability of the grill being open as this meant the path lay wide open for the inmates to attack the control center. They both ran to the control center and warned the officer of the situation. The north grill beside the control center had also routinely been left open most nights. The two officers took refuge in the north wing of the prison. The control center closed and locked the north grill behind them.

By 2:05 a.m. the inmates had gained complete control of the prison by smashing the supposedly bulletproof plate glass window of the control center with a heavy brass fire extinguisher. This gave them access to lock and door controls. However, since they did not know how to open the cell doors automatically from the control center, Cell Houses 1, 2, and 6 had to be opened manually.

Violence ensues

Events spiraled out of control within the cell blocks in large part due to the actions of two gangs. The first were the Chicanos, who protected each other and dished out targeted retribution for specific grudges. The other gang was loosely labeled the Aryan Brotherhood and was led by some of the most dangerous inmates (who by this time had been released from segregation in Cell Block 3). They decided to break into Cell Block 4, which held prisoners labeled as informers. Cell Block 4 also housed inmates who were mentally ill, convicted of sex crimes, or otherwise vulnerable, and held a total of 96 prisoners. Initially, after taking over the control center, the call was to immediately take revenge on the snitches at the far north of the prison. However, to get there, they had to pass the Psychology Wing. Multiple prisoners broke in to find stores of drugs purchased in bulk. The drugs were not only consumed but emptied into shoe boxes to distribute to the other prisoners. Then they set a fire in the psychology office in order to destroy the psychology records that had been used to keep some prisoners from obtaining parole.

The first to arrive at Cell Block 4 found they did not have the keys to enter the cellblock. The rioters found blowtorches in nearby Cell Block 5, which had been brought into the prison for construction purposes. They used the blowtorches to cut through the security grills into Cell Block 4 over the next five hours. It was going to take hours to cut through the bars to enter the cell block, so several inmates left to raid the records office to look for files that would identify who the informers were. Before sunrise Friday, rioters with walkie-talkies began detailing their plans to harm those in Cell Block 4 to prison officials over the radio, but no action was taken. One official stated, "It's their ass," when overheard speaking about the men in the segregation facility. Locked in their cells, the segregated prisoners called to the State Police outside just beyond the fence, pleading for them to save them. Waiting officers did nothing despite there being a back door to Cell Block 4, which would have offered a way to free them. As the door was intended only for emergency use and therefore never opened, the keys were not readily available. State Police agreed with the prison negotiators not to enter the prison as long as the officers being held hostage were kept alive.

As dawn broke, an 'execution squad' finally cut through the grille and entered the rows of cells. The security panel controlling the cell doors just inside the grille was burned off, meaning each cell would have to be opened with blowtorches one at a time. When opened, victims were pulled from their cells to be tortured, dismembered, hanged, or burned alive. By 10:00 am 12 of the 96 prisoners in Cell Block 4 had been identified as "snitches" and brutally murdered. In total, sixteen inmates were killed in Cell Block 4, with most of the violence committed by noon that day.

During an edition of BBC's Timewatch program, an eyewitness described the carnage in Cell Block 4. They saw an inmate held up in front of a window; he was being tortured by using a blowtorch on his face and eyes until his head exploded. Another story was about Mario Urioste, who was jailed for shoplifting. He was originally placed by officers in a violent unit where he was gang-raped by seven inmates. Mario had filed a lawsuit against his rapists, so prison officials had housed him in Cell Block 4 for his own protection. Urioste was one of the targets for revenge. His body was found hanged, with his throat cut and his dismembered genitals stuffed into his mouth.

Men were killed with piping, work tools, and crude homemade knives called shanks. One man was partially decapitated after being thrown over the second-tier balcony with a noose around his neck. The corpse was then dragged down and hacked up. A fire had been set in the gymnasium to burn a pile of corpses, but it had got out of control and burned through the roof. Besides the fire that had been set in the Psychology Wing, a fire was also set in the Protestant Chapel. The Protestant Chaplain had been nicknamed "Ax Handle" for his participation in the Night of the Ax Handles four years earlier. The Catholic Chapel next door was left untouched. Situated across the hall from the main control center, the prison library also was only touched by smoke. A third fire had been set in the records office, burning all records that could have been used as evidence related to the prisoners' civil rights claims in the Duran Consent Decree.

Negotiations begin
When the riot broke out, prisoners had taken the officers' two-way radios as well as their keys. At 1:57 am the control room heard the first recorded radio transmission by an inmate with a radio, "We got the shift commander hostage. There had better be a meeting with the governor, the news media and (Deputy Secretary of Corrections and former warden Felix) Rodriguez." "…the future course of the uprising will frequently be aimless and wild, with shifting and uncertain leadership, and often politics will be an apparent afterthought. Yet this clipped ultimatum will be testimony that the larger cause is always there. The inmate on the radio knows well…it is King and Rodriguez who will decide the fate of any reform, and they will be held accountable - if at all – by the media." About thirty minutes after the riot began, Warden Jerry Griffin joined Deputy Warden Robert Montoya and Superintendent of Correctional Security Emanuel Koroneos at the gatehouse beneath Tower 1. Griffin, Montoya and Koroneos decided to attempt to negotiate the release of the hostages. Montoya contacted inmates at about 2:30 a.m. to initiate negotiations, first using a two-way radio in his car, then a hand set from the gate house. Montoya's earliest contact was with an inmate who had been involved with the initial takeover in Dorm E2 and apparently had control of the shift captain throughout the riot. This inmate identified himself as "Chopper One". As Montoya established contact with one inmate, other inmates transmitted conflicting messages, contradicted other inmate "spokesmen", or argued among themselves over the airwaves. Only the radio communications were recorded.

Deputy Warden Robert Montoya had recently taken a course in San Francisco on crisis intervention and a defiant Warden Jerry Griffin deferred to the aggressive deputy warden to negotiate with the inmates by radio for the time being until Rodriguez could be found. Griffin phoned Governor Bruce King at 3:00 a.m. that negotiations were under way and the governor agreed that they should talk rather than retake. He, too, had no choice. A little after 4:00 a.m. a Corrections Department aide finally reached Rodriguez on the telephone. The acting secretary arrived at the penitentiary about 5:00 a.m. and immediately took command.

Saturday morning, between six and seven o'clock, the radio negotiators jockeyed. Inmates asked for a doctor to treat injured guards. Montoya refused and instead asked for the release of wounded hostages. He also denied demands for a media parley and for his resignation. At 8:30 a.m. a field phone was installed to relieve the confusion of multiple walkie-talkies being used by unknown voices. This caused confusion identifying an inmate spokesperson. Roger Morris on page 125 identified Don Stout as providing the first written demands. "The first document of the negotiation is clear: 'reduce overcrowding...comply with all court orders...no charges to be filed against inmates...due process in classification procedures...." By Saturday afternoon, four inmates were identified as inmate spokespersons. One of them was Lonnie Duran, who had been in solitary when the riot broke out. He had been one of the inmates (with Dwight Duran, no relation) who worked on the Duran Consent Decree since it was filed in New Mexico US District Court in 1977 outlining a raft of prison grievances.

When Lonnie Duran was accepted by Rodriguez as one of the four inmate spokesmen, the inmates repeated eleven demands from the Duran Consent Decree concerned with basic prison conditions including overcrowding, use of solitary confinement, protesting the loss of educational services, and elimination of programs. The prisoners then demanded to speak with independent federal officials and members of the news media.

Some of the officers held hostage were protected and fed by inmates. Two officers, disguised as inmates, were escorted out of the prison by sympathetic inmates. Two officers who had been brutally beaten and raped were carried out on blanket stretchers because the prisoners did not want an officer to die while in their custody. Seven officers suffered severe injuries. "One was tied to a chair. Another lay naked on a stretcher, blood pouring from a head wound."

Negotiations broke off Saturday evening and resumed in the early hours of Sunday morning. The negotiations were not recorded. The government negotiators' strategy was to win control of the prison by stalling.

Order restored
By mid-afternoon, Sunday, 36 hours after the riot had begun, heavily armed State Police officers accompanied by officers from the Santa Fe Police Department entered the charred remains of the prison.

Official sources state that at least 33 inmates died. Some overdosed on drugs, while others were murdered. Twelve of the victims had been housed in the Protective Custody Unit. More than two hundred inmates were treated for injuries. An investigation by a citizens' panel concluded that the riot was initiated by a small number of inmates. Ray Powell of Albuquerque chaired a panel named by Governor Bruce King and Jeff Bingaman, the New Mexico Attorney General, to assist in the investigation. He concluded that the majority of the inmates were trying to flee from the riot. Powell said the report was based on hundreds of interviews with those involved in the riot and added, "There is one point that comes through time and again, and that is that the riot was started and conducted by a small number of inmates."

After the surrender, it took days before order was maintained enough to ensure that inmates could reoccupy the prison.

Deaths
The official death toll included 33 people. Of them, 24 were Hispanic, 7 were white, 1 was an African American, and 1 was Indigenous. In comparison, the inmate population at the Penitentiary of New Mexico during this time was 49% Hispanic, 38% White, 10% Black, and 3% Indigenous.
Author Roger Morris suggests the death toll may have been higher, as a number of bodies were incinerated or dismembered during the course of the mayhem. Several inmates died of drug overdoses after having raided the prison pharmacy.

Legacy
A few inmates were prosecuted for crimes committed during the uprising, but according to author Roger Morris, most crimes went unpunished. The longest additional sentence given to any convict was nine years. Nationally known criminal lawyer William L. Summers led the defense team in defending dozens of inmates charged in the aftermath. In 1982, Summers received the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers Robert C. Heeney award for his work in defending the inmates prosecuted with regard to the riot.

Before and after the riots, Governor King's administration resisted attempts to reform the prison. One federal lawsuit that had been filed was handwritten by inmate Dwight Duran. He lost an inmate friend he had known since childhood after being beaten by guards four years before the riot. Even though his case was supported by the U.S. District Court, actual reforms were held up by negotiations for almost two decades. Actions were not settled until the administration of Governor Toney Anaya (former District Attorney) seven years later. Much of the evidence was lost or destroyed during and after the riot. However, systemic reforms after the riot were undertaken following the Duran v. King consent decree, which included implementation of the Bureau Classification System under Cabinet Secretary Joe Williams. The prison reform work from the Duran case developed the modern correctional system in New Mexico.

In 1989, the Bay Area thrash band Exodus memorialized the riot in "The Last Act of Defiance", the lead-off track of the album Fabulous Disaster.

The 2001 documentary Behind Bars: Riot in New Mexico covers the incident.

By 2013 the state began conducting tours of the old prison.

See also
 Attica Prison riot
 New Mexico Corrections Department
 List of law enforcement agencies in New Mexico
 List of United States state correction agencies
List of notable prison riots

References

Sources

Further reading

 Clifford, Frank. "Death threats may curb prison riot probe in U.S." Dallas Times Herald at The Montreal Gazette. Wednesday April 23, 1980. p. 96. Google News 96/112.
 Colvin, Mark (University of Colorado). "THE 1980 NEW MEXICO PRISON RIOT." (Archive) Social Problems. June 1982. Volume 29, No. 5.
 Colvin, Mark. "DESCENT INTO MADNESS: The New Mexico State Prison Riot." (Archive) p. 194-208.
 Dinitz, S. Barbarism in the New Mexico State Prison Riot: The Search for Meaning a Decade Later. NCJ 126260. In: Kelly, Robert J. and Donal E. MacNamara. Perspectives on Deviance: Dominance, Degradation and Denigration. p. 153-161. NCJ-126249. - National Criminal Justice Reference Service Page (Archive)

 Holmes, Sue Major. "N.M. Prison's 1980 Riot Still Haunts 25 Years Later." Associated Press at the Albuquerque Journal. Wednesday, February 2, 2005.
 "Riot survivors tour old Santa Fe Penitentiary." (Archive) KOAT-TV. October 25, 2013.
 Krueger, Joline Gutierrez. "After 30 years, officers still haunted by New Mexico riot." The Albuquerque Journal.
 "Nation: What Happened to Our Men?" TIME. Monday February 18, 1980.
 "The New Mexico Prison Riot Answers to Your Questions By Professor Colvin." (Archive)
Thompson, Heather Ann. "Blood In The Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and its Legacy." Pantheon Books: New York, 2016.

