نَدْرة حَدَّاد (30 أكتوبر 1881 - 27 مايو 1950) هو شاعرٌ مَهجري حمصي، كان قد اختارَ مدينة نيُويُورك موطنًا لعَيْشِه وأدبه. كان أيضًا يُساعد شقيقَه الأديب عبد المسيح حَدَّاد في تحريرِ جَريدة السائح المَهْجريَّة. تصفه المصادر بأنه .

حياتُه وسيرتُه
وُلدَ نَدْرة حَدَّاد، شاعرُ العاصِي، في 30 تشرين الأوَّل/أكتوبر سنةَ 1881 م في مدينةِ حِمْص السوريَّة، وسطَ البلاد. وهو من أسرة حمصيَّة عريقة ومعروفة في المَدينة. تلقَّى عُلُومَه الأولى في المَدْرسَةِ الأرثوذكسيَّة. وقد كان قبلَ هجرتِه شابًّا ظريفًا يعمل في دائرةِ قَلَم المال بحِمْص، كما ذكر شقيقُه عبد المَسيح في جريدتِه «السَّائِح». تصف المصادر نَدْرة حَدَّاد بأنه كان .

هاجر نَدْرة حَدَّاد إلى الولايات المتَّحدة الأمريكيَّة في 26 كانون الأوَّل/ديسمبر سنة 1897م، وهو بعمر 17 عامًا؛ وأقامَ في مدينة نيُويُورك يتعاطى التجارَة في بادئ الأمر، قد طوَّف البلاد، قبلَ أن يعودَ ويستقرَّ فيها. ولكنَّه لم ينسَ مُيُولَه إلى ميدان الأدبِ والصِّحافة، فأخذ ينظمُ الشِّعر، وكان يساعد شقيقَه الأديب عبد المسيح حَدَّاد في تحريرِ جَريدة السائح المَهْجريَّة، حيث عملَ رئيسَ تَحْريرٍ لها لسنواتٍ قبلَ أن ينتقلَ للعمل في أحدِ البُنوك. ولكن، كانت تأتي عليه أوقاتٌ لا ينظمُ فيها الشعرَ إِلَّا لِمامًا، حَتَّى أصبحت قصائدُهُ أَشْبهَ بالحَوْليَّات. تزوَّج نَدْرة حَدَّاد من هَدْبا حدَّاد، وأَنْجَبَ منها وليَم ورُوبرت وجوزيت.

تُوفّي ندرة حدَّاد مساءَ يوم السبت 27 مايو/أيَّار سنة 1950 م، وكان ذلك فجأةً خلال حَفْلة عرس بعد أن أنشدَ فيها شعرَ التَّهاني، حيث ألقى قصيدتَه الأخيرة «آمنتُ بالحبّ»، وشعرَ بعدها بضيقٍ في التنفُّس ألزمَه الجلوسَ ليُفارقَ الحياةَ بعدَ ذلك بوقتٍ قصير جدًّا.

شعرُه ونشاطه الأدبي
يعدُّ ندرة حدَّاد أحدَ الأعضاء البارزين المؤسِّسين للرابطة القلميَّة التي رأت النورَ في نيويورك سنة 1920 م وانفرطَ عقدُها سنة 1931 م. تُشير المصادر بأنَّ . وفي هذا الصَّدد يقول مِيخائيل نعيمَة عنه بأنه كان .

أصدر نَدْرة حدَّاد ديوانه الوحيد «أَوْراق الخَريف» سَنةَ 1941 م، أي قبلَ وفاته بنحو 9 سنوات، فهو بلا شكٍّ نظمَ المَزيدَ من القصائد التي لم يحتوِ عليها ذلك الديوان. ولذلك، جُمع المزيدُ من شعره بعد نحو 70 سنة من وفاته، وصدر تحتَ عنوان «ديوان نَدْرة حدَّاد».

وقفات مع شعره
هناك وِقْفاتٌ لابدّ منها مع شعر ندرة حدَّاد؛ ومن تلك الوقفات وقفةٌ ، فيَقول:

كما أنَّ الشاعرُ ، حيث يقول:

كما يُخاطِب من حَولَهُ فيقول:

كما يَدعو مجدَّدًا إلى الحبِّ، ويجعله فوقَ كل مال وجاه، فيقول في تهنئة عروسَيْن بزَواجهما:

وهو، لولا الحبُّ، لما لبَّى دَعواتِ التَّهْنئة أو الحضُور في المناسبات:

ورغمَ كلِّ هذا الحبُّ الذي يحمله الشاعرُ في نفسه، ويريده للناس، لكنَّه لم يجدْه بينهم؛ وها هو في أبياتِه هذه يشكو ذلك، ويحزُّ في نفسِه ألَّا يرى ما يريد إلَّا بينَ غير البَشَر:

وحُقَّ بعدَ هذا وذاك أن يقولَ الدُّكْتور عيسَى النَّاعُوري في هذا الشاعر: .

لقد اختارَ ندرة حدَّاد لشعرِه مَجْزوءات البحور وقِصارَها؛ وغلبَ عليه طابعُ الوصفِ والتأمُّل؛ وبثَّ فيه أمانيه وخَواطرَه ومشاعرَه، وأَلْبَسَ كثيرًا منه لَبُوسَ التفَكُّر والحكمة والتَّساؤل والدعوة إلى الحبِّ والسَّلام؛ وتناولَ مُعْظَمَ أغراضه وموضوعاته.

ففي وصيَّةٍ يُسْديها لابنه، يحثُّه على العطاء وأن يكونَ مَنْبعًا للخير والمَعْروف، فيَقول:

ويدعو الشاعرُ إلى الفضيلة فيقول:

وهذه وقفةٌ مع نظرة الشاعر للمَوْت وما وَراءَه، فهو لا يَخْشاه، بل يرى فيه نِعْمةً من نِعَم الله، إنَّه فاتحةُ الخلُود:

ويَقول:

هناك من يَتوقَّى ذكرَ المَوْت وما يتعلَّق به من أشياء تلازمه، لكنَّ الشاعرَ لا يعبأ بكلِّ ذلك، بل يدعو مَنْ حولَه إلى أن يناجوه بعدَ موته، وألَّا يحزنوا لفِراقه، فهو راضٍ به مقبلٌ عليه:

كيف لا؟ وهو يرى أنَّ المَوْتَ انتصار، انتصارٌ للروح على الجسد، وللخُلود على العُبور، وللشَّقاء على الراحة والهدوء:

ويؤمِنُ ندرة حدَّاد بالبعث والنُّشُور، وبأنَّ ما تقدِّمه في الحياة محفوظٌ في اللوح عند ربِّ السماء:

والشاعرُ زاهدٌ متواضِع، لا يحبُّ المديحَ والإطراء، ولا يطيب له ذلك:

أمَّا الحنينُ، فللشاعِر وقفة شامخة معه، فله شغفٌ إلى بلاده لا يُردُّ، وشوقٌ إلى مدينتِه حمص لا يُقاس؛ وفي ذلك يَقول:

أمَّا الطبيعةُ فالوقفةُ معها طويلة، فلقد كان ندرة حدَّاد مفتونًا بها، مؤمنًا بمدى جمالها، يسحرُه التأمُّلُ فيها، ويتمنَّى أن يعيشَ دومًا في أكنافها، وأن ينهلَ من صفائها وبراءتها وعُذْريَّتها. ولذلك، فقد أمعنَ في وصفها، مثل عددٍ من شعراء المَهجر. وكان لغتُه في ذلك يَسِرة سهلة الوصول والفهم، فلم يتقعَّرْ في ألفاظه ولم يختر غريبَها.

يطيلُ الشاعرُ النظرَ أمامَ زهرةٍ لفتت انتباهَه، فيطيب له الحديثُ إليها، وينسج في حضورها بعضًا من قصَّة حياته ونظرتِه للكون والإنسان؛ ولا يُخْفي من وراء ذلك بعضَ الضياعَ والتشتُّت اللذين يَعْصِفان به:

يجلسُ الشاعرُ في لحظاتٍ تأمُّل، بَعيدًا عن ضجيج الحضارةِ الأمريكيَّة الصاخبة من حولِه، فيُخاطب الروضَ خِطابَ المُحبِّ الوالِه، ويُناجيه مناجاةَ المُتشوِّق الهائِم؛ ويُطيل النظرَ في تفاصيله، ويجد أنسَه فيه، ولا ينسى أن يشكو إليه ما يعتلجُ في نفسه من أنين وألم:

ومن شعره التأمُّلي قولُه مخاطبًا نفسه، التي كثيرًا ما خاطبها وبثَّ إليها ما يساوِرُه من شكوكٍ وآمال وآلام:

وهو في مَعْرض تأمُّله يعودُ فيكرِّر استعدادَه للموت، وترحيبَه به؛ ويدعو إلى الوئام والألفة، وترك التَّنازُع والخصام:

وتخالطُ الحكمةُ فلسفةَ الشاعر، فهي كثيرةُ الوُرودِ في شعره، تأتي على شكل نصائح يُسْديها للآخرين أحيانًا، أو سياق قصائد أخرى:

ويرى الشاعرُ أَنْ ليسَ كلُّ لقاءٍ يبعث الحبَّ، فالحبُّ قد ينطلق أُوارهُ بالابتعاد وينهار باللقاء:

يلبِّي ندرة حدَّاد دعوةَ من يحبُّ، وليس للمُحبِّين إِلَّا أن يفعلوا ذلك؛ فالأماكن تجملُ بلقاء المُتَشاوِقين واجتماع المُتَآلفين:

وتختلطُ الحكمةُ لدى الشاعر بالزُّهْد، فهو لا يهتمُّ لما أَفْرزته الحضارةُ الحديثة والتقانةُ المتقدِّمة. إنَّ عيشًا هادئًا بلا ضجيج، ومَأْكلًا خفيفًا بسيطًا بلا أَرَق ولا هموم، ومأوًى عاديًّا متواضعًا، كلُّ ذلك هو من أَجلِّ أُمْنِياته:

بلى، لقد كان الشاعرُ زاهدًا في الدُّنيا، غيرَ مَفْتونٍ بها، يطيب له أن يُعدِّدَ همومَها ويعرِّض فيها:

لم تخلُ بعضُ قصائد ندرة حدَّاد من الأسلوبِ الخطابي المباشر، سواءٌ في شعره الذي ألقاه في المناسبات أو غيرها. ومن ذلك قولُه:

وهنا يتَّضحُ الأسلوبُ المباشر في النَّظْم رغم ما في هذه الأبيات من دقَّة الوصف ومنطِق الحكمة:

ومِثْلُ ذلك قولُه:

أمَّا قَصيدتُه المُطوَّلة «الرَّاهِبة»، فمنهم من رآها غايةً في الروعة ومن الفرائد في الدِّيوان، ومنهم مَنْ عدَّها من أضعف قصائِده في ديوانه «أوراق الخريف»، حيث يقول عيسى الناعوري عنها: . وهذا يدلُّ على أنَّ النقَّادَ قد لا يتَّفقون في الحُكْم على الشِّعر، فمثلُ هذا هو خلافٌ عميق في الرؤية وليس مجرَّد تفاوتٍ بسيط.

هكذا كان الشاعرُ نَدْرة حدَّاد مرآةَ عصره، وصورةً للرابطة القلميَّة في نيويورك التي مثلَّت أدباء المهجر الشِّمالي خيرَ تمثيل، لكنّه تفرَّد في أشياء خاصَّة به. ومع أنَّه لم يخرج عن نطاق القصيدة العربية خروجًا سافرًا، إلَّا أنَّه صبغَ شعره بصبغةٍ جديدة نادى من خلالها إلى الحبِّ والسَّلام، ووقف متأمِّلًا في خلق الله، فعبَّر خيرَ تعبير عن جَمال الطبيعة وسحرها، عن خبايا نفوس البشر وطَوَاياهم، فجاء شعرُه جديدَ المَضْمون والمُحْتَوى، قديمَ البناء نسبيًا.

المراجع

المراجع كاملةً

 ديوان الشاعر المهجري ندرة حدّاد (أوراق الخريف وقصائد أخرى)، استدرك عليه وقدّم له واعتنى به د. حسّان أحمد قمحية، الطبعة الأولى، دار الإرشاد، حمص، 2020 م.
 جَريدَة السَّمير المَهْجريَّة، إِيليَّا أبو ماضي.
 جَريدَة السَّائح المَهْجريَّة، عبد المَسيح حدَّاد.
 أَدَب المَهْجَر، الدُّكْتور عيسَى النَّاعُوري، دار المَعارِف، الطَّبعَة الثَّالثة، 1977 م.

أمريكيون متجنسون
الرابطة القلمية
شعراء أمريكيون بالعربية
شعراء حمصيون
شعراء سوريون في القرن 20
مهاجرون سوريون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1298 هـ
مواليد 1299 هـ
مواليد 1881
مواليد في حمص
وفيات 1369 هـ
وفيات 1370 هـ
وفيات 1950

ندرة حداد


Klods Hans  er en tegnefilm i serien Der var engang... (eng. titel The Fairytaler), der blev udsendt i forbindelse med H.C. Andersens 200 års fødselsdag i 2005.

