Clorometanul, numit și clorură de metil, R-40 sau HCC 40, este un compus chimic din grupul de compuși organici numiți haloalcani. Odată a fost folosit pe scară largă ca agent frigorific. Este un gaz incolor, cu un miros ușor dulce. Din cauza preocupărilor legate de toxicitatea sa, acesta nu mai există în produsele de consum. Clorometanul a fost inițial sintetizat de chimiștii francezi Jean-Baptiste Dumas și Eugene Peligot în 1835 prin fierberea unui amestec de metanol, acid sulfuric și clorură de sodiu. Această metodă este similară celei folosite de astăzi.

Răspândire
Clorometanul este cel mai abundent organohalogen, antropogen sau natural, în atmosferă. Este un constituent al fumului de tutun.

La nivel marin
Culturile unui laborator ale fitoplanctonului marin produc CH3Cl, dar în cantități relativ nesemnificative. Un studiu extins a celor 30 de specii de macroalge polare a relevat eliberarea
cantității semnificative de CH3Cl numai în Gigartina skottsbergii și Gymnogongrus antarcticus.

Biogeneză
O plantă de sare de mlaștină Batis maritima conține enzima clorură de metil transferază care catalizează sinteza CH3Cl din S-adenozin-L-metionină și clorură. Această proteină a fost purificată și exprimată în Escherichia coli și pare să fie prezentă și în alte organisme, cum ar fi fungi albe (Phellinus pomaceus), alge roșii (Endocladia muricata) și plante de gheață (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), fiecare dintre acestea fiind un producător cunoscut de clorometan.

Obținere
Cantitățile mari de clorometan sunt obținute în mod natural în oceane prin acțiunea razelor solare asupra biomasei și a clorului în spumă de mare. Cu toate acestea, tot restul clorometanului utilizat în industrie este produs sintetic.

Majoritatea clorometanului se prepară prin reacția metanolului cu acid clorhidric, conform ecuației chimice

CH3OH + HCl -> CH3Cl + H2O

Acest lucru poate fi realizat fie prin barbotarea gazului de hidrogen clorurat prin metanol fierbinte cu sau fără catalizator de clorură de zinc, fie prin trecerea vaporilor combinați de metanol și hidrogen clorurat peste un catalizator de alumină la 350 °C.

O cantitate mai mică de clorometan este produsă prin încălzirea unui amestec de metan și clor la peste 400°C. Totuși, această metodă are ca rezultat și compuși mai clorurați, cum ar fi diclormetanul, cloroformul și tetraclorura de carbon, și de obicei se utilizează numai atunci când astfel de alte produse sunt dorite.

Utilizări
Clorometanul a fost utilizat ca agent frigorific pe scară largă, dar utilizarea sa a fost întreruptă datorită toxicității și inflamabilității acestuia. Clorometanul a fost utilizat o dată pentru producerea aditivilor de benzină pe bază de plumb (tetrametilplumb).

Cea mai importantă utilizare a clorometanului astăzi este ca un intermediar chimic în producția de polimeri de silicon. Cantitățile mai mici sunt utilizate ca solvent în fabricarea cauciucului butilic și în rafinarea petrolului.

Clorometanul este utilizat ca agent de metilare și clorurare în chimia organică. De asemenea, este utilizat într-o varietate de alte domenii: ca un agent de extracție pentru uleiuri și rășini de grăsimi, ca agent de propulsie și agent de suflare în producția de spumă de polistiren, ca anestezic local, ca intermediar în fabricarea de medicamente, temperatura de polimerizare, ca fluid pentru echipamente termometrice și termostatice, și ca erbicid.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Bromometan
 Iodometan
 Cloroetan

Legături externe
Data sheet at inchem.org
Toxicological information
Information about chloromethane
Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 28 on chloromethane
IARC Summaries & Evaluations Vol. 71 (1999)

Agenți de metilare
Cloroalcani
1835 în știință

Clorometan


es un videojuego de rol del 2010 exclusivo de Sony para la PlayStation 3 desarrollado por Idea Factory, publicado por Compile Heart y distribuido por Koei Tecmo en Japón y NIS America en Norteamérica y Europa. El juego está inspirando en la séptima generación de videoconsolas y se centra en la "guerra de consolas" entre las tres principales consolas de sobremesa: PlayStation 3, Wii y Xbox 360. El juego fue presentado en un evento a puerta cerrada durante la Game Developers Conference 2010 en marzo de 2010 en San Francisco, Estados Unidos. Finalmente fue lanzado el 19 de agosto de 2010 en Japón, el 15 de febrero de 2011 en Norteamérica, el 4 de marzo de 2011 en Europa, y el 31 de marzo de 2011 en Australia.

El juego es en esencia un videojuego de rol con estética anime, donde gran parte del juego está dedicado a la lectura como en una novela visual. Sin embargo, el juego cuenta con exploraciones de mazmorra en 3D, similiar a las series The Legend of Zelda, Dragon Quest, y recientes títulos de Final Fantasy. Las mazmorras cuentan con la característica del combate al azar por turnos, como en la mayoría de los videojuegos de rol, cofres, tesoros, y varios obstáculos.

Actualmente cuenta con dos continuaciones oficiales: Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2 (2012) e Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory (2013), todos disponibles para PlayStation 3.

Existen también dos spin-off disponibles para la consola PlayStation Vita Y PC de esta serie: Hyperdimension Neptunia PP: Producing Perfection y Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth1, ambos lanzados en 2014.

Actualmente, se encuentran en desarrollo más spin-offs para PlayStation Vita, que son Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth2: Sisters Generation, Hyperdimension Neptunia U: Action Unleashed, y Hyperdevotion Noire: Goddess Black Heart, este último protagonizado por Noire, una de las protagonistas secundarias de la serie. Estos juegos tienen fechado su lanzamiento a lo largo del año 2015.

El nombre del juego y de la protagonista principal provienen de Sega Neptune, consola de Sega que combinaba la Sega Megadrive junto con la Sega 32X pero que fue cancelada debido a la inminente salida de la Sega Saturn.

Personajes

Diosas
Las Diosas son las representantes y protectoras de los planetas en los que habitan. Su deber es cuidar dichos planetas y evitar que le sucedan cosas a sus habitantes.
Neptune (Purple Heart)
Voz por: Rie Tanaka
Es la protagonista principal del juego, y Diosa del planeta Planeptune (Planeta que representa a la Sega Neptune). Es muy infantil y posee mucha energía, sin embargo, puede llegar a ser molesta por momentos. Al transformarse, se convierte en otro personaje mucho más serio y maduro. Dentro de las mazmorras puede usar la habilidad Hammer Crush, que le permite destruir obstáculos dentro de la misma.

Noire (Black Heart)
Voz por: Asami Imai
Es la Diosa de Lastation (planeta que representa a la PlayStation 3). Noire es una persona muy egoísta que solo piensa en sí misma, aunque no por esto deja de ser una persona con buen sentido de la justicia. Al principio se lleva muy mal con Neptune, aunque con el tiempo pasa a entenderla.

Vert (Green Heart)
Voz por: Rina Satō
Es la Diosa de Leanbox (planeta que representa a la Xbox 360). Vert es muy inteligente, pero debido a su pereza y a su afán por los juegos de MMORPG, descuida su planeta de la invasión de monstruos por parte de Arfoire.

Blanc (White Heart)
Voz por: Kana Asumi
Es la Diosa de Lowee (planeta que representa a la Wii). Blanc es una ávida lectora, posee un carácter fuerte debido a que está siempre gritando y se enfada fácilmente. Tiene los pechos planos y esto provoca inseguridad en ella.

Aliadas

Compa
Voz por: Kanako Sakai
Una enfermera que atiende en una escuela. Es el primer personaje en unirse a Neptune después de que esta haya caído enfrente de su casa. Es un poco tímida.

IF
Voz por: Kana Ueda
Una hereje que conoce a Neptune cuando ambas combatían monstruos en las cavernas. Al principio no le interesaba formar un grupo con Neptune y Compa, pero con el paso del tiempo se une a ellas. Es un poco violenta y cree que lo más importante siempre debe hacerse primero.

Histoire
Voz por: Mika Kanai
Una pequeña hada mágica que aparece cuando Neptune rompe su sello después de encontrar los cuatro Key Fragments. Hasta el momento en que es liberada, solamente podía hablarle a Neptune a través de su mente. Es, también, el personaje que asiste en el tutorial. Neptune la llama amistosamente "Histy".

Nisa
Voz por: Kaori Mizuhashi
Una chica que se proclama a sí misma como una heroína de la justicia. Solamente puede unirse obteníendola a través de un ticket en PlayStation Network. Es muy poderosa y se enfada fácilmente si su pequeños pechos son objeto de burla.

Gust
Voz por: Natsuko Kuwatani
Una pequeña niña alquimista, que puede crear objetos a partir de ingredientes extraños. Luego los vende a la gente, o los usa para ayudar a sus compañeras después de unirse a Neptune, a quién conoce cuando Compa le preparaba una medicina. Al igual que Nisa, solamente se puede unir obteniéndola a través de ticket en PlayStation Network.

5PB
Voz por: Nao
Una famosa idol en el mundo de Gamindustri que trabaja en la radio y canta en su tiempo libre. Sabe tocar la guitarra y es muy tímida. Se puede desbloquear obteniéndola a través de PlayStation Network.

Red
Voz por: Kanae Itō
No aparece a menos que sea obtenida en PlayStation Network. Es una pequeña chica huérfana, de apariencia china, que desea un harem de chicas.

Antagonista
Arfoire
Voz por: Chiaki Takahashi
Es la antagonista principal. Su nombre proviene de R4, marca de un cartucho de Nintendo DS diseñada principalmente para emular ROM de dicha consola.

Anime

El 12 de julio de 2013 se estrenó en la televisión japonesa el anime, conocido como Choujigen Game Neptune: The Animation. La produjo la compañía David Production y fue dirigida por Masahiro Murai y fue emitida en diversas cadenas japonesas. Además, la compañía Funimation, contrajo las licencias necesarias para retransmitirla por streaming en Norteamérica con audio japonés y subtítulos en inglés.

El tema de apertura se llama Dimension Tripper!!! interpretado por Nao. El tema de cierre se llama Neptune☆Sagashite (ネプテューヌ☆サガして) y es cantado por Afilia Saga. El segundo tema de cierre que se mostró en los capítulos 3 y 4 se llama "Go→Love&Peace" y es cantado por Ayane. El anime terminó el 27 de septiembre cerrando con un total de 12 episodios y dos Ova.

