La Puerta de Moros era una de las puertas de acceso a Madrid. Se encontraba ubicada en el lienzo de la muralla cristiana de Madrid, y ya cercana al Alcázar.

Características
Las puertas adyacentes de la muralla cristiana eran la de Valnadú y la de la Vega. La de Moros, por hallarse junto al arrabal mudéjar, estaba cercana a la Plazuela de los Carros, luego plaza del Humilladero, entre la calle del Almendro y la Cava Baja. Orientada al suroeste, era la puerta preferida por aquellos que salían hacia Toledo, y al parecer era similar a las torres de Serranos en Valencia. Fue destruida en 1412 durante una sublevación popular, pero se construyó otra en el siglo XVI que es la que aparece en dibujo realizado por Anton Van der Wyngaerde en 1562. Tras su derribo definitivo el espacio fue conocido como la Plaza de Puerta de Moros, con una elegante fuente coronada por la estatua del pastor Endimión, hasta que en 1864 el conjunto fue trasladado para decorar la nueva fuente de Lavapiés.

Referencias

Moros
Patrimonio desaparecido de Madrid
Arquitectura de España del siglo XVI
Barrio de Palacio
Vistillas (Madrid)

Puerta de Moros


اضطراب المازوخية الجنسي أوالماسوشية أو المازوخية أو المازوكية أو الخضوعية وتعني الحصول على المتعة عند تلقي التعذيب الجسدي أو النفسي.

تاريخ
و ينسب مصطلح المازوخية  إلى الكاتب الروائي النمساوي ليوبولد فون زاخر مازوخ صاحب الرواية المشهورة (فينوس في الفراء، venus in furs) التي تعبر في بعض أجزائها عن فترات وتجارب منها.

وصف
هو أحد أشهر انحرافات السلوك الجنسي ويقصد به التمتع بالألم عند استقباله من الآخر، بحيث أن صاحبها لا يصل لقمة اللذة الجنسية إلا بالضرب باليد أو بالسوط أو التقييد بالسلاسل وما شابهها أو التعذيب النفسي مثل الكلام أو الإهانة أو التذليل ويمكن أن يصل لهذه المتعة حتى بتخيل أحد هذه الأمور. فهي شعور جنسي يتلذذ فيه المرء بالتعذيب الجسدي والإذلال النفسي الذين ينزلهما به محبوبه أي التلذذ بالاضطهاد.
فالماسوشي، تكمن إثارته الجنسية في إيلام الطرف الآخر له عند حدوث علاقة جنسية وتختلف حدة هذا الألم من حالة إلى أخرى، ففي بعض الحالات المرضية لا يستمتع الماسوشي إلا بدرجة بالغة من الألم قد تودي به إلى الموت.

حب تعذيب النفس يتخذ أشكالا وصورا عديدة بل ومراحل متنوعة فهناك مراحل متقدمة ومراحل متطورة وأخرى مرضية وهكذا. تقريبا كل بني البشر لديهم هذه الصفة أي أن كل إنسان فيه ولو جزء ضئيل من الماسوشية حتى لو لم يشعر. فمثلا الميل لمشاهدة أفلام الرعب والعنف هو نوع من تعذيب النفس بالرعب والمشاهد المروعة. لكن هذه الأشياء البسيطة المشتركة عند الكثيرين تظل أمور عادية وطبيعية المشكلة الحقيقية تنشأ حين يستمرئ المرء تعذيب نفسه ويتفنن في اختراع وابتكار الأساليب المختلفة لتحقيق هذا.
أغلب الناس يميلون إلى أحد الطرفين، السادية أو الماسوشية وتعد ضمن الأمور الطبيعية إذا لم تزيد عن الحد الطبيعي أما عند تحولها إلى شكل مرضي فهي تحتاج إلى علاج نفسي. عادة يحتاج هؤلاء الأشخاص إلى علاج نفسي طويل المدى لمحاولة تصحيح هذا الانحراف والسلوك الجنسي.

أنواعها
كلمة المازوخية مأخوذة من اسم روائي نمساوي عاش في القرن التاسع عشر يدعى: ليوبولد فون ساشر ماسوش وذلك لأن أبطال رواياته كانوا يستمتعون بالألم الجسدي والإهانات والتعذيب، وهي تنطق ماسوشية أو مازوكية أو مازوخية Masochism، ولها مستويان:

المازوكية العامة أو المازوكية الأخلاقية
وفيها نجد أن الشخص المازوكي يقوم بأشياء (بوعي أو بدون وعي) تعرضه للفشل أو الضياع أو الإهانة أو التحقير أو الإيذاء اللفظي أو البدني، وهو يكرر هذا السلوك ويجد متعة خفية في ذلك على الرغم من شكواه الظاهرية. يستمر الشخص في هذا السلوك بشكل شبه قهري مهما تعرض للمشاكل والمتاعب، فهو يعشق دور الضحية والمظلوم والمقهور والمعذب.والمازوكية على هذا المستوى هي نوع من اضطراب الشخصية المصحوب بسلوك هادم للذات Self defeating behavior.

المازوكية الجنسية
وهي تعني الشعور باللذة الجنسية فقط حين يكون الفعل الجنسي مصحوبا بالإهانة اللفظية والعنف الجسدي للشخص المازوكي. ويعتقد فرويد أن الشخص المازوكي لا يستطيع الشعور باللذة الجنسية في الأحوال العادية نظرا لشعوره بالقلق وإحساسه بالذنب لذلك فالإيذاء الجسدي أو المعنوي يخففان من هذه المشاعر ويسمحان بالشعور باللذة الجنسية وكأنهما غطاء لابد منه للوصول إلى هذا الشعور.

أسبابها
أما عن أسبابها فهي ليست معروفة بالتحديد ولكن علماء النفس خاصة التحليليون يرون أن الشخص المازوكي يتعين أو يتماهى بأمه (يتقمص دورها الأنثوي) بدلا من أبيه خاصة إذا كان الطفل قريبا من أمه بدرجة زائدة وشعر أنها مظلومة من أبيه أو من غيره فهنا يتعاطف معها ويحب دائما أن يكون في وضع المظلوم مثلها حتى يخفف من مشاعر الذنب حيالها والمازوكي لديه شعور عميق بالذنب (ربما لوجود مشاعر عدوانية أو جنسية بداخله) لذلك يحتاج للإيذاء النفسي والجسدي للتخفيف من هذه المشاعر المؤلمة وساعتها يشعر بالراحة أو بالنشوة.

المازوكي يشعر بالوحدة والخوف من هجر الحبيب لذلك فهو يعشق دور المظلوم والضحية لكي يكسب عطف الناس واهتمامهم. بناء على ما سبق يمكن القول بأن الخلافات بين الوالدين في طفولتك وتعرض والدتك للظلم من أقارب والدك ربما يكونا قد دفعاك في طفولتك المبكرة لكي تتعين بالوالدة وتتعلق بدور المظلوم وتنشد الإهانة والتعذيب للتخفيف من مشاعر الذنب وللتخفيف من مشاعر الوحدة ومخاوفها.

لا توجد دراسات منضبطة في عالمنا العربي تشير إلى نسبة المازوكية بين الذكور أو في البشر عموما ويبدو أن ذلك صعب منهجيا لأن مجالات السلوكيات المازوكية العامة واسعة جدا ومتنوعة، في حين أن المصابين بالمازوكية الجنسية غالبا ما يفضلون عدم البوح بها. العلاج المستخدم في مثل هذه الحالات هو العلاج النفسي المتوجه نحو الاستبصار (Insight oriented psychotherapy) ويتم من خلال عدد من الجلسات النفسية الفردية التي يصل من خلالها الشخص المازوكي (بمساعدة المعالج) إلى جذور مشاعر الذنب وهي غالبا ما تكون دفعات عدائية يريد أن يعاقب نفسه عليها حتى يستريح، أو يرى أسباب تعينه بأمه وفشله في التعين بأبيه في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة، أو يرى وحدته القاسية وخوفه من الهجر وبالتالي يسعى لاجتذاب الاهتمام والتعاطف من خلال دور المظلوم والمعذب والمحبط.

كلمة مازوخية Masochism تعني استعذاب تلقي الألم، ومقابلتها كلمة السادية Sadism التي تعني استعذاب إحداث الألم في الآخر،(ولا ندري إن كان هناك مرادفان بالعربية لهاتين الكلمتين)، ومعنى الاستعذاب هنا هو الربط بالمتعة، والمهم أن نوع الألم المقصود، ونوع المتعة المقصودة يختلف اختلافات شاسعة حسب الاستخدام، فقد تكونُ السادية أو المازوخية كلمةً تستخدمُ عند الحديث عن سمات شخص ما أو عن طريقة تفكير شخص ما في أمورٍ بعيدةٍ تماما عن الجنس، وقد تستخدم الكلمات عند الحديث عن علاقات الأفراد بعضهم ببعض فهذا سادي وذاك مازوخي، وقد تستخدم لوصف علاقة رئيس عمل مثلا بمرؤوسيه فهو سادي في استعباده لهم، وقد تستخدم حتى في وصف السياسة بين الدول أو سلوكيات زعمائها، وهكذا.

لنقصر كلامنا على بعدي السادية والمازوخية كبعدين نفسيين، لأقول لك أنهما مرتبطان ببعضهما في الوقت الذي يظهران فيه كمتناقضين، فهناك من نجده ساديا في بعض نواحي شخصيته وسلوكياته، ومازوخيا في نواحٍ أخرى، وقد تكونُ لهذه الكلمات علاقة بحالتك، وهناك من بين مرضى الاضطراب النفسجنسي المسمى بالسادية – المازوخية، من يستمتع فقط بتلقي الألم ومن يستمتع فقط بإحداث الألم وهناك أيضًا من يستمتع بكليهما معا.

فأولاً يوجد في العملية الجنسية الطبيعية شيء من السادية من قبل الذكر ومن المازوخية من قبل الأنثى، ولكن ذلك عندما يتم في إطار من الحب، فإن الأمور ستكون مقبولة فسيكونُ من المقبول أن تتقبل الأنثى بعضًا من سادية الرجل على أنها جزءٌ طبيعي من الذكورة، ولذلك السبب أصبح الأمر يمثل مشكلةً عندما نرى رجلا مازوخيا لأن ذلك يتنافي مع الذكورة.

هذا يختلف عنه عندما يتم في إطار من الإهانة أو التعذيب، ومن المهم أن أنبّه هنا إلى أن ما يحدثُ في بعض حالات السادية المازوخية يختلف من مجرد استخدام بعض الغلظة أو العنف إلى حد الضرب واللسع بالنار، والجرح، وحتى القتل في لحظات الشبق  (الرغبة الجنسية الشديدة وليس قمة المتعة أو النشوة الجنسية كما يظن البعض فيطلقونها على الإرجاز ، ويحدث ذلك بالأخص عندما يكونُ أحد الطرفين ساديا والآخر مازوخيا.

السادية-المازوخية هي أحد اضطرابات التفضيل الجنسي، والتي يحدثُ فيها ارتباطٌ بين القدرة على الأداء الجنسي الممتع وبين إحداث أو استقبال الألم من أحد الطرفين.

من المهم بعد ذلك أن اضطرابات التفضيل الجنسي أو ما كانوا يسمونه بالشذوذات أو الانحرافات الجنسية ، هي في الأصل اضطرابات تكون في الرجال، ونادرًا جدا تكون في الإناث، ودائما ما تقتصر تلك الحالات النادرة في الإناث على المازوخية، ونادرًا ما تسببُ مشاكل تستدعي اللجوء للطبيب النفسي.

طالع أيضا
 جنس توثيني

مراجع

أغراض دينية
تشخيص الأمراض النفسية
دكاكيرية

مازوخية


كرشاسب نامه ملحمة فارسية بطلها كرشاسپ. وهي أكثر القصص شيوعا وأقدمها فيما يظهر.

نظمت بين سنتي 456 و458 هـ. ويقول ناظمها أسدي الطوسي في مقدّمتها أن بعض الكبراء قال له إن الفردوسى حاز صيتا رفيعا، واقترح عليه أن يجاريه في نظم بعض التواريخ القديمة. ثم يذكر أن أمامه كُتبا فيها سير وعِبر وأنه ينظم عنها، ثم يعدّد هزائم رستم بطل أبطال الشاهنامه، ويفضّل عليه جدّه كرشاسپ الذي فعل في الهند والصين والروم ما لم يستطعه رستم. ثم يتناول أسرة رستم من أوّلها فيذكر جمشيد إلى كرشاسپ بطل قصته فيفض في تبيين مآثره.

و يقول المؤلف إنّ قصته آلاف بيت. وكثيرا ما يخلط النساخ أبياتا من هذه القصة بالشاهنامه.

شجرة الأسرة

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 برزونامه
 جهانكيرنامه

أدب فارسي
كتب القرن 11
ملاحم
أساطير فارسية

قصائد ملحمية في الفارسية

كرشاسب نامة


This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1981.

