Olaylar
 334 - İmparator Konstantin, dul ve yetimler için himaye yasası çıkardı.
 1462 - Kont Drakula ya da Kazıklı Voyvoda veya Vlad Ţepeş adlarıyla da tanınan Eflak Prensi III. Vlad, gece karanlığından yararlanarak Fatih Sultan Mehmed'e (II. Mehmed) başarısız bir suikast teşebbüsünde bulunduktan sonra kaçtı.
 1631 - Mümtaz Mahal doğum yaparken öldü. Eşi Hint-Türk-Moğol Babür İmparatoru Şah-ı Cihan, ertesi yıl başlattığı anıt mezar Tac Mahal'i 20 yıl içinde tamamlattı.
 1641 - Emirgüneoğlu Yusuf Paşa, İran lehine bölücü ve yıkıcı propaganda yaptığı iddiasıyla Sultan İbrahim'in emriyle idam edildi.
 1885 - Özgürlük Heykeli, New York Limanı'na ulaştı.
 1921 - Sivas, Erzincan ve Tunceli yöresinde 3,5 ay süren Koçgiri İsyanı, Türk Ordusu tarafından bastırıldı.
 1926 - Kadıköy Su Şirketi devletleştirildi.
 1932 - Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu ile Milliyet gazetesince ilk kez düzenlenen otomobil yarışı, İstinye-Zincirlikuyu arasında yapıldı.
 1939 - Fransa'da Giyotin'le "halka açık" son infaz, Versay şehrinde Saint-Pierre Hapishanesi'nin (şimdiki Adalet Sarayı) dışında gerçekleştirildi. Giyotinle son idam ise, 10 Eylül 1977'de yapıldı.
 1944 - İzlanda, Danimarka'dan ayrıldı ve cumhuriyet ilan etti.
 1946 - Türkiye İşçi ve Çiftçi Partisi, İstanbul'da kuruldu. Etem Ruhi Balkan, Selahattin Yorulmazoğlu, Mehmet Şükrü Sekban, Necmeddin Deliorman, İrfan Recep Nayal, Ali Esenkova ve İbrahim Tokay kurucular arasında yer alan isimlerdi.
 1951 - Türkiye millî futbol takımı, Batı Almanya'yı Berlin Olimpiyat Stadyumu'nda 2-1 yendi. Başarılı kurtarışlar yapan kaleci Turgay Şeren'e, "Berlin panteri" denilmeye başlandı.
 1967 - Çin, ilk hidrojen bombasını test etti.
 1972 - Watergate skandalı: ABD Başkanı Richard Nixon'un partisi olan Cumhuriyetçi Parti ile bağlantılı 5 hırsız, Watergate İş Merkezi'ndeki bir büroya gizli mikrofon yerleştirirken Polis tarafından yakalanarak tutuklandı. Bu büronun, ABD'nin o zamanki ana muhalefet partisi olan Demokrat Parti'nin merkezi olduğu ortaya çıktı.
 1980 - Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Nevşehir İl Başkanı ve eski Milletvekili Mehmet Zeki Tekiner öldürüldü. Cenaze töreninde, aralarında Bülent Ecevit'in de bulunduğu Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi heyetine, Ülkü Ocaklılar tarafından taşlı ve sopalı saldırıda bulunuldu.
 1987 - Son ferdi de ölen Esmer Kıyı Çintesi ("Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens") denen serçe türünün soyu tükenmiş oldu.
 1991 - ANAP Genel Başkanı Mesut Yılmaz, Cumhurbaşkanı Turgut Özal tarafından yeni Hükûmeti kurmakla görevlendirildi.
 1992 - Yeni Galata Köprüsü törenle hizmete açıldı.
 1994 - Dünya Futbol Şampiyonası Amerika'da başladı. Finalde 17 Temmuz günü Brezilya ve İtalya karşılaştı. Şampiyon penaltılarla belirlendi; kupa Brezilya'nın oldu.
 2010 - Sıklıkla blog sayfalar hazırlamak amacıyla kullanılan açık kaynak içerik yönetim sistemi Wordpress'in 3.0 versiyonu yayınlandı.
 2016 - Türkiye Maarif Vakfı kuruldu.
 2018 - Japonya'nın Hirakata şehrinde 5,5 şiddetinde deprem meydana geldi. 4 kişi öldü, 400'den fazla kişi yaralandı.