Referencias

Videojuegos de 2010
Videojuegos de rol
Videojuegos para PlayStation 3
Videojuegos sobre la amnesia
Videojuegos con finales alternativos
Videojuegos_de_Compile_Heart

Hyperdimension Neptunia


Neophygas microcephalus es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Neophygas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Neophygas en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Harpalina

Neophygas


El título cardenalicio de Santo Domingo de Guzmán es una diaconía instituida por el papa Benedicto XVI el 18 de febrero de 2012. El título reside en la Iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guzmán en Roma.

Titulares
 Manuel Monteiro de Castro (18 de febrero de 2012)

Referencias
 GCatholic

Enlaces externos

Domingo de Guzman, Santo

Santo Domingo de Guzmán (título cardenalicio)


Minha Mãe Cozinha Melhor que a Sua foi um talent show culinário brasileiro, produzido pela TV Globo e exibido entre 29 de janeiro e 2 de abril de 2023, nas tardes de domingo. É baseado no mesmo formato da emissora portuguesa, RTP1. Contav com a apresentação de Leandro Hassum e júri de Paola Carosella e João Diamante. A direção geral é de Angélica Lopes, com direção artística de LP Simonetti e gênero de Boninho. A atração foi também reexibida no GNT, às quintas-feiras.

Produção

Antecedentes
Em 2019, a TV Globo já tinha explorado o formato português, A Minha Mãe Cozinha Melhor Que a Tua, da RTP1. Como um quadro do programa É de Casa, e teve apresentação de Patrícia Poeta e o chef Roberto Ravioli como jurado.

Programa solo
Em outubro de 2022, a Globo anunciou que o projeto se transformaria em um programa solo. Agora sob apresentação de Leandro Hassum, e com os chefes Paola Carosella e João Diamante como jurados. A atração marca a volta de Paola à TV Aberta desde a sua saída da Rede Bandeirantes em 2021, onde era uma das juradas do MasterChef Brasil e de suas outras versões. Em 9 de janeiro de 2023, as gravações foram iniciadas nos Estúdios Globo.

Formato
Em cada episódio, três duplas formadas por uma mãe e seu filho participam do desafio, passando por três etapas baseadas em um prato escolhido. As duplas tem 30 minutos para preparar o prato, mas apenas os filhos cozinham, seguindo o passo a passo que suas mães ensinam. Caso necessário, as mães podem intervir na cozinha através de um botão, mas, a dupla terá o tempo acelerado.

Após prepararem os pratos, a dupla entrega seu trabalho para os chefs para realizar a degustação. Passa de fase ou ganha o desafio a dupla que conseguir a aprovação dos dois chefs.

A dupla vencedora ganha um prêmio em dinheiro, que é revestido para uma instituição de caridade

Equipe

Apresentador

 Leandro Hassum

Jurados

 João Diamante
 Paola Carosella

Participantes

Repercussão

Da mídia
O colunista Jeff Benício, do portal Terra, destaca que o programa é um prato saboroso e divertido, trazendo algumas cenas cômicas do programa como algumas discussões entre mães e filhos, mas sem fugir do humor. Também exalta que a atração trás uma distração aos domingos, mesmo não apresentando tantas novidades e elogiou o trabalho de Hassum, Paola e João Diamante, no caso dos dois últimos, destacou que ainda podem crescer no programa.

Acusação de plágio

Antes e durante a sua estreia, o programa também foi acusado de plágio, já que o formato competitivo chega a ser idêntico ao extinto Duelo de Mães (SBT/Rede Bandeirantes), que também traz uma competição entre mães e filhos e ao quadro Minha Mulher que Manda no programa Eliana. No caso deste, a semelhança vai do nome até o desafio, onde nele, as esposas ou namoradas coordenam seus maridos ou namorados na cozinha ao preparo de um prato, podendo estes ter o direito de silenciar suas parceiras por um minuto, rendendo situações cômicas. Após entregar o prato, as cônjuges é que fazem a degustação, mas de olhos vendados, sem saber de quem é o prato, podendo dar notas de 0 a 10. Ao final, o chef Carlos Bertolazzi também faz a degustação e dá sua nota. Mas, a dupla vencedora é aquela que obtiver a maior soma das notas. Também tiveram comparações com o próprio É de Casa, de onde o programa surgiu, já que antes era um quadro de lá e ao Cozinhe se Puder (SBT), pelas duplas terem o direito de tomar um ingrediente do adversário.

Após as semelhanças serem apontadas pelo público, sugiram rumores de que o SBT estaria estudando abrir uma ação judicial contra a TV Globo, sob acusação de plágio tanto do quadro Minha Mulher que Manda, como do extinto Duelo de Mães. Além disso, a Seara, conhecida por sempre patrocinar programas da Globo, não teria sido procurada, já que a mesma pertence a Joesley Batista, esposo de Ticiana Villas Boas, dona e apresentadora do Duelo de Mães.

Audiência
Em sua estreia, registrou 11.2 pontos com picos de 12.2, segundo dados consolidados do Kantar IBOPE Media, referentes a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Com o confronto contra as demais emissoras, a atração assumiu com tranquilidade a liderança, além de ser o melhor índice desde a estreia da sitcom Família Paraíso. Já contra o streaming, a atração ficou em segundo lugar, enquanto que a soma das plataformas registrou 11.6 pontos.

Ligações externas

Programas da TV Globo
Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2023
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa
Talent shows do Brasil
Programas de culinária do Brasil
Competições culinárias

Minha Mãe Cozinha Melhor que a Sua


Der Lützenbachshof ist eine Einzelsiedlung der Stadt Geisa im Wartburgkreis in Thüringen.

Lage
Der Lützenbachhof liegt in der Thüringer Rhön im Biosphärenreservat Rhön in externer Lage zwischen den Ortsteilen Borsch, Bremen und Geisa an der Landesstraße 1026 in etwa gleicher Entfernung von den genannten Orten. Die geographische Höhe des Ortes beträgt .

Geschichte
Es konnte bisher kein Datum zur urkundlichen Ersterwähnung ermittelt werden. Der Lützenbachshof gehörte zur Gemeinde Borsch und wurde mit dieser im Jahr 1994 in die Stadt Geisa eingegliedert. Im Gehöft leben zehn Einwohner.

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Wartburgkreis
Geographie (Geisa)

Lützenbachshof


88 de Precepte reprezintă un eseu sau manifest redactat de către David Lane, membru al organizației suprematiste The Order. Scris în timp ce Lane își executa pedeapsa de 190 de ani, 88 de Precepte este un tratat asupra legii naturale, religiei și politicii din punctul de vedere al lui David Lane în care se prezintă modalități pentru securizarea, protejarea, conservarea și stabilirea teritoriilor imperative albe în America de Nord și Europa de Est, se distribuie propagandă, face apel la instaurarea unui "Nachtwachterstaat" și reprezintă o extindere a celor 14 Cuvinte de Lane. 88 de Precepte sunt în general considerate drept "fundamentele vieții suprematismului alb" și sunt utilizate de către grupurile suprematiste, respectiv de cei care militează în favoarea naționalismului alb și separatismului precum Alt Right.

Numărul "88" este de asemenea utilizat de către neonaziști pentru a reprezenta "Heil Hitler", H fiind cea de-a opta literă a alfabetului în timp ce Lane, persoana care a inventat 14-88 a menționat ca acesta face parte din Pyramid Prophecy și este o bază pentru religia sa wotanistă.

Referințe și Note

Neonazism
Extremism de dreapta în Statele Unite ale Americii
Concepte neonaziste

88 de Precepte


Mevlana, İzmir'in Bornova ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir. İdari sınırlarına bakıldığında batısında Kazımdirik, güneybatısında Karacaoğlan, güneyinde Yunus Emre, doğusunda Doğanlar, kuzeyinde ise Erzene bulunur.

İzmir'in en büyük ve kalabalık mahallelerinden biridir. Mevlana Mahallesi, İzmir'in birçok semtinden büyüktür. Mahallede 3 cami , bir sağlık ocağı, 1 ilkokul, 1 ortaokul ve 4 lise bulunmaktadır. İzmir'in ve Türkiye'nin iyi okullarından biri olan Özel Tevfik Fikret İlköğretim Okulu bu mahallede bulunur. Nüfusunun büyük bölümünü Türkiye'nin doğusundan göç ile gelenler oluşturmaktadır. Ege Üniversitesi'nin yanında bulunması nedeniyle öğrencilerin oranının yüksek olduğu mahallelerden biridir.

Bornova'nın mahalleleri

Mevlana, Bornova


Waldstadt can mean:

a subdivision in Zossen, Germany
an alternate name for the Poking DP camp in post-World War II Germany
an alternate spelling of Waldstatt, a municipality in Switzerland
Waldstadt (Karlsruhe), a district of Karlsruhe

Waldstadt


Austin Murphy Allran (born December 13, 1951) is a former Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's forty-second Senate district, including constituents in Iredell and Catawba counties. He currently serves in a local capacity as a Catawba County Commissioner (December 2020 – present). An attorney from Hickory, North Carolina, Allran served for twelve terms in the state Senate. He was Vice-Chairman of the Agriculture/Environment/Natural Resources Committee and the Judiciary II (Criminal) Committee. He was also a member of four other committees - Education/Higher Education, Finance, Health Care, and Ways and Means.

Allran was born in Hickory, North Carolina. He graduated from Hickory High School in 1970 and then earned degrees in English and history from Duke University. Allran attended law school at Southern Methodist University, earning his degree in 1978. He married Judy Mosbach on September 27, 1980. They have two children, Elizabeth and Catherine. In 1981, Allran was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives and in 1986 to the North Carolina Senate. He served as Republican minority whip during the 1995–1996 session. In March 2005, Allran called for the game of Solitaire to be erased from the Microsoft Windows computers of state employees in his North Carolina constituency, claiming that such a move would save millions of dollars and improve productivity due to the working time lost while state employees play the game.

References

External links

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1951 births
Living people
People from Hickory, North Carolina
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Republican Party North Carolina state senators
Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni
21st-century American politicians

Austin M. Allran


An Poa radula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet ngan Paul Amédée Ludovic Savatier. An Poa radula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa radula


es una máquina tragaperras (pachislot) basada en el universo de Parodius, desarrollada por Olympia Co. Ltd y publicada por Konami y fue lanzada únicamente en Japón, en julio del año 1998. Es el séptimo juego y primer pachislot o máquina tragapperas de la serie Parodius. Representando a un Pingüino Pirata de Parodius Da!, Moai de Gradius, Aitsu de Gokujo Parodius y Pentarou el Pingüino de la saga Antarctic Adventure.

Véase también
 Antarctic Adventure
 Parodius
 Gradius

Referencias
 Ficha en la web Pachimaga (en japonés)
 Análisis en otra web (en japonés)
 Video del juego en YouTube

Parodius

Little Pirates


Farensted kan henvise til
 Farensted Sogn, et sogn i Sydslesvig
 Nørre Farensted, en bydel i Bøglund Kommune
 Sønder Farensted, en kommune i Slesvig-Flensborg kreds

Farensted


Orhan Veli Kanık or Orhan Veli (14 April 1914 – 14 November 1950) was a Turkish poet. Kanık is one of the founders of the Garip Movement together with Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet. Aiming to fundamentally transform traditional form in Turkish poetry, he introduced colloquialisms into the poetic language. Besides his poetry, Kanık crammed a lot of volume of works including essays, articles and translations in just 36 years.

Orhan Veli shunned everything old in order to be able to bring about a new 'taste', refusing to use syllable and aruz meters. He professed to regarding the rhyme primitive, literary rhetoric techniques such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole unnecessary. Set out "to do away with all tradition, everything that bygone literatures taught", although this desire of Kanık limits the technical possibilities in his poetry, the poet broke new grounds for himself with the themes and personalities he covered and the vocabulary he employed. He brought the poetic language closer to the spoken language by adopting a plain phraseology.

In 1941 his poems embodying these ideas were published in a poetry volume named Garip, released jointly with his friends Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet, which led to the emergence of the Garip movement. This movement had a huge influence especially between the years 1945–1950 on Republican era Turkish verse. The Garip poetry is accepted as a touchstone in Turkish verse for its both destructive and constructive effects.

At first Kanık mostly was found peculiar, he was criticized harshly, and heaped upon much opprobrium because of the innovations he introduced to poetry. Although Orhan Veli's tradition-transgressing works were first received with bemusement and dismay, and were subject to derision and contempt later, they have always aroused interest. This interest however, eventually led to an increase in understanding of, and affection and admiration for the poet. Sait Faik Abasıyanık called attention to this aspect of Orhan Veli's public standing identifying him as "a poet who was much scrutinized, at times mocked, at times embraced, then again rejected, to be once again acclaimed; who achieved both great fame and notoriety in his time".

Although he stands out with his Garip period poems, Orhan Veli had eschewed writing poetry of a "single type". Kanık had been renewing himself and searching without cease throughout his career in literature, a long adventure of poetry in a short life, that consists of different stages. Oktay Rıfat has explained this by saying: "Orhan lived in his very short lifetime an adventure in poetry equal to a few generations of French poets. Turkish poetry became head to head with European poetry thanks to his pen.", and "A transformation which several generations back to back could maybe achieve, he completed in a few years."

Life

Childhood and education
Orhan Veli Kanık was born at number 9 Çayır Alley on the İshak Ağa Climb in Yalıköy Beykoz, on 14 April 1914. His father, Mehmet Veli, was the son of Fehmi Bey, a merchant from İzmir, while his mother was Fatma Nigar, Hacı Ahmet Bey's daughter from Beykoz. According to the population registry, his birth name is Ahmet Orhan, but he came to be known as Orhan Veli after his father before a Surname Law was enacted in Turkey. His father, Veli Kanık was a clarinetist in the Imperial Military Band at the time of his marriage. He became a conductor when the band moved to Ankara to become the Presidential Symphony Orchestra after the declaration of Republic in Turkey. Because of this new position, as well as that of a professor of harmony in Music Teachers' School (later Ankara State Conservatory) he lived in Ankara between the years 1923–1948. Veli Bey also served for a while as a director at Ankara Radio during this period. Later on he moved to Istanbul Conservatory to serve as a member of its scientific board, and he also worked as an audio specialist in İstanbul Radio. Orhan Veli had two younger siblings: journalist Adnan Veli Kanık of Vatan Newspaper and Füruzan Yolyapan. It appears the poet also had a baby sister named Ayşe Zerrin who died in Ankara at the age of one.

Orhan Veli spent his childhood years in Beykoz, Beşiktaş and Cihangir. He started at the kindergarten class of Anafartalar Elementary School in Akaretler during the days of Armistice. After a year however, he was enrolled as a boarding student in Galatasaray High School. He was circumcised at a mass ceremony organized by Caliph Abdülmecit in the Yıldız Palace when was seven. In 1925 after completing fourth grade he left Galatasaray High School to move with his mother to Ankara on his father's wish. There he was enrolled in the Gazi Elementary School. After a year he moved to Ankara High School for Boys as a boarder. Kanık suffered several health problems in his childhood. At five he was badly burnt and had to receive treatment for a prolonged period. He contracted measles at nine, and scarlet fever when he was seventeen years old.

Kanık's interest in literature began in elementary school years. A story of his was published in the magazine "Çocuk Dünyası" (Child's World) at this time. He met his lifelong friend Oktay Rıfat Horozcu in seventh grade. He would make friends with Melih Cevdet Anday a few years later, at a student show in a Community Center. In Kanık's first year of high school Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar was his teacher and an early mentor providing advice and guidance. The poet published a magazine named "Sesimiz" (Our Voice) with his friends Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet during his high school years. This stage in the artist's life was when he learned and gained an appreciation of the rules and harmony of the traditional aruz meter, and wrote his first poems.

He also exhibited an interest in theater while in high school. He had parts in several public performances, in the play "Aktör Kin" starring Raşit Rıza, as "Üstad-ı Sanî" in Ahmet Vefik Paşa's Moliere adaptation "Zor Nikâh" (Le Mariage forcé) staged by Ercüment Behzat Lav in the Ankara Community Center, and as the "father" in Maurice Maeterlinck's "Monna Vanna". Kanık would keep up his involvement in theater in later years as a translator, translating many plays into Turkish.

The poet graduated from high school in 1932. He was enrolled in the philosophy chair of Istanbul University's Department of Literature. In 1933 he was elected the president of the Department of Literature Students' Association. He dropped out of the university in 1935 without obtaining his degree. He continued with his teacher's assistant position at the Galatasaray High School for another year after dropping out of college.

Later life and literary career
Kanık moved to Ankara and was hired at Telegraph Department International Orders Bureau of the PTT, the Turkish national mail and telegraph service. He got together with his old friend Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet, and the trio began writing poetry in a similar style. In 1936 Orhan Veli's poems "Oaristys", "Ebabil", "Eldorado", "Düşüncelerimin Başucunda" were published in the "Varlık" magazine upon Nahid Sırrı Örik's suggestion. In the magazine Orhan Veli and his friends were introduced with these words: "Varlık is boosting its cadre of poets with new and powerful young pens. Orhan Veli, whose four poems you may read below, manifests a mature art even though he has never been published before. In our future issues he will bespeak better the new breath he and his friends Oktay Rıfat, Melih Cedet and Mehmet Ali Sel are bringing to our poetry."

These first poems were followed by others, some of which were published under the alias Mehmet Ali Sel. Between 1936 and 1942 his poetry and essays were published in the magazines "İnsan", "Ses", "Gençlik", "Küllük", "İnkılâpçı Gençlik" as well as Varlık. Because of the form, structure and content of his works from the early days of this period, he was seen as a syllabic verse poet. After 1937 however, Kanık, like Horozcu and Anday, began publishing new style poems.

In 1939 Orhan Veli was in a car accident with his friend Melih Cevdet, as a result of which he was in a coma for twenty days. Melih Cevdet was driving the car they were in when it rolled off the top of Çubuk Dam. In May 1942 the Garip collection was published. This volume included 24 poems from Orhan Veli, along with 16 by Melih Cevdet and 20 by Oktay Rıfat. Orhan Veli had also penned the sensational introduction of the volume. Garip marks the beginning of the Garip movement, also known as the "Birinci Yeni" (the First New). Kanık, Horozcu and Anday were adopting a radical stance rejecting both the syllabist tradition and Ahmet Haşim's poetry that preceded them, and Nazım Hikmet's social-realist verse. The poetry and the introduction of the Garip volume caused controversy in the Turkish literary world. A specific line by Orhan Veli became a focus of dispute: "Yazık oldu Süleyman Efendi'ye". Some denounced it, and there were also some charges of plagiarism, yet on the other hand a number of critics found it to be one of the most eloquently written lines in Turkish. All the surrounding debate popularized the line to the point that, according to Nurullah Ataç, "it was in all the ferries, trams, coffeehouses", indeed becoming an idiomatic expression. Another line by the poet that has been at least as popular in daily language is "Bir de rakı şişesinde balık olsam" (..one more thing, would that I were a fish in a bottle of rakı), which Orhan Veli had written specifically to satirize Ahmet Haşim's famous line "Göllerde bu dem bir kamış olsam (Would that in this moment I were a cane of reed in the lakes)".

He left PTT in 1942 for his mandatory military service. He served until 1945 in Kavakköy in Gallipoli. During this time only six poems of his were published. He was discharged in 1945 as a lieutenant and started working in the Translations Department of the Ministry of Education. His translations from French were published in the Classics series of the Ministry. He published a volume of poetry titled "Vazgeçemediğim" in February 1945, and a second edition of Garip containing only his poetry in April. These were followed by "Destan Gibi" in 1946 and "Yenisi" in 1947.

With the departure of Hasan Âli Yücel as the minister of education following the 1946 elections, the Translations Office he had founded lost its prominence in the ministry. Kanık resigned shortly after. In later years he would point to the discomfort of the oppressive atmosphere that had taken over the ministry with the incoming minister Reşat Şemsettin Sirer as the reason for his resignation. He started writing essays and reviews in the newspapers "Hür" and "Zincirli Hürriyet" published by Mehmet Ali Aybar. In 1948 he translated La Fontaine's tales into Turkish and published his "Yolcu Notları" in the "Ulus" newspaper.

Gatherings with friends such as Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Abidin Dino, Necati Cumalı, Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet, who had all found themselves in a similar situation after the changes in the Ministry of Education, led to the idea of bringing out a new magazine together at the end of 1948. Financially supported by Mahmut Dikerdem the literary magazine Yaprak was a biweekly. Orhan Veli was the publisher and the editor in chief, which got him deeply involved with the financial health of the publication, at one point even causing him to sell his coat to cover costs. He had had to sell the paintings given to him as gifts by Abidin Dino to pay for bringing out the very last issue. Yaprak'''s first issue came out on 1 January 1949, and it was continued for 28 issues in total until June 1950, bringing to public works by many writers and poets including Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı, Sait Faik Abasıyanık, Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Cahit Külebi. In Yaprak Orhan Veli's intellectual and opinion leader aspects besides his position as a poet also came to light. He opinionated on the upcoming elections in the magazine. Socially conscious poetry by Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet were published. In the same time period Orhan Veli, Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet campaigned for Nazım Hikmet's release from prison, holding a three-day hunger strike. During 1949 Orhan Veli adapted Nasreddin Hoca tales into verse, published his last volume of poetry Karşı and co-translated Charles Lamb adaptations of Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and "the Merchant of Venice" into Turkish with Şehbal Erdeniz.

 Death
After Yaprak was shuttered Kanık moved back to Istanbul. He was visiting Ankara for a couple of weeks when on 10 November 1950 he fell down a hole in the street dug by the municipality works, hurt seemingly lightly. He returned to Istanbul two days later. On 14 November he felt sick while having lunch at a friend's house and was admitted to hospital. He was misdiagnosed and treated for alcohol poisoning, slipping into a coma at 20:00 the same evening. He died of a brain aneurysm at 23:30 in Cerrahpaşa Hospital, Istanbul.

For the 38th anniversary of his death a sculpture of him was inaugurated in Aşiyan Asri Cemetery where he is buried. In 1998 two more sculptures were made featuring him, this time in Vişnezade. He is featured in Gürdal Duyars Şairler Sofası which was erected in a park of the same name. The sculpture features him in a composition that also includes 6 other famous Turkish poets. In the same park Namık Denizhans sculpture of Orhan Veli was also erected.

 Works Garip (Together with Oktay Rifat and Melih Cevdet, 1941)Garip  (1945)Vazgeçemediğim (1945)Destan Gibi (1946)Yenisi (1947)Karşı (1949)Collected Poems (1951, 1975)

 Translations Güneş/Sol, Leonardo da Fonseca (trad.),  (n.t.) Revista Literária em Tradução'', nº 2 (mar/2011), Fpolis/Brasil, ISSN 2177-5141

References

Translation from the corresponding article in the Turkish Wikipedia

External links

 Just for the Hell of It — a website with many of Orhan Veli's poems, as translated by Talat Sait Halman
 Poems By Orhan Veli — a website with Orhan Veli's poems, as translated by Murat Nemet Nejat
 Official Web Site — official web site of Orhan Veli Kanık

1914 births
1950 deaths
People from Beykoz
Darülfünun alumni
Turkish poets
Turkish satirists
Burials at Aşiyan Asri Cemetery
20th-century poets
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Academic staff of Ankara State Conservatory

Orhan Veli Kanık


Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States  est un livre d'Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, professeur de sociologie à l'Université Duke. Il traite de la contradiction entre la cécité à la couleur de peau revendiquée par la plupart des Blancs aux États-Unis, et la persistance d'un système d'inégalités raciales ; il présente le concept de racisme daltonien. Il a été initialement publié par Rowman & Littlefield en 2003 et a depuis été republié quatre fois, le plus récemment en juin 2017. La quatrième édition a été publiée peu après l'élection de Barack Obama, et comprend un nouveau chapitre sur ce que Bonilla-Silva appelle«  le nouveau racisme ». L'ouvrage a reçu des critiques positives dans Science & Society, Urban Education, Educational Studies et Multicultural Perspectives.

Analyse
Alors que l'avènement de Barack Obama à la présidence des États-Unis a pu laisser croire à l'émergence d'une société dite post-racialiste voyant la disparition des inégalités raciales, celles-ci semblent au contraire s'être accrues, comme en témoigne plusieurs signaux : les inégalités économiques croissantes dont le plus fort taux d'expulsions auxquelles ont été confrontés Noirs et Latinos après la crise des Subprimes, et un rapport de patrimoine passé de 4 à 6 entre les deux groupes ;  l'incarcération croissante et massive de la population afro-américaine, majoritaire dans les prisons (58 %) pour une population représentant le quart de la population totale, dont l'aspect discriminatoire est illustré par le déséquilibre des contrôles policiers (exemple : 42 % de contrôle et 73 % des arrestations visant les Afro-américains sur une autoroute alors que seuls 15 % des automobilistes appartiennent à des minorités raciales) ; et surtout, les cas de Noirs tués par des policiers pour des motifs futiles se sont multipliés, menant à la création du mouvement  Black Lives Matters. Enfin, les tensions raciales s'accroissent avec les tentatives répétées et réussies des conservateurs de porter atteinte au principe de « preclearance » exigeant un accord préalable du gouvernement fédéral avant toute modification d'une loi électorale ou encore avec les multiples attaques contre la discrimination positive, un autre acquis du mouvement des droits civiques.

Ainsi si « les données suggèrent que les attitudes racistes proprement dites sont en voie de disparition », et si « selon le sociologue Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, alors que dans les années 1940 une majorité des blancs soutenaient le principe de la ségrégation raciale, ils n'étaient plus qu'un quart à le faire à partir de 1970 » ,  la croissance des inégalités montre le caractère paradoxal d'un nouvel ordre racial. Pour lui, ce nouveau racisme «  s'appuie non pas sur des préjugés raciaux explicites (« les Noirs sont intellectuellement inférieurs »), mais sur des cadres cognitifs apparemment neutres  », dont la supposée cécité à la couleur de peau,  « qui renforcent néanmoins la hiérarchie raciale, comme le libéralisme abstrait (la primauté de l'individu, la croyance à l'égalité des chances) et le racisme culturel (« les Noirs ne font pas assez d'efforts pour améliorer leur sort », etc.) » Ensuite, ce « racisme neutre » ou racisme daltonien serait  « structurel plutôt qu'affectif : il dépend moins de la stigmatisation des minorités, que d'arrangements tendant à préserver le statut de la race privilégiée ».

Références

Bibliographie

Livre de sociologie
Essai sur le racisme

Racism without Racists


Bischofshütte ist ein Ortsteil der Mittelstadt Wegberg im Kreis Heinsberg im Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Geografie

Lage
Bischofshütte liegt westlich von Wegberg in der Verlängerung der Ortschaft Klinkum.

Nachbarorte

Geschichte
Die Ortschaft Bischofshütte gehörte in früherer Zeit zu Klinkum.

Infrastruktur
Ein Kinderspielplatz ist vorhanden. Es existieren ein Pferdegestüt, zwei Gartenbaubetriebe und mehrere Kleingewerbebetriebe. Im Blickwinkel des Ortes steht ein Windpark mit fünf Windrädern.

Die AVV-Buslinie 413 der WestVerkehr verbindet Bischofshütte an Wochentagen mit Wegberg, Wassenberg und Heinsberg. Abends und am Wochenende kann der MultiBus angefordert werden.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Dorf- und Wegekreuz, In Bischofshütte als Denkmal Nr. 25
 Wohnhaus, In Bischofshütte 56 als Denkmal Nr. 26

Vereine
 Dorfgemeinschaft Bischofshütte
 Freiwillige Feuerwehr Wegberg, Löschgruppe Klinkum, zuständig auch für die Ortschaft Bischofshütte

Literatur
 Kulturführer Wegberg. Stadtmarketing-Team der Stadt Wegberg, Wegberg 2007.

Weblinks

 Website der Stadt Wegberg
 Denkmale in der Stadt Wegberg
 Kirchen und Kapellen in der Stadt Wegberg

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Kreis Heinsberg
Wegberg

Bischofshütte


Artur Tahir oğlu Rasizade () (d. 26 Şubat 1935, Gence) Azerbaycanlı siyasetçi. 1996-2018 yılları arasında Azerbaycan başbakanlığı görevinde bulunmuştur.

Siyasi kariyeri
1957 yılında Azerbaycan Sanayi Enstitüsü'nden Makine Mühendisi olarak mezun olduktan sonra Azerbaycan Petrol Sektörü Makinecilik Enstitüsü Azərbaycan Neft Maşınqayırması ETİ (AzİNMAŞ) nezdinde önce mühendis olarak başlamış, sonrasında sırayla yüksek mühendis, proje müdürü, Azerbaycan Bilimsel Araştırmalar Müdür Yardımcılığı görevlerinde bulunmuştur. 1973-1975 yılları arasında "Azneftsənayemaş" birliğinde baş mühendis, 1975-1977 yıllarında ise İttifaqneftmaş Enstitüsünde başkan yardımcısı, 1977-1978 yıllarında "AzİNMAŞ Petrol Sektörü Makinecilik Enstitüsü müdürü, 1978-1981 yıllarında Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti Devlet Planlama Komitesi Başkan Yardımcısı, 1981-1986 yıllarında Azerbaycan Komünist Partisinin Merkez Komitesinde Makinecilik Şubesi Müdürü, 1986-1992 Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti Bakanlar Kurulu Başkan Yardımcısı (daha sonra Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Başbakan Yardımcısı) görevlerinde bulunmuştur.

1990'lar
1992-1996 yıllarında İktisadi Düzenleme Fonu danışmanlığı vazifesinde bulunmuş, 1994 yılında DEKA-B şirketinde danışman olarak çalışmıştır. 1996 yılında Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Başkan Yardımcısı vazifesine getirilmiştir.

1996 yılının Mayıs ayında Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Başbakan Yardımcısı olmuş, 1996-1998 yıllarında Başbakan, 1998 yılında vekaleten Başbakanlık görevlerini yerine getirmiş, 1998-2003 yıllarında yine Başbakan, 2003 yılında ise Başbakan Yardımcısı görevlerini yerine getirmiştir.

Başbakanlığı
2003 yılının Kasım ayından 2018 yılının Nisan ayına kadar Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı olmuştur. Rasizade, Azerbaycan'ın 'Şeref Nişanı' ile taltif edilmiş, Petrol Sektörü Makine Bilimleri alanında Azerbaycan SSC Devlet Ödülü sahibidir.

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1935 doğumlular
Gence doğumlular
Azerbaycan başbakanları
Yeni Azerbaycan Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Azeri makine mühendisleri
Azerbaycan Komünist Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
İstiklal Nişanı sahipleri

Artur Rasizade


Kassal epitel ya da Miyoepitel , bazı bezlerin gelişimleri sırasında kasılmak için özelleşmesiyle oluşan bir epitel doku türüdür.

