Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann (* 17. Dezember 1909 in Jena; † 13. September 1993 in Mentana) war ein deutscher Christlicher Archäologe und byzantinistischer Kunsthistoriker. Er ist insbesondere mit der Erforschung der Stadt Ravenna verbunden.

Biografie
Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann wurde 1934 an der Universität Halle bei Paul Frankl mit einer Dissertation zum Thema Versuch einer Darstellung der Grundrisstypen des Kirchenbaues in frühchristlicher und byzantinischer Zeit im Morgenlande auf kunstgeographischer Grundlage promoviert. Es folgten fast 60 Jahre intensiver Forschungstätigkeit, die lange mit der Abteilung Rom des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (DAI) verbunden war. Zunächst war er 1935/36 Inhaber des Reisestipendiums des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. 1937 begann er in Rom seine Tätigkeit als wissenschaftlicher Referent für Christliche Archäologie. Mit Arnold Tschira begann Deichmann 1940 mit den Ausgrabungen am Helenamausoleum (Tor Pignattara, Rom). Es waren die ersten vom Institut durchgeführten Ausgrabungen seit 1913. 1942 folgte eine weitere Ausgrabung mit Michael Stettler am Tempel der Minerva Medica. Seit 1943 vertrat er zusätzlich zu seinen anderen Pflichten den zur Wehrmacht einberufenen Ernst Homann-Wedeking in der Fotothek des Instituts. 1944 war er an der Verlagerung der Bibliothek und der Fotothek sowie weiterer Unterlagen in das Salzbergwerk von Alt-Aussee bei Salzburg beteiligt. Für die Hilfe dankte er als Sprecher einer Delegation des Instituts Papst Pius XII. für dessen Unterstützung bei der Sicherung des Instituts. Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges und in der Nachkriegszeit hütete er das zu der Zeit enteignete Institut. 1954 wurde er Honorarprofessor an der Universität Bonn und 1956 Wissenschaftlicher Oberrat, später Wissenschaftlicher Direktor bei der Abteilung Rom des DAI und nebenamtlich Professor an der Facoltà Valdese di Teologia in Rom. Nach der Pensionierung im Jahr 1974 blieb Deichmann weiter in Rom und widmete sich, bis zu seinem Tod auch mit dem Römischen Institut des DAI verbunden, intensiv der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit.

Deichmann befasste sich vor allem mit den Hinterlassenschaften der drei spätantiken römischen Hauptstädte: Rom, Konstantinopel und vor allem Ravenna. Daneben forschte er insbesondere auch in Nubien. Über Ravenna verfasste er sein wichtigstes Werk, Ravenna. Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes. In diesem Werk dokumentierte er Topografie, Kirchengeschichte, Kulturgeschichte, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Architektur, Bauplastik, Skulptur, Mosaikkunst, Ikonographie und Alltagskultur. Er gehörte zu den "herausragenden Gelehrten, die den Charakter ihres Faches in ihrer Zeit prägten" (Bernard Andreae).

Mit Hans-Georg Beck und Herbert Hunger gab Deichmann von 1964 bis 1980 die Byzantinische Zeitschrift heraus. 1969 wurde er korrespondierendes Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und war Mitglied der Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia. 1974 wurde ihm das Große Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verliehen. Er erhielt 1984 die Ehrenbürgerschaft von Ravenna. An seinem Todestag wurde er Ehrendoktor der Universität Bologna.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Versuch einer Darstellung der Grundrisstypen des Kirchenbaues in frühchristlicher und byzantinischer Zeit im Morgenlande auf kunstgeographischer Grundlage. Triltsch, Würzburg 1937.
 Sabratha und Tripolis (= Schriftenreihe für unsere Soldaten. Heft 3). Verlag des "Italien-Beobachter", Rom 1942.
 Studien zur Architektur Konstantinopels im 5. und 6. Jahrhundert nach Christus (= Deutsche Beitrage zur Altertumswissenschaft. Heft 4). Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft, Baden-Baden 1956.
 Frühchristliche Bauten und Mosaiken von Ravenna. Grimm, Baden-Baden 1958 (später als Tafelband von "Ravenna. Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes" neu aufgelegt).
 Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Band 1: Rom und Ostia. Text- und Tafelband, von Zabern, Mainz 1967.
 Ravenna. Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes (drei Bände in sechs Teilbänden). Steiner, Wiesbaden / Stuttgart 1969–1989.
 Band I: Geschichte und Monumente, 1969.
 Band II: Kommentar, 1. Teil 1974 ISBN 3-515-01944-8, 2. Teil 1976 ISBN 3-515-02005-5, 3. Teil 1989 ISBN 3-515-02369-0, Plananhang 1976 ISBN 3-515-02107-8.
 Band III: Frühchristliche Bauten und Mosaiken von Ravenna, 1969 (Tafelband) (Nachdruck 1995 ISBN 3-515-06649-7).
 Die Spolien in der spätantiken Architektur (= Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. Jahrgang 1975, Heft 6). Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und C. H. Beck, München 1975, ISBN 3-7696-1473-9.
 mit Urs Peschlow: Zwei spätantike Ruinenstätten in Nordmesopotamien (= Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. Jahrgang 1977, Heft 2). Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und C. H. Beck, München 1977, ISBN 3-7696-1483-6.
 Rom, Ravenna, Konstantinopel, Naher Osten. Gesammelte Studien zur spätantiken Architektur, Kunst und Geschichte. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-515-03759-4.
 Qalb Lōze und Qalʿat Semʿān. Die besondere Entwicklung der nordsyrisch-spätantiken Architektur. (= Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. Jahrgang 1982, Heft 6). Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und C. H. Beck, München 1982, ISBN 3-7696-1518-2.
 Einführung in die christliche Archäologie (Die Kunstwissenschaft. Einführung). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-534-06797-5.
 italienische Ausgabe: Archaeologia cristiana (= Studia archaeologica. Band 63). Bretschneider, Rom 1993, ISBN 88-7062-771-3.
 polnische Ausgabe: Archeologia chrześcijańska. Warschau 1994, ISBN 83-01-11426-6.
 Vom internationalen Privatverein zur preussischen Staatsanstalt. Zur Geschichte des Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica (= Das Deutsche Archäologische Institut. Band 9). von Zabern, Mainz 1986, ISBN 3-8053-0509-5.
 mit Peter Grossmann: Nubische Forschungen (= Archäologische Forschungen. Band 17). Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-7861-1512-5.

Literatur
 Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann: Abteilung Rom. In: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 1929 bis 1979. Teil 1, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1979, S. 4–40.
 Otto Feld, Urs Peschlow (Hrsg.): Studien zur spätantiken und byzantinischen Kunst. Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann gewidmet (= Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums zu Mainz, Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte. Band 10). 3 Bände. Habelt, Bonn 1986, ISBN 3-7749-2265-9 (darin Bd. 1, S. XI-XXVI Verzeichnis der Schriften von Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann).
 Bernard Andreae: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, 17.12.1909-13.9.1993. In: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Römische Abteilung. Band 100, 1993, S. 1–2.
 Bernard Andreae: Hauptstadt Ravenna. Zum Tode des Archäologen Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann. In: Antike Welt. Band 24, 1993, S. 362.
 Hans-Georg Beck: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, 17.12.1909-13.9.1993. In: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Jahrgang 1993, S. 271–274 (Digitalisat).
 Otto Feld: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, 17.12.1909-13.9.1993. In: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Römische Abteilung. Band 101, 1994, S. 7–17 (mit Ergänzung des Schriftenverzeichnisses).
 Gunnar Brands: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann und der frühchristlich-byzantinische Kirchenbau. In: 100 Jahre Kunstgeschichte an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Personen und Werke (= Hallesche Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte. Band 5/6). Halle 2004, S. 129–150.
 Eugenio Russo: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann. In: Stefan Heid, Martin Dennert (Hrsg.): Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie. Forscher und Persönlichkeiten vom 16. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert. Band 1, Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7954-2620-0, S. 376–378.
 Hugo Brandenburg: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann. Vortrag aus Anlass seines 110. Geburtstages. In: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Römische Abteilung Band 126, 2020, S. 486–510.

Weblinks
 Eintrag im Dictionary of Art Historians (englisch)

Belege

Christlicher Archäologe
Byzantinist
Kunsthistoriker
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia
Mitglied des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Ehrendoktor der Universität Bologna
Ehrendoktor der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Ehrenbürger von Ravenna
Deutscher
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 1993
Mann

Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann


Caddy, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Caddy, golf oynayan kişinin vuruş sopalarını ve diğer eşyalarını taşıyan kişi.
 Volkswagen Caddy, Volkswagen'in ürettiği ticari taşıt
 Caddy, otomobil üreticisi Cadillac isminin kısaltılmış hali
 Caddy (bilgisayar), CD-ROM, MiniDisc gibi optik veya manyeto-optik medyaları çizilmeler gibi fiziksel hasarlardan korumak için üretilmiş plastik koruyucu kılıf/kın'lara verilen ad. Son yıllarda daha az kullanılmaktadırlar.
 Caddie (film), Donald Crombie'nin yönettiği 1976 Avustralya yapımı sinema filmi.
 Allan Caddy, The Tornados müzik grubunun üyesi

Caddy (anlam ayrımı)


Lhasa Cultural Sports Center Stadium, mais conhecido como Lhasa Stadium, é um estádio de futebol situado na cidade de Deyang, no Tibete, China sendo a casa da equipe de futebol Lhasa Chengtou FC.

Localizado a 3.658 m acima do nível do mar, ele figura na 6ª posição entre os estádios de futebol de maior altitude do mundo, sendo também o de maior altitude fora da América do Sul.

Estádios de futebol da China

Lhasa Stadium


No Malabarismo de arremesso, uma cascata é o padrão de malabarismo mais simples alcançável com um número ímpar de adereços. O padrão de malabarismo mais simples é a cascata de três bolas, Esse é, geralmente, o primeiro padrão que a maioria dos malabaristas aprende. No entanto, embora o padrão shower exija mais velocidade e precisão, "algumas pessoas acham que o movimento é natural para elas" e pode ser o padrão mais fácil de ser aprendido. "Bolas ou outros adereços seguem um padrão horizontal em forma de oito (ou figura de ampulheta) acima das mãos." Na notação siteswap, cada lançamento em cascata é anotado usando o número de bolas; assim, uma cascata de três bolas é "3".
Na cascata, um objeto é sempre lançado de uma posição próxima à linha média do corpo em um arco que passa por baixo do arremesso anterior e em direção ao outro lado do corpo, onde é pego e transportado novamente em direção à linha média do corpo para o próximo arremesso. Como resultado, as bolas percorrem o caminho em forma de oito, que é característico da cascata.

Enquanto em uma cascata os objetos são pegos do lado de fora do padrão (na extrema esquerda e direita) e lançados mais perto do meio do padrão, fazendo com que cada bola passe por baixo da bola lançada anteriormente, em uma cascata reversa os objetos são pegos perto do meio do padrão e lançada de fora, fazendo com que cada bola passe por cima da bola lançada anteriormente. Assim, da perspectiva do malabarista, a mão esquerda se move no sentido horário e a direita no sentido anti-horário.

Cascata reversa
A cascata reversa é um padrão de malabarismo no qual os adereços seguem o mesmo caminho da cascata, mas com o sentido indo para trás, daí o 'reverso'. Lança-se cada bola com "uma concha para fora em vez de uma para dentro" e lança "toda a bola por cima da bola que chega e não por baixo dela".

O padrão é executado com um número ímpar de adereços. Como na cascata, os adereços são lançados de mãos alternadas e cada adereço é pego na mão oposta de onde foi lançado. A principal diferença entre uma cascata regular e a cascata reversa (do ponto de vista de um malabarista) é que cada objeto é jogado por cima e não por baixo dos outros, ou seja, por fora, e não por dentro.

A cascata reversa é geralmente considerada mais difícil de executar do que a cascata regular, com uma classificação de dificuldade de 4 em vez de 2 em 10.  A cascata reversa é "talvez a mais simples" de "vários padrões possíveis que podem ser manipulados com os braços cruzados".

!Predefinição Webarchive wayback links
Malabarismo

Cascata (malabarismo)


Die Indische Badmintonmeisterschaft der Saison 1994/1995 fand Anfang 1995 in Patiala statt. Es war die 59. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Indien.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
https://badmintonindia.org/application/index.php?url=beta/players/national-winners/

1995
Badminton 1995
Sportveranstaltung in Patiala

Indische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1994/95


Pseudobangia, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Bangiaceae. Jedina je vrsta morska alga P. kaycoleae otkrivena 2005. kod Djevičanskih otoka u Malim Antilima.