External links
 "Report of the Attorney General on the February 2 and 3, 1980 Riot at the Penitentiary of New Mexico PART I The Penitentiary The Riot The Aftermath." (Archive) Attorney General of New Mexico. June 1980.
 "SENATE MEMORIAL 63 51st legislature - STATE OF NEW MEXICO - second session, 2014 INTRODUCED BY Lisa A. Torraco" (Archive). Government of New Mexico.
 "Death in a Southwest Prison - 1980 Penitentiary New Mexico Riot Documentary Prison Santa Fe." ABC News CloseUp written by Stephen Fleischman Directed by Pat Cook September 1980.

1980 riots
1980 in New Mexico
1980 crimes in the United States
History of New Mexico
Riots and civil disorder in New Mexico
Prison uprisings in the United States
Prison rape in the United States
Hostage taking in the United States
Torture in the United States
Violence against men in North America
Massacres in the United States
Massacres in 1980

New Mexico State Penitentiary riot


Lisa Vidal (Queens, Nueva York, 13 de junio de 1965) es una actriz estadounidense de origen puertorriqueño.

Biografía
Los padres de Vidal se mudaron de Puerto Rico y se establecieron en Manhattan, donde nacieron Vidal y sus dos hermanas Christina y Tanya. También tiene un hermano llamado Christian. Después de que Vidal terminó su educación primaria, hizo una audición y fue aceptada en la escuela Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School. Cuando se graduó, Vidal entró a trabajar con la Compañía de Teatro La Familia, junto a Raúl Juliá y Julia Roberts. Vidal tenía 14 años cuando actuó en la serie de teatro Oye Willie.

Vida personal
En el 1990 se casó con Jay Cohen, un agente de bienes raíces y tiene dos hijos, Scott y Max y una hija, Olivia. Viven en Los Ángeles California. Vidal es sobreviviente de Cáncer de mama.

Actuación
Lisa actuó en el año 2003 en la película Chasing Papi llamada en Latinoamérica Un amante para tres con el papel de "Carment", una policía destacada del FBI. Posterimente aparece en la serie "Rosewood" como la madre de la agente Analisse Villa.

Referencias

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Nueva York
Actrices de Puerto Rico
Personas de Nueva York (estado)

Lisa Vidal


Der Sender Züssow ist ein Sendemast der Deutschen Telekom in der Nähe des Ortsteils Moeckow der Gemeinde Karlsburg in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, der zusammen mit dem Sendemast bei Garz/Rügen das zweithöchste Bauwerk in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern darstellt. Er wird aber im Unterschied zu diesen nur von wenigen Funkdiensten genutzt.

Der Sender Züssow besitzt einen 190 Meter hohen, abgespannten Sendemast östlich der Moeckow Berg genannten Kreuzung der B 111 und B 109.

Der Vorgängerturm zu DDR-Zeiten war niedriger und hatte einen Stahlgittermast, der nur mit Sicherheitsseilen abgespannt war. Er war vor allen Dingen für die Sendung der Rundfunkprogramme vorgesehen, auch für den damaligen Richtfunk war er konzipiert.
In seiner Nachbarschaft stand bis in die 1980er Jahre ein ca. 25 Meter hoher Holzbalkenturm als Trigonometrischer Punkt, der war am Fußpunkt auf einer Höhe von 54,8 Meter über NHN aufgebaut. Wegen dieses höchsten Punktes der ganzen Umgebung war hier der Funkturm aufgestellt.

Der Mast wird von der Deutschen Funkturm GmbH (DFMG) unterhalten; für den Sendebetrieb ist die Media Broadcast GmbH zuständig. Die Anlage war bis zum DVB-T Umstieg in dieser Region am 5. Dezember 2005 als ein reiner Fernsehsender in Betrieb.

Seit dem 24. November 2016 versorgt der Sender Züssow den Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald mit digitalem Hörfunk im DAB+-Standard.

Frequenzen und Programme

Digitales Radio (DAB / DAB+)
Die Abstrahlung des ersten bundesweiten Multiplexes erfolgt in vertikaler Polarisation im Gleichwellennetz (Single Frequency Network) mit anderen Sendern. Ergänzend ist am 12. Juli 2018 das Programmangebot des Norddeutschen Rundfunks und der von Antenne Deutschland betriebene zweite bundesweite Multiplex am 5. Oktober 2020 hinzugekommen. In DAB / DAB+ werden folgende Programme ausgestrahlt:

Analoges Fernsehen
Bis zur Umstellung auf DVB-T wurden folgende Programme in analogem PAL gesendet:

Siehe auch
 Liste der Fernsehtürme und Sendeanlagen der Deutschen Funkturm
 Liste bekannter Sendeanlagen
 Liste der DAB-Sender in Deutschland

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Karlsburg (Vorpommern)
Zussow Sender
Zussow
Bauwerk in Pommern
Zussow

Sender Züssow


Maja Berezowska (née le   (ou  selon certaines sources) à Baranavitchy et morte le ) est une peintre, illustratrice, caricaturiste et scénographe polonaise. Ses caricatures d'Adolf Hitler lui valent d'être déportée à Ravensbrück où elle passe trois ans. Elle est connue surtout pour son œuvre graphique érotique.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Maria Berezowska est née le 13 avril 1898 ou 1893, selon les sources, à Baranavitchy. Elle est surnommée Maja et est connue sous ce prénom. Elle passe sa petite enfance en Sibérie où son père Emund Berezowska participe, comme ingénieur, à la construction du chemin de fer transsibérien. Sa mère est Janina Przecławska et elle a une sœur aînée, Eleonora.

Elle suit une formation artistique dans une école d'art privée à Saint-Pétersbourg, où sa famille vit alors, en 1908-1909, puis à l'École des beaux-arts pour femmes de  et dans les académies d'art de Cracovie (1910-1912) et à l'Académie royale des beaux-arts de Munich en 1913.

Elle passe les années de la Première Guerre mondiale à Kiev avec sa famille.

Elle a sa première exposition personnelle à Kiev en 1916. Le caractère érotique central dans ses œuvres, est déjà présent dans cette exposition.

En 1918, elle rencontre à Varsovie le caricaturiste et illustrateur  et l'épouse en 1920. Le couple divorce en 1932 à cause de la violence et de l'alcoolisme de Kazimierz Grus.

On dispose de peu d'informations supplémentaires sur sa vie privée, si ce n'est qu'elle fait partie du milieu bohème de Varsovie, ouvert à toutes sortes d'extravagances sexuelles.

L'entre deux-guerres
Maja Berezowska travaille à partir de 1918 comme dessinatrice dans le périodique Szcsutek. Elle dessine déjà des caricatures politiques, souvent dirigées contre l'Allemagne comme à l'époque du plébiscite de Haute-Silésie et parfois antisémites, bien qu'elle déclare plus tard avoir toujours détesté le racisme et le chauvinisme.

Ses premières œuvres théâtrales sont créées à Lwów à partir de 1919.

De 1924 à 1932, elle est membre du groupe artistique Rytm, avec la peintre Zofia Stryjeńska. Durant cette période, elle commence à travailler pour l'hebdomadaire satirique  qui publie en dernière page de chaque numéro un de ses dessins érotiques. Ces dessins sont très populaires et assoient sa réputation d'artiste érotique mais, toute sa vie, elle est accusée d'incitation à la débauche et d'indécence.

En 1930, elle illustre une traduction polonaise du Décaméron de Boccace par Edward Boyé. Le livre obtient plusieurs prix pour sa qualité esthétique. Elle participe également à de nombreuses expositions.

De 1933 à 1936, elle vit à Paris et travaille avec des journaux, notamment Le Figaro, La Vie parisienne, Le Rire et Ici Paris. Là, sous l'influence de Picasso et Foujita elle développe son écriture de lignes légères, souples, créant des nus magnifiques, jamais vulgaires, en quelques coups de pinceaux.

Elle illustre en 1934 un article dans Ici Paris de caricatures d'Adolf Hitler qui font sensation mais lui valent d'être poursuivie en justice par l'ambassadeur d'Allemagne à Paris. Elle est défendue par l'avocat Albert Sarraut, futur premier ministre de la France. Les national-socialistes perdent le procès - elle est condamnée à une amende symbolique de un franc français - mais n'oublient pas l'outrage.

Elle retourne alors en Pologne où elle crée des costumes de théâtre.

Elle continue sa collaboration avec le périodique polonais Szpilki  débutée durant son séjour parisien. Elle y illustre des poèmes anciens avec une grande précision historique.

Elle peint également des portraits et des fleurs à l'aquarelle.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Lorsque la Seconde Guerre mondiale éclate en 1939, elle se cache chez des amis dans la campagne polonaise, à Moniaki.

Elle ne revient à Varsovie qu'en 1941, où elle est arrêtée par les nazis en janvier 1942, sans doute sur une dénonciation. Elle est emprisonnée à la prison Pawiak à Varsovie, reconnue coupable d'insultes contre Hitler et condamnée à mort. Elle est déportée au camp de concentration de Ravensbrück. Cependant, le jugement n'est pas exécuté. À Pawiak et à Ravensbrück, Maja Berezowska poursuit son travail artistique, elle représente des scènes de la vie en prison, réalise des portraits de ses codétenues, mettant un point d'honneur à les représenter sous leur meilleur aspect, pour les encourager ainsi que leurs familles.

Elle y est aussi soumise à des expériences médicales dont elle garde des séquelles toute sa vie. Le 1er avril 1945, Maja Berezowska, est emmenée en Suède par la Croix-Rouge suédoise.

Elle vit à Jönköping et se remet à la peinture. En décembre 1945, son travail est exposé au Danemark et en Suède. À Stockholm son exposition est visitée par plusieurs membres de la famille royale de Suède.

L'après-guerre en Pologne communiste
En juin 1946, elle retourne en Pologne où elle tente de reprendre sa carrière de dessinatrice de presse. Mais le régime communiste favorise le socialisme réaliste et n'apprécie guère l'érotisme et la nudité. Maja Berezowska essaie de s'adapter et dessine des ouvriers mais elle est tout de même critiquée et a du mal à travailler comme dessinatrice.

Elle se concentre alors sur son travail théâtral et travaille comme scénographe dans divers théâtres à travers le pays. Elle dessine les décors et les costumes, souvent pour des pièces destinées aux enfants.

Avec la mort de Staline et la relative libéralisation du régime, elle peut à nouveau travailler comme illustratrice. Elle illustre notamment le recueil de textes satiriques de Mikołaj Rej, Różne Przypadki Świata Teg.

En 1963, Maja Berezowska publie un album de ses œuvres, Piórkiem Przez Stulecia (dessin au pinceau à travers les siècles). Il comprend 83 illustrations de poèmes licencieux de poètes polonais et étrangers reconnus, tels que Jan Kochanowski et Wacław Potocki. Ses dessins et caricatures sont publiés par de nombreux périodiques, notamment Przekrój, Nowa Kultura et Szpilki. Elle crée également de nombreuses œuvres autonomes, dessins et aquarelles.

Dans la seconde moitié des années 1960, la santé de Maja Berezowska commence à se détériorer. Elle souffre de différentes pathologies et ne peut plus utiliser sa main droite pour dessiner. Ses œuvres de la main gauche sont moins précises et, parfois, elle demande à des collègues peintres de les terminer.

Elle crée tout de même, à cette époque, les illustrations de livres du poète   :  Diabels sztuczki en 1968 et Rajskie Jabłuszka en 1971.

Une exposition de ses œuvres a lieu à Varsovie en 1972.

En 1977, elle se retire de la vie professionnelle.

Fin de vie
Maja Berezowska décède le 31 mai 1978 à Varsovie. Elle est enterrée au cimetière militaire de Powązki.

Elle lègue tous ses biens à son amie Jadwiga Kopijowska qui lui dédie un musée situé dans l'ancien appartement de Maja Berezowska dans la rue Wołoska de Varsovie. Ce musée a disparu depuis. Une grande collection d'œuvres de Maja Berezowska appartient au Musée des caricatures de Varsovie.

Style artistique
L'œuvre érotique de Maja Berezowska ne tombe jamais dans la vulgarité ou la pornographie. Des corps nus, toujours jeunes et beaux, dans des poses érotiques, dessinés de manière subtile et poétique sont omniprésents. La perspective féminine ou féministe  sur l'érotisme est novatrice, elle montre le plaisir féminin comme aussi important que celui de l'homme. Dans son interprétation, l'homme est toujours l'objet et la femme, le sujet.

Kasia Sobczak-Wróblewska considère que Maja Berezowska casse des stéréotypes tout au long de sa vie et fait progresser l'émancipation sexuelle en Pologne à une époque où tout érotisme est interdit.

Liens externes

 Maja Berezowska sur Artnet

Références et sources

Peintre polonaise
Scénographe polonais
Illustratrice polonaise
Caricaturiste polonais
Déporté à Ravensbrück
Condamné à mort en Pologne
Résistante polonaise
Décès en mai 1978
Décès à Varsovie
Naissance en avril 1893
Décès à 85 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Powązki

Maja Berezowska


طاقة التنشيط هي الطاقة التي يجب توفيرها لنظام كيميائي أو نووي، يضم مواد متفاعلة كامنة ليؤدي ذلك إلى: تفاعل كيميائي، أو تفاعل نووي، أو ظواهر فيزيائية أخرى مختلفة. ويرمز لها بالرمز Ea وتستخدم وحدة كيلوجول/مول لقياسها. وقد ابتكر هذا المصطلح الكيميائي السويدي سفانت أرينيوس عام 1889م. يمكن تخفيض طاقة التفعيل من خلال استخدام حفاز (Catalyst). وطاقة التفعيل قد تكون موجبة أو سالبة.

تقاس طاقة التنشيط لتفاعل (Ea) بوحدات الجول، أو كيلوجول لكل مول، أو كيلو كالوري لكل مول.

يمكن اعتبار طاقة التنشيط بمثابة حجم الحاجز الكامن (الذي يُسمى أحيانًا حاجز الطاقة) والذي يفصل الحد الأدنى لسطح الطاقة الكامنة المتعلق بالحالة الثرموديناميكية الأولية والنهائية. لكي يستمر التفاعل أو الانتشار الكيميائي بمعدل معقول، يجب أن تكون درجة حرارة النظام عالية إلى الحد الكافي الذي يوجد عنده عدد ملموس من الجزيئات ذات الطاقة التحويلية التي تساوي طاقة التنشيط أو تكبرها.

قُدّم مصطلح «طاقة التنشيط» في عام 1889 من قبل العالم السويدي سفانت أرينيوس.

تبعية التفاعلية لدرجة الحرارة وعلاقتها بمعادلة أرينيوس
تعطي معادلة أرينيوس الأساس الكمي للعلاقة بين طاقة التنشيط والمعدل الذي يبدأ به التفاعل. من المعادلة، يمكن العثور على طاقة التنشيط من خلال العلاقة:

وفيها A هو عامل تردد التصادم للتفاعل، R هو ثابت الغاز العالمي، T هي درجة الحرارة المطلقة (مقاسة بالكلفن عادة)، وk هو معامل معدل التفاعل. حتى من دون معرفة A، يمكن حساب Ea من التباين في معاملات معدل التفاعل كدالة لدرجة الحرارة (ضمن صلاحية معادلة أرينيوس).

على مستوى أكثر تقدمًا، يمكن اعتبار المصطلح الصافي لطاقة تنشيط أرينيوس من معادلة أرينيوس على أنه معامل مُحدد تجريبيًا، ويشير إلى حساسية معدل التفاعل لدرجة الحرارة. هناك اعتراضان على ربط طاقة التنشيط هذه بالحاجز الحدي للتفاعل الأولي. أولًا، غالبًا ما يكون من غير الواضح ما إذا كان التفاعل يحدث في خطوة واحدة أم لا؛ فالحواجز الحدية التي يُحسب متوسطها في جميع الخطوات الأولية لها قيمة نظرية قليلة. ثانيًا، حتى إذا كان التفاعل المدروس أوليًا، فإن نطاقًا من الاصطدامات الفردية يساهم في ثوابت معدلات مأخوذة من تجارب كبيرة تشمل مليارات الجزيئات، مع العديد من الأشكال الهندسية والزوايا المختلفة لتفاعل الاصطدام، والطاقات الانتقالية و(ربما) الاهتزازية المختلفة، كلها قد تؤدي إلى معدلات تفاعل مجهرية مختلفة.

المراجع

آليات تفاعل
احتراق
تحفيز
حركية كيميائية

طاقة تنشيط


Jean Schmücker (11. december 1939 - 25. februar 2018) var en dansk boksetræner, der i flere år var dansk landstræner og var central i udviklingen af en række af de største danske boksere som Hans Henrik Palm, Johnny Bredahl, Jimmi Bredahl og Brian Nielsen.

Han modtog i 1994 Gunnar Taarup-pokalen for sin betydning for sjællandsk boksning.

Schmücker medvirkede i små roller i filmene Slip hestene løs (2000) og ''Inkasso (2004).

Referencer

Boksetrænere
Sportsfolk fra Danmark

Jean Schmücker


Black pine may refer to:

Botany
 Within the genus Pinus:
 Pinus nigra, the Austrian pine
 Pinus thunbergii, The Japanese black pine
 Pinus jeffreyi, the Jeffrey pine, native to North America
 Within the genus Prumnopitys:
 Prumnopitys taxifolia, the matai, a New Zealand conifer
 Prumnopitys ferruginea, the miro, another New Zealand conifer
 Prumnopitys ladei, the Mount Spurgeon black pine, native to Australia
 Neorhodomela larix, a species of red algae found in intertidal areas of the North Pacific

Geography
In the United States
Black Pine, Idaho, a ghost town
Black Pine Mountains, a mountain range

Music
 The band The Black Pine

Black pine


Sean Anthony Moore (born 30 July 1968) is a Welsh musician, who is the drummer and percussionist and occasional trumpet player of the Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. He is cousin to bandmate James Dean Bradfield.

Early years
Born on 30 July 1968 in Pontypool, Torfaen, Moore attended Oakdale Comprehensive in Oakdale, Caerphilly, with his cousin James Dean Bradfield, and other future band members Nicky Wire and Richey Edwards.

Roles in the band
Simon Price wrote in Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers) that "Sean Moore is quite possibly the only person in rock who doesn't take the Manics seriously". According to his bandmates, he is the band's "musical driving force". In their early days, he was often mistaken for a woman due to his long hair, naturally effeminate features and small stature. He is the only current member of the Manic Street Preachers who has not released a solo album.

Driving and football
Moore also has a strong interest in motoring, and set the 22nd fastest lap time around the Nürburgring, Germany, in an Audi RS 4 in 8 minutes 25 seconds. Manics singer James Dean Bradfield mentioned this before playing "Motown Junk" as part of the annual Rock am Ring festival at the track. Moore is a fan of Michael Schumacher.

Sean supports Liverpool Football Club and was present when Liverpool won the first FA Cup Final to be held at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in May 2001.

References

Sources

1968 births
Living people
Alternative rock drummers
Manic Street Preachers members
People educated at Oakdale Comprehensive School
People from Blackwood, Caerphilly
People from Pontypool
Welsh rock drummers
Welsh socialists
Welsh male songwriters
Welsh republicans

Sean Moore (musician)


Tiémoko Meyliet Koné, né le 26 avril 1949 à Tafiré (Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire), est un banquier et homme d'État ivoirien. Il est vice-président de la république de Côte d'Ivoire depuis le 20 avril 2022.

Biographie

Koné Meyliet est né à Tafiré et fait partie du groupe ethnique des Senoufos.

Il est marié et père de cinq enfants.

Parcours à la BCEAO

De 1973 à 1975, Tiémoko Meyliet suit une formation financière et monétaire au Centre de Formation de la BCEAO puis à l'Institut du FMI à Washington en 1979.

Tiémoko Meyliet Koné intègre la Banque centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) en 1975.

Directeur national de la BCEAO pour la Côte d'Ivoire et gouverneur suppléant au FMI de 1991 à 1998, Tiémoko Meyliet Koné a été président du Conseil d'administration de la Caisse de retraite par répartition avec épargnes de l'UEMOA (CRRAE-UEMOA) de 1996 à 2006.

Pendant sa carrière à la BCEAO, Tiémoko Meyliet Koné y côtoie un autre banquier ivoirien, Alassane Ouattara.

En septembre 2017, il est élu membre du Conseil d'administration de l'Alliance pour l'inclusion financière (AFI) au sein duquel il a représenté les régions de l'Afrique subsaharienne, du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Sud.

Parcours en Côte d'Ivoire
En 2007, Alassane Ouattara incite le nouveau premier ministre Guillaume Soro à prendre Tiémoko Meyliet Koné comme directeur de cabinet. Koné y reste de 2007 à 2010. Il est ensuite ministre de la Construction, de l'Urbanisme et de l'Habitat en 2010 dans le gouvernement Soro II, puis conseiller spécial du président de la République, chargé des Affaires économiques et monétaires. Il est ensuite gouverneur de la BCEAO de 2011 à 2022.

Koné est nommé vice-président de la république de Côte d'Ivoire par Alassane Ouattara le 19 avril 2022. Il devient ainsi, selon la constitution ivoirienne, le dauphin constitutionnel du président de la république de Côte d'Ivoire. Il prête serment le 20 avril 2022 devant le Conseil constitutionnel.

Distinctions
Tiémoko Meyliet Koné est grand officier de l'ordre national du Bénin et officier de l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur français, commandeur de l'ordre national de Côte d'Ivoire, commandeur de l'ordre national de Guinée-Bissau et commandeur de l'ordre international des Palmes académiques du CAMES (Conseil africain et malgache pour l'Enseignement supérieur).

En avril 2022, Tiémoko Meyliet Koné est élevé au rang de grand officier de l'ordre du Mono par le chef de l'État togolais Faure Gnassingbé.

Références

Naissance en avril 1949
Naissance dans la colonie de Côte d'Ivoire
Vice-président de la Côte d'Ivoire
Grand officier de l'ordre du Mono

Tiémoko Meyliet Koné


Povrat ulaganja (ROI) je omjer između neto dobiti i troška ulaganja koji proizlazi iz ulaganja određenih resursa. Visok povrat uloženih sredstava znači povoljno ulaganje u njegovu cijenu. Kao mjera uspješnosti, ROI se koristi za procjenu učinkovitosti ulaganja ili za usporedbu učinkovitosti nekoliko različitih ulaganja. U čisto ekonomskom smislu, to je jedan od načina povezivanja profita s kapitalom. Povrat ulaganja je mjera izvedbe koju poduzeća koriste za utvrđivanje učinkovitosti ulaganja ili broja različitih ulaganja.

Svrha

U poslovanju je svrha metrike povrata ulaganja (ROI) mjerenje, po razdoblju, stope povrata na uloženi novac u gospodarski subjekt kako bi se odlučilo hoće li ili ne poduzeti ulaganje. Također se koristi kao pokazatelj za usporedbu različitih ulaganja unutar portfelja. Ulaganje s najvećim povratom ulaganja obično je prioritetno, iako bi trebalo uzeti u obzir i širenje ROI-a tijekom vremenskog razdoblja ulaganja. Nedavno je taj koncept također primijenjen na znanstvene agencije za financiranje (npr. National Science Foundation) ulaganja u istraživanje hardvera otvorenog koda i naknadne povratne informacije za izravnu digitalnu replikaciju.

ROI i povezane metrike daju snimku profitabilnosti, prilagođenu veličini investicijskih sredstava vezanih u poduzeću. ROI se često uspoređuje s očekivanim (ili obaveznim) uloženim iznosima na uloženi novac. ROI nije neto sadašnja vrijednost - prilagođen i većina školskih udžbenika ga opisuje s investicijom "Godine 0" i prihodima od dvije do tri godine.

Marketinške odluke imaju očitu potencijalnu povezanost s brojnikom ROI (profita), ali te iste odluke često utječu na korištenje imovine i kapitalne zahtjeve (na primjer, potraživanja i zalihe). Marketinari bi trebali razumjeti poziciju svoje tvrtke i očekivani povrat.

U anketi od gotovo 200 vodećih marketinških menadžera, 77 posto odgovorilo je da je metrika povratka vrlo korisna.

Povrat ulaganja može se izračunati na drugačiji način od financijske dobiti. Na primjer, društveni povrat ulaganja (SROI) je metoda koja se temelji na načelima za mjerenje ekstra-financijske vrijednosti (tj. Ekološke i društvene vrijednosti koja se trenutno ne odražava u konvencionalnim financijskim računima) u odnosu na uložena sredstva. Može ga koristiti bilo koji subjekt za procjenu učinka na dioničare, identificirati načine za poboljšanje izvedbe i poboljšati izvedbu ulaganja.

Rizik s korištenjem ROI-ja
Kao alat za donošenje odluka, jednostavno je razumjeti. Jednostavnost formule dopušta korisnicima da slobodno biraju varijable, npr. Duljinu izračunatog vremena ako treba uključiti opće troškove, ili pojedinosti kao što su koje se varijable koriste za izračunavanje komponenti prihoda ili troškova. Koristiti ROI kao pokazatelj za određivanje prioriteta investicijskih projekata je rizično jer se obično malo definira zajedno s prikazom ROI-a koji objašnjava što čini izmjenu.

Za dugoročna ulaganja velika je potreba za prilagodbom neto sadašnje vrijednosti. Slično kao i Discounted Cash Flow, umjesto toga trebate koristiti diskontirani ROI.

Jedan od najvećih rizika povezanih s tradicionalnim izračunom ROI-a je da ne obuhvaća u potpunosti kratkoročnu ili dugoročnu važnost, vrijednost ili rizike povezane s prirodnim i društvenim kapitalom" jer ne uzima u obzir učinak organizacije na okoliš, društvo i upravljanje. Bez metrike za mjerenje kratkoročnih i dugoročnih učinaka tvrtke na okoliš, društvo i upravljanje, donositelji odluka planiraju budućnost bez razmatranja opsega utjecaja povezanih s njihovim odlukama.

Računanje
Za pregled u jednom razdoblju podijelite prinos (neto dobit) sredstvima koja su izvršena (investicija):

povrat ulaganja = Net income / Investment
where:
Net income = gross profit − expenses.
investment = stock + {{definition span|text=market outstanding|date=April 2015}} + claims.

ili

povrat ulaganja = (gain from investment – cost of investment) / cost of investment

ili

povrat ulaganja = (revenue − cost of goods sold) / cost of goods sold

Imovina
Komplikacije u izračunavanju ROI mogu nastati kada se nekretnine refinanciraju ili se izuzme drugi hipoteka. Može se povećati interes za drugi, ili refinancirani zajam, a može se naplatiti i naknada za zajam, a oba mogu smanjiti ROI, kada se novi brojevi koriste u jednadžbi ROI. Može doći i do povećanja troškova održavanja i poreza na imovinu, kao i povećanja komunalnih naknada ako vlasnik stambenog najma ili komercijalne imovine plati te troškove.

Složeni izračuni mogu također biti potrebni za imovinu kupljenu s hipotekom s promjenjivom stopom (ARM) s varijabilnom stopom povećanja koja se naplaćuje godišnje tijekom trajanja kredita.

Marketinška ulaganja
Marketing ne samo da utječe na neto dobit, nego također može utjecati i na razine ulaganja. Nova postrojenja i oprema, zalihe i potraživanja tri su glavne kategorije ulaganja na koje mogu utjecati marketinške odluke. Prema nedavnoj studiji, poslovna partnerstva s "mikro-utjecajima" mogu donijeti veći ROI od suradnje s velikim slavnim osobama.

RoA, RoNA, RoC i RoIC posebno su slične mjere s varijacijama o tome kako je definirana 'investicija'.

ROI je popularno mjerilo za voditelje marketinga zbog raspodjele marketinškog proračuna. Povrat investicija pomaže identificirati aktivnosti marketinškog miksa koje treba nastaviti financirati i koje treba smanjiti.

Povratak na integraciju (ROInt)
Kako bi se odgovorilo na nedostatak integracije kratkoročne i dugoročne važnosti, vrijednosti i rizika povezanih s prirodnim i društvenim kapitalom u tradicionalni izračun povrata ulaganja, tvrtke vrednuju svoje učinke na okoliš, društvo i upravljanje (ESG) kroz integrirano upravljanje pristup izvješćivanju koji proširuje ROI na povratak na integraciju. To omogućuje tvrtkama da cijene svoja ulaganja ne samo za njihov financijski povrat nego i dugoročni ekološki i socijalni povrat svojih ulaganja. Naglašavajući učinak okoliša, društva i upravljanja u izvješćivanju, donositelji odluka imaju priliku identificirati nova područja stvaranja vrijednosti koja se ne otkrivaju kroz tradicionalno financijsko izvješćivanje.  Društveni trošak ugljika je jedna vrijednost koja se može ugraditi u izračune povrata na integraciju kako bi se obuhvatila šteta za društvo od emisija stakleničkih plinova koja je rezultat ulaganja. Riječ je o integriranom pristupu izvješćivanju koji podržava donošenje odluka na integriranom dnu (IBL), što zahtijeva trostruko dostizanje (TBL) korak dalje i kombinira izvješćivanje o financijskim, okolišnim i društvenim rezultatima u jednu bilancu. Ovakav pristup daje donositeljima odluka uvid u prepoznavanje prilika za stvaranje vrijednosti koje promiču rast i promjene unutar organizacije.

Vidi još
Bang for the buck
Energy return on energy invested
Rate of profit
Rate of return (RoR), also known as 'rate of profit' or sometimes just 'return', is the ratio of money gained or lost (whether realized or unrealized) on an investment relative to the amount of money invested
Return on assets (RoA)
Return on net assets (RoNA)
Return on capital (RoC)
Return on capital employed (ROCE)
Return on invested capital (RoIC)
Return on marketing investment (ROMI) is "the contribution attributable to marketing (net of marketing spending), divided by the marketing 'invested' or risked
Return on modeling effort (ROME)
Return on equity (ROE)
ROI for Information Technology is used to evaluate applications portfolios and information systems
Public ROI is used to evaluate initiatives in the public sector
Marketing plan
Time to value

Izvori

Investiranje
!

Povrat ulaganja


Amerikalı yazar Eric Hoffer'in kitle hareketlerinin psikolojik temelleri üzerine kaleme aldığı ünlü eserinin (The True Believer) Türkçedeki adı. Kitabın orijinalinin ilk yayım tarihi 1951.

Kitabın Önsözünden

Bu kitapta, ister dini hareketler olsun, ister sosyal devrimler veya milliyetçi hareketler olsun bütün kitle hareketlerinde ortak olan bazı özellikler incelenmiştir. Bu kitap bütün kitle hareketlerinin birbirinin aynı olduğunu iddia etmemektedir, fakat bazı temel karakteristikler kitle hareketlerinde öylesine ortaktır ki bu onların aynı familya içinde görünmesine imkân vermektedir.

Kitaptan Alıntılar

 Gelişmekte olan bir kitle hareketinin taraftarlar çekmesi ve bu taraftarları elinde tutması onun ortaya koyduğu doktrinin kuvvetinden değil fakat endişeler, imkânsızlıklar ve anlamsızlıklar içindeki hayatından kurtulmak isteyenlere sığınacak bir yer teklif etmesinden dolayıdır. (2.Bölüm Birleşmiş Yoksullar)
 Aynı zamanda görülmektedir ki, bir kitle hareketi ikna veya zorlama yollarından her ikisini de kullanmak imkânına sahip bulunuyorsa, genellikle ikinci yolu tercih etmektedir. İkna metodu yavaş yürümektedir ve neticesi de kesin olarak belli değildir. (3.Bölüm Kandırış ve Zorlama)
 İnsanlar kitle hareketlerine katılmaya hazır duruma geldikleri vakit, sadece bir öğretisi veya programı olan belirli bir harekete değil fakat genellikle etkili olan herhangi bir harekete katılabilecek duruma gelmişler demektir. Hitler öncesi Almanya'da kaynaşan gençler Komünist veya Nazi Partisine katılmak için çoğu zaman yazı-tura atma durumunda kalmışlardır. Çarlık Rusyasının son sıkışık devresinde Yahudi halkı ya Siyonizme ya da Komünist devrimine katılmaya hazır vaziyette idi. Bir ailenin bazı fertleri devrimcilere bazıları da Siyonistlere katılıyorlardı. Dr. Hayim Weizmann, annesinin şöyle söylediğinden bahseder: "Her ne olursa olsun sonuç benim için iyidir. Eğer Samuel (devrimci oğul) haklı ise Rusya'da hepimiz mutlu yaşıyacağız; ve eğer Hayim (Siyonist oğul) haklı ise, o zaman Filistin'e gidip orada yerleşeceğiz."
(3.Bölüm Kitle Hareketleri Arasında Transfer)

Kitabın İçindekiler Kısmı

BÖLÜM BİR
KİTLE HAREKETLERİNİN ÇEKİCİ YÖNÜ

 1. Değişiklik İsteği
 2. Başka Bir İnsan Olma İsteği
 3. Kitle Hareketleri Arasında Transfer

BÖLÜM İKİ
İNANÇ DEĞİŞTİRMEYE HAZIR KİŞİLER

 4.Toplum Üzerinde Alt Uçların Etkisi
 5. Yoksul Sınıf
 Yeni Yoksullar
 Düşkün Yoksullar
 Hür Yoksullar
 Yaratıcı Yoksullar
 Birleşmiş Yoksullar
6. Topluma Uyamayanlar
7. Aşırı Bencil
8. Fazla İmkanlar Karşısında İhtiraslılık
9. Azınlıklar
10. Gaye Yokluğundan Ötürü Bunalım
11. Suçlular

BÖLÜM ÜÇ
BİRLİKTE HAREKET VE NEFSİNDEN FEDAKARLIK

 12. öNSÖZ
 13. Fedakarlığı Arttıran Faktörler
 Kolektif Bir Topluluğun Kimliğini Taşımak
 Uydur-İnan Faktörü
 Şimdiki Zamanın Gözden Düşürülmesi
 "Henüz Var Olmayan Şeyler"
 Doktrin (Öğreti)
 Müfritlik (Aşırılık)
 Kitle Hareketleri ve Ordular
 14. Birleştirici Faktörler
 Nefret
 Taklitçilik
 Kandırış ve Zorlama
 Liderlik
 Meşguliyet (Eylemcilik)
 Şüphe
 Birleşme Sonucu Meydana Gelen Gerçekler

BÖLÜM DÖRT
BAŞLANGIÇ VE SONUÇ

 15. Söz Ustaları (Yazarlar, Şairler ve Konuşmacılar)
 16. Müfritler (Aşırılar)
 17. Elverişli Eylem Adamları
 18. İyi ve Kötü Kitle Hareketleri
 Aktif Dönemin Nahoşluğu ve Kısırlığı
 Aktif Dönemin Süresini Belirten Faktörler
 Yararlı Kitle Hareketleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Eric Hoffer

Kaynakça
 The_True Believer
 Wikikaynak Eric Hoffer'in sözlerinden alıntılar
 Kesin İnançlılar: Kitle Hareketlerinin Anatomisi, Çev. Erkıl Günur, Akran Yayıncılık, 1993.

Psikoloji kitapları
1951 kitapları
1993 kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar
Amerikan kitapları

Kesin İnançlılar


Manuel Justo de Rubalcava (Santiago de Cuba, Cuba; 9 de agosto de 1769-ibidem, 4 de noviembre de 1805) fue un poeta cubano.

Además de las letras, también cultivó otras expresiones artísticas como la pintura y la escultura. Siendo militar, participó en la Toma de Bayajá (en la actualidad, Fuerte Libertad) formando parte del Regimiento Cantabria. Tras abandonar la carrera militar, viaja por Santo Domingo y Puerto Rico, donde permanece durante un año. Ya afincado en La Habana, hace amistad con el poeta habanero Manuel de Zequeira y Arango. Ambos, junto al también poeta y militar santiaguero Manuel María Pérez y Ramírez, conforman el coloquialmente llamado grupo de los tres Manueles.

Manuel Justo de Rubalcava falleció en Santiago de Cuba el 4 de noviembre de 1805. Sus obras fueron recopiladas y editadas póstumamente por el venezolano Luis Alejandro Baralt en 1848 bajo el título de Poesías de Manuel Justo de Rubalcava.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Selección de poemas de Manuel Justo de Rubalcava. Poesía Castellana.

Nacidos en Santiago de Cuba
Fallecidos en Santiago de Cuba
Militares de Cuba
Poetas de Cuba

Manuel Justo de Rubalcava


777 - Sect(s) er det ottende studiealbum fra det franske black metal-band Blut aus Nord, udgivet i 2011. Det er det første i en række af albums udgivet i "777"-serien.