Events

February
 5 – Toronto police raid city bathhouses, arresting 286 people and charging 20 for operating a brothel (see Operation Soap). No sex work was uncovered.
 6 – About 3,000 protestors stage the largest-ever sit in protests in Toronto streets to decry city police raids on bath houses. This became seen as Toronto's version of the Stonewall Riots.
 10 – In the United States, Christian advocacy group Moral Majority announces a $3 million fund to fight against homosexuality in San Francisco, California.
 20 – Protest crowds in Toronto swell to 4,000 in the fight to stop police crackdown on bathhouses.

March
 1 – The Billy DeFrank Lesbian and Gay Community Center first opens its doors in a two-room store front in downtown San Jose, California.
 6 – Toronto Gay Community Council holds first meeting.

April
 4 – First Gay Pride Parade takes place in Paris.

May
 In France, the government of François Mitterrand repeals Mirguet Amendment. A reform of the sex offences law equalises the age of consent (effect August 4th the following year).
 14 – The Reagan administration cancels the White House's subscription to The Advocate.

June
 5 – The United States Centers for Disease Control receives the first known reports of what would come to be known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), found in the gay communities of Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco.

July
 3 – The New Democratic Party of Canada calls for amending the "bawdyhouse" section of the Canadian Criminal Code, which is often used to raid gay bathhouses.

October
 22 — European Court of Human Rights judgment in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom evaluates Northern Ireland's criminalisation of homosexual acts between consenting adults as contrary to the right to respect to private life.

December
 1 – The legislature of the Canadian province of Ontario defeats an amendment which would have added "sexual orientation" to the human rights code.

See also

Timeline of LGBT history – timeline of events from 12,000 BCE to present
LGBT rights by country or territory – current legal status around the world
LGBT social movements

References

LGBT rights by year
1981 in LGBT history

1981 in LGBT rights


Betty Blue – 37,2 grader om morgenen (fransk: 37°2 le matin) er en fransk film fra 1986, instrueret af Jean-Jacques Beineix, med Béatrice Dalle og Jean-Hugues Anglade i hovedrollerne. Den er baseret på en roman fra 1985 med samme franske titel af Philippe Djian. Filmen blev nomineret til både en Bafta og en Oscar i 1986, begge for "Bedste fremmedsprogede film".

Filmen vandt stor anerkendelse på grund af Gabriel Yareds musik og Jean-François Robins billeder og blev en af flere trendsættere for 1980'ernes franske film.

Titlen hentyder til, at morgentemperaturen for en gravid kvinde normalt er 37,2 °C.

Filmen blev i 2005 udsendt i en director's cut-udgave på 186 minutter, mere end en time længere end den oprindelige biografversion.

Handling

Zorg (Jean-Hugues Anglade), en 34-årig forfatterspire, er handymand for et lille beboelsesområde af træhuse på en strand i Sydfrankrig. Han er kæreste med den 19-årige, lidenskabelige og energiske Betty (Béatrice Dalle). Efter et opgør med Zorgs chef brænder hun hans hus ned, og parret flytter til udkanten af Paris, hvor Bettys ven Lisa (Consuelo de Haviland) har et hotel. Bettys temperament kommer imidlertid i vejen igen, og hun begynder at ønske at blive gravid - deraf filmens titel.

Men Betty bliver ikke gravid, og samtidig afvises Zorgs manuskript fra flere forlag. Betty synker ned i en depression, og parret falder videre mod selvdestruktion, til hun bliver indlagt på et sindssygehospital, hvor Zorg slår hende ihjel - netop som hans manuskript accepteres af et forlag. Herefter finder Zorg ro til at skrive igen.

Medvirkende
 Béatrice Dalle: Betty
 Jean-Hugues Anglad: Zorg
 Gérard Darmon: Eddy
 Consuelo de Haviland: Lisa
 Clémentine Célarié: Annie
 Jacques Mathou: Bob
 Vincent Lindon: Richard (ung politibetjent)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Franske film fra 1986
Komediefilm fra Frankrig
Romantiske film

Betty Blue – 37,2 grader om morgenen


Human Rights Film Festival (engleski za Festival filma o ljudskim pravima), poznatiji po skraćenici HRFF, međunarodni je neprofitni filmski festival koji se u Hrvatskoj održava od 2002. godine s ciljem unaprjeđenja vidljivosti raznih tema s područja ljudskih prava u mediju filma.

Povijest
HRFF je započeo 14. prosinca 2002. godine u Zagrebu u suorganizaciji udruga Multimedijalni institut (Mi2) i Udruženje za razvoj kulture (URK), poznatijim po svojim klupskim prostorima MaMa i Močvara. Organizacijski tim uključivao je članove obje organizacije: Emina Višnić, Ivan Ramljak, Kina Kovačevič, Janja Sesar, uz  savjetnike: Vanja Nikolić, Teodor Celakoski i podršku One World Film Festivala (iz Praga). Već u prvom izdanju ugostio je međunarodne i regionalne goste. Prvi umjetnički direktor festivala je bio hrvatski filmski redatelj Ivan Ramljak, a tadašnji koncept festivala bilo je prikazivanje dokumentarnih filmova o ljudskim pravima. Danas je koncept proširen pa se prikazuju i dokumentarni i igrani filmovi koji se i dalje dotiču tematike ljudskih prava.

Od 2007. godine HRFF ima novu lokaciju koja im služi kao centralna lokacija za organizaciju festivala, a riječ je o prostorima Kina Europa u centru Zagreba. Festival se svake godine tradicionalno održava na nekoliko mjesta u Zagrebu te zasad na jednoj lokaciji u Rijeci.

Svake godine program festivala ima svoju vlastitu temu u centru pozornosti pa se kroz nedavna izdanja festivala bavilo pitanjima društvene pravde, javnosti, zemlje, životom Roma u Europi, izbjeglištva i izbjegličke krize te brojnih drugih. HRFF se s repriznim i promotivnim programima prezentirao i u Rijeci i drugdje u Hrvatskoj, a od početka pandemije COVID-19 djelomično ili potpuno online. Festival se do sada održao devetnaest puta, posljednji put od 5. do 12. prosinca 2021. godine.

Lokacije festivala

Human Rights Film Festival se održava u dva grada, Zagrebu i Rijeci, te su lokacije u tim gradovima podložne promjenama, ovisno o programu festivala za tu godinu. Doduše, neke od lokacija (pogotovo one koje se smatraju centralnim za sam festival i organizatore festivala) ponavljaju svake godine.

Lokacije u Zagrebu na kojima se održavao program 19. Human Rights Film Festival jesu:
 Kino Europa
 Kino Tuškanac
 Klub Mama
 Klub Močvara
 Književni klub Booksa
 Medijateka Francuskog instituta
 Galerija Nova
 Klasična gimnazija
 Centar za integraciju izbjeglica - SOL

Lokacija na kojoj se festival održava u Rijeci je:
 Art-kino Croatia

Partneri festivala

Uz dva organizatora festivala se nalaze i ostali partneri koji kroz svoju redovitu podršku (programsku ili u resursima) omogućuju kontinuitet i razvoj festivala:

 Filmaktiv
 Art-kino Croatia
 Kino Tuškanac
 Booksa
 What, How & for Whom (WHW)
 Kulturtreger
 Ured za informiranje Europskog parlamenta u RH
 Ured za ljudska prava i prava nacionalnih manjina Vlade RH
 Ured Pučke pravobraniteljice
 Zaklada Solidarna
 Centar za žene žrtve rata - Rosa
 Izvor (udruga)
 Platforma za reproduktivnu pravdu
 Roda (udruga)
 U dobroj vjeri
 GONG
 Prekinimo šutnju
 Kuća ljudskih prava
 Human Rights House Foundation (Fondacija kuća ljudskih prava)
 Centar za mirovne studije
 Lazareti – kreativna četvrt Dubrovnika
 Isusovačka služba za izbjeglice
 Udruga za samozastupanje
 SOIH – Zajednica saveza osoba s invaliditetom Hrvatske
 Dugine obitelji
 Documenta
 RoUm
 ProPuh
 Domino (udruga)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Mrežne stranice Human Rights Film Festival
 Human Rights Film Festival na Facebooku

Hrvatski filmski festivali
Nezavisna kultura u Hrvatskoj
Filmska umjetnost

Human Rights Film Festival


තුන් ප්‍රයාමය යනු විඳ දරා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව හා බැඳුනු විෂයයන් තුනක් අඛණ්ඩව සහ අනුක්‍රමිකව නිම කිරීමේ බහු-අදියර තරගයකි. ක්‍රීඩාවේ විවිධ මාදිලි පැවතුණත් වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය වන්නේ පිහිනීම, පාපැදි ධාවනය සහ දිවීම ඇතුළත් ආකාරය යි. මෙහිදී විවිධ දුර ප්‍රමාන වඩාත් ඉක්මනින් අවසන් කිරීම අපේක්ෂා කරයි. Triathlon යන ඉංග්‍රීසි වචනය සෑදී ඇත්තේ ග්‍රීක භාෂාවේ තුන යන අරුත සහිත τρεῖς (ට්‍රෙයිස්)  සහ ක්‍රීඩාව යන අරුත සහිත ἆθλος (ඇත්ලොස්) යන වචන එක් වීමෙනි.

ක්‍රීඩා

තුන් ප්‍රයාමය


Gerhard Vogel (* 9. Jänner 1944 in Wien; † 3. Oktober 2022 ebenda) war ein zuletzt emeritierter österreichischer Universitätsprofessor, der an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien lehrte. Er gilt als "'Vater' der getrennten Sammlung von Altstoffen in Österreich."

Leben
Gerhard Vogel lernte Nachrichtentechnik und Elektronik am Technologischen Gewerbemuseum und machte seinen Abschluss am 25. Juni 1964. An der Hochschule für Welthandel studierte er Betriebswirtschaftslehre und promovierte in Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften zum Thema "Der Beitrag des Recyclings zur Stabilisierung des techno-sozio-ökonomischen System". 1982 wurde er an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien habilitiert und erhielt seine Venia docendi für "Allgemeine Technologie und Warenwirtschaftslehre unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Abfallwirtschaft" mit dem besonderen Habilitationsteil "Der Beitrag der Ressourcenökonomie zur Minimierung der Entropieproduktion der irreversiblen Wirtschaftsprozesse im offenen System Erde".

Von 1978 bis 1992 war Vogel als Mitarbeiter im Zellcheming-Fachausschuß für Altpapierverwertung des Verbands deutscher Papierfabriken e.V. tätig. Für Österreich war er als Vertreter in der Waste Management Policy Group des Environment Committee der OECD-Paris tätig. Neben seiner Lehrtätigkeit in Wien war er außerdem von 1992 bis 1993 Lehrbeauftragter an der Universität Innsbruck. Seit 1985 ist er Mitglied der Ökologiekommission der österreichischen Bundesregierung und Leiter des Arbeitskreises Entsorgung. 1990 wurde er Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirates für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlastensanierung des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Jugend und Familie. Als Konsulent der Organisation der Vereinten Nationen für industrielle Entwicklung (UNIDO) und OECD reiste er nach Hongkong, Peking und die Volksrepublik China. Im April 1994 wurde er Vorstand des Institutes für Technologie und Warenwirtschaftslehre. Er emeritierte am 30. September 2012.

Vogel war einer der führenden Experten der österreichischen Abfallwirtschaft mit etwa 600 Publikationen zu den Themen Abfallwirtschaft und Recycling.

Ab 1968 war Vogel Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung K.Ö.H.V. Mercuria Wien im ÖCV.

Mitgliedschaften
 ÖGWT – Österreichische Gesellschaft für Warenwissenschaften und Technologie: Präsident bis 3. Oktober 2022
 IGWT – Internationale Gesellschaft für Warenwissenschaften und Technologie: Geschäftsführender Vizepräsident bis 3. Oktober 2022

Auszeichnungen
 Kaplan-Medaille des Österreichischen Patentinhaber- und Erfinderverbandes für das Patent auf Glassammelfahrzeuge

Schriften
Publikationsliste Gerhard Vogel

Ganzschriften
 Grundsätze und Ziele der Abfallminimierung. Zusammen mit Heinz Rassaerts und Thomas Wiederstein. Wien 1999.
 Household Hazardous Waste Survey. Wien 1994.
 Die Verpackungsverordnung. Handbuch für Multiplikatoren  Wien 1993.
 Recycling – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Abfallverwertung Wien: Service-Fachverlag 1984.
 Der Beitrag der Ressourcenökonomie zur Minimierung der Entropieproduktion der irreversiblen Wirtschaftsprozesse im offenen System Erde. Habilitationsschrift. Wien 1982.
 Der Beitrag des Recyclings zur Stabilisierung des techno-sozio-ökonomischen Systems, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Abfallwirtschaft. Wien 1978 (Dissertation)

Herausgeberschriften
 Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Technologie und nachhaltiges Produktmanagement
 Nachhaltiges Ressourcenmanagement und Umwelttechnologie: Die Haushaltsgeräte- und Waschmittelindustrie – Waschmaschinen und Waschprozesse im Spannungsfeld Technik, Wirtschaft und Ökologie. Seminararbeiten des WS 2008/2009. Zusammen mit Gerhard Heger. Wien: 2009.
 Value and Recovery: From Waste to Resource, 9th International Conference on Waste Management, Vienna 16 – 18 November 2009 Zusammen mit Gerhard Heger und Marion Korwik. Wien 2009.
 Commodity Science and Sustainable Development, Volume 2: Proceedings, 11th IGWT Symposion. Wien 1999.
 Commodity Science and Sustainable Development, Volume 1: Proceedings, Keynotes, Appeals, Requests, 11th IGWT Symposion. Wien 1997.
 Handbuch zur umweltschonenden Beschaffung in Österreich. Wien 1992.
 Auf der Suche nach dem Gemeinsamen – Technik/Wirtschaft/Ökologie. Wien 1991.