Doğumlar
 1239 - I. Edward, İngiltere Kralı (ö. 1307)
 1571 - Thomas Mun, İngiliz yazar, ekonomist (ö. 1641)
 1631 - Gauhara Begum, bir Babür prensesi ve Babür imparatoru Şah Cihan ile eşi Mumtaz Mahal'ın on dördüncü ve en küçük çocuğudur (ö. 1706)
 1682 - XII. Karl, 5 Nisan 1697 – 30 Kasım 1718 tarihleri arasında İsveç kralı (ö. 1718)
 1691 - Giovanni Paolo Pannini, İtalyan ressam ve mimar (ö. 1765)
 1810 - Ferdinand Freiligrath, Alman çevirmen ve şair (ö. 1876)
 1818 - Charles Gounod, Fransız opera bestecisi (ö. 1893)
 1832 - William Crookes, İngiliz kimyacı ve fizikçi (ö. 1919)
 1880 - Carl Van Vechten, Amerikalı yazar ve fotoğrafçı (ö. 1964)
 1882 - İgor Stravinski, Rus besteci (ö. 1971)
 1888 - Heinz Guderian, II. Dünya Savaşı'nda görev almış bir Alman generaldir (ö. 1954)
 1898 - Latife Hanım (Uşaklıgil), Atatürk'ün eşi (ö. 1975)
 1898 - Maurits Cornelis Escher, Hollandalı ressam ve grafik sanatçısı (ö. 1972)
 1898 - Carl Hermann, Alman Kristalografi profesorü (ö. 1961)
 1900 - Martin Bormann, Alman siyasetçi, Nazi Partisi sözcüsü ve Hitler'in özel sekreteri (ö. 1945)
 1904 - Ralph Bellamy, Amerikalı aktör (ö. 1991)
 1920 - Setsuko Hara, Japon oyuncu (ö. 2015)
 1920 - François Jacob, Fransız biyolog (ö. 2013)
 1921 - Aydın Boysan, Türk mimar ve gazeteci (ö. 2018)
 1921 - İlhan Koman, Türk heykeltıraş (ö. 1986)
 1925 - Alexander Shulgin, Amerikalı kimyager ve yazar (ö. 2014)
 1927 - Martin Böttcher, Alman film müziği bestecisi, aranjör, söz yazarı ve orkestra şefi (ö. 2019)
 1929 - Bud Collins, Amerikalı gazeteci ve spor yorumcusu ve sunucusu (ö. 2016)
 1929 - Tigran Petrosian, Sovyet Ermeni satranç oyuncusu ve Dünya satranç şampiyonu (ö. 1984)
 1930 - Adile Naşit, Türk sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1987)
 1931 - John Baldessari, Amerikalı sanatçı (ö. 2020)
 1936 - Ken Loach, İngiliz yönetmen (Ülke ve Özgürlük filmiyle tanınan)
 1938 - Grethe Ingmann, Danimarkalı şarkıcı (ö. 1990)
 1940 - George Akerlof, Amerikalı ekonomist ve  Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi
 1940 - Özdemir Erdoğan, Türk müzisyen, söz yazarı ve besteci
 1942 - Doğu Perinçek, Türk politikacı
 1942 - Muhammed el-Baradey, Mısırlı hukukçu ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi
 1943 - Newt Gingrich, Amerikalı siyasetçi
 1943 - Barry Manilow, Amerikalı söz yazarı, müzisyen, aranjör ve şarkıcı
 1945 - Ken Livingstone, 2000-2008 yılları arasında Londra'nın ilk belediye başkanı olarak görev yapmış Britanyalı solcu siyasetçi
 1945 - Eddy Merckx, Belçikalı eski profesyonel yol bisikletçisi
 1948 - Joaquín Almunia, İspanyol sosyalist siyasetçi
 1952 - Sergio Marchionne, İtalyan-Kanadalı iş insanı (ö. 2018)
 1955 - Cem Hakko, Türk modacı ve iş insanı
 1957 - Joachim Król, Alman oyuncu
 1958 - Abdullah Oğuz, Türk yönetmen, yapımcı ve senaryo yazarı
 1959 - Baltazar, Brezilyalı millî futbolcu
 1960 - Thomas Haden Church, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1962 - Bap Kennedy, Kuzey İrlandalı müzisyen (ö. 2016)
 1964 - Gürsel Tekin, Türk siyasetçi
 1966 - Jason Patric, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu
 1968 - Derya Arbaş, Türk oyuncu (ö. 2003)
 1969 - İlya Tsımbalar, Ukrayna asıllı eski bir Rus orta saha futbolcusu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2013)
 1970 - Will Forte, Amerikalı oyuncu, yazar, komedyen ve yapımcı
 1970 - Michael Showalter, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu, yönetmen, yazar ve yapımcıdır
 1971 - José Emilio Amavisca, İspanyol millî futbolcu
 1972 - Kıraç, Türk bestekâr ve müzisyen
 1975 - Joshua Leonard, Amerikalı bir oyuncu, yazar ve yönetmen
 1975 - Juan Carlos Valeron, İspanyol emekli futbolcudur
 1976 - Scott Adkins, İngiliz aktör ve dövüş sanatçısı
 1976 - Bülent Bölükbaşı, Türk futbolcu
 1976 - Peter Svidler, Rus satranç ustası
 1977 - Ahmed Azimov, Rusya Müftüler Konseyi Bilirkişi Komitesi Koordinatörü
 1978 - Isabelle Delobel, Fransız buz patenci
 1979 - Young Maylay, Amerikalı rapçi
 1979 - Nick Rimando, Amerikalı millî futbolcudur
 1980 - Sıla Gençoğlu, Türk pop şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 1980 - Elisa Rigaudo, İtalyan yürüyüşçü
 1980 - Venus Williams, Amerikalı tenisçi
 1982 - Alex, Brezilyalı futbolcudur
 1982 - Arthur Darvill, İngiliz bir aktördür
 1982 - Jodie Whittaker, İngiliz oyuncu
 1983 - Lee Ryan, İngiliz şarkıcı
 1985 - Özge Gürler, Türk kısa mesafe koşucusu
 1985 - Markos Pagdatis, Kıbrıs Rumu tenisçi
 1985 - Rafael Sóbis, Brezilyalı futbolcudur
 1987 - Kendrick Lamar, Amerikalı hip hop sanatçısı
 1987 - Charm Osathanond, Taylandlı manken ve oyuncu
 1988 - Andrew Ogilvy, Avustralya'lı basketbolcu
 1988 - Stephanie Rice, Avustralyalı yüzücü
 1989 - Simone Battle, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu (ö. 2014)
 1990 - Alan Dzagoyev, Oset asıllı Rus millî futbolcu
 1990 - Jordan Brian Henderson, İngiliz millî futbolcudur
 1991 - Grégoire Defrel, Fransız futbolcu
 1992
Ecem Uzun, Türk oyuncu
Maxime Lestienne, Belçikalı futbolcu
 1994
İrina Kuraçkina, Belaruslu güreşçi
Didier Ndong, Gabonlu futbolcu
Kubilay Sönmez, Türk futbolcu
Hidemasa Kobayashi, Japon futbolcu
 1995 - Clément Lenglet, Fransız futbolcu
 1997 - K. J. Apa, Yeni Zelandalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı

Ölümler
 656 - Osman bin Affan, III. Halife (d. 576?)
 811 - Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, bir Japon siyasetçi, general ve şogun (d. 758)
 1025 - I. Bolesław Chrobry, 992'den 1025'e kadar Polonya dükü ve 1025'teki ilk Polonya dükü (d. 967)
 1501 - I. John Albert, Polonya kralı (d. 1459)
 1565 - Aşikaga Yoşiteru, Japon Hükümdar (d. 1536)
 1631 - Mümtaz Mahal, Babür İmparatorluğu'nun 5. Hükümdarı Şah Cihan'ın en gözde eşi (d. 1593)
 1696 - III. Jan Sobieski, Lehistan (Polonya) Kralı (d. 1629)
 1719 - Joseph Addison, İngiliz deneme yazarı, şair ve siyasetçi (d. 1672)
 1734 - Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Fransız asker (XIV. Louis döneminin son generali ve Fransa'nın 6 mareşalinden biri) (d. 1653)
 1797 - Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar, İran Şahı ve Kaçar Hanedanı'nın kurucusu (d. 1742)
 1866 - Joseph Mery, Fransız yazar, gazeteci, romancı, oyun yazarı, şair (d. 1797)
 1901 - Dilpesend Kadınefendi, II. Abdülhamid beşinci eşi (d. 1861)
 1922 - Otto Lehmann, Alman fizikçi (d. 1855)
 1936 - Henry B. Walthall, Amerikalı sanatçı ve film oyuncusu (d. 1878)
 1940 - Arthur Harden, İngiliz kimyacı (d. 1865)
 1944 - Dénes Berinkey, Macar siyasetçi ve hukukçu (d. 1871)
 1968 - José Nasazzi, Uruguaylı eski futbolcudur (d. 1901)
 1973 - Theodor Krancke, Nazi Almanyası Kriegsmarine Amirali (d. 1893)
 1974 - Refik Koraltan, Türk siyasetçi ve TBMM Başkanlarından (d. 1889)
 1974 - Ferdi Ştatzer, Avusturya asıllı Türk piyanist ve akademisyen (d. 1906)
 1982 - Roberto Calvi, İtalyan bankacı (d. 1920)
 1991 - Mehmet Aziz, Kıbrıs Türkü hekim ve akademisyen (d. 1893)
 1996 - Thomas Kuhn, Amerikalı filozof ve bilim tarihçisi (d. 1922)
 2000 - Ekrem Alican, Türk maliyeci ve siyasetçi (d. 1916)
 2001 - Donald Cram, Amerikalı kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1919)
 2002 - Fritz Walter, Alman futbolcu (d. 1920)
 2005 - Cemal Gencer, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1952)
 2005 - Recep Bilginer, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1922)
 2008 - Cyd Charisse, Amerikalı dansçı ve aktris (d. 1922)
 2009 - Ralf Dahrendorf, Alman-İngiliz sosyolog, filozof, siyaset bilimci ve liberal politikacı (d. 1929)
 2012 - Rodney King, Los Angeles Polis Departmanı (LAPD) polisleri tarafından dövülerek linç edilmiştir (d. 1965)
 2012 - Susan Tyrrell, Amerikalı oyuncu, ressam ve yazar (d. 1945)
 2013 - Michael Baigent, Yeni Zelandalı psikolog, fotoğrafçı, tarihçi ve yazar (d. 1948)
 2015 - Süleyman Demirel, Türk siyasetçi ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 9. Cumhurbaşkanı (d. 1924)
 2015 - Başar Sabuncu, Türk oyuncu, senaryo yazarı ve yönetmen (d. 1943)
 2016 - Rubén Aguirre, Meksikalı aktör (d. 1934)
 2016 - Ron Lester, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1970)
 2017 - Iván Fandiño, İspanyol matador (d. 1980)
 2017 - Józef Grudzień, Polonyalı boksör (d. 1939)
 2017 - Venus Ramey, Amerikan güzellik kraliçesi olan eski model ve aktivist (d. 1924)
 2019 - Knut Andersen, Norveçli film yönetmeni ve aktör (d. 1931)
 2019 - Muhammed Mursi, Mısır eski cumhurbaşkanı (d. 1951)
 2019 - Gloria Vanderbilt, Amerikalı sanatçı, iş insanı, oyuncu, moda tasarımcısı, yazar ve sosyoelit (d. 1924)
 2020 - Marlene Ahrens, Şilili eski kadın atlet (d. 1933)
 2020 - Dan Foster (DJ), Nijerya'da yaşayan Amerikalı DJ ve radyo yapımcısı (d. 1958)
 2020 - Tran Ngoc Chu, Vietnamlı asker (yarbay), sivil yönetici (şehir belediye başkanı, il başkanı) ve siyasetçi (d. 1924)
 2021 - Kenneth Kaunda, Zambiyalı öğretim görevlisi ve siyasetçi (d. 1924)
 2021 - Tubilandu Ndimbi, Demokratik Kongolu millî futbolcudur (d. 1948)
 2022 - Jean-Louis Trintignant, Fransız sinema oyuncusu (d. 1930)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 İzlanda Bağımsızlık Günü