Tükürük, ter, gözyaşı ve meme bezlerinin gelişimi sırasında ektodermal kökenli, yıldız şekilli bazı hücreler kassal hücreler olarak özelleşir. Düz kas gibi kasılabilen miyoepitel hücreleri, salgı bezlerinin veya iletim kanallarının etrafında bulunup, kasılarak, salgının ileri doğru atılmasını sağlarlar. Salgı kanalları boyunca uzunlamasına bulunan bu hücreler, salgı hücrelerinin ve salgı kanallarındaki hücrelerin bazal kutupları ile bazal lamina arasında yerleşim gösterirler. Birbirleriyle ve salgı hücreleriyle neksuslar ve desmosomlar ile bağlantı kurarlar. Sitoplazmalarında aktin, miyozin ve tropomiyozin mikrofilamentleri bulunur. Bu hücrelerin kasılması ve salgı bezlerinin salgılama aktiviteleri, sinir sistemi ve dolaşan kandaki hormonlarla kontrol edilir.

Epitel

Kassal epitel


Constantin Coroiu ()  un eseist, publicist și critic literar român.

Biografie
S-a născut în familia agricultorului Vasile Coroiu și al soției sale, Anica (n. Cioarec). A urmat școala generală în comuna Țifești (1950–1957), Liceul "Unirea" din Focșani (1957–1961) și apoi Facultatea de Filologie a Universității "Al. I. Cuza" din Iași (1962–1967). A absolvit apoi, în 1972, un curs postuniversitar de jurnalistică la Academia Ștefan Gheorghiu.

A colaborat cu articole încă din anii studenției la Viața studențească, unde a debutat în 1965. După absolvirea facultății a lucrat ca redactor realizator de emisiuni literare ("Jurnalul artelor" și "Convorbiri literare") la Studioul din Iași al Radioteleviziunii Române (1967–1985), precum și ca publicist comentator la ziarul Adevărul și revista Adevărul literar și artistic și redactor la revista Pro Saeculum. A realizat emisiuni literare la Radio Iași și Radio România Actualități și a publicat cronici literare, eseuri, interviuri și studii în paginile ziarelor și revistelor Convorbiri literare, Cronica, Dacia literară, Saeculum, România literară, Ateneu, Iașul literar, Contemporanul, Scînteia, Scînteia tineretului, Flacăra Iașului, Opinia, Evenimentul, Cultura, Vitraliu, Vatra și Kitej-Grad.

Activitatea literară
Constantin Coroiu a debutat editorial cu Dialoguri literare (vol. I, 1976; vol. II, 1980), care conține discuții cu câțiva poeți și critici ai vremii (Marin Sorescu, Nichita Stănescu, Ioan Alexandru, Șerban Cioculescu, Alexandru Piru, Mircea Zaciu, Eugen Simion, Nicolae Manolescu, Ana Blandiana, Alexandru Ivasiuc, Adrian Marino, D.R. Popescu ș.a.) despre starea actuală a poeziei, a prozei și a criticii literare, despre eseuri, despre calofilia literaturii moderne etc. A publicat apoi câteva volume de interviuri (Mărturii în timp, 1997; Paralele inegale, 2003) și eseuri (Tinerețea lui Gutenberg, 1982; Dialog în actualitate, 1985; Paradisul perisabil, 2003) și a fost distins cu premiul "George Bacovia" pentru publicistică culturală al revistei literare Ateneu (2003).

Volumul Tinerețea lui Gutenberg (1982) conține eseuri referitoare la câțiva scriitori români clasici și contemporani, precum Mihai Eminescu, I.L. Caragiale, Garabet Ibrăileanu, George Călinescu, Lucian Blaga, Marin Preda sau Octavian Paler, în timp ce Dialog în actualitate (1985) adună cronici literare publicate anterior în presă.

Volumul Viața ca o postfață (2005) conține eseuri literare cu privire la jurnalele și memoriile unor scriitori și critici importanți ai literaturii române precum Petre Pandrea, Marin Preda, Octavian Paler, Augustin Buzura, Constantin Țoiu, Nicolae Breban, Nina Cassian, Angela Marinescu, Ileana Mălăncioiu, Eugen Simion, Constantin Ciopraga, Livius Ciocârlie, Gabriel Dimisianu, Gelu Ionescu și Irina Mavrodin, precum și unor istorici de prim rang ca Alexandru Zub și Sorin Antohi. Criticul Al. Săndulescu a publicat o recenzie în revista România literară în care a scris că volumul "merită atenție" prin portretele literare ale memorialiștilor, deși face exces de superlative și conține câteva erori precum contestarea existenței unei "Siberii a spiritului" în perioada comunistă și ridiculizarea "literaturii de sertar".

"Spirit mobil, curios de mai toate aspectele actualității culturale, Constantin Coroiu are o bună stofă de publicist, – în fibra căruia se împletesc și calități de istoric și mai ales de critic literar", îl descria criticul Al. Săndulescu.

Opera
 Dialoguri literare, I–II, Ed. Junimea, Iași, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1976–1980;
 Tinerețea lui Gutenberg, eseuri, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1982;
 Dialog în actualitate, eseuri, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 1985;
 Mărturii în timp, interviuri, Ed. Paideia, București, 1997;
 Paradisul perisabil, eseuri, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 2002;
 Paralele inegale, interviuri, Ed. Polirom, Iași, 2003;
 Viața ca o postfață, eseuri, Ed. Timpul, Iași, 2005;
 Lecturi subiective, eseuri și comentarii, Ed. TipoMoldova, Iași, 2009;
 Texte și contexte. Cronici, eseuri și portrete literare, Ed. Alfa, Iași, 2017;
 Mărturia altor generații. Dialoguri în timp, Ed. Alfa, Iași, 2018.

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu, Dicționar biografic al literaturii române, vol. I (A–L), Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, pp. 392–393.

Nașteri în 1943
Nașteri pe 6 octombrie
Eseiști români
Critici literari români
Scriitori români în viață
Oameni din județul interbelic Putna

Constantin Coroiu


In Transit er en dansk kortfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Lisa Aschan efter manuskript af hende selv og Tobias Lindholm.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Paulina Holtz, Zofia
 Søren Vejby, Kasper
 Anne Vester Høyer, Tjener
 Maria Rossing, Bartender
 Bodil Jørgensen, Bartender
 Signe Cecilie Glæsel, Stewardesse
 Zdravko Milanovich, Steward

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2005

In Transit


El término Vida se refiere generalmente a la Vida desde el punto de vista biológico, pero también hace referencia a otros artículos:

Arte
 La Vida, pintura realizada por Pablo Picasso durante su período azul.

Ciencia y tecnología
 Ser vivo
 Vida artificial, sistemas artificiales que exhiben propiedades similares a los seres vivos.
 Vida extraterrestre, formas de vida que pueden haberse originado, existido o todavía existir en otros lugares del universo.
 Vida sintética, vida artificial creada mediante la biología sintética, distinguiéndose de la vida mecánica, creada usando la robótica.
 Vida útil de un objeto: tiempo durante el cual puede cumplir correctamente con la función para la cual ha sido creado.

Deporte
 Club Deportivo Vida, club de fútbol de Honduras.

Geografía
 Lago Vida, en la Antártida.

Literatura
 Vida, breve biografía escrita en occitano, un género literario medieval

Música
 Vida (1972) álbum de Sui Generis.
 Vida (1986) álbum de Santiago Feliú.
 Vida (1990) álbum de Emmanuel.
 Vida (2012) álbum de Saurom.
 Vida (2013) álbum de Draco Rosa.
 Vida (2019), álbum de Luis Fonsi.
 Vida, supergrupo argentino formado por miembros de Soda Stereo y Virus que dio un recital en 1989 y otro en 1995.
 Vida, canción de Ricardo Arjona.
 Vida, canción de Ricky Martin.

Sociedad
 Vida de una persona, descrita en una biografía.
 Vida cotidiana, el discurrir de un día cualquiera en la vida de una persona.
 Vida en común o comunitaria.
 Vida en el más allá o vida tras la muerte.
 Vida espiritual o espiritualidad.
 Vida personal, curso de la vida humana que le da una identidad propia.
 Vida religiosa

Televisión
Vida TV, programa de televisión mexicano.
Vida TV, canal de televisión venezolano.

Vida

Vida (desambiguación)


بطولة كأس العالم للناشئين تحت 17 سنة 2009 هي النسخة الثالثة عشر في تاريخ تنظيم بطولات كأس العالم للناشئين، وهي أقيمت في نيجيريا من 24 أكتوبر وحتى الخامس عشر من نوفمبر 2009. حاز على بطولة منتخب سويسرا، بعد فوزه 0-1 على نظيره النيجيري.

الاعبون المؤهلون للعب
ليكون لاعب مؤهل للعب في البطولة، يجب أن يكون مولود بعد 1 الأول من يناير 1992.

ملاعب الحدث
اختار الفيفا ثمانية ملاعب من أصل تسعة مواقع ممكنة.

في 21 مايو 2009، قدمت نيجيريا 'بطاقة صفراء' بسبب تأخير كبير في بناء المنئات المستضيفة للبطولة. بينما كانا مدينتا أبوجا ولاغوس على اتم استعداد، وقدم نائب رئيس الفيفا جاك وارنر أربعة أماكن أخرى وهي (أنوغو، كلابار، إيوبي أودي وكانو) وكان امامهم شهر واحد ليكونوا إسعداد 100 ٪. تم إزالة مدينة واحدة كانت ستستضيف البطولة بعد بعد أعمال العنف الأخيرة اندلعت في منطقة دلتا النيجر.

الفرق المشاركة
القرعة سحبت يوم 7 أغسطس 2009 في مركز المؤتمرات الدولي في أبوجا.

حكام المباريات

أفريقيا
  محمد بنوزة
  كومان كوليبالي
  جيروم دامون
  إيدي مايلت

آسيا
  رافشان إرماتوف
  صبح الدين محمد صالح

أوروبا
  ماسيمو بوساكا
  فيكتور كاساي
  ستيفان لانوي

  توم هينينغ أفريبو
  وولفجانج ستارك
  هوارد ويب

أمريكا الشمالية والوسطى وبحر الكاريبي
  كارلوس باتريس
  خاير ماروفو

أوقيانوسيا
  ميكائيل هستر
  بيتر أوليري

أمريكا الجنوبية
  كارلوس أمادريا
  بابلو بوزو
  مارتين فاسكيز

تشكيلات الفرق

المجموعات

المجموعة أ

المجموعة ب

المجموعة ت

المجموعة ث

المجموعة ج

المجموعة ح

مرى جع

روابط خارجية
 FIFA.com: الموقع الرسمي

أحداث أكتوبر 2009 الرياضية في إفريقيا
أحداث نوفمبر 2009 الرياضية في إفريقيا
كرة القدم النيجيرية في 2009–10
كرة قدم للشباب في 2009
مسابقات كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها نيجيريا

كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم 2009


An Eragrostis prolifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Eragrostis prolifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eragrostis

Eragrostis prolifera


غِيرَان قرية تقع في معتمدية سجنان بولاية بنزرت بالشمال التونسي، قرب رأس سيراط.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 معتمدية سجنان.
 ولاية بنزرت.

قرى ولاية بنزرت

غيران


A panchāngam (; ) is a Hindu calendar and almanac, which follows traditional units of Hindu timekeeping, and presents important dates and their calculations in a tabulated form.  It is sometimes spelled Panchāngamu, Pancanga, Panchanga, Panchaanga, or Panchānga, and is often pronounced Panchāng. Panchangas are used in Jyotisha () (Indian astrology).

In Nepal and Eastern India, including Assam, Bengal and Odisha, the Panchangam is referred to as Panjika.

Overview
Panchāngams are published in India by many authors, societies, academies, and universities. Different publications differ only minutely, at least for a casual or not yet trained reader. They forecast celestial phenomena such as solar eclipses, forecasting weather (rain, dry spells) as well as more mundane occurrences.

The study of Panchāngams involves understanding Rasi phala (also pronounced 'Rashi phala'), the impact of the signs of the zodiac on the individual. Astrologers consult the Panchāngam to set auspicious dates for weddings, corporate mergers, and other activities as per their religion.

The casting of a Panchāngam involves elaborate mathematical work involving high level of spherical geometry and sound understanding of astronomical phenomena, such as sidereal movements of heavenly bodies. However, in practice the tabulation is done on the basis of short-cut formulations as propounded by ancient Vedic sages and scholars.

A typical Panchāngam may state tabulations of positions of Sun, Moon, and other planets for every day of the year on a fixed place (longitude, latitude) and time of day (in 24-hour format IST). The users calculate the remaining data using their relative difference from this fixed place and time.

There are several panchāngas that contain information for more than one year.  There is one, Vishvavijaya Panchāngam, that covers 100 years.

The theories propounded in the two scriptures, Surya Siddhanta and Grahalaghava formed the basis for the myriad calendars or Panchāngas in the past in different regions of India.

The Grahalaghava was compiled about 600 years ago and Surya Siddhanta was available long before that. These had become outdated and did not tally with actual astronomical events and did not tally with each other. Hence, a committee was appointed by the Government of India with experts in the field drawn from various parts of the country who were involved with preparation of Panchāngam in local languages to draw up a reliable Panchāngam in which the mathematical calculations provides the positions of grahas (the planets) and nakshatras (constellations) in the sky as they are observed.

Thus, the Government of India has prepared the National Panchānga or the Indian national calendar in 1957 (was proposed by Meghnad Saha and Lahiri in 1952), which is used in predictive astrology.  The Lahiris Ephemeris published annually is the most widely used English almanac in Vedic astrology, many Panchāngas are published in local languages, which are mostly based on the National Panchānga.

Etymology
Accuracy of attributes depending upon the Moon's motions were considered most crucial for the reliability of a panchāngam, because the Moon is the fastest among all heavenly entities shown in traditional panchāngas. Tithi, Nakshatra, Rāśi, Yoga, and Karana depend upon Moon's motions, which are five in number. Panchānga is a Sanskrit word, literally meaning "having five limbs". If these five limbs, for example, the five attributes depending upon Moon, are accurate, an almanac is held to be reliable, because other elements are not so difficult to compute due to their slow rates of change.

There are three popular meanings of panchāngam:

 In Vedic astrology, meaning "five attributes" of the day.  They are:
 Tithi - Ending Moment (EM) of elongation of the Moon, the lunar day, the angular relationship between Sun and Moon ( Apparent Moon minus  Apparent Sun). One Tithi equals 12 degree difference between Moon and Sun.
 Nakshatram - EM of asterism of the day, that is, the stellar mansion in which Moon is located for an observer at the center of the Earth. One Nakshatra equals 13 degrees:20 minutes. There are 27 Nakshatra in 360 degrees.
 Yoga - EM of the angular relationship between Sun and Moon( Apparent Moon plus  Apparent Sun). One Yoga equals 13 degrees:20 minutes. There are 27 Yogas in 360 degrees.
 Karana - EM of half of a Tithi. One  equals 6 degree difference between Moon and Sun.
 Var weekday the seven weekdays.
Monier-Williams gives "solar day" instead of Rāśi as the fifth limb. Some people enumerate Vār (days of the week) instead. Vār or solar days do not involve intricate computations, unlike EM of Rāśi; however, in the Hindu system the five elements only constitute the five limbs of the Panchāngam.
 An almanac that contains the astronomical / astrological daily details also came to be called a panchāngam because of the importance of five attributes.
 Panchānga-pūjan, which is a part of Ganesh-Ambika-pūjan.

In Vedic astrology, the basic tenet of astrology was integrated with celestial events and thus was born various branches of Vedic astrology and the Panchānga. In simple terms, "Panchānga" means the Day, Nakshatra (Star), tithi, Yoga and  Karana  every day. It is a mirror of the sky. The document used as Panchāngam has evolved over the last 5000 years. The theories propounded in the two scriptures, Surya Siddhanta and Grahalaghava formed the basis for the plethora of calendars or Panchāngas  in the past in different regions of the country - a culturally complex system.

The five Angas or parts of Panchāngam are elaborated in the following paragraphs but before that the composition of the Samvatsara OR Years (60 Years cycle), Varsha or Year and Masa or month are first explained, as these important calendar events are part of every Panchānga. All the components of Panchangam are relevant in Predictive Astrology, Prasna Shastra (electional astrology), etc.

All followers and practitioners of Vedic astrology must know how to read a Panchāngam and in this context it is necessary to know the terminology used in the Panchāngam for different time slots of the day.  Panchāngas are also published in English as Ephemeris - The Lahiris Ephemeris is most widely used, which gives all the details as contained in a traditional Panchāngam published in Sanskrit or Hindi and all the regional languages of the country.

There are several forms of reckoning the varsha or year based on solar entry (solar ingress), lunar entry, Jupiter entry in a sign or the Julian calendar of starting the year from the first of January, but the most widely accepted practice in India is the Samvatsara, a 60 years cycle based on solar entry. Each zodiacal sign is represented by fixe years starting from Pramadi and the sixty years are equally distributed in successive order among the twelve signs (Rasis) starting from Mesha (Aries) and ending in Meena (Pisces).

Varsha or the year, used in astrological context refers to the solar calendar of year and months, which starts with Sun entering Aries (Mesha Rasi) and completing a full circle of the zodiac in a period of twelve months.

There are two kinds of lunar months followed in India - the new moon ending called the Amanta or Sukladi system and the full moon ending (covering one full moon to the next) called the Purnimanta system. But it is the lunar months full moon reckoned), which are reckoned in predictive astrology, and each represents the name of the star on full moon day of the solar months. The twelve lunar months starting from Chaitra along with the names of the solar months are given below.

In Vedic astrology, the basic tenets of astrology were integrated with celestial events with vara or weekday and thus was born the Muhurtha astrology or electional astrology.

Tithi or Lunar day is an important concept in Hindu astrology. It means lunation.  There are thirty tithis in a Lunar month distributed in the 360 degrees of the Zodiac and each tithi is completed when the longitude of the Moon gains exactly twelve degrees or its multiple on that of the Sun.  By name there are only 15 tithis repeating in the two halves of the month – Shukla 1 to Shukla 15 (known as Poornima or Full Moon) and Krishna 1 to 15 (known as Amavasya or New Moon).  In astrological parlance tithi has great significance in the fact that each tithi from 1 to 14 in both Pakshas has what are called daghda rasis or burnt rasis – two rasis for each tithi except Chaturdasiwhich has four daghda rasis. But new moon and full moon have no dagdha rasis.  The tithis are divided into five groups as under.

 Nanda (Ananda or Joyous) tithi - Prathipada (1st), Shasti (6th) and Ekadashi (11th);
 Bhadra (Arogya or Mangala or Healthy) tithis on – Dwitiya (2nd), Saptami (7th) and Dwadashi (12th);
 Jaya (Victory) tithi –Tuesday-  Tritiya (3rd), Ashtami (8th ) and Trayodashi (13th);
 Rikktha (Loss or Nashta) thitihis – Saturday - Chathurthi (4th)  Navami (9th) and Chaturdasi (14th);
 Poorna (Sampoorna - Full Moon or New Moon) tithis –Thursday Panchami (5th), Dashami (10th) and  Amavasya (New Moon) or Poornima.

A unique Vedic system is followed in Muhurtha astrology, Horary astrology and predictive astrology, which envisages grouping of Nakshtaras (stars) into nine sub-groups.  Each sub-group covers three stars and has a specific name of 'Tara' proceeded by a word defining benefic or malefic nature. These are found to be extremely useful in Vedic astrology which is widely practiced in India.

The nine taras (star groups) by their individual names are listed below.

 Janma (Birth/Ascendant/Lagna) Tara – The Janma (Birth Star/Ascendant Star also known as Lagna Nakshatra) Nakshatra, the 10th from Janma nakshatra also known as Karna nakshatra and the 19th from Janma nakshatra known as Adhana nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Sampat Tara – The 2nd the 11th and the 20th Nakshatras counted from Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Vipat Tara – The 3rd, the 12th and the 21st stars counted from Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Kshema Tara – The 4th, the 13th and the 22nd Nakshatras counted from the janama nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Pratyak Tara – The 5t, the 14th, and the 23rd nakshatras from Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Sadhaka Tara – The 6th, the 15th, and the 24th nakshatras from Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Nidhana Tara – The 7th, the 16th, and the 25th nakshatras from the Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Mitra Tara – The 8th, the 17th and the 26th nakshatras from Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.
 Ati or Parama Mitra Tara – The 9th, the 18th and the 27th nakshatras from Janma nakshatra constitute this tara.

Usage
The basic purpose of Hindu Panchāngam is to check various Hindu festivals and auspicious time (election- Muhurta). In the Hindu system of election, various element of Panchāngam constitute auspicious and inauspicious moments (Yogas) by combination of weekday-Tithi, weekday-constellation, weekdays-Tithis-constellations. In addition, individual weekdays, Tithis, constellations, Yoga and Karanas have been prescribed for specific activities which fructify during their currency.