Spor
 "Epitome I" - 7:57
 "Epitome II" - 6:51
 "Epitome III" - 4:52
 "Epitome IV" - 11:52
 "Epitome V" - 6:23
 "Epitome VI" - 7:31

Eksterne henvisninger

Blut aus Nord-album
Album fra 2011

777 – Sect(s)


A temporada de ciclones da região australiana de 2017–18 foi um período médio de formação de ciclones tropicais no sul do Oceano Índico e no sul do Oceano Pacífico, entre 90°E e 160°E, com 11 tempestades nomeadas, das quais 3 se intensificaram em ciclones tropicais severos. Outros dois ciclones tropicais, Cempaka (região da Indonésia ao norte de 10°S) e Flamboyan (área de responsabilidade da Indonésia e La Réunion) ocorreram fora da região australiana, mas estão incluídos nas descrições abaixo. A temporada começou oficialmente em 1 de novembro de 2017 e terminou em 30 de abril de 2018; no entanto, os ciclones tropicais podem se formar em qualquer época do ano, como demonstrado pela primeira baixa tropical da temporada no início de agosto. Qualquer sistema tropical que se formar entre 1 de julho de 2017 e 30 de junho de 2018 contará para o total da temporada. Durante a temporada, os ciclones tropicais serão monitorados oficialmente por um dos cinco centros de alerta de ciclones tropicais (TCWCs) que operam nesta região. Três dos cinco centros são operados pelo Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) em Perth, Darwin e Brisbane, enquanto os outros dois são operados pelo Serviço Nacional de Meteorologia da Papua Nova Guiné em Port Moresby e pela Agência Indonésia de Meteorologia, Climatologia e Geofísica em Jacarta. O Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) dos Estados Unidos e outros serviços meteorológicos nacionais, incluindo Météo-France em Réunion, também monitoraram a bacia durante a temporada.

Previsões sazonais

Em outubro, antes da temporada de ciclones tropicais, o Bureau of Meteorology emitiu uma previsão de ciclones tropicais para a próxima temporada de 2017–18, que seria oficialmente de 1 de novembro de 2017 a 30 de abril de 2018. As previsões sazonais foram emitidas para a bacia como um todo, bem como para as regiões Leste, Norte e Oeste e para a sub-região Noroeste. As previsões levaram em conta vários fatores, incluindo as últimas condições neutras a fracas de La Niña que foram observadas no Oceano Pacífico tropical. As perspectivas mostraram que a atividade na bacia como um todo, bem como para cada uma de suas regiões individuais, estaria próxima da média. Para a região oeste entre 90°E e 125°E, o BOM previu que a área também veria atividade ligeiramente acima de sua média de 7, com 52% de chance de ocorrência de um número acima da média de ciclones tropicais. O TCWC Perth também observou que havia uma probabilidade de dois ciclones tropicais e uma probabilidade significativa de pelo menos um ciclone tropical severo impactar a Austrália Ocidental. Para a sub-região Noroeste entre 105°E e 130°E, previu-se que a atividade estaria acima da média, com 56% de chance de atividade de ciclones tropicais acima da média. O Território do Norte, que foi definido entre 125°E e 142,5°E, teve 53% de chance de uma temporada acima da média. Prevê-se que a região leste entre 142,5°E e 160°E tenha uma temporada de ciclones tropicais ligeiramente acima do normal, com 54% de chance de atividade de ciclones tropicais acima da média.

Resumo sazonal

Sistemas

Baixa tropical 01U

Em 8 de agosto, o TCWC Perth começou a monitorar uma baixa tropical localizada a aproximadamente  a oeste-noroeste das Ilhas Cocos, no 90º meridiano leste - a borda oeste da área de responsabilidade do BOM. A baixa tropical moveu-se na direção oeste-sudoeste e atingiu  ventos sustentados ao sul do centro de circulação, e uma pressão barométrica mínima de 1005 hPa (29,68 inHg). A tempestade saiu da região australiana no mesmo dia.

Ciclone tropical Cempaka

Em 22 de novembro, TCWC Perth e TCWC Jakarta começaram a monitorar uma fraca baixa tropical que se desenvolveu cerca de  ao sul da cidade de Surabaya. Às 06:00 UTC de 26 de novembro, o TCWC Jakarta começou a emitir alertas e foi classificado como uma depressão tropical. O JTWC, no entanto, emitiu um Alerta de Formação de ciclone tropical no início de 27 de novembro, afirmando que as imagens de satélite mostravam convecção em chamas perto de seu centro. Várias horas depois, o TCWC Jakarta atualizou o sistema para um ciclone tropical, dando o nome de Cempaka. Os ventos do ciclone também levaram cinzas do Monte Agung, em Bali, para o oeste, para suas praias populares e para o extremo leste de Java. Em 30 de novembro, Cempaka enfraqueceu para uma baixa tropical, enquanto virava para sudoeste. TCWC Perth mencionou Cempaka pela última vez em 1 de dezembro.

Embora Cempaka nunca tenha atingido a costa, as chuvas da tempestade causaram graves inundações e deslizamentos de terra na metade sul de Java e Bali, matando pelo menos 41 pessoas e destruindo muitas casas e empresas.

Baixa tropical 04U

Em 24 de novembro, o TCWC Darwin começou a monitorar uma fraca baixa tropical que se desenvolveu no Mar de Banda. O sistema moveu-se em uma direção lenta e atingiu uma pressão mínima de 1005 hPa, até que foi mencionado pela última vez em 29 de novembro.

Ciclone tropical Dahlia

A baixa tropical 03U foi notado pela primeira vez como uma depressão tropical pelo TCWC Jakarta em 24 de novembro, enquanto estava localizado a cerca de  a oeste de Jacarta, Indonésia. Em 29 de novembro, o TCWC Jacarta atualizou o sistema para um ciclone tropical, recebendo o nome de Dahlia, tornando-se a primeira vez em que pelo menos dois ciclones foram formados e nomeados pelo TCWC Jacarta em uma única temporada. O JTWC seguiu o exemplo no dia seguinte, designando o sistema como 01S. A melhor reanálise da trilha pelo Bureau of Meteorology concluiu que Dahlia atingiu a intensidade do ciclone tropical como categoria 2, com ventos sustentados de 50 nós em 1 de dezembro e uma pressão barométrica mínima de 985 hPa. Dahlia manteve sua intensidade por várias horas até que a tempestade se moveu para sudeste e começou a enfraquecer rapidamente em 2 de dezembro, ao interagir com o ex-ciclone tropical Cempaka. Dahlia se reintensificou brevemente por um período em 3 de dezembro. Posteriormente, o BoM emitiu seu boletim final sobre Dahlia no início de 4 de dezembro. TCWC Perth monitorado pela última vez em Dahlia em 5 de dezembro.

Ciclone tropical Hilda

Em 26 de dezembro, o BoM informou que uma baixa tropical havia se desenvolvido ao largo da costa de Kimberley, cerca de  ao norte de Derby. O sistema posteriormente moveu-se para o sul-sudoeste paralelo à costa, à medida que se desenvolveu antes de se mover por terra para o sudoeste do Cabo Leveque. O sistema foi posteriormente classificado como uma categoria 1 ciclone tropical em 27 dezembro e nomeado Hilda pelo BoM, enquanto estava localizado no interior perto de Broome com base em relatos de ventos fortes persistentes do aeroporto de Broome. Logo de volta à água, o sistema se fortaleceu mais, e foi classificado como Categoria 2 ciclone tropical com ventos máximos de  em 10 minutos. No final do mesmo dia, Hilda fez um segundo e último pouso ao norte de Bidyadanga quase no pico de intensidade. No interior, o ciclone moveu-se para sul-sudeste, enfraquecendo para uma baixa tropical na tarde de 28 dezembro, e então se dissipando no dia seguinte. No geral, Hilda causou apenas danos menores ao se mover pelo oeste de Kimberley.

Ciclone tropical Irving

Em 3 de janeiro, uma baixa tropical se desenvolveu a sudoeste de Sumatra. Às 06:00 UTC de 5 de janeiro, o TCWC Perth começou a emitir avisos sobre o sistema, usando o identificador 08U. O TCWC Perth registrou ventos de , apesar do sistema não ter a estrutura de um ciclone tropical. No dia seguinte, 08U então se fortaleceu em um ciclone tropical de categoria 1, com a tempestade recebendo o nome de Irving, a quarta tempestade nomeada da temporada. Três horas depois, o JTWC fez o mesmo e deu ao sistema a designação 04S. O TCWC Perth, no entanto, descontinuou os alertas depois que Irving saiu da bacia às 12:00 UTC do mesmo dia.

Ciclone tropical Joyce

Uma baixa tropical se desenvolveu sobre o Golfo de Joseph Bonaparte em 7 de janeiro de 2018 e se moveu sobre a região de Kimberley, na Austrália Ocidental, no dia seguinte. Em 10 de janeiro, a baixa moveu-se para o mar e começou a se desenvolver, e o sistema foi atualizado para um ciclone tropical, chamado Joyce, em 11 de janeiro. O sistema atingiu a costa da Austrália Ocidental no dia seguinte. Os remanescentes do ciclone Joyce trouxeram fortes chuvas para a área metropolitana de Perth em 15 de janeiro; um total de  de chuva em 24 horas caiu em Perth, enquanto Rottnest Island registrou a maior quantidade de chuva no metrô, que foi um total de .

Baixa tropical 11U

Um sistema lento trouxe chuvas abundantes para uma ampla faixa costeira da Austrália. Em Kimberley, Austrália Ocidental, acumulações de chuva quase recorde de  em quatro dias causou extensas inundações. Em um período de 24 horas,  de chuva caiu em Broome, Austrália Ocidental, com inundações em algumas áreas atingindo profundidades de . Partes da Great Northern Highway e da estrada Cape Leveque foram fechadas. As áreas costeiras experimentaram ventos fortes que atingiram  com rajadas de  ; esses ventos derrubaram muitas árvores e linhas de energia.  Os efeitos da baixa foram considerados substancialmente piores do que Hilda e Joyce, ciclones tropicais que afetaram a mesma região no início da temporada.

Ciclone tropical severo Kelvin

O ciclone tropical Kelvin se formou em 12 de fevereiro e rapidamente se intensificou em uma tempestade de categoria 2 (escala australiana) e uma tempestade de categoria 1 (Saffir-Simpson). Kelvin sustentou a intensidade do ciclone ou furacão até se dissipar em 20 de fevereiro. O ciclone tropical Kelvin trouxe fortes chuvas generalizadas para a região de Kimberley, que já havia sido saturada por outros sistemas de ciclones tropicais. Como resultado, ocorreram inundações significativas em partes do Kimberley, inclusive nas cidades de Broome e Bidyadanga. Danos materiais foram sofridos em Broome e Anna Plains Station, onde o ciclone atingiu a costa, bem como danos à infraestrutura na Great Northern Highway como resultado das fortes chuvas e inundações.

Ciclone tropical Linda

Em 11 de março, imagens de satélite mostraram que a convecção atmosférica persistia em torno de um centro de circulação de baixo nível, que se desenvolveu em 160°E a sudoeste das Ilhas Salomão. O sistema foi posteriormente classificado como baixa tropical 21U pelo BoM e distúrbio tropical 10F pelo FMS mais tarde naquele dia.   Nos dias seguintes, o sistema desenvolveu-se gradualmente à medida que se movia para o sul, para o Mar de Coral, através de uma área de temperatura quente da superfície do mar de cerca de  e cisalhamento vertical do vento baixo a moderado.

Em 11 de março, o Serviço Meteorológico de Fiji informou que o distúrbio tropical 10F havia se desenvolvido cerca de  ao sudoeste da província de Rennell e Bellona das Ilhas Salomão. O sistema estava mal organizado, com a convecção atmosférica deslocada para leste do centro de circulação de baixo nível. Na manhã de 12 de março, após algum fortalecimento moderado, o JTWC elevou a perturbação para uma depressão tropical, e o Bureau of Meteorology atribuiu ao sistema a designação de baixa tropical 21U. No final do mesmo dia, o JTWC avaliou que o sistema estava produzindo ventos fortes e o atualizou para o status de tempestade tropical na escala Saffir-Simpson. A tempestade moveu-se geralmente para o sul e entrou na região australiana às 10:00 AEST em 13 de março. Apesar de estar exposto a condições atmosféricas geralmente desfavoráveis para o desenvolvimento de ciclones tropicais, a baixa tropical se fortaleceu em um ciclone tropical de categoria 1 na escala australiana seis horas depois. A tempestade foi batizada de "Linda" e foi o primeiro ciclone tropical na região leste na temporada 2017-18. O ciclone tropical Linda atingiu seu pico de intensidade às 22:00 AEST de 13 de março, com  10 minutos de ventos sustentados,  ventos sustentados de um minuto e uma pressão atmosférica mínima de .

Algumas horas depois, a tempestade assumiu um curso mais para sudoeste em direção à costa sul de Queensland. Como resultado da deterioração das condições atmosféricas e do resfriamento da temperatura da superfície do mar devido ao afastamento das águas equatoriais quentes, Linda enfraqueceu para uma baixa subtropical no meio da manhã de 14 de março, tendo passado menos de 24 horas como um ciclone. O JTWC procedeu ao rebaixamento do sistema abaixo da intensidade da tempestade tropical às 04:00 AEST em 25 de março. A baixa remanescente fez a transição para uma trilha sul-sudeste e continuou a decair enquanto viajava aproximadamente paralela ao litoral, finalmente se dissipando em 16 de março.

O ex-ciclone tropical Linda passou em cerca de  da Ilha Fraser em sua aproximação mais próxima da Austrália, e produziu grandes ondas e swell que foram experimentados nas praias expostas do sul de Queensland. Devido às perigosas condições de surfe, muitas praias ao sul da Ilha Fraser foram fechadas nos dias 14 e 15 de março para a segurança do público. Áreas fora de partes da Sunshine Coast experimentaram ondas de até , e  de erosão da praia ocorreu na Gold Coast. Ventos sustentados com força de vendaval foram registrados no continente australiano em Double Island Point em 14 Março, com rajadas até .

Ciclone tropical severo Marcus

Em 14 de março, o Australian Bureau of Meteorology emitiu avisos de ciclone para Darwin, as Ilhas Tiwi e partes do noroeste de Top End.

Marcus se formou ao norte das Ilhas Tiwi como um ciclone tropical de categoria 1 na escala australiana e foi atualizado para a categoria 2 horas antes de atingir a costa do Território do Norte em 17 de março. Grandes eventos e voos de e para Darwin foram cancelados. Ao se afastar da costa, Marcus se intensificou acentuadamente e, em 21 de março, o ciclone Marcus atingiu o status de categoria 5 em ambas as escalas de ciclones. A partir de então, Marcus começou uma fase de enfraquecimento, passando pela Austrália Ocidental e se tornando uma baixa remanescente em 24 de março.

Ciclone tropical severo Nora

Na tarde de 19 de março, o Bureau of Meteorology informou sobre o desenvolvimento de uma fraca baixa tropical no Estreito de Torres, ao norte da Ilha Thursday. Dois dias depois, na tarde de 21 de março, os boletins de alerta sobre ciclones tropicais foram iniciados quando a baixa tropical começou a se desenvolver, e um alerta de ciclone foi emitido para a região costeira do extremo nordeste de Top End. Nesta fase, o sistema foi previsto para coalescer em um ciclone tropical por volta das 4:00. am em 23 de março ( ACST ) e, em seguida, atingir a força do ciclone tropical severo por volta das 4:00 tarde do dia seguinte. Na tarde de 22 de março, o Joint Typhoon Warning Center atualizou o sistema de reforço para uma tempestade tropical. Mais tarde no mesmo dia, o Bureau of Meteorology identificou que ventos fortes e contínuos se desenvolveram no semicírculo norte do sistema; no entanto, o sistema ainda era classificado como uma baixa tropical, pois esses ventos não se estendiam além da metade do centro de circulação. Em 23 de março, o sistema se organizou suficientemente em um ciclone tropical e foi nomeado Nora pelo BoM. Nos próximos dias, Nora se intensificou em um ciclone tropical severo de categoria 3, antes de chegar ao Top End nessa intensidade. Posteriormente, Nora gradualmente começou a enfraquecer, degenerando em uma baixa tropical logo depois. Em 26 de março, a baixa remanescente de Nora estagnou e começou a serpentear lentamente no sentido anti-horário sobre o Top End. Em 27 de março, o remanescente de Nora mudou-se para o oeste através do Golfo de Carpentaria. No dia seguinte, o remanescente de Nora atingiu a costa australiana mais uma vez e se dissipou.

Ciclone tropical Iris

Durante 24 de março, o BoM informou que o ciclone Iris se mudou para a região australiana do Pacífico Sul como um ciclone tropical de categoria 1, enquanto localizado a cerca de  ao sul de Honiara nas Ilhas Salomão. De acordo com o BoM, o sistema enfraqueceu rapidamente para uma baixa tropical durante aquele dia, à medida que avançava na região australiana. Por outro lado, o JTWC informou que Iris havia se desenvolvido em um ciclone tropical por volta das 04:00 AEST em 25 de março (18:00 UTC em 24 de março), quando havia boa divergência no ar e um canal de saída em direção aos pólos formativo, embora alto cisalhamento vertical do vento continuou impactando o sistema. Seguindo geralmente para o sul ao longo da periferia oeste de uma crista quase equatorial, Iris permaneceu fraco com um centro de circulação de baixo nível exposto, o que resultou no aviso final do JTWC sendo emitido às 09:00 UTC em 27 de março, como temperaturas mais frias da superfície do mar erodiram ainda mais o sistema totalmente cisalhado. Em 28 de março, o Iris desacelerou e passou a apresentar características subtropicais. A baixa subtropical começou a se mover para noroeste, paralela à costa de Queensland em 29 de março. O JTWC emitiu um Alerta de Formação de ciclone tropical para Iris novamente em 1 de abril, devido ao aumento da quantidade de convecção persistente e à melhoria das bandas de baixo nível. Esses fatores indicaram que Iris havia feito a transição de volta para uma baixa tropical no mesmo dia, ao virar para o sul-sudeste.

Tanto o BoM quanto o JTWC relataram que Iris havia se transformado em um ciclone tropical por volta das 10:00 AEST (00:00 UTC) em 2 de abril, apoiado por estimativas da técnica Dvorak, bem como vendavais sustentados registrados pela estação meteorológica automática em Flinders Reef. Meio dia depois, a estação registrou ainda ventos máximos sustentados de . Graças ao fraco cisalhamento vertical do vento, SSTs quentes a 28 °C e excelente escoamento em direção aos pólos, o BoM indicou que Iris se intensificou ainda mais em um ciclone tropical de categoria 2 por volta das 04:00 AEST em 3 de abril (18:00 UTC em 2 de abril ), com ventos sustentados máximos estimados de 10 minutos em . Iris tornou-se quase estacionário no mesmo dia, devido às influências de direção concorrentes de uma cordilheira quase equatorial localizada a nordeste e uma cordilheira subtropical ancorada sobre a Austrália. No início de 3 de abril, Iris retomou sua rota sul-sudeste e virou para leste; ao mesmo tempo, o centro de circulação de baixo nível tornou-se parcialmente exposto, com convecção profunda persistindo apenas na periferia sul da tempestade, mostrando que a intensificação havia parado.

Às 04:07 AEST em 4 de abril (18:07 UTC em 3 de abril), imagens de micro-ondas revelaram que Iris formou brevemente uma parede ocular rasa, levando o JTWC a indicar que Iris atingiu seu pico de intensidade em 10:00 AEST (00:00 UTC), com a mesma estimativa do BoM 30 horas antes. No entanto, o BoM rebaixou Iris para um ciclone tropical de categoria 1 às 16:00 AEST (06:00 UTC), como o ambiente desfavorável com cisalhamento de vento noroeste moderado, fluxo de saída fraco de nível superior, ar seco penetrante e SSTs de suporte marginal em cerca de 26 °C, começou a impactar o sistema cisalhado.

Ciclone tropical Flamboyan

O Flamboyan foi formado em 27 de abril, antes de se mudar para a bacia do sudoeste do Oceano Índico em 28 de abril. Depois, o sistema começou a se intensificar. Flamboyan ocorreu fora da região australiana, tendo se desenvolvido ao norte de 10S na área de responsabilidade da Indonésia antes de se mover para o sudoeste na área de responsabilidade de La Réunion.

Outros sistemas
Em 1 de dezembro, uma baixa tropical se formou ao sul de Java. A baixa tropical moveu-se rapidamente para sudoeste, antes de se dissipar no dia seguinte.

Em 1 de janeiro, o TCWC Perth começou a rastrear uma pequena e fraca baixa tropical ao sul de Bali. O sistema foi mencionado pela última vez no dia seguinte.

Em 14 de janeiro, uma baixa tropical fraca se desenvolveu cerca de  ao noroeste de Exmouth. A baixa tropical moveu-se na direção geral do oeste por vários dias, até que foi monitorada pela última vez pelo TCWC Perth em 19 de janeiro.

Desde o início da temporada 2008-09, houve apenas uma lista da qual o Bureau de Meteorologia atribuiu nomes a ciclones tropicais, apesar de ainda operar três centros de alerta de ciclones tropicais separados (TCWCs) em Perth, Darwin e Brisbane. Esses centros de alerta monitoram todos os ciclones tropicais que se formam na região australiana, incluindo qualquer um dentro das áreas de responsabilidade do TCWC Jakarta ou TCWC Port Moresby. Um total de sete ciclones tropicais foram nomeados pelo BOM durante a temporada; estes estão listados abaixo.

 Hilda
 Irving
 Joyce
 Kelvin
 Linda
 Marcus
 Nora

TCWC Jacarta
O TCWC em Jacarta, operado pela Agência Indonésia de Meteorologia, Climatologia e Geofísica, monitora ciclones tropicais desde o Equador até 11°S e entre as longitudes 90°E e 145°E. As depressões tropicais que atingiram a força do ciclone tropical nesta região foram nomeadas pelo TCWC Jacarta. Isso ocorreu um total recorde de três vezes nesta temporada, e os nomes usados estão listados abaixo.

TCWC Port Moresby
Os ciclones tropicais que se desenvolvem entre o Equador e 11°S, entre 151°E e 160°E, recebem nomes do TCWC em Port Moresby, Papua Nova Guiné. A formação de ciclones tropicais nesta área é rara, sem ciclones sendo nomeados desde 2007. Uma lista cronológica não é usada; em vez disso, os nomes são selecionados em ordem aleatória de um conjunto de nomes.

Aposentadoria de nome
Devido aos danos que o ciclone Marcus causou em Darwin e sua subsequente intensificação em um poderoso ciclone tropical severo de categoria 5, o BOM retirou o nome Marcus de sua lista de nomes. Foi substituído por Marco.

Efeitos sazonais

|-
|01U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Cempaka ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Indonesia ||  ||  ||
|-
|04U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Indonesia ||  ||  ||
|-
|Dahlia ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 2 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Indonesia, Ilha Christmas ||  ||  ||
|-
|05U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Hilda ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 2 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Austrália Ocidental || Menor || Nenhum ||
|-
|07U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Irving ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 1 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Joyce ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 2 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Austrália Ocidental ||  ||  ||
|-
|10U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|11U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Top End, Austrália Ocidental ||  ||  ||
|-
|12U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Fehi ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Salomão ||  ||  ||
|-
|14U ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|15U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Kelvin ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical severo categoria 3 || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Top End, Austrália Ocidental,Sul da Austrália || $ || Nenhum ||
|-
|18U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Território do Norte || $ || Nenhum ||
|-
|Linda ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 1 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| ||Ilhas Salomão, Nova Caledónia Queensland meridional ||  ||  ||
|-
|Marcus ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical severo categoria 5 || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Tanimbar, Timor-Leste, Top End,Kimberley || $ || Nenhum ||
|-
|Nora ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical severo categoria 3 || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nova Guiné, Ilhas Aru,Território do Norte, Queensland || $ || Nenhum ||
|-
|23U ||  || bgcolor=#|Baixa tropical || bgcolor=#||| bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-
|Iris ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 2 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| ||Ilhas Salomão, Queensland ||  ||  ||
|-
|Flamboyan ||  || bgcolor=#|Ciclone tropical categoria 1 || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  ||  ||
|-

Ver também

 Ciclones tropicais em 2017 and 2018
 Temporadas de furacões no Atlântico: 2017, 2018
 Temporadas de furacões do Pacífico: 2017, 2018
 Temporadas de tufões do Pacífico: 2017, 2018
 Temporadas de ciclone no Índico Norte: 2017, 2018
 Temporada de ciclones no Índico Sudoeste de 2017-2018
 Temporada de ciclones no Pacífico Sul de 2017-2018

Referências

Ligações externas

 Australian Bureau of Meteorology
 Joint Typhoon Warning Center
 Tropical Cyclone Warning Center Jakarta
 Tropical Cyclone Warning Center Port Moresby

2017
Ciclones tropicais em 2018
Ciclones tropicais em 2017

Temporada de ciclones na região da Austrália de 2017-2018


Bis wir uns wiederseh'n (Arbeitstitel: Pamela) ist ein deutscher Spielfilm aus dem Jahr 1952 unter der Regie von Gustav Ucicky.  Zum ersten Mal trifft hier das Traumpaar der 1950er Jahre Maria Schell und O. W. Fischer aufeinander.

Handlung
In einem Hotel an der Schweizer Grenze trifft die junge Pamela Osten auf den ehemaligen Spielbankbesitzer Paul Mayhöfer. Durch kurze Andeutungen und Pamelas Reaktion auf das Wiedersehen, beginnt ihr Begleiter, Professor Stauffer, zu ahnen, dass Mayhöfer eine besondere Rolle im Leben der jungen Frau einnimmt.

Paul Mayhöfer hatte Pamela einst finanziell ausgeholfen, als sie die für einen Umzug angeheuerten Transportarbeiter nicht bezahlen konnte. Als sie ihn später erneut um Unterstützung bat, um eine Pfändung abzuwenden, lehnte er eine abermalige Hilfe jedoch unwirsch ab. Eine Freundin vermittelte Pamela daraufhin eine Arbeit als Mannequin bei einer Modenschau, die auch Paul zusammen mit einer Freundin besuchte. Als Mayhöfer sich hinter der Bühne nach Pamela erkundigte und von ihrem Zusammenbruch erfuhr, löste das Sorge in ihm aus, obwohl er sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch nicht eingestehen wollte, dass er mehr für die zarte junge Frau empfand. Seiner Einladung, mit ihm einige Wochen am Comer See in Italien zu verbringen, folgte Pamela, obwohl Paul ihr vor Antritt der Reise klargemacht hatte, dass jede Zeit begrenzt sei und man, wenn es soweit sei, ohne Ansprüche wieder auseinandergehen werde. Die Zeit am Comer See war für beide ungewöhnlich schön. Gerade als Paul im Ort voller Vorfreude ein besonderes Schmuckstück für Pamela erstand, fiel sein Blick aus dem Fenster auf Pamela, die zusammen mit einem anderen Mann in einem Eiscafé saß.

Wieder zurück auf "ihrer" einsam im See gelegenen Insel, bekam er von Pamela auf seine Frage, ob sie den ganzen Tag im Bett zugebracht habe, was sie verabredet hatten, da die junge Frau sich am Tag zuvor bei einem Segeltörn überanstrengt hatte, die Antwort, "ja", das habe sie ihm doch versprochen. Dass Pamela in Wirklichkeit einen Arzt aufgesucht hatte, der ihr bestätigte, dass sie schwer lungenkrank sei und nur mit einer sofortigen Behandlung, Überlebenschancen habe, und der junge Mann, mit dem Paul sie gesehen hatte, sie mit seinem Boot nur aufs Festland gebracht hatte, behielt Pamela für sich. Damit wollte sie ihn nicht belasten. Paul trennte sich von Pamela, die daraufhin Vergessen in hektischer Betriebsamkeit suchte. Als sie nach einem wilden Tanz zusammenbrach, traf sie auf Professor Stauffer, der sich ihrer liebevoll annahm.

Auch Paul war – von Pamela unbemerkt – im Hotel, als sie so wild tanzte, ging aber vorzeitig. Als ein Kamerad aus Kriegstagen ihn kurz darauf, wie in der Vergangenheit bereits einmal versucht und abgelehnt, auf sein von ihm entwickeltes System der Beeinflussung einer Roulettekugel ansprach, ließ Paul sich auf ihn ein.

Nun – nachdem einige Zeit vergangen ist – sieht Pamela Paul in dem Hotel nahe der Schweizer Grenze wieder. Sie ist auf dem Weg in ein Sanatorium in der Schweiz. Im Autoradio hat Pamela davon gehört, dass Paul polizeilich wegen Falschspielerei gesucht wird. Es kommt zu einer Aussprache zwischen beiden, wobei sie sich gegenseitig versichern, sich von Anfang an geliebt zu haben.

Paul hat Hilfe von der Garderobiere des Hotels, Frau Wagner, erhalten, die ihm den Schlüssel für ein unbenutztes Zimmer im Personaltrakt gegeben hat, wo er sich bis zum nächsten Morgen verstecken soll. Frau Wagner ist die Mutter des Mannes, der ihn erst in diese Situation gebracht hat. Mit einem Krankenwagen, dessen Fahrer ihr noch einen Gefallen schuldig sei, soll Paul dann über die Grenze in die Schweiz transportiert werden. Paul erzählt Pamela davon, die glücklich ist, die ihr noch verbleibende Zeit mit dem Mann, den sie so sehr liebt, verbringen zu können. Es sei ja nur eine kurze Zeit, bis man sich dann endlich wiedersehe.

Bei dem Fluchtversuch kommt es jedoch zu einer Verkettung unglücklicher Umstände. Die Polizei ist Mayhöfers Komplize auf der Spur und stößt per Zufall auf Paul selbst. Als er sich der Festnahme widersetzt, indem er so tut, als wolle er eine Waffe ziehen, wird er erschossen. Pamela sieht wenig später, wie Paul auf einer Bahre zum Krankenwagen getragen wird. Sie geht davon aus, dass Pauls Plan aufgegangen ist und lächelt selig.

Hintergrund
Die Dreharbeiten fanden im Juli 1952 in Bellagio am Comer See, im Spielsaal Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, in Guatemala-Stadt, in Slough, Grafschaft Berkshire in England, in Zweibrücken und im Filmatelier Göttingen statt. Produziert wurde der Film von Roxy Film GmbH & Co. KG (München). Die Bauten schufen Hans Ledersteger und Ernst Richter, die Produktionsleitung übernahmen Produzent Ludwig Waldleitner und Erwin Gitt.

Lieder im Film:
 Heut' nacht an der blauen Lagune (Canzonetta) – Musik: Lothar Brühne, Text: Hans Fritz Beckmann, gesungen von Kurt Reimann
 Good bye, cherie …! – Musik: Paul Burkhard, Text: Hans Fritz Beckmann, gesungen von Kurt Reimann

Eigentlich sollte Dieter Borsche, der schon zuvor in zwei Filmen (Es kommt ein Tag und Dr. Holl) mit Maria Schell zusammengespielt hatte, auch hier wieder ihr Partner sein. Man wollte damit die äußerst erfolgreiche und lukrative Filmarbeit mit dem vom Publikum geliebten "Paar" fortsetzen. Dieter Borsches Frau Uschi verhinderte dies jedoch. So wurde das Filmpaar Borsche/Schell durch das Traumpaar Fischer/Schell ersetzt. Acht gemeinsame Filme verbanden ihre Karrieren: Bis wir uns wiederseh'n, Der träumende Mund, Solange Du da bist, Tagebuch einer Verliebten, Napoleon, Das Riesenrad, Teerosen und Herbst in Lugano. Maria Schell äußerte sich über ihre gemeinsame Zusammenarbeit mit den Worten: «Unsere ganze Liebe floß in die Rollen, und das muss das Publikum gespürt haben. Wir wurden ein Liebespaar.»

Nachdem der Film vollendet war, schickte das Autorenpaar Sibelius/Keindorff sein ursprünglich verfasstes Drehbuch an die Filmkritiker, um sich von der gedrehten Endfassung des Films zu distanzieren. Das auch in den Augen von Schell/Fischer ursprünglich hervorragende Drehbuch, wurde von dem UFA-Veteran Gustav Ucicky umgeschrieben, und Schell/Fischer kritisierten das auch ganz offen. Doch ihre Einwände blieben unberücksichtigt.

Gustav Ucicky galt als typischer Vertreter des NS-propagandistischen UFA-Unterhaltungsfilms 1933–45, ein Spezialist für pathetische Dramen mit fragwürdiger Ideologie. Zwischen 1933 und 1945 war Ucicky neben Veit Harlan und Karl Ritter als besonders regimekonformer Filmregisseur aktiv.

Der Film wurde am 7. Oktober 1952 im Capitol in Berlin uraufgeführt. In Österreich  startete er im Dezember 1952.

Kritik
In der Film- und Mode-Revue Nr. 16/1952 bezieht sich deren Kolumnistin Sybille auf die Schlussszene des Films und kommt dann insgesamt zu dem Urteil: Eine Szene von erschütternder, starker Eindringlichkeit! Bis wir uns wiederseh'n, eine Kammerspiel-Romanze in Moll, in der es beschwingte Szenen von sublimer Heiterkeit (zum Beispiel einen hinreißenden Walzer und Außenaufnahmen vom Lago Maggiore) neben anderen gibt, über denen der melancholische Zauber der Resignation liegt wie tödlicher Reif, verspricht, ein Film aus der Sonntagsschachtel zu werden: ein Film für jene, die unentwegt bereit sind, das rollende Zelluloidband als Kunstgattung anzuerkennen. Dazu singt ein schmelzender Tenor: "Heut' nacht – an der blauen Lagune! Heut' nacht – will ich warten im Mondenschein! Ach komm' zu der blauen Lagune! Ich will Dir gesteh'n, wie um Dich weint mein Herz …"

Ein weiterer Kritiker schrieb: "Maria Schells rührendes Gesicht, ihr ausdauerndes Madonnenlächeln und ihr fragiles Figürchen, zum zweitenmal im deutschen Film schon der Schwindsucht ausgesetzt, ist reizvoll zu betrachten." Dennoch, beim Publikum fiel Bis wir uns wiederseh'n durch. Einer der wenigen Flops von Luggi Waldleitners Roxy-Film.

Literatur
  Bis wir uns wiederseh'n Illustrierte Film-Bühne Nr. 1703

Weblinks

 Bis wir uns wiederseh'n – Filmplakat auf filmportal.de
 Bis wir uns wiederseh'n Filmausschnitt

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1952
Deutscher Film
Filmdrama
Liebesfilm
Schwarzweißfilm

Bis wir uns wiederseh’n


Crnački papar (lat. Xylopia aromatica), korisno vazdazeleno drvo iz roda ksilopija, porodica zimzelenovki, rašireno po dijelovima Antila i Srednje i Južne Amerike.

Stablo atraktivnog izgleda može narasti 4 do 25 metara visine. Krošnja mu je piramidalna. Sjemenke se lokalno upotrebljavaju kao zamjena za crni papar, Piper nigrum. Imaju sličan okus i miris kao i crni papar.

Listovi djeluju karminativno i tonično

Sinonimi

 Coelocline lucida (DC.) A.DC.
 Habzelia cubensis A.DC. ex Steud.
 Unona aromatica (Lam.) Dunal
 Unona cubensis Steud.
 Unona lucida DC.
 Unona xylopioides Dunal
 Uvaria aromatica Lam.
 Xylopia cubensis (A.DC. ex Steud.) A.Rich.
 Xylopia dunaliana Planch. & Linden
 Xylopia grandiflora A.St.-Hil.
 Xylopia lucida (DC.) Baill.
 Xylopia xylopioides (Dunal) Standl.
 Xylopicrum aromaticum (Lam.) Kuntze
 Xylopicrum grandiflorum (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze
 Habzelia aromatica (Lam.) A.DC.
 Habzelia cubensis A.DC. ex Steud.
 Unona aromatica (Lam.) Dunal
 Unona cubensis Steud.
 Unona lucida DC.
 Unona xylopioides Dunal
 Uvaria aromatica Lam.
 Xylopia cubensis (A.DC. ex Steud.) A.Rich.
 Xylopia dunaliana Planch. & Linden
 Xylopia grandiflora A.St.-Hil.
 Xylopia lucida (DC.) Baill.
 Xylopia xylopioides (Dunal) Standl.
 Xylopicrum aromaticum (Lam.) Kuntze
 Xylopicrum grandiflorum (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze

Galerija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Annonaceae
Flora Kube
Flora Hondurasa
Flora Nikaragve
Flora Paname
Flora Paragvaja
Flora Brazila
Flora Perua
Flora Surinama
Flora Trinidada i Tobaga
Flora Venezuele
Flora Kolumbije
Flora Gvajane
Flora Francuske Gijane

Crnački papar


Kridttårnet er et tidligere fyrtårn, der overvejende er opført med kalksten, og som står i Carlsberg Byen i København. Kridttårnet blev opført i 1883 i tilslutning til den dengang nye hovedindgang Stjerneporten.Bygningen ligger mellem Bønecke Hus og Maskincentralen.

Historie
I 1882 fik J.C. Jacobsens bryggeri Carlsberg elektrisk lys, hvilket skete på et tidspunkt, hvor det endnu ikke var udbredt i København. Da bryggeriet lå på toppen af den høje Valby Bakke, blev det besluttet at kombinere vagtbygningen med et fyrtårn.

Fyrtårnet Kridttårnet blev opført i 1883 af P.C. Bønecke og var oprindeligt en del af en ny hovedindgang til bryggeriet. Hovedindgangen med navnet Stjerneporten var forbundet med Kridttårnet med en mur, der også var opført i kalksten. Over porten opsattes med gyldne bogstaver navnet Gamle Carlsberg, et navn bryggeriet havde fået kort for inden i stedet for det hidtidige Carlsberg, idet J.C. Jacobsens søn Carl Jacobsen som følge af en konflikt mellem dem havde etableret sit eget bryggeri under navnet Ny Carlsberg.

Fyrtårnet og vagtbygningen blev udlejet i 2009 og fungerede som kombineret bolig og atelier for en kunstner.

I 2017 blev bygningen udlejet til et internationalt miljø af kunstnere og aktivister, der skabte et non-profit kulturhus i bygningen.

I december 2021 åbnede det schweiziske galleri von Bartha et gallerirum i kridttårnet. Galleriet viderefører hermed sin tradition for at bruge særprægede arkitektoniske rum til kunstudstilling.

Arkitektur

Fyrtårnet er opført i historicistisk stil, inspireret af middelalderlige fæstningstårnet. Det er opført i kalksten fra Stevns og står på en sokkel af granit.

Stjerneporten består at to granitsøjler, der er forbundet med en støbejernsbue med Gamle Carlsbergs navn i gyldne bogstaver. Øverst på buen er der en tolvtakket stjerne, et symbol J.C. Jacobsens benyttede som varemærke og for nylig havde registreret i det netop oprettede varemærkeregister. En række årstal, der repræsenterer nøglebegivenheder i bryggeriets historie, står som inskriptioner på søjlerne: 1847 for den første bryg, 1867 for bryggeriets brand, 1870 for bygningen af anneksbryggeriet og 1883 for opførelsen af porten.

Kilder
 Fyrtårn og kridttårn , Humlen ved Carlsberg.
 Bygherrerådgivning og byggestyring i Carlsberg Byen - CBYINF, Arpe & Kjeldsholm A/S

Carlsberg Byen
Etableret i 1883
Fyrtårne i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Københavns Kommune

Kridttårnet


Kirazlık, Sinop ilinin Erfelek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 42 km, Erfelek ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Erfelek belde ve köyleri

Kirazlık, Erfelek


Robert Emmet Sherwood () a fost un dramaturg și scenarist american.

Piese de teatru
 The Road to Rome (1927)
 The Love Nest (1927)
 The Queen's Husband (1928); ecranizare în 1931 ca The Royal Bed.
 Waterloo Bridge (1930) - adaptare 2 filme americane și două soap-opera braziliene
 This is New York (1930);  ecranizare în  1932 ca Two Kinds of Women.
 Reunion in Vienna (1931);  ecranizare în  1933.
 Acropolis (1933)
 The Petrified Forest (1935) -  ecranizare în  1936 cu Leslie Howard, Bette Davis și Humphrey Bogart.
 Tovarich (1935) - bazat pe o comedie franceză de Jacques Deval -  ecranizare omonimă în 1937 și în 1963 ca un musical cu Vivien Leig și Jean Pierre Aumont.
 Idiot's Delight (1936) Pulitzer Prize for Drama - ecranizare în 1939.
 Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1938) Pulitzer Prize for Drama - ecranizare omonimă  în 1940
 There Shall Be No Night (1940) Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
 The Rugged Path (1945) cu Spencer Tracy
 Miss Liberty (carte din 1949 pentru muzicalul lui  Irving Berlin)
 Small War on Murray Hill (1957; produs postum)

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Robert E. Sherwood papers, 1917-1968. Houghton Library, Harvard University

Vezi și
Listă de dramaturgi americani

Nașteri în 1896
Decese în 1955
Dramaturgi americani
Scenariști americani
Scriitori americani
Istorici americani
Critici de film americani
Jurnaliști americani

Robert E. Sherwood


Nephrosperma, monotipski rod palmi smješten u podtribus Verschaffeltiinae, dio tribusa Areceae, potporodica Arecoideae. Jedina vrsta je sejšelski endem N. vanhoutteanum .

Sinonimi
 Areca nobilis Van Houtte
 Oncosperma vanhoutteanum H.Wendl. ex Van Houtte

Izvori

Verschaffeltiinae
Flora Sejšela

Nephrosperma


Bisalhães je jedinstvena vrsta portugalske keramike koja se tradicionalno proizvodi u istoimenom selu na južnim padinama župe Mondrões, općine Vila Real u Portugalu. Dizajnirana kao ukrasna, ali i za kuhanje, ona odražava mnoge generacije razvoja znanja i umijeća lončarstva, zbog čega je proces proizvodnje Bisalhães crne keramike upisan na UNESCO-ov popis nematerijalne svjetske baštine u Europi 2016. godine.

Ovaj tradicionalni obrt, koji se nalazi na grbu sela, važan je dio identiteta zajednice, a stare metode i danas se koriste za stvaranje komada nalik onima iz prošlosti. Najraniji zapis aktivnog lončara u Bisalhãesu je zapis vjenčanja između žene iz Bisalhaea i lončara iz Gondara 1709. god.

Nekoliko koraka je uključeno u izradu crne keramike. Prvo se zemlja razbije drvenim čekićem u kamenom koritu. Nakon što je zgnječena, glina se smješta u gumno, gdje se suši na suncu. Potom se prosije i doda voda, nakon čega se umiješa u kašu, formira, definira pomoću različitih daščica i glatkim šljunkom. Na koncu se ukrašava pomoću štapa i napokon ispeče u peći koja je iskopana u zemlji (soenga). Crna boja se dobiva tako da što se posude stavljaju u pećnicu koja je prekrivena zelenim grančicama borova ili mahovinom, koja se zatim zapali i prekriva blatom tako da ne ispušta dim. Postoji nekoliko vrsta keramike: churra (gruba, crna i bez sjaja), gogada ili luksuzna keramika (profinjena i besprijekorna), te minijature.

Podjela rada vremenom se razvila s fizički zahtjevnom pripremom gline koja je dodijeljena muškarcima, dok žene uglavnom uglavnom ukrašavaju lonce.
Ova vještina se prenosi gotovo isključivo preko srodstva, a njezina budućnost je u opasnosti zbog smanjenja broja nositelja, tj. manjeg interesa mladih naraštaja da nastave tradiciju i opće potražnje za industrijskim alternativama. Osim toga, glina koja se koristi u procesu dobiva se iz lokalnih tvornica keramike umjesto da se izvlači iz jama kao nekada. Zbog toga je proces proizvodnje Bisalhães crne keramike 2016. godine upisan i na popis nematerijalne svjetske baštine za hitnu zaštitu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 UNESCO video primjer
 Bisalhães: the clay that pulses at the rhythm of Vila Real

Nematerijalna svjetska baština u Europi
Lončarstvo
Svjetska baština u Portugalu
Portugalske turističke atrakcije

Bisalhães keramika


Skoleskibet Gorch Fock (også: Gorch Fock II) blev bygget i 1958. Skibet er underlagt Marineskole Mørvig i Flensborg-Mørvig (komandohavn). Hjemhavnen er Kiel.

Eksterne henvisninger

Gorch Fock
Gorch Fock
Tysklands militær
Flensborg
Kiel
Skoleskibe

Gorch Fock (skib fra 1958)


An Axonopus uninodis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Alexander Black. An Axonopus uninodis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Axonopus

Axonopus uninodis


ولد الشاعر الإنجليزي ويليام وردزورث في السابع من إبريل سنة 1770 في مدينة cockermouth، وقد كان والده جون وردزورث محاميا مهتما بالدراسة والتحصيل ولهذا فقد كان يشجع أولاده على إكمال دراستهم، أما والدته آن فقد توفيت في فترة شبابه وتحديدا في عام 1778، وبعد وفاتها أُرسل وردزورث إلى مدرسة القواعد البعيدة عن منزله لإكمال تعليمه، ولم يبق والده طويلا بعد وفاة زوجته فقد توفي في 1783، وعندها وجد أبناء جون أنفسهم في رعاية أعمامهم الذين لم يكونو سعيدين بذلك، وبعد تخرج وردزورث من المدرسة أرسل لجامعة كيمبرج لإكمال تعليمه وتخرج منها ثم ذهب لإنجلتراوقضى فيها فترة قصيرة بعدها عاد عندما أحس بحاجته إلى المال وحينها نشر اثنتين من قصائده اللتين لم تلقيا قبولا من الجمهور وهما Descriptive Sketches و An Evening Walk ومع ذلك فقد ساعده أصدقاؤه للتفرغ للكتابة، وفي ذلك الوقت التقى وردزورث بالشاعر صامويل تايلور كوليردج وكونا صداقة حميمة واشتركا في عمل مجلد يحوي الأشعار الرومانسية سمياه ليريكال بالادز أو القصائد الغنائية والذي حاولا فيه استخدام اللغة العادية في شكل شعري، وبعد مدة انتهت صداقتهما بسبب إدمان كوليردج المخدرات وتغير سلوكياته. وفي عام 1802 استلم وردزورث حصته من ورث والده والتي كانت كافية لزواجه من صديقة الطفولة ماري هتشبنسون ثم انتقل ويليام وردزورث مع زوجته ماري وشقيقته دورثي للعيش في قرية تقع في مقاطعة نهر غراسمير وعاشو في سعادة لم تدم طويلا حيث توفي اثنين من أولاد وردزورث الأربعة خلال سنة واحدة. في عام 1807 نشر وردزورث مجلدين شعريين له وللمرة الثانية قوبلا بعدم المبالاة من بعض الناس وبانتقادات من البعض الآخر، وبعدها عين في وظيفة موزع للطوابع في Westmorland والتي جلبت له المال الكافي للاستمرار بكتابة الشعر، وبالرغم من أن أشعاره كانت تقابل بالنقد إلا أنها أكسبته شعبية واسعة، ولكن عدم نجاحه في الشعر جعله يتجه للكتابة في السفر حيث نشر دليل المسافر في مقاطعة البحيرة والذي أثبت فيها شعبيته. وفي آخر حياته حظي وردزورث بمقام الشاعر الفائز بعد وفاة روبرت سوثي والذي سبقه لهذا المنصب واستمر في هذا المنصب حتى وفاته بداء الرئة في الثالث والعشرين من أبريل سنة 1850.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص مرتبطون بجامعة درم
أشخاص من كومبرلاند
أنجليكانيون إنجليز
خريجو كلية سانت جونز (كامبريدج)
شعراء أنجليكان
شعراء إنجليز
شعراء إنجليز في القرن 18
شعراء إنجليز في القرن 19
شعراء رومانسيون
صوفيون مسيحيون
كتاب أنجليكان
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 18
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 19
كتاب ذكور إنجليز في القرن 18
كتاب في القرن 18
كتاب في القرن 19
متصوفون
متصوفون في القرن 19
متصوفون مسيحيون في القرن 18
متصوفون مسيحيون في القرن 19
مدافن في كمبريا
مواليد 1770
وفيات 1850
متصوفون بروتستانتيون

ويليام ووردزوورث