0617
17

17 Haziran


Sydafrikas kvindefodboldlandshold, med kælenavnet Banyana Banyana (Pigerne), er Sydafrikas landshold og konrtrolleres af Sydafrikas fodboldforbund.

Holdet kvalificerede sig første gang til en VM-slutrunde i 2019, da man vandt sin gruppe i den afrikanske VM-kvalifikation over ,  og . Her gik man dog ikke videre fra den indledende runde med 3 nederlag i 3 kampe. Thembi Kgatlana stod noteret for landsholdets eneste VM-mål mod . I 2022 førte landstræner Desiree Ellis holdet frem deres første afrikanske mesterskab, da man vandt Africa Cup of Nations over . Året efter kvalificerede man sig videre til VM i fodbold 2023 i Australien/New Zealand, hvor man denne gang overraskede. I den indledende runde spillede holdet uafgjort mod  2–2 og efterfølgende vandt 3–2 over , hvilket sikrede avancement til VM-ottendedelsfinalerne.

Statistik

VM i fodbold

*Uafgjort inkluderer knockout-kampe, som blev afgjort med straffesparkskonkurrence.

Olympiske lege

*Uafgjort inkluderer knockout-kampe, som blev afgjort med straffesparkskonkurrence.

Resultater fra Africa Cup of Nations

*Uafgjort inkluderer knockout-kampe, som blev afgjort med straffesparkskonkurrence.

Spillere
Følgende spillere blev udtaget til den officiele trup ved VM i fodbold 2023 i Australien/New Zealand.

Landstræner: Desiree Ellis

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Officiel hjemmeside
FIFA profil

Fodbold i Sydafrika
Kvindefodboldlandshold

Sydafrikas kvindefodboldlandshold


In computer science, type safety and type soundness are the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. Type safety is sometimes alternatively considered to be a property of facilities of a computer language; that is, some facilities are type-safe and their usage will not result in type errors, while other facilities in the same language may be type-unsafe and a program using them may encounter type errors. The behaviors classified as type errors by a given programming language are usually those that result from attempts to perform operations on values that are not of the appropriate data type, e.g., adding a string to an integer when there's no definition on how to handle this case. This classification is partly based on opinion.

Type enforcement can be static, catching potential errors at compile time, or dynamic, associating type information with values at run-time and consulting them as needed to detect imminent errors, or a combination of both. Dynamic type enforcement often allows programs to run that would be invalid under static enforcement.

In the context of static (compile-time) type systems, type safety usually involves (among other things) a guarantee that the eventual value of any expression will be a legitimate member of that expression's static type. The precise requirement is more subtle than this — see, for example, subtyping and polymorphism for complications.

Definitions
Intuitively, type soundness is captured by Robin Milner's pithy statement that
Well-typed programs cannot "go wrong".
In other words, if a type system is sound, then expressions accepted by that type system must evaluate to a value of the appropriate type (rather than produce a value of some other, unrelated type or crash with a type error). Vijay Saraswat provides the following, related definition:
A language is type-safe if the only operations that can be performed on data in the language are those sanctioned by the type of the data.

However, what precisely it means for a program to be "well typed" or to "go wrong" are properties of its static and dynamic semantics, which are specific to each programming language. Consequently, a precise, formal definition of type soundness depends upon the style of formal semantics used to specify a language. In 1994, Andrew Wright and Matthias Felleisen formulated what has become the standard definition and proof technique for type safety in languages defined by operational semantics, which is closest to the notion of type safety as understood by most programmers. Under this approach, the semantics of a language must have the following two properties to be considered type-sound:

Progress A well-typed program never gets "stuck": every expression is either already a value or can be reduced towards a value in some well-defined way. In other words, the program never gets into an undefined state where no further transitions are possible.
Preservation (or subject reduction) After each evaluation step, the type of each expression remains the same (that is, its type is preserved).

A number of other formal treatments of type soundness have also been published in terms of denotational semantics and structural operational semantics.

Relation to other forms of safety
In isolation, type soundness is a relatively weak property, as it essentially just states that the rules of a type system are internally consistent and cannot be subverted. However, in practice, programming languages are designed so that well-typedness also entails other, stronger properties, some of which include:
 Prevention of illegal operations. For example, a type system can reject the expression 3 / "Hello, World" as invalid, because the division operator is not defined for a string divisor.
 Memory safety
 Type systems can prevent wild pointers that could otherwise arise from a pointer to one type of object being treated as a pointer to another type.
 More sophisticated type systems, such as those supporting dependent types, can detect and reject out-of-bound accesses, preventing potential buffer overflows.
 Logic errors originating in the semantics of different types. For instance, inches and millimeters may both be stored as integers, but should not be substituted for each other or added. A type system can enforce two different types of integer for them.

Type-safe and type-unsafe languages
Type safety is usually a requirement for any toy language (i.e. esoteric language) proposed in academic programming language research. Many languages, on the other hand, are too big for human-generated type safety proofs, as they often require checking thousands of cases. Nevertheless, some languages such as Standard ML, which has rigorously defined semantics, have been proved to meet one definition of type safety. Some other languages such as Haskell are believed to meet some definition of type safety, provided certain "escape" features are not used (for example Haskell's , used to "escape" from the usual restricted environment in which I/O is possible, circumvents the type system and so can be used to break type safety.) Type punning is another example of such an "escape" feature. Regardless of the properties of the language definition, certain errors may occur at run-time due to bugs in the implementation, or in linked libraries written in other languages; such errors could render a given implementation type unsafe in certain circumstances. An early version of Sun's Java virtual machine was vulnerable to this sort of problem.

Strong and weak typing

Programming languages are often colloquially classified as strongly typed or weakly typed (also loosely typed) to refer to certain aspects of type safety. In 1974, Liskov and Zilles defined a strongly-typed language as one in which "whenever an object is passed from a calling function to a called function, its type must be compatible with the type declared in the called function."
In 1977, Jackson wrote, "In a strongly typed language each data area will have a distinct type and each process will state its communication requirements in terms of these types."
In contrast, a weakly typed language may produce unpredictable results or may perform implicit type conversion.

Memory management and type safety

Type safety is closely linked to memory safety. For instance, in an implementation of a language that has some type  which allows some bit patterns but not others, a dangling pointer memory error allows writing a bit pattern that does not represent a legitimate member of  into a dead variable of type , causing a type error when the variable is read. Conversely, if the language is memory-safe, it cannot allow an arbitrary integer to be used as a pointer, hence there must be a separate pointer or reference type.

As a minimal condition, a type-safe language must not allow dangling pointers across allocations of different types. But most languages enforce the proper use of abstract data types defined by programmers even when this is not strictly necessary for memory safety or for the prevention of any kind of catastrophic failure. Allocations are given a type describing its contents, and this type is fixed for the duration of the allocation. This allows type-based alias analysis to infer that allocations of different types are distinct.

Most type-safe languages use garbage collection. Pierce says, "it is extremely difficult to achieve type safety in the presence of an explicit deallocation operation", due to the dangling pointer problem. However Rust is generally considered type-safe and uses a borrow checker to achieve memory safety, instead of garbage collection.

Type safety in object oriented languages
In object oriented languages type safety is usually intrinsic in the fact that a type system is in place. This is expressed in terms of class definitions.

A class essentially defines the structure of the objects derived from it and an API as a contract for handling these objects.
Each time a new object is created it will comply with that contract.

Each function that exchanges objects derived from a specific class, or implementing a specific interface, will adhere to that contract: hence in that function the operations permitted on that object will be only those defined by the methods of the class the object implements.
This will guarantee that the object integrity will be preserved.

Exceptions to this are object oriented languages that allow dynamic modification of the object structure, or the use of reflection to modify the content of an object to overcome the constraints imposed by the class methods definitions.

Type safety issues in specific languages

Ada

Ada was designed to be suitable for embedded systems, device drivers and other forms of system programming, but also to encourage type-safe programming.  To resolve these conflicting goals, Ada confines type-unsafety to a certain set of special constructs whose names usually begin with the string . Unchecked_Deallocation can be effectively banned from a unit of Ada text by applying  to this  unit. It is expected that programmers will use  constructs very carefully and only when necessary; programs that do not use them are type-safe.

The SPARK programming language is a subset of Ada eliminating all its potential ambiguities and insecurities while at the same time adding statically checked contracts to the language features available. SPARK avoids the issues with dangling pointers by disallowing allocation at run time entirely.

Ada2012 adds statically checked contracts to the language itself (in form of pre-, and post-conditions, as well as type invariants).

C

The C programming language is type-safe in limited contexts; for example, a compile-time error is generated when an attempt is made to convert a pointer to one type of structure to a pointer to another type of structure, unless an explicit cast is used.  However, a number of very common operations are non-type-safe; for example, the usual way to print an integer is something like printf("%d", 12), where the %d tells printf at run-time to expect an integer argument. (Something like printf("%s", 12), which tells the function to expect a pointer to a character-string and yet supplies an integer argument, may be accepted by compilers, but will produce undefined results.) This is partially mitigated by some compilers (such as gcc) checking type correspondences between printf arguments and format strings.

In addition, C, like Ada, provides unspecified or undefined explicit conversions; and unlike in Ada, idioms that use these conversions are very common, and have helped to give C a type-unsafe reputation. For example, the standard way to allocate memory on the heap is to invoke a memory allocation function, such as malloc, with an argument indicating how many bytes are required. The function returns an untyped pointer (type void *), which the calling code must explicitly or implicitly cast to the appropriate pointer type. Pre-standardized implementations of C required an explicit cast to do so, therefore the code (struct foo *) malloc(sizeof(struct foo)) became the accepted practice.

C++
Some features of C++ that promote more type-safe code:
 The new operator returns a pointer of type based on operand, whereas malloc returns a void pointer.
 C++ code can use virtual functions and templates to achieve polymorphism without void pointers.
 Safer casting operators, such as dynamic cast that performs run-time type checking.
 C++11 strongly-typed enumerations cannot be implicitly converted to or from integers or other enumeration types.
 C++ explicit constructors and C++11 explicit conversion operators prevent implicit type conversions.

C#
C# is type-safe (but not statically type-safe). It has support for untyped pointers, but this must be accessed using the "unsafe" keyword which can be prohibited at the compiler level. It has inherent support for run-time cast validation. Casts can be validated by using the "as" keyword that will return a null reference if the cast is invalid, or by using a C-style cast that will throw an exception if the cast is invalid. See C Sharp conversion operators.

Undue reliance on the object type (from which all other types are derived) runs the risk of defeating the purpose of the C# type system. It is usually better practice to abandon object references in favour of generics, similar to templates in C++ and generics in Java.

Java

The Java language is designed to enforce type safety.
Anything in Java happens inside an object
and each object is an instance of a class.

To implement the type safety enforcement, each object, before usage, needs to be allocated.
Java allows usage of primitive types but only inside properly allocated objects.

Sometimes a part of the type safety is implemented indirectly: e.g. the class BigDecimal represents a floating point number of arbitrary precision, but handles only numbers that can be expressed with a finite representation.
The operation BigDecimal.divide() calculates a new object as the division of two numbers expressed as BigDecimal.

In this case if the division has no finite representation, as when one computes e.g. 1/3=0.33333..., the divide() method can raise an exception if no rounding mode is defined for the operation.
Hence the library, rather than the language, guarantees that the object respects the contract implicit in the class definition.

Standard ML

Standard ML has rigorously defined semantics and is known to be type-safe. However, some implementations, including Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ), its syntactic variant Mythryl and MLton, provide libraries that offer unsafe operations. These facilities are often used in conjunction with those implementations' foreign function interfaces to interact with non-ML code (such as C libraries) that may require data laid out in specific ways. Another example is the SML/NJ interactive toplevel itself, which must use unsafe operations to execute ML code entered by the user.

Modula-2
Modula-2 is a strongly-typed language with a design philosophy to require any unsafe facilities to be explicitly marked as unsafe. This is achieved by "moving" such facilities into a built-in pseudo-library called SYSTEM from where they must be imported before they can be used. The import thus makes it visible when such facilities are used. Unfortunately, this was not consequently implemented in the original language report and its implementation. There still remained unsafe facilities such as the type cast syntax and variant records (inherited from Pascal) that could be used without prior import. The difficulty in moving these facilities into the SYSTEM pseudo-module was the lack of any identifier for the facility that could then be imported since only identifiers can be imported, but not syntax.

IMPORT SYSTEM; (* allows the use of certain unsafe facilities: *)
VAR word : SYSTEM.WORD; addr : SYSTEM.ADDRESS;
addr := SYSTEM.ADR(word);

(* but type cast syntax can be used without such import *)
VAR i : INTEGER; n : CARDINAL;
n := CARDINAL(i); (* or *) i := INTEGER(n);

The ISO Modula-2 standard corrected this for the type cast facility by changing the type cast syntax into a function called CAST which has to be imported from pseudo-module SYSTEM. However, other unsafe facilities such as variant records remained available without any import from pseudo-module SYSTEM.

IMPORT SYSTEM;
VAR i : INTEGER; n : CARDINAL;
i := SYSTEM.CAST(INTEGER, n); (* Type cast in ISO Modula-2 *)

A recent revision of the language applied the original design philosophy rigorously. First, pseudo-module SYSTEM was renamed to UNSAFE to make the unsafe nature of facilities imported from there more explicit. Then all remaining unsafe facilities where either removed altogether (for example variant records) or moved to pseudo-module UNSAFE. For facilities where there is no identifier that could be imported, enabling identifiers were introduced. In order to enable such a facility, its corresponding enabling identifier must be imported from pseudo-module UNSAFE. No unsafe facilities remain in the language that do not require import from UNSAFE.

IMPORT UNSAFE;
VAR i : INTEGER; n : CARDINAL;
i := UNSAFE.CAST(INTEGER, n); (* Type cast in Modula-2 Revision 2010 *)

FROM UNSAFE IMPORT FFI; (* enabling identifier for foreign function interface facility *)
<*FFI="C"*> (* pragma for foreign function interface to C *)

Pascal

Pascal has had a number of type safety requirements, some of which are kept in some compilers.  Where a Pascal compiler dictates "strict typing", two variables cannot be assigned to each other unless they are either compatible (such as conversion of integer to real) or assigned to the identical subtype.  For example, if you have the following code fragment:

type
  TwoTypes = record
     I: Integer;
     Q: Real;
  end;

  DualTypes = record
    I: Integer;
    Q: Real;
  end;

var
  T1, T2:  TwoTypes;
  D1, D2:  DualTypes;

Under strict typing, a variable defined as  is not compatible with  (because they are not identical, even though the components of that user defined type are identical) and an assignment of T1 := D2; is illegal.  An assignment of T1 := T2; would be legal because the subtypes they are defined to are identical.  However, an assignment such as T1.Q := D1.Q; would be legal.

Common Lisp
In general, Common Lisp is a type-safe language. A Common Lisp compiler is responsible for inserting dynamic checks for operations whose type safety cannot be proven statically. However, a programmer may indicate that a program should be compiled with a lower level of dynamic type-checking. A program compiled in such a mode cannot be considered type-safe.

C++ examples
The following examples illustrates how C++ cast operators can break type safety when used incorrectly. The first example shows how basic data types can be incorrectly cast:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
    int   ival = 5;                              // integer value
    float fval = reinterpret_cast<float&>(ival); // reinterpret bit pattern
    cout << fval << endl;                        // output integer as float
    return 0;
}
In this example, reinterpret_cast explicitly prevents the compiler from performing a safe conversion from integer to floating-point value. When the program runs it will output a garbage floating-point value. The problem could have been avoided by instead writing float fval = ival;

The next example shows how object references can be incorrectly downcast:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Parent {
public:
    virtual ~Parent() {} // virtual destructor for RTTI
};

class Child1 : public Parent {
public:
    int a;
};

class Child2 : public Parent {
public:
    float b;
};

int main () {
    Child1 c1;
    c1.a = 5;
    Parent & p = c1;                     // upcast always safe
    Child2 & c2 = static_cast<Child2&>(p); // invalid downcast
    cout << c2.b << endl;          // will output garbage data
    return 0;
}
The two child classes have members of different types. When downcasting a parent class pointer to a child class pointer, then the resulting pointer may not point to a valid object of correct type. In the example, this leads to garbage value being printed. The problem could have been avoided by replacing static_cast with dynamic_cast that throws an exception on invalid casts.

See also
Type theory

Notes

References

Programming language topics
Type theory
Articles with example Pascal code

Type safety


Bernhard Paul "Buddy" Elias () a fost un actor evețian și președinte al Fondului Anne Frank, dedicat păstrării memoriei verișoarei sale Anne Frank și gestionării drepturilor de autor obținute în urma publicării Jurnalului Annei Frank.

Biografie
Elias s-a născut la Frankfurt pe Main (Germania) în 1925. Tatăl său, Erich Elias, a devenit directorul filialei din Basel al companiei Opekta în 1929 și Bernhard s-a mutat acolo în 1931. În 1947 s-a alăturat spectacolului Holiday on Ice și a participat timp de peste zece ani la turnee și mai târziu a jucat ca actor pe scenele teatrelor din Elveția, Marea Britanie, Franța și Germania. La mijlocul anilor 1970 a început să apară din ce în ce mai des în filme și în filme de televiziune, în principal în producții pe tema Holocaustului. Mama lui a fost Helene Frank.

Elias a fost verișorul și ultima rudă supraviețuitoare a diaristei Anne Frank, care a murit în lagărul de concentrare Bergen-Belsen în martie 1945. El a fost președinte al Fondului Anne Frank, înființat la Basel, în 1963, de Otto Frank. Fondul Anne Frank deține drepturile de autor asupra Jurnalului Annei Frank, în calitate de legatar universal al lui Otto Frank (1889-1980), tatăl și moștenitorul Annei Frank.

Elias a trăit la Basel, împreună cu soția lui, Gerti Elias (născută Wiedner), și a murit pe 16 martie 2015. Ei au avut doi copii, Patrick și Oliver, care au devenit actori.

Filmografie
 1979: Drei Damen vom Grill (serial TV)
 1979: David
 1979: The Magician of Lublin
 1981: Wie der Mond über Feuer und Blut
 1981: Charlotte
 1982: The Magic Mountain
 1982: Kassettenliebe
 1983: Das Traumschiff
 1987: Die Schwarzwaldklinik
 1987: Peng! Du bist tot!
 1989–1992: Mit Leib und Seele (serial de televiziune ZDF)
 1990: Die Frosch-Intrige
 1991: Bronsteins Kinder
 1993: Wolffs Revier
 1995: Mutters Courage
 1998: Totalschaden
 1999: St. Angela
 1999: Tatort (episodul Bienzle und die lange Wut)
 2002: Edel & Starck (episodul Das Soufflé der Götter)
 2004: Bella Block (episodul Hinter den Spiegeln)
 2004: Was nützt die Liebe in Gedanken
 2006: Alles Atze (episodul Die Rückkehr des Lehrers)
 2009: Hunkeler und der Fall Livius
 2014: The Monuments Men

Piese de teatru radiofonic
 Die Abenteuer des Odysseus. Buch Jürgen Knop, Regizor Ulli Herzog, 1982.
 Hugo Rendler: Finkbeiners Geburtstag. Radio-Tatort, SWR 2010.
 Bibi Blocksberg: Ein verhexter Urlaub
 Benjamin Blümchen - în rolul Rudi Rundleder.

Premii
 2007: Basler Stern
 2012: Ehrenplakette der Stadt Frankfurt am Main (Medalia de Onoare a orașului Frankfurt pe Main)

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Andreas Kotte, ed. (2005). "Buddy Elias". Theaterlexikon der Schweiz (TLS) / Dictionnaire du théâtre en Suisse (DTS) / Dizionario Teatrale Svizzero / Lexicon da teater svizzer [Theater Dictionary of Switzerland]. 1. Zürich: Chronos. p. 528. ISBN 978-3-0340-0715-3. LCCN 2007423414. OCLC 62309181.

Legături externe

 Amice Elias la agenția sa
  "Erinnerungen vom Dachboden", Interviu, Einestages, 28 februarie 2012
  Biografie
 Necrologuri de : FAZ, spiegel.de, sueddeutsche.de

Nașteri în 1925
Decese în 2015
Evrei germani
Oameni din Frankfurt
Persoane asociate cu Anne Frank
Evrei elvețieni

Buddy Elias


Bubry Road est le cinquième album du groupe français Stone Age sorti le .

Sorti 15 ans après le précédent album de Stone Age, Totems d'Armorique (2007), Bubry Road se distingue de ses prédécesseurs par sa conception qui n'a impliqué que la moitié de l'effectif de Stone Age : Michel Valy (dit "Kervador") et Marc Hazon (dit "Marc de Ponkallec"). Les deux autres membres originels (Dominique Perrier et Jérôme Guéguen) n'ont pas été associés à ce projet.

Musicalement, Bubry Road marque un certain retour de l'électronique dans une formule de folk rock celte proche de celle du précédent album de Stone Age, Totems d'Armorique.

Liste des titres
Bubry Road
You Know
Maureening ar Rouz
Shame to Humanity
Anti Age
From Gwen to Stone
Pleg an Amzer
Rozenn an Dro
Dansit for Tomorrow
Moged
Armen Dañs
The Kingfisher friend
Groës Coët
Suite Céleste

Album musical sorti en 2022
Album de Stone Age (groupe)

Bubry Road


Nogometni kup Federacije BiH za sezonu 2016./17. je igran u dva kruga u kolovozu i rujnu 2016. godine. Dvanaest pobjednika susreta drugog kruga se kvalificiralo u šesnaestinu završnice Kupa BiH.

Sudionici
U kupu FBiH sudjeluje 32 kluba i to:
 16 klubova – članova Prve lige BiH, ulaze u ntjecanje u drugom krugu
 10 pobjednika županijskih (kantonalnih) kupova županija Federacije BiH
 6 finalista županijskih kupova (iz šest županija koje imaju veći broj registriranih klubova)

Rezultati

Prvo kolo
Igrano 24. kolovoza 2016.

Drugo kolo
Igrano 7. rujna 2016.

Pobjednici su se kvalificirali u šesnaestinu završnice Kupa BiH

Poveznice
 Nogometni kup Federacije BiH
 Nogometni kup Bosne i Hercegovine
 Kup Bosne i Hercegovine 2016./17.

Izvori
 nsfbih.ba, Žrijeb parova prvog kola Kupa FBiH , pristupljeno 26. listopada 2016.
 nsfbih.ba, Rezultati prvog kola seniorskog Kupa FBiH ,  pristupljeno 26. listopada 2016.
 nsfbih.ba, Izvršen žrijeb parova drugog kola Kupa Federacije BiH , pristupljeno 26. listopada 2016.
 nsfbih.ba, Rezultati drugog kola seniorskog Kupa FBiH , pristupljeno 26. listopada 2016.

2016-17
F kup

Nogometni kup FBiH 2016./17.


Mustafa Kučuković (født 5. november 1986) er en tidligere professionel fodboldspiller fra Tyskland, af bosnisk afstamning.

Karriere
Han startede karrieren i Hamburger SV uden den store succes. Han fik dog 14 optræden for førsteholdet. Siden er turen gået til SpVgg Greuther Fürth og TSV 1860 München hvor han fik en del kampe, uden der dog faldt mange mål af sig. I 2010/11 sæsonen, spillede han 17 kampe i SønderjyskE i Superligaen med 4 mål til følge, inden turen gik til Energie Cottbus og videre til Olympiakos Nicosia. I 2015 stoppede han karrieren, efter at have spillet 30 kampe i Hansa Rostock og scoret 5 mål.

International karriere
Kučuković har repræsenteret tyskland på U-19, U-20 og U-21 niveau.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra FC Schalke 04
Fodboldspillere fra VfL Bochum
Fodboldspillere fra Hamburger SV
Fodboldspillere fra Greuther Fürth
Fodboldspillere fra 1860 München
Fodboldspillere fra Grenoble Foot 38
Fodboldspillere fra SønderjyskE
Fodboldspillere fra Energie Cottbus
Fodboldspillere fra Olympiakos Nicosia
Fodboldspillere fra FC Hansa Rostock

Mustafa Kucukovic


Hans Grimm () a fost un scriitor german. Titlul romanului Volk ohne Raum ("Popor fără spațiu"), publicat în 1926, a devenit un slogan politic al conceptului expansionist nazist Lebensraum.

Primii ani
Hans Grimm s-a născut în orașul Wiesbaden din provincia prusacă Hessen-Nassau, ca fiu al lui Julius Grimm (1821-1911), un profesor de drept care s-a pensionat mai devreme și și-a dedicat timpul realizării unor studii literare și istorice și desfășurării unei activități politice ca membru fondator al Partidului Național Liberal, pe care l-a reprezentat în parlamentul prusac Abgeordnetenhaus, și, de asemenea, ca membru fondator al Societății Coloniale Germane. Mama lui, Marie Grimm (1849-1911), era fiica producătorului austriac de vin spumant Robert Schlumberger, înnobilat von Goldeck în 1878.

Timid și retras încă din copilărie, Hans Grimm a arătat un interes și aptitudini pentru scris și în 1894 a început să studieze limba și literatura franceză la Universitatea din Lausanne. La presiunea tatălui său, el a părăsit totuși universitatea în 1895 și a intrat în afaceri, lucrând pentru o companie germană în Marea Britanie (la Nottingham și Londra) și apoi în Colonia Capului stăpânită de britanici (la Port Elizabeth și East London), unde a închiriat, de asemenea, o mică fermă.

Activitatea publicistică
Deși șederea lui Grimm în Africa de Sud a durat doar paisprezece ani, din 1897 până în 1911, a avut un efect profund asupra lui: , cu câteva excepții minore, întreaga sa operă literară  — mai multe colecții de povestiri scurte și romane — are acțiunea stabilită în Africa de Sud. Romanul său cel mai celebru este Volk ohne Raum (1926). Titlul programatic "Popor fără spațiu" indică convingerea lui Grimm că problemele Germaniei, exacerbate de înfrângerea în Primul Război Mondial, au fost cauzate de lipsa unui spațiu vital care să permită dezvoltarea indivizilor și a națiunii la un potențial maxim. Romanul l-a consacrat ca unul dintre scriitorii de top ai Germaniei și a demonstrat în mod clar simpatiile sale politice față de organizațiile de extremă dreaptă din cadrul Republicii de la Weimar, iar titlul a devenit un slogan popular al mișcării național-socialiste. Succesul comercial al acestei cărți – vânzările unei singure ediții s-au ridicat la 500.000 de exemplare în 1943 - arată în mod clar că el a reușit să găsească sensibilitatea cititorilor germani în anii 1920 și 1930.

Dintr-un punct de vedere strict literar — și lăsând deoparte prejudecățile ideologice — scrierile cel mai ușor de citit ale lui Grimm sunt, cu toate acestea, nuvelele și povestirile sale, în care disciplina impusă de spațiul restrâns îl obligă să renunțe la prolixitatea discursivă din Volk ohne Raum (1344 pagini într-o ediție într-un singur volum).

Nazismul
Grimm a fost un susținător al naziștilor, crezând că numai ei ar putea restabili demnitatea națională germană și stabilitatea economică și politică a țării, dar relația sa cu partidul — din care el nu a făcut niciodată parte în mod oficial — a devenit din ce în ce mai tensionată ca urmare a faptului că a dezavuat metodele ilegale folosite de naziști.

Într-o adresă centenară (Der verkannte Hans Grimm, Lippoldsberg 1975), menită a restabili reputația lui Grimm, Klaus von Delft a citat o serie de plângeri formulate de Grimm în scrisori adresate autoritățile naziste pe mai multe subiecte: încălcarea dreptului de confidențialitate al votului, comportamentul huliganic al organizațiilor Hitler-Jugend și Asociația Sudenților Naziști, cuplarea chestiunilor de politică internă și externă și internă în referendumul din 1936 cu privire la conducerea țării de către Hitler și criticarea crimelor din Noaptea cuțitelor lungi în 1934 pe motiv că vinovăția nu a fost stabilită în urma unui proces judiciar. Cu toate acestea, von Delft nu a reușit să găsească sau să citeze nicio critică a lui Grimm cu privire la politica rasială național-socialistă. În 1938 Grimm a fost amenințat cu arestarea de către ministrul propagandei Joseph Goebbels și s-a retras din viața publică.

În ciuda tuturor nemulțumirilor, chiar și după 1945 Grimm a rămas fidel convingerilor sale politice. Într-un pamflet Die Erzbischofsschrift. Antwort eines Deutschen (1950), un răspuns la mesajul adresat poporului german de către arhiepiscopul de Canterbury, Grimm a descris războiul de agresiune al Germaniei ca o încercare de a apăra "cultura europeană" împotriva comunismului și a acuzat Marea Britanie pentru escaladarea unui conflict local într-un război mondial. În 1954, după ce nu a reușit să obțină un loc în Parlamentul RFG în calitate de candidat pe listele partidului de extremă dreaptă Deutsche Reichspartei, el a publicat o apărare detaliată a național-socialismului, sub titlul Warum, woher aber wohin? (De ce, de unde și încotro?).

Activități ulterioare
La sfârșitul anilor 1930 Grimm a locuit în Lippoldsberg unde a reparat mai multe clădiri mănăstirești care fuseseră abandonate de la sfârșitul Primului Război Mondial. Crescându-i interesul față de afacerile imobiliare după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, el a cumpărat acele clădiri, fără a depune însă un mare efort pentru restaurarea lor. De fapt, el a găsit suficient timp după 1949 pentru a se dedica numeroasele sale activități literare, publicând Lippoldsberger Dichtertage (Congresele Scriitorilor din Lippoldsberg).

Chiar dacă a încercat să ocupe un loc proeminent în cercurile literare, precum și în cercurile politice de orientare naționalistă sau conservatoare, a fost o persoană insignifiantă în Germania postbelică .

A murit în 1959, la Lippoldsberg.

Scrieri
Ficțiune:

 Südafrikanische Novellen, 1913
 Der Gang durch den Sand, 1916
 Die Olewagen-Saga, 1918
 Der Richter in der Karu und andere Novellen, 1926
 Volk ohne Raum, 1926
 Die dreizehn Briefe aus Deutsch Südwestafrika, 1928
 Das deutsche Südwester-Buch, 1929
 Was wir suchen ist alles. Drei Novellen, 1932
 Der Ölsucher von Duala. Ein afrikanisches Tagebuch. 1933
 Lüderitzland. Sieben Begebenheiten, 1934

publicate postum:

 Kaffernland. Eine deutsche Sage, 1961 (scrisă în perioada 1911-1915)
 Heynade und England, 1969/1970 (scrisă în perioada 1937-1945)

Non-ficțiune:

 Englische Rede : wie ich den Engländer sehe [The Englishman as I see him], 1938 (publicată în engleză și germană)
 Die Erzbischofsschrift. Antwort eines Deutschen, 1950 (publicată în traducerea engleză realizată de Lyton Hudson sub titlul Answer of a German: an open letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1952)
 Warum, woher aber wohin? 1954

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1875
Decese în 1959
Oameni din Wiesbaden
Romancieri germani

Hans Grimm


الهيطلية، نوع من الحلوى في بلاد الشام ومصر، تتخذ من النشاء واللبن والسكر.

طريقة صنع الهيطلية
يتم نقع القمح لمدة لا تقل عن ثمان ساعات، ثم يتم تصفيته من الماء وخلطه بالخلاط وتصفيته والسائل الناتج يوضع على النار مع السكر والحليب السائل او البودرة ويسكب ويقدم ساخناً بالشتاء.

المراجع

 مقالة الأكلات الشعبية الأردنية؛ جريدة الرأي- الجزء الرابع- العدد 13843؛ يوم الأحد 31 آب، 2008م؛ للصحفية نسرين الضمور

أطباق دجاج
مطبخ أردني
مطبخ سوري
مطبخ عثماني

هيطلية


Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker (April 9, 1843 – September 2, 1916) was an American politician and the 23rd governor of Pennsylvania, serving from 1903 to 1907.

A judge assigned to Pennsylvania's Court of Common Pleas system prior to his election as governor, he also researched and wrote about Pennsylvania history.

Biography
Gov. Pennypacker was born in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania on April 9, 1843. He was the son of Dr. Isaac A. Pennypacker and Anna Maria Whitaker, and the grandson of Matthias and Sarah Anderson (daughter of Isaac Anderson), and of Joseph and Grace Whitaker. He was a cousin of Galusha Pennypacker. He and his grandfather Whitaker witnessed Abraham Lincoln's speech outside Independence Hall in February 1861, standing  away. He received his education at the Grovemont Seminary at Phoenixville and at the West Philadelphia Institute.
He was the fourth great-grandson of Abraham op den Graeff. His great great great grandfather Hendrick Pannebecker emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1699.

Pennypacker's early education was interrupted several times. In 1863, he answered a call to arms by Governor Andrew Curtin during the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War. He enlisted as a private in Company F of the 26th Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia and trained at Camp Curtin. He fought in the skirmish at Witmer Farm, north of Gettysburg on June 26, 1863, an action that saw his newly recruited regiment retreat to Harrisburg when confronted by veteran Virginia cavalry. He left the emergency militia in late July 1863 and resumed his education.

Pennypacker studied law at the University of Pennsylvania and opened his own law practice in 1866. Elected president of the Law Academy of Philadelphia in 1868, he was then also selected for membership with the American Philosophical Society in 1886.

From 1876 to 1888, he was reporter-in-chief for the Court of Common Pleas No. 3. In 1889, he was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas No. 2 and was elected for two terms of ten years each, acting for several years (1896-1902) as president judge of that court. In 1902, he soundly defeated Robert Pattison, who was seeking a third nonconsecutive term as governor. During his term in office, Pennypacker signed into law the Child Labor Act of 1905; setting a minimum age and standard for young workers. He created the Pennsylvania State Police and the State Museum, and oversaw the completion of the new state capitol building. He led a war on the easy divorce system of Pennsylvania.

He also signed the Salus-Grady libel law, requiring newspapers to print the names of their owners and editors and making them responsible for negligence. The Salus-Grady law also banned "any cartoon or caricature or picture portraying, describing or representing any person, either by distortion, innuendo or otherwise, in the form or likeness of beast, bird, fish, insect, or other unhuman animal, thereby tending to expose such person to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule."  Pennypacker had been insultingly caricatured as a parrot during his campaign, mindlessly mimicking the words of his political bosses. The passage of this law was widely criticized, not least by Pennsylvania cartoonists who immediately began depicting political figures as inanimate objects and vegetables. The furor was observed nationwide, and the law was never enforced.

In 1906, Pennypacker vetoed what would have been the first compulsory sterilization law in the United States. At the time of the veto, Pennypacker stated:

It is plain that the safest and most effective method of preventing procreation would be to cut the heads off the inmates, and such authority is given by the bill to this staff of scientific experts...Scientists like all men whose experiences have been limited to one pursuit...sometimes need to be restrained. Men of high scientific attainments are prone...to lose sight of broad principles outside of their domain...To permit such an operation would be to inflict cruelty upon a helpless class...which the state has undertaken to protect..."

During his time in office, Pennypacker made his home in Schwenksville at Pennypacker Mills, a  farm and mansion that eight generations of Pennypackers lived in before it was eventually donated to Montgomery County and is now a historic park. He also used Moore Hall as a summer home.

Pennypacker was later president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania and held positions of honor in various German and Netherlandish societies. As president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, he wrote extensively. Amongst his publications was a history of the Phoenixville area, Annals of Phoenixville and Its Vicinity: From the Settlement to the Year 1871. He had a collection of over 10,000 items pertaining to Pennsylvania history. In 1915, he was appointed chairman of the Public Service Commission of Pennsylvania, which office he held until his death.

He married Virginia Earl Broomall in 1870. They had four children. He died at Pennypacker Mills, aged 73, and was buried in Morris Cemetery, Phoenixville. Pennypacker Hall at the Penn State University Park campus is named for him, as is the Samuel W. Pennypacker School at Philadelphia.

Works

Historical and biographical sketches (1883)
The settlement of Germantown, Pennsylvania, and the beginning of German emigration to North America (1899)
Pennsylvania in American History (1910)
Desecration and Profanation of the Pennsylvania State Capitol (1911)
The Autobiography of a Pennsylvanian (1918)

Notes

References

Collection of Samuel Pennypacker biographies
Pennsylvania State Archives biography of Samuel Pennypacker
Brief biography
Pennypacker Mills

1843 births
1916 deaths
Republican Party governors of Pennsylvania
Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas
Pennsylvania lawyers
Union Army soldiers
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Politicians from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
American Lutherans
American people of German descent
Historians from Pennsylvania
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century Lutherans
Whitaker iron family
Members of the American Philosophical Society
19th-century American businesspeople
American male non-fiction writers

Samuel W. Pennypacker


Thomas Frans af Savoyen-Carignano (født 21. december 1596, død 22. januar 1656) var titulær fyrste af Carignano i 1630 – 1656.

Forfædre
Thomas Frans af Savoyen-Carignano var den yngste søn af regerende hertug Karl Emanuel 1. af Savoyen (1562 – 1630) og Catherine Michelle af Spanien (1567 – 1597).

Thomas Frans var sønnesøn af hertug Emanuele Filiberto af Savoyen, kong Filip 2. af Spanien og Elisabeth af Valois.

Han var oldesøn af kong Frans 1. af Frankrig, den tysk-romerske kejser Karl 5., kejserinde Isabella af Portugal, kong Henrik 2. af Frankrig og Katarina af Medici.

Han var tipoldesøn af kong Emanuel 1. af Portugal, Karl af Angoulême, Louise af Savoyen, kong Ludvig 12. af Frankrig, Filip den Smukke af Kastilien og Johanne den Vanvittige af Kastilien.

Ægteskab
Thomas Frans var gift med den franske prinsesse af blodet Marie af Bourbon (1606 – 1692). Hun var sønnedatter af Ludvig 1. af Bourbon-Condé

Parret fik syv børn. Den ældste overlevende søn (Emanuel Filibert af Savoyen-Carignano) blev gift med Maria Angela Caterina d'Este (1656 – 1722).

De italienske konger (1861 – 1946) nedstammede fra Thomas Frans og Maria Angela Caterina.

Huset Savoyen

Thomas Frans af Savoyen-Carignano


Kazimierz Wierzyński (27 august 1894, Drohobycz, Regatul Galiției și Lodomeriei – 13 februarie 1969, Londra) a fost un poet și jurnalist polonez, membru ales al prestigioasei Academii Poloneze de Literatură în cea de-a Doua Republică Poloneză.

Viața
Kazimierz Wierzyński s-a născut în Drohobycz (Drohobych), Regatul Galiției și Lodomeriei. El a fondat, împreună cu Julian Tuwim și cu alți trei poeți, grupul de poeți experimentali Skamander. Poezia sa Laurul olimpic (în poloneză: Laur olimpijski, 1927), care idealizează grația și condiția fizică a sportivilor, a câștigat medalia de aur pentru poezie la Jocurile Olimpice din 1928 de la Amsterdam, iar celelalte poezii timpurii ale sale celebrează, de asemenea, bucuria de a trăi.

Operele sale ulterioare, scrise în exil, sunt mult mai sumbre și mai conștiente pe plan social. Recoltă amară (1933) include poezii despre Statele Unite ale Americii. Câmpul de luptă uitat (1944) conține relatări din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial. El a murit la Londra, Anglia.

Opera

Volume de poezie
 Wiosna i wino, Varșovia, 1919
 Wróble na dachu, Varșovia, 1921
 Wielka Niedźwiedzica, Varșovia, 1923
 Pamiętnik miłości, Varșovia, 1925
 Laur olimpijski, Varșovia, 1927
 Pieśni fanatyczne, Varșovia, 1929
 Rozmowa z puszczą, Varșovia, 1929
 Gorzki urodzaj, Varșovia, 1933
 Wolność tragiczna, Varșovia, 1936
 Kurhany, Varșovia, 1938
 Barbakan warszawski, Nisa, 1940
 Ziemia-Wilczyca, Londra, 1941
 Róża wiatrów, New York, 1942
 Ballada o Churchillu, New York, 1944
 Podzwonne za kaprala Szczapę, New York, 1945
 Krzyże i miecze, Londra, 1946
 Korzec maku, Londra, 1951
 Siedem podków, New York, 1954
 Tkanka ziemi, Paris, 1960
 Kufer na plecach, Paris, 1964
 Czarny polonez, Paris, 1968
 Sen mara, Paris, 1969

Proză
 Granice świata, povestiri, Varșovia, 1933
 W garderobie duchów, impresii teatrale, Lvov, Varșovia, 1938
 O Bolesławie Leśmianie, discurs la o reuniune a Academiei Poloneze de Literatură, Varșovia, 1939
 Współczesna literatura polska na emigracji, New York, 1943
 Pobojowisko, povestiri, New York, 1944
 Życie Chopina, New York, 1953
 Cygańskim wozem. Miasta, ludzie, książki, Londra, 1966
 Moja prywatna Ameryka, Londra, 1966

Referințe

Legături externe
 Profil de Kazimierz Wierzyński la Culture.pl

Vezi și
 Listă de polonezi celebri

Nașteri în 1894
Decese în 1969
Poeți din secolul al XX-lea
Poeți polonezi

Kazimierz Wierzyński


Æbelholt-stