المخروط الجنوبي (بالإسبانية: Cono Sur، بالبرتغالية: Cone Sul) هي المنطقة الجغرافية والثقافية التي تتألف من المناطق الواقعة في أقصى جنوب أمريكا الجنوبية، ومعظمهم تقع جنوب مدار الجدي. يتألف المخروط الجنوبي الأرجنتين، تشيلي، والأوروغواي، وأحيانًا تشمل الولايات الأربع الواقعة في أقصى الجنوب في البرازيل (ريو غراندي دو سول، وسانتا كاتارينا، وبارانا وولاية ساو باولو.). وفي تعريفها الأوسع، مع الأخذ في الاعتبار التاريخ المشترك والجغرافيا، تشمل أيضًا باراغواي. يحد المنطقة من الغرب المحيط الهادي ومن الشرق من المحيط الأطلسي.

البلدان

البرازيل
بسبب كون البرازيل، دولة ذات مساحة كبيرة، تختلف ثقافتها بشكل كبير. حيث تملك أربع ولايات تقع في أقصى الجنوب (بارانا، ريو غراندي دو سول، سانتا كاتارينا وساو باولو) ثقافة متقاربة مع الأرجنتين وتشيلي وأوروغواي (ارتفاع مستوى المعيشة، مناخ شبه مداري ومعتدل) بينما تشبه الولايات الأخرى دول أمريكا الجنوبية الأخرى. لهذا السبب، يتم تضمين البرازيل في بعض التعاريف عند التحدث في المخروط الجنوبي، ولكن الأمر مستبعدة. وعادة ما يتم تضمين الولايات الأربع التالية.

باراغواي
بسبب القرب الجغرافي والتاريخ المشترك والجغرافيا ، عادة ما يتم تضمين باراغواي في المخروط الجنوبي. ومع ذلك، فإن باراغوي تختلف عن البلدان الأخرى نظرًا لارتفاع مستوى الفقر وانخفاض مستوى المعيشة، وبالتالي يتم استبعاده أحيانًا من التعريف.

الجغرافيا

المناخ

من الشمال إلى الجنوب، يتحول المناخ من مناخ استوائي إلى ثلجي بارد، مع مناخ جبلي في جبال الأنديز. حيث يمتاز الجزء الشمالي من المنطقة، باستثناء المرتفعات وشمال تشيلي، بمناخ استوائي. بينما يوجد في الشمال الغربي المناخ صحراوي. وفي وسط الأرجنتين وأوروغواي يكون المناخ معتدلاً، بينما يكون متوسطي في وسط تشيلي.

الهيدروغرافيا
الحوض الرئيسي في المنطقة هو حوض نهر بليت، والتي تشمل معظم الأنهار الكبرى مثل بارانا، باراغواي، أوروغواي، ريو نيغرو. وتبرز أحواض أخرى أيضًا، مثل حوض نهر كولورادو، والذي يحيط به حوض ديساجواديرو وحوض نيجرو. وعلى منحدر المحيط الهادئ ، تبرز أنهار لوا وتشوبا ورابل وأكونكاجوا وميبو ومول.

الديموغرافيا

العرق
تأثر سكان المخروط الجنوبي بشدة بموجات الهجرة من أوروبا في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين. ويشكل الأشخاص المنحدرون من أصل أوروبي، 85٪ من إجمالي سكان الأرجنتين، و 88٪ من إجمالي سكان أوروغواي و 53٪ من إجمالي سكان تشيلي. ويشكل الميستيثو 15.8٪ من إجمالي السكان ويشكلون أغلبية في باراغواي. ويشكل الأمريكيون الأصليون 3 ٪ من السكان، يعيش معظمهم في تشيلي.

الدين

اللغات
الغالبية العظمى من سكان المنطقة، يتحدثون الإسبانية (في الأرجنتين وتشيلي وباراغواي وأوروغواي) أو البرتغالية في جنوب البرازيل. وتنقسم اللغة الإسبانية في المخروط الجنوبي إلى لهجتين رئيسيتين:

 الإسبانية الرايوبلاتنسية، ويتم التحدث بها في الأرجنتين وأوروغواي، تأثرت تلك اللهجة بشدة باللغة الإيطالية، وأظهرت الأبحاث الأولية أن الإسبانية الرايوبلاتنسية، لها نغمة تشبه تلك الخاصة باللهجة الإيطالية الموجودة في نابولي، وتختلف بشكل ملحوظ عن أنماط الأشكال الأخرى للإسبانية.

 الإسبانية التشيلية

اللغات الأصلية
تستمر بعض مجموعات الأمريكيين الأصليين، وخاصة في المناطق الريفية، بالتحدث باللغات الأصلية. ويتم التحدث بها بشكل رئيسي في أروكانيا. وتعد اللغة الغوارانية لغة رسمية في باراغواي، وهي اللغة الأكثر انتشارًا في ذلك البلد، وفي عام 2010، اعتمدت مدينة تاكورو، في ولاية ماتو غروسو دو سول البرازيلية، اللغة الغوارانية لغة رسمية، إلى جانب اللغة البرتغالية. وتعد لغة رسمية أيضاً في محافظتي كورينتس وميسيونيس الأرجنتينية.

اللغات الأصلية حسب البلد
عدد لغات السكان الأصليين الحية حسب البلد اعتبارًا من عام 2012 ، كما ورد في تقرير Crevels (2012):

لغات المهاجرين
يتم التحدث باللغة الإنجليزية في جزر فوكلاند، وهي إحدى أقاليم ما وراء البحار البريطانية، ومن قبل أحفاد المستوطنين البريطانيين في الأرجنتين وتشيلي. ويتحدث بالويلزية من قبل أحفاد المهاجرين في منطقة باتاغونيا في الأرجنتين. ويتحدث باللغة لإيطالية في جميع أنحاء الأرجنتين حيث تعد اللغة الأكثر إنتشاراً بعد الإسبانية.

مستوى المعيشة
لدى الأرجنتين، تشيلي، وأوروغواي مؤشر تنمية بشرية يعد هي الأعلى في أمريكا اللاتينية. فقد جعل ارتفاع متوسط العمر المتوقع، وارتفاع مؤشر التنمية البشرية، وارتفاع مستوى المعيشة ، وانخفاض معدلات الخصوبة، والمشاركة الكبيرة في الأسواق العالمية و الاقتصادات الناشئة من أعضائها جعل المخروط الجنوبي أكثر ازدهارا دون الإقليمية في أمريكا اللاتينية .  الأمر الأكثر إثارة للقلق هو ارتفاع مستويات عدم المساواة في الدخل.

مراجع

جغرافيا أمريكا الجنوبية

مخروط جنوبي


Yang Yang (chinês simplificado: 杨洋; chinês tradicional: 楊洋, nascido em 9 de setembro de 1991) é um ator, cantor e dançarino chinês. Formado em 2003 pelo Departamento de Dança da Academia de Arte do Exército de Libertação Popular. Ele ingressou na Região Militar de Nanjing entre 2006 e 2008. Ele fez sua estreia como ator no drama de televisão chinês The Dream of Red Mansions (2010). Desde então, ele recebeu reconhecimento por seus papéis em dramas de televisão The Lost Tomb (2015), The Whirlwind Girl (2015), Love O2O (2016), Martial Universe (2018), O Avatar do Rei (2019), Você É Minha Glória (2021), Quem Governa O Mundo (2022) e filmes A Orelha Esquerda (2015), Eu pertencia a você (2016), Era uma vez (2017).

Ele ficou em 5º lugar na lista 2017 da Forbes China Celebrity 100, 27º em 2019 e 44º em 2020.

Infância e educação
Yang Yang nasceu em 9 de setembro de 1991 em Xangai, embora sua cidade natal ancestral seja Hefei, Anhui. Ele cresceu em Xangai em uma família comum e é filho único.

Durante a infância, Yang aprendeu a tocar violino e jogar beisebol. Ele frequentava a Escola de Arte Juvenil de Xangai nos fins de semana e, por isso, o seu talento para a dança foi notado pelos professores. Como resultado, ele se tornou membro da quinta turma da escola de arte, ele frequentemente atuava em nome da escola em competições, perfomances, obteve diversas  honrarias e exibiu uma habilidade excepcional na arte da dança.

Em 2003, foi admitido no Departamento de Dança da Academia de Artes do Exército de Libertação Popular e na Escola de Dança de Xangai (agora incorporada à Academia de Teatro de Xangai), devido a seu amor por usar uniforme militar, ele escolheu estudar na Academia de Artes do Exército de Libertação, aos 12 anos ele deixou seus pais e chegou sozinho de Xangai a Pequim para estudar no Departamento de Artes e Dança Militares. Ele também estudou na Academia Central de Drama por um período.

Durante seus dias de escola, trabalhou muito, em virtude de seu talento pessoal e trabalho duro, seu desempenho profissional sempre esteve entre os melhores, tornando-se o primeiro em seu curso no segundo ano de admissão, e representando a escola em competições internacionais e nacionais de dança muitas vezes, naquela época seu sonho era ser um excelente dançarino. Quando ele estava no terceiro grau de arte militar, foi especialmente recrutado como soldado literário e artístico pelo regimento literário e artístico da linha de frente da Região Militar de Nanjing para treinamento direcional.

Em 2007, conquistou primeiro prêmio de dança contemporânea na 4.ª competição de dança "Red Star Cup" organizada pela Military Arts. Além disso, ele sempre foi conhecido na escola como a "grama da escola militar".

Carreira

2007–2014: Início
Em dezembro de 2007, ele foi escolhido para interpretar o papel principal Jia Baoyu pelo diretor Li Shaohong em The Dream of Red Mansions. Uma das séries de TV chinesas mais caras produzidas em RMB118 milhões (US$ 17,55 milhões), o drama de 50 episódios estreou em 6 de julho de 2010.

Em 2011, seu segundo drama, Youth Melody, foi transmitido em horário nobre pela China Central Television, onde Yang Yang interpretou Ning Hao. Em junho do mesmo ano, apareceu em seu primeiro filme The Founding of a Party, ele interpretou Yang Kaizhi (楊開智), o irmão de Yang Kaihui (segunda esposa de Mao Zedong) este filme foi um tributo patriótico detalhando o processo de estabelecimento do Partido Comunista Chinês. Ele continuou a construir sua filmografia, apresentando nos dramas de guerra The War Doesn't Believe in Tears (2012) e Ultimate Conquest (2013), e na série de romance Flowers of Pinellia Ternata (2013).

Em 29 de abril de 2014, Yang encerrou seu contrato de 7 anos com sua empresa Rosat Entertainment.

2015–2016: Crescente popularidade e avanço
Em 2015, Yang começou a ganhar reconhecimento por sua atuação em The Left Ear, um filme de amadurecimento que também é a estréia na direção de Alec Su. O filme foi um sucesso de bilheteria, e Yang recebeu elogios por sua atuação como Xu Yi.  Ele então participou do reality show Divas Hit the Road, que foi um grande tópico on-line quando foi ao ar e ajudou Yang a liderar o "Ranking de estrelas do reality show chinês de 2015". Em seguida, ele estrelou o web-drama de ação e aventura The Lost Tomb, baseado no romance de mesmo nome. A Tumba Perdida foi o drama da web mais assistido do ano, e Yang ganhou elogios de novos fãs e público por sua interpretação de Zhang Qiling. Yang então interpretou o protagonista masculino no drama esportivo juvenil The Whirlwind Girl, que ganhou uma das maiores audiências do ano. Ele também lançou seu primeiro single, "Tender Love". No final do ano, Yang ganhou vários prêmios, incluindo o de Ator de TV Mais Popular do Ano no iQiyi All-Star Carnival Night 2016; e os prêmios de Ator Mais Esperado e Ator Mais Influente no China TV Drama Awards.

Em 2016, Yang apareceu na Gala de Ano Novo da CCTV pela primeira vez, onde seu item de música "Father and Son" ao lado de Tong Tiexin foi eleito o programa mais popular. Ele estrelou o drama de romance juvenil Love O2O, baseado no romance de mesmo nome de Gu Man. O drama foi um sucesso internacional e é o drama moderno mais visto na China. Após a exibição de Love O2O, Yang experimentou um enorme aumento de popularidade e com sucesso invadiu o mainstream. Para agradecer seus fãs, Yang lançou a música "Love is Crazy", um single de jazz/rock. Em seguida, ele estrelou o filme de romance I Belonged to You, que foi um enorme sucesso e quebrou o recorde de vendas de bilheteria para filmes de romance produzidos no continente. Ele foi nomeado como uma das 10 maiores celebridades chinesas com maior valor comercial pela CBN Weekly.

2017–presente: Sucesso contínuo

Em 2017, Yang estrelou ao lado de Liu Yifei no filme de fantasia romântica Once Upon a Time.

Em 2018, Yang estrelou o drama de ação de fantasia Martial Universe. A Forbes China listou Yang em sua lista 30 Under 30 Asia 2017, que consistia em 30 pessoas influentes com menos de 30 anos que tiveram um efeito substancial em seus campos.

Em 2019, Yang desempenhou o papel principal Ye Xiu no drama de eSports O Avatar do Rei.

Em 2020, Yang estrelou o filme de ação Vanguard ao lado de Jackie Chan. No mesmo ano, ele deve estrelar o drama militar Glória das Forças Especiais, dirigido por Xu Jizhou. Em 2020, Yang foi escalado para Você É Minha Glória ao lado de Dilraba Dilmurat.

Em 2022, ele estrelou o drama de romance de fantasia intitulado Quem Governa O Mundo, ao lado de Zhao Lusi, baseado no romance de Qing Lengyue.

Outras atividades
Em janeiro de 2016, Yang se tornou o primeiro artista a ser apresentado no selo postal da China Post.

Em 19 de fevereiro de 2017, Yang teve sua figura de cera exibida no Madame Tussauds Shanghai. Sua segunda figura de cera foi exibida no Madame Tussauds Beijing em 19 de julho de 2017.

Em dezembro de 2020, a marca britânica de artigos de luxo Dunhill anunciou Yang como seu mais novo embaixador global da marca.

Em setembro de 2021, a Bulgari nomeou Yang como seu mais novo porta-voz.

Filmografia

Filmes

Série de televisão

Curta-metragem

Show de variedades

Vídeos de música

Teatro

Discografia

Músicas

Prêmios e indicações

Forbes China Celebrity 100

Avaliação do personagem
Yang Yang se transformou de dançarino em ator com The Dream of Red Mansions. Sua bela aparência é clara e gentil, e sua aparência é antiga e moderna. Ele tem um estilo que pode se adaptar à moda moderna e um temperamento clássico e elegante (resenha de Sina).

Yang Yang, que se formou em arte militar e se alistou no exército, tem um bom corpo, além de sua aparência, ele pode controlar todos os tipos de roupas livremente, e seu estilo único de vestir também mostra sua vitalidade juvenil. Seja em trajes antigos ou modernos, seja em trajes padrão ou roupas gratuitas, ou até mesmo a franja vendada com um estilo mate levemente matador em The Lost Tomb , Yang Yang confia em suas pernas longas e boa aparência para poder controlar livremente (Xinhua Net Análise).

De Jia Baoyu em sua estreia The Dream of Red Mansions , a Xu Yi em The Left Ear , o pequeno mestre Zhang Qiling em The Lost Tomb , e o irmão mais velho Ruo Bai em The Whirlwind Girl , cada papel tem suas próprias características. Cada um é diferente. Yang Yang aprimorou suas habilidades de atuação em performances vez após vez. Ele já consegue incutir juventude, mistério e seriedade nos personagens em diferentes performances. Os efeitos especiais em Once Upon a Time são moldados à medida que a preparação para as filmagens do filme também mostra os esforços diligentes dos trabalhadores modelo (revisão de entretenimento da Netease).

Como ator, Yang Yang está profundamente preocupado e amado tanto dentro quanto fora da indústria, e seu amor por seu trabalho e dedicação é bem reconhecido. Ele interpreta cada papel com o coração, faz bem seu trabalho e interpreta um bom jovem socialista com seu verdadeiro eu. Sua seriedade e trabalho duro foram reconhecidos dentro e fora da indústria. Yang Yang sempre esteve interessado em empreendimentos de bem-estar público, desde os excelentes jovens artistas de "The Flowers of May" até o "National Upgrading of Good Youths", usando sua influência para levar os fãs a se encarregarem do bem-estar público, doando dinheiro com entusiasmo para transmitir amor, e influenciando seu entorno através de ações práticas. Os fãs e o público em todos os momentos transmitem energia positiva para o bem e para a juventude (resenha do Sina).

Ligações externas

 Yang Yang em Sina Weibo

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1991
Naturais de Xangai
Atores da China
Atores de cinema da China
Atores de televisão da China
!Artigos com texto em chinês

Yang Yang


Williams Street Productions, LLC, d/b/a Williams Street and formerly known as Ghost Planet Industries, is an American animation and live action television production studio owned by the Warner Bros. Television Studios division of Warner Bros., a unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. The studio is the in-house production arm of Adult Swim (the programming block on Cartoon Network). Mike Lazzo and Keith Crofford oversaw operations for the building for most of its existence.

On December 16, 2019, co-founder Lazzo retired from the company, with business partner and co-founder Crofford retiring the following year. Michael Ouweleen was named president of Adult Swim on April 29, 2020.

On May 13, 2022, Ouweleen was named president of The Cartoon Network, Inc., which also oversees Adult Swim.

Name and logo

The current name of the company originates from the location of its headquarters building – which is also the home office for Adult Swim – at 1065 Williams Street NW in Atlanta, Georgia near the current offices of TBS and TNT on Techwood Drive. The facility began as a carpet factory and was purchased by Turner as overflow offices for, among other things, set building and woodworking facilities, as well as CNN Field Engineering. Soon after CNN moved into the CNN Center in downtown Atlanta in the early 1980s, other Turner operations moved into the Techwood campus, an old country club which became the first headquarters for CNN. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams.

The company's original name, Ghost Planet Industries, came from Space Ghost's fictional planet, where the animated talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast was purportedly filmed.

The studio's production logo features a wavy, blurred gray image of Space Ghost's fictional studio, with the words "Williams Street" beneath it. The soundtrack of Jack Webb's Mark VII Limited's production logo – a rumbling drum roll and two clinks of a hammer – is often used while the GPI/Williams Street production card is shown.

In its early years, the Williams Street logo would often be followed by the 1992–2004 Cartoon Network logo and the copyright byline against a black or white background. This was changed, in 2001, to a drawing of a skull and crossbones with the CN checkerboard logo for its teeth, accompanied by Matt Maiellaro yelling "SKULL!!!". On some programs, the yell is slowed down, on earlier episodes of Squidbillies, it is replaced with one of the actors on the show saying "Skull", as the skeleton of character Early Cuyler briefly flashes instead of the regular logo. The logo was created by Linda Simensky. In 2012, the inclusion of the Cartoon Network logo was removed and the copyright byline moved to beneath the Williams Street logo. In 2022, the copyright byline was removed from the Williams Street logo as a result of the Warner Bros. Discovery merger. In 2023, the skull logo was revived as the logo for Adult Swim's nostalgia block Checkered Past.

Filmography

TV animated series

TV live-action series

Internet series

Failed pilots

Specials

Stand-alones

TV series-related

Blocks

Feature films

Direct-to-video films

Future series in development

Other

Games
This list is only for video games licensed by Williams Street Games; see Adult Swim Games for other video games produced after the label's dissolution.
 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Zombie Ninja Pro-Am (2007)
 Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law (2008)

Music

Williams Street formed their own music label, Williams Street Records. The label was created after Jason DeMarco, Adult Swim's vice president of strategic marketing and promotions, worked on Danger Doom, a project with Danger Mouse and MF Doom in 2005. Danger Mouse had previously worked on the music for Toonami and wanted to do an album that sampled that work. The group suggested the idea to Mike Lazzo; the project was successful. Williams Street Records now releases a majority of the music related to their shows. The label is managed by DeMarco.

Homages
1065, the street number for Williams Street, is also the hull number for FishCenter Lives USS FishCenterprise (a parody of the original Star Treks USS Enterprise).

See also

 List of programs broadcast by Adult Swim
 Adult animation
 Radical Axis
 Cartoon Network Studios
 List of animation studios owned by Warner Bros. Discovery

References
Informational notes

Citations

External links
 Adult Swim official website

1994 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
American companies established in 1994
Mass media companies established in 1994
Adult animation studios
American animation studios
Adult Swim
Cartoon Network
Companies based in Atlanta
Warner Bros. Discovery subsidiaries
Television production companies of the United States
Film production companies of the United States
Warner Bros. Television Studios
Warner Bros. divisions

Williams Street


Boris Borissowitsch Piotrowski (, wiss. Transliteration ; * 14. Februar 1908 in Sankt Petersburg; † 15. Oktober 1990 ebenda) war ein russischer Archäologe und Direktor der Eremitage in Leningrad.

Leben und Wirken
Piotrowski studierte seit 1925 in Leningrad bei Natalja Dawidowna Flittner Ägyptologie und Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde. Schon während seines Studiums nahm er an archäologischen Exkursionen in den nördlichen Kaukasus und nach Transkaukasien teil. Später leitete er eine Grabungsexpedition nach Nubien und wurde auch wegen dieser und seiner Expedition in das armenisch-ostanatolische Grenzgebiet international bekannt. Seit 1931 war er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Eremitage, wurde 1948 deren stellvertretender Direktor und seit 1953 auch der Leiter des Leningrader Abteilung des archäologischen Instituts der sowjetischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Im Jahre 1964 wurde er als Nachfolger von Michail Illarionowitsch Artamonow zum Direktor der Eremitage bestellt. Gleichzeitig lehrte er auch an der Leningrader Universität, an der er dem Lehrstuhl für den Alten Orient vorstand.

Boris Piotrowskis Forschungen widmeten sich vorrangig den Kulturen der Skythen, den vorderasiatischen, sowie den zentralanatolischen Völkern der frühen Antike. Sein besonderes Augenmerk galt dabei der bis dahin weitgehend unerforschten Geschichte des Königreichs Urartu, eines in der Zeit vom  9. bis zum 6. vorchristlichen Jahrhundert um das Gebiet des Vansees blühenden Staates. Er entdeckte und beschrieb die Kultur dieses Reiches und schilderte dessen Einfluss und Ausstrahlung auf den Vorderen Orient und die frühgriechische mediterrane Welt. Bei der Leitung der Eremitage und seinen Forschungsergebnissen wahrte er trotz der in der Welt herrschenden ideologischen Spannungen absolute wissenschaftliche Objektivität.

1970 wurde er zum Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR gewählt. Neben zahlreichen anderen Ehrungen wurde Piotrowski am 5. Juni 1984 in den Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste als ausländisches Mitglied aufgenommen. Seit 1967 war er korrespondierendes Mitglied der British Academy und seit 1968 der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Er war verheiratet mit der armenischen Archäologin Hripsime Dschanpoladjan. Ihr Sohn Michail Borissowitsch Piotrowski (* 1944) ist seit 1992 Direktor der Ermitage.

Weblinks

 Boris Piotrowkij beim Orden Pour le Mérite

Einzelnachweise

Orientarchäologe
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Eremitage (Sankt Petersburg)
Held der sozialistischen Arbeit
Träger des Leninordens
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Friedensklasse)
Mitglied der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der British Academy
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 1990
Mann

Boris Borissowitsch Piotrowski


South Tipperary () was a county in Ireland in the province of Munster. It was named after the town of Tipperary and consisted of 52% of the land area of the traditional county of Tipperary. South Tipperary County Council was the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 88,433 according to the 2011 census. It was abolished on 1 June 2014, and amalgamated with North Tipperary to form County Tipperary under a new Tipperary County Council.

Geography and subdivisions

The county was part of the central plain of Ireland, but the diversified terrain contained several mountain ranges, notably the Knockmealdowns and the Galtees. The county was landlocked and drained by the River Suir. The centre of the county included much of the Golden Vale, a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork.

The county town was Clonmel; other important urban centres included Carrick-on-Suir, Cashel, Cahir and Tipperary. The county's motto was Vallis Aurea Siurensis ().

Baronies
There were six historic baronies in South Tipperary: Clanwilliam, Iffa and Offa East, Iffa and Offa West, Kilnamanagh Lower, Middle Third and Slievardagh.

Civil parishes and townlands

Civil parishes in Ireland were delineated after the Down Survey as an intermediate subdivision, with multiple townlands per parish and multiple parishes per barony. The civil parishes had some use in local taxation and were included on the nineteenth century maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland. For poor law purposes, district electoral divisions replaced civil parishes in the mid-nineteenth century. There were 123 civil parishes in the county.

Local government
The South Riding of Tipperary had been a judicial county following the establishment of assize courts in 1838.

The administrative county of Tipperary, South Riding was created under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 as the area of the existing judicial county of the South Riding of the county of Tipperary, with the addition of the district electoral divisions previously in the North Riding of Cappagh, Curraheen and Glengar, and the portions of the town of Carrick-on-Suir and the borough of Clonmel previously in County Waterford. It took effect on 1 April 1899.

In 2002, under the Local Government Act 2001, the county's name was changed to South Tipperary, and the council's name to South Tipperary County Council. The council oversaw the county as a local government area. The council was composed of 26 representatives, directly elected through the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote (PR-STV).

South Tipperary was part of the South-East Region, a NUTS III region of the European Union, whereas North Tipperary was part of the Mid-West Region. At a NUTS II level, both counties were in the Southern and Eastern region. A revision to the NUTS regions, after the amalgamation of the counties, brought both under the Mid-West Region.

Irish language
There were native speakers of Irish in South Tipperary until the middle of the 20th century. Recordings of their dialect, made before the last native speakers died, have been made available through a project of the Royal Irish Academy Library.

References

Munster
2014 disestablishments in Ireland
Former counties of Ireland

South Tipperary


Die endlose Nacht ist ein dem Genre des Ensemblefilms zuzurechnendes deutsches Filmdrama des Regisseurs und Autors Will Tremper aus dem Jahr 1963.

Handlung

Über dem Flughafen Berlin-Tempelhof liegt dichter Nebel. Die Durchsage kündigt an, dass alle Flüge nach Westdeutschland ausfallen müssen und dass auch mit Landungen in Berlin nicht vor dem darauffolgenden Morgen zu rechnen ist. Da ein Weiterkommen im Transitverkehr durch die DDR für viele Gäste aus den unterschiedlichsten Gründen nicht möglich ist, führt diese Durchsage bei einer Reihe von Passagieren zu beträchtlichen Problemen.

Da ist der alternde Schauspieler Stoltmann, der ohne Wissen seines Intendanten von Hannover nach Berlin geflogen ist, um eine kleine Hörspielrolle zu übernehmen. Am nächsten Abend soll er in Hannover den König Lear spielen — endlich die Hauptrolle, auf die er sein Leben lang gewartet hat. Stoltmann fürchtet, dass ihn sein Intendant entlassen wird und er damit die vermutlich letzte Chance seines Lebens, doch noch einmal groß herauszukommen, selbst verspielt hat. Ähnlich dramatisch stellt sich die Situation für den jungen Geschäftsmann Wolfgang Spitz dar. Er erwartet dringend die Ankunft eines Geschäftspartners aus Frankfurt am Main. Wenn dieser nicht bis morgen früh eintrifft und ihm den zugesagten Auftrag erteilt, werden Wechsel fällig, deren Unterschrift Spitz gefälscht hat. Er hat seine Freundin Lisa zum Flughafen mitgenommen, damit sie durch weiblichen Charme hilft, die Verhandlungen zu einem positiven Abschluss zu bringen. Als der reiche Großspediteur Schreiber erscheint, glaubt Spitz in ihm seinen Rettungsanker zu erkennen. Doch der ist nur an Lisa interessiert. Als Spitz am nächsten Morgen nach Düsseldorf abreisen will, wird er von der Berliner Polizei wegen Betrugs verhaftet.

Der Chefmonteur Ernst Kramer war nach Tempelhof gekommen, um nach Karatschi abzufliegen. Seine Frau, die ihn gebracht hatte, ist wieder abgefahren, und so nutzt Kramer die Gunst der Stunde, um sich mit seiner Geliebten Mausi zu verabreden. Er wartet stundenlang auf sie, aber Mausi kommt nicht. Plötzlich beschleicht Kramer die Furcht, dass ihn seine Frau ebenso betrügen könnte wie er sie. Und so setzt er sich in ein Taxi und fährt zu sich nach Haus zurück. Doch sie ist allein und ist angesichts der verzögerten Rückkehr ihres Mannes ihrerseits misstrauisch. Das ebenso attraktive wie abgebrannte Starlet Sylvia Stössi kommt frisch vom Friseur zum Flughafen und hat, da sie zu spät gekommen ist, ihr Recht auf ein von der Fluglinie bezahltes Hotelzimmer verwirkt. Sie kennt niemanden in Berlin, und auch ihre Versuche, sich von halbwegs seriösen Herren ansprechen zu lassen, um so wenigstens zu einem Abendessen eingeladen zu werden, misslingen. Schließlich verlässt sie die Flughafenhalle in Begleitung zweier fragwürdiger junger Männer.

Mascha ist zusammen mit ihrem Freund Renzo in die Abfertigungshalle gekommen. Ihm zuliebe hat sie ihren Ehemann und ihre beiden Stiefkinder sitzen gelassen. Doch Gatte Herbert taucht plötzlich in Begleitung der Kinder in Tempelhof auf. Renzo befürchtet eine Szene und flüchtet. Derart ernüchtert, entschließt sich Mascha, zu ihrem Ehemann zurückzukehren. Gänzlich anders stellt sich die Situation für den Farmer John McLeod dar, der eigentlich heim zu seinen Ländereien in Kenia fliegen wollte. Über diese Verzögerung ist er allerdings nicht sonderlich traurig, denn hinter einem Schalter hat er die hübsche Juanita entdeckt. Der ungeplante Aufenthalt ermöglicht ihm, sich mit der jungen Frau zu unterhalten. Die beiden kommen sich in atemberaubendem Tempo näher und schmieden sogar schon Pläne für eine gemeinsame Zukunft. Als McLeod jedoch am nächsten Morgen einen überraschend frei gewordenen Platz in der nächsten Maschine zugesprochen bekommt, die Berlin verlässt, findet er nicht einmal mehr die Zeit, sich von Juanita zu verabschieden. Ein Bote soll ihr einen Strauß Blumen überbringen, doch sie hat ihren Arbeitsplatz bereits verlassen.

Der Nebel über Berlin-Tempelhof bringt es mit sich, dass auch eine polnische Jazzcombo festsitzt. Das Quintett ist vom Ostberliner Flughafen Schönefeld hierher gekommen, um von Tempelhof weiterzufliegen. Kommunistisch indoktriniert, begegnen sie den Fluggästen aus dem Westen zunächst mit Misstrauen. Doch die Aufmunterungen der anderen hier gestrandeten Passagiere bringen die Band dazu, eine Jamsession zu improvisieren. Als sie am nächsten Morgen über das Flugfeld zu ihrer Maschine gehen, spielen die fünf immer noch. Und das Misstrauen ist verflogen, ebenso wie der Nebel über Berlin-Tempelhof.

All diese Begebenheiten werden nicht als voneinander getrennte Episoden erzählt, vielmehr sind die Geschichten miteinander verwoben.

Hintergrund
Die endlose Nacht entstand zwischen dem 18. November 1962 und dem 31. Januar 1963 auf dem Flughafengelände von Berlin-Tempelhof. Er erlebte seine Uraufführung im Berliner Marmorhaus am 8. Mai 1963. Der Film entstand in 45 Drehtagen ohne ein fertiges Drehbuch. Tremper improvisierte von einem Tag auf den anderen. Gedreht wurde in der Nacht, da man dann den Flughafen für sich allein hatte.

Die Finanzierung des Films erfolgte durch eine Prämie in Höhe von 250.000 DM des Bundesinnenministeriums, die Will Tremper für den vorangegangenen Film Flucht nach Berlin bekommen hatte. Als dem Regisseur und Produzenten nach 21 Tagen das Geld ausgegangen war, musste er sich mit Krediten aushelfen, sein Auto verpfänden und sich von privaten Geldgebern etwas leihen. So trieb Tremper weitere 200.000 DM auf, mit denen der Film schließlich fertiggestellt werden konnte.

Für Regisseur Tremper war Die endlose Nacht die erfolgreichste Inszenierung seiner gesamten Karriere, die ihm durchgehend positive Kritiken bescheren sollte. Hannelore Elsner hat von denjenigen Filmen, in denen sie mitgewirkt hatte, Die endlose Nacht als ihren Lieblingsfilm bezeichnet.

Der nahezu zeitgleich gedrehte englische All-Star-Film Hotel International mit Elizabeth Taylor und Richard Burton war thematisch ähnlich gelagert, wurde aber von der Kritik deutlich schlechter bewertet.

Die Peter-Thomas-Komposition Komm, leg' Deinen Arm um mich wird im Film von Wanda Warska unter Begleitung des Andrzej-Trzaskowskí-Quintetts in einer Scat-Version gesungen. Die ursprünglich für den Film Die seltsame Gräfin komponierte Melodie erschien 1963 auch als gesungene Version von Esther Ofarim mit einem Text von Günther Schwenn auf einer Single.

Kritiken
Das Lexikon des Internationalen Films lobte: "Trempers zweiter Film [...] überrascht durch seine bemerkenswert nüchterne Bildsprache und seinen frischen Regiestil. Eine vergleichsweise ansehnliche Leistung des deutschen Kinos der 60er Jahre."

Das große Personenlexikon des Films schrieb in Trempers Biografie: "In ruhigen, fast dokumentarisch nüchternen Bildern (Kamera: Hans Jura) zeichnete er, in der Tradition von Vicki Baums Roman 'Grand Hotel', einige mehr oder weniger dramatische Stunden im Leben mehrere Menschen nach, deren Flüge wegen Nebels ausfallen."

Der Evangelische Film-Beobachter zog folgendes Fazit: "Ein bemerkenswerter Versuch, mit einem deutschen Film die Grenzen des Herkömmlichen in vertretbarer Weise zu sprengen. Deshalb ab 16 einer Empfehlung wert."

Auszeichnungen
Der Film erhielt 1963 den Preis der deutschen Filmkritik und im selben Jahr das Filmband in Silber beim Deutschen Filmpreis. Harald Leipnitz erhielt für die Beste darstellerische Leistung, Hans Jura für die Beste Kameraführung und Peter Thomas für die Beste Filmmusik jeweils das Filmband in Gold.
Des Weiteren erhielt Walter Buschhoff für die Darstellung des Chefmonteurs Ernst Kramer den Ernst-Lubitsch-Preis.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite zur Wiederveröffentlichung auf DVD

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1963
Deutscher Film
Filmdrama
Schwarzweißfilm

Die endlose Nacht


ASL Airlines Spain (anteriormente conocida como PAN Air Líneas Aéreas S.A.) fue una aerolínea de carga española con sede en Madrid. Se dedicó a la operación de vuelos dentro de la red europea de la compañía de paquetería TNT Express. Sus bases principales fueron el Aeropuerto de Madrid-Barajas (España) y el Aeropuerto de Lieja (Bélgica), volando también a los aeropuertos españoles de Sevilla, Valencia, Zaragoza, Vitoria y Barcelona.