For selecting an auspicious moment Panchāngam Shuddhi (purified-time) is fundamental. In addition favourable transits, purified ascendant, absence of malefic yogas, favourable Dasha (Hindu progression), name of doer, propitiations, chanting of Mantras, place of activity, social customs, omens, mode of breathing are also examined.

See also

References

Hindu astronomy
Hindu cosmology
Hindu calendar
Technical factors of Hindu astrology
Panchangam

Panchangam


منحنى كيلنغ (إنجليزية Keeling Curve) هو رسم بياني يبين تغير تركيز غاز ثنائي أكسيد الكربون في الجو منذ سنة 1958. يعتمد على معطيات تم أخذها على فترات زمنية طويلة من مرصد مونا لوا في هاواي وذلك تحت إشراف شارل دافيد كيلنغ. حيث تبين قياسات كيلنغ بوضوح المعدل المتسارع الذي يزيد به انبعاث غاز ثنائي أكسيد الكربون في الجو.

يرجع العديد من العلماء الفضل لمنحنى كيلنغ في أنه أثار انتباه العالم لتأثير النشاط الإنساني على الجو وعلى المناخ.

خلفية
قبل خمسينيات القرن العشرين، أجريت قياسات لتركيزات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي على أساس مخصص في مواقع مختلفة. في عام 1938، قارن المهندس وخبير الأرصاد الجوية جاي ستيوارت كالندار مجموعات بيانات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي المأخوذة من مقاطعة كيو في 1898-1901، والتي بلغ متوسطها 274 جزءًا من المليون من حيث الحجم (ترميز جزء- في) ومن شرق الولايات المتحدة في 1936-1938، والتي بلغ متوسطها 310 جزءًا من المليون، وخلص إلى أن تركيزات ثاني أكسيد الكربون آخذة في الارتفاع بسبب الانبعاثات بشرية المنشأ. مع ذلك، فإن نتائج كالندار لم تحظَ بقبول شديد في أوساط المجتمع العلمي بسبب طبيعة القياسات غير المكتملة.

تشارلز ديفيد كيلينغ، من معهد سكريبس لعلوم المحيطات في جامعة كاليفورنيا في سان دييغو، هو أول من أجرى قياسات منتظمة متكررة لتركيزات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي في القارة القطبية الجنوبية، وفي ماونا لوا، هاواي منذ تاريخ مارس 1958 وما بعده. اختبر كيلينغ سابقًا تقنيات القياس في مواقع مختلفة بما في ذلك بيغ سور بالقرب من مونتيري، والغابات المطيرة في شبه الجزيرة الأولمبية في ولاية واشنطن، والغابات الجبلية العالية في أريزونا. لاحظ سلوكًا قويًا لثاني أكسيد الكربون خلال الدورة اليومية، إذ ازداد تركيزه في الليل بسبب عملية تنفس النباتات والتربة، وتمثل القيم المأخوذة بعد فترة الظهر «الغلاف الجوي الحر» فوق نصف الكرة الشمالي.

قياسات ماونا لوا
خلال مشروع السنة الجيوفيزيائية الدولية الذي أُقيم في الفترة 1957-1958، حصل كيلينغ على تمويل من مكتب الأرصاد الجوية لتركيب أجهزة تحليل غاز الأشعة تحت الحمراء في مواقع نائية، بما في ذلك القطب الجنوبي وبركان ماونا لوا في جزيرة هاواي. وقع الاختيار على موقع مانوا لوا لأغراض المراقبة طويلة الأجل بسبب موقعه البعيد عن القارات وافتقاره إلى الغطاء النباتي. أخذ كيلينغ ومعاونوه قياسات لنسيم المحيط القادم فوق طبقة الانعكاس الحراري لتقليل التلوث المحلي من الفتحات البركانية. جرى تعديل البيانات لإلغاء أي تأثير من التلوث المحلي. أُرغم كيلينغ على التخلي عن جهود المراقبة المستمرة في القطب الجنوبي بسبب انخفاض التمويل خلال ستينيات القرن العشرين، ولكنه جمع ما يكفي من المال لضمان استمرار العمليات في مرصد ماونا لوا، والتي استمرت حتى يومنا هذا.

قدمت مقالة كيلينغ المنشورة في مجلة تيل أس عام 1960 أول سجلات شهرية لمستويات ثاني أكسيد الكربون من ماونا لوا والقارة القطبية الجنوبية (1957 إلى 1960)، وتوصلت إلى وجود «دورة موسمية ملحوظة... وربما، ارتفاعًا عالميًا في ثاني أكسيد الكربون من سنة إلى أخرى». بحلول سبعينيات القرن العشرين، أصبح من الجلي استمرار زيادة انبعاث ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي بسبب الانبعاثات التي يتسبب البشر بها.

تؤخذ قياسات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في مرصد ماونا لوا في هاواي باستخدام نوع من أجهزة قياس الطيف بالأشعة تحت الحمراء، والمعروف باسم مستشعر الأشعة تحت الحمراء، والمُعاير وفقًا لمعايير المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية. ابتكر جون تيندال هذا النوع من الآلات للمرة الأولى في عام 1864، وكان يسمى في الأصل كابنوغراف، ويجري تسجيل القراءات فيه بواسطة آثار القلم على مخطط مسجل. في الوقت الحاضر، تُستخدم العديد من أجهزة الاستشعار التي تعمل بالليزر لتشغيلها بالتزامن مع مقياس الطيف بالأشعة تحت الحمراء في معهد سكريبس لعلوم المحيطات، بينما ما تزال الإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي تُجري قياساتها في ماونا لوا باستخدام مستشعر الأشعة تحت الحمراء.

النتائج والتفسيرات
تُظهر القياسات التي جُمعت في مرصد ماونا لوا زيادة مطردة في متوسط تركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي والذي تراوح بين 313 جزءًا من المليون من حيث الحجم في مارس 1958 إلى 406 جزءًا من المليون في نوفمبر 2018، مع زيادة حالية قدرها 2.48 ± 0.26 جزءًا من المليون سنويًا (بمتوسط انحراف معياري يبلغ ± 2). تعزى زيادة ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي إلى احتراق الوقود الأحفوري، والذي تزايدت وتيرته في السنوات الأخيرة. لذلك أثر كبير على ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري، نظرًا لأن ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الغازات الدفيئة. تُظهر قياسات تركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في فقاعات الهواء القديمة المحاصرة في النوى الجليدية القطبية أن متوسط تركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي تراوح بين 275 و285 جزءًا من المليون خلال العصر الهولوسيني (منذ عام 9000 قبل الميلاد وما بعده)، ولكنه بدأ في الارتفاع بشكل حاد في بداية القرن التاسع عشر.

يُظهر منحنى كيلنغ كذلك تباينًا دوريًا يبلغ نحو 6 أجزاء من المليون سنويًا يتوافق مع التغيير الموسمي في امتصاص نباتات الأرض لثاني أكسيد الكربون. يتواجد معظم الغطاء النباتي في النصف الشمالي من الكرة الأرضية حيث تتركز معظم اليابسة. يبلغ تركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون أعلى مستوياته في شهر مايو، وينخفض خلال الربيع والصيف عندما تنمو النبات وتمتص ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الغلاف الجوي خلال عملية التمثيل الضوئي. بعد الوصول إلى الحد الأدنى في سبتمبر، يرتفع مستوى ثاني أكسيد الكربون مجددًا في الخريف والشتاء عندما تموت النباتات والأوراق وتتحلل، ما يؤدي إلى انبعاث ثاني أكسيد الكربون إلى الغلاف الجوي.

مراجع

بيئة طبيعية
تاريخ المناخ
ثنائي أكسيد الكربون
علم المناخ
غلاف جوي
مستحدثات القرن 20
منحنيات

منحنى كيلنغ


Küçük Menderes, Ege yöresinde Bozdağlar'dan doğan bir nehirdir.

Selçuk ovasını sulayarak Selçuk İlçesinin batısından denize dökülür. Küçük Menderes'in alüvyon getirip kıyı çizgisinden sürekli olarak ilerlemiş olması neticesinde, ilk çağların en önemli liman şehirlerinden biri olan Efes, bugün denizden 5–6 km içeride kalmıştır.

Batı Anadolu'da isimleri Yunanca "Meandros", yani "suların dirsek yaptığı yer" anlamına gelen "Menderes" adlı üç akarsu vardır. Biga yöresinde Kazdağları'ndan inen sularla beslenip Çanakkale Boğazı'na dökülen ve Troya'yı denizden uzaklaştıran "Eski Menderes" ırmağı, Homeros'un İlyada'sındaki Skamandros ırmağıdır. Yukarıda anlatılmak istenen ve eski adı Kaystros ya da Astarpa olan "Küçük Menderes Nehri", İzmir'in Ödemiş İlçesi arkasında yükselen ve eski adı Tmolos olan Bozdağlar'dan doğarak 175 km yol kat eder, Selçuk ilçesinin Pamucak sahilinde denizle buluşur. Nehir taşıdığı alüvyal topraklarla Efes liman kentini denizden uzaklaştırmıştır.

Türkiye'de ilk betonarme köprünün yapıldığı nehirdir.

Nehrin doğuşu ve izlediği yol
Ege Bölgesi'nin çatısı olan Bozdağlar'ın 2159 metrelik zirvesi ile 2070 metrelik Kumpınar Tepesi arasındaki Karakoyun Yaylası'ndan doğar. İlk adı Kadın Deresi'dir. Buradan sonra Kiraz ilçesine gelir. İlçeyi ikiye bölerek Kiraz Ovası'nı sular. Burada doğudan gelen Haliller Çayı ile birleşerek Beydağ Barajı'na gelir. Beydağ barajının çıkışında nehir batıya doğru kıvrılır. Bu sırada Tasavra Çayı ile birleşerek bereketli Küçük Menderes Ovası'nı sular. Bu ova dünyanın üç verimli ovasından biri kabul edilir. Nehir bu sırada güneyden ve kuzeyden birçok küçük kol ile birleşir. Bundan sonra nehrin büyük kollarından olan bademli çayı ile birleşir. Bu kol ile birleştikten sonra nehir ovada zikzaklar çizerek devam eder. Bu sırada sırası ile Aktaş, Manda Çayı ve Falaka Çayı ile birleşir. Eğridere ve Sarılar kollarının birleştiği Manda Çayı nehrin büyük kollarından biridir. Bundan sonra nehir iki kola ayrılır. Biri kuzeye, diğeri güneye devam eder. Güneye devam eden kola başka kaynak eklenmez. Kuzeydeki kola ise Ergenli, Uladı, Künk ve Tertek çayları eklenerek ovanın bayındır ve torbalı kısmı geçilir. Bundan sonra batıdan bir kol daha eklenir. Sonrasında ise iki büyük kol dar bir boğazda Belevi gölü ile bağlanır.Bundan sonra ise Küçük Menderes Nehri yüzyıllar önce doldurduğu deltaya girer. Efes antik kentini de geçerek büyük bir delta ovasından sonra denize dökülür. Suladığı bereketli ovadaki önemli yerleşim yerleri şunlardır: Selçuk, Ödemiş, Tire, Torbalı, Bayındır, Kiraz ve Beydağ.

Bazı yükseltiler:
Bozdağ 2159 metre, Kumpınartepe 2070 metre, Hacıkarlığı 1829 metre, Beydağ 1646 metre, Hacetdedetepe 1831 metre, Erentepe 1678 metre, Keldağ 1372 metre, Çaldağ 1590 metre, Çatmadağ 1450 metre ve Nif Dağı 1509 metredir.

Kısaca Küçük Menderes Nehri Ege Bölgesi'ndeki jeolojik hareketlerle oluşan Bozdağlar ve Aydın Dağları arasından doğar ve Ege Denizi'ne dökülür.

İklim
Küçük Menderes Nehri Akdeniz iklimindedir. Bu bölgede yazlar kurak ve sıcak, kışlar ılık ve yağışlıdır. Yağışların çoğu yağmur şeklindedir. Kar genellikle 900 metre ve üstüne yağar. Yıllık yağış miktarı 600–700 mm'dir. Yazları yağmur çok az yağar. Yani kısaca Küçük Menderes Nehri tipik bir Akdeniz iklimine aittir.

Bitki örtüsü
Bu iklimin bitki örtüsü Akdeniz iklim bölgesinin bitki örtüsüdür. Ovada sebze ve meyve yetiştirilip tarım yapılır. Dağlarda ise Akdeniz ikliminin karakteristik bitki örtüsü olan maki bulunur. Kızılçam toplulukları da sıklıkla bulunur. Yüksek bölgelerde ise karaçam toplulukları bulunur. Dağ eteklerinde zeytin tarımı çok sık görülür.

Rejimi
Küçük Menderes Nehri'nin rejimi düzensizdir. Daha çok yağmur suları ile beslenir. Nehir kışın yağan kar ile birlikte ilkbaharda akışının doruğuna ulaşır. Nehrin debisi 150 m³/s'dir. Nehir çok çabuk kabarır, çok çabuk kurur. Özellikle yaz aylarında kuruma noktasına gelir. İlkbaharda ise deltasında birçok göl oluşur. Bunlardan ikisi Gebekirse ve Çatal gölleridir.

Türkiye'deki nehirler

Küçük Menderes


A Cachoeira das Três Barras (chamada localmente de Três Barras I) é uma das quedas d'água localizadas no Parque Natural Municipal de Andaraí Rota das Cachoeiras na Chapada Diamantina, na cidade brasileira de Andaraí, região central da Bahia. É uma das atrações do Parque, sendo usada como balneário.

Acesso
Apesar de ficar em território de Andaraí seu acesso é mais próximo da cidade de Mucugê por uma trilha de cerca de 8 quilômetros a partir da estrada BA-142. Apresenta uma caminhada por terreno bastante irregular, com duração em torno de uma hora e meia.

A trilha de acesso é marcada por ruínas de antigos garimpos, o que agrega interesse histórico ao visitante. Já no começo a atividade extrativa mineral irregular continuava até 2016 com a retirada de pedras para construção civil, o que foi um dos motivadores para a constituição do Parque. O trajeto passa pela cachoeira do Bocório.

Características
Situada numa altitude de 893 metros, descendo sobre rochas de arenito rosado, que caracterizam boa parte da região.

Está situada no rio Gafanhoto que, ali, apresenta uma queda de cerca de quarenta metros de altura, embora outras fontes dão como sendo de vinte metros.

Em sua base é formado um amplo poço (piscina natural), que é usado para o banho pelos visitantes.

Geografia de Andaraí
Cachoeira Tres Barras
Tres Barras

Cachoeira das Três Barras (Andaraí)


Ghost er sænsk rokk eða þungarokkssveit sem stofnuð var í Linköping árið 2006. Sveitin kemur fram í grímubúningum og hefur leiðtogi sveitarinnar, Tobias Forge, oftast verið karakterinn Papa Emeritus sem hefur verið lýst sem djöfullegum andpáfa.

Sveitið hefur aflað sér vinsælda og árið 2015 varð þriðja plata þeirra, Meliora í toppsætinu í Svíþjóð og í 8. sæti í Bandaríkjunum. Lagið Cirice af plötunni fékk Grammy-verðlaun fyrir Best Metal Performance. Platan Impera fékk sænsku Grammi-verðlaunin fyrir bestu þungarokksplötuna 2023.

Breiðskífur
Opus Eponymous (2010)
Infestissumam (2013)
Meliora (2015)
Prequelle (2018)
Impera (2022)

Tilvísanir

Sænskar hljómsveitir
Sænskar þungarokkshljómsveitir

Ghost (hljómsveit)


ضاحية الأسد أو ضاحية حرستا كما كانت تعرف قبل الأزمة السورية حي سكني في منطقة إدارية حرستا في محافظة دمشق. بلغ عدد سكانها 9858 نسمة عام 2004.

مصادر

ضواحي دمشق
ضاحية حرستا
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة دوما

ضاحية حرستا


Karl Stein ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Karl Stein (Schriftsteller) (1773–1855), deutscher Schriftsteller
 Karl von Stein (1801–1867), österreichischer Feldmarschall-Leutnant
 Karl Stein (Widerstandskämpfer) (1902–1942), deutscher Widerstandskämpfer
 Karl Stein (Mathematiker) (1913–2000), deutscher Mathematiker
 Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein (1770–1840), deutscher Politiker

Siehe auch:
 Carl Stein

Karl Stein


Paul Leistenschneider, né le  à Basse-Yutz et mort le  à Paris, est un avocat et résistant français, Compagnon de la Libération. Mobilisé au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il entreprend très tôt des actions au profit de la résistance puis rejoint la France libre pour devenir délégué militaire régional des régions de Montpellier, Toulouse et Lyon. Œuvrant à l'unification et au renforcement des mouvements de résistance actifs dans ses zones de responsabilité, il joue un grand rôle dans la libération de Lyon en septembre 1944.

Biographie

Jeunesse

Paul Leistenschneider naît le 16 janvier 1907 à Basse-Yutz, en Moselle, d'un père greffier au tribunal. Élevé dans le milieu judiciaire, il commence tout naturellement des études de droit et obtient une licence. Après son service militaire effectué dans l'infanterie de 1927 à 1928, il devient avocat.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Mobilisé en 1939, il participe à la drôle de guerre et à la bataille de France. Après l'armistice du 22 juin 1940, rattaché au  bureau de l'armée d'armistice, il s'engage rapidement dans des actes de résistance en intégrant le réseau Kléber. En novembre 1940, après l'annexion de sa Moselle natale, il bénéficie de l'imposition de la nationalité allemande qui lui permet de circuler librement en Allemagne et en Autriche. Il met à profit cette liberté pour fournir de précieux renseignements à son réseau. Mais menacé par les autorités allemandes, il décide de rejoindre la France libre à Londres. Passé en Espagne en novembre 1942, il est interné au camp de Miranda jusqu'en mars 1943 puis parvient à s'embarquer pour l'Angleterre où il s'engage dans les forces françaises libres et se porte volontaire pour des missions spéciales en France sous le pseudonyme de Carré.

Nommé délégué militaire régional (DMR) pour la région R3 (Montpellier), il est déposé par avion près de Lons-le-Saunier d'où il rejoint son affectation le 15 septembre 1943. Dès lors il crée dans toute la région des équipes combattant et met en place un plan d'organisation. Son efficacité lui vaut d'être nommé DMR de la région R4 (Toulouse) en plus de la R3. La région R4 est riche en mouvements de résistance mais ceux-ci sont trop indépendants au regard de Londres. Paul Leistenschneider parvient cependant à les unifier et à organiser une action générale coordonnée. La gestapo l'ayant repéré, il échappe de justesse à une arrestation et se voit proposer de rentrer à Londres. Cependant, il préfère rester en France et est nommé DMR de la région R1 (Lyon). Il assure alors la liaison entre le Kœnig, général en chef des forces françaises de l'intérieur (FFI), et Albert Chambonnet, chef régional FFI et s'assure de la bonne exécution des directives donné par Londres.

En juin 1944, après avoir assuré une courte mission de renseignement lors de l'attaque allemande sur le maquis du Vercors, il revient à Lyon où l'état-major régional FFI a été victime de nombreuses arrestations. Albert Chambonnet faisant partie des personnes capturées, Paul Leistenschneider assure l'intérim jusqu'à la nomination d'Alban Vistel. En août 1944, alors que les FFI entreprennent d'investir Lyon, Vistel et Leistenschneider constatent la supériorité des troupes allemandes et décide de prendre contact avec l'armée américaine et la  division française libre ( DFL) avant de lancer toute offensive. Partant seul en moto, Paul Leistenschneider traverse une région infestée de patrouilles allemandes et parvient à rejoindre la  division américaine afin de convenir d'une attaque commune de Lyon. Dans le même temps, il parvient à prendre contact avec les chefs du maquis de l'Ain et du Grésivaudan afin de coordonner les opérations de libération au niveau régional. Forts des renseignements fournis par Leistenschneider, la  division US et la  DFL libèrent Lyon avec l'aide des FFI le 3 septembre 1944.

Nommé préfet délégué et secrétaire général de la police pour l'Alsace et Strasbourg en novembre 1944, il devient préfet titulaire une an plus tard et reste en place à Strasbourg jusqu'au début de l'année 1946. Il est promu lieutenant-colonel en juin de cette année, juste avant d'être démobilisé.

Après-Guerre

Après la guerre, il devient directeur administratif de la Westinghouse Electric Company puis conseiller immobilier. Paul Leistenschneider meurt le 9 avril 1999 à Paris et est inhumé au cimetière de l'Est à Metz.

Décorations

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

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Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Résistant français
Officier des Forces françaises libres (terrestres)
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur promu en 1996
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Titulaire de la médaille de la Résistance française avec rosette
Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Naissance en janvier 1907
Naissance à Yutz
Décès en avril 1999
Décès dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 92 ans

Paul Leistenschneider