Danske Stemmer:
 H.C. Andersen Henrik Koefoed
 Klods Hans Jens Andersen
 Poul Niels Olsen
 Per Thomas Mørk
 Prinsesse Rose Mille Lehfeldt
 Kong Halbert Lars Knutzon
 Kammerhere John Hahn-Petersen
 Købmand Landgren Flemming Quist Møller
 Greve von Bunsenbag Søren Sætter-Lassen

Øvrige stemmer:
 Søren Byder
 Dick Kaysø
 Jacob Morild
 Søren Hauch-Fausbøll
 Søren Madsen
 Steffen Addington

Bagom:
 Instruktør: Jørgen Lerdam
 Original musik af: Gregory Magee
 Hovedforfatter: Gareth Williams
 Manuskriptredaktører: Linda O' Sullivan, Cecilie Olrik
 Oversættelse: Jakob Eriksen
 Lydstudie: Nordisk Film Audio
 Stemmeinstruktør: Steffen Addington
 Animation produceret af: A. Film A/S
 Animationsstudie: Wang Film Production

En co-produktion mellem
Egmont Imagination, A. Film & Magma Film

I samarbejde med:
Super RTL & DR TV

Eksterne henvisninger

Der var engang
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)

Klods Hans (Der var engang...)


منظومة العرض المرئي الموسّع  طريقة عرض مرئي على شاشة الحاسوب، اخترعتها شركة آي بي إم عام 1990.

جدول مقارنة

مراجع

مواصفات العرض المرئي

منظومة عرض مرئي موسع


Le Polikarpov Rafaelyants PR-12 (en russe : Полика́рпов PR-12) est un avion de ligne à hélice monomoteur de transport de passagers soviétique conçu par le bureau d'études par Polikarpov à la fin des années 1930. Cet avion ne fut construit qu'à un seul exemplaire au cours de l'année 1938 pour faire des allers-retours entre Kharkiv et Moscou.

Cet avion n'a jamais été produit en série malgré des performances tout à fait honorables pour son époque. Il est issu du Polikarpov Rafaelyants PR-5 qui, lui, fut produit en série.

Caractéristiques

 Motorisation : Mikulin M-17B F-500 de
 Autonomie :
 Vitesse maximale :
 Places : 4 passagers, 2 membres d'équipage
 Type d'aile : monoplan cantilever
 Charge transportable : supérieure à

Bibliographie

Lien externe

 Photographie et schéma sur allaero.com

Avion des années 1930
Avion monomoteur
Avion de ligne

Polikarpov Rafaelyants PR-12


Ecolo (Écologistes Confédérés pour l'Organisation de Luttes Originales) er et grønt parti i de fransk- og tysk talende dele af Belgien.

Partiet blev stiftet i 1982 under navnet AGALEV. Det inspireret af Luc Versteylen. Partiet har gode forbindelser til Groen!, der er det grønne parti i den nederlandsk talende del af landet. Ecolo er medlem af Det europæiske grønne parti og Global Greens.

Politiske partier i Belgien
Grønne partier
Etableret i 1982
Politik i 1982

Ecolo


De Gaulle, l'éclat et le secret (em português: De Gaulle - Prestígio e Intimidade) é uma mini-série de seis episódios de 2020, transmitida pela emissora de televisão francesa France 2. Esta série foi exibida em Portugal na RTP2, entre 7 e 14 de julho de 2020, de segunda a sexta, às 22 horas, a seguir ao "Jornal 2".

Sinopse
De Gaulle, l'éclat et le secret retrata  a vida do general Charles de Gaulle desde a ocupação da França pela Alemanha Nazista, em 1940, até à sua morte, em 1970, mostrando, também, o lado mais pessoal do líder da França Livre.

Elenco

 Samuel Labarthe como Charles de Gaulle
 Constance Dollé como Yvonne de Gaulle
 Christopher Craig como Winston Churchill
 Geoffrey Bateman como Dwight D. Eisenhower
 Baptiste Roussillon como François Flohic
 Margaux Chatelier como Élisabeth de Gaulle
 Pierre Rochefort como Philippe de Gaulle
 Cyril Descours como Geoffroy de Courcel
 Éric Naggar como Georges Mandel
 June Assal como Élisabeth de Miribel
 Francis Huster como André Malraux
 Alban Casterman como Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
 Jean-Louis Tribes como Georges Pompidou
 Pierre Aussedat como Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu
 Jean-Michel Noirey como Michel Debré
 François Chattot como Jacques Massu
 Christophe Barbier como Alain Peyrefitte
 Stéphane Jobert : Olivier Guichard
 Saverio Maligno como Maurice Schumann (anos 1940)
 Olivier Claverie como Maurice Schumann (anos 1960)
 Xavier Robic como Claude Guy
 Olivier Pajot como René Coty
 Cyril Gourbet como Jean Moulin
 François Guétary como Maurice Couve de Murville
 Marc Prin como Alain de Boissieu
 Emma Gamet como Geneviève de Gaulle
 Stéphane Bouvet como Georges Bidault
 Rémy Gence como Maurice Thierry

Episódios

Produção
As filmagens decorreram de outubro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020 em Nancy, Ambleteuse, Reims e Épernay, mas também em Paris, nomeadamente no Palácio do Eliseu. Algumas cenas foram filmadas em La Boisserie em Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, na verdadeira residência do General de Gaulle.

Ligações externas

 De Gaulle, l'éclat et le secret no site da France Télévisions

Programas da France 2
Minisséries da França
Programas de televisão da França que estrearam em 2020
Programas de televisão da França encerrados em 2020
Séries de televisão de drama da França
Séries de televisão de drama da década de 2020
Programas de televisão em língua francesa
Representações culturais de Charles de Gaulle
Programas da RTP2

De Gaulle, l'éclat et le secret


سيغا ساترن  وهو جهاز لـ ألعاب الفيديو من شركة سيجا وحدة معالج 32 بت نظام، لأول مرة نزل الجهاز في 22 تشرين الثاني نوفمبر عام 1994 في اليابان وحتى نهاية عام 2000. وتلاه الجهاز دريم كاست.

انظر أيضا
 سيجا نت

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Sega Saturn at Sega of Japan (الموقع الرسمي) (يابانية)

مشغلات سيجا
ألعاب عقد 1990
مشغلات ألعاب فيديو منزلية
سيجا ساترن
منتجات عرضت في 1994
منتجات عرضت في 1995
منتجات وخدمات توقفت في 2000
منتجات وخدمات توقفت في 1998
الجيل الخامس من أنظمة ألعاب الفيديو

سيغا ساترن


Gracias a Dios (; "Thanks to God", or "Thank God") is one of the 18 departments (departamentos) into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Puerto Lempira; until 1975 it was Brus Laguna.

History
Once a part of the Mosquito Coast, it was formed in 1957 from all of Mosquitia territory and parts of Colón and Olancho departments, with the boundary running along 85° W from Cape Camarón south. The department is rather remote and inaccessible by land, although local airlines fly to the main cities.

Geography
Gracias a Dios department covers a total surface area of 16,997 km² and, in 2015, had an estimated population of 94,450.

Although it is the second largest department in the country, it is sparsely populated, and contains extensive pine savannas, swamps, and rainforests.  However, the expansion of the agricultural frontier is a perennial threat to the natural bounty of the department.

The department contains the Caratasca Lagoon, the largest lagoon in Honduras.

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Gracias a Dios Department had a population of 90,795. Of these, 81.15% were Indigenous (79.70% Miskito, 0.95% Mayangna), 16.30% Mestizo, 1.58% Black or Afro-Honduran, 0.82% White and 0.15% others.

Crime
Gracias a Dios is known to be a place of relatively high crime. Due to its remoteness and the Honduran government having a relatively low ability to fight crime, trafficking of narcotics is common in Gracias a Dios. Criminal organizations are also common in the area.

Municipalities

 Ahuas
 Brus Laguna
 Juan Francisco Bulnes
 Puerto Lempira
 Ramón Villeda Morales
 Wampusirpi

References

External links
U.S. Government Travel Advisory
U.S. Passports & International Travel

Departments of Honduras
States and territories established in 1957

Gracias a Dios Department


Nietzsche Ağladığında (özgün adı: When Nietzsche Wept) Irvin D. Yalom tarafından yazılmış, ümitsizliği ve yanılsamaları konu alan bir düşünsel romandır.

Roman, Nietzsche'nin hayatını ve düşüncesini, psikanaliz ile harmanlayarak anlatır. Romanın ortamı psikanalizin doğumu öncesinde olan 19.yüzyıl Viyana'sıdır. Dönemin ünlü şahısları Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud, Lou Andreas-Salomé kitabın yan karakterlerini oluşturur.

Roman bu gerçek kişilerin bilimsel, felsefi, sosyal görüşlerini Nietzsche ile kurgulanmış olay örgüsü içinde kimi zaman gerçek kimi zaman sadece kurgusal bir şekilde iletir.

Birçok dile çevrilen eser, Türkiye'de Ayrıntı Yayınları tarafından basılmış ve Türkçe çevirisi Aysun Babacan tarafından yapılmıştır.

Eserdeki temel nokta, Joseph Breuer'in, Nietzche'nin hastalığını kendi hastalığıymış gibi sunup Nietzche'den çözüm beklemesidir. Buradaki amaç, Nietzche'nin kendi hastalığını bir başkası üzerinde tedavi etmesidir..

Konusu
Kitabın yazarı romanın konusunu şu şekilde anlatmaktadır:Hikâyenin konusu Nietzsche'nin 1882 yılında Lou Salome'yle ilişkisinin sona ermesi yüzünden büyük bir umutsuzluğa düştüğü yıla rastlamaktaydı. Ve Nietzsche'nin terapiste gitmesi gerekiyordu. Yalom uzun araştırmalardan sonra o dönemde terapistin olmadığını eğer Nietzsche yardım için bir doktora gitse sorununun tıbbi bir konu olmadığı söylenirdi. Ya da belki de dini danışmanlık için anlayışlı bir din adamına başvururdu.

Dış bağlantılar
 İdefix, 26.11.2011 tarihinde erişildi.
Nietzche Ağladığında konusu ve karakterleri

Kaynakça

Irvin Yalom romanları
Friedrich Nietzsche hakkındaki kültürel tasvirler
1992 romanları
1990'larda Amerikan romanları
Sinemaya uyarlanmış Amerikan romanları
Sigmund Freud hakkındaki kültürel tasvirler
Josef Breuer hakkındaki kültürel tasvirler
Konusu Viyana'da geçen romanlar
Kurguda psikoterapi
Filozoflar ile ilgili eserler

Nietzsche Ağladığında


جمال ناجي محمد إسماعيل  (1 نوفمبر 1954 - 6 مايو 2018)، روائي وقاص أردني من أصل فلسطيني.

حياته
وُلد جمال في عقبة جبر – أريحا العام 1954 حيث عاش طفولته المبكرة، ثم انتقل إلى عمان إثر نكسة حزيران 1967 وأقام وتلقى تعليمه فيها منذ ذلك الحين، حصل على دبلوم في الفنون التشكيلية من كلية تدريب عمان في عام 1975،عمل مدرسا في المملكة العربية السعودية خلال السنوات 1975-1977، ثم عمل في البنك العربي في عمّان خلال السنوات 1978-1995، ثم انتقل للعمل مديراً لمركز ثقافات للدراسات (إنتلجنسيا) منذ عام 1996 حتى عام 2004.
بدأ في الكتابة الروائية منذ أواسط السبعينات من القرن الماضي، حيث كتب أول رواية له في 1977 بعنوان (الطريق إلى بلحارث) وقد نشرت في 1982 ولقيت أصداء واسعة في حينها.

انتخب جمال ناجي رئيسا لرابطة الكتاب الأردنيين في العام 2001 حتى العام 2003، وكان خلال هذه الفترة عضوا في الأمانة العامة لاتحاد الكتاب العرب، وعضوا في مجلس النقباء الأردنيين، وعضوا في اللجنة العليا لعمان عاصمة للثقافة العربية 2002، ورئيس تحرير مجلة " أوراق "، وعضو لجنة سينايوهات الأردن المستقبلية 2020، وعضوا محكما في عدد من لجان تقييم النصوص الأدبية، وشارك في العديد من المؤتمرات الأدبية والفكرية العربية والعالمية، وأعدت دراسات كثيرة عن نتاجاته الأدبية إضافة إلى رسائل الدكتوراه والماجستير التي تناولت تجربته الروائية، كما أدرجت بعض قصصه القصيرة في المناهج المدرسية فيما تدرس رواياته في بعض الجامعات.كما شغل جمال منصب رئيس المركز الثقافي العربي بعمّان في عام 2009.

مسيرته الأدبية
تميزت روايات وقصص جمال ناجي بالتنوع ولم تنحصر أحداثها في أماكن متكررة أو أزمان محددة، ففي روايته الأولى (الطريق إلى بلحارث 1982) يتناول البيئة الصحراوية في القرية السعودية خلال العقد الثامن من القرن العشرين، بينما تدور أحداث روايته الثانية (وقت 1984) في المخيم الفلسطيني خلال الخمسينات والستينات، أما روايته الثالثة (مخلفات الزوابع الأخيرة 1988) فتتحدث عن الغجر وحياتهم وحلهم وترحالهم وتعايشهم مع المجتمعات المحلية، فيما تعد روايته الرابعة (الحياة على ذمة الموت 1993) مقدمة للدخول إلى موضوعة العولمة من خلال الاقتصاد، وهو ما تم استكماله في روايته الخامسة (ليلة الريش) التي تدور أحداثها في الأوساط المالية والاقتصادية من منظور نقد سلبيات العولمة. أما روايته ( عندما تشيخ الذئاب 2008) فقد لقيت ترحيبا كبيرا لدى القراء العرب ووصلت إلى القائمة النهائية للجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية – بوكر2010 - وهي تتناول موضوعة استثمار الدين والتحولات السياسية والفكرية التي شكلت مقدمات لمرحلة التطرف .

ثم أصدر روايته ( غريب النهر 2011) التي حازت على جائزة الملك عبد الله الثاني للابداع الادبي 2016 وتتحدث عن القضية الفلسطينية ومراحل النضال الفلسطيني ز الرواية الثامنة لناجي حملت عنوان ( موسم الحوريات ) وصدرت عام 2015 وتناولت موضوعة التطرف والمنظومات الاجتماعية والسياسية التي أوجدت هذه الظاهرة ، وقد ترجمت إلى اللغة الإنجليزية. وفيما يتعلق بقصص جمال ناجي فقد رأى النقاد فيها اختلافا جذريا عن أسلوبه الروائي سواء من حيث الشكل ام اسلوب المعالجة ام المضمون، وقد صنفت على أنها نوع من قصص الكشف في أعماق النفس البشرية بأسلوب جديد يعتمد المفارقة والنهايات غير المتوقعة. وقد صدرت له أربع مجموعات قصصية هي (رجل خالي الذهن / رجل بلا تفاصيل / ما جرى يوم الخميس/ المستهدف).

كتب أيضا السيناريو التلفزيوني، ومن أهم ما كتب في هذا المجال مسلسل (وادي الغجر) عن روايته "مخلفات الزوابع الاخيرة" ومسلسل (حرائق الحب)، كما كتب بشكل منتظم في الصحف والمجلات. وصلت روايته "عندما تشيخ الذئاب" إلى القائمة القصيرة للجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية (البوكر) لعام 2010.

أعماله

روايات

قصص قصيرة

ترجمات

سيناريوهات تلفزيونية

جوائز
 جائزة الملك عبد الله الثاني للإبداع الأدبي 2016 - الأردن
 جائزة الدولة التقديرية 2015 - الأردن
 القائمة النهائية لجائزة الشيخ زايد للكتاب 2014 – الإمارات العربية المتحدة
 القائمة النهائية للجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية ( بوكر ) 2010 – الامارات العربية المتحدة
 جائزة التفرغ الإبداعي 2009/ الصندوق العربي للثقافة والفنون – بيروت
 إجازة التفرغ الإبداعي 2007 / وزارة الثقافة – الاردن
 الجائزة التقديرية لرابطة الكتاب الاردنيين 1991
 جائزة تيسير سبول للرواية 1992 – الاردن
 جائزة الدولة التشجيعية 1989 – الاردن
 جائزة أفضل كتاب للعام 1985 – رواية وقت – 1985

عضويات
 عضوية اتحاد الكتاب العرب
 عضوية اتحاد الكتاب الأفرواسيوي
 عضوية رابطة الكتاب الأردنيين
 عضوية رابطة الفنانين التشكيليين الأردنيين
 عضوية اللجنة العليا لعمان عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2002
 عضوية لجنة سيناريوهات الأردن 2020
 عضوية منظمة القلم الدولية
 عضوية لجان تحكيم نصوص وجوائز ومخطوطات

وفاته
توفي مساء الأحد في 6 مايو 2018 عن عمر ناهز 64 عامًا إثر جلطة قلبية في العاصمة الأردنية عمّان.

مراجع

كتاب من عمان
أشخاص من محافظة أريحا
أشخاص من مدينة عمان
روائيون فلسطينيون
مهاجرون فلسطينيون إلى الأردن
كتاب أردنيون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1954
وفيات 1439 هـ
وفيات 2018
وفيات بسبب أمراض قلبية وعائية
وفيات بسبب مرض دماغي وعائي
كتاب قصة قصيرة أردنيون
كتاب مسرحيون
كتاب دراما
كتاب دراما أردنيون

جمال ناجي


بطرس حمارنه مسيحي من مأدبا ولد في حزيران 1925،بدأ عملة مترجما بالجيش العربي بتاريخ 22 أكتوبر 1944 برتبة وكيل يعرف غلوب باشا والقادة البريطانيين جيدا، قابل غلوب باشا للخدمة كمجند بالجيش لم يقبله، ثم انتقل بطرس مع كتيبة المشاة الثالثة متجرما، خدم في عدة مواقع آنذاك بالعفولة قرب حيفا وفي مختلف مناطق وجود الجيش، أسرته كانت ممتدة بين مدن فلسطين و الأردن، فجأة قرر غلوب باشا تعينه برتبة ملازم أول بالجيش حسب ما جاء بمذكراته، تنقل بخدماته العسكرية انتهى قائدا للشرطة العسكرية تقاعد برتبه عقيد.

شارك في حرب 1948 ويروي في مذكراته أخبار وأحداث تتعلق بموت الملك عبد الله يصف حرب النكبة أنها أهم شيء بحياته، كان قد ترك الجيش عام 1947 وغادر للقدس، وقبل النكبة التحق بالقوات المتطوعة مع مكتب الهيئة العربية، راقب وشهد حملات التشكيك من قبل الأحزاب في فلسطين بنوايا الملك عبد الله واتفاقه مع الإنجليز ويُفصل ذلك بمذكراته، عاد لمادبا في الأردن ، وعندما عاد كانت قيادة الجيش طبته ثانية للخدمة به، ليلتحق من جديد مجندا، يروي تفاصيل سقوط اللد وأحداث مثيرة عن اغتيال رياض الصلح بقي في الجيش حتى تاريخ 12 فبراير 1967.

أردنيون شاركوا في حرب 1948
سنة الوفاة غير معروفة
مسيحيون أردنيون
مواليد 1925

بطرس حمارنه


The Current River is a river in the City of Thunder Bay and Unorganized Thunder Bay District in Thunder Bay District, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is in the Great Lakes Basin and is a tributary of Lake Superior. The river's name comes from the French "Rivière aux courants", referring to the river's currents.

Course
The Current River begins at Current Lake in Unorganized Thunder Bay District and flows northwest, then turns southeast, passing out of Ray Lake over a dam, then under Ontario Highway 527 and reaches Onion Lake. It continues southwest, passes into geographic Gorham Township, flows past the community of Stepstone, and turns southeast before entering the City of Thunder Bay. It takes in the left tributary North Current River, turns south, passes under Ontario Highway 17, then flows through Boulevard Lake and over Boulevard Lake Dam, and flows into Thunder Bay on Lake Superior.

History

The river's name is the English version of the name given it by early French explorers: "Rivière aux courants", referring to the river's currents.  In 1859 Lindsay Russell, Surveyor-General for Canada, followed the river from its mouth in Lake Superior towards its source, reporting that:
"Current River, having a general course of north, winds about among steep, rocky hills, which sometimes rise straight up from its edge; from the top of one of these, about 6 miles from its mouth, we could see its course for a long distance through an exceedingly rough country.  It is full of rapids and falls pouring through clefts of up-heaved granite and slate.  Opposite the second mile of the line it passes through slate, but higher up, granite."

Two other sizable rivers and a creek — the Neebing River, the McIntyre River and McVicar's Creek — run between Current River and the Kaministiquia River to the south, but in 1858 neither of these two rivers were of sufficient interest to be identified by name. From the vantage point of Fort William, the Neebing River was referred to as "First River" and the McIntyre continued for some time to be known as "Second River." Sometimes, from the vantage point of Prince Arthur's Landing, the names were reversed, the McIntyre being the First River and the Neebing River the Second River.

Early references to development along the Current River include mention of John McKenzie's acquisition of land along it in 1857, and William Petit Trowbridge's 400 acre (162 hectare) purchase of patented mineral lands at the river's mouth in 1865.  About 1867 brothers Peter, John and Donald McKellar discovered silver deposits near the river, and their Thunder Bay Silver Mining Co. operated near its mouth from 1866 to 1870, when fire destroyed the buildings. The Duncan-Shuniah Mine also operated in this area from 1867 to 1881. An 1875 editorial in Prince Arthur Landing's satirical newspaper Thunderbolt mentions (facetiously) factories and mills on the Current River, but there was no industrial activity on the river until the 20th century.

In 1901 a dam was built near the mouth of the river, resulting in flooding which created an artificial lake known as Boulevard Lake.  The land around the lake was developed as a municipal park.  Industry has continued to build at the mouth of the river—predominantly pulp, wood and newsprint mills, along with rail and lake shipping facilities—but numerous parklands follow it inland.  Eventually it disappears into roadless wilderness, reappearing from time to time near roadsides and at dams constructed along its course.

Tributaries
Savigny Creek (left)
North Current River (left)
Ferguson Creek (right)
Bentley Creek (left)
Wasp Creek (left)
Onion Lake
Barnum Creek (right)
Aberdeen Creek (right)
Escape Creek (left)
Spoon Creek (right)
Orchid Creek (left)

See also
Current River Neighbourhood
List of Ontario rivers

References

Sources

Rivers of Thunder Bay District
Landforms of Thunder Bay
Tributaries of Lake Superior

Current River (Ontario)


The 1994 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Will Smith. Performers included Bon Jovi, Nate Dogg & Warren G., Toni Braxton and John Mellencamp with Me'Shell NdegeOcello. In addition, the supergroup Backbeat featuring Mike Mills of R.E.M., Dave Grohl of Nirvana, Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum, Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth, Don Fleming of Gumball, and Greg Dulli of Afghan Whigs.

Performers
Bon Jovi — "Good Guys Don't Always Wear White"
Nate Dogg and Warren G — "Regulate"
Toni Braxton — "You Mean the World to Me"
Toby Huss — "Best Song from a Movie Medley"
John Mellencamp with Me'Shell Ndegeocello — "Wild Night"
The Backbeat Band featuring Mike Mills of R.E.M., Dave Grohl of Nirvana, Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum, Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth, Don Fleming of Gumball and Greg Dulli of Afghan Whigs — "Money (That's What I Want)/Long Tall Sally" and "Helter Skelter"

Awards

Best Movie
Menace II Society
The Fugitive
Jurassic Park
Philadelphia
Schindler's List

Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks – Philadelphia
Tom Cruise – The Firm
Harrison Ford – The Fugitive
Val Kilmer – Tombstone
Robin Williams – Mrs. Doubtfire

Best Female Performance
Janet Jackson – Poetic Justice
Angela Bassett – What's Love Got to Do with It
Demi Moore – Indecent Proposal
Julia Roberts – The Pelican Brief
Meg Ryan – Sleepless in Seattle

Most Desirable Male
William Baldwin – Sliver
Tom Cruise – The Firm
Val Kilmer – Tombstone
Jean-Claude Van Damme – Hard Target
Denzel Washington – The Pelican Brief

Most Desirable Female
Janet Jackson – Poetic Justice
Kim Basinger – The Getaway
Demi Moore – Indecent Proposal
Alicia Silverstone – The Crush
Sharon Stone – Sliver

Breakthrough Performance
Alicia Silverstone – The Crush
Ralph Fiennes – Schindler's List
Jason Scott Lee – Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story
Ross Malinger – Sleepless in Seattle
Jason James Richter – Free Willy

Best On-Screen Duo
Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones – The Fugitive
Mary Stuart Masterson and Johnny Depp – Benny & Joon
Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington – Philadelphia
Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks – Sleepless in Seattle
Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World 2

Best Villain
Alicia Silverstone – The Crush
Macaulay Culkin – The Good Son
John Malkovich – In the Line of Fire
Wesley Snipes – Demolition Man
T. Rex – Jurassic Park

Best Comedic Performance
Robin Williams – Mrs. Doubtfire
Jim Carrey – Ace Ventura: Pet Detective
Johnny Depp – Benny & Joon
Whoopi Goldberg – Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit
Pauly Shore – Son In Law

Best Song from a Movie
Michael Jackson — "Will You Be There" (from Free Willy)
Bryan Adams, Rod Stewart and Sting — "All for Love" (from The Three Musketeers)
UB40 — "Can't Help Falling in Love" (from Sliver)
The Proclaimers — "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" (from Benny & Joon)
Bruce Springsteen — "Streets of Philadelphia" (from Philadelphia)
Céline Dion and Clive Griffin — "When I Fall in Love" (from Sleepless in Seattle)

Best Kiss
Demi Moore and Woody Harrelson – Indecent Proposal
Patricia Arquette and Christian Slater – True Romance
Kim Basinger and Dana Carvey – Wayne's World 2
Jason James Richter and Willy – Free Willy
Winona Ryder and Ethan Hawke – Reality Bites

Best Action Sequence
Train Wreck – The Fugitive
Opening Catwalk Sequence – Cliffhanger
Motorcycle Scene – Hard Target
T-Rex/Jeep Scene – Jurassic Park
Lena Olin Handcuffed in Backseat of Car – Romeo Is Bleeding

Best New Filmmaker
Steve Zaillian – Searching for Bobby Fischer

Lifetime Achievement Award
Richard Roundtree – Shaft

References

 1994
Mtv Movie Awards

1994 MTV Movie Awards


හුළුගඟ ඇල්ල ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, මහනුවර නගරයේ සිට කිලෝමීටර 30 ක් පමණ පිහිටි හුළුගඟ නගරයේ පිහිටා ඇති දිය ඇල්ලක් වේ. දිය ඇල්ල හට ගන්නා හුළු ගඟ නකල්ස් කඳුවැටියෙන් ආරම්භ වේ.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දියඇලි

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
හුළුගඟ ෆෝල්ස්  ඇට් ශ්‍රී ලංකන් වෝටර් ෆෝල්ස්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිය ඇලි
දියඇලි - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

හුළුගඟ ඇල්ල


John "Jackie" Gillespie Henderson (født 17. januar 1932, død 26. januar 2005) var en skotsk fodboldspiller (angriber).