ASL Spain
Desde mayo de 2016, PAN Air forma parte del grupo ASL Aviation Group y renombrada como ASL Spain dentro de los acuerdos derivados de la compra de TNT Express por parte de la compañía americana FedEx, siendo segregada tanto esta como TNT Airways de TNT Express. Actualmente la aerolínea realiza vuelos dentro del network de FedEx y charter.

Actualmente en proceso de cierre como consecuencia de la venta a Fedex de TNT express y de la estrategia de expansión de la compañía americana en Europa.

Flota histórica
La flota de ASL Airlines Spain constaba de las siguientes aeronaves:

Véase también
Anexo:Aerolíneas de España

Referencias

Empresas de la Comunidad de Madrid
Aerolíneas desaparecidas de España
Empresas con sede en Madrid

ASL Airlines Spain


Muhammad Moin Khan (; born 23 September 1971) is a Pakistani cricket administrator, coach and former cricketer, primarily a wicketkeeper-batsman, who remained a member of the Pakistani national cricket team from 1990 to 2004. He has also captained the Pakistani side, and led the team to be the champions of the 2000 Asia Cup.

He made his international debut against the West Indies at Multan.

He took over 100 catches in Test cricket, has scored over 3,000 ODI runs and taken over 200 catches in ODI cricket.

He is credited with coining the name of Saqlain Mushtaq's mystery delivery that goes from leg to off, as the doosra. It means the "other one" in Urdu.

Personal life
Khan's elder son Owais married to television actress Mariam Ansari in February 2021.

His younger son Azam Khan made his T20I debut for Pakistan against England in July 2021 and played for Quetta Gladiators in the PSL.

Cricket career

International career

Throughout his international career, Moin had to compete with another wicket-keeper, Rashid Latif. Moin kept wickets in the 1992 Cricket World Cup which Pakistan won and the 1999 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan finished runners up. Latif kept wickets in the 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

During the 1992 Cricket World Cup Semi-final against New Zealand, Pakistan needed 9 runs for 8 balls before Khan hit a six to make it 3 runs off 7 balls and then hit a boundary to help Pakistan set up a clash in the World Cup final with England. In the World Cup final, Pakistan were 249 from 50 overs with Khan not getting a chance to bat. However, he took three catches in the match including one of Ian Botham, who went for a duck against an inswinger bowled by Wasim Akram.

Domestic career
In 2005, Moin scored the first century in Pakistan domestic Twenty20 cricket when he smashed 112 off 59 balls for Karachi Dolphins against Lahore Lions in the ABN-AMRO Twenty-20 Cup. At the end of the season, he retired from cricket finishing with 200 not out against Hyderabad, his highest first-class score.

In 2007, Moin signed with the unofficial Indian Cricket League and coached the Hyderabad Heroes. In the 2008 edition of the competition, he coached the expansion team, the Lahore Badshahs.

Cricket administration and coaching career

Moin Khan runs his own academy situated in Karachi, a city where he has relocated since many years, named DHA Sports Club Moin Khan Academy, that provides facilities not only in cricket but also in other sports such as football, squash and swimming.

In July 2013, he replaced Iqbal Qasim as the chief selector of the Pakistan cricket team. But in 2015, during the Cricket World Cup 2015, he was removed from the position after the team's poor performance during the World Cup.

In August 2013, he was appointed the manager of the team.

In February 2014, he was appointed as the new head coach of the national team, replacing Dav Whatmore.

Since 2016, he has been serving as the head coach of the PSL franchise Quetta Gladiators.

Controversies

Domestic violence
In January 2007, Moin Khan was freed on bail after a short detention following his wife Tasneem Khan's complaint to a local police helpline that she was beaten up.

Casino visit
In February 2015, Moin Khan, who was the chief selector of Pakistan team, went under investigation for allegedly visiting a casino before Pakistan team's heavy loss to West Indies in World Cup 2015. Moin Khan later apologized for his actions but reiterated that he just went to the casino to have dinner. In March 2015, PCB accepted Moin Khan's casino explanation and said that there will be no action taken against him.

Television

References

External links

ICL Profile

1971 births
Living people
Cricketers from Rawalpindi
Moin Khan
Moin Khan
Moin Khan
Pakistan Test cricketers
Pakistani cricket captains
Moin Khan
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
ICL Pakistan XI cricketers
Hyderabad Heroes cricketers
Pakistani cricketers
Karachi Whites cricketers
Karachi Blues cricketers
Karachi Dolphins cricketers
Coaches of the Pakistan national cricket team
Pakistani cricket coaches
Wicket-keepers
Pakistani cricket administrators
Pakistan cricket team selectors
People from Karachi
Cricketers from Karachi

Moin Khan


An Aloe minima in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Aloe minima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. m. blyderivierensis
 A. m. minima

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe minima


السخينات هي مدينة مغربية، شرق مدينة فاس. تنتمي السخينات إلى ولاية فاس قرب سيدي حرازم، وتضم 3.317 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)

مراجع

مدن المغرب

السخينات


Takaya Kurokawa (født 7. april 1981) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 2004.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takaya Kurokawa


Prêmio Megafone de Ativismo é uma premiação dedicada a agraciar ativistas, comunicadores, artistas, entidades e figuras públicas que se destacam na defesa dos direitos humanos e do meio ambiente. Existente desde 2022, é o primeiro prêmio brasileiro dedicado ao ativismo, concedido por algumas das principais organizações não governamentais atuantes no Brasil: Instituto Socioambiental (ISA), WWF Brasil, Greenpeace Brasil, Engajamundo, Pimp My Carroça, Hivos e Vozes Pela Ação Climática Justiça (VAC).

O prêmio conta com 14 categorias, sendo elas Ação direta, Arte de Rua, Foto, Cartaz, Cidadão Indignado, Documentário, Jovem Ativista, Marcha ou Manifestação de Rua, Meme, Música ou Videoclipe, Documentário, Perfil de Rede Social, Reportagem e Megafone do ano.

Em 2023, os grandes destaques da premiação foram a ministra do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, Marina Silva, e a líder indígena e ativista Txai Suruí. O Jornalismo em quadrinhos também foi reconhecido, com vitória da reportagem "Um povo, três massacres", da Revista Badaró, que retrata, em arte sequencial, a violência contra o povo guarani-kaiowá.

Prêmio Megafone de Ativismo


An Poa mendocina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elisa G. Nicora ngan Fidel Antonio Roig. An Poa mendocina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa mendocina


Angst er et digt med temaet angst og utryghed. Det er skrevet i 1939 af Tove Ditlevsen og er med i hendes digtsamling Pigesind. Det består af 5 strofer a 8 vers.

Digte fra Danmark

Angst (digt)


Le Gourg de Cap de Long est un lac pyrénéen français situé administrativement dans la commune d'Aragnouet dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées en région  Occitanie.

C'est un lac naturel qui a une superficie de  pour une altitude de , il atteint une profondeur de

Toponymie
En occitan gourg, gorga a le sens de « lac profond ». Cap de Long signifie « la tête (de vallée) (au pied) du (pic) Long ».

Géographie
Le lac est situé en vallée de Port Bielh Bastan, en vallée d'Aure, dans la réserve du Néouvielle dans le sud du département français des Hautes-Pyrénées dans le massif du Néouvielle.
Il est entouré de nombreux pics comme le Pic Long (), le pic Badet (), le Pic Maou () , le Pic de Campbieil () entre la crête de Hourgade et la Montagne de Pichadères.

Topographie

Hydrologie
Le lac a pour émissaire le ruisseau de Cap de Long.

Climat

Protection environnementale

Le lac est situé dans le parc national des Pyrénées.

Le lac fait partie d'une zone naturelle protégée, classée ZNIEFF de type 1 : Réserve du Néouvielle et vallons de Port-Bielh et du Bastan

Voies d'accès
Le lac est accessible par le versant est prendre le sentier au bord du lac de Cap de Long côté sud et prendre le sentier le long du ruisseau de Cap de Long.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des lacs des Hautes-Pyrénées
 Liste des lacs des Pyrénées

Liens externes
 Gourg de Cap de Long

Gourg de Cap de Long
Massif du Néouvielle

Gourg de Cap de Long


Capace este un film românesc din 2017 regizat de Sorin Marin, Tudor Seichea Marin. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Adrian Titieni, Vlad Ivanov.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2017 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2017
Filme dramatice românești

Capace


The Colfax massacre, sometimes referred to as the Colfax riot, occurred on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the parish seat of Grant Parish. An estimated 62–153 Black militia men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan. Three white men also died during the confrontation.

After the contested 1872 election for governor of Louisiana and local offices, a group of white men armed with rifles and a small cannon overpowered Black freedmen and state militia occupying the Grant Parish courthouse in Colfax. Most of the freedmen were killed after surrendering, and nearly another 50 were killed later that night after being held as prisoners for several hours. Estimates of the number of dead have varied over the years, ranging from 62 to 153; three whites died but the number of Black victims was difficult to determine because many bodies were thrown into the Red River or removed for burial, possibly at mass graves.

Historian Eric Foner described the massacre as the worst instance of racial violence during Reconstruction. In Louisiana, it had the most fatalities of any of the numerous violent events occurring after the disputed gubernatorial contest in 1872 between Republicans and Democrats. Foner wrote, "...every election [in Louisiana] between 1868 and 1876 was marked by rampant violence and pervasive fraud". Although the Fusionist-dominated state "returning board," which ruled on vote validity, initially declared John McEnery and his Democratic slate the winners, the board eventually divided, with a faction declaring Republican William P. Kellogg the victor. A Republican federal judge in New Orleans ruled that the Republican-majority legislature be seated.

Federal prosecution and conviction of a few perpetrators at Colfax by the Enforcement Acts was appealed to the Supreme Court. In a major case, the court ruled in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) that protections of the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to persons acting individually, but only to the actions of state governments. After this ruling, the federal government could no longer use the Enforcement Act of 1870 to prosecute actions by paramilitary groups such as the White League, which had chapters forming across Louisiana beginning in 1874. Intimidation, murders, and Black voter suppression by such paramilitary groups were instrumental to the Democratic Party regaining political control of the state legislature by the late 1870s.

During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, historians have given renewed attention to the events at Colfax and the resulting Supreme Court case.

State and national background

In March 1865, Unionist planter James Madison Wells became governor. As the Democratic-dominated legislature passed Black Codes that restricted rights of freedmen, Wells began to favor allowing Black people to vote and temporarily disenfranchising ex-Confederates. To accomplish this, he scheduled a new constitutional convention for July 30, 1866.

It was postponed because of the New Orleans Massacre that day, in which armed Southern white Democrats attacked Black Americans who had a parade in support of the convention. Anticipating trouble, the mayor of New Orleans had asked the local military commander to police the city and protect the convention. The U. S. Army failed to respond promptly to the mayor's request and a group of white residents attacked numerous unarmed Black residents, resulting in 38 deaths, 34 Black and four white, and more than 40 wounded, most of them Black folks.

When President Andrew Johnson blamed the massacre on Republican agitation, a popular national reaction against Johnson's policies resulting in national voters electing a majority Republican Congress in 1866. It passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 despite Andrew Johnson's veto. Earlier, the Freedmen's Bureau and the occupation armies had prevented Southern Black Codes, which had limited the rights of freedmen and other Black people (including their choices of work and living locations), from becoming effective. On July 16, 1866, Congress extended the life of the Freedmen's Bureau, also despite Johnson's veto. On March 2, 1867, they passed the Reconstruction Act, over Johnson's veto, which required that Black men be given the franchise—in Southern states but not in Northern states—and that reconstructed Southern states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before admission to the Union.

By April 1868, a biracial coalition in Louisiana had elected a Republican-majority state legislature, but violence increased before the fall election. Almost all of the victims were Black and some white Republicans who were protecting the Black Republican freedmen. Insurgents also attacked people physically or burned their homes to discourage them from voting. President Johnson, a Democrat, prevented the Republican governor of Louisiana from using either the state militia or U.S. forces to suppress the insurgent groups, such as the Knights of the White Camelia.

Background in Grant Parish

The Red River area of Winn and Rapides parishes was a combination of large plantations and subsistence farmers; before the war, African Americans had worked as slaves on the plantations. William Smith Calhoun, a major planter, had inherited a  plantation in the area. A former slaveholder, he lived with a mixed-race woman as his common-law wife and had come to favor Black political equality, encouraging the political organization of the local African-American-based Republican party.

On election day in November 1868, Calhoun led a group of freedmen to vote. The ballot box was originally at a store owned by John Hooe, who had threatened to whip freedmen "if they voted Republican". Calhoun arranged for the ballot box to be moved to a plantation store owned by a Republican. In addition, he oversaw the submission of 150 Black votes from freedmen on his plantation land. The Republicans received 318 votes, and the Democrats received 49. A group of whites threw the ballot box into the Red River, and Democrats arrested Calhoun, alleging election fraud. With the original ballot box gone, Democrat Michael Ryan went on to claim a landslide victory.

The election was also marked by violence. Election commissioner Hal Frazier, a Black Republican, was murdered by whites. After this, Calhoun drafted a bill to create a new parish out of parts of Winn and Rapides parishes, which passed the Republican legislature; as a major planter, Calhoun thought he would have more political influence in the new parish, which had a Black majority. Other new parishes were created by the Republican state legislature to try to develop areas of Republican political control.

Enforcement against the Klan
According to Lane, after Ulysses S. Grant became President in 1869, he "lobbied hard for the Fifteenth Amendment" (ratified February 3, 1870), which guaranteed that Black men, most of whom were newly freed slaves, would have the right to vote. However, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) continued violent attacks and killed scores of Black residents in Arkansas, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi and elsewhere. In response, on May 31, 1870, Congress passed an Enforcement Act which prohibited groups of people from banding together to violate citizens' constitutional rights. Soon afterwards on April 20, 1871, Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act, which Grant used to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and sent federal troops to South Carolina, a state with particularly egregious Klan activity.

Louisiana and Grant Parish
Governor Henry Clay Warmoth struggled to maintain political balance in Louisiana. Among his appointments, he installed William Ward, a Black Union veteran, as commanding officer of Company A, 6th Infantry Regiment, Louisiana State Militia, a new unit to be based in Grant Parish to help control the violence there and in other Red River parishes. Ward, born a slave in 1840 in Charleston, South Carolina, had learned to read and write as a valet to a master in Richmond, Virginia. In 1864 he escaped and went to Fortress Monroe, where he joined the Union Army and served until after General Robert E. Lee's surrender. About 1870 he came to Grant Parish, where he had a friend. He quickly became active among local Black Republican Party members. After his appointment to the militia, Ward recruited other freedmen for his forces, several of whom were veterans of the war.

Louisiana election of 1872
In Louisiana, Republican governor Henry Clay Warmoth defected to the Liberal Republicans (a group that opposed President Grant's Reconstruction policies) in 1872. Warmoth previously supported a constitutional amendment that allowed former Confederates, who had been denied the right to vote, to be re-enfranchised. A "Fusionist" coalition of Liberal Republicans and Democrats nominated ex-Confederate battalion commander and Democrat John McEnery to succeed him as governor. In return, Democrats and Liberal Republicans were to send Warmoth to Washington as a U.S. Senator. Opposing McEnery was Republican William Pitt Kellogg, one of Louisiana's U.S. Senators. Voting on November 4, 1872, resulted in dual governments, as a Fusionist (Liberal Republicans and Democrat)-dominated returning board declared McEnery the winner while a faction of the board proclaimed Kellogg the winner. Both administrations held inaugural ceremonies and certified their lists of local candidates.

After failing to win their case in state court, the Kellogg forces appealed to federal judge Edward Durell in New Orleans to intervene and order that Kellogg and the Stalwart Republican-majority legislature were to be seated, and for Grant to authorize U.S. army troops to protect Kellogg's government. This action was widely criticized across the nation by Democrats and both factions of the Republican Party because it was considered to be a violation of the rights of states to manage their own (non-federal-office) elections. Thus, investigating committees of both chambers of the federal Congress in Washington were critical of the Kellogg choice. The House majority ruled Durell's action illegal and the Senate majority concluded that the Kellogg regime was "not much better than a successful conspiracy". In 1874 a House investigating committee in Washington recommended that Judge Durell be impeached for corruption and illegally interfering in the Louisiana 1872 state elections, but the judge resigned in order to avoid impeachment.

McEnery's faction tried to take control of the state arsenal at Jackson Square, but Kellogg had the state militia seize dozens of leaders of McEnery's faction and control New Orleans, where the state government was located. McEnery returned to try to take control with a private paramilitary group. In September 1873 his forces, more than 8,000 strong, entered the city and defeated the city/state militia of about 3500 in New Orleans. The Democrats took control of the state house, armory and police stations, where the state government was then located, in what was known as the Battle of Jackson Square. His forces held those buildings for three days before retreating before Federal troops arrived. Warmoth was subsequently impeached by the state legislature due to a bribery scandal resulting from his actions in the 1872 election.

Warmoth appointed Democrats as parish registrars, and they ensured the voter rolls included as many whites and as few freedmen as possible. A number of registrars changed the registration site without notifying Black residents. They also required Black voters to prove they were over 21, while knowing that former slaves did not have birth certificates. In Grant Parish, one plantation owner threatened to expel Black people from homes they rented on his land if they voted Republican. Fusionists also tampered with ballot boxes on election day. One was found with a hole in it, apparently used for stuffing the ballot box. As a result, Grant Parish Fusionists claimed a landslide victory, even though Black voters outnumbered whites by 776 to 630.

Warmoth issued commissions to Fusionist Democrats Alphonse Cazabat and Christopher Columbus Nash, elected parish judge and sheriff, respectively. Like many white men in the South, Nash was a Confederate veteran (as an officer, he had been held for a year and a half as a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island in Ohio). Cazabat and Nash took their oaths of office in the Colfax courthouse on January 2, 1873. They dispatched the documents to Governor McEnery in New Orleans.

William Pitt Kellogg issued commissions to the Republican slate for Grant Parish on January 17 and 18. By then Nash and Cazabat controlled the small, primitive courthouse. Republican Robert C. Register insisted that he, not Alphonse Cazabat, was the parish judge and that Republican Daniel Wesley Shaw, not Nash, was to be the sheriff. On the night of March 25, the Republicans seized the empty courthouse and took their oaths of office. They sent their oaths to the Kellogg administration in New Orleans.

Grant Parish was one of a number of new parishes created by the Republican government in an effort to increase local control in the state. Both the land and its people were originally associated with the Calhoun family, whose plantation had covered more than the borders of the new parish. The freedmen had been slaves of the plantation. The parish also included the less-developed hill country. The total population had a narrow majority of 2400 freedmen, who mostly voted Republican, and 2200 whites, who voted as Democrats. Statewide political tensions were represented in the rumors going around each community, often about white fears of attacks or outrage from Black people, which added to local tensions.

Colfax courthouse conflict
Fearful that the Democrats might try to control the local parish government, Black people started to create trenches around the courthouse and drilled to keep alert. The Republican officeholders stayed there overnight. They held the town for three weeks.

On March 28, Nash, Cazabat, Hadnot and other white Fusionists called for armed whites to retake the courthouse on April 1. Whites were recruited from nearby Winn and surrounding parishes to join their effort. The Republicans Shaw, Register, and Flowers and others began to recruit armed Black men to defend the courthouse.

Black Republicans Lewis Meekins and state militia captain William Ward, a Black Union veteran, raided the homes of the opposition leaders: Judge William R. Rutland, Bill Cruikshank, and Jim Hadnot. Gunfire erupted between white and Black militias on April 2 and again on April 5, but the shotguns were too inaccurate to do any harm. The two sides arranged for peace negotiations. Peace ended when a white man shot and killed a Black bystander named Jesse McKinney. Another armed conflict on April 6 ended with the white militia fleeing from armed Black militia. With the threat of violence in the community, Black women and children joined the men at the courthouse for protection.

William Ward, the commanding officer of Company A, 6th Infantry Regiment, Louisiana State Militia, headquartered in Grant Parish, had been elected state representative from the parish on the Republican ticket. He wrote to Governor Kellogg seeking U.S. troops for reinforcement and gave the letter to William Smith Calhoun for delivery. Calhoun took the steamboat LaBelle down the Red River but was captured by Paul Hooe, Hadnot, and Cruikshank. They ordered Calhoun to tell the Black community members to leave the courthouse.

The Black defenders refused to leave although threatened by parties of armed whites commanded by Nash. To recruit men during the rising political tensions, Nash had contributed to lurid rumors that Black men were preparing to kill all the white men and take the white women as their own. On April 8 the anti-Republican Daily Picayune newspaper of New Orleans inflamed tensions and distorted events by the following headline:

Such news attracted more whites from the region to Grant Parish to join Nash; all were experienced Confederate veterans. They acquired a four-pound cannon that could fire iron slugs. As the Klansman Dave Paul said, "Boys, this is a struggle for white supremacy."

Suffering from tuberculosis and rheumatism, on April 11 the militia captain Ward took a steamboat downriver to New Orleans to seek armed help directly from Kellogg. He was not there for the following events.

Massacre
Cazabat had directed Nash as sheriff to end what he called a riot. Nash gathered an armed white paramilitary group and veteran officers from Rapides, Winn and Catahoula parishes. He did not move his forces toward the courthouse until noon on Easter Sunday, April 13. Nash commanded more than 300 armed white men, most on horseback and armed with rifles. Nash reportedly ordered the defenders of the courthouse to leave. When that failed, Nash gave women and children camped outside the courthouse thirty minutes to leave. After they left, the shooting began. The fighting continued for several hours with few casualties. When Nash's paramilitary maneuvered the cannon behind the building, some of the defenders panicked and left the courthouse.

About 60 defenders ran into nearby woods and jumped into the river. Nash sent men on horseback after the fleeing Black Republicans, and his paramilitary group killed most of them on the spot. Soon Nash's forces directed a Black captive to set the courthouse roof afire. The defenders displayed white flags for surrender: one made from a shirt, the other from a page of a book. The shooting stopped.

Nash's group approached and called for those surrendering to throw down their weapons and come outside. What happened next is disputed. According to the reports of some whites, James Hadnot was shot and wounded by someone from the courthouse. "In the Negro version, the men in the courthouse were stacking their guns when the white men approached, and Hadnot was shot from behind by an overexcited member of his own force." Hadnot died later, after being taken downstream by a passing steamboat.

In the aftermath of Hadnot's shooting, the white paramilitary group reacted with mass murders of the Black men. As more than 40 times as many Black people died as did white people, historians generally describe the event as a massacre. The white paramilitary group killed unarmed men trying to hide in the courthouse. They rode down and killed those attempting to flee. They dumped some bodies into the Red River. About 50 Blacks survived the afternoon and were taken prisoner. Later that night they were summarily killed by their captors, who had been drinking alcohol. Only one Black man from the group, Levi Nelson, survived. He was shot by Cruikshank but managed to crawl away unnoticed. He later served as one of the Federal government's chief witnesses against those who were indicted for the attacks.

Kellogg sent state militia colonels Theodore DeKlyne and William Wright to Colfax with warrants to arrest 50 white men and to install a new, compromise slate of parish officers. DeKlyne and Wright found the smoking ruins of the courthouse at Colfax, and many bodies of men who had been shot in the back of the head or the neck. They described that one body was charred, another man's head beaten beyond recognition, and another had a slashed throat. Surviving Blacks told DeKlyne and Wright that Blacks dug a trench around the courthouse to protect it from what they saw as an attempt by white Democrats to steal an election. They were attacked by whites armed with rifles, revolvers and a small cannon. When Blacks refused to leave, the courthouse was burned, and the Black defenders were shot down. While the whites accused Blacks of violating a flag of truce and rioting, Black Republicans said that none of this was true. They accused whites of marching captured prisoners away in pairs and shooting them in the back of the head.

On April 14 some of Governor Kellogg's new police force arrived from New Orleans. Several days later, two companies of Federal troops arrived. They searched for white paramilitary members, but many had already fled to Texas or the hills. The officers filed a military report in which they identified by name three whites and 105 Blacks who had died, plus noted they had recovered 15–20 unidentified Blacks from the river. They also noted the savage nature of many of the killings, suggesting an out-of-control situation.

The exact number of dead was never established: two U.S. Marshals, who visited the site on April 15 and buried dead, reported 62 fatalities; a military report to Congress in 1875 identified 81 Black men by name who had been killed, and also estimated that between 15 and 20 bodies had been thrown into the Red River, and another 18 were secretly buried, for a grand total of "at least 105"; a state historical marker from 1950 noted fatalities as three whites and 150 Blacks.

The historian Eric Foner, a specialist in the Civil War and Reconstruction, wrote about the event:

"The organization against them is too strong. ..." Louisiana Black teacher and Reconstruction legislator John G. Lewis later remarked. "They attempted [armed self-defense] in Colfax. The result was that on Easter Sunday of 1873 when the sun went down that night, it went down on the corpses of two hundred and eighty negroes."

Aftermath
James Roswell Beckwith, the US Attorney based in New Orleans, sent an urgent telegram about the massacre to the U.S. Attorney General. The massacre in Colfax gained headlines of national newspapers from Boston to Chicago. Various government forces spent weeks trying to round up members of the white paramilitaries, and a total of 97 men were indicted. In the end, Beckwith charged nine men and brought them to trial for violations of the Enforcement Act of 1870. It had been designed to provide federal protection for civil rights of freedmen by the 14th Amendment against actions by terrorist groups such as the Klan.

The men were charged with one murder, and charges related to a conspiracy against the rights of freedmen. There were two succeeding trials in 1874. William Burnham Woods presided over the first trial and was sympathetic to the prosecution. Had the men been convicted, they would not have been able to appeal their decision to any appellate court according to the laws of the time. However, Beckwith was unable to secure a conviction—one man was acquitted, and a mistrial was declared in the cases of the other eight.

In the second trial, three men were found guilty of sixteen charges. However, the presiding judge, Joseph Bradley of the United States Supreme Court (riding circuit), dismissed the convictions, ruling that the charges violated the state actor doctrine, failed to prove a racial rationale for the massacre, or were void for vagueness. Sua sponte, he ordered that the men be released on bail, and they promptly disappeared.

When the federal government appealed the case, it was heard by the US Supreme Court as United States v. Cruikshank (1875). The Supreme Court ruled that the Enforcement Act of 1870 (which was based on the Bill of Rights and 14th Amendment) applied only to actions committed by the state and that it did not apply to actions committed by individuals or private conspiracies (See, Morrison Remick Waite). This meant that the Federal government could not prosecute cases such as the Colfax killings. The court said plaintiffs who believed their rights were abridged had to seek protection from the state. Louisiana did not prosecute any of the perpetrators of the Colfax massacre; most southern states would not prosecute white men for attacks against freedmen.  Thus, enforcement of criminal sanctions under the act ended.

The publicity about the Colfax Massacre and subsequent Supreme Court ruling encouraged the growth of white paramilitary organizations. In May 1874, Nash formed the first chapter of the White League from his paramilitary group, and chapters soon were formed in other areas of Louisiana, as well as the southern parts of nearby states. Unlike the former KKK, they operated openly and often curried publicity. One historian described them as "the military arm of the Democratic Party." Other paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts also arose, especially in South Carolina and Mississippi, which also had Black majorities of population, and in certain counties in North Carolina.

Paramilitary groups used violence and murder to terrorize leaders among the freedmen and white Republicans, as well as to repress voting among freedmen during the 1870s. Black American citizens had little recourse. In August 1874, for instance, the White League threw out Republican officeholders in Coushatta, Red River Parish, assassinating the six whites before they left the state, and killing five to 15 freedmen who were witnesses. Four of the white men killed were related to the state representative from the area. Such violence served to intimidate voters and officeholders; it was one of the methods that white Democrats used to gain control of the state legislature in the 1876 elections and ultimately to end Reconstruction in Louisiana.

Remembrances

In Louisiana as well as in the rest of the United States, the scale of the massacre and the political conflict which it represents are significant in relation to the history of Reconstruction, the history of racism against African Americans and the history of racism in the United States.

In 1920, a committee met in Colfax to purchase a monument to memorialize the three white men who died. This monument stands in the Colfax Cemetery and it reads "Erected to the memory of the Heroes, /
Stephen Decatur Parish /
James West Hadnot /
Sidney Harris /
Who fell in the Colfax Riot fighting
for White Supremacy."

In 1950, Louisiana erected a state highway marker which read that the event of 1873 was "the Colfax Riot," as the event was traditionally known in the white community. The marker states, "On this site occurred the Colfax Riot, in which three white men and 150 negroes were slain. This event on April 13, 1873, marked the end of carpetbag misrule in the South." The marker was removed on May 15, 2021, for eventual placement in a museum. On April 13, 2023, the 150th anniversary of the Colfax massacre, the removed marker was replaced by a seven-foot granite monument that lists 57 black people confirmed to have been killed in the massacre and has artwork about the experience of black people during Reconstruction.

Renewed attention
The Colfax massacre is one of the events of Reconstruction and late 19th-century American history which have received renewed national attention during the early 21st century, as much attention as the 1923 massacre in Rosewood, Florida received near the end of the 20th century. In 2007 and 2008, two new books about the topic were published: Leeanna Keith's The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction, and Charles Lane's The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction. In his book, Lane addressed the political and legal implications of the Supreme Court case, which were derived from the prosecution of several men who were member of the white paramilitary groups. In addition, a film documentary is in preparation.

In 2007, the Red River Heritage Association, Inc. was formed as a group which intended to construct a museum in Colfax, collect materials and store them in the museum, and interpret the history of Reconstruction in Louisiana, especially in the Red River area.

In 2008, on the 135th anniversary of the Colfax massacre, an interracial group commemorated the event. It laid flowers on the place where some of the victims had fallen and it also held a forum in an attempt to discuss the history of the massacre.

In 2021, a state highway marker which had been erected in Louisiana in 1950 was removed, the marker read that the event of 1873 was "the Colfax Riot," as the event was traditionally known in the white community. The marker states, "On this site occurred the Colfax Riot, in which three white men and 150 negroes were slain. This event on April 13, 1873, marked the end of carpetbag misrule in the South." The marker was removed on May 15, 2021, for eventual placement in a museum. On April 13, 2023, the 150th anniversary of the Colfax massacre, the removed marker was replaced by a seven-foot granite monument that lists 57 black people confirmed to have been killed in the massacre and has artwork about the experience of black people during Reconstruction.

See also
 African Americans in Louisiana
 List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
 List of massacres in Louisiana
 Mass racial violence in the United States

Notes

References

 Goldman, Robert M. (2--1), Reconstruction & Black Suffrage: Losing the Vote in Reese & Cruikshank, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
 Hogue, James K., Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battle and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.

 KKK Hearings, 46th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Report 693.

 Lemann, Nicholas.  (2006) Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 1st ed. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
 Rubin, Richard. (Jul/Aug 2003) "The Colfax Riot", The Atlantic.
 Taylor, Joe G. (1974) Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863–1877, Baton Rouge. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, pp. 268–270.

External links
 Ulysses S. Grant, People and Events: "The Colfax Massacre", 1997–2001 Public Broadcasting System
 State Highway Marker on Google Street View

1873 in Louisiana
1873 riots
Massacres in 1873
African-American history of Louisiana
History of voting rights in the United States
Political repression in the United States
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
History of African-American civil rights
Riots and civil disorder in Louisiana
Massacres in the United States
Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era
White American riots in the United States
April 1873 events
Anti-black racism in the United States
Lynching deaths in Louisiana
History of racism in Louisiana
Democratic backsliding in the United States

Colfax massacre


Chingiz Mustafayev (født 11. marts 1991) er en russiskfødt aserbajdsjansk sanger, sangskriver og guitarist. Han vil repræsentere Aserbajdsjan i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv med sangen "Truth".

Chingiz Mustafayev opnåede en 8. plads i Eurovisionsfinalen i Tel Aviv i maj 2019

Referencer

Sangere fra Aserbajdsjan
Singer-songwritere fra Aserbajdsjan
Popmusikere fra Aserbajdsjan
Aserbajdsjans Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Personer fra Moskva
Personer fra Baku

Chingiz


Salur, Antalya ilinin Kumluca ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1873 ve 1911 yılı kayıtlarında Salır olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Örtekiz köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 16 Ağustos 1954'te köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 98 km, Kumluca ilçe merkezine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Kumluca'nın mahalleleri

Salur, Kumluca


Renato de Almeida pode referir-se a:

Renato de Almeida Guillobel, militar brasileiro;
Renato de Almeida (pintor), pintor brasileiro;
Renato Almeida (musicólogo),  advogado, jornalista, musicólogo e folclorista brasileiro.

Desambiguações de antropônimos

Renato de Almeida


Michael Trein (n. 17 iulie 1935, Hărman – d. 5 octombrie 2015, Crailsheim) a fost ultimul primar sas al Prejmerului (). După emigrarea sa în Germania la sfârșitului anilor 1970 a făcut parte din conducerea Asociației Sașilor Transilvăneni din Germania.

A fost decorat cu Crucea Federală de Merit () a Republicii Federale Germania.

Nașteri în 1935
Nașteri pe 17 iulie
Decese în 2015
Decese pe 5 octombrie
Decorați cu Ordinul Crucea Federală de Merit a Republicii Federale Germania
Oameni din Prejmer
Politicieni CDU (Germania)
Primari din România
Sași transilvăneni
Politicieni sași

Michael Trein


Hicham El Guerrouj (; ; born 14 September 1974) is a retired Moroccan middle-distance runner. El Guerrouj is the current world record holder for the 1500 metres and mile events, and the former world record holder in the 2000 metres. He is the only man since Paavo Nurmi to win a gold medal in both the 1500 m and 5000 metres at the same Olympic Games.

El Guerrouj is widely regarded as the greatest middle-distance runner in history and holds seven of the 10 fastest times ever run in the 1500 m and in the mile.

El Guerrouj won a gold medal in the 1500 m at the 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003 World Athletics Championships. He won the World Athlete of the Year awards three times, and in November 2014, was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Hall of Fame.

Early career
Born in Berkane, Hicham El Guerrouj's first international triumph was at age 18, when he was third in the 5000 metres of the 1992 Junior World Championships in Seoul, behind Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia and Ismael Kirui of Kenya.  A year later, he was the #2 man on the Moroccan team at the World Junior Cross Country Championships.

In 1994, he was a member of the Moroccan team in the 1994 IAAF World Road Relay Championships, which won the race in world record time.

El Guerrouj rose to international prominence in the mid-1990s with near-record times in the 1500 metres and mile. At the age of 20 he finished second in the 1500 metres to then world record holder Noureddine Morceli at the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg. In 1996 after setting a new personal best in the 1500 metres of 3:29.59 in Stockholm, he was considered one of the favourites for the Olympic gold.

1996 Atlanta Olympics – 1999 season
El Guerrouj competed in his first Olympic Games in 1996 at Atlanta. Running the 1500 metres final, as he was moving into position to challenge for the lead, he fell with 400 m to go and finished last in 12th place. He had been expected to challenge the world record holder and three-time World champion, Noureddine Morceli.

One month later, at the Grand Prix final in Milan, El Guerrouj became the first runner to defeat Morceli over 1500 m in four years. In the following years, El Guerrouj became the only middle distance runner to win four consecutive world titles in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.

El Guerrouj set two world indoor records at the start of the 1997 season, starting with a 1500 m record of 3:31.18 at the Sparkassen Cup, which was not beaten until 22 years later, in 2019 by Samuel Tefera. He also set a new indoor best of 3:48.45 in the mile run at the Indoor Flanders meeting a few weeks later. In 1998 in Rome, El Guerrouj broke Morceli's 1500 m world record (3:27.37) with a time of 3:26.00.

In 1999, also in Rome, El Guerrouj broke the world record in the mile set by Noureddine Morceli in 1993, with a time of 3:43.13, completing the first 1500 metres in 3:28.21. Noah Ngeny of Kenya, who ran second, was also under the previous world record with a time of 3:43.40. This was the first time in over 40 years that two men had bettered the mile world record in the same race.

Later that season he set a new world record over 2000 m in Berlin at 4:44.79, bettering the previous mark set by Morceli by more than three seconds. He also ran the second fastest 3000 m ever in Brussels.

2000 Sydney Olympics – 2003 season
At the Sydney Olympics, El Guerrouj was favourite to take gold but finished second in the 1500 metres, behind Noah Ngeny, a talented Kenyan runner at the peak of his career who had run as El Guerrouj's pacemaker when El Guerrouj ran his 1500m world record in Rome in 1998.

El Guerrouj successfully defended his 1500 m title in the 2001 and 2003 World Championships and came close to breaking his own 1500 m record in Brussels in 2001 with a time of 3:26.12. He also won 3 consecutive IAAF Golden League prizes in 2001, 2002 and 2003. He was the only middle distance athlete to produce the winning streak necessary to be entitled for a share of the jackpot of 50 kilograms (1,608 troy ounces) of gold (2000–2002) or US$1 million (1998–1999, 2003–present). As of 2011 he was the only athlete to have won it three times in a row.

In 2003, El Guerrouj set a personal best of 12:50.24 in the 5000 metres, which is the 26th fastest ever in the event. Later in the year, at the World Track & Field Championships, he finished a close second to Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge in the 5000 metres, adding a silver to the gold he had previously won in the 1500 metres.

2004 Athens Olympics and retirement

After a relatively poor start to the 2004 season that included slow times and an 8th-place finish in a 1500-metre race in Rome, El Guerrouj entered both the 1500 metres and the 5000 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Only 20 days before the Olympic final, 2000 Olympic bronze medalist Bernard Lagat ran the fastest 1500 m in 2004 (3:27.40), narrowly defeating El Guerrouj (3:27.64) at the Weltklasse Zürich meet on August 6. On August 24, in the final straight of the Olympic 1500m final, El Guerrouj beat Lagat by 0.12 seconds, winning the gold medal. In the finale, entering the home straight El Guerrouj led, only to be overtaken by Lagat- and then El Guerrouj re-took the lead a few strides from the line.

Four days later, El Guerrouj won the 5,000 m final with a time of 13:14.39, preventing Kenenisa Bekele from achieving the 5000 m/10000 m distance double, last achieved by Ethiopian Miruts Yifter in 1980 Moscow Olympics.

El Guerrouj became the first man in 80 years to win both 1500m and 5000m titles in the same Olympics, previously achieved only by the "Flying Finn" Paavo Nurmi in 1924.

On 16 May 2005, El Guerrouj was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year.

Having fulfilled his sporting ambitions, El Guerrouj never competed internationally again and announced his retirement on May 22, 2006.

Awards and honors
His sporting career is marked by numerous recognitions such as the award to humanitarian effort from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), which he received in 1996. He is also a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. El Guerrouj was named IAAF World Athlete of the Year in 2001, 2002 and 2003 after remaining unbeaten in more than 20 races, becoming the first man to win the award in consecutive years. He was also named best athlete of the year by the athletics journal Track and Field News in 2002. In 2003, he was elected as a member of the IAAF Athletes Committee.

On September 7, 2004, El Guerrouj was decorated with the "Cordon de Commandeur" by King Mohammed VI of Morocco. In the same year, he was awarded the Prince of Asturias Awards.

He was a member of the International Olympic Committee Athletes' Commission from 2004 to 2012.

Hicham El Guerrouj is today an Ambassador for Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization, as well as a member of its "Champions for Peace" club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport.

International competitions

IAAF Grand Prix performances
1997
Stuttgart: 3:31.18 indoor 1500 m
Gand: 3:48.45 indoor mile
1998
Golden Gala: 3:26.00  1500 m
1999
Golden Gala: 3:43.13  mile
1999 IAAF Grand Prix Final: 4:44.79  2000 metres

Personal bests
The following table includes El Guerrouj's personal best times as published by the IAAF:

Awards
 World Athlete of the Year: 2001, 2002, 2003
 Track & Field News Athlete of the Year: 1999, 2001, 2002
 L'Équipe Champion of Champions: 2005
 IAAF Hall of Fame: 2014

See also
 1500 metres world record progression
 Mile run world record progression

References and notes

External links

 Video of Hicham El Guerrouj breaking the mile world record
 El Guerrouj diary at IAAF

1974 births
Living people
People from Berkane
Moroccan male middle-distance runners
Moroccan male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Morocco
Olympic gold medalists for Morocco
Olympic silver medalists for Morocco
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Morocco
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics record holders
Moroccan International Olympic Committee members
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics indoor record holders
IAAF Golden League winners
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
20th-century Moroccan people
21st-century Moroccan people

Hicham El Guerrouj


A Cisterna Portuguesa é uma construção histórica na cidade de El Jadida, no Marrocos. Foi construída pelos portugueses no século XVI como parte da fortaleza de Mazagão, para armazenar água em caso de cerco. A cisterna é uma sala quadrada com trinta e seis abóbadas que se apoiam em vinte e cinco colunas e um óculo central que permite a entrada de luz. Após o abandono português em 1769, a cisterna permaneceu escondida por dois séculos até ser redescoberta em 1916 por um comerciante e foi restaurada. Foi declarada Patrimônio Mundial pela UNESCO em 2004 como parte da cidade portuguesa de Mazagão (El Jadida) e é considerada uma das sete maravilhas de origem portuguesa no mundo. A cisterna portuguesa é considerada uma obra-prima da arquitetura militar portuguesa do Renascimento e um testemunho das influências recíprocas entre a cultura europeia e a marroquina.

A cisterna foi usada como cenário do filme Otelo (1951) de Orson Welles, uma adaptação da obra de William Shakespeare.

Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO em Marrocos
Antigos territórios de Portugal
Atrações turísticas de Marrocos

Cisterna Portuguesa


Il Bellerofonte (título original en italiano; en español, Belerofonte) es una ópera seria en tres actos con música de Josef Mysliveček y libreto en italiano de Giuseppe Bonecchi, basado en el mito griego de Belerofonte. Se estrenó en el Teatro de San Carlos de Nápoles el 20 de enero de 1767.

La ópera fue un encargo para festejar el cumpleaños del rey de España Carlos III y fue precedida en la representación de una cantata compuesta por el mismo compositor. El éxito obtenido en el Teatro San Carlos llevó a posteriores representaciones, entre las cuales destacan la de 7 de mayo de 1767 en Siena y la del año 1768 en Praga, la cual glorificó Mysliveček  como compositor de fama incluso en su ciudad natal. Entre los cantantes de la época que destacaron con este trabajo se recuerdan a Anton Raaff y Caterina Gabrielli.

La primera y única grabación de esta ópera se produjo en el año 1987 bajo Zoltan Pesko con el Coro Filarmónico Checo y de la Orquesta de Cámara de Praga.

Notas

Óperas de Josef Myslivecek
Óperas de 1767
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles
Belerofonte (ópera)

Il Bellerofonte


30888 Okitsumisaki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
30888 Okitsumisaki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Geisei de Tsutomu Seki. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,87 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 4,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 30001-31000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

30888 Okitsumisaki


Corregidora puede referirse a:

 Corregidora (municipio), Querétaro.
 Estadio Corregidora, recinto deportivo.
 Corregidora (estación de Metrobús).

Corregidora


'Google Mail[Google Mail]نظام الدعوة' هو طريقة للتسجيل في مواقع الوب. على عكس التسجيل المفتوح، حيث يتمكن كل المستخدمين من التسجيل. والتسجيل المغلق حيث هناك تقنين على المستخدمين الجدد. تمكن الدعوات المستخدمين المسجلين من اختيار من يستطيع أن يسجل، وفي الوقت ذاته تمكن مديري الموقع من الحفاظ على شعبية الخدمة أو الموقع في مستوى معين.

ظهور
أنظمة الدعوات تظهر مؤقتة عادة. تظهر أنظمة الدعوات في خدمات وتطبيقات الوب أثناء مرحلة تطوير هذه البرمجيات؛ للتحكم في عدد مستخدمي الخدمة. في حالات أخرى، تستعمل أنظمة الدعوات لعدم توفر موارد خوادم كافية.

مراجع

استضافة ويب
جوجل
خدمات بريد إلكتروني
مصطلحات منتديات الشابكة

نظام الدعوة


La M-502, también conocida como Carretera de Carabanchel a Aravaca, es una carretera de 5,310 km de longitud perteneciente a la Red Principal de la Comunidad de Madrid, que discurre entre las localidades de Madrid, en su enlace con la Autovía del Suroeste, y Pozuelo de Alarcón. La carretera se abre paso desde el barrio de madrileño Campamento, en el distrito de Latina, siguiendo el trazado de la Avenida de los Poblados. La línea ML2 del Metro Ligero de Madrid discurre paralela a la carretera desde su cabecera en el intercambiador de Colonia Jardín hasta el final de esta a su encuentro con la M-503.

El 12 de diciembre de 2011 la Consejería de Transportes e Infraestructuras de la Comunidad de Madrid proyecta la mejora del firme de la carretera M-502 del punto kilométrico 0 al 5,3 por un presupuesto final de 1.861.067,17 €.

La intensidad media diaria alcanzó en 2011 la cifra de 33.957 vehículos al día en su tramo más concurrido, entre las intersecciones con M-511 y M-508. Con respecto a los datos de 2010 supone un descenso de 1000 vehículos diarios de media, un 3,2 % menos. Las cifras se sitúan ligeramente por debajo de las registradas en 2008 y 2009.

El detalle de la Intensidad Media Diaria del año 2011, según el "Estudio de Gestión del Tráfico en las carreteras de la Comunidad de Madrid" publicado por la Comunidad de Madrid, es el siguiente:

Salidas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

503
Distrito de Latina
Pozuelo de Alarcón

M-502


An Pycreus mundii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck. An Pycreus mundii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pycreus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. m. densispiculosus
 P. m. mundii
 P. m. uniceps

Mga kasarigan

Pycreus

Pycreus mundii


Ailuroglossum, biljni rod iz porodice Boraginaceae kojemu pripadaju dvije endemske vrste iz kineskih provincija Sichuan i Yunnan.

Rod je opisan 2019. i smješten u tribus Cynoglosseae

Opis
Ailuroglossum je endemičan za provincije Sichuan i Yunnan u južnoj Kini. Uključuje dvije vrste: A. triste (Diels) Sutorý, prije poznat kao Cynoglossum triste Diels, i novoopisani A. breviglochidiatum Sutorý. Rod se razlikuje od Cynoglossum L. kombinacijom obilježja, uključujući rizom, a ne glavni korijen, gotovo ravnu ginobazu, usko konusni oblik i diskoidnu stigmu, oraščiće sa savršenim odvajanjem, bez trbušnog pričvršćenja. Nova vrsta, A. breviglochidiatum, ističe se tanjim rizomima s duljim internodijama, različito oblikovanim listovima i manjim oraščićima s gušćom ovojnicom kraćih glohida.

Vrste
 Ailuroglossum breviglochidiatum Sutorý
 Ailuroglossum triste (Diels) Sutorý

Izvori

Cynoglosseae

Ailuroglossum


Crkva sv. Roka nalazi se u selu Docu Gornjem, Grad Omiš.

Opis
Usred Gornjeg Dolca je kapela sv. Roka podignuta u 18. st. za vrijeme haranje kuge u Poljicima. Nalazi se na predjelu pod nazivom Soliovac na uzdignutom položaju. Crkva je ograđena suhozidom a uz nju je guvno. Prema vizitaciji zadarskog nadbiskupa Ottaviana Garzadorija 1625. crkva sv. Roka je već postojala u prvoj polovini 17. st. Crkva je pravokutnog tlocrta, bez apside. Sagrađena je od nepravilnog kamena i pokrivena je kamenim pločama. Na pročelju je rustična kamena rozeta a na vrhu pročelja preslica s dva zvona. Veće zvono je napravljeno u Ljevaonici Cukrov u Splitu 1921. godine. U crkvi se nalaze dva rustična drvena oltara s kamenim antependijima ukrašenim glavama kerubina i florealnim motivima. Jednostavna sakralna građevina, po načinu gradnje i smještaju karakteristična je za crkve podignute sred zaseoka Gornjih Poljica.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7026 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Omišu
Gornji Dolac

Crkva sv. Roka u Gornjem Docu


Stefanos Yerasimos (1942, İstanbul - 20 Temmuz 2005, Paris), Rum asıllı Türk ve Fransız tarihçi.

İstanbul'da 1942 yılında doğan Yerasimos, 1966 yılında Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisinin yüksek mimarlık bölümünden mezun oldu. Paris Institut d'Urbanisme de l'Universite'den şehircilik diploması alan Yerasimos, 1973 yılında Sorbonne Üniversitesinde "Azgelişmişlik Sürecinde Türkiye" konulu doktora tezi verdi. Yerasimos, 1986 yılında ise "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Gezginler" konulu ikinci bir doktora tezi yazdı. Paris Üniversitesinin şehircilik bölümüne 1972 yılında öğretim görevlisi olarak giren Yerasimos, 1989 yılında aynı üniversiteden profesör unvanı aldı. Fransa'da Yves Lacoste'un davetiyle jeopolitik ve coğrafya üzerine yayın yapan Herodote dergisinin yayın kuruluna katıldı. Türkiye'de 1994-1999 yıllarında İstanbul'daki Fransız Anadolu Araştırmaları Enstitüsünün yöneticiliğini yaptığı gibi Tarih Vakfının kuruluş ve gelişim aşamasına da katkıda bulunmuştur.

Coğrafyacı Yves Lacoste'a göre, Yerasimos kişiliğinde, jeopolitik alanında karşılıklı ya da çok taraflı anlaşmazlıkların neden olduğu güncel trajik sorunları açıklarken ciddi ve ihtiyatlı bir tutuma sahipti ve bunun nedeni Yerasimos'un kendi deyimiyle "imparatorluklar başkenti İstanbul'un" Rum ailelerinden birinden gelmiş olmakla kazandığı dünya görüşü ve kimlikti.

Stefanos Yerasimos, yakalandığı kanser hastalığına 20 Temmuz 2005'te Paris'te yenik düştü. Ayrılışının ardından Türkiye'de halen çeşitli yayın ve etkinliklerle anılmaktadır.

Tarih vakfı
Orhan Siller, Tarih Vakfının kuruluş ve gelişme aşamasında Yerasimos'un katkılarına dair anılarını Toplumsal Tarih'in Aralık 2015'teki yayında bir yazı ile paylaşmıştır.

Yayınlar
Stefanos Yerasimos'un çok sayıda Fransızca ve Türkçe araştırma ve makaleleri bulunmaktadır.

Türkçe
 "Azgelişmişlik Sürecinde Türkiye"
 "Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri, 1917-1923"
 "Türk Metinlerinde Kostantiniye ve Ayasofya Efsaneleri"
 "Milliyetler ve Sınırlar"
 "İstanbul: İmparatorluklar Başkenti",
 "Süleymaniye"
 "Sultan Sofraları"

Kaynakça

1942 doğumlular
2005 yılında ölenler
Fransa'da kanserden ölenler
Paris'te ölenler
Türk tarih akademisyenleri
20. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
21. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
İstanbul Rumları
Fransız akademisyenler
20. yüzyıl Fransız tarihçileri
21. yüzyıl Fransız tarihçileri
Zoğrafyon Rum Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul doğumlu bilim insanları

Stefanos Yerasimos


Aaron Abeyta (born August 8, 1965), better known as El Hefe or simply Hefe, from el Jefe (Spanish for "the boss"), is an American musician and actor, best known as the lead guitarist and trumpet player for the American punk rock band NOFX. He started playing guitar at the age of 13, but he states that he started taking it seriously at the age of 15, joining his first band. He joined NOFX in 1991 and his first recording with the band was his contribution to their EP The Longest Line.

Abeyta was given his nickname by NOFX founder Fat Mike because at the time when Abeyta joined the band, Fat Mike was dating a girl named Erin and he didn't want there to be any confusion.  According to Fat Mike, "I suggested a Mexican-sounding name, like 'El Jefe.' I don't speak Spanish, so I didn't realize the 'h' sound is usually spelled with a 'j.'"

El Hefe once owned a nightclub called "Hefe's" in Eureka, California, and now lives in Stevenson Ranch, California. He has two children and is divorced from Jennifer Abeyta.

NOFX albums with El Hefe

1992: The Longest Line
1992: White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean
1994: Punk in Drublic
1995: I Heard They Suck Live!!
1996: Heavy Petting Zoo
1997: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes
1999: The Decline
2000: Pump Up the Valuum
2002: 45 or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough to Go on Our Other Records
2003: The War on Errorism
2006: Wolves in Wolves' Clothing
2007: They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!
2009: Coaster
2011: NOFX
2012: Self Entitled
2013: Stoke Extinguisher
2016: First Ditch Effort
2021: Single Album
2022: Double Album

See also
List of guitarists

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
NOFX members
American punk rock guitarists
American musicians of Mexican descent
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Berklee College of Music alumni
Hispanic and Latino American musicians

El Hefe


Onkel Morfar er en fiktiv person og skurk i filmen Hannibal og Jerry fra 1997, han spilles af Steen Rasmussen.

Han er en legetøjs fabrikant for Onkel Morfars Toys, og sælger legetøj til børn.

Han er meget selvglad og jager rundt med sin bror Morbror Harry som han nedgraderer til ismand for Onkel Morfar Ice Cream, da han ikke er tilfreds med hans indsats.

Da han får nys om at Hannibals hund Jerry kan tale, får han sin bror Morbror Harry til at kidnappe den, så han kan bruge den i sin nye legetøjsproduktion Jerry den talende hund.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fiktive skurke

Onkel Morfar


සිංහලයේ මහසම්මත භූමිපුත්‍ර පක්ෂය ( SMBP )   ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල ක්‍රියාත්මක වන සිංහල බෞද්ධ සුළු පක්ෂයකි. මෙහි ආරම්භක නායක ආචාර්ය හරිශ්චන්ද්‍ර විජයතුංගවිය. 1994 සහ 1999 ජනාධිපතිවරණවලදි පක්ෂයේ අපේක්ෂකයා ලෙස  හරිශ්චන්ද්‍ර විජයතුංග පෙනී සිටි අතර 1994 ජනාධිපතිවරණයේදී ඔහු ඡන්ද 32 651 ( 0.43% ) ලබා ගත්තේය.
 ආරම්භක නායක : ආචාර්ය හරිශ්චන්ද්‍ර විජයතුංග.
 නායක : .
 ලේකම් : උදයලාල් රාජපක්ෂ.
 මූලස්ථානය : 156/6 මාකොළ පාර, කිරිබත්ගොඩ, කැලණිය.
 පක්ෂ සලකුණ : අහස්යානය.

දේශපාලන පක්ෂ ලැයිස්තුව

සිංහලයේ මහසම්මත භූමිපුත්‍ර පක්ෂය


Rødnæbbet kitta () er en kragefugl, der lever i det sydlige Himalaya og det østlige Asien.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Himalaya
Fugle fra Kina
Fugle fra Sydøstasien
Kragefugle

Rødnæbbet kitta


Friedrich Ernst Schlutter (* 14. Mai 1811 in Poris; †  8. Dezember 1888 in Dresden) war ein deutscher Privatgelehrter und Mitglied der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung sowie des Stuttgarter Rumpfparlaments.

Leben

Schlutter wurde 1811 als Sohn eines Bauern und Anspanners geboren und studierte nach dem Besuch des Herzoglichen Friedrichs-Gymnasiums in Altenburg von 1831 bis 1833 evangelische Theologie, Philologie und Germanistik an den Universitäten in Jena und Halle. Im Wintersemester 1831/32 wurde er Mitglied der Burschenschaft Germania Jena. Aufgrund dieser Mitgliedschaft und wegen seiner Freundschaft zu Fritz Reuter wurde er 1833 verhaftet. Es folgte ein Untersuchungsverfahren, dem er aber durch Flucht in die Schweiz entgehen konnte, mit der Folge, dass er ab dem 19. Juli 1835 vom Altenburger Stadtgericht steckbrieflich gesucht wurde. Im Schwarzen Buch der Frankfurter Bundeszentralbehörde ist er wegen seiner Beteiligung an der Burschenschaft unter Nr. 1455 vermerkt.
Von 1835 bis 1836 studierte er Rechtswissenschaften in Zürich und war im Anschluss bis 1842 privater Sprach- und Turnlehrer in Lausanne. Von 1843 bis 1846 arbeitete er in Genua als Hauslehrer beim Schweizer Konsul. Nach erfolgter Amnestie 1846 wurde er bis 1850 Privatgelehrter in Dresden und zwischenzeitlich in Paris. Er wurde 1848 Abgeordneter der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung für den Wahlbezirk Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Altenburg) und gehörte dort der Fraktion Donnersberg und dem Märzverein an. 1849 wurde er Abgeordneter des Stuttgarter Rumpfparlaments und musste im selben Jahr über die Schweiz nach England fliehen, wo er von 1850 bis 1854 als Sprachlehrer und dann bis 1870 als Professor an der Kriegsakademie in Woolwich wirkte. 1870 zog er nach Dresden, wo er bis zu seinem Tod als Privatgelehrter lebte.

Veröffentlichungen
 German class-book, a course of instruction based on Becker's system. Edinburgh 1865.

Literatur
 Helge Dvorak: Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft. Band I: Politiker. Teilband 5: R–S. Winter, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8253-1256-9, S. 254–255.

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung
Revolutionär 1848/49
Burschenschafter (19. Jahrhundert)
Person (Dresden)
Deutscher
Geboren 1811
Gestorben 1888
Mann

Friedrich Schlutter