Weblinks

  auf der Website der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien
 Publikationsverzeichnis
 Presseaussendung OTS Vater der Mülltrennung verstorben

Einzelnachweise

Sozialwissenschaftler
Ökonom (20. Jahrhundert)
Ökonom (21. Jahrhundert)
Person (Abfallwirtschaft)
Hochschullehrer (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien)
Absolvent der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien
Österreicher
Geboren 1944
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Gerhard Vogel (Sozialwissenschaftler)


Ferhad Paşa Camisi, Çatalca'da bir cami.

1575 yılında Ferhat Paşa tarafından Çatalca tepesinin eteğine Mimar Sinan'a yaptırılmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Sinan'a Saygi Projesi internet sitesi, Sinan ve eserleri ile ilgili kapsamlı bilgi

Mimar Sinan'ın eserleri
Çatalca'daki yapılar
İstanbul'daki Osmanlı camileri
1575'te tamamlanan yapılar
1570'lerde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1570'lerde tamamlanan camiler

Ferhad Paşa Camii (Çatalca)


RF güç yükselteçleri, radyo frekansında çalışan vericilerde gerekli kazancı ve gücü sağlayan, genelde anteni besleyen devre elemanıdır.

Yüksek güçte çalıştığı için sistemin en çok akım çeken ve en çok ısı üreten parçasıdır. Özellikle cep telefonu gibi taşınabilir cihazlarda verimliliği, doğrudan pil ömrünü etkilediği için çok önemli bir rol oynar. Cep telefonlarında kullanılanlarının çıkış güçleri 2 Watt ile (33dBm, GSM) 250 mWatt (24dBm, UMTS) arasında değişir.

Önemli parametreleri şunlardır:

 Doğrusallık
 Verimlilik
 Kazanç
 Çıkış gücü
 Çalışma sıcaklığı
 Sınıf (A, B, C, D, E, F gibi sınıfları vardır)

Yükseltecin sınıfını, transistörün çıkıştaki DC akımının, 360 derecelik periyodun ne kadarında aktığı (yani DC besleme noktası) belirler. Örneğin A sınıfı olanlarda bu akım (FET için Id, Bipolar için Ic) sürekli akmaktadır. A sınıfının özelliği doğrusallığının yüksek, verimliliğinin düşük olmasıdır. B sınıfında bu akım sadece periyodun yarısında (180 Derece) akmaktadır. Verimlilik artarken doğrusallıkta bozulmalar olur. Verimlilik ile doğrusallık bu tür devrelerde bir biriyle çelişki halindedir, yani birini iyileştirirken diğeri bozulur. C sınıfı, A sınıfı ile B sınıfının arasında, verimlilikten ve doğrusallıktan uygun tavizler verilen orta bir noktadadır.

Elektronik devre elemanları

RF güç yükselteçleri


Jedan i jedan, treći je studijski album zagrebačke hip-hop/rap grupe Tram 11. Album je objavljen 14. siječnja 2022., a izdavač bio je Menart.

Sadržaj nekih pjesama izazvao je podijeljene reakcije u stručnoj i kasnije široj javnosti, a mnogi su album opisali kontroverznim, te ga 24. siječnja 2022. izdavač Menart uz ispriku povlači iz prodaje i prekida suradnju s Tram 11. Album potom izlazi pod novoosnovanom izdavačkom kućom "Pad sistema records".

Popis pjesama

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Jedan i jedan na Discogsu, discogs.com

Albumi sastava Tram 11
Albumi iz 2022.

Jedan i jedan


La saison 2022 des Dragons catalans, franchise française de rugby à XIII en Super League, constitue leur dix-septième participation à cette ligue. L'entraîneur anglais Steve McNamara, arrivé le , effectue sa sixième saison au club. Benjamin Garcia conserve son rôle de capitaine des Dragons obtenu en 2021.

Ayant pris part à la finale de la Super League perdue contre St Helens la saison précédente, les Dragons Catalans ambitionnent pour un premier titre. Après une première partie de saison réussie, occupant le podium à la  journée, les Dragons Catalans connaissent une difficulté à bien terminer la saison régulière en terminant . Qualifiés pour la phase finale, les Dragons accueillent Leeds,  de la saison régulière, mais perdent 10-20. En Challenge Cup, les Dragons sont battus 2-36 en quarts de finale par St Helens après avoir éliminé Featherstone en seizième de finale (27-14).

Déroulement de la saison

Transferts

Pré-saison

Saison régulière et Challenge Cup

Sortie prématurée en phase finale

Résultats

Saison régulière 2022 de Super League

Challenge Cup 2022

Statistiques

Le tableau suivant résume les statistiques des joueurs des Dragons Catalans en Super League et Challenge Cup pour la saison 2022.

Classement et phase finale de la Super League

Classement

|}

Attribution des points : deux points sont attribués pour une victoire, un point pour un match nul, aucun point en cas de défaite.

Phase finale

Trophées et honneurs en championnat

Individuel

En Super League, le rôle de botteur fut partagé entre Sam Tomkins avec 49 réalisations et Arthur Mourgue avec 26 réalisations. Tomkins atteint ainsi la septième place des réalisations de la saison régulière. Tomkins est le meilleur marqueur de points du club français avec 111 points inscrits suivis par Fouad Yaha avec 80 points et Mourgue avec 64 points. Yaha est en effet le meilleur marqueur d'essais des Dragons Catalans avec 20 essais inscrits devant Mitchell Pearce (10 essais), Samisoni Langi (8 essais) et Matthieu Laguerre (8 essais).

Dans l'équipe type de la saison en Super League, aucun joueur des Dragons Catalans n'est sélectionné.

Collectif

Au classement général en saison régulière, les Dragons catalans ont la huitième meilleure attaque avec 539 points marqués. Sur le plan défensif, les Dragons Catalans ont la quatrième meilleure défense avec 513 points encaissés.

Joueurs en sélection nationale

Couverture médiatique

Sky Sports retransmet les matchs disputés à l'extérieur sur le sol britannique. Pour la Challenge Cup, les diffusions sont assurées par la BBC. En France, après plusieurs années de retransmission, la chaîne de télévision BeIN Sport avait décidé de ne pas renouveler le contrat à partir de l'année 2020, néanmoins à l'orée de cette saison 2022 suivant la finale de la Super League disputée par les Dragons Catalans, BeIn Sport réintègre les Dragons Catalans dans ses programmes pour la saison 2022.

Dans la presse, les résultats et rapports des matchs sont diffusés dans des quotidiens tels que L'Équipe (épisodiquement) ou L'Indépendant (systématiquement) en France. Le quotidien Midi Libre, édition Perpignan uniquement, s'intéressant parfois à la vie du club. Midi Olympique suit également les catalans dans la demi-page « Treize Actualité », qu'il consacre au rugby à XIII dans son édition « rouge », mais pas de manière continue. Cependant la victoire des Dragons catalans contre Wigan à Barcelone est relatée par la presse nationale (journal l'Équipe) et exceptionnellement par Midi Libre dans son édition « Sports  » régionale.

Au Royaume-Uni, l'hebdomadaire Rugby Leaguer & League Express suit de manière régulière et détaillée les Dragons, non seulement en tant qu'équipe de la Superleague, mais aussi en tant que club français. La revue a en effet des journalistes ou des éditorialistes spécialisés en rugby à XIII Français (Steve Brady et Pierre Carcau). Cependant, les articles ne sont rédigés qu'en anglais, puisqu'ils sont destinés à un lectorat britannique. À la marge d'autres magazines britanniques comme « Forty-20 » devraient également relater les matchs du club ainsi que le magazine australien Rugby League Review.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Catalans Dragons.com

Dragons catalans
Rugby à XIII en France en 2022

Saison 2022 des Dragons catalans


අලුත් ඔය සමූලඝාතනය (හබරණ සමූලඝාතනය) යනුවෙන් හැදින්වෙන්නේ 1987 අප්‍රියෙල් 17 වන දිනදී, දෙමළ කොටි ත්‍රස්ථවාදීන් විසින් හබරණ-ත්‍රිකුණාමලය මාර්ගයේ අලුත් ඔය ගම්මානය ආසන්නයේදී,  දරුවන්, කාන්තාවන් ඇතුළු අහිංසක සිවිල් වැසියන් 127 දෙනෙකු සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ සිද්ධිය වේ.
මෙම සමූල ඝාතනය ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිවිල් යුද්ධය පැවැති සමයේ එල්ටීටීඊ ය විසින් සිදුකරන ලද තවත් එක් වඩාත් අපකීර්තිමත් හා අමන අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැළකේ. එසේම එය එකල ගෙවීගිය වර්ෂ 100 ක කාලය තුල ලොව පුරා සිදුවූ ජීවිත 100 කට වඩා බිලිගත් දරුණුතම ත්‍රස්ථවාදී ප්‍රහාරයන්ගෙන් එකක් ලෙසද සැළකේ.

මේවාද බලන්න
 දෙමළ ඊලාම් විමුක්ති කොටි ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් සිවිල් වැසියන්ට එල්ල කල ප්‍රහාර ලයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

සිවිල් පුද්ගලයින් සමූලඝාතන - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

අලුත් ඔය සමූලඝාතනය


La saison 2021-2022 du Championnat du Kenya de football est la cinquante-huitième édition de la première division au Kenya, organisée sous forme de poule unique, la Premier League, où toutes les équipes se rencontrent deux fois au cours de la saison. En fin de saison, les deux derniers du classement sont relégués et remplacés par les deux meilleurs clubs de National Super League, la deuxième division kényane.

Le club de Tusker FC, tenant du titre, termine à la première place et remporte son  titre de champion.

Déroulement de la saison
Le championnat débute le 25 septembre 2021, après la  journée début novembre il est arrêté à cause de la situation sanitaire.

Le championnat reprend le 4 décembre 2021.

Après la saison, à cause de problèmes organisationnels, la fédération annule et invalide la saison 2021-2022.

Les clubs participants

Compétition
Le barème de points servant à établir le classement se décompose ainsi :
 Victoire : 3 points
 Match nul : 1 point
 Défaite : 0 point

Classement

|valign=top align=left width=50%|

|}
 Après trois forfaits, Mathare United est suspendu, tous les résultats après la  journée sont validé par une défaite 0 - 2.
 Deux matchs impliquant Ulinzi Stars, contre Sofapaka FC et AFC Leopards, n'ont pas été joué pour un problème de logistique.
 En fin de saison la fédération n'inscrit aucun club en compétitions continentales.

Bilan de la saison

Voir aussi

Références

Liens internes
 Championnat du Kenya de football

Liens externes
  Page complète sur la saison sur RSSSF

2021-2022
Kenya
2021 au Kenya
2022 au Kenya

Championnat du Kenya de football 2021-2022


زبيدة شهابلي أديبة شركسية تركية، وُلدت في المدينة المنورة في بلاد الحجاز عام 1909م. والدها عثمان فريد باشا من قبيلة الوبيخ الشركسية، وكان يشغل منصب شيخ الحرم النبوي للمسجد النبوي الشريف في المدينة المنورة. ووالدتها نفيسة هانم بنت الإمام غازي محمد ابن الإمام الأكبر المجاهد الإمام شامل .

تلقّت علومها الأولية على يد والدها، ثمّ تلقّت دراساتها النظامية العليا في كل من جنيف والكلّية الأمريكية في مدينة استانبول. درست الصحافة في باريس كما نالت دبلوماً من معهد الأنثولوجي في باريس. عملت كمراسلة صحفية في مدينة باريس لصحيفتي الجمهورية التركية والجمهورية الفرنسية في الفترة 1933- 1936م. نشرت الكثير من المقالات والقصص القصيرة والطويلة عن التاريخ القفقاسي في المجلات التركية والفرنسية كمجلة ليس أنا ليس ومجلة المساء، كما نشرتها في المجلات القفقاسية باللغتين الشركسية والروسية في الفترة 1934- 1939م. وكانت تكتب قصصها ومقالاتها باللغة الفرنسية ثم يتم ترجمتها إلى اللغات التركية والإنجليزية والروسية. أصدرت في إستانبول مجلة ( وحدة القفقاس ) في الفترة 1964- 1967م ، كما أصدرت مجلة ( شمال القفقاس ) عام 1970م. من الكتب التي أصدرتها كتاب ( عُشق القفقاس ) في استانبول عام 1944م، وكتاب ( آبرِك ) في استانبول عام 1977م ، وكتاب ( 4 حكايات قفقاسية) في أنقرة عام 1971م بالاشتراك مع آخرين. نُشِرت مقالاتها وقصصها في مختلف الصحف والمجلات، وبمختلف اللغات العربية والإنجليزية والفرنسية والتركية والشركسية والروسية والإندونيسية والباكستانية والأفغانية.

أعلام الشراكسة
شراكسة أتراك

زبيدة شهابلي


HMS Kandahar (F28) was a K-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s, named after the Afghan city of Kandahar.

Description
The K-class destroyers were repeats of the preceding J class, except that they were not fitted for minesweeping gear. They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They were powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave them a range of  at . The ship's complement was 183 officers and men.

The ships were armed with six 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in twin mounts, two superfiring in front of the bridge and one aft of the superstructure. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had one quadruple mount for 2-pounder "pom-pom" guns and two quadruple mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III anti-aircraft machinegun. The K-class ships were fitted with two above-water quintuple mounts for  torpedoes. The ship was fitted with two depth charge throwers and one rack for 20 depth charges.

Construction and career
Kandahar was launched on 21 March 1939. On 21 February 1941, in company with sister ship  and the cruiser , she captured the German blockade runner  off Iceland. On 19 December 1941, she was part of British Force K, tasked to intercept an Italian convoy bound for Tripoli when she was irreparably damaged by a newly laid Italian mine whilst attempting to rescue the stricken cruiser . She was scuttled the next day by the destroyer . 73 men went down with the ship.

Notes

References

External links
 HMS Neptune Association, includes information on the sinking of HMS Kandahar

J, K and N-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1939 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in December 1941
Ships sunk by mines

HMS Kandahar


පල්ලිය, පල්ලි ගොඩනැගිල්ල හෝ පල්ලි නිවස යනු ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාර සේවා සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමික කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා කරන ගොඩනැගිල්ලකි. 233 සහ 256 අතර ආරම්භ කරන ලද පැරණිතම ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලිය වන්නේ ගෘහ දේවස්ථානයකි. 11 සිට 14 වන සියවස දක්වා බටහිර යුරෝපයේ පල්ලි ඉදිකිරීමේ රැල්ලක් පැවතුනි.

සමහර විට, "පල්ලිය" යන වචනය වෙනත් ආගම්වල ගොඩනැගිලි සඳහා සාදෘශ්‍ය ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි. සමස්තයක් ලෙස ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමික ප්‍රජාව හෝ ලොව පුරා සිටින ක්‍රිස්තියානි ඇදහිලිවන්තයන්ගේ ශරීරයක් හෝ රැස්වීමක් විස්තර කිරීමට ද "පල්ලිය" භාවිතා වේ.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රිස්තියානි ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය තුළ, පල්ලියක සැලසුම් දැක්ම බොහෝ විට ක්‍රිස්තියානි කුරුසයක් ලෙස සාදයි; මධ්‍ය අයිලය සහ ආසන සිරස් කදම්භය නියෝජනය කරන අතර බෙමාව සහ පූජාසනය තිරස්ව සාදයි. කුළුණු හෝ ගෝලාකාර ගර්භය ස්වර්ගය ගැන මෙනෙහි කිරීමට පෙළඹවිය හැක. නූතන පල්ලිවල විවිධ වාස්තුවිද්‍යාත්මක ශෛලිය සහ පිරිසැලසුම් ඇත. වෙනත් අරමුණු සඳහා නිර්මාණය කරන ලද සමහර ගොඩනැගිලි පල්ලි බවට පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර බොහෝ මුල් පල්ලි ගොඩනැගිලි වෙනත් භාවිතයන් සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

නිරුක්තිය

"පල්ලිය" යන වචනය පැරැණි ඉංග්‍රීසි , "ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාරය සඳහා වෙන් කර ඇති එක්රැස්වීමේ ස්ථානය" යන වචනයෙන් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත්තේ ප්‍රොටෝ-ජර්මානු "කිරිකා" යන්නෙනි. මෙය බොහෝ විට පැරණි ග්‍රීක , , "The Lord's (house)", , "ryler, lord" වෙතින් ගොතික් භාෂාව හරහා භාවිතයට ගන්නට ඇත.  අනෙක් අතට පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රෝටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා මූලයෙන් වන   එනම් "ඉදිමීම" යන්නයි.

ග්‍රීකයන් , "ස්වාමින්ගේ" යන අරුත ඇති වචනය,  සිට ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාර නිවාසවල, විශේෂයෙන් නැඟෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ භාවිතා කර ඇත, නමුත් මෙම අර්ථයම ඇති වෙනත් වචන වන  හෝ  වලට වඩා අඩුවෙන් පොදු විය.

ඉතිහාසය

Antiquity

The earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a house church (domus ecclesiae), the Dura-Europos church, founded between 233 and 256.===පෞරාණිකත්වය===

 , 233 සහ 256 අතර ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඩුරා-යුරෝපොස් පල්ලිය ගෘහ දේවස්ථානයකි ('ඩොමස් එක්ලෙසියා'). මෙය පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මකව හඳුනාගෙන ඇති පැරණිතම ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලිය කි.

ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 3 වැනි සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාරය සඳහා ප්‍රථම අරමුණින් ගොඩනඟන ලද ශාලා (ඕලා එක්ලෙසියා) ඉදිකිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ඊළඟ ශතවර්ෂයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ඩයොක්ලීටියානු පීඩාවේදී විනාශයට පත් වුවද. මහා කොන්ස්ටන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලන සමයේදී ඊටත් වඩා විශාල හා වඩාත් සවිස්තරාත්මක පල්ලි පෙනෙන්නට පටන් ගත්තේය.

Medieval times
From the 11th through the 14th centuries, a wave of cathedral-building and construction of smaller parish churches occurred across Western Europe. Besides serving as a place of worship, the cathedral or parish church was frequently employed as a general gathering-place by the communities in which they were located, hosting such events as guild meetings, banquets, mystery plays, and fairs. Church grounds and buildings were also used for the threshing and storage of grain.

Romanesque architecture
Between 1000 and 1200 the romanesque style became popular across Europe. The romanesque style is defined by large and bulky edifices that are typically made up of simple, compact, sparsely decorated geometric structures. Frequent features of the Romanesque church include circular arches, round or octagonal towers and cushion capitals on pillars. In the early romanesque era, coffering on the ceiling was fashionable, while later in the same era, groined vault gained popularity. Interiors widened and the motifs of sculptures took on more epic traits and themes.

Gothic architecture

The Gothic style emerged around 1140 in Île-de-France and subsequently spread throughout Europe. Gothic churches lost the compact qualities of the romanesque era and decorations often contained symbolic and allegorical features. The first pointed arches, rib vaults and buttresses began to appear, all possessing geometric properties that reduced the need for large, rigid walls to ensure structural stability. This also permitted the size of windows to increase, producing brighter and lighter interiors. Nave ceilings became higher and pillars and steeples grew taller. Many architects used these developments to push the limits of structural possibility, an inclination which resulted in the collapse of several towers possessing designs that had unwittingly exceeded the boundaries of soundness. In Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, it became popular to build hall churches, a style in which every vault would be built to the same height.

Gothic cathedrals were lavishly designed, as in the romanesque era, and many share romanesque traits. However, several also exhibit unprecedented degrees of detail and complexity in decoration. The Notre-Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Reims in France, as well as the San Francesco d'Assisi in Palermo, and the Salisbury Cathedral and Wool Church in England and Santhome Church in Chennai, India shows the elaborate stylings characteristic of Gothic cathedrals.

Some of the most well-known gothic churches remained unfinished for centuries, after the gothic style fell out of popularity. The construction of the Cologne Cathedral, which was begun in 1248, halted in 1473, and not resumed until 1842 is one such example.

Renaissance

In the 15th and 16th century, the change in ethics and society due to the Renaissance and the Reformation also influenced the building of churches. The common style was much like the gothic style, but in a simplified way. The basilica was not the most popular type of church anymore, but instead hall churches were built. Typical features are columns and classical capitals.

In Protestant churches, where the proclamation of God's Word is of special importance, the visitor's line of view is directed towards the pulpit.

Baroque architecture

The Baroque style was first used in Italy around 1575. From there it spread to the rest of Europe and to the European colonies. During the baroque era, the building industry increased heavily. Buildings, even churches, were used as indicators for wealth, authority and influence. The use of forms known from the renaissance were extremely exaggerated. Domes and capitals were decorated with moulding and the former stucco sculptures were replaced by fresco paintings on the ceilings. For the first time, churches were seen as one connected work of art and consistent artistic concepts were developed. Instead of long buildings, more central-plan buildings were created. The sprawling decoration with floral ornamentation and mythological motives raised until about 1720 to the Rococo era.

The Protestant parishes preferred lateral churches, in which all the visitors could be as close as possible to the pulpit and the altar.

ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය

පල්ලි සඳහා පොදු ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පයක් වන්නේ කුරුසයක හැඩයයි. (දිගු මධ්‍යම සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රයක්, පැති සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රයක් සහ පූජාසනය අවකාශය හෝ අභයභූමිය සඳහා ඉදිරිපස සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රයක්). මෙම පල්ලිවල බොහෝ විට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ඩෝමයක් හෝ වෙනත් විශාල සුරක්ෂිතාගාර අවකාශයක් ඇත. පල්ලි සඳහා වන අනෙකුත් පොදු හැඩතල අතරට කවයක්, සදාකාලිකත්වය නියෝජනය කිරීම හෝ පල්ලිය ලෝකයට ආලෝකය ගෙන ඒම නියෝජනය කිරීම සඳහා අෂ්ටාෂ්‍රය හෝ සමාන තරු හැඩයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. තවත් පොදු ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ පල්ලියේ "බටහිර" කෙළවරේ හෝ හරස් කිරීම මත ඇති උස කුළුණකි.

බොහෝ ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලිවල තවත් පොදු ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ ඉදිරිපස පූජාසනයේ නැගෙනහිර දිශානතියයි. බොහෝ විට, පූජාසනය නැඟෙනහිර දෙසට නොව හිරු නැඟෙන දිශාවට යොමු කෙරේ. මෙම සම්ප්‍රදාය 4 වන සියවසේ බයිසැන්තියම් වලින් ආරම්භ වූ අතර 8 සිට 9 වන සියවස දක්වා බටහිර රටවල ප්‍රචලිත විය.
බටහිර කෙළවරේ පූජාසනය සහ නැගෙනහිරින් පිවිසුම තිබීමේ පැරණි රෝම චාරිත්‍රය සමහර විට 11 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී පවා ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් පාලනය යටතේ උතුරු යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රදේශවල පවා අනුගමනය කරන ලදී. පීටර්ෂවුසන් (කොන්ස්ටන්ස්), බැම්බර්ග් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඕග්ස්බර්ග් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. , Regensburg ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, සහ Hildesheim ආසන දෙව්මැදුර මේවාට උදාහරණ වේ.

Types

Basilica

The Latin word basilica was originally used to describe a Roman public building usually located in the forum of a Roman town. After the Roman Empire became officially Christian, the term came by extension to refer to a large and important church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope. The word thus retains two senses today, one architectural and the other ecclesiastical.

Cathedral

A cathedral is a church, usually Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. The word cathedral takes its name from cathedra, or Bishop's Throne (In ). The term is sometimes (improperly) used to refer to any church of great size.

A church that has the function of cathedral is not necessarily a large building. It might be as small as Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford, England, Porvoo Cathedral in Porvoo, Finland, Sacred Heart Cathedral in Raleigh, United States, or Chur Cathedral in Switzerland. However, frequently, the cathedral along with some of the abbey churches, was the largest building in any region.

Pilgrimage church

A pilgrimage church is a church to which pilgrimages are regularly made, or a church along a pilgrimage route, often located at the tomb of a saints, or holding icons or relics to which miraculous properties are ascribed, the site of Marian apparitions, etc.

Conventual church

A conventual church (or monastery church, minster, katholikon) is the main church in a Christian monastery or abbey.

Chapel

Proprietary church

During the Middle Ages, a proprietary church was a church, abbey or cloister built on private ground by a feudal lord, over which he retained proprietary interests.

Collegiate church

A collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons, which may be presided over by a dean or provost.
Collegiate churches were often supported by extensive lands held by the church, or by tithe income from appropriated benefices. They commonly provide distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of their clerical community.

Evangelical church structures
The architecture of evangelical places of worship is mainly characterized by its sobriety. The Latin cross is a well known Christian symbol that can usually be seen on the building of an evangelical church and that identifies the place's belonging. Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only. There is usually a baptistery at the front of the church (in what is known as the chancel in historic traditions) or in a separate room for baptisms by immersion.

Worship services take on impressive proportions in the megachurches (churches where more than 2,000 people gather every Sunday). In some of these megachurches, more than 10,000 people gather every Sunday. The term gigachurch is sometimes used. For example, Lakewood Church (United States) or Yoido Full Gospel Church (South Korea).

House church
In some countries of the world which apply sharia or communism, government authorizations for worship are complex for Christians. Because of persecution of Christians, Evangelical house churches have thus developed. For example, there is the Evangelical house churches in China movement. The meetings thus take place in private houses, in secret and in "illegality".

Alternative buildings

Old and disused church buildings can be seen as an interesting proposition for developers as the architecture and location often provide for attractive homes or city centre entertainment venues On the other hand, many newer churches have decided to host meetings in public buildings such as schools, universities, cinemas or theatres.

There is another trend to convert old buildings for worship rather than face the construction costs and planning difficulties of a new build. Unusual venues in the UK include a former tram power station, a former bus garage, a former cinema and bingo hall, a former Territorial Army drill hall, and a former synagogue.  served as a floating church for mariners at Liverpool from 1827 until she sank in 1872. A windmill has also been converted into a church at Reigate Heath.

There has been an increase in partnerships between church management and private real estate companies to redevelop church properties into mixed uses. While it has garnered criticism from some, the partnership offers congregations the opportunity to increase revenue while preserving the property.

මේවාද බලන්න

 විශාලතම දේවස්ථාන ගොඩනැගිලිවල ලයිස්තුව
 පබ් පල්ලිය
 සිද්ධස්ථානය
 ටැබර්නකල් (මෙතොඩිස්ට්)
 පන්සල

මූලාශ්‍ර

Bibliography

 Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain, Qu'est-ce qu'une église ?, Gallimard, Paris, 333 p., 2010.
 Gendry Mickael, L'église, un héritage de Rome, Essai sur les principes et méthodes de l'architecture chrétienne, Religions et Spiritualité, collection Beaux-Arts architecture religion, édition Harmattan 2009, 267 p.

බාහිර සබැඳි

 New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – Ecclesiastical Buildings
 New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – The Church
 Prairie Churches Documentary produced by Prairie Public Television
Iowa Places of Worship Documentary produced by Iowa Public Television

Building types
Christian architecture
Christian terminology

පල්ලිය (ගොඩනැගිල්ල)


Charro, in Mexico, is historically the horseman from the countryside, the Ranchero, who worked on the haciendas and rural areas performing all his tasks on horseback, working as vaqueros and caporales, among other jobs. He was renowned for his superb horsemanship, for his skill in handling the lasso, and for his unique costume designed especially for horseback riding. Today, this name is given to someone who practices charreada (similar to a rodeo), considered the national sport of Mexico which maintains traditional rules and regulations in effect from colonial times up to the Mexican Revolution.

Etymology

The word charro (syn. charrar, charra) is first documented in Spain in the book "Vocabulario de refranes y frases proverbiales" published in 1627 by Gonzalo Correas as a synonym of dumb or stupid person. In 1729, the first dictionary of the Spanish language edited by the Real Academia Española, the "Diccionario de Autoridades", defined "charro" as: "The uneducated and unpolished person, raised in a place of little policing. In the Court, and in other places, they give this name to any person from the countryside". The first edition of the Real Academia dictionary published in 1780, defined charro as: "the rough and rustic person, as the villagers tend to be"; but they would add a second meaning for the first time: "adjective that is applied to some things that are too laden with decoration and in bad taste". The 1786 Spanish-English dictionary "Diccionario Español e Inglés", defined Charro as: "rustic, country like". While the 1802 Spanish-English dictionary "A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages", defined charro as: "a clownish, coarse, ill-bred person" and "Gaudy, loaded with ornaments in a tasteless and paltry manner". It wasn't until the fourth edition of the Real Academia dictionary in 1803, that they added: "aldeano de Salamanca" (villager from Salamanca) as one of its definitions. In his 1745 Spanish-Basque-Latin dictionary, the Basque jesuit priest Manuel de Larramendi, defined charro as a "villager" or "country person" and argued that it was of Basque origin, meaning "vile and despicable thing". In 1787, historian and philosopher Antonio de Capmany y Montpalau, argued that the etymology of the word was Arabic and that it originally meant "bad of moral malice and of customs" passing on to the Spanish to mean artistic malice, thus something "charro" is something gaudy, overloaded with ornaments. In the 20th century, the Catalan philologist and linguist Joan Coromines defined it as a synonym of "unsophisticated" or "unpolished" (basto), "person who speaks roughly" (tosco), "person of the land" (aldeano, ie. "Aldeano de Salamanca"), "person with poor taste", and attributes its origins to the Basque language from the word txar which means "bad", "unimportant", "not worthy of attention". Today the Real Academia maintains the same definition and origin. In Mexico, Charro was originally applied as a pejorative name for the Mexican rancheros during the 18th century, for their gaudy costumes and their country manners and customs, which were seen as barbaric by the elites. The word 'Ranchero' is the actual true name of the Mexican horseman dedicated to the maintenance of cattle and horses, working as vaqueros, horse-tamers, caporales (foremen), and other rural jobs. The title of ranchero derives from Rancho which in Mexican Spanish is a unit of land in the countryside were cattle is raised and crops are sowed. As time went on, the term Charro evolved in Mexico, being redefined with more positive meanings. The term which was originally a derogatory adjective, became a noun synonymous with Ranchero, specifically the horse-mounted inhabitants of the Mexican countryside. In 1850, the Spanish historian and writer based in Mexico, Niceto de Zamacois, defined what Charro was in Mexico, as:  "Charros: gente del campo que se compone mucho para montar á caballo" (country people who are very well formed to ride a horse).

Origins

The Viceroyalty of New Spain had prohibited Native Americans from riding or owning horses, with the exception of the Tlaxcaltec nobility, other allied chieftains, and their descendants. However, cattle raising required the use of horses, for which farmers would hire cowboys who were preferably mestizo and, rarely, Indians. Some of the requirements for riding a horse were that one had to be employed by a plantation, had to use saddles that differed from those used by the military, and had to wear leather clothing from which the term "cuerudo" (leathered one) originated.

Over time landowners and their employees, starting with those living in the Mexican Plateau and later the rest of the country, adapted their cowboy style to better suit the Mexican terrain and temperature, evolving away from the Spanish style of cattle raising. After the Mexican War of Independence horse riding grew in popularity. Many riders of mixed race became mounted mercenaries, messengers and plantation workers. Originally known as Chinacos, these horsemen later became the modern "vaqueros". Wealthy plantation owners would often acquire decorated versions of the distinctive Charro clothing and horse harness to display their status in the community. Poorer riders would also equip their horses with harness made from agave or would border their saddles with chamois skin.

Mexican War of Independence and the 19th century

As the Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 and continued for the next 11 years, charros were very important soldiers on both sides of the war. Many haciendas, or Spanish owned estates, had a long tradition of gathering their best charros as a small militia for the estate to fend off bandits and marauders. When the War for Independence started, many haciendas had their own armies in an attempt to fend off early struggles for independence.

After independence was achieved in 1821, political disorder made law and order hard to establish throughout much of Mexico. Large bands of bandits plagued the early 19th century as a result of lack of legitimate ways for social advance. One of the most notable gang was called "the silver ones" or the "plateados"; these thieves dressed as traditional wealthy charros, adorning their clothing and saddles with much silver, channeling the elite horseman image. The bandit gangs would disobey or buy out government, establishing their own profit and rules.

Towards the mid 19th century, however, President Juárez established the "rurales" or mounted rural police to crack down on gangs and enforce national law across Mexico. It was these rurales that helped to establish the charro look as one of manhood, strength, and nationhood.

During the Second Mexican Empire, Maximilian I of Mexico reigned as emperor and liked to wear a charro suit as the national costume to ingratiate himself with his subjects. He was an avid and skilled horsemen and impressed by the local charros. Emperor Maximilian himself designed the elegant all black charro traje, or costume, as acceptable attire for formal occasions, which the charros and mariachi ensembles by extension still use in modern days.

Charros were quickly seen as national heroes as Mexican politicians in the late 19th century pushed for the romanticized charro lifestyle and image as an attempt to unite the nation after the conservative and liberal clashes.

Early twentieth-century usage

Prior to the Mexican Revolution of 1910, the distinctive charro suit, with its sombrero, sarape, heavily embroidered jacket and tightly cut trousers, was widely worn by men of the affluent upper classes on social occasions, especially when on horseback. A light grey version with silver embroidery served as the uniform of the rurales (mounted rural police).

However, the most notable example of 'charrería' is General Emiliano Zapata who was known before the revolution as a skilled rider and horse tamer.

Although it is said that charros came from the states of Jalisco in Mexico, it was not until the 1930s that charrería became a rules sport, as rural people began moving towards the cities. During this time, paintings of charros also became popular.

During World War II an army of 150,000 charros was created, the "Legión de Guerrilleros Mexicanos", in anticipation of an eventual attack of German forces. It was led by Antolin Jimenez Gamas, president of the National Association of Charros, a former soldier of Pancho Villa during the Mexican Revolution who climbed the ranks to Lieutenant Colonel in the Personal Guard of Villa's Dorados.

Use of term
Although the word charro was a originally just a derogatory term for country people, synonymous with English words yokel or bumpkin, and gaudy, it evolved, becoming a demonym for the people of the province of Salamanca, in Spain,  also known by Campo Charro, especially in the area of Alba de Tormes, Vitigudino, Ciudad Rodrigo and Ledesma;<ref name="DRAE">charro in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</ref> and a noun synonymous with the name Ranchero, the horse mounted people of the Mexican countryside. In other places in Latin America, it retained its original derogatory meaning. In Puerto Rico, charro is a generally accepted slang term to mean that someone or something is obnoxiously out of touch with social or style norms, similar to the United States usage of , (i.e gaudy). The traditional Mexican charro is known for colorful clothing and participating in coleadero y charreada, a specific type of Mexican rodeo. The charreada is the national sport in Mexico, and is regulated by the Federación Mexicana de Charrería''.

In cinema
The "charro film" was a genre of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema between 1935 and 1959, and probably played a large role in popularizing the charro, akin to what occurred with the advent of the American Western. The most notable charro stars were José Alfredo Jiménez, Pedro Infante, Jorge Negrete, Antonio Aguilar, and Tito Guizar.

Modern day
In all the states of Mexico — and in some US states such as California, Texas, and Illinois — charros participate in tournaments to show off their skill either in team competition charreada, or in individual competition such as coleadero. These events are practiced in a Lienzo charro.

Some decades ago charros in Mexico were permitted to carry guns. In conformity with current law, the charro must be fully suited and be a fully pledged member of Mexico's Federación Mexicana de Charrería.

See also
Charro Days
Charro outfit
Sombrero
Sombrero Festival
Frijoles charros

References

External links

Arte en la Charerria: The Artisanship of Mexican Equestrian Culture at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City
Art of the Charrería at the Museum of the American West

Charreria, the symbol of Mexico
Federación Mexicana de Charrería (Spanish)
Nacional de Charros (Spanish)
Official Rulebook (Spanish)
"CHARRO USA" U.S. Radio, Magazine and Media News off Charreria (Mexican Rodeo)

Animal husbandry occupations
Charreada
Horse-related professions and professionals
Mexican culture
Sport in Mexico
Pastoralists
National symbols of Mexico
Horse history and evolution

Charro


Boris Lvovich Rosing (;  – 20 April 1933) was a Russian scientist and inventor in the field of television.

Biography
Boris Rosing was born in Saint Petersburg into the family of a government official.  His father, Lev Nikolaevich Rozing, served on the commission for military service (conscription) under Czar Alexander II. Rozing was a descendant of the noble Rozing family, founded by Dutch immigrant Peter Rozing. Lev developed an interest mathematics and technology, including recent inventions, which he communicated to his son.  From 1879 to 1887, Boris studied at St. Petersburg's Vvdensky gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal.  There, he distinguished himself in his studies of the exact sciences, literature and music.  He then studied physics and mathematics at St. Petersburg University, which was a major research center.  The distinguished faculty included the chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and the mathematicians Pafnuty Chebyshev and Andrey Markov.  After graduating with honors in 1891, he remained at the university to pursue graduate studies in physics.  The subject of his dissertation was magnetic hysteresis.  He discovered hysteresis in the lengths of iron wires in the presence of cyclic magnetic fields, a phenomenon that was discovered independently by the Japanese investigator Hantaro Nagaoka.  He subsequently became a physics instructor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology.  Starting in 1894, he also taught physics at the Konstantinovsky Artillery School, and from 1906, he lectured on electrical and magnetic measurements as part of women's polytechnic courses.  During 1894–1900, he continued his studies of magnetism but also worked on several practical electrical problems.  He taught at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology until 1918.  He then conducted research at the Leningrad Experimental Electrotechnical Laboratory from 1924 to 1928 and at the Central Laboratory for Wire Communications from 1928 to 1931.

Television

Rosing's interest in television — or the "electric telescope", as he called it — began in 1897.  Others had tried to develop a mechanical version of television.  Rosing recognized the shortcomings of mechanical television; he thought that the image should be displayed electrically on a cathode ray tube (CRT).  By 1902, Rosing began actual experimentation to test his ideas:  he constructed a simple apparatus for electrically deflecting the beam of a CRT, which allowed him to draw figures on the tube's screen.  At that time, mechanical devices scanned an image onto a selenium photoresistor, the resistance of which varied in response to the light striking it.  However, selenium photoresistors responded to changes in light levels too slowly to accurately reproduce moving images.  Therefore, Rosing used a photocell, a piece of alkaline metal in a vacuum tube which emitted electrons in response to light.  Once Rosing had developed a rudimentary working television that incorporated his two innovations — a photocell detector and a CRT display — he filed a patent application in Russia on 25 July 1907 and — on the improved version of his system, which included magnetic deflection coils around the CRT — on 2 March 1911.  He followed up with a demonstration of which a report was published in the Scientific American with diagrams and full description of the invention's operation.  During 1912–1914, he did theoretical and experimental work on magnetic lenses.  In 1918, he co-founded the North Caucasian Polytechnic Institute, now the Kuban State Technological University.  In the early 1920s he resided in Krasnodar (formerly:  Ekaterinodar), near the Black Sea.  There, in 1920, he co-founded the Ekaterinodar Physical-Mathematical Society and became its chairman, and in 1923, he wrote his booklet The Electric Telescope:  Vision at a distance.

Rosing's invention expanded on the designs of Paul Nipkow and his mechanical system of rotating lenses and mirrors.  Accordingly, Rosing's system employed a mechanical camera device, but used very early cathode ray tube (developed in Germany by Karl Ferdinand Braun) as a receiver.  Rosing's Braun Tubes consisted of two parallel metal plates that were used to electrically shift the electron beam itself before it was scanned and reached the screen.  These two plates were connected electrically to the photoelectric cell in the camera.  Depending on the output of the photoelectric cells, the beam would be deflected up or down before entering the concentrating plate.  Since this movement increased or decreased the number of electrons passing between the plates, it had the effect of varying the brightness of the electron beam. The system was primitive, but it was definitely one of the first experimental demonstrations where the cathode ray tube was employed for the purposes of television.
V. K. Zworykin, who pioneered television in the United States and Germany, was a pupil of Rosing and assisted him in some of his laboratory work. In 1925, B. Rosing advised and helped young inventor Boris Grabovsky apply for a patent (issued under No 5592) of a fully electronic TV set, called Telefot.

Rosing continued his television research until 1931 when he was exiled as a counter-revolutionary to Kotlas without right to work, but in 1932 was moved to Archangelsk, where took up physics at the Forestry Technology Institute. Rosing died in exile in 1933 of cerebral hemorrhage.  He was buried in the Arkhangelsk Vologda (formerly:  Kuznechevskaya) cemetery.

References

Further reading

  Петр Кузьмич Горохов [Peter Kuz'mich Gorokhov], Б. Л. Розинг: Основоположник электронного телевидения [B. L. Rozing:  Founder of Electronic Television], (Moscow, Soviet Union:  Nauka, 1964).  (in Russian)
  Блинов, В.И. and Урвалов, В.А. [Blinov, V.I. and Urvalov, V.A.], Б. Л. Розинг [B. L. Rozing] (Moscow, Russia: Просвещение [Enlightenment], 1991).  (in Russian)
  Сергей В. Истомин [Sergei V. Istomin], Самые знаменитые изобретатели России [The most famous Russian inventors] (Moscow, Russia:  Вече [Veche], 2002), pages 87–91.  Available on-line at:  "Изобретения России:  Борис Львович Розинг (1869—1933)"  [Russian Inventions:  Boris L'vovich Rozing (1869—1933)].  (in Russian)
  Куценко, Игорь Яковлевич [Kutsenko, Igor Yakovlevich],  Б. Л. Розинг — первооткрыватель электронного телевидения, основатель Кубанского Политехнического Института [B. L. Rozing — discoverer of electronic television, founder of the Kuban Polytechnic Institute] (Maykop, Republic of Adygea, Russia:  Kuban State University of Technology, 2007).  (in Russian)
  Boris Rosing's patents registered in the Soviet Union.  (in Russian)

1869 births
1933 deaths
Soviet engineers
Engineers from the Russian Empire
Television pioneers
People from the Russian Empire of Dutch descent
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Academic staff of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology

Boris Rosing


Yeşilyurt, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

 Eski adı Ayanozdur.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 44 km, Serik ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Serik'in mahalleleri

Yeşilyurt, Serik


O Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (também conhecido como JPET) é uma revista científica revisada por pares que cobre farmacologia. É publicado desde 1909 pela Sociedade Americana de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental (ASPET). A revista publica principalmente artigos de pesquisa originais e aceita artigos cobrindo todos os aspectos das interações de produtos químicos com sistemas biológicos.

John Jacob Abel fundou a ASPET em dezembro de 1908 quando convidou 18 farmacologistas para seu laboratório a fim de organizar uma nova sociedade. Ao final da reunião, Abel anunciou a criação do JPET.

De acordo com o Journal Citation Reports, a revista recebeu um fator de impacto de 3 561 em 2020.

Leitura adicional
Pharm. Exp. Therap. na Hathi Trust

 Texto livre completo dos volumes 1-25
 Conteúdo dos volumes 25-215

Referências

Revistas científicas


Super Bowl X je bio završna utakmica 56. po redu sezone nacionalne lige američkog nogometa. U njoj su se sastali pobjednici AFC konferencije Pittsburgh Steelersi i pobjednici NFC konferencije Dallas Cowboysi. Pobijedili su Steelersi rezultatom 21:17, kojima je to bio drugi osvojeni naslov (uz to i drugi naslov zaredom).

Utakmica je odigrana na stadionu Orange Bowl u Miamiju u Floridi, kojem je to bilo četvrto domaćinstvo Super Bowla (zadnje Super Bowl V 1971. godine).

Tijek utakmice

Statistika utakmice

Statistika po momčadima

Statistika po igračima

Napomena: * - broj kompletiranih dodavanja/ukupno dodavanja, ** - ukupno jardi dodavanja, *** - broj touchdownova (polaganja), **** - broj izgubljenih lopti

Izvori

1975

Super Bowl X


Mariés à jamais () est un téléfilm américain en deux parties réalisé par Russell Mulcahy et diffusé le .

Synopsis
Dans la ville de Seattle, une inspectrice de la criminelle, une procureure, une médecin légiste et une journaliste unissent leurs compétences pour traquer un tueur en série...

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Autre titre : Le tueur des nuits de noces
 Réalisation : Russell Mulcahy
 Scénario : Michael O'Hara, James Patterson
 Durée : 2 x 90 minutes
 Pays :
 Année : 2003

Distribution
 Tracy Pollan : Lindsay Boxer
 Gil Bellows : Chris Raleigh
 Carly Pope : Cindy Thomas
 Megan Gallagher : Jill Barnhart
 Angie Everhart : Chessy Jenks
 Mitch Pileggi : Warren Jacobi
 Sean Young : Joanna Wade
 Jerry Wasserman : Lt. Roth
 Byron Mann : Derek Lee
 Pam Grier : Claire Washburn
 Robert Patrick : Nicholas Jenks
 Kristina Copeland : Merrill Cale
 John Reardon : David Brandt
 Sonya Salomaa : Melanie Brandt
 Ona Grauer : Becky DeGraaff
 Clint Carleton : Phillip Campbell
 Chiara Zanni : Heather Tibbs
 Warren Christie : Michael DeGraaff
 Marnie Alton : Kathy Kogut
 Ben Cotton : James Voskul
 Hiro Kanagawa : Dr. Shimera
 Greg Michaels : Sheriff Hartwig
 Linda Darlow : Mrs. Kogut
 L. Harvey Gold : Gerald Brandt
 Keith Martin Gordey : Sherman Leff
 Veena Sood : Dr. Veena Yandro
 Jan D'Arcy : Librarian
 William Samples : Paul Broughton
 Sean Allen : Manager de l'Hotel
 Dagmar Midcap : Reporter
 Marshall Virtue : Ron Tibbs
 Phillip Mitchell : Sergent
 Glynis Davies : Ms. Perkins
 Alistair Abell : Eddie Jones
 Ron Selmour : Reggie
 Zen Lim : Highlands Waiter
 Peter Bryant : McBride
 BJ Harrison : Femme à l'arrêt de bus

Références

Liens externes

Téléfilm diffusé en 2003
Téléfilm américain des années 2000
Téléfilm dramatique

Mariés à jamais


Vitezovi templari (engl. Knights Templar), punim imenom Ujedinjeni vjerski, vojni i masonski redovi Hrama i svetog Ivana od Jeruzalema, Palestine, Rodosa i Malte (engl. United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta), bratski su red povezan sa slobodnim zidarstvom. Za razliku od početnih stupnjeva dodijeljenih u regularnoj masonskoj loži, koja (većinom kod regularnih masonskih jurisdikcija) uvjetuje samo vjeru u Vrhovno biće bez obzira na vjersku pripadnost, Viteški red templara jedan je od nekoliko dodatnih masonskih redova u kojem je članstvo otvoreno samo masonima koji ispovijedaju kršćanstvo. Jedna od obveza koje sudionici reda moraju izjaviti je zaštita i obrana kršćanske vjere. Riječ "ujedinjeni" u njihovom punom nazivu označava da se više od jedne povijesne tradicije i više stvarnih redova zajednički kontrolira u ovom sustavu. Pojedinačni redovi 'ujedinjeni' u ovom sustavu su primarno vitezovi Hrama (vitezovi templari), Vitezovi Malte, vitezovi svetog Pavla te samo unutar Yorčkog obreda, vitezovi Crvenog križa.

Poput masonskog Crvenog križa cara Konstatina nadahnutog Svetim vojnim konstantinijskim redom svetog Jurja i Malteškog reda nadahnutog Suverenim viteškim malteškim redom, masonski Red vitezova templara svoj naziv vuče iz srednjovjekovnog katoličkog vojnog reda Vitezova templara. Međutim, Red nema nikakvo izravno linearno podrijetlo od izvornog templarskog reda.

Povijest

Viteška simbolika u slobodnom zidarstvu
Najranija dokumentirana veza između masonstva i križara je govor Chevaliera Ramsaya iz 1737. godine. Tu je tvrdi da je europsko masonstvo proizašlo iz interakcije između masona križara i Vitezova hospitalaca. To se ponavlja u najranijem poznatom ritualu kod "Modernih", bernskom rukopisu, napisanom na francuskom jeziku između 1740. i 1744. godine.

Godine 1751. barun Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau započeo je Red strožeg opsluživanja (engl. Order of Strict Observance), za koji je tvrdio da ga je primio od obnovljenog Templarskog reda 1743. u Parizu. Također je tvrdio da je upoznao dvojicu "nepoznatih pretpostavljenih" koji su usmjeravali kompletnu masoneriju, od kojih je jedan bio princ Karlo Eduard Stuart. Red je propao kad nije uspio iznijeti nikakve dokaze koji potkrepljuju njegove tvrdnje, a ukinut je nedugo nakon njegove smrti.

Godine 1779. vitezovi templari irske lože, Kilwinning, dobili su povelju od Majčinske lože "Kilwinning" u Škotskoj. Ova je loža tada počela podupirati druge lože na dodjelu viteškog stupnja templara. Negdje oko 1790. godine formiran je Prijevremeni veliki zbor Irske (engl. Early Grand Encampment of Ireland), koji je počeo priznavati templarske lože, a evoluirao je u Vrhovni veliki zbor (Supreme Grand Encampment) 1836. godine. Prijevremeni veliki zbor je ovlastio nekoliko škotskih "zborova", od kojih je jedan, nakon što je 1805. godine ovlašten "Edinburški zbor br. 31" (Edinburgh Encampment No. 31), postao Velika skupština vitezova templara u Edinburghu (Grand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh), koji je potom tražio povelju od vojvode od Kenta, velikog meštra reda u Engleskoj. Čini se da se templarski stupanj filtrirao u lože Drevnih iz Irske oko 1780. godine, a zabilježen je u Yorku otprilike u isto vrijeme. U sustavu od pet stupnjeva koji su razvili Yorčki masoni, stupanj Vitezova templara nalazio se između Majstora masona i Uzvišenog stupnja Kraljevskog svoda.

Velika konklava Engleske

Templarska masonerija u Engleskoj ušlo je u novo razdoblje 1791. godine, formiranjem svoje prve Velike konklave, s Thomasom Dunckerleyjem kao velikim meštrom. U to je vrijeme u Engleskoj bilo osam templarskih zborova, od kojih je najstariji Zbor iskupljenja (Encampment of Redemption) u Yorku te Zbor "Baldwyn" u Bristolu na čiji je zahtjev Dunckerley započeo svoju misiju. Pod njegovim je vodstvom broj zborova neprestano rastao sve do njegove smrti 1795. godine. Njega je naslijedio Stasis, sve dok 1805. godine njihov kraljevski patron, vojvoda od Kenta, sam nije postao veliki meštar, razbudivši društvo i lansirajući ga u razdoblje rasta i razvoja. Dunckerley je za to postavio temelje ne samo promičući red, već standardizirajući ritual i inzistirajući na pravilnom vođenju evidencije. Velika konklava je ušala u razdoblje opadanja između 1872. i 1895. godine, kada je obnovljen kao današnji Veliki priorat Engleske i Walesa (Great Priory of England and Wales).

Vrhovno zapovjedništvo viteza templara SAD-a
Najraniji podaci o dodjeli Reda viteza templara nalaze se u Kapitelu zidara kraljevskog luka Svetog Andrije, koji se tada zvao Loža masona kraljevskog luka Svetog Andrije u Bostonu 28. srpnja 1769. godine. Zapisi pokazuju da je u ovoj loži 11. prosinca 1769. godine Red viteza templara dodijeljen Paul Revereu, a 14. svibnja 1770. u istoj loži je bio primljen u Red general Joseph Warren. U to vrijeme nije bila uspostavljena organizacija Reda templara, pa je ceremonija dodjele Viteškog reda bila provođena po odobrenju lokalne lože. Običaj je tada bio da je slobodni zidar višeg stupnja dodjeljivao odgovarajuće stupnjeve zaslužnim majstorima, kao na primjer voditi ceremoniju dodjele reda Viteza Templara. Ponekad se dodjeljivala i diploma. Nakon završetka Američke revolucije, više stupnjeve su počeli dodjeljivati zato regularno uspostavljena upravna tijela. Kapiteli i Zapovjedništva uspostavljena su kao trajna upravna tijela. Vrhovno zapovjedništvo Viteza templara Sjedinjenih Američkih Država nazvano je Veliki zbor (Grand Encampment) uspostavljeno je 22. lipnja 1816. godine. U njihovu nadležnost spadalo je 47 velikih (državnih) zapovjedništava. Ono izmjenjuje predstavnike sa Suverenim velikim prioratom viteza Templara u Kanadi, Engleskoj, Walesu, Škotskoj, Irskoj i Švicarskoj.

Godine 2009. je postavljen zamjenik velikog majstora za Europu čime su se europska Velika zapovjedništva organizirano počela sjedinjavati kao zasebna cjelina Velikog zbora.

Hrvatska
Veliko zapovjedništvo vitezova templara Hrvatske pri Velikoj loži Hrvatske djeluje u tri reda; Viteški red Crvenog križa, Red vitezova Malte ili Mediteranskog prolaza, te Red vitezova templara.

Uprava

Ovisno o zemljopisnoj nadležnosti, vitezovi templari postoje ili kao dio Yorčkog reda ili kao neovisna organizacija. Iako Yorčki red i neovisne inačice imaju mnogo sličnosti, postoje ključne razlike. Izvan Yorčkog reda, članstvo se vrši samo na poziv. Od kandidata se traži da budu majstori masoni i masoni Kraljevskog luka te da potpišu izjavu o priznanju Presvetoga i Nepodijeljenoga Trojstva. U nekim australskim državama uvjet pristupa Kraljevskom luku više ne vrijedi. Lokalne lože Vitezova templara poznata su kao preceptorati; lokalne lože Vitezova sv. Pavla poznate su kao kapiteli; lokalne lože Vitezova Malte poznati su kao priorati – svi djeluju pod velikim ili vrhovnim prioratom, često s međurazinom pokrajinskih priorata. Iako neke jurisdikcije održavaju zaseban Veliki priorat Hrama i Veliki priorat Malte (kao, npr., u Engleskoj), veliki majstor i drugi časnici oba velika priorata istodobno imaju jednaku dužnost u oba tijela. U ovom se sustavu primjenjuju tri stupnja:
 Stupanj Viteza templara, odnosno Red Hrama (engl. The Degree of Knight Templar [Order of the Temple])
 Stupanj Viteza svetoga Pavla, koji sjedinjuje i Mediteranski prolaz (engl. The Degree of Knight of St. Paul [incorporating the Mediterranean Pass])
 Stupanj Viteza Malte, odnosno Malteški red (engl. The Degree of Knight of Malta [Order of Malta])

U Engleskoj i Walesu, Veliki priorat Engleske i Walesa za masonske vitezove templare ima sjedište u Mark Masons' Hall-u u Londonu.

Stupnjevi ili redovi

Viteški red Crvenog križa (Red Crvenog križa)

Legenda ovog reda, kao i priča stupnja Kraljevskog luka, govori o vremenu povratka Židova iz babilonskog ropstva u Jeruzalem, kako bi obnovili Hram. Dio naroda predvođen Zerubabelom pokušava nagovoriti kralja Darija I. da Hram opet opskrbi Kovčegom Saveza koje je babilonska vojska zaplijenila prilikom razaranja prvog Hrama. Molba podnesena kralju Dariju sadržavala je snažan naboj svemoguće snage Istine, te je tako stvoren novi Red koji je postao temelj svih sljedećih redova.

Ritual stavlja kandidata u ulogu Zerubabela i prati ga kroz putovanje do kralja Darija u Perziji i njegovu ulogu u Nezapamćenoj raspravi, kako je pronađeno u apokrifnoj knjizi, Ezra. Svrha je premostiti jaz između slobodnog zidarstva Kraljevskog luka i viteškog reda, kao i između Starog i Novog zavjeta. Viteški reda Crvenog križa podučava lekcije uspjeha istine.

Stupanj Viteza svetoga Pavla (ili Mediteranski prolaz)

Legenda Reda govori o vremenu križarskih ratova kad je Red osiguravao siguran i nesmetan prolaz hodočasnicima do Svetog groba. Ovaj stupanj se dodijeljuje kao preduvjet za postajanje Vitezom Malte, kako u Yorčkom redu, tako i u neovisnim 'samostalnim' inačicama slobodnog zidarstva Viteza templara. "Uvodne izjave" rituala Malteškog reda u Engleskoj formiraju kandidata za Malteški red: "Morao je dobiti i Viteški stupanj sv. Pavla, uključujući Mediteransku prolaz". Točan status Mediteranskog prolaza ponekad je dovodio do zabune oko toga je li to "klica" zasebnog stupnja. Engleska knjiga rituala ovo je pojasnila u svom izdanju iz 1989. godine (i sljedećim izdanjima) izjavom: "Mediteranski prolaz jedna je od tajni stupnja Viteza svetog Pavla".

Ovaj stupanj je blizu stvarnog 'bočnog stupnja', jer mala skupina (obično tri) člana stupnja odvodi kandidata "u stranu" (tj. samostalno) i jednostavno prenose tajne stupnja njemu, bez da je zapravo radio ceremonijalni ritual ovog stupnja. Jedino u čemu stupanj ne ispunjava definiciju istinskog 'bočnog stupnja' je u tome što kapitel reda službeno otvara i zatvara predsjedavajući časnik, s obje strane tajni koje se prenose.

Stupanj Viteza Malte (Malteški red)

Ovaj stupanj univerzalno je povezan s masonskim vitezovima templarima. U sustavu Yorčkog reda dodjeljuje se prije stupnja templara dok se u 'samostalnoj' tradiciji dodijeljuje naknadno. Poznat je po različitim stupnjevima formalnosti kao Malteški red (Order of Malta), ili Red vitezova Malte (Order of Knights of Malta), ili Drevni i masonski red svetog Ivana od Jeruzalema, Palestine, Rodosa i Malte (Ancient and Masonic Order of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes, and Malta). U praksi je ova posljednja i najpotpunija inačica naziva uglavnom rezervirana za memorandume, rituale i formalne dokumente.

Ceremonija dodjele stupnja (koja se uvijek radi u cijelosti) sadrži kombinaciju masonske tradicije, povijesnih izvještaja o redu sv. Ivana, moralnog učenja i komunikaciju načina prepoznavanja između članova. Na ceremoniji je upotrijebljen niz barjaka, od kojih svaki predstavlja jednu od velikih bitaka povijesnog srednjovjekovnog Reda sv. Ivana, čija je priča temelj moralnih učenja ovog stupnja.

Stupanj Viteza templara (Red Hrama)
Izvorni srednjovjekovni Red vitezova templara uspostavljen je nakon Prvog križarskog rata i postojao je otprilike od 1118. do 1312. godine. Ne postoje poznati povijesni dokazi koji bi povezivali srednjovjekovne vitezove templare i masonski templarizam, niti organizacije masonskih vitezova templara tvrde da postoji takva izravna veza izvornoj srednjovjekovnoj templarskoj organizaciji. Iako je rečeno da se njegova pripadnost masonstvu temelji na tekstovima koji ukazuju na to da su progonjeni templari utočište pronašli u sigurnosti masonstva, sam red navodi da "nema dokaza o izravnoj povezanosti drevnog poretka i modernog poretka danas poznatog kao vitezovi templari." Službeni moto vitezova templara je In hoc signo vinces što znači "u ovom ćeš znaku pobijediti".

Stupanj Viteza templara povezan je sa složenim regalijama (kostimima) čiji se precizni detalji razlikuju od države do države. Ritual se oslanja na tradicije srednjovjekovnih vitezova templara, koristeći ih za davanje moralnih uputa u skladu s biblijskim učenjima kršćanske tradicije.

Organizacija
U Engleskoj i Walesu učenja Reda Crvenog križa nalaze se u Crvenom križu Babilona (Red Cross of Babylon) koji je dio Savezniih masonskih stupnjeva.

Red Crvenog križa često se smatra komprimiranom verzijom stupnjeva Crvenog križa ili Zelenih stupnjeva koji čine Red vitezova masona (Order of Knight Masons). Red Crvenog križa ne treba miješati s Crvenim križem Konstantina.

Drugi obredi

Stupnjevi Yorčkog obreda u Sjedinjenim Državama

U Sjedinjenim Državama zapovjedništvo Vitezova templara tradicionalno je završno tijelo kojemu se član pridružuje u Yorčkom redu nakon Kapitela Kraljevskog luka i Koncil kraljevskih i izabranih majstora. Međutim, neke jurisdikcije dopuštaju članovima preksakanja članstva u koncilu. Lokalno zapovjedništvo ili zbor vitezova templara djeluje pod Velikim zapovjedništvom na državnoj razini, međutim američka zapovjedništva djeluju i pod Velikim zborom Sjedinjenih Država. Ovo je rjeđe među američkim masonskim tijelima jer mnogi izvještavaju samo do savezne razine.

Dok kapitel dodjeljuje stupnjeve Kraljevskog luka, a koncil kriptične stupnjeve, zapovjedništvo vitezova templara svojim članovima dodjeljuje tri reda te jedan pripremni stupanj. To je u suprotnosti sa standardnim sustavom stupnjeva koji nalazimo bilo gdje u masonsteriji te se oni jedini ne bave Hiramovom legendom. Redovi u Yorčkom obredu su:
 Viteški red Crvenog križa (engl. The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross)
 Stupanj svetog Pavla, ili Mediteranski prolaz) (engl. The Degree of Saint Paul [the Mediterranean Pass])
 Red vitezova Malte, ili Malteški red (engl. The Order of the Knights of Malta [Order of Malta])
 Red Hrama (engl. The Order of the Temple)

Templarski stupnjevi u Drevnom i prihvaćenom Škotskom obredu
Povijest i legenda o povijesnim vitezovima Templarima također igraju važnu ulogu u stupnjevima Drevnog i prihvaćenog škotskog obreda, posebno u 30. stupnju obreda, vitez Kadoš. Ostali stupnjevi Škotskog obreda koji se ponekad nazivaju "templarski stupnjevi" uključuju 28. stupanj (viteški zapovjednik Hrama, ranije denominirani 27. stupanj u Južnoj masonskoj jurisdikciji SAD-a), 29. stupanj (škotski vitez svetog Andrije), 32. stupanj (majstor kraljevske tajne ) i 33. stupanj (glavni inspektor).

Templarska tematika u općoj masoneriji
Unatoč općenitoj poricanju masonerije da niti jedna masonska organizacija ne polaže izravno naslijeđe na srednjovjekovne vitezove Templare, određeni stupnjevi i redovi evidentno su modelirani prema srednjovjekovnom redu. Oni se najbolje mogu opisati kao "komemorativni redovi" ili stupnjevi. Ipak, usprkos službenim izjavama bratovštine, neki masoni, nemasoni, pa čak i anti-masoni inzistiraju na tome da su neki masonski obredi ili stupnjevi izvorno imali izravan templarski utjecaj.
 Američka masonska mladež poput Reda DeMolay za dječake i mladiće nosi naziv po posljednjem velikom majstoru vitezova Templara Jacquesu de Molayu koji je pogubljen u konačnom ukidanju Templarskog reda na početku 14. stoljeća.
 Stupanj viteza ružinog križa (18. stupanj) u Drevnom i prihvaćenom Škotskom obredu i počasni redovi poput Kraljevskog reda Škotske (engl. Royal Order of Scotland) tumače se kao dokaz povijesne templarsko-masonske povezanosti, iako za to vjerovanje nema osnove u činjenicama.
Kapela Rosslyn blizu Edinburgha smatra se snažnom poveznicom između vitezova templara i slobodnih zidara zbog reljefa koji kombiniraju simboliku templara i masona. Povjesničarka dr. Louise Yeoman, zajedno s drugim srednjovjekovnim znanstvenicima, kaže da je veza vitezova templara lažna i ističe da je kapelu Rosslyn sagradio William Sinclair kako bi se misa mogla služiti za duše članova njegove obitelji. Uz to, vezu Kapele Rosslyn sa slobodnim zidarstvom, kao i s templarima, žestoko je osporio Robert Cooper, kustos Muzeja i knjižnice Velike lože Škotske. Pretpostavlja se da su bilo koje postojeće masonske slike vjerojatno dodane kasnije, vjerojatno 1860-ih kada je James St Clair-Erskine, 3. grof od Rosslyna, uputio Edinburškog arhitekta Davida Brycea, poznatog masona, da poduzme restauratorske radove na dijelovima crkve uključujući mnoge rezbarije.
 Legende u određenim stupnjevima pripovijedaju da su vitezovi pod zapovjedništvom Sir Johna De Berminghama, prvog i posljednjeg grofa od Loutha, pomagali škotskom kralju Robertu Bruceu, koji je bio izopćen, u bici kod Bannockburna; ali ovo izvješće se temelji na viteškom romanu iz 18. stoljeća i nije potkrijepljeno niti jednim dokazom. Ova priča je osnova za stjecanje stupnja u Kraljevskom redu Škotske, masonskoj počasnoj organizaciji u koju se ulazi po pozivu.
Templarske veze predložene su i preko grofova Rosslyn (St. Clair ili Sinclair), obitelji s dobro dokumentiranim vezama sa škotskom masonerijom, od kojih je jedan bio i veliki meštar Velike lože Škotske.
 Mnoge druge stare i nove organizacije nazivaju se "Vitezovi templari". Međutim, organizacije poput Reda sunčevog hrama (engl. Order of the Solar Temple), Škotski vitezovi Templari (lati. Militi Templi Scotia), Ordo Templi Orientis, ili Suvereni red vitezova Jeruzalemskog hrama ni na koji način nisu povezani s masonskim Vitezovima templarima te s njim ne dijele povijesne veze, hijerarhiju ili rituale.

Vidi još
 Masonski redovi
 Crveni križ cara Konstatina

Izvorni viteški redovi
 Templari
 Ivanovci

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica
 Veliki Zbor vitezova templara Hrvatske

Masonski redovi
Templari

Vitezovi templari u slobodnom zidarstvu


قارون هو أحد أغنياء قوم موسى (بنو إسرائيل)، كان لديه الكثير من الثروات حتى إن مفاتيح هذه الثروات كانت ثقيلة تتعب من يحملها. وقد كان وزيرًا لشؤون العبرانيين لدى فرعون.

نسبه
قال الأعمش، عن المنهال بن عمرو، عن سعيد بن جبير، عن ابن عباس قال: ، قال: كان ابن عمه. وهكذا قال إبراهيم النخعي، وعبد الله بن الحارث بن نوفل، وسماك بن حرب، وقتادة، ومالك بن دينار، وابن جريج، وغيرهم: أنه كان ابن عم موسى، عليه السلام. قال ابن جريج: هو قارون بن يصهر بن قاهث، وموسى بن عمران بن قاهث. وزعم محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار: أن قارون كان عمَّ موسى عليه السلام. قال ابن جرير: وأكثر أهل العلم على أنه كان ابن عمه، والله أعلم. وقال قتادة بن دِعَامة: كنا نُحدّث أنه كان ابن عم موسى، وكان يسمى المنوّر لحسن صوته بالتوراة، ولكن عدو الله نافق كما نافق السامري، فأهلكه البغي لكثرة ماله. وقال شَهْر بن حَوْشَب: زاد في ثيابه شبرًا طولا ترفعًا على قومه.

قارون في القرآن

ورد ذكر قارون في القرآن في سورة العنكبوت، وسورة غافر، وورد ذكر قصته بتفصيل أكثر في سورة القصص في الآيات 76-82.

الآيات القرآنية التي ذكر فيها قارون
 [سورة القصص الآيات 76-82].

قصته
يذكر القرآن قصة قارون، وهو من قوم موسى. حدد القرآن زمن القصة فذكر أنها وقعت وبنو إسرائيل وموسى في مصر قبل الخروج كما ذكر بالقرآن:  [سورة غافر، الآيات 23-25].

يذكر القرآن كنوز قارون فيخبر أن مفاتيح الحجرات التي تضم الكنوز، كان يصعب حملها علي مجموعة من الرجال الأشداء. لكن قارون بغى على قومه بعد أن آتاه الله الثراء. ولا يذكر القرآن فيم كان البغي، ليدعه مجهولاً يشمل شتى الصور. فربما بغى عليهم بظلمهم وغصبهم أرضهم وأشياءهم. وربما بغى عليهم بحرمانهم حقهم في ذلك المال. حق الفقراء في أموال الأغنياء. وربما بغى عليهم بغير هذه الأسباب.

ويبدو أن العقلاء من قومه نصحوه بالقصد والاعتدال، وهو المنهج السليم. فحذروه من الفرح الذي يؤدي بصاحبه إلى نسيان من هو المنعم بهذا المال، ونصحوه بأن يعمل لآخرته بهذا المال ولا يقتصر على نيل الشهوات في الدنيا بل ينفق لآخرته ولا ينسى التمتع في الدنيا بغير إضرار للدين والآخرة. ويذكرونه بأن هذا المال هبة من الله وإحسان، فعليه أن يحسن ويتصدق من هذا المال، حتى يرد الإحسان بالإحسان. وحذروه من الفساد في الأرض، بالبغي، والظلم، والحسد، والبغضاء، وإنفاق المال في غير وجهه، أو إمساكه عما يجب أن يكون فيه.

فكان رد قارون جملة واحدة تحمل شتى معاني الفساد  لقد أنساه غروره مصدر هذه النعمة وحكمتها، وفتنه المال وأعماه الثراء. فلم يستمع قارون لنداء قومه، ولم يشعر بنعمة ربه.

وخرج قارون ذات يوم علی قومه، بكامل زينته، فطارت قلوب بعض القوم، وتمنوا أن لديهم مثل ما أوتي قارون، وأحسوا أنه في نعمة كبيرة. فرد عليهم من سمعهم من أهل العلم والإيمان: ويلكم أيها المخدوعون، احذروا الفتنة، واتقوا الله، واعلموا أن ثواب الله خير من هذه الزينة، وما عند الله خير مما عند قارون.

وعندما تبلغ فتنة الزينة ذروتها، وتتهافت أمامها النفوس وتتهاوى، تتدخل القدرة الإلهية لتضع حدا للفتنة، وترحم الناس الضعاف من إغراءها، وتحطم الغرور والكبرياء، فيجيء العقاب حاسما  هكذا في لمحة خاطفة ابتلعته الأرض وابتلعت داره. وذهب ضعيفا عاجزا، لا ينصره أحد، ولا ينتصر بجاه أو مال.

وبدأ الناس يتحدثون إلي بعضهم البعض في دهشة وعجب واعتبار. فقال الذين كانوا يتمنون أن عندهم مال قارون وسلطانه وزينته وحظه في الدنيا كما ذكر بالقرآن:  [سورة القصص، الآيات 82].

انظر أيضًا
 موسى
 فرعون

المراجع

سبط لاوي
أشخاص مضرب المثل
شخصيات الكتاب المقدس في الإسلام
شخصيات توراتية
شخصيات ذكرت في القرآن

قارون


Gara Cărbunești este o stație de cale ferată care deservește orașul Târgu Cărbunești, județul Gorj, România. Această gară este cea mai veche din județul Gorj. A fost construită în anul 1888.

Cărbunești

Gara Cărbunești


Supercupa României la handbal feminin 2006–2007 a fost prima ediție a competiției de handbal feminin românesc organizată de Federația Română de Handbal (FRH). Ediția 2006–2007 s-a desfășurat pe 8 august 2007, de la ora 19:00, în Sala Sporturilor din Chiajna. Partida s-a terminat cu victoria echipei CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea, care a învins-o pe Rulmentul Municipal Brașov cu scorul de 28–24.

Echipe participante
În supercupă s-au înfruntat CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea și Rulmentul Municipal Brașov. Deoarece Oltchim câștigase în anul competițional 2006-2007 atât cupa, cât și campionatul României, Federația Română de Handbal a decis ca formația din Râmnicu Vâlcea să joace meciul împotriva echipei brașovene, clasată pe locul doi în Liga Națională.

Dată
Supercupa României 2006–2019 s-a desfășurat pe data de 8 august 2007, de la ora 19:00, în Sala Sporturilor din comuna Chiajna. A fost primul meci care s-a disputat în nou inaugurata sală de sport din localitate.

Televizări
Partida a fost transmisă în direct de postul de televiziune Sport.ro.

Reacția echipei Rulmentul
În luna iulie 2007, Mariana Târcă, antrenoarea Rulmentului, a anunțat că echipa sa nu poate juca în ziua în care a fost programată partida:

Târcă a adăugat că Elena Avădanii, Cristina Niculae, Cosmina Damian și Simona Vintilă sunt încă în recuperare după accidentări, în timp ce Aneta Barcan a suferit recent o accidentare. Antrenoarea a propus ca partida să fie programată "cu o săptămână înainte de startul campionatului, care va începe pe 1 septembrie".

Ulterior, Târcă a afirmat că "din păcate, am fost nevoiți să acceptăm acest meci, astfel că ne vom prezenta la el și vom face totul pentru a nu ne face de rușine".

Partidă
Meciul a început cu o întârziere de 22 de minute, oficialii echipei vâlcene contestând dreptul de joc al handbalistelor Simona Gogîrlă și Natalia Spirova, recent transferate la Rulmentul. După discuții cu observatorul federal și oficialii prezenți, conducerea Oltchimului le-a permis până la urmă handbalistelor echipei să intre pe teren.

Cele două echipe și-au împărțit perioadele de dominare, Oltchim fiind totuși condusă în cea mai mare parte a timpului de Rulmentul, însă spre final echipa vâlceană a revenit și și-a învins adversara cu o diferență de patru goluri. În calitate de câștigătoare, Oltchim a fost recompensată de FRH cu suma de 10.000 de euro, reprezentând 330 de milioane de lei la valoarea din 2007.

Marcatoare
Conform paginii web oficiale a FRH

Referințe

Handbal în Chiajna
Edițiile Supercupei României la handbal feminin
2007 în handbal

Supercupa României la handbal feminin 2006-2007


José María Ángel Batalla (Valencia, 6 de diciembre de 1956) es un político socialista español. Ha sido el alcalde de La Eliana, municipio que se encuentra en la provincia de Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana), fue Senador territorial en las Cortes Generales de España por la Comunidad Valenciana desde 2011 al 2015. Actualmente es el Director General de la Agencia de Seguridad y Repuesta a las Emergencias de la Generalidad Valenciana.

Biografía
José María Ángel Batalla nació en Valencia en 1956 y es vecino de La Eliana desde 1985.

Cursó estudios de primaria en el Colegio Pío XII y secundaria en el Instituto Benlliure de Valencia. En 1978 se licencia en Geografía e Historia por la Universitat de València y en 1980 finaliza sus estudios de Archivística y Biblioteconomía en la misma universidad. En 1990 realiza un máster de posgrado en Gestión Pública en ESADE, Barcelona. Es funcionario de carrera de la Excma. Diputación Provincial de Valencia, y jefe de servicio desde 1992.

En 1991 entra a formar parte del equipo de gobierno del Ayuntamiento de La Eliana como concejal de Deportes, y más tarde, como concejal de Seguridad Ciudadana. Desde 1997 hasta el año 2015 ha sido el alcalde de La Eliana.

José María Ángel es miembro del Comité Nacional de los Socialistas desde 1996 y ha sido Secretario General del PSPV-PSOE en Campo del Turia del 2000 al 2007 como también fue secretario de Política Municipal del PSPV-PSOE hasta el 2012.

Es conocido también por su afición maratoniana y ser un gran apasionado del Quijote

Referencias

Enlaces externos
José María Ángel Batalla Senador de España
Blog de José María Ángel Batalla
Web Municipal de La Eliana Alcalde

Alcaldes del Partido Socialista Obrero Español
Alcaldes de la provincia de Valencia
Alumnos de Geografía de la Universidad de Valencia
Alumnos de Historia de la Universidad de Valencia
Alumnado de la Escuela Superior de Administración y Dirección de Empresas
Políticos de Valencia
Senadores por designación de las Cortes Valencianas
Senadores de la IX Legislatura de España
Senadores de la X Legislatura de España
Nacidos en Valencia
La Eliana

José María Ángel Batalla


Boney M., Alman plak yapımcısı Frank Farian tarafından kurulan Avrupa-Karayipler kökenli vokal grubu. Batı Almanya'da kurulan grubun ilk dört üyesi Jamaikalı Liz Mitchell ve Marcia Barrett, Montserratlı Maizie Williams ve Arubalı Bobby Farrell'dı.1976 yılında kurulan grup, 1970'lerin sonundaki disko döneminde popüler hale geldi. Grup, 1980'lerden bu yana farklı kadrolarla müzik yapmaya devam etmektedir.

Dünya genelindeki satış rakamları 100 milyonu aşan grup; "Daddy Cool", "Ma Baker", "Sunny", "Rasputin", "Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord" ve "Rivers of Babylon" gibi hit parçalarıyla bilinir.

Diskografi

Stüdyo albümleri

Kaynakça

Alman pop müzik grupları
Çok uluslu müzik grupları
1975'te kurulan müzik grupları

Boney M.