På klubplan tilbragte Henderson hele sin karriere i England, hvor han blandt andet repræsenterede Portsmouth, Arsenal og Fulham. Her var han i 1965 med til at sikre klubben dets hidtil eneste skotske mesterskab nogensinde.

Henderson spillede desuden syv kampe for Skotlands landshold, som han debuterede for 6. maj 1953 i en venskabskamp på hjemmebane mod Sverige.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Skotland
Fodboldspillere fra Portsmouth F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Fulham F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Arsenal F.C.
Personer fra Glasgow

Jackie Henderson


La rada de Brest es una rada o gran bahía de 180 km² situada en el departamento de Finisterre en Francia. Se conecta al océano Atlántico, en esta zona conocido como mar de Iroise, por un pasaje de 1,8 km de ancho llamado bocana de Brest (goulet de Brest).

Esta gran masa de agua es navegable durante todo el año.

Geografía

Presentación geográfica de conjunto

La rada de Brest, accesible a buques de gran tonelaje debido a su profundidad, es una gran masa de agua abrigada de las tempestades del océano Atlántico gracias a la península de Roscanvel que casi la cierra, dejando que un paso relativamente estrecho, la bocana de Brest (goulet de Brest), entre la punta de los Españoles y la costa norte de la rada, la costa leonarda.

La rada está muy dividida: varias penínsulas la penetran o la limitan: la península de Plougastel, la península de Logonna, la península de Landévennec, la península de Île Longue, (aunque era una antigua isla, fue transformada en península por el hombre como su nombre lo indica), la península de Roscanvel, que terminan en puntas que ofrecen hermosas vistas de la rada: punta de Portzic, punta de la Armorique, punta de Bindy, punta de Poulmic, punta de los Españoles.

El relieve, incluyendo el submarino, de la rada de Brest fue descrito extensamente por Antoine Vacher y corresponde en parte a la parte de abajo del valle del Aulne, ahora inundado después del aumento de nivel del mar de la glaciación Würm y que se encuentra ahora los meandros ahora submarinos, los cursos de agua desembocan en la rada de Brest siendo entonces todos afluentes del Aulne. El extremo superior del banco de Capelan, a la altura de L'Hôpital-Camfrout corresponde por ejemplo al lóbulo sumergido de un antiguo meandro, y la península de Landévennec, al lóbulo medio sumergido de otro.

Ríos que desembocan en la rada de Brest

Debido a la subida de las aguas tras las últimas glaciaciones cuaternarias, los cursos de agua, incluso los más modestos, tienen amplios y profundos estuarios denominados rías o abers, que penetraron profundamente en el interior e inundaron las partes intermedias del antiguo valle en las consecutivas crecidas del calentamiento post-glacial; así, Landerneau, Daoulas, Le Faou, Châteaulin son o han sido puertos y aún hoy en día se deja sentir hasta esos lugares la influencia de las mareas (a excepción de Châteaulin en el Aulne, a causa de la construcción de la esclusa Guily-Glas en Port-Launay). El puerto de Brest nació en la ria del Penfeld, aprovechándose también del calado a pesar de la modestia de este río costero. A partir de la época del Segundo Imperio francés el puerto se expandió gradualmente en la rada de Brest.

 el río Penfeld (16 km);
 el río Élorn (57 km);
 el río de Daoulas;
 el río Camfrout;
 el río Aulne (140 km);
 el río de Faou.

Han sido necesarias importantes obras de ingeniería para superar estas rías: en el Elorn, el puente de Plougastel, construido en 1929 y bautizado puente Albert-Louppe y ahora puente de Iroise, que conecta Brest (Le Relecq-Kerhuon) con Plougastel-Daoulas; en el Aulne, los puentes sucesivos de puente de Térénez En línea recta, Brest está a apenas una veintena de kilómetros de Crozon, pero por carretera, a unos sesenta kilómetros debido al desvío por Le Faou que es necesario para conectar ambas ciudades por carretera. Existen algunos conexiones marítimas transrada enlazando Brest con Fret.

Comunas de la rada
En las orillas de la rada, tienen territorios las siguientes comunas:
 en el cantón de Daoulas: Daoulas, Irvillac, Plougastel-Daoulas, Hanvec, Logonna-Daoulas, Saint-Eloy, Hôpital-Camfrout, Loperhet y Saint-Urbain;
 en el cantón de Faou: Le Faou, Rosnoën, Lopérec y Pont-de-Buis-lès-Quimerch;
 en el cantón de Landerneau: Dirinon, Plouédern, La Forest-Landerneau, Saint-Divy, Landerneau, Saint-Thonan, Pencran y Trémaouézan;
 en el cantón de de Guipavas: Guipavas y Le Relecq-Kerhuon;
 en el cantón de Crozon: Argol, Lanvéoc, Camaret-sur-Mer, Roscanvel, Crozon, Telgruc-sur-Mer, Landévennec;
 en el cantón de Brest: Brest;
 en el cantón de Brest-Plouzané: Plouzané;

Islas de la rada de Brest
En la rada hay bastantes pequeñas islas, siendo las principales las siguientes:
 en la comuna de Plougastel Daoulas:
 Isla Ronde;

 en la comuna de Logonna-Daoulas:
 Île de la pointe du Château;
 Islas de Bindy;

 en la comuna de l'Hôpital-Camfrout:
 Isla de Tibidy;

 en la comuna de Rosnoën:
 Isla de Arun;
 Isla de Térénez;

 en la comuna de Crozon:
 isla Longue;
 Isla de Renard;
 Isla Trébéron;
 isla de los Muertos;
 Isla Perdida;

Dos antiguas islas se han convertido en penínsulas al ser conectadas con un istmo artificial al continente: la isla Longue y la isla de Tibidy.

Economía

Importancia estratégica

Desde hace muchos siglos, Brest ha sido un importante puerto militar y, por ello, la rada de Brest tiene muchas instalaciones militares, como por ejemplo:

 el arsenal de Brest, al norte de la rada;
 la base operacional (base de submarinos) de la Île Longue, al suroeste;
 la Escuela naval y la agrupación de escuelas de Poulmic, en Lanvéoc;
 el cementerio de navíos de Landévennec.

También hay muchos restos de fortificaciones militares y vestigios de siglos pasados, como las fortificaciones de Portzic, de la punta de los Españoles, de la punta de Lanvéoc, de la punta de la Armorique, de la punta de Corbeau, las ducs d'Albe cerca de la punta de Armorique, y las que han servido de apoyo a la construcción de la escollera petrolífera de Lanvéoc, la línea de fortificaciones de Quélern...

Importancia económica pasada

Muchos puertos se han instalado desde hace mucho tiempo alrededor de sus orillas, especialmente en los estuarios y en concreto, en los fondos de los estuarios, que fueron sitios de canje y tráfico marítimo. Landerneau, al fondo de la ría del Elorn atrajo una gran riqueza, desde la Edad Media, siguiendo siendo, en 1790, la segunda ciudad más rica en el departamento en ciernes (después Morlaix), disputando la capitalidad a Quimper. Brest no era entonces más que un puerto militar que ofrecía poco espacio en el magro estuario del Penfeld a los escasos buques mercantes. Sólo a mediados del siglo XIX el relleno de la playa de Porstrein permitió crear muelles usando calados excepcionales de hasta 20 metros. También se consideró hacia 1975 crear un puerto específico para los enormes superpetroleros en la península de Plougastel. Châteaulin, situada en el estuario más largo, el del Aulne, fue también un lugar de comercio muy activo, ya que está situada en el cruce de un eje de carretera principal que une el norte y el sur, y abierto a las vastas áreas rurales en cada dirección .

El Annuaire de Brest, describió ya en 1840 el servicio de la rada:

Las pequeñas villas de Daoulas y de Faou guardan también las trazas construidas de un gran tráfico comercial medieval en sus propios estuarios. Los puertos de Crozon y de Lanvéoc están directamente en la orilla, pero fueron los puntos de apoyo de un importante y antiguo tráfico de cabotaje, para los que se desarrollaron los barcos cargueros de vela. Este cabotaje beneficiaba numerosos lugares de desembarco de gran seguridad en un área muy grande. Los productos transportados fueron principalmente productos agrícolas y materiales de construcción (piedra de construcción, arena, marga, cal, madera) y el tráfico se vio impulsado por la apertura del canal de Nantes a Brest en 1858, permitiendo a las barcazas remontar y descender toda la región del centro de Bretaña. El transporte de pasajeros completaba los cargos, porque, en el verano, permitía evitar los largos desplazamientos por carreteras de mala calidad.

Aspectos económicos actuales
Se discute desde hace varios años establecer, donde se encuentra una base aeronaval, un servicio para los pasajeros que cruzan entre Brest y Lanvéoc-Poulmic. La hipótesis de partida ha sido transformar el servicio de pasajeros interno de la Marina Nacional en un servicio civil, pero la etapa intermedia, la apertura de los barcos militares que la atraviesan en transbordadores civiles tarda en ponerse en práctica.

La pesca ha animado, en otra época, los puertos y existe en Brest una pequeña lonja para los buques de altura, pero las vieiras, que es el producto más destacado, apenas es pescado por una cincuenta de barcos con licencia. Se espera que la pesca no sea permitida durante una temporada o parte de ella, ya que hay toxinas presentes en los crustáceos.

Barcos tradicionales
Cada cuatro años desde 1992, hay las fiestas marítimas de Brest que reúnen varios antiguos barcos "vieux gréements" en la rada de Brest.

Véase también
 Rada (náutica)
 Brest

Notas

Enlaces externos

 Vue aérienne

Golfos y bahías de Francia del océano Atlántico
Geografía de Bretaña
Geografía del departamento de Finisterre

Rada de Brest


L'Église du Tiers-Ordre-de-Saint-François-de-la-Pénitence (en portugais : Igreja da Ordem Terceira de São Francisco da Penitência) est une église coloniale située à côté du couvent de Saint Antoine, sur la colline du même nom au centre de la ville de Rio de Janeiro. En raison de sa décoration baroque exubérante, elle est considérée comme l'une des plus importantes de la ville et du pays.

Histoire et description
Les laïcs de l'Ordem dos Terceiros de São Francisco se sont installés à Rio de Janeiro en 1619, occupant une chapelle à l'intérieur de l'église du couvent franciscain de Santo Antônio, située au sommet d'une colline (le Morro de Santo Antônio). Au milieu du XVIIe siècle, le couvent franciscain a fait don d'un terrain à côté de l'église du couvent afin qu'il puisse y construire son propre temple. L'église de São Francisco da Penitência a été construite, avec des interruptions, entre 1657 et 1733.

En plus de l'église, l'Ordre a construit au XVIIIe siècle un hôpital (Hospital de São Francisco da Penitência) sur la place en face de la colline (Largo da Carioca). Au début du XXe siècle, lors des rénovations promues par le maire Pereira Passos, l'hôpital a été transféré à Tijuca et le bâtiment a été démoli.

Façade
La façade de l'église, d'aspect inhabituel pour un édifice religieux, est divisée en trois corps, chacun doté d'un portail, de deux grandes fenêtres et d'un toit indépendant. Les portails sont en pierre de lioz et ont été apportés du Portugal. Le corps central présente un portail plus élaboré, aux angles torsadés, typiquement baroque, et un médaillon aux armoiries de l'ordre. Le fronton du corps central est ondulé et possède un oculus.

Intérieur

L'intérieur de l'Igreja de São Francisco da Penitência est simple dans son plan (rectangulaire avec une nef) mais exceptionnel dans l'unité de style et la qualité des sculptures dorées des autels et des murs, qui couvrent toute la surface disponible, et la peinture du plafond en bois du plafond. Le travail de sculpture est l'œuvre des Portugais Manuel de Brito et Francisco Xavier de Brito, qui ont travaillé dans l'église entre 1726 et 1743. La sculpture est de style Joanin, typique de la période du roi João V. Plus tard, Francisco Xavier de Brito s'installe à Minas Gerais et décore de sculptures, également de style joanin, des parties de l'Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar à Vila Rica (Ouro Preto), ce qui influencera grandement le style joanin dans la capitainerie de Minas Gerais.

Sur le côté gauche de l'église se trouve la Capela da Conceição, reliée à l'église du couvent voisin, et également décorée de sculptures dorées exubérantes.

La décoration de l'église est complétée par la belle peinture du plafond en bois, représentant la Glorification de saint François, exécutée par le peintre portugais Caetano da Costa Coelho entre 1736 et 1741 dans un style baroque illusionniste. Le même Caetano da Costa Coelho, après ce travail, dorera les sculptures du monastère de São Bento à Rio de Janeiro en 1742. La peinture au plafond de cette église est la première à simuler la perspective au Brésil, une technique qui sera plus tard largement utilisée à l'époque coloniale dans le Minas Gerais, le Pernambuco et Bahia. Caetano da Costa a également doré les sculptures de l'église et exécuté les panneaux latéraux du choeur.

Musée
L'église de São Francisco da Penitência constitue la principale vitrine de l'art baroque total à Rio de Janeiro. Actuellement, l'église fonctionne comme un musée d'art sacré, méritant une visite avec le couvent voisin de Santo Antônio.

Liens externes

 «Mapa dos arredores da Igreja da Ordem Terceira de São Francisco da Penitência no OpenStreetMap » 🔗
 Visite virtuelle MSF : Musée sacré franciscain - Église du Tiers-Ordre de São Francisco da Penitência Produit par la Collection Caroline Lorraine
 Visite virtuelle du Musée Sacré Franciscain - Jardin, Cimetière et Capela Dos Escravos Produit par la Collection Caroline Lorraine

Tiers Ordre
Tiers Ordre
Tiers Ordre

Église du Tiers-Ordre de Saint-François-de-la-Pénitence


හේකොක් කඳුරුප්පේ ජේසුස් දිස්වූ

      ෴ කල්වාරි පුදබිම ෴

   මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට අඩි 2167ක් උස බෙන්තර ගඟේ ජීවනාලිය හිනිඳුම කන්ද දකුණු පළාතේ උසම ස්ථානයයි. වසර 70වක පමණ ඉතිහාසයක් හිමි මනරම් ඉසව්වක පිහිටි හිනිඳුම පල්ලියට අයත් භූමියේ 1948 මහ සිකුරාදා දවසට සතියකට පෙර සවසක විශාල ගින්නක් ඇතිවී තිබෙන අතර ගිනි නිවී යන උදෑසන මීසම් පාලක සිරිල් එදිරිසිංහ පියතුමා ඇතුළු පිරිස දැක ඇත්තේ කොළ පැහැයෙන් යුතුව තිබී එක්වර ගිනිගත් කඳු පෙදෙස අළු දුඹුරු පැහැයට හැරී ඇති බවත් උස් ස්ථානයක ඉතිරි වූ එකම ගසත් ජේසුස් වහන්සේ කුරුසයේ ඇණ ගසා ඇති අයුරින් දිස් වූ බවත් ය. දෙවියන් මවා පෑ මේ කල්වාරි අනුරුව නිර්මාණ කාර්යක්කොට බැතිමතුන්ගේ පුදපූජා සඳහා වෙන් කිරීමට වෙහෙසෙන සිරිල් පියතුමාට දක්ෂ බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියෙකු ද දස දෙසින් ආධාර ද ලැබුණි.

   එසේ නිර්මාණය වූ මේ ක්‍රිස්තු චරිතයේ අවස්ථා දකින කිතුනු බැතිමතුන්ගේ පමණක් නොව සියලු වන්දනාකරුවන්ගේ හද කම්පා කිරීමට සමත් ය. ජේසුස් ක්‍රිස්තු තුමන් උදෙසා උපදින ඒ ලතෙත් ආදර ස්නේහයෙන් කරන යාඥා දෙවියන් අසා වදාරණ බැව් නම් නොවනුමානය.

   1958 දී මෙය ඩියෝසිසන් පුදබිම ලෙස නම් කර තිබෙන අතර ගිං ගඟෙන් එතර වී සොබාව සෞන්දර්ය හා ඒකාත්මිකව සැනසිල්ල ඇත්විඳින්න මෙන්ම අළු බදාදායින් ඇරඹෙන ආගමික වතාවත් සදහා ද ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ හේකොක් කඳු පාමුල හිනිඳුම කල්වාරි පුදබිම විවෘතය.

හිනිඳුම කල්වාරි පුදබිම


Chlorospatha, biljni rod iz porodice kozlačevki smješten u tribus Caladieae, dio potporodice Aroideae.

Postoji 70 vrsta u Južnoj i Srednjoj Americi, od Kostarike preko Paname i Kolumbije do Ekvadora. To je maleno do srednje kopneno bilje s mliječnim lateksom u vlažnoj tropskoj šumi; na šumskom tlu, i dobro zasjenjenim koritima potoka ili u močvarnim područjima.

Vrste

 Chlorospatha amalfiensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha antioquiensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha atropurpurea (Madison) Madison
 Chlorospatha bayae Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha besseae Madison
 Chlorospatha betancurii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha bogneri Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha boosii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha bullata Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha caldasensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha caliensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha callejasii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha carchiensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha castula (Madison) Madison
 Chlorospatha cedralensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha chocoensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha cogolloi Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha congensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha corrugata Bogner & Madison
 Chlorospatha croatiana Grayum
 Chlorospatha cutucuensis Madison
 Chlorospatha dodsonii (G.S.Bunting) Madison
 Chlorospatha engleri Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha feuersteiniae (Croat & Bogner) Bogner & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha gentryi Grayum
 Chlorospatha giraldoi Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha grayumii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha hammeliana Grayum & Croat
 Chlorospatha hannoniae Croat
 Chlorospatha hastata Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha hastifolia Bogner & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha huilensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha ilensis Madison
 Chlorospatha jaramilloi Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha kolbii Engl.
 Chlorospatha kressii Grayum
 Chlorospatha lehmannii (Engl.) Madison
 Chlorospatha limonensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha litensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha longiloba Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha longipoda (K.Krause) Madison
 Chlorospatha luteynii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha macphersonii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha maculata Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha mansellii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha minima Zuluaga & Muñoz-Castillo
 Chlorospatha mirabilis (W.Bull) Madison
 Chlorospatha morae Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha munchiquensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha nambiensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha narinoensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha nicolsonii Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha noramurphyae Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha oblongifolia Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha planadensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha plowmanii (Madison) Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha portillae Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha pubescens Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha queremalensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha ricaurtensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha risaraldensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha sagittata Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha silverstonei Zuluaga & Muñoz-Castillo
 Chlorospatha sizemoreae Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha stellasarreae Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha sucumbensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha timbiquensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha tokioensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha yatacuensis Croat & L.P.Hannon
 Chlorospatha yaupiensis Croat & L.P.Hannon

Sinonimi
 Caladiopsis Engl.

Izvori

Caladieae

Chlorospatha


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1,6 millionklubben blev grundlagt i 1998 af Alexandra Charles. Navnet kommer af det det antal kvinder over 45 år som fandtes i Sverige da foreningen blev grundlagt.

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Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient-rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponically grown plants.

As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the basis of all aquaponic systems, the size, complexity, and types of foods grown in an aquaponic system can vary as much as any system found in either distinct farming discipline.

History

Aquaponics has ancient roots, although there is some debate on its first occurrence:
Aztec cultivated agricultural islands known as chinampas in a system considered by some to be an early form of aquaponics for agricultural use, where plants were raised on stationary (or sometime movable) islands in lake shallows and waste materials dredged from the Chinampa canals and surrounding cities were used to manually irrigate the plants.
South China and the whole of Southeast Asia, where rice was cultivated and farmed in paddy fields in combination with fish, are cited as examples of early aquaponics systems, although the technology had been brought by Chinese settlers who had migrated from Yunnan around 5 AD. These polycultural farming systems existed in many Far Eastern countries and raised fish such as the oriental loach (泥鳅, ドジョウ), swamp eel (黄鳝, 田鰻), common carp (鯉魚, コイ) and crucian carp (鯽魚) as well as pond snails (田螺) in the paddies.
The 13th-century Chinese agricultural manual Wang Zhen's Book on Farming (王禎農書) described floating wooden rafts which were piled with mud and dirt and which were used for growing rice, wild rice, and fodder. Such floating planters were employed in regions constituting the modern provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian. These floating planters are known as either  (架田) or  (葑田), which translates to "framed paddy" and "brassica paddy", respectively. The agricultural work also references earlier Chinese texts, which indicated that floating raft rice cultivation was being used as early as the Tang dynasty (6th century) and Northern Song dynasty (8th century) periods of Chinese history.

Floating aquaponics systems on polycultural fish ponds have been installed in China in more recent years on a large scale. They are used to grow rice, wheat and canna lily and other crops, with some installations exceeding .

The development of modern aquaponics is often attributed to the various works of the New Alchemy Institute and the works of Dr. Mark McMurtry et al. at the North Carolina State University, who devised an "Integrated Aqua-Vegeculture System" (iAVs) based on the combination of aquaculture and sand-based grow beds.
Inspired by the successes of the New Alchemy Institute and McMurtry's iAVs, other institutes soon followed suit. Starting in 1979, Dr. James Rakocy and his colleagues at the University of the Virgin Islands researched and developed the use of deep water culture hydroponic grow beds in a large-scale aquaponics system.
Other institutes focused their research on "ebb and flow" systems (also known as "flood and drain"), which were partially based on the original ideas developed at North Carolina State University, but where coarse media (such as gravel or expanded clay) replaced sand, while bell syphons allowed an ebb-and-flow irrigation cycle, such systems are also known as "Speraneo Systems" because they are based on ideas developed in the 1990s by Tom and Paula Speraneo, owners of an aquaponics farm in Missouri.

The first aquaponics research in Canada was a small system added onto existing aquaculture research at a research station in Lethbridge, Alberta. Canada saw a rise in aquaponics setups throughout the '90s, predominantly as commercial installations raising high-value crops such as trout and lettuce. A setup based on the deepwater system developed at the University of Virgin Islands was built in a greenhouse at Brooks, Alberta where Dr. Nick Savidov and colleagues researched aquaponics from a background of plant science. The team made findings on rapid root growth in aquaponics systems and on closing the solid-waste loop and found that, owing to certain advantages in the system over traditional aquaculture, the system can run well at a low pH level, which is favored by plants but not fish.

Parts of an aquaponic system

Aquaponics consists of two main parts, with the aquaculture part for raising aquatic animals and the hydroponics part for growing plants. Aquatic effluents, resulting from uneaten feed or raising animals like fish, accumulate in water due to the closed-system recirculation of most aquaculture systems. The effluent-rich water becomes toxic to the aquatic animal in high concentrations but this contains nutrients essential for plant growth. Although consisting primarily of these two parts, aquaponics systems are usually grouped into several components or subsystems responsible for the effective removal of solid wastes, for adding bases to neutralize acids, or for maintaining water oxygenation. Typical components include:
 Rearing tank: the tanks for raising and feeding the fish;
 Settling basin: a unit for catching uneaten food and detached biofilms, and for settling out fine particulates;
 Biofilter: a place where the nitrification bacteria can grow and convert ammonia into nitrates, which are usable by the plants;
 Hydroponics subsystem: the portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water;
 Sump: the lowest point in the system where the water flows to and from which it is pumped back to the rearing tanks.
Depending on the sophistication and cost of the aquaponics system, the units for solids removal, biofiltration, and/or the hydroponics subsystem may be combined into one unit or subsystem, which prevents the water from flowing directly from the aquaculture part of the system to the hydroponics part. By utilizing gravel or sand as plant supporting medium, solids are captured and the medium has enough surface area for fixed-film nitrification. The ability to combine biofiltration and hydroponics allows for aquaponic system, in many cases, to eliminate the need for an expensive, separate biofilter.

Live components
An aquaponic system depends on different live components to work successfully. The three main live components are plants, fish (or other aquatic creatures) and bacteria. Some systems also include additional live components like worms.

Plants

Many plants are suitable for aquaponic systems, though which ones work for a specific system depends on the maturity and stocking density of the fish. These factors influence the concentration of nutrients from the fish effluent and how much of those nutrients are made available to the plant roots via bacteria.

Green leaf vegetables with low to medium nutrient requirements are well adapted to aquaponic systems, including chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, spinach, chives, herbs, and watercress.

Other plants, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers, have higher nutrient requirements and will do well only in mature aquaponic systems with high stocking densities of fish.

Plants that are common in salads have some of the greatest success in aquaponics, including cucumbers, shallots, tomatoes, lettuce, capsicum, red salad onions and snow peas.

Some profitable plants for aquaponic systems include chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, roses, tomatoes, okra, cantaloupe and bell peppers.

Other species of vegetables and/or fruit that grow well in an aquaponic system include watercress, basil, coriander, parsley, lemongrass, sage, beans, peas, kohlrabi, taro, Pomegranate, radishes, strawberries, melons, onions, turnips, parsnips, sweet potato, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and eggplant as well as the choys that are used for stir fries.

Fish (or other aquatic creatures)

Freshwater fish are the most common aquatic animal raised using aquaponics due to their ability to tolerate crowding. Freshwater crayfish and prawns are also sometimes used, as they excrete nutrient rich feces. There is a branch of aquaponics using saltwater fish, called saltwater aquaponics. There are many species of warmwater and cold-water fish that adapt well to aquaculture systems.

In practice, tilapia are the most popular fish for home and commercial projects that are intended to raise edible fish because it is a warmwater fish species that can tolerate crowding and changing water conditions. Barramundi, silver perch, eel-tailed catfish or tandanus catfish, jade perch and Murray cod are also used. For temperate climates when there isn't ability or desire to maintain water temperature, bluegill and catfish are suitable fish species for home systems.

Koi and goldfish may also be used, if the fish in the system need not be edible.

Other suitable fish include channel catfish, rainbow trout, perch, common carp, Arctic char, largemouth bass and striped bass.

Bacteria

Nitrification, the aerobic conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important functions in an aquaponic system as it reduces the toxicity of the water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed by the plants for nourishment. Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the excreta and gills of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5 and 1 ppm) can impair growth, cause widespread damage to tissues, decrease resistance to disease and even kill the fish. Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily, thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish. Ammonia can be converted into safer nitrogenous compounds through combined healthy populations of 2 types of bacteria: Nitrosomonas which convert ammonia into nitrites, and Nitrobacter which then convert nitrites into nitrates. While nitrite is still harmful to fish due to its ability to create methemoglobin, which cannot bind oxygen, by attaching to hemoglobin, nitrates are able to be tolerated at high levels by fish.
For this, nitrite levels must be maintained at concentrations lower than 1ppm. Nitrate, which is much safer for fish, can be tolerated at concentrations of over 150ppm. Typically, nitrogen cycling (system cycling) must conducted for 3–5 weeks in order to achieve and maintain these ideal concentrations of nitrogen compounds. High surface area provides more space for the growth of nitrifying bacteria. Grow bed material choices require careful analysis of the surface area, price and maintainability considerations.

Hydroponic subsystem
Plants are grown in hydroponics systems, with their roots immersed in the nutrient-rich effluent water. This enables them to filter out the ammonia that is toxic to the aquatic animals, or its metabolites. After the water has passed through the hydroponic subsystem, it is cleaned and oxygenated, and can return to the aquaculture vessels. This cycle is continuous. Common aquaponic applications of hydroponic systems include:
 Deep-water raft aquaponics: styrofoam rafts floating in a relatively deep aquaculture basin in troughs. Raft tanks can be constructed to be quite large, and enable seedlings to be transplanted at one end of the tank while fully grown plants are harvested at the other, thus ensuring optimal floor space usage.
 Recirculating aquaponics: solid media such as gravel or clay beads, held in a container that is flooded with water from the aquaculture. This type of aquaponics is also known as closed-loop aquaponics.
 Reciprocating aquaponics: solid media in a container that is alternately flooded and drained utilizing different types of siphon drains. This type of aquaponics is also known as flood-and-drain aquaponics or ebb-and-flow aquaponics.
 Nutrient film technique channels: plants are grown in lengthy narrow channels, with a film of nutrient-filled water constantly flowing past the plant roots. Due to the small amount of water and narrow channels, helpful bacteria cannot live there and therefore a bio filter is required for this method.
 Other systems use towers that are trickle-fed from the top, horizontal PVC pipes with holes for the pots, plastic barrels cut in half with gravel or rafts in them. Each approach has its own benefits.

Since plants at different growth stages require different amounts of minerals and nutrients, plant harvesting is staggered with seedlings growing at the same time as mature plants. This ensures stable nutrient content in the water because of continuous symbiotic cleansing of toxins from the water.

Biofilter
In an aquaponics system, the bacteria responsible for the conversion of ammonia to usable nitrates for plants form a biofilm on all solid surfaces throughout the system that are in constant contact with the water. The submerged roots of the vegetables combined have a large surface area where many bacteria can accumulate. Together with the concentrations of ammonia and nitrites in the water, the surface area determines the speed with which nitrification takes place. Care for these bacterial colonies is important as to regulate the full assimilation of ammonia and nitrite. This is why most aquaponics systems include a biofiltering unit, which helps facilitate growth of these microorganisms. Typically, after a system has stabilized ammonia levels range from 0.25 to .50 ppm; nitrite levels range from 0.0 to 0.25 ppm, and nitrate levels range from 5 to 150 ppm. During system startup, systems take several weeks to begin the nitrification process. As a result, spikes may occur in the levels of ammonia (up to 6.0 ppm) and nitrite (up to 15 ppm) as the nitrosomonas and nitrobacter bacteria have yet to establish populations within the system. Nitrate levels peak later in the startup phase as the system completes nitrogen cycles and maintains a healthy biofilter and these bacteria grow into a mature colony. with nitrate levels peaking later in the startup phase. In the nitrification process ammonia is oxidized into nitrite, which releases hydrogen ions into the water. Overtime the water's pH will slowly drop, non-sodium bases such as potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide can be used to neutralize the water's pH if insufficient quantities are naturally present in the water to provide a buffer against acidification. In addition, selected minerals or nutrients such as iron can be added in addition to the fish waste that serves as the main source of nutrients to plants.

A good way to deal with solids buildup in aquaponics is the use of worms, which liquefy the solid organic matter so that it can be utilized by the plants and/or other animals in the system. For a worm-only growing method, please see Vermiponics.

Operation
The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and oxygenate the water. Spawn or fry may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture. Typical build ratios are .5 to 1 square foot of grow space for every  of aquaculture water in the system.  of water can support between  and  of fish stock depending on aeration and filtration.

Ten primary guiding principles for creating successful aquaponics systems were issued by Dr. James Rakocy, the director of the aquaponics research team at the University of the Virgin Islands, based on extensive research done as part of the Agricultural Experiment Station aquaculture program.
Use a feeding rate ratio for design calculations
Keep feed input relatively constant
Supplement with calcium, potassium and iron
Ensure good aeration
Remove solids
Be careful with aggregates
Oversize pipes
Use biological pest control
Ensure adequate biofiltration
Control pH

Feed source
As in most aquaculture based systems, stock feed often consists of fish meal derived from lower-value species. Ongoing depletion of wild fish stocks makes this practice unsustainable. Organic fish feeds may prove to be a viable alternative that relieves this concern. Other alternatives include growing duckweed with an aquaponics system that feeds the same fish grown on the system, excess worms grown from vermiculture composting, using prepared kitchen scraps, as well as growing black soldier fly larvae to feed to the fish using composting grub growers.

Plant nutrients
Like hydroponics, a few minerals and micronutrients can be added to improve plant growth. Iron is the most deficient nutrient in aquaponics, but it can be added through mixing Iron Chelate powder with water. Potassium can be added as potassium sulfate through foliar spray. Less vital nutrients include magnesium as epsom salt, calcium as calcium chloride, and boron. Biological filtration of aquaculture wastes yield high nitrate concentrations, which is great for leafy greens. For flowering plants with high nutrient demands, it is recommended to introduce supplemental nutrients such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus. Common sources are sulfate of potash, potassium bicarbonate, monoammonium phosphate, etc. Nutrient deficiency in wastewater from fish component (RAS) can be completely masked using raw or mineralized sludge, usually containing 3–17 times higher nutrient concentrations. RAS effluents (wastewater and sludge combined) contain adequate N, P, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni to meet most aquaponic crop needs. Potassium is generally deficient requiring full-fledged fertilization. Micronutrients B, Mo are partly sufficient and can be easily ameliorated by increasing sludge release. The presumption surrounding 'definite' phyto-toxic sodium levels in RAS effluents should be reconsidered – practical solutions available too. No threat of heavy metal accumulation exists within the aquaponics loop.

Water usage
Aquaponic systems do not typically discharge or exchange water under normal operation, but instead, recirculate and reuse water very effectively. The system relies on the relationship between the animals and the plants to maintain a stable aquatic environment that experience a minimum of fluctuation in ambient nutrient and oxygen levels. Plants are able to recover dissolved nutrients from the circulating water, meaning that less water is discharged and the water exchange rate can be minimized. Water is added only to replace water loss from absorption and transpiration by plants, evaporation into the air from surface water, overflow from the system from rainfall, and removal of biomass such as settled solid wastes from the system. As a result, aquaponics uses approximately 2% of the water that a conventionally irrigated farm requires for the same vegetable production. This allows for aquaponic production of both crops and fish in areas where water or fertile land is scarce. Aquaponic systems can also be used to replicate controlled wetland conditions. Constructed wetlands can be useful for biofiltration and treatment of typical household sewage. The nutrient-filled overflow water can be accumulated in catchment tanks, and reused to accelerate growth of crops planted in soil, or it may be pumped back into the aquaponic system to top up the water level.

Energy usage

Aquaponic installations rely in varying degrees on man-made energy, technological solutions, and environmental control to achieve recirculation and water/ambient temperatures. However, if a system is designed with energy conservation in mind, using alternative energy and a reduced number of pumps by letting the water flow downwards as much as possible, it can be highly energy efficient. While careful design can minimize the risk, aquaponics systems can have multiple 'single points of failure' where problems such as an electrical failure or a pipe blockage can lead to a complete loss of fish stock.

Fish stocking
In order for aquaponic systems to be financially successful and make a profit whilst also covering its operating expenses, the hydroponic plant components and fish rearing components need to almost constantly be at maximum production capacity. To keep the bio-mass of fish in the system at its maximum (without limiting fish growth), there are three main stocking method that can help maintain this maximum.
 Sequential rearing: Multiple age groups of fish share a rearing tank, and when an age group reaches market size they are selectively harvested and replaced with the same amount of fingerlings. Downsides to this method include stressing out the entire pool of fish during each harvest, missing fish resulting in a waste of food/space, and the difficulty of keeping accurate records with frequent harvests.
 Stock splitting: Large quantities of fingerlings are stocked at once and then split into two groups once the tank hits maximum capacity, which is easier to record and eliminates fish being "forgotten". A stress-free way of doing this operation is via "swimways" that connect various rearing tanks and a series of hatches/moving screens/pumps that move the fish around.
 Multiple rearing units: Entire groups of fish are moved to larger rearing tanks once their current tank hits maximum capacity. Such systems usually have 2–4 tanks that share a filtration system, and when the largest tank is harvested, the other fish groups are each moved up into a bigger tank whilst the smallest tank is restocked with fingerlings. It is also common for there to be several rearing tanks yet no ways to move fish between them, which eliminates the labor of moving fish and allows each tank to be undisturbed during harvesting, even if the space usage is inefficient when the fish are fingerlings.
Ideally the bio-mass of fish in the rearing tanks doesn't exceed 0.5 lbs/gallon, in order to reduce stress from crowding, efficiently feed the fish, and promote healthy growth.

Disease and pest management
Although pesticides can normally be used to take care of insects on crops, in an aquaponic system the use of pesticides would threaten the fish ecosystem. On the other hand, if the fish acquire parasites or diseases, therapeutants cannot be used as the plants would absorb them. In order to maintain the symbiotic relationship between the plants and the fish, non-chemical methods such as traps, physical barriers and biological control (such as parasitic wasps/ladybugs to control white flies/aphids) should be used to control pests. The most effective organic pesticide is Neem oil, but only in small quantities to minimize spill over fish's water.. Commercialization of aquaponics is often stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. The use of chemical control methods is highly complicated for all systems. While insecticides and herbicides are replaceable by well‐established commercial biocontrol measures, fungicides and nematicides are still relevant in aquaponics. Monitoring and cultural control are the first approaches to contain pest population. Biological controls, in general, are adaptable to a larger extent. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs.

Automation, monitoring, and control
Many have tried to create automatic control and monitoring systems and some of these demonstrated a level of success. For instance, researchers were able to introduce automation in a small scale aquaponic system to achieve a cost-effective and sustainable farming system. Commercial development of automation technologies has also emerged. For instance, a company has developed a system capable of automating the repetitive tasks of farming and features a machine learning algorithm that can automatically detect and eliminate diseased or underdeveloped plants. A 3.75-acre aquaponics facility that claims to be the first indoor salmon farm in the United States also includes an automated technology. The aquaponic machine has made notable strides in the documenting and gathering of information regarding aquaponics.

Economic viability
Aquaponics offers a diverse and stable polyculture system that allows farmers to grow vegetables and raise fish at the same time. By having two sources of profit, farmers can continue to earn money even if the market for either fish or plants goes through a low cycle. The flexibility of an aquaponic system allows it to grow a large variety of crops including ordinary vegetables, herbs, flowers and aquatic plants to cater to a broad spectrum of consumers. Herbs, lettuce and speciality greens such as basil or spinach are especially well suited for aquaponic systems due to their low nutritional needs. For the growing number of environmentally conscious consumers, products from aquaponic systems are organic and pesticide free, whilst also leaving a small environmental footprint. Aquaponic systems additionally are economically efficient due to low water usage, effective nutrient cycling and needing little land to operate. Because soil isn't needed and only a little bit of water is required, aquaponic systems can be set up in areas that have traditionally poor soil quality or contaminated water. More importantly, aquaponic systems are usually free of weeds, pests and diseases that would affect soil, which allows them to consistently and quickly produce high quality crops to sell.

The research pertaining to aquaponic systems, and their economic viability is still very limited compared to conventional hydroponic systems. With the research that is available, the economic viability of aquaponic businesses must be determined case by case. There are many variables including system design, seasonal weather, and local costs of energy or land that factor into the profitability of aquaponic businesses. According to a study that included 208 aquaponic businesses in the United States, the average investment cost of aquaponic businesses was $5,000 - $10,000 and only 10% of businesses were reporting more than $50,000 in annual revenue.

There are two primary aquaponic systems: Single Recirculating Aquaponic Systems (SRAPS or coupled systems) and Double Recirculating Aquaponic Systems (DRAPS or decoupled systems). The primary difference is that in a DRAPS system, the water from the aquaculture (fish) system is used to provide nutrients to the hydroponic (plant) system but the two systems operate autonomously of each other. Unlike with SRAPS, a grower can add synthetic fertilizer into a DRAPS system without hurting the fish. DRAPS tomato systems that use fertilizers in addition to fish waste can provide the same level of production as conventional hydroponic systems while reducing fertilizer usage by 23.6%. SRAPS systems are not able to mimic these results. Additional research shows the support that aquaponic systems can use 14% less fertilizer than hydroponic systems. Despite this reduction, a grower should determine if the cost of maintaining aquaculture is cheaper than the use of extra fertilizer in hydroponics.

Other non-system-based barriers to the economic success of aquaponic systems could include that these systems require a high degree of knowledge in multiple disciplines, a lack of financing opportunities for aquaponics, and the fact that the general public doesn't understand what aquaponics is. An aquaponics business may require additional branding strategies compared to hydroponics, which is a technology that is relatively well known at this point in the United States.

Current examples

Europe
The Urban Farming Company, an organization based out of Switzerland, has been created to offer a method of rooftop based aquaponic growing systems to businesses. Its purpose is to offer fresh, sustainable produce to local urban areas.
In March 2018 the European Aquaponics Association was established among European countries. This opened up an organization for European countries to continue aquaponic research and the implementation of aquaponic practices.
EcoPonics is an aquaponics company based out of Iceland that is joining similar companies from Iceland, Denmark, and Spain to advocate for the implementation of commercial and competitive Aquaponics systems in European countries.
Asia
In Bangladesh, the world's most densely populated country, most farmers use agrochemicals to enhance food production and storage life, though the country lacks oversight on safe levels of chemicals in foods for human consumption. To combat this issue, a team led by M.A. Salam at the Department of Aquaculture of Bangladesh Agricultural University has created plans for a low-cost aquaponics system to provide organic produce and fish for people living in adverse climatic conditions such as the salinity-prone southern area and the flood-prone haor area in the eastern region. Salam's work innovates a form of subsistence farming for micro-production goals at the community and personal levels whereas design work by Chowdhury and Graff was aimed exclusively at the commercial level, the latter of the two approaches take advantage of economies of scale.
An aquaponic gardening system is developed for use on rooftops in Gaza City.
In Malaysia Alor Gajah, Melaka, Organization 'Persatuan Akuakutur Malaysia' takes innovative approach in aquaponics by growing Lobster in aquaponics.
Aquaponics in India aims to provide aspiring farmers with aquaponics solutions for commercial and backyard operation.
North America
Dakota College at Bottineau in Bottineau, North Dakota has an aquaponics program that gives students the ability to obtain a certificate or an AAS degree in aquaponics.
The Smith Road facility in Denver started pilot program of aquaponics to feed 800 to 1,000 inmates at the Denver Jail, and a neighboring downtown facility which consists of 1,500 inmates and 700 officers.
VertiFarms in New Orleans targets corporate rooftops for vertical farming, accruing up to 90 corporate clients for rooftop vertical farming in 2013.
Windy Drumlins Farm in Wisconsin redesigns aquaponic-solar greenhouse for extreme weather conditions which can endure extremely cold climate.
Volunteer operation in Nicaragua "Amigos for Christ" manages its plantation for feeding 900+ poverty-stricken school children by using nutrients from aquaponic methods.
Verticulture in Bedstuy utilizes old Pfizer manufacturing plant for producing basil in commercial scale through aquaponics, yielding 30-40 pounds of basil a week.
Upward Farms in New York expands to full-scale commercial facility, which will generate 130,000 pounds of greens and 50,000 pounds of fish a year.
There has been a shift towards community integration of aquaponics, such as the nonprofit foundation Growing Power that offers Milwaukee youth job opportunities and training while growing food for their community. The model has spawned several satellite projects in other cities, such as New Orleans where the Vietnamese fisherman community has suffered from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and in the South Bronx in New York City.
Whispering Roots is a non-profit organization in Omaha, Nebraska that provides fresh, locally grown, healthy food for socially and economically disadvantaged communities by using aquaponics, hydroponics and urban farming.
Recently, aquaponics has been moving towards indoor production systems. In cities like Chicago, entrepreneurs are utilizing vertical designs to grow food year round. These systems can be used to grow food year round with minimal to no waste.
Springworks Farm , produces three varieties of certified organic lettuce at their aquaponic growing facility in Lisbon, ME.
Caribbean
Fusion Farms in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico is the first hurricane-protected vertical farming operation using controlled environment aquaponics (CEAq) that has been designated by the Government of Puerto Rico as a 'Company of Strategic Importance' due to the contribution they are making to help the island solve Food Security and Food sovereignty.
The Caribbean island of Barbados created an initiative to start aquaponics systems at home, called the aquaponic machine, with revenue generated by selling produce to tourists in an effort to reduce growing dependence on imported food.
Aquaponic gardeners from all around the world are gathering in online community sites and forums to share their experiences and promote the development of this form of gardening, as well as creating extensive resources on how to build home systems.

There are various modular systems made for the public that utilize aquaponic systems to produce organic vegetables and herbs, and provide indoor decor at the same time. These systems can serve as a source of herbs and vegetables indoors. Universities are promoting research on these modular systems as they get more popular among city dwellers.

See also
 Vertical farming

References

External links

Aquaculture
Hydroculture
Hydroponics

Aquaponics


Kalikantovke  (sazanikovke, lat. Calycanthaceae nom. cons.) porodica dvosupnica iz reda lovorolike. Ime je dobila po mirisnom ananasu, rodu kalikant, latinski  Calycanthus, a pripadaju mu još i rodovi himonant (Chimonanthus) i Idiospermum, s ukupno 10 priznatih vrsta.

Vrste kalikanta rastu u Sjedinjenim državama i u Kini, himonant je iz Kine, a Idiospermum u australskoj državi Queensland

Potporodice i rodovi
 Familia Calycanthaceae Lindl. (10 spp.)
 Subfamilia Idiospermoideae (S. T. Blake) Thorne
 Idiospermum S. T. Blake (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Calycanthoideae Burnett
 Calycanthus L. (4 spp.)
 Chimonanthus Lindl. (5 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Lovorolike

Kalikantovke


Joe Satrom (born 10 October 1945) is an American businessman and environmental lobbyist from the U.S. state of North Dakota.  He won the 2004 Democratic-NPL nomination for governor, but was defeated by the Republican incumbent, John Hoeven.

Satrom was born on his family's farm in Broadlawn Township in Steele County, North Dakota.  He attended North Dakota State University and was editor-in-chief of the campus newspaper, The Spectrum, for two years.

In 1968 Satrom graduated from NDSU with a B.S. in agricultural education.  He sat as a delegate to the state Democratic convention that year. Late that year he inquired with Governor Guy about possible positions for him in the administration, and was offered a job as travel director.

In summer of 1969 he married Katherine Platt in Fargo.  In 1971 they opened Viking Travel, a travel agency in Bismarck.  They sold it a couple of years later. In 1978 Joe and Katherine opened Satrom Travel and Tour as a completely independent travel company, and expanded to eight locations in North Dakota and Montana; all but two were eventually sold.

In 1980 Satrom lost a race to be a representative from District 47, however in 1982 he ran for senate in District 52 and won.  He served until 1992.

He is a shareholder and sits on the board of Borgen Systems, a refrigerated display case firm based in Des Moines, Iowa.

Satrom is a member of Ducks Unlimited and the Nature Conservancy.

References

1945 births
Living people
People from Steele County, North Dakota
Democratic Party North Dakota state senators
North Dakota State University alumni

Joe Satrom


أمي ثم أمي أوبريت غنائي للأم، بالعامية  المصرية شارك فيه العديد من النجوم وأصدر عام 2008 من تأليف الشاعر أيمن بهجت قمر، وألحان حميد الشاعري وإخراج عثمان أبو اللبن.

المغنون حسب ترتيب ظهورهم

 يارا.
 رامي عياش.
 هيثم شاكر.
 جنات.
 تامر حسني.

مراجع

أغان مصرية
أغان عن الأم

أمي ثم أمي (أوبريت)


Marna Laila Vandsdal Egholm, kalder sig Marna Egholm (født 15. april 1981) er en færøsk atlet, som løber lang- og mellemdistanceløb for Køge Atletik og for den færøske klub Bragdið og Færøernes landshold i atletik til Island Games. Hun har tidligere løbet for Sparta Atletik. Hun er Færøernes hidtil bedste løber og har sat flere færøske rekorder og gjort sig gældende både på Færøerne, i Danmark og andre lande. Hun blev danmarksmester i marathon den 2. oktober 2016, nummer fem af alle kvinderne. Hun blev nummer 20 ved Berlin Marathon 2014 og nummer 36 ved samme løb året efter, dog med en bedre tid end året før, begge gange satte hun ny færøsk rekord, og var også den bedste kvindelige løber, der løb for en dansk klub. Ved Island Games 2015 vandt hun en sølv og to bronze medaljer for Færøerne.

Den færøske løber og redaktør for Færøsk Atletiks hjemmeside, Hallur Holm, vurderede i oktober 2015, at Marna var Færøernes næstbedste sportsperson, næst efter svømmeren Pál Joensen.

Baggrund
Marna Egholm kommer fra Færøerne, men har de senere år boet først i England og derefter i Danmark, i København, hvor hun bor med sin mand og deres søn. Hun er uddannet cand. merc. aud. men har siden 2014 studeret theologi.

Hun startede med at løbe til konkurrencer i 2014. Hun har tidligere roet færøsk kaproning i bådene Hvessingur og Jarnbardur. Hun vandt det færøske mesterskab med Jarnbardur i 2007.

Karriere

Island Games 2017 på Gotland
 Sølv i 10.000 meter, i tiden 36:30,99.

Danmarksmester i marathon i 2016
Marna Egholm blev nummer fem af kvinderne til HCA Marathon 2016 i Odense den 1. oktober 2016. De første fire kvinder kom fra Etiopien og Kenya. Egholm var den forrest blandt de danske kvinder og blev derved danmarksmester. Hun løb i tiden 2:46.36, som var ny færøsk rekord.

Copenhagen Half Marathon 2016
 Sølv i halvmarathon, næstbedste tid af alle kvinderne med tiden 1:17,38

Berlin Marathon 2015
Nr. 36 av 10.000 kvinder med tiden 2 timer, 43 minutter og 15 sekund, som var ny færøsk rekord. Hun fik 1000 IAAF-point, som var det højeste nogen færing nogensinde har fået i nogen sportsgren indenfor atletik overhovedet.

DM 2015 i Århus
Nr. 6 til DM (nr. 7 af alle kvinderne) í 5.000 meter løb med tiden 17.26,13, som var ny færøsk rekord. Den gamle rekord var sat af Valborg Heinesen.

Island Games 2015 på Jersey
 Sølv i 10.000 meter, kvinder med tiden 36.48,25, som var ny færøsk rekord
 Bronze i 5.000 meter, kvinder
 Bronze i halvt marathon, hold kvinder

FM i halvt marathon 2015 i Klaksvík
 Guld i halvt marathon, kvinder med tiden 1.19.53
 Nr. 2 af alle (mænd og kvinder)

Halvt marathon i Berlin 2015
Nr. 15 af alle, nr. 2 i hendes aldersgruppe 30-34 år, hun satte ny færøsk rekord med tiden 1.19.14 timer

Berlin Marathon 2014
Nr. 20 blandt kvinderne med tiden 02:52:00, den hugtigste af kvinderne, der løb for en dansk klub.

Referencer

Atleter fra Færøerne
Atleter fra Sparta Atletik
Mellemdistanceløbere fra Færøerne
Mellemdistanceløbere fra Danmark
Langdistanceløbere fra Færøerne
Langdistanceløbere fra Danmark
Roere fra Færøerne

Marna Egholm


The Executive Committee of the National Security Council (almindeligt kaldt  Executive Committee eller EXCOMM) var en gruppe tjenestemænd i den amerikanske regering sammensat af John F. Kennedy under Cubakrisen for at finde ud af hvordan USA skulle svare på Sovjetunionens  etablering af raketter på Cuba i 1962.

Se også
Cubakrisen

USA's historie
Den kolde krig

ExComm


Morabidae es una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos. Se distribuye por Oceanía.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Biroellinae Bolívar, 1930
 Biroella Bolívar, 1903
 Morabinae Rehn, 1948
 Callitalini Key, 1976
 Bundinja Key, 1976
 Callita Key, 1976
 Callitala Sjöstedt, 1921
 Carnarvonella Key, 1976
 Furculifera Key, 1976
 Malleolopha Key, 1976
 Micromeeka Key, 1976
 Moritala Key, 1976
 Prorifera Key, 1976
 Sicula Key, 1976
 Capsigerini Key, 1976
 Aliena Key, 1976
 Amangu Key, 1976
 Aruntina Key, 1976
 Capsigera Key, 1976
 Crois Key, 1976
 Namatjira Key, 1976
 Proscopiomima Key, 1976
 Swanea Key, 1976
 Keyacridini Key, 1976
 Achuraba Key, 1976
 Achurimima Key, 1976
 Alatiplica Key, 1976
 Baruca Key, 1976
 Chinnicka Key, 1976
 Flindersella Key, 1976
 Heide Key, 1976
 Keyacris Rehn, 1952
 Vandiemenella Key, 1976
 Whiteacris Key, 1976
 Morabini Rehn, 1948
 Drysdalopila Key, 1977
 Filoraba Key, 1976
 Moraba Walker, 1870
 Spectriforma Key, 1976
 Warramungini Key, 1976
 Callimunga Key, 1976
 Culmacris Key, 1976
 Geckomima Key, 1976
 Georgina Key, 1976
 Hastella Key, 1976
 Nanihospita Key, 1976
 Stiletta Key, 1976
 Warramaba Key, 1976
 Warramunga Rehn, 1952

Referencias

 Rehn, 1948 : The Acridoid family Eumastacidae (Orthoptera). A review of our knowledge of its components, features and systematics, with a suggested new classification of its major groups. Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 100, 77-139.

Enlaces externos

 Morabidae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Eumastacoidea

Morabidae


Ulič este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Snina din regiunea Prešov, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 863 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu , Strîceava, Zabrid, , Brezovec, , Klenová și .

Istoric
Localitatea Ulič este atestată documentar din 1451.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ulič, Snina


Metallica (The Black Album olarak da bilinir), Metallica'nın 12 Ağustos 1991'de Elektra Records tarafından satışa sunulan 5. albümüdür. Metallica albümleri içinde, sadece ABD'de 16 milyon ile en çok satış yapan albümdür.

Arka plan ve kayıtlar
Metallica albümü şarkıları genelde olduğu gibi James Hetfield ve Lars Ulrich tarafından yazıldı. İkili, şarkıları Ulrich'in Berkeley'deki evinde besteledi. Şarkıların bir kısmına Kirk Hammett ve Jason Newsted de katkıda bulundu. Örneğin, Newsted "My Friend of Misery"nin bestesini yaptı. Şarkı, Metallica'nın daha önceki albümlerinde her zaman bir tane olan enstrümantallerden biri olmak için tasarlanmıştı ancak daha sonra bu şarkıya söz yazıldı. Şarkılar 1990'ın ortasında yazıldı. Albüm kayıtları öncesinde Mötley Crüe'nün Dr. Feelgood albümünde prodüktörlük yapan Bob Rock, albümün hazırlıkları için davet edildi.

Parça listesi
 "Enter Sandman" (Hetfield, Ulrich, Hammett) - 5.32
 "Sad but True" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 5.25
 "Holier Than Thou" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 3.48
 "The Unforgiven" (Hetfield, Ulrich, Hammett) - 6.27
 "Wherever I May Roam" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 6.44
 "Don't Tread on Me" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 3.59
 "Through the Never" (Hetfield, Ulrich, Hammett) - 4.05
 "Nothing Else Matters" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 6.29
 "Of Wolf and Man" (Hetfield, Ulrich, Hammett) - 4.16
 "The God That Failed" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 5.09
 "My Friend of Misery" (Hetfield, Ulrich, Newsted) - 6.49
 "The Struggle Within" (Hetfield, Ulrich) - 3.54

Single'lar
 "Enter Sandman" – 1991
 "Don't Tread On Me" - 1991
 "The Unforgiven" – 1991
 "Nothing Else Matters" – 1992
 "Wherever I May Roam" – 1992
 "Sad but True" – 1992

Kadro
 James Hetfield – ritim gitarlar, vocaller, "Nothing Else Matters"'da lead gitar
 Kirk Hammett – lead gitarlar, "Wherever I May Roam"'da sitar, "Nothing Else Matters"'da ritim gitar
 Jason Newsted – bas gitarlar
 Lars Ulrich – davullar
 Michael Kamen – "Nothing Else Matters"'da orkestraya uyarlama düzenlemesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1991 albümleri
Metallica albümleri
En İyi Metal Performansı Grammy Ödülü
Billboard 200'de bir numara olan albümler

Metallica (albüm)


El rock de mi vida es el 1º CD en vivo de la banda argentina Guasones. El disco fue grabado en el estadio Obras Sanitaria y está compuesto por catorce temas.

Lista de canciones
 1. Con la casa en orden
 2. Me muero
 3. Sueños son
 4. Estrellas
 5. Estupendo día
 6. Es tarde
 7. Down
 8. Fiebre
 9. Cien años
 10. Gracias
 11. Reyes de la noche
 12. Josefina / Hombre de la plata / Mr Jones
 13. Todavía
 14. La flaca Pili y el negro Tomás
 15. A mi lado

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de Guasones

Álbumes de 2006
Álbumes de Guasones
Álbumes grabados en Estadio Obras Sanitarias
Álbumes de rock
Álbumes de rock de Argentina
Álbumes de rock en español

El rock de mi vida


Luiz Felipe Guimarães Andreoli (São Paulo, 5 de febrero de 1980) es un periodista y humorista brasileño. Actualmente, integra el programa Custe o Que Custar, de Rede Bandeirantes, que es un periodista desde 2008.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Sitio oficial

Periodistas de Brasil
Humoristas de Brasil
Nacidos en São Paulo

Felipe Andreoli (periodista)


Bretonca (), Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin Kelt koluna ait bir dildir. Fransa'nın Breton bölgesinin resmî dilidir. Fransa'daki Bretanya ve tarihî bakımdan Bretanya'nın bir parçası olan Loire-Atlantik bölgesinin bazı sakinleri tarafından konuşulmaktadır.

Dil hakkında

Bretonca her ne kadar, medyada, okullarda, günlük yaşamda sıkça kendini belli etse de, Fransa'da resmi bir dil değildir. Temmuz 2008'de Fransız anayasasının 75. maddesinin, ilk fıkrasına göre Bretonca, tüm diğer bölgesel-etnik Fransa dilleri gibi, Fransa mirasından sayılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu maddeye göre, Bretonca gibi dillerin statüsü değişse de bu diller henüz resmî bir statüde güç sağlayamamıştır. Fransa genelinde tanınmasa da, Bretonya bölgesinde, Fransızca tabelaların altında Bretonca açıklamalar yer almaktadır.

Bretonca, kendi altında, iki farklı ana dil yapısına ayrılır. Doğuda Fransızca ile karışık olan Gallo dili, batıda ise sıradan Bretonca konuşulur. Bunların dışında dil, farklı lehçelere ayrılmaktadır. Bu lehçeler;
 Leoneg - Léonard
 Tregerieg - Trégorrois
 Gwenedeg - Vannetais
 Kerneveg - Cornouaillais

Bazı Kelimeler

 ya - evet
 nann/ket - hayır
 Mann ebet. - Bir şey değil.
 N'ouzon ket. - Bilmiyorum.
 Yec'hed mat! - Şerefe!
 Petra? - Efendim?
 karr / kirri (eril) - araba / arabalar
 mann - 0
 unan - 1
 daou (eril), div (dişil) - 2
 tri (eril), teir (dişil) - 3
 pevar (eril), peder (dişil) - 4
 pemp - 5
 c'hwec'h - 6
 seizh - 7
 eizh - 8

 nav - 9
 dek - 10
 kant - 100
 degemer mat - hoş geldiniz
 n'eo ket strikt - önemli değil
 Breizh - Bretanya
 brezhoneg - Bretonca
 turkeg - Türkçe
 ti, "ty" - ev
 ti-kêr - belediye binası
 kreiz-kêr - şehir merkezi
 skol - okul
 skol-veur - üniversite
 kenavo - hoşçakal
 krampouezh - gözleme
 gwin - şarap

Kaynakça

Kelt dilleri
Doğal diller
Bretanya
Fransa'daki diller
Ölmek üzere olan Kelt dilleri

Bretonca


උදයගිරි රජ මහා විහාරය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ උහන ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි පැරණි රජ මහා විහාරයක් වේ. එය අම්පාර-මහඔය මාර්ගයේ, අම්පාර සිට කිලෝ මීටර 13ක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. විහාරය අදින් වසර 1000කට පමණ පෙර ඉදිකරන ලද විහාරයක් සේ සැළකේ.

ඉතිහාසමය සාධක

විහාරයට ප්‍රවිශ්ඨ වන ඇතුල් දොරටුව අසල ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දසවන සයවසට අයත් පැරණි ශිලා ස්ථම්භයක් දැකගත හැකිවේ. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 903 - 914 සමයේ රජකම් කල පළමුවන උදය රජුගේ අණපරිදි, උදය, අභය යන සේනාධිපතීන් විසින් මෙම විහාරය සතු ඉඩම් වෙළෙට්ඨ (ධාන්‍ය) බද්දෙන් නිදහස් කරනු ලැබූ බව එම ශිලා ස්ථම්භයෙහි දක්වා තිබේ. කෙසේ නමුදු විහාරයේ දැකගත හැකි පෞරාණික නටඹුන් අනූව මෙම විහාරය ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව යුගයේ නිමවන ලද්දක් බව පුරාවිද්‍යාඥ මතය වී තිබේ.

එසේම පළමුවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජු හා සුගලා දේවිය අතර සටන සිදුවූ ස්ථානය ලෙසද මෙම විහාර පරිශ්‍රය සැළකේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

රජමහා විහාර
අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

උදයගිරි රජ මහා විහාරය


Kladovo Polje je zadružno planinsko ljetno naselje koje se nalazi na visokom krškom polju Kladovom polju. Od Kalinovika je zračnom crtom udaljeno desetak kilometara ka jugozapadu.

Povijest
Kladovo Polje je dio Donjeg Borča. U Kladovom Polju je postojala hrvatska katolička zajednica koja je imala ovdje svoja imanja.

Katolici su u Borču u crkvenim zabilješkama registrirani i polovicom 19. stoljeća, a Humljaci s 20. stoljeća dosta su naselili po gornjim predjelima nevesinjskog kotara, a posebice po Borču. Tada su sela Donjeg Borča pripadala uloškoj općini. Obalj pripada sjevernom dijelu nevesinjske župe Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije, u predjelu zvanom Donji Borač, u kojem je nekad bio bio veći broj Hrvata katolika. Nakon austro-ugarskog zaposjedanja 1878. doselili su novi katolici. Prije zaposjedanja također je bilo katolika. Muslimani nezadovoljni novim uvjetima odseljavali su u Tursku, a imanja i zemlju prodavali. Biskup Buconjić to je uočio te otkupljivao zemlju, a nagovarao ljude iz prenapučenih krajeva svoje biskupije neka dosele u ovaj kraj. Muslimani su osobito prodavali zemlju katolicima iz Donje Hercegovine. Doseljeni Hrvati bavili su se planištarenjem i uzgojem planinskih žitnih kultura. Katolici s područja Borča (Klinja, Ulog, Cerova, Baketa, Boljuni, Obadi, Obalj, Tomišlja, Kladovo Polje) htjeli su sagraditi 1913. crkvu za ovaj dio nevesinjske župe, ali prvi svjetski rat odgodio je gradnju u Klinji, a poslije prvoga svjetskog rata novi jugoslavenski režim priječio je i na kraju zabranio gradnju crkve.

Rastuća katolička zajednica u Borču bila je toliko narasla da su bez obzira na nepovoljne prilike za katolički puk između dvaju svjetskih ratova 24. siječnja 1929. godine ovdašnji katolici zatražili i utemeljenje zasebne župe u koju bi se ušla sva naselja Borča. Na kraju je crkva sagrađena u Ulogu 1937. godine.

Drugi svjetski rat bio je vrlo tegobno razdoblje za Hrvate nevesinjskog kraja. Mnogi su otišli, već 1941. planištarima je opao broj, a kobne 1942. slijedi krvavo opadanje i propadanje. Već od siječnja četnički pohodi okrvavili su Neretvu, u koje su četnici u prvom pohodu bacali ljude, žene i djecu, ubijene i žive koje su onda s obale puškom gađali. Preživjele su spasili muslimani kroz čija ih je sela Neretva nosila. Zbog višekratnog četničkoga koljačkog pohoda nevesinjska župa izgubila je oko 300 članova.

Godina 1942. bila je osobito teška za katolike Borča, kad je ubijeno je i mnogo njih, ali Kladovo Polje srećom prošlo bez žrtava, no mnogi su bili morali se sklanjati na sigurnija područja. Dosta preživjelih se 1946. godine vratilo na svoja imanja, no snažni pritisci učinili su da su napustili svoju djedovinu i raselili se diljem svijeta.

U poraću je tako val iseljavanja zahvatio čitav ovaj kraj, no odseljenici su održavali cijelo vrijeme vezu s rodnim krajem.

Znamenitosti
U blizini zgrada na nešto izdignutom zemljištu u dvjema skupinama je nekropola s 10 stećaka u obliku sanduka.

Izvori

Naselja u Bosni i Hercegovini

Kladovo Polje


Stubben er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Sandesneben-Nusse i den nordvestlige del af Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Stubben ligger omkring 32 km nordøst for Hamborg, 20 km sydvest for Lübeck, 17 km nordvest for Mölln og cirka 20 km vest for Ratzeburg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Stubben (Lauenburg)