Izvori

Bangiaceae

Pseudobangia


Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal Māori  (tribe) of the South Island. Its  (tribal area) is the largest in New Zealand, and extends from the White Bluffs / Te Parinui o Whiti (southeast of Blenheim), Mount Mahanga and Kahurangi Point in the north to Stewart Island / Rakiura in the south. The  comprises 18  (governance areas) corresponding to traditional settlements. According to the 2018 census an estimated 74,082 people affiliated with the Kāi Tahu iwi.

Ngāi Tahu originated in the Gisborne District of the North Island, along with Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Kahungunu, who all intermarried amongst the local Ngāti Ira. Over time, all but Ngāti Porou would migrate away from the district. Several  were already occupying the South Island prior to Ngāi Tahu's arrival, with Kāti Māmoe only having arrived about a century earlier from the Hastings District, and already having conquered Waitaha, who themselves were a collection of ancient groups. Other  that Ngāi Tahu encountered while migrating through the South Island were Ngāi Tara, Rangitāne, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, and Ngāti Wairangi – all of which also migrated from the North Island at varying times. During the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Europeans - mostly British -  migrated to New Zealand. After European arrival, Ngāti Toa (allied with Ngāti Tama) and Ngāti Rārua invaded Ngāi Tahu's territory with muskets. Some European settlers intermingled with native  populations, and today, most families who descend from Ngāi Tahu also have Ngāti Māmoe and British ancestry.

 translates as "People of Tahu", referencing the name of the ancestor Tahupōtiki. Alongside the other  that Ngāi Tahu absorbed, there are five primary  (sub-tribes) of Ngāi Tahu, which are: Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Kāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, and Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi. A branch of Ngāi Tūāhuriri and Ngāti Kurī, Kāi Te Rakiāmoa, was one of the latest  which the leading chiefs descended from.

History

Traditional origins

Ngāi Tahu trace their traditional descent from Tahupōtiki (also Te Tuhi-māreikura-ooho-a-tama-wahine), and Tahumatua), the younger brother of Porourangi. The brothers are said to be descended from Paikea as grandsons, great-grandsons, or great-great-grandsons. Either way, Paikea himself is always Chief Uenuku's son. Some groups may even trace the brothers as great-grandsons of Uenuku's other son Ruatapu as well as with Paikea.

Whatever the case, Tahupōtiki was born in Whāngārā (a place associated with Paikea), around 1450CE. He was given command of the   (canoe), and took it down to the South Island where he landed at the Arahura River on the West Coast – or at the Waiau River near Manapōuri. He stayed there for a time before travelling back to Whāngārā in a new canoe upon learning of the death of his brother. As according to ancient protocol, he took Porourangi's grieving wife Hamo-te-rangi as his own, by whom he had at least four sons: Ira-a-Tahu, Ira-(apa)-roa, Tahumuri-hape, and Karimoe. Some say his other sons were Ira-manawa-piko, Rakaroa, Rakahurumanu, Tūroto, Tahutīoro, and Ruanuku.

Tahupōtiki, Ira-a-Tahu, Iraroa, and Tahumuri-hape moved south towards Tūranga, then settled at Maraetaha at the northern end of the Wharerātā Range. Karimoe instead moved northwards and settled at the banks of the Mangaheia stream, inwards of Ūawanui-a-Ruamatua. The family later moved to Iwitea, where Tahupōtiki built the Taumatahīnaki . The ancestor Te Matuahanga (descendant of Tūroto and Rakaroa) is still known in the area around there. More  were established further inland along the Tukemōkihi block.

16th century
Owing to growing tensions between the various  inhabiting the surrounding area, many groups began their migration away from Waerenga-a-Hika in the Gisborne District. One of the earliest notable instances of tension was where Rākaihikuroa, grandson of Kahungunu, killed his own twin brothers out of jealousy, and was banished after his own son Tupurupuru was killed in revenge.

Perhaps a more notable instance, is when Rākaihikuroa's other son Rākaipaaka was insulted by local Chief Tūtekohi who had invited him to his  and then fed the prepared feast to his  (dog) Kauerehuanui. The visitors showed no reaction at the time, but after leaving, Whaitiripoto instructed Whakaruru-a-Nuku to go back and eat the dog in revenge. This action resulted in war against the Takutaioterangi  and their allies.

A similar engagement occurred with Ngāi Tahu, involving Chief Rakawahakura (great-grandson of Ira-a-Tahu), Whaitiripoto, and Whakaruru-a-Nuku. The fish and birds for this feast were actually cleverly carved chunks of wood, designed to give the impression of those foods being prepared in the storehouse. The later battle came to be known as  because of this. The children began playing games, enticing the adults to join in as a distraction while the hosts began to form their attack, even killing the visitors' dogs. Tūtekohi ultimately won, and so Ngāi Tahu was forced to move further down the North Island. Rakawahakura was later killed near Waikato.

17th century

Migration to Wellington
From Gisborne the  had moved down the coast to the Heretaunga. The ancestress Tūhaitara, senior granddaughter of Rakawahakura, insulting her husband Chief Marukore of Ngāti Māmoe, or Te Kāhea, and his ancestry, as well as various other exchanges are the reason for war between their two . Tūhaitara herself had some Ngāti Māmoe heritage, but he was a local viewed as below her status. The pair had 11 children in total, including Tamaraeroa, Huirapa, Tahumatā, Pahirua and Hinehou. Huirapa is the son who Kāti Huirapa descends from.

Tūhaitara's cousin through Rakawahakura, Kurī, also lived around this time. Just as Tūhaitara was the senior ancestress of Ngāi Tahu with her own  named after her, Ngāi Tūhaitara, Kurī is also the ancestor of the prominent Kāti Kurī .

Tūhaitara instructed Tamaraeroa and Huirapa to kill Marukore at a place called . However, Marukore knew of their plan and defeated them in the Battle of Hūkete after which their sister Hinehou laid them on the floor of her  for her grandchildren to see, and left her belongings with them before burning down the building in an incident now known as  ("The Laying Down of Fighting Chiefs"). Alternatively, Marukore himself burned their bodies on a funeral pyre. Tamaraeroa's wife was killed as well, but they left a son named Te Aohuraki. Huirapa's son Marainaka also survived the fighting.

Next the brothers Pahirua and Tahumatā sought out to defeat Marukore. As they were about to take advice from a local chief named Rākaimoari, his daughter Hinewai-a-tapu made a remark about Tahumatā which sparked the Battle of Te Pakiaka ("The Roots") that lasted for some days. It was named so because Tahumatā caught Hinewai-a-tapu hiding under some tree roots, and made her his wife.

Eventually the Ngāti Māmoe chief Hikaororoa managed to trap Marukore's party in a . Hikaororoa asked for the 'chief of the long plume' to come to the door to be cannibalised. Marukore's younger cousin Rokopaekawa took Marukore's headdress (his sign of status) and was sacrificed instead. However he did not cook properly, and the headdress's plume was still visible in the dirt. This was considered a bad omen and so the body was discarded with the incident being called  ("The Long Standing Feather Plumes").

Marukore and Tūhaitara would both die in the Battle of Tapapanui, at the hands of their son Pahirua who was very angry about the whole situation. In one telling of the series of battles, Hinehou and Pahirua built  together, and burnt the bodies of all the slain there. The remaining children of the warring parents would move down to a place called  in Wairarapa where Hinehou was already living, and southward to Te Whanganui-a-Tara within a few generations.

Migration to the South Island

In Wellington Te Aohikuraki, the senior chief, slept with Rākaitekura (a high ranking Ngāi Tahu woman) while her husband Tūmaro was away visiting his family. Of this Te Hikutawatawa (later named ), the ancestor of Ngāi Tūāhuriri, was born illegitimate. Owing to Rākaitekura's high rank, Tūmaro was unable to kill her, so instead had her prepare herself for marriage with Te Aohikuraki. The stream where she did up her hair was called . Tūmaro gathered his family and departed for Waimea, near Nelson across the Cook Strait, leaving Rākaitekura and Te Hikutawatawa behind.

Curiosity burning in him since childhood, when the other children would pick fun on him for being illegitimate, Te Hikutawatawa left Kaiwhakawaru seeking out his step-father. Upon his arrival to Waimea, Tūmaro's father Kahukura-te-paku, not knowing who he was, had intended to cannibalise him, but later put a stop to the meal preparations when local children heard Te Hikutawatawa muttering of his origins. Kahukura-te-paku then asked Te Hikutawatawa to climb through a window to remove the breach on , where he and Tūmaro greeted him with open arms. Te Hikutawatawa was still outraged at his  being defiled by Kahukura-te-paku, so he returned later to destroy the site and kill everyone who lived there. After this he was known as  ( meaning "sacred altar",  meaning "to be angry").

Late in the 17th century the  began migrating to the northern part of the South Island under the leadership of the Ngāti Kurī chief Pūrahonui, with his sons Makō-ha-kirikiri and Marukaitātea, establishing the Kaihinu  in the Tory Channel / Kura Te Au. After an incident in which a Ngāi Tahu  had desecrated the bones of one of Ngāi Tara's ancestors, Pūrahonui was murdered in revenge early one morning when he went to relieve himself. This broke out into a series of battles between the two .

In the North Island, Hikaororoa, a prominent tribal member, attacked Te Mata-ki-kaipoinga  after Tūāhuriri insulted him. Tūtekawa (Tūāhuriri's brother-in-law of senior Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Porou, and Ngāti Māmoe connections) withdrew his men to attack at another angle after his younger relative recognised an insult from Hikaororoa. He sent the same relative to warn Tūāhuriri to escape, which he did into a nearby bush. For unknown reasons, when Tūtekawa entered the , he slew Tūāhuriri's wives Hinekaitaki and Tuarāwhati (Whākuku's sisters). After the battle, Tūtekawa fled down to Waikākahi on the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora where he lived amongst his fellow Ngāti Māmoe. Tūtekawa's own wife Tūkōrero was a sister to Tūāhuriri's other wife Hinetewai (mother of Hāmua, Tūrakautahi, and Moki). He was also a first cousin to both the Ngāti Kurī chief Te Rakiwhakaputa, and to the Ngāti Māmoe leader Tukiauau.

On one occasion when Ngāti Kurī fought with Rangitāne, Chief Tūteurutira had mistaken one of his captives, Hinerongo, as one of the enemy's women. She was in fact a member of Ngāti Māmoe who had already been taken captive by Rangitāne, and so he returned her to the Matariki  near Waiau Toa. This struck a new alliance between their , after which they successfully attacked Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. For this Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of Waiau Toa to Ngāi Tahu, and Tūteurutira and Hinerongo married and settled at the .

In the Battle of Ōpokihi against Ngāti Māmoe, Marukaitātea was rescued by his brothers Makō-ha-kirikiri and Kahupupuni. At the Pariwhakatau  near the Conway area, Makō-ha-kirikiri was with his sisters Te Apai and Tokerau, Manawa-i-waho's wives, when Tukiauau sneaked in and killed Manawa. The former three were spared by the protection of the guardian, Te Hineumutahi. However, they were forced to leave the  through her legs (she would have been a wooden figure or carving suspended in the air).

By the 1690s Ngāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Ngāti Kurī conquering the east coast down to Kaikōura, and Ngāti Irakehu peaceably settling among Banks Peninsula's Ngāti Māmoe. The last battle that was fought between the two  up to that point was the Battle of Waipapa, before Ngāti Kurī took the Takahanga . Marukaitātea chose to stay here, while other chiefs continued to push south. Around this time, the ariki Tūteāhuka was moving the last of the tribe's members to the South Island through the Cook Strait. As a consequence for ignoring Chief Te Aweawe's advice to strap two canoes together for a safer passage, Tūāhuriri is said to have been left to drown along with Tūmaro while trying to leave Wellington. It is very likely that Tūāhuriri's eldest son Hāmua also drowned, otherwise he might have died in Kaikōura at a young age.

18th century
After establishing dominance down to Kaikōura, many of Ngāi Tahu's leading chiefs were ready to expand further south into the island. One, Moki, another son of Tūāhuriri, had received reports from Kaiapu and Tamakino (brothers of Mārewa, Moki's wife) that his father's wife's killer, Tūtekawa, was living just further south at Te Waihora. He set off in his canoe, , and attacked various small villages including the Parakākāriki  at Ōtanerito. Tūtekawa was ultimately killed by Whākuku instead of Moki, avenging the deaths of his sisters. Tūtekawa's son Te Rakitāmau returned to the home, where he found his wife Punahikoia and children unharmed, and the attackers sleeping near the fire. Te Rakitāmau did not avenge Tūtekawa, but instead left a sign that he spared the attackers' lives, and peace was eventually restored between their descendants.

Chief Te Rakiwhakaputa claimed the area of Whakaraupō, naming the beach . He destroyed Ngāti Māmoe's  at Mānuka, across the hills at Taitapu, and prior to that also lived at Te Pā-o-Te Rakiwhakaputa on the Cam River / Ruataniwha for a time. His son Manuhiri drove Ngāti Māmoe out of Ōhinetahi and set up his base there, and his other son Te Wheke set up his own base on Avon River / Ōtākaro's estuary. Makō-ha-kirikiri was given Little River and Wairewa, and Te Ruahikihiki of Kāti Kurī, ancestor of Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi, son of Manawaiwaho and Te Apai, was given Kaitōrete and Te Waihora. Chief Huikai also established himself at Koukourarata (named after the stream in Wellington where Rākaitekura prepared her hair), and his son Tautahi took Ōtautahi (the site of present-day Christchurch). Tūāhuriri's second eldest son Tūrakautahi, the famous chief of Ngāi Tūhaitara born with a club foot, established Te Kōhaka-a-kaikai-a-waro  (now the Kaiapoi ) at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend, and claimed the area around Banks Peninsula.

With the discovery of Nōti Raureka (Browning Pass) by its namesake Raureka, of the West Coast  Ngāti Wairangi, Ngāi Tūhaitara quickly developed an interest in Te Tai Poutini for the pounamu that can be found there. It is said to have been Tūrakautahi's decision to learn the genealogies and traditions of Ngāti Wairangi and Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, the former of which already shared a common ancestry with Ngāi Tahu through the ancestors Tura and Paikea, and the latter being of the  like Ngāti Māmoe, Ngāi Tara, and Rangitāne. A similar approach was also taken to learn Waitaha's genealogies and stories. Myths that Ngāi Tahu brought to the South Island themselves include those of the Takitimu Mountains (being the ) and the .

Tūrakautahi and one Te-ake narrowly escaped slaughter in Ngāti Wairangi territory after others had been slain for breaking sacred customs. Tūrakautahi's brother Tānetiki, and two relatives Tūtaemaro and Tūtepiriraki, had not been so fortunate however. The brothers' uncle Hikatūtae chopped off their heads and returned to the rest of the family at Kaikōura. Makō-ha-kirikiri of Wairewa and Moki both avenged the deaths near where the bodies were found in the water, on the shores of Lake Mahinapua in the battle called . Moki was later cursed by two tohunga, Iriraki and Tautini, for insulting two women. He is said to be buried at Kaitukutuku, near the Waikūkū flaxmill. After the battle, Makō-ha-kirikiri established the Ōhiri , at Little River. Tūrakautahi further enlisted Te Rakitāmau's aid in overcoming Ngāti Wairangi, killing their rangatira Te Uekanuka near Lake Kaniere.

Tūrakautahi's son Kaweriri with his father-in-law Te Ruahikihiki had settled Taumutu at the southern end of Te Waihora. Kaweriri later travelled with a  south to Lowther where he was slain by the Kāti Māmoe chief Tutemakohu around the year 1725 during the Battle of Waitaramea. Tūrakautahi's other son by his wife Te Aowharepapa, Rakiāmoa, would continue the main lines of descent of Ngāi Tahu. Te Ruahikihiki's own son Taoka, by his wife Te Aotaurewa, would push further south to Ōtākou, where he engaged in some of the final battles with Ngāti Māmoe.

Over time, marriages were arranged between Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe to cement peace. Notably of Raki-ihia (Ngāti Māmoe) and Hinehākiri, the cousin of Ngāi Tahu's leading chief Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, and of Honekai, son of Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, with Raki-ihia's daughter Kohuwai. Despite this, occasional skirmishes still continued.

Tūhuru Kokare, a grandson of Tūrakautahi's son Waewae (thus chief of Ngāti Waewae), became an active member in the battles against Ngāti Wairangi around the turn of the century. He first defeated them at Lake Brunner, and then began a campaign that moved down from the Karamea district, fighting battles at Whanganui Inlet, Kawatiri, Māwhera, Taramakau, Arahura, Hokitika, Ōkārito, and finally at Makawhio, with the final defeat occurring in Te Paparoa ranges. After their victory, Tūhuru's party discussed at Rūnanga whether they should return home or stay in the area. A decision was not reached, so they discussed the matter again near Kaiata and Omotumotu after crossing Māwheranui, and made the decision to construct a  at Māwhera. They became known as the .

19th century

Kaihuānga feud
The Kaihuānga feud of the 1820s heavily involved the  (paramount chief) Tamaiharanui, whose status was so spiritually superior within the  that people of lower ranking would avert their gaze and avoid looking at him directly. If his shadow fell upon food, that food became  and had to be destroyed. The Kaihuānga feud is an historical instance that highlights the importance of the 's spiritual status, and the importance of . The feud sparked when a woman from the Waikakahi  at Wairewa named Murihaka wore a dogskin cloak which belonged to Tamaiharanui, thus causing an insult to him. His followers then killed Rerewaka, a slave of one of Murihaka's relatives. The relatives then responded by killing another chief, Hape.

Hape's wife was a sister to two chiefs from the Taumutu  at southern Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora. The people of Taumutu responded to Hape's death by attacking Waikakahi, and killing several people. Tamaiharanui led a  against Taumutu, and sacking it. The Taumutu then asked the  of Otago for assistance, to which Taiaroa and Te Whakataupuka led a , and along with warriors from Kaiapoi, all attacked Waikakahi. They found the  empty however, as Taiaroa had warned their people that the attackers would arrive with muskets. It is thought that this was the first instance of firearms in Canterbury.

Since they had killed nobody at Waikakahi, the Kaiapoi warriors feared ridicule. They happened across the nephew of Chief Taununu, of Rīpapa Island, and killed him. In retaliation Taununu overran the Whakaepa , near Coalgate, killing the inhabitants. The Otago  attacked Waikakahi again, and although Taiaroa had again warned them, they were pursued and killed. Two of Tamaiharanui's close kin, his sisters, were slaughtered. The Otago and Taumutu parties destroyed the Rīpapa  before returning to Otago. Many settlements and communities along Banks Peninsula were abandoned in the series of retaliatory attacks.

Tamaiharanui then went to Otago and persuaded the Taumutu people to come back home, assuring that the war was over. He however returned first and lay in wait for the Taumutu people with muskets. According to Hakopa Te Ata-o-Tu, a member of Tamaiharanui's party, Tamaiharanui became less enthusiastic about the attack when he realised the refugees had their own muskets. Nonetheless, he was convinced to attack, and the refugees were killed. The final act of the feud was the killing of Taununu, who was tomahawked to death along with his companion, near Ōtokitoki.

Wars with Ngāti Toa
In 1827–1828 Ngāti Toa, under the leadership of Te Rauparaha and armed with muskets, successfully attacked Kāti Kurī at Kaikōura, who were already expecting the Tū-te-pākihi-rangi  of Ngāti Kahungunu as friendly visitors. He named the battle  ("Shark's Tooth") after a threat from Rerewaka, a local chief. Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When Ngāti Toa attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha who subsequently returned to his stronghold at Kapiti Island. During this time Ngati Tumatakokiri continued attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu from Kawatiri over land and hunting disputes, with Ngāti Rārua also attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu with muskets, seeking pounamu.

In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Takapūneke near present-day Akaroa, where by subterfuge they captured Tamaiharanui and his wife and daughter. After destroying Takapūneke they embarked for Kapiti with their captives. Tamaiharanui strangled his daughter and threw her overboard to save her from slavery. Ngāti Toa killed the remaining captives. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. Another captive, Hone Tīkao (Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri) did survive and would later visit France.

In the summer of 1831–1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi . After a three-month siege, a fire in the  allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. Ngāti Toa then attacked Ngāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the  at Onawe. In 1832–33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki, Taiaroa, Karetai, and Haereroa, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Ngāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped.

In 1834 Chief Iwikau, brother of Te Maiharanui, led a war party into the Marlborough Sounds, though Ngāti Toa had hidden from them and could not be found. The campaign was known as  or .

Fighting continued for a year or so, with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. In 1836 Chief Te Pūoho of Ngāti Tama, allied to Ngāti Toa, led his  from Whanganui Inlet down to the West Coast to the Haast River. From there he crossed the Haast Pass into central Otago and Southland. Tūhawaiki had by now learned of this oncoming attack, and led his own  from Ruapuke Island to Tuturau, where he fought and killed Te Pūoho.

Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory. By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held at Kapiti. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace.

Treaty of Waitangi

In 1840 more than 500 chiefs from all over New Zealand signed the Treaty of Waitangi with representatives of the Crown. Only one sheet was used in the South Island – the Herald (Bunbury) sheet carried with Major Thomas Bunbury aboard  which sailed from the Bay of Islands on 28 April. The Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet was used at Arapaoa Island and Rangitoto ki te Tonga / D'Urville Island at the northern end of the South Island, but was not signed by Ngāi Tahu.

The sheet's first four signatures came from Coromandel Harbour one week later on 4 May, and the next two were signed aboard HMS Herald just off the Mercury Islands on 7 May. These signatures were collectively from the  Ngāti Whanaunga, Ngāti Pāoa, and Ngāti Maru.

The first Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Iwikau at Akaroa on 30 May, followed by Hone Tīkao signing as John Love. His nephew was Hone Taare Tikao.

The third Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Tūhawaiki signing as John Touwaick aboard HMS Herald at Ruapuke Island on 10 June, who requested Kaikoura (possibly Kaikōura Whakatau) to sign on the same day, who was then followed by Taiaroa (or Tararoa; possibly Te Matenga Taiaroa).

The last Ngāi Tahu signatures were from Otago Heads on 13 June. The signatories were Hone Karetai (Ngāti Ruahikihiki, Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Hinekura) signing as John Karitai at Ōtākou, and one Korako (Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Huirapa) whose identity is not known for certain, but could be either Hōne Wētere Kōrako, Kōrako Karetai, or Hoani Kōrako among others.

The last signatures mostly came from members of Ngāti Toa at Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay (17 June) and Mana Island (19 June)  – including Te Rauparaha who had already signed the Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet on 14 May – and from three Ngāti Kahungunu members at Hawke's Bay on 24 June, amounting to a total of 27 signatures for the sheet.

20th century

Antarctica connection
At the very end of the 19th century a Ngāi Tahu man named William Timaru Joss (1844–1895), a Stewart Island whaler and captain of the mailboat Ulva, was a member of the first confirmed landing party of the Antarctic on the continent of Antarctica at Cape Adare, along with Captain Kristensen, Bull, Borchgrevink, and Tunzelmann in January 1895, making Joss the first known Māori to get so close to the continent. Timaru William Joss (1905–1955), William Timaru's grandson, joined Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to Antarctica in 1935.

World War era

Over 270 individuals of Ngāi Tahu connection served during World War I, including some who fought with the New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion. A handful of notable servicemen included: Turu Rakerawa Hiroti, Hoani Parata, James William Tepene, and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao, all of whom held the rank of captain. One soldier born of chiefly ranking was Private Hohepa Teihoka of Kaiapoi, who was nearly 19 years old when he arrived in Dardanelles in July 1915.

George Henry West (Kāi Te Rakiāmoa) was the first pilot of Māori-descent to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in 1936. During a training flight on the night of 11 May 1939, his student accidentally undershot a landing exercise. West died of his injuries the following day. John Pohe was otherwise the first full-blooded Māori pilot to join the RNZAF in 1941.

Turu Rakerewa Hiroti and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao would go on to serve during World War II. The former serving as a recruitment officer, and the latter serving as a captain with the Māori Battalion. Timaru William Joss also served with the United States Navy, in charge of a barge during the Normandy landings.

Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998

The New Zealand Parliament passed the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act in 1998 to record an apology from the Crown and to settle claims made under the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. One of the Act's provisions covered the use of dual English and Māori names for geographical locations in the Ngāi Tahu tribal area. The recognised tribal authority, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, is based in Christchurch and in Invercargill.

21st century

South Island rivers claim

In 2021, the iwi began legal proceedings against the New Zealand government, claiming "repeated failures over successive governments to protect the country's waterways" and further that "the crown  must recognise their rangatiratanga  — governing authority and self-determination — over waterways stretching across most of the South Island".  Acore contributor to the degradation of water quality has been the growth of intensive dairy farming over three decades which has left many South Island rivers with deficient streamflows and problematic nitratebased eutrophication. Between 1990 and 2020, the number of dairy cattle in the Canterbury region increased from 113,000 to over 1.2 million. Included in that number are Ngāi Tahu's own cattle; the business arm of the iwi has a substantial farming investment.

Dialect

In the 19th century many Ngāi Tahu, particularly in the southernmost reaches of the South Island, spoke a distinct dialect of the Māori language, sometimes referred to as Southern Māori, which was so different from the northern version of the language that missionary Rev. James Watkin, based at Karitane found materials prepared by North Island missions could not be used in Otago. However, from the 20th century to the early 21st century, the dialect came close to extinction and was officially discouraged.

Southern Māori contains almost all of the same phonemes as other Māori dialects (), along with the same diphthongs but lacks  ("ng"), a sound that merged with  in prehistoric times:  becomes ). The change did not occur in the northern part of the Ngāi Tahu area, and the possible presence of additional phonemes () has been debated. Nonstandard consonants are sometimes identified in the spellings of South Island place names, such as g (as distinct from k, e.g., Katigi, Otago), v (e.g., Mavora), l instead of r (e.g., Little Akaloa, Kilmog, Waihola, Rakiula), and w or u instead of wh as reflecting dialect difference, but similar spellings and pronunciations also occur in the North Island (e.g. Tolaga Bay).

The apocope, the dropping of the final vowel of words, resulting from pronunciations like 'Wacky-white' for "Waikouaiti" has been identified with Southern Māori. However, the devoicing, rather than apocope, of final vowels occurs in the speech of native Māori-speakers throughout New Zealand, and the pronunciation of the names of North Island towns by locals often omits final vowels as well, like in the pronunciation of "Paraparam" or "Waiuk".

Governance
Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (TRoNT) is the governance entity of Ngāi Tahu, following the Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the  and the New Zealand Government under Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. It is also a mandated  organisation under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, an  aquaculture organisation under the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004, an  authority under the Resource Management Act 1991 and a Tūhono organisation. It also represents Ngāi Tahu Whānui, the collective of  including Waitaha, Ngāti Māmoe, and Ngāi Tahu, including, Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Ngāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, and Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki, under Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996.

The interests of Ngāi Tahu cover a wide range of regions, including the territories of Tasman District Council, Marlborough District Council, West Coast Regional Council, Environment Canterbury, Otago Regional Council and Environment Southland, and the district councils which make up these regional councils.

/, as constituent areas of Ngāi Tahu, each have an elected board which then elect a representative to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi Tahu has a very corporate structure, in part due to the death of an important  (paramount chief), Te Maiharanui, at the time of the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand. Under the Resource Management Act, both the trust and local  should be consulted with about natural resource matters. The 18 representatives of  oversee Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu as a charitable trust. As of 2016, the acting  (chairman) is Lisa Tumahai, the chief executive officer is Arihia Bennett, the general counsel is Chris Ford, and the trust is based in Addington, Christchurch.

Rūnanga and marae

Canterbury rūnanga
Ngāi Tahu has nine  in Canterbury:

 Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura centres on Takahanga and extends from Te Parinui o Whiti to the Hurunui River and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. Takahanga marae in Kaikōura includes Maru Kaitatea meeting house.
 Te Ngāi Tūāhuriri centres on Rūnanga Tuahiwi and extends from the Hurunui to Hakatere, sharing an interest with Arowhenua Runanga northwards to the Rakaia River, and thence inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The Tuahiwi marae of the Ngāi Tūāhuriri  is located in Tuahiwi and includes Māhunui II meeting house.
 Rapaki Rūnanga centres on Rāpaki-o-Te-Rakiwhakaputa and includes the catchment of Whakaraupo and Te Kaituna. Rāpaki Marae, also known as Te Wheke Marae, is located near Governors Bay.
 Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata centres on Koukourarata and extends from the Pōhatu  to the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora, including Te Kaituna. Koukourarata Marae is located in Koukourarata, and includes Tūtehuarewa meeting house.
 Wairewa Rūnanga centres on Wairewa and the catchment of Lake Te Wairewa and the hills and coast to the adjoining  of Koukourarata, Onuku Rūnanga, and Taumutu Rūnanga. Wairewa marae is located at Little River and includes Te Mako meeting house.
 Te Rūnanga o Onuku centres on Onuku and the hills and coasts of Akaroa to the adjoining  of Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata and Wairewa Runanga. Onuku marae is located in Akaroa, and includes the Karaweko meeting house.
 Taumutu Rūnanga centres on Taumutu and the waters of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora and adjoining lands and shares a common interest with Te Ngāi Tūāhuriri Rūnanga and Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua in the area south to Hakatere. The local marae, Ngāti Moki, is located in Taumutu.
 Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua centres on Arowhenua, Temuka and extends from Rakaia to Waitaki, sharing interests with Ngāi Tūāhuriri ki Kaiapoi between Hakatere and Rakaia, and thence inland to Aoraki / Mount Cook and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana.  The Ngati Huirapa () Arowhenua, Te Hapa o Niu Tireni, Temuka.
 Te Rūnanga o Waihao centres on Wainono, sharing interests with Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua to the Waitaki River, and extends inland to Omarama and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The Waihao marae is in Waimate.

Otago rūnanga
Ngāi Tahu has three  in Otago:

 Te Rūnanga o Moeraki centres on Moeraki and extends from Waitaki to Waihemo and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. Moeraki marae in located in Moeraki and includes Uenuku meeting house.
 Kati Huirapa ki Puketeraki centres on Karitane and extends from Waihemo to Purehurehu and includes an interest in Otepoti and the greater harbour of Ōtākou. The  extends inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to Whakatipu-Waitai with Rūnanga to the south. The Huirapa  have the Puketeraki marae in Karitāne.
 Te Rūnanga o Otakou centres on Ōtākou and extends from Purehurehu to Te Matau and inland, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with Rūnanga to the north and to the south (includes the city of Dunedin). The Ōtākou marae is located at Otago Heads, and includes the Tamatea meeting house.

West Coast rūnanga
Ngāi Tahu has two  in Westland:

 Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio centres on Mahitahi and extends from the south bank of the Pouerua River to Piopiotahi and inland to the Main Divide, together with a shared interest with Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae in the area situated between the north bank of the Pouerua River and the south bank of the Hokitika River. Their marae, Te Tauraka Waka a Maui, at Mahitahi, officially opened on 23 January 2005. Southern Westland, only thinly settled by Māori, had — uniquely in the 's region — lacked a marae for 140 years. The marae includes the Kaipo meeting house.
 Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae (sometimes Te Rūnaka o Kāti Waewae) centres on the Arahura River and Hokitika and extends from the north bank of the Hokitika River to Kahurangi Point and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, together with a shared interest with Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio in the area situated between the north bank of the Pouerua River and the south bank of the Hokitika River. Ned Tauwhare is  chair of the Rūnanga. Arahura marae, north of Hokitika, includes the Tūhuru meeting house.

Southland rūnanga
Ngāi Tahu has four  in Southland:

 Waihopai Rūnaka centres on Waihopai and extends northwards to Te Matau sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with other Murihiku  and those located from Waihemo southwards. The Murihiku marae and Te Rakitauneke meeting house are located in Invercargill.
 Te Rūnanga o Awarua centres on Awarua and extends to the coasts and estuaries adjoining Waihopai sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhititarere with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. Its marae, Te Rau Aroha, is located at Bluff, and includes Tahu Potiki meeting house.
 Te Rūnanga o Oraka Aparima centres on Colac Bay / Ōraka and extends from Waimatuku to Tawhititarere sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains from Whakatipu-Waitai to Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Runanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. The rūnanga has a marae, Takutai o te Titi, in Riverton.
 Hokonui Rūnanga centres on the Hokonui region and includes a shared interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhitarere with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. Its marae, O Te Ika Rama, is located in Gore.

Trading enterprise

Ngāi Tahu actively owns or invests in many businesses  throughout the country. In the 2008 financial year, Ngāi Tahu Holdings had a net surplus of  $80.4 million, of which $11.5 million was distributed to members of the  via  and .

Tourism

 Shotover Jet
 Aqua Taxi in the Abel Tasman National Park
 Dart River Safaris on the Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu
 Franz Josef Glacier Guides at Franz Josef Glacier
 Hollyford Guided Walks in the Hollyford Valley
 Huka Jet at Huka Falls
 Kaiteriteri Kayaks in the Abel Tasman National Park
 Hikuwai Indoor Ice Climbing (management)
 Rainbow Springs Nature Park at Rotorua
 Kiwi Encounter (allied to Rainbow Springs)
 Whale Watch at Kaikōura
 Wasp Marine at Queenstown
 Agrodome at Rotorua

Primary industries
 Ngāi Tahu Seafood
 31 forests totaling more than 100,000 hectares

Property and other investments
Ngāi Tahu Property currently has assets with a market value in excess of $550 million. Ngāi Tahu has an investment portfolio of prime properties including:

 Akaroa residential developments
 Armstrong Prestige, Christchurch
 Christchurch Civic Building
 Christchurch Courts Complex
 The former Christchurch Police Station site
 Christchurch Post Building (with Christchurch City Council)
 Christchurch residential developments
 Dunedin Police Station
 Franz Josef Glacier Hot Pools
 Governor's Bay residential developments
 Iveagh Bay Terraces
 Lincoln Farm subdivision (with Lincoln University)
 Mahaanui Office (for Department of Conservation)
 Building 4 (Queenstown Courts Building)
 Queenstown Police Station
 Pig and Whistle, Queenstown
 Ryman Healthcare (40 million shares)
 Sockburn Business Park, Blenheim Road
 Tower Junction Village, Addington
 Tower Junction Megacentre, Christchurch
 Turners Car Auctions, Addington
 Tumara Park
 Wigram Air Base, Christchurch
 Wigram National Trade Academy
 Wigram Village

Tahu FM

Tahu FM is the 's official radio station. It began as Christchurch's  on 6 February 1991. Between 1996 and 2001, it formed a broadcasting partnership with Mai FM and began playing more urban contemporary music. It changed its name to  FM in December 1997, and briefly changed its name to  FM in 1999 before reverting to  FM. It broadcasts in Christchurch on . In 2000 it began broadcasting Kaikōura on , Dunedin on , Invercargill on , and around the country on .

Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other  radio stations, and operated as the city's Māori language civil defence station. In December 2014 it was recognised as the country's highest-rating Māori radio station.

Notable Ngāi Tahu

 Peter Arnett ONZM (born 1934), international journalist
 Ulva Belsham QSO (1921–2011), World War II telegraphist and Ngāi Tahu researcher
 Martha Sarah Kahui Bragg (1895–1975), dairy farmer and foster parent to 38 children
 Ricki-Lee Coulter (born 1985), singer
 Riki Ellison (born 1960), linebacker, first New Zealander to play in the NFL
 Thomas Rangiwahia Ellison ( 1867–1904), rugby player and lawyer
 Darrin Hodgetts, social psychology academic
 Keri Hulme (born 1947), Booker Prize-winning author
 Karetai ( 1805–1860), Ngāi Tahu chief, Treaty of Waitangi signatory
 Miriama Kamo (born 1973), journalist and television presenter
 Jeremy Latimore (born 1986), rugby league player
 Sandra Lee (born 1952), politician
 Sir Tipene O'Regan (born 1939), , company director, and academic, and negotiator in Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
 Dame Marilyn Pryor DSG (1936–2005), Catholic pro-life advocate
 Rachael Rakena (born 1969), artist
 Sir Mark Wiremu Solomon KNZM (born  1954), tribal leader
 Billy Stead (1877–1958), All Black rugby player
 John Taiaroa (1862–1907), All Black rugby player and lawyer
 Tamaiharanui (17??–  1830/31), paramount chief
 Lilia Tarawa (born 1990/1991), author, speaker, entrepreneur, former member of the Gloriavale Christian Community
 Henare Rakiihia Tau (1941–2014), ; county, district, and tribal councillor, and negotiator in Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
 Hone Taare Tikao (1850–1927), leader, scholar, and politician
 Selwyn Toogood QSO ED (1916–2001), Radio and Television personality
 Hone "Bloody Jack" Tūhawaiki ( 1805–1844), Ngāi Tahu chief, Treaty of Waitangi signatory
 Storm Uru (born 1985), Olympic rower
 Richard Rangi Wallace QSM, Anglican bishop
 Piri Weepu (born 1983), All Black rugby player
 Kaikoura Whakatau (–1868), New Zealand tribal leader
 Wharetutu (early 1800s – after 1870), founding mother
 Marlon Williams (born 1990), singer
 Frank Winter MBE (1906–1976),
 Jonathan Winter (born 1971), Olympic swimmer

References

External links

 The Ngāi Tahu Atlas — Cultural Mapping Project
 Official roll of honour of Ngāi Tahu's WWI servicemen
 Ngāi Tahu's commercial operations
 Ngāi Tahu Property
 Ngāi Tahu at maori.nz
 Ngāi Tahu story by Te Maire Tau

Tasman District
Marlborough Region
West Coast, New Zealand
Canterbury, New Zealand
Otago
Southland, New Zealand

Ngāi Tahu


Kevin Mark Phillips (fæddur 25. júlí árið 1973 í Hitchin í Hertfordshire) er enskur fyrrverandi knattspyrnumaður sem lék síðast með  Leicester City árið 2014.

Hann varð markahæstur í úrvalsdeildinni tímabilið 1999/2000 þegar hann lék með Sunderland . Á því tímabili skoraði hann 30 mörk, og vann einnig evrópska gullskóinn það ár. Góð frammistaða hans í Sunderland leiddi til þess að hann komst í enska landsliðið. Með landsliði tókst honum þó ekki að skora í 8 leikjum sínum.

Phillips skrifaði undir eins árs samning við Crystal Palace í júlí árið 2013, rétt fyrir fertugsafmælið sitt.

Enskir knattspyrnumenn

Kevin Mark Philips


Epidemiyoloji, toplumdaki hastalık, salgın, kaza ve sağlıkla ilgili durumların dağılımını, görülme sıklıklarını ve bunları etkileyen belirteçleri inceleyen bir tıp bilimi dalıdır.

Sağlığı geliştirmek ve hastalıkları azaltmak için sağlık bilgilerini toplamak, yorumlamak ve kullanmak bu bilim dalının amaçlarındandır.

Köken
Epidemiyoloji sözcüğü, Antik Yunan dilinde "epi" (üstüne, üzerine) ve "demos" (halk) ve "logos" (söz-söylev) sözcüklerinden kökenlenir. Sözlük anlamı olarak halk ile ilgili olmasına rağmen; Mikrobiyolojik epidemiyoloji, epizotiyoloji (hayvan epidemiyolojisi), bitki epidemiyolojisi bilim dalları da bu ismi kullanırlar.

Deneysel epidemiyoloji, iş ve çevre epidemiyolojisi, klinik epidemiyoloji, nedensel epidemiyoloji dalları vardır.

Amaçlar
Epidemiyolojik araştırmaların temel amaçları; sağlıkla ilgili olayları tanımlamak ve görülme sıklığını ölçmek, hastalık ya da kazaların nedenlerini inceleyen çözümleyici çalışmalar yapmak, uygulanan sağlık hizmetinin veya programlarının etkinliğini ölçme ve değerlendirme çalışmaları yapmaktır.

Epidemiyolojik çalışma insan topluluklarını hedef alır. En sık olarak belli bir zamanda, belli bir bölgedeki topluluk, yaş, cins, meslek gibi alt gruplarla analizler yapılır. Burada amaç pozitif sağlık durumları veya hastalıklarla neden olabilecek belirleyicilerin incelenmesidir.

Epidemioloji şubeleri
 Bilişsel epidemiyoloji
 Nöroepidemiyoloji
 Psikiyatrik epidemiyoloji
 Epizotiyoloji
 E-epidemiyoloji
 Çevresel epidemiyoloji
 Ekonomik epidemiyoloji
 Klinik epidemiyoloji
 Hesaplamalı epidemiyoloji
 Çatışma epidemiyolojisi
 Genetik epidemiyoloji
 Yaşam rotası yaklaşımı
 Moleküler epidemiyoloji
 Moleküler patolojik epidemiyoloji
 Beslenme epidemiyolojisi
 Paleoepidemiyoloji
 Farmakoepidemiyoloji
 Sosyal epidemiyoloji
 Mekansal epidemiyoloji
 Tele-epidemiyoloji

Ayrıca bakınız
 Taşıyıcı (epidemiyoloji)
 Mikrobiyoloji
 Sanitasyon
 Patojen

Kaynakça
 Sağlık Araştırmaları Yöntem Bilimi:Konu Hakkında Türkçe Kaynak:www.epidemiyoloji.org
 Epidemiyoloji ve İşçi sağlığı
 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
 International Epidemiological Association (IEA)
 Porta M, editor. Greenland S, Hernán M, dos Santos Silva I, Last JM, associate editors (2014). "A dictionary of epidemiology", 6th. edition. New York: Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780199976737
 People's Epidemiology Library
 Temel epidemiyoloji. Beaglehole R., Bonita R., Kjellström T. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü 1993 Çeviren Bilgen N.

Çevresel sosyal bilimler

Epidemiyoloji


كانيمي ويريورز هو نادي كرة قدم في نيجيريا وهو نادي أساسي في نيجيريا. ويقع مقره في مدينة مايدوغوري في ولاية بورنو.

أندية رياضية في نيجيريا
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1986
أندية كرة قدم في نيجيريا
مايدوغوري
تأسيسات سنة 1986 في نيجيريا

كانيمي ويريورز


NGC 169 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Andromeda. A fost descoperită în 18 septembrie 1857 de către R. J. Mitchell. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 22 august 1862 de către Heinrich d'Arrest.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 168
 NGC 170

Legături externe
 NGC 169 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 169 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Andromeda
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1857
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de R.J. Mitchell

NGC 169


Ceceljevke (lat. Oxalidaceae nom. cons.), biljna porodica koja je dobila ime po rodu cecelja. Rod cecelj (Oxalis) zastupljen je od jednogodišnjeg raslinja, trajnica, polugrmova i vazdazelenih grmova. drgi također poznati rod je drvo krastavac ili averhoa (Averrhoa), kojemu pripada četiri vrste drveta. Ukupan broj vrsta u porodici (po jednom izvoru) je preko 600 u pet rodova

Opis
Oxalidaceae ili porodica ceceljevki, sastoji se od šest rodova i 770 vrsta koje karakteriziraju složeni listovi s listićima zadebljale baze (pulvini). Mnoge vrste pokazuju kretanje zatvaranjem lišća ili listića noću ili po lošem vremenu. Oksalna kiselina se nakuplja u biljkama, dajući im njihov karakterističan kiselkast okus. Većina pripadnika Oxalidaceae nalazi se u tropskim regijama, ali neki su domaći ili čak zakorovljeni u umjerenim regijama. Najveći rod je Oxalis, s više od 700 vrsta biljaka diljem svijeta, a slijedi ga Biophytum, s oko 50 vrsta biljaka ili malih grmova. Averrhoa je rod tropskog drveća sa samo dvije vrste; A. carambola ("zvjezdasto voće") uzgaja se zbog jestivih kiselih, rebrastih plodova. Brojne vrste Oxalis uzgajaju se kao ukrasne biljke (njihovo lišće podsjeća na djeteline), a O. corniculata sa žutim cvjetovima često se nalazi u staklenicima. Oxalis tuberosa (oca) se uzgaja u Andama zbog jestivih gomolja; O. pes-caprae također ima gomolje koji se mogu koristiti kao povrće, iako se biljka u mnogim dijelovima svijeta smatra korovskim štetnikom.

Rodovi
 Familia Oxalidaceae R.Br. (637 spp.)
 Sarcotheca Blume (12 spp.)
 Dapania Korth. (3 spp.)
 Averrhoa L. (4 spp.)
 Biophytum DC. (76 spp.)
 Oxalis L. (542 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Ceceljolike

Ceceljevke


O Teatro Santa Cecília foi um teatro brasileiro localizado na cidade de Mamanguape, Paraíba. Foi o primeiro teatro do Estado da Paraíba, inaugurado no período de apogeu econômico, político e cultural de Mamanguape, entre 1857 e 1859. O teatro não existe mais, apenas há o prédio reformado que hoje abriga uma escola municipal.

História
O teatro recebeu tal nome em homenagem à Cecília de Roma, considerada padroeira dos músicos e das artes. Não se sabe exatamente a data de inauguração do Teatro Santa Cecília, porém, há registros de que desde 1857 as atividades teatrais já estavam incorporadas à vida cotidiana da sociedade mamanguapense, por influência do professor de Latim e de Francês e homem de teatro Francisco Pulquério Gonçalves de Andrade. O Teatro Santa Cecília exerceu o papel de concentração dos grupos que já existiam na cidade, além de atrair companhias teatrais das províncias do Grão-Pará, Pernambuco e de países da Europa, como Portugal e França.

Entre 1850 e 1900, Mamanguape foi uma dos principais núcleos econômicos e populacionais da Paraíba no século XIX, superando na época as populações dos grandes centros urbanos da província. Assim, o teatro se tornou um dos mais importantes meios de comunicação social e cultural, sendo construída em cidades prósperas, como o caso de Mamanguape e Areia (segundo teatro construído na Paraíba). O Santa Cecília era um teatro particular e, diferente da capital da província, era um espaço apropriado e específico para apresentações teatrais. Apenas em 1889 foi construído o teatro da capital, o Santa Rosa. Antes, sem edifício de teatro, os espetáculos ou apresentações se realizavam por grupos de atores em casa adaptadas com o nome de teatro.

Sociedade 25 de março (Abolicionismo em Mamanguape)
A cidade de Mamanguape estava presente nos eventos que anteviu a abolição da escravatura, definida de uma vez por todas pela Lei Áurea, de 13 de maio de 1888. Historiadores registram inúmeras reuniões de políticos e apresentações de espetáculos, em favor da abolição, realizados no interior do Teatro Santa Cecília. A cidade de Mamanguape daria também seus gritos contra o regime escravocrata. Não ficaria em silêncio ante o grande movimento da plena liberdade civil da espécie humana.  A partir daí é criada a Sociedade Abolicionista 25 de março, em homenagem a libertação cearense.

Num domingo, em 3 de maio de 1885, o Diário da Parahyba relatou que Mamanguape já avançava com as questões da abolição da escravatura. As reuniões em praças públicas foram iniciadas por Castro Pinto, um jovem estudante do 4º ano do curso de Direito. Depois das reuniões, adotaram um sistema de conferências, presididas pelos membros da Sociedade 25 de Março. A substituição se deu devido a um aparte de um correligionário da causa que fora mal interpretada por alguns dos que o ouviram, o que resultou em reuniões no Teatro Santa Cecília. (...) Esta sociedade foi inaugurada no dia 05 do corrente no edifício do theatro Santa Cecília, e é justo confessar que a sua festa esteve realmente esplêndida. Ali compareceram 400 pessoas da melhor sociedade e todos os camarotes estiveram repletos de senhoras. O theatro belamente adornado, oferecia no palco um aspecto de salão nobre, onde havia uma profusão de luzes e flores e onde estavam dispostos com grande simetria lugares para a diretoria da sociedade, as primeiras autoridades da comarca e as pessoas gradas que compareceram. Às 7 horas da noite, no meio de um silêncio profundo, o Sr. Francisco Barros Filho - presidente da sociedade, abriu a sessão, lendo nessa ocasião um discurso muito bem elaborado e passando depois a fazer efetiva a entrega de 9 cartas de liberdade. Em seguida teve a palavra o orador da sociedade - o Dr. Castro Pinto que mais uma vez deu provas dos vastos recursos intelectuais de que dispõe, mostrando-se digno dos aplausos que recebeu (...) - Diário da Parahyba, Ano II, Nº 97, Domingo, 03/05/1885, p. 1-2. À frente da sociedade estavam João Pereira de Castro Pinto, o capitão Francisco Joaquim Pereira Barroso Júnior, Francisco Alves Cordeiro, José Vicente Toscano Barreto e outros jovens com vida e ideais adiantados. Outros notáveis participaram da sessão de inauguração da sociedade no teatro, dente eles Antônio da Cunha Xavier de Andrade (Juiz de Direito da Comarca), Antônio Pedro de Mello (Promotor da Comarca), José Campello de Albuquerque Galvão (Deputado da Província), Idalino Montezuma de Menezes (Músico), José Loureiro (Tenente Coronel), Bartholomeu Leopoldino e Arthur Veloso. Após a reunião da Sociedade, mais de 20 escravos haviam sido libertados. No entanto, as 9 cartas de alforria concedidas pelo Sr. Francisco Filho não foram entregues sem ônus, pois a viúva de Francisco Cleto Toscano de Britto recebeu uma pequena indenização em troca da liberdade de sua escrava. Em 11 de fevereiro de 1888, se instalou em Mamanguape outra associação libertadora, que recebera o nome de "Club Ruy Barbosa", com presidência do Dr. Franklin Dantas Corrêa Goes (pai de João Dantas, assassino de João Pessoa) e apoio do Castro Pinto, entregando mais de 50 cartas de alforria.

Fechamento e reformas
O referido teatro foi construído na rua Severina Ramos de Oliveira, seguindo o mesmo sistema de implementação do casario já existente, alinhando-se com os demais edifícios e destacando-se do entorno pela sua volumetria. O teatro tinha uma capacidade de mais de 350 pessoas. Compõe-se de um volume único, onde na fachada principal destacavam-se três portas na parte inferior e três janelas acima e paralelas às portas, inseridas num frontão triangular, com um jardim ao lado.

Com o declínio de Mamanguape, o Teatro Santa Cecília já não recebia mais grandes espetáculos. Abandonado, a professora Umbelina Garcez passou a tomar conta do prédio e instalou uma escola. De dia, educação, à noite, cultura. Quando havia espetáculos, as pessoas mandavam as cadeiras de tarde para comprarem as entradas à noite. O teatro não dispunha de assentos. No dia seguinte, as carteiras dos alunos, guardadas na casa de dona Garcez, retornavam à escola. O velho piano da nobre dama ficou muitos anos no Teatro Santa Cecília, que era uma réplica em tamanho reduzido do Teatro Santa Roza, da capital João Pessoa. Juntou suas economias e comprou o teatro, onde funcionava sua escola, cinema popular e casa de espetáculos. Muitos dramas foram encenados pelos alunos "sob a direção do escrivão Antônio Serrano Navarro, entendido em artes cênicas".

O antigo prédio do teatro passou por várias reformas e foi convertido no Cinema São José, um cinema mudo fundado pela professora Umbelina Garcez. Este cinema durou pouco por falta de público e fechou. Tomando ciência pelo noticiário do Dr. Mário Campello, do semanário mamanguapense "O Jornal", o prefeito Sabiano Maia mandou reformar e entregou ao Sr. Pedro Eugênio, que inaugurou o Cine São Pedro, em 22 de setembro de 1933. Umbelina Garcez narra que recebeu a visita do prefeito José Fernandes de Lima. Foi então informada que a Prefeitura iria desapropriar o teatro Santa Cecília, "porque ele é um patrimônio histórico da cidade, e para conservar os prédios antigos, só mesmo o poder público". O velho teatro estava perfeito, sem infiltrações nem rachaduras. Logo depois de desapropriado, o prefeito "mandou derrubar o teatro por dentro e construiu um moderno cinema. Descaracterizou a arquitetura interna daquele valioso patrimônio histórico, sem a menor consideração com sua benemérita protetora". Ao longo do tempo, o prédio do teatro já foi prefeitura, câmara de vereadores e hoje abriga a Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Cônego José Paulino de Almeida.

O decreto n° 25.031, de 14 de maio de 2004, tornou o Centro Histórico de Mamanguape como patrimônio tombado pelo IPHAEP – Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico do Estado da Paraíba, o que engloba também as dependências do antigo prédio do Teatro Santa Cecília.

Referências

Teatros da Paraíba

Teatro Santa Cecília


Retrocesso e a degradação do solo são dois processos de evolução regressiva associados à perda de equilíbrio de um solo estável. O retrocesso é principalmente devido à erosão do solo e corresponde a um fenômeno em que a sucessão reverte a terra ao seu estado físico natural. A degradação é uma evolução, diferente da evolução natural, relacionada ao clima e à vegetação local. É devido à substituição das comunidades vegetais primárias (conhecidas como vegetação clímax) pelas comunidades secundárias. Essa substituição modifica a composição e a quantidade de húmus e afeta a formação do solo. Está diretamente relacionada à atividade humana. A degradação do solo também pode ser vista como qualquer mudança ou perturbação ecológica no solo percebida como deletéria ou indesejável.

Em geral
No início da formação do solo, os afloramentos de rocha nua são gradualmente colonizados por espécies pioneiras (líquens e musgos). Elas são sucedidas por vegetação herbácea, arbustos e, finalmente, floresta. Paralelamente, forma-se o primeiro horizonte com húmus (horizonte A), seguido de alguns horizontes minerais (horizontes B). Cada estágio sucessivo é caracterizado por uma certa associação de solo/vegetação e meio ambiente, que define um ecossistema .

Após certo tempo de evolução paralela entre o solo e a vegetação, atinge-se um estado de equilíbrio estável. Este estágio de desenvolvimento é chamado de clímax por alguns ecologistas e "potencial natural" por outros. A sucessão é a evolução para o clímax.

Os ciclos de evolução dos solos têm durações muito variáveis, entre dezenas, centenas ou milhares de anos para solos de evolução rápida (somente horizonte A) a mais de um milhão de anos para solos de desenvolvimento lento. O mesmo solo pode atingir várias condições sucessivas de estado estacionário durante sua existência, como exibido pela sequência da floresta pigmeu no condado de Mendocino, Califórnia. Os solos atingem naturalmente um estado de alta produtividade, a partir do qual se degradam naturalmente à medida que os nutrientes minerais são removidos do sistema do solo. Assim, os solos mais velhos são mais vulneráveis aos efeitos da regressão e degradação induzidas.

Consequências
Aqui estão algumas das consequências da regressão e degradação do solo:

 Impacto nos rendimentos: ps recentes aumentos na população humana colocaram uma grande pressão sobre os sistemas de solo do mundo. Mais de 7 bilhões de pessoas estão agora usando cerca de 38% da área de terra da Terra para cultivar plantações e pecuária. Muitos solos sofrem vários tipos de degradação, que podem, em última análise, reduzir sua capacidade de produzir recursos alimentares. Isso reduz a segurança alimentar, que muitos países que enfrentam a degradação do solo já não têm. Leve degradação refere-se a terras onde o potencial de rendimento foi reduzido em 10%, degradação moderada refere-se a uma diminuição do rendimento de 10-50%. Solos severamente degradados perderam mais de 50% de seu potencial. Os solos mais severamente degradados estão localizados em países em desenvolvimento. Na África, a redução do rendimento está entre 2 a 40%, com uma perda média de 8,2% do continente.
 Desastres naturais: catástrofes naturais como fluxos de lama e inundações são responsáveis pela morte de muitos seres vivos a cada ano. Isso causa um ciclo, pois as inundações podem degradar o solo e a degradação do solo pode causar inundações.
 Deterioração da qualidade da água: o aumento da turbidez da água e o aporte de nitrogênio e fósforo podem resultar em eutrofização. Partículas de solos em águas superficiais também são acompanhadas por insumos agrícolas e por alguns poluentes de origem industrial, urbana e rodoviária (como metais pesados). O escoamento com pesticidas e fertilizantes torna a qualidade da água perigosa. O impacto ecológico dos insumos agrícolas (como herbicidas) é conhecido, mas difícil de avaliar devido à multiplicidade dos produtos e seu amplo espectro de ação.
 Diversidade biológica: a degradação do solo pode envolver a perturbação das comunidades microbianas, o desaparecimento da vegetação clímax e a diminuição do habitat animal, levando à perda de biodiversidade e à extinção animal.
 Perda econômica: globalmente, a perda anual de 76 bilhões de toneladas de solo custa ao mundo cerca de 400 bilhões por ano. No Canadá, os efeitos da degradação da terra nas fazendas foram estimados em 700 a 915 milhões de dólares em 1984. O impacto econômico da degradação da terra é extremamente grave no sul da Ásia densamente povoado e na África Subsaariana.

Melhoria, reconstrução e regeneração do solo
Problemas de erosão do solo podem ser combatidos e certas práticas que podem levar ao aprimoramento e reconstrução do solo. Apesar de simples, os métodos para reduzir a erosão muitas vezes não são escolhidos porque essas práticas superam os benefícios de curto prazo. A reconstrução é especialmente possível através da melhoria da estrutura do solo, adição de matéria orgânica e limitação do escoamento. No entanto, essas técnicas nunca conseguirão restaurar totalmente um solo (e a fauna e flora a ele associadas) que levou mais de 1000 anos para ser construído. A regeneração do solo é a reforma do solo degradado por meio de processos biológicos, químicos e/ou físicos.

Quando a produtividade diminuiu nos solos de baixa argila do norte da Tailândia, os agricultores inicialmente responderam adicionando matéria orgânica dos cupinzeiros, mas isso era insustentável a longo prazo. Os cientistas então experimentaram adicionar ao solo bentonita, uma das argilas da família das esmectitas. Em testes de campo, conduzidos por cientistas do International Water Management Institute em cooperação com a Universidade Khon Kaen e agricultores locais, isso teve o efeito de ajudar a reter água e nutrientes. Complementando a prática habitual do agricultor com uma única aplicação de 200 kg de bentonita por rai (6,26 rai = 1 hectare) resultou em um aumento médio de 73% no rendimento. Mais estudos mostraram que a aplicação de bentonita em solos arenosos degradados reduzia o risco de quebra de safra durante anos de seca.

Em 2008, três anos após os testes iniciais, os cientistas do IWMI realizaram uma pesquisa entre 250 agricultores no nordeste da Tailândia, metade dos que aplicaram bentonita em seus campos e metade dos que não. A produção média para aqueles que usaram a adição de argila foi 18% maior do que para os usuários sem argila. O uso da argila permitiu que alguns agricultores mudassem para o cultivo de hortaliças, que precisam de solo mais fértil. Isso ajudou a aumentar sua renda. Os pesquisadores estimaram que 200 agricultores no nordeste da Tailândia e 400 no Camboja adotaram o uso de argilas, e que outros 20 mil agricultores foram introduzidos à nova técnica.

Ver também
Alcalinização do solo
Fronteiras planetárias
Desenvolvimento vegetal

Problemas ambientais com o solo
Agricultura

Retrocesso e degradação do solo


Antiaropsis, rod dvodomnog drveća iz porodice dudovki smješten u podtribus Antiaropsineae. Postoje dvije vrste koje su kao endemi rašireni po Novoj Gvineji.

Vrste
 Antiaropsis decipiens K.Schum.
 Antiaropsis uniflora C.C.Berg

Izvori

Castilleae

Antiaropsis


O Poseidon (, "Poseidon"), anteriormente conhecido pelo codinome russo Status-6 (), é um veículo submarino não tripulado autônomo, movido a energia nuclear, em desenvolvimento pelo Rubin Design Bureau, capaz de fornecer ogivas convencionais e nucleares.

O Poseidon é uma das seis novas armas estratégicas russas anunciadas pelo presidente Vladimir Putin em 1 de março de 2018.

História
A primeira aparição pública do Poseidon remonta a setembro de 2015 e cita fontes do Pentágono.

No início de 2018, a Revisão da Postura Nuclear do Pentágono reconheceu publicamente o desenvolvimento do "novo torpedo autônomo submarino, intercontinental, nuclear e movido a energia nuclear".

Em março de 2018, o sistema foi oficialmente nomeado "Poseidon", após votação pública.

Em janeiro de 2019, a Marinha Russa anunciou planos para adquirir pelo menos 30 veículos submarinos não tripulados tipo Poseidon, implantados em quatro submarinos, dois dos quais serviriam na Frota do Norte da Rússia e dois na Frota do Pacífico.

Em 2 de fevereiro de 2019, o presidente russo, Vladimir Putin, anunciou a conclusão da fase chave dos julgamentos de Poseidon.

Em 20 de fevereiro de 2019, o Ministério da Defesa da Rússia divulgou um vídeo, mostrando um Poseidon sendo lançado em teste por um submarino de propósito especial B-90.

Especulação de design

Resumo
O Poseidon destina-se a servir como resposta à retirada dos EUA do tratado ABM e para aumentar a capacidade russa de superar os sistemas de defesa antimísseis dos EUA,     como mísseis anti-balísticos, canhões elétricos ou armas a laser, etc.

A ogiva Poseidon pode contaminar uma grande área com radiação. Para este fim, especula-se que o Poseidon esteja equipado com uma bomba de cobalto.   O Poseidon pode ser uma arma radiológica de segundo ataque.

Especificações
O Poseidon parece ser um mini-submarino robótico em forma de torpedo que pode viajar a velocidades de .    Informações mais recentes sugerem uma velocidade máxima de , com um alcance de  e uma profundidade máxima de 1000 m.

Tecnologia stealth

O desenvolvimento inclui também o uso de tecnologia furtiva, para iludir os dispositivos de rastreamento acústico.    O Poseidon usa uma estratégia de corrida silenciosa como outros submarinos. Sua principal característica furtiva é sua velocidade muito baixa antes de atingir a área alvo. Seu modo de alta velocidade é ativado ao atingir um curto alcance final (2 a 3 quilômetros), quando a probabilidade de detecção do drone é consideravelmente maior. Poderia viajar por semanas em direção a cidades portuárias inimigas, atingindo alta velocidade apenas no estágio final.

Propaganda
Em 2022, a propaganda da TV doméstica russa disse que o Poseidon será capaz de "mergulhar a Grã-Bretanha nas profundezas do mar".

Reações
Após as declarações do presidente russo Vladimir Putin, durante sua apresentação de várias novas super-armas russas   em março de 2018, nas quais ele se referiu especificamente ao Poseidon como uma arma que também poderia atingir cidades portuárias norte-americanas, o secretário de defesa dos EUA James Mattis afirmou que a Rússia já tinha a capacidade potencial de atingir certas cidades portuárias na costa americana com mísseis e disse que o Poseidon "não altera em nada o equilíbrio estratégico".

Referências

Armas navais da Rússia
Armas nucleares da Rússia

Status-6 Poseidon


Hr. Petersens Debut er en dansk stumfilm fra 1915, der er instrueret af Alfred Cohn efter manuskript af Alfred Kjerulf.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Frederik Buch - Hr. Petersen
 Torben Meyer - Nalle, skuespiller
 Carl Schenstrøm - Balle, skuespiller
 Christian Schrøder

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Alfred Cohn
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1915

Hr. Petersens Debut


جمعان الحربش (1970 -)؛ سياسي كويتي، ونائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي، ينتمي إلى الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية (حدس)، حاصل على دكتوراه في الفكر الإسلامي من كلية دار العلوم في القاهرة، في بداية حياته المهنية كان محاضر وخطيب في وزارة الأوقاف الكويتية، وشغل منصب الأمين العام للجنة الكويتية المشتركة لنصرة الدين وثوابت الأمة، شارك في العديد من المحاضرات والندوات والمناظرات المتعلقة بنصرة قضايا الإسلام، وكانت له مقالات عديدة في الصحف والمجلات.

حياته السياسية
دخل الحياة السياسية سنة 2006 عندما فاز بعضوية مجلس الامة الكويتي من خلال الانتخابات البرلمانية وحصل على المركز الأول بدائرته، واستمرت عضويته حتى عام 2012 بأكثر من دورة نيابية حتى أعلنت المعارضة الكويتية ـ وهو جزء منها - مقاطعتها للانتخابات، وعاد فشارك في انتخابات 2016 وفاز بالعضوية النيابية مرة أخرى، قبل أن يتم إسقاطها مرة أخرى.

مشاركته في الانتخابات البرلمانية
شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 في الدائرة الثامنة عشر، وحصل على المركز الرابع برصيد 1128 صوت وخسر الانتخابات بنظام 25 دائرة ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 في الدائرة الثامنة عشر، وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 3691 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات بنظام 25 دائرة ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الثانية، وحصل على المركز الخامس برصيد 6496 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات بنظام 5 دوائر ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009 في الدائرة الثانية وحصل على المركز الرابع برصيد 5929 وفاز بالانتخابات بنظام 5 دوائر، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي فبراير 2012 في الدائرة الثانية وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 8475 وفاز بالانتخابات بنظام 5 دوائر، ثم أعلن مقاطعته للانتخابات بسبب تغير نظام التصويت من 4 اصوات إلى صوت واحد، حتى شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2016 في الدائرة الثانية وحصل على المركز الرابع برصيد 2432 وفاز بالانتخابات بنظام 5 دوائر بصوت واحد.

حكم المحكمة الدستورية
وفي بداية سنة 2019 أعلن رئيس مجلس الأمة الكويتي، مرزوق الغانم، الموافقة على خلو مقعدي النائبين جمعان الحربش ووليد الطبطبائي تنفيذا لحكم المحكمة الدستورية العليا في البلاد، وبناء على المادة 50 من قانون الانتخاب والمادة 18 من اللائحة الداخلية لمجلس الأمة.

حياته الشخصية
هو متزوج ولديه 9 من الأبناء:
 عبد الله.
 معاذ.
 أسامة.
 عبد الرحمن.
 عبد العزيز.
 أحمد.
 عمر.
 عبد الوهاب.
 عثمان.

أبرز مواقفه في مجلس الأمة

مراجع

أساتذة جامعة الكويت
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2016
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي فبراير 2012
إخوان مسلمون كويتيون
خريجو جامعة الكويت
سياسيو الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية
مواليد 1970

جمعان الحربش


فيكي كريستينا برشلونة هو فيلم أمريكي إسباني حائز على جائزة الكرة الذهبية لعام 2009 لأفضل فيلم كوميدي. يروي الفيلم قصة صديقيتين أمريكيتين، فيكي وكريستينا، يذهبان لعطلة في مدينة برشلونة و يقابلان رسام إسباني يأخذهما في إجازة لإحدى المدن.
الفيلم من بطولة سكارليت جوهانسون وبينيلوبي كروز وخافيير بارديم ، و من إخراج وودي آلن.
تم تصوير الفيلم في برشلونة وأوفييدو وأفايلاس . حازت بينيلوبي كروز على جائزة أوسكار كأفضل ممثلة بدور مساعد في هذا الفيلم.

الممثلين والشخصيات
بابلو شرايبر، بدور بين

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام إسبانية
أفلام إسبانية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام باللغة الإسبانية
أفلام باللغة الإسبانية في عقد 2000
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام تقع أحداثها في إسبانيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في برشلونة
أفلام دراما رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام دراما كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام دراما كوميدية إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام درامية 2008
أفلام رومانسية كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام رومانسية كوميديا درامية إسبانية
أفلام شركة وينشتاين
أفلام عن العطلات
أفلام عن رسامين خياليين
أفلام كوميديا درامية متعلق بإل جي بي تي
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية درامية 2008
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام كوميدية درامية في 2008
أفلام كوميدية رومانسية في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميدية في 2008
أفلام مترو غلودن ماير
أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي 2008
أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي إسبانية
أفلام مستقلة 2008
أفلام مصورة في برشلونة
أفلام مصورة في منطقة أستورياس
أفلام من إخراج وودي آلن
أفلام من إنتاج ليتي أرونسون
أوفييدو
عقد 2000 أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
منطقة أستورياس في الخيال
نصوص سينمائية كتبها وودي آلن

فيكي كريستينا برشلونة


O Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal de 2007 - Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal, cujo nome usual é Chave Ouro, foi a 13ª edição da mais importante competição da modalidade no estado, sua organização é de competência da Federação Paranaense de Futsal.

A edição 2007https://cascavelnews.com.br/noticias/cascavel-decide-o-paranaense-de-futsal-contra-o-umuarama/, foi decidida em 3 jogos entre o Umuarama  e a equipe do Cascavel, sendo que o título ficou para o clube umuaramense.

Tabela Primeira Fase

Confrontos

 Vitória do mandante;
 Vitória do visitante;
 Empate.
... Jogo fora de casa

Segunda Fase

Grupo A

Confrontos
 Para ler a tabela, a linha horizontal representa os jogos da equipe como mandante. A coluna vertical indica os jogos da equipe como visitante.

 Vitória do mandante;
 Vitória do visitante;
 Empate.

|}

Grupo B

Confrontos
 Para ler a tabela, a linha horizontal representa os jogos da equipe como mandante. A coluna vertical indica os jogos da equipe como visitante.

 Vitória do mandante;
 Vitória do visitante;
 Empate.

|}

Play-Offs

Premiação

Futsal paranaense

Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal de 2007


Karl Ernst Claus () a fost un chimist și un naturalist rus, la origine german baltic. A fost profesor la Universitatea de stat din Kazan și membru al Academiei Ruse de Științe. Este cunoscut pentru faptul că a descoperit elementul chimic ruteniu și pentru că a fost unul dintre primii oameni de știință care a aplicat metode analitice cantitative în botanică.

Note

Nașteri în 1796
Nașteri pe 23 ianuarie
Decese în 1864
Decese pe 24 martie
Botaniști cu abreviere de autor
Chimiști ruși
Germani baltici
Oameni din Tartu
Descoperitori de elemente chimice
Membri corespondenți ai Universității de Stat din Sankt Petersburg
Chimiști din secolul al XIX-lea

Karl Ernst Claus


Luniversité d'État des transports de Saint-Pétersbourg (en ) est une université de Saint-Pétersbourg en Russie.

Spécialisée dans le chemin de fer, son bâtiment principal est situé sur la perspective Moskovski.

Cet établissement a été fondé par le Catalan Agustín de Betancourt en 1809, avec deux ingénieurs français, Bazaine et Potier. Il prenait modèle, pour l'importance donnée aux cours de mécanique et de géométrie descriptive, sur l'École française des ponts et chaussées : Lamé et Clapeyron y enseignèrent peu après. L'Ecole des transports a joué un rôle considérable dans le développement du chemin de fer en Russie au fil des décennies.

Note

Établissement d'enseignement supérieur de Saint-Pétersbourg
Saint Pétersbourg
Établissement scolaire fondé en 1809
Objet patrimonial culturel d'importance régionale à Saint-Pétersbourg

Université d'État des transports de Saint-Pétersbourg


Halüsinasyon veya varsanı, bir duyu organını uyaran hiçbir nesne veya uyarıcı olmaksızın, kişinin sadece kendisinin duyabildiği, görebildiği, dokunabildiği ve koklayabildiği, gerçek olmayan duyuların algılanmasına veya sanıların alınmasına verilen isimdir. Halüsinasyonlar, benzer fenomenlerden ayrı tanımlanmaktadır. Örneğin rüya görmek uyanık olma hali barındırmaz; psödohalüsinasyonda istemsiz duyusal algıların gerçek olmadığı kişi tarafından bilinir; yanılsamalar saptırılmış ve yanlış yorumlanmış gerçek duyusal algılar barındırır; zihinsel imge (hayal kurma) kişinin istemi kontrolü altındadır gibi. Ruh hastalıklarında sıklıkla karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Beş duyunun da varsanısı olabilir; görme, işitme, dokunma, koklama ve tat duyusu. Halüsinasyonlarda kişi, bir hastalığının olduğunu bilmeden, gördüğü, işittiği ve hissettiğine bütünüyle inanır. Gözlerinde bozukluk olan kişide veya migrende görülen ışık parıltıları varsanı içine girmez. Bunlarda hasta, olayın nedenini bilmektedir.

Hastanın düşünce ve fikirlerinin dışarıya aktarıldığını sanması, düşüncelerinin bir başkası tarafından biliniyormuş hissine kapılması, yabancı fikirlerin kafasına direkt olarak sokulduğunu zannetme gibi çeşitli ruhsal halüsinasyonlar da vardır.

Normal kişilerde aşırı fiziksel ve ruhsal yorgunluk, ihtiyarlık zamanında uykuya dalarken ve uyanırken görülen geometrik şekiller, gri veya renkli nesnelerin görülmesi normal olarak kabul edilir.

Ruh hastalıklarından şizofreni, psikozlar, psikonevrozlar, kısa sürede gelişen iç sıkıntısı hallerinde halüsinasyonlar sık görülür.

Parkinson hastalarında da halüsinasyon görme vakaları mevcuttur. Hastalar önceleri bunun hayali olduğunun farkında olsa da, hastalığın ilerleyen dönemlerinde gördüklerini gerçekle ayırt edemez duruma gelir.

Beynin bir kısmını veya tamamını ilgilendiren tahribatlarda, tifo, menenjit, aşırı alkol kullanımı gibi durumlarda da çeşitli halüsinasyonlar ortaya çıkabilir.

Doğal veya sentetik bileşenler olan liserjik asit dietilamid (LSD), liserjik asit amin (LSA), meskalin, psilosibin, psilobin, dimetil triptamin (DMT), salvinorum gibi maddeler halüsinasyona yol açabilmektedir. Bu maddeler bu özelliklerinden dolayı halüsinojenlerdendir.

Sınıflandırma

Halüsinasyonlar pek çok formda ortaya çıkabilir.

Optik (görsel) halüsinasyonlar
Çoğunlukla aslında var olmayan küçük ve hareket halindeki nesnelerin görünmesi durumunda var olur (ör. deliryum).

Akustik (işitsel) halüsinasyonlar

Genellikle şizofrenlerde yaşanmakla beraber çoğunlukla kendilerine hakaret eden, yorum getiren veya emirler veren seslerin duyulması şeklindedir.

Gustatorik halüsinasyon
Tat ile ilgili çeşitleri bulunmaktadır.

Diğer halüsinasyonlar

Olfaktorik (koku ile ilgili) ve Somatik (iç organlarda hissedilen yanma veya ağrı) halüsinasyon da bulunmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Halüsinojen

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 TDK'da Halüsinasyon

Psikoz
Semptomlar
Psikiyatri

Halüsinasyon


Patronymes
Wakayama est un nom de famille japonais, notamment porté par :
 Bokusui Wakayama (1885-1928), poète japonais ;
 Tomisaburō Wakayama (1929-1992), acteur japonais.

Toponymes
 Wakayama, capitale de la préfecture de Wakayama, au Japon

Patronyme japonais

Wakayama (homonymie)


يحيى إبراهيم باشا (1861 - 1936)، هو رئيس وزراء مصر (من 15 مارس 1923 - إلى 27 يناير 1924).

النشأة
ولد ببلدة بهبشين في مركز ناصر بمحافظة بني سويف عام 1861. من عائلة خميس

تلقى العلم بمدرسة الأقباط الكبرى بالقاهرة.

تخرج من مدرسة الحقوق عام 1880، وعين معيداً بمدرسة الألسن (1880- 1881)، ثم معيداً بمدرسة الإدارة (الحقوق)، علاوة على وظيفته السابقة (1881- 1882)، وقام بتدريس القوانين والترجمة، ثم أصبح وكيلاً لكلية الإدارة عام (1884- 1888).

حياته السياسية
صدر أمر عالي بتعيينه في المحاكم الأهلية، فتقلد منصب نائب قاضي بمحكمة الإسكندرية الأهلية (1888- 1889)، ورقي قاضياً عام 1889، وانتقل للمنصورة، وأصبح رئيساً لمحكمة بني سويف (1889- 1891)، فوكيلاً لمحكمة المنصورة (1891- 1892)، ثم انتقل إلى محكمة الاستئناف الأهلية عام 1893.

عمل مستشاراً لمحاكم الجنايات بطنطا عام 1905، ثم عين رئيساً لمحكمة الاستئناف عام 1907، ومكث بها حتى عام 1919.

تبوأ منصب وزير المعارف العمومية في وزارة يوسف وهبة باشا الأولى (20 نوفمبر 1919- 21 مايو 1920)، ثم في وزارة محمد توفيق نسيم باشا الثانية (30 نوفمبر 1922- 9 فبراير 1923)، وقد اهتم أثناء عمله بوزارة المعارف بمحو أمية العمال، ونشر الثقافة بينهم، وافتتح في عهده (22) قسماً ليلياً لتعليم العمال في مناطق مختلفة من البلاد.

تولى رئاسة الوزارة بالإضافة إلي منصب وزير الداخلية في الوزارة التي قام بتشكيلها في (15 مارس 1923- 27 يناير 1924)، وتولى فيها أيضا وزارة العدل بالنيابة (18 نوفمبر 1923)، ونظراً لحنكته القانونية أطلق عليه لقب «شيخ القضاة»، وأطلق على وزارته اسم وزارة القوانين لكثرة ما أصدرته من قوانين.

من أهم أعمال وزارته: الإفراج عن الزعيم سعد زغلول بعد أقل من أسبوعين من توليه الوزارة، وكذلك المعتقلين في مصر، ثم المحكوم عليهم من أعضاء الوفد والمعتقلين منهم في سيشل، كما ألغيت الأحكام العرفية، ويعتبر إصدار الدستور في 19 من أبريل عام 1923، أهم أعمال وزارته، هذا بالإضافة إلى أنه سن قانون الانتخابات وأجريت الانتخابات في نزاهة.

كان رئيساً لحزب الاتحاد، وهو حزب أنشئ لمساندة القصر عام 1925، كما عين عضواً بمجلس الشيوخ في العام نفسه (1925).

اضطلع بمهام منصب وزير المالية في وزارة أحمد زيور باشا الثانية (13 مارس 1925- 7 يونيو 1926)، وتولى الرئاسة والخارجية بالنيابة في هذه الوزارة (3 مايو 1925).

رئيس مجلس الشيوخ من (15 يونيو 1931- 30 نوفمبر 1934).

رئاسته الوزارة

حكومته

مؤلفاته
له كتاب باسم «القطع المنتخبة» طبع منه جزآن في بولاق عام 1893م، جمع فيه ما يختص بالقضاء ونبذاً تاريخية وجغرافية وأدبية.

وفاته
توفي عام 1936.

المصادر

أشخاص من القاهرة
أشخاص من بني سويف
باشاوات مصر
رؤساء وزراء مصر القرن 20
رؤساء وزراء مصريون
قضاة مصريون
مصريون في القرن 19
مواليد 1861
مواليد 1876
وزراء خارجية مصر
وزراء داخلية مصريون
وزراء عدل مصريون
وزراء مالية مصريون
وزراء معارف مصريون
وفيات 1936

يحيى إبراهيم باشا


A estação de Pontoise é uma estação ferroviária francesa na linha de Saint-Denis a Dieppe e na linha de Achères a Pontoise, localizada abaixo ao sul do centro da cidade no vale do Viosne, no território da comuna de Pontoise no Val-d'Oise na região de Île-de-France.

Ela foi inaugurada em 1863. Anteriormente, a partir de 1846, Pontoise foi servida pela estação Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône-les-Pontoise (que se tornou a estação de Épluches).

É uma estação SNCF servida pelos trens da rede Transilien Paris-Nord (linha H), Paris Saint-Lazare (linha J) e os da linha C do RER. Ela é o destino da linha de Achères a Pontoise.

Situação ferroviária
Estabelecida a uma altitude de 28 metros, a estação de junção de Pontoise está localizada no ponto quilométrico (PK) 29.395 da linha de Saint-Denis a Dieppe e no PK 28.583 da linha de Achères a Pontoise.

A estação de Pontoise, do ponto de vista operacional, inclui um troço de tráfego que se estende até Pont-Petit (linha Pierrelaye - Creil) com o entroncamento Liesse telecomandado. As estações (no sentido comercial do termo) de Chaponval (para uma via apenas), Pont-Petit, Épluches, Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône e Pontoise estão incluídas no setor de tráfego de Pontoise.

História

A primeira estação de Pontoise, foi oficialmente inaugurada em 21 de junho de 1846 pela Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord, quando abriu sua linha de Paris a Lille e Valenciennes para operação. Está estabelecido entre as estações de Herblay e Auvers, a cerca de 29 quilômetros de Paris. A cidade tinha 5 500 habitantes. Os carros, em correspondência com a ferrovia, serviam Magny, Gisors e Marines.

Quando a Compagnie du Nord decidiu colocar em serviço uma nova linha para Dieppe, inaugurada em 1 de agosto de 1863, entrou em serviço uma nova estação mais próxima de Pontoise e a primeira, localizada na linha Creil, passou a se chamar estação de Épluches . A construção desta nova estação, cuja construção custou 73 083 francos, foi desenhada pelo arquiteto principal Jules-Léon Lejeune.

Por ocasião da extensão da linha C do RER até Pontoise, no início de 2000 entrou em serviço uma posto de AMV de retransmissão controlado por computador (PRCI), em diferentes fases. A antiga estação de tecnologia PRS data de 1965, mas o edifício ainda existe. O PRCI foi construído ao lado « avenue du Maréchal Canrobert » (sul) no local da antiga estação de carga da empresa ferroviária CGB (longo caminho de ferro suburbano) que servia as linhas Pontoise - Magny-en-Vexin e Pontoise - Poissy, linhas condenadas pelo automóvel na década de 1950. Após a modificação da planta de via, foram retiradas as antigas vias de transbordo que serviam o armazém de mercadorias e a antiga brigada de via.

O estacionamento localizado em frente, bem como a rodoviária, ocupam o local do antigo curso do Viosne que cruzava a lagoa de Vert-Buisson neste local. O curso do rio foi desviado da rue Saint-Martin que atravessa a passagem de nível a oeste da estação, para permitir a instalação dos trilhos.

Para 2018, a SNCF estima a frequência anual desta estação em 8 269 000 passageiros, número arredondado para o milhar mais próximo.

Serviço aos passageiros

Entrada

Ligação

A estação é servida por trens da rede Transilien Paris-Nord (linha H), à taxa de um trem a cada meia hora fora do horário de pico e um a cada quarto de hora no horário de pico. Os trens são geralmente ônibus de Paris-Nord para Pontoise. É também o terminal dos comboios da linha transversal Pontoise - Creil.

Também é servido pelos trens Transilien Paris Saint-Lazare (linha J), com um trem a cada meia hora fora do horário de pico. Durante o horário de pico, seis trens por hora conectam Paris a Pontoise: um ônibus de Argenteuil a Pontoise a cada 20 minutos, alternando com um trem semidireto que continua até Boissy-l'Aillerie ou Gisors, também a cada 20 minutos.

Finalmente, é o terminal C1 para os trens da linha C do RER, com um trem a cada meia hora fora do horário de pico e um trem a cada quarto de hora durante o horário de pico.

 Via 11: destino e origem: Creil (linha Transilien H) (Terminal)
 Vias 12 e 13: destino e origem: Paris - Gare du Nord (linha Transilien H) (Terminal)
 Vias 14 a 16: destino e origem: Massy-Palaiseau, Pont-de-Rungis - Aeroporto Orly (linha C do RER) (Terminal C1)
 Vias 17 e 18: destino: Paris - Gare Saint-Lazare; origem: Boissy-l'Aillerie (ou Gisors) (linha Transilien J)
 Vias 19 e 20: destino: Boissy-l'Aillerie (ou Gisors); origem: Paris - Gare Saint-Lazare (linha Transilien J)
 Vias 31 e 33 (sem passageiros): vias de garagem destinadas aos trens do RER C.

Intermodalidade
Ela está equipada com bicicletários (descobertos e não protegidos). A passarela que liga a estação de Pontoise à rodoviária e à estação de Cergy-Préfecture é proibida para o tráfego de bicicletas. Estes dois pontos são parte das razões pelas quais a vila de Pontoise foi nomeada em 2013 para o « Clou rouillé ». Fica perto da Avenue verte London-Paris, que corre ao longo do Oise (variante via Beauvais). A ligação pedonal e ciclável entre a estação de Pontoise e Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône pode ser feita pela passarela que margeia a ponte ferroviária de Pontoise (acesso por elevador na margem esquerda atualmente [setembro de 2014] condenado).

A estação é servida pelas linhas 95-04, 95-05, 95-07, 95-08, 95-12, 95-22, 95-23, 95-41, 95-48 e 95-50 da rede de ônibus du Vexin, pelas linhas 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 43, 45, 56 e 58 da rede de ônibus da Société de transports interurbains du Val-d'Oise e, à noite, pela linha N150 da rede Noctilien.

A conexão para Cergy-Préfecture é feita através de uma das linhas da estação de ônibus Canrobert com pelo menos um ônibus a cada  (tempo de viagem de aproximadamente 5 minutos).

Projeto
Futuramente, de acordo com o plano diretor para a região de Île-de-France (SDRIF), a estação de Pontoise será o terminal de uma linha de transporte público em seu próprio terreno, ligando-o ao de Cergy-Préfecture.

Patrimônio ferroviário
A nova estação de 1863, projetada pelo arquiteto Jules-Léon Lejeune (1800-1877), corresponde ao plano padrão para estações de médio porte, criado por volta de 1859 para bâtiments voyageurs no trecho de Saint-Denis a Creil via Chantilly. Estes novos edifícios da estação caracterizam-se por uma bilheteira ao centro, encimada por um amplo frontão, enquadrado de cada lado por uma ala baixa e um pavilhão alto, de dimensões variáveis. Em Pontoise, a fachada é inteiramente revestida a pedra lapidada, os edifícios laterais têm dois pisos e uma cobertura de pavilhão (quatro versantes) enquanto as portas e janelas são rematadas por arcos abobadados.

Ver também
 Lista de estações ferroviárias na França
 Lista de estações do RER d'Île-de-France
 Lista de estações da rede Transilien
 Linha de Saint-Denis a Dieppe
 Linha de Achères a Pontoise

Ligações externas
 , em Gallica.
 A estação de Pontoise, no site oficial Gares & Connexions de la SNCF
 A estação de Pontoise, no site oficial Transilien de la SNCF

Estações ferroviárias inauguradas em 1863
Pontoise

Estação de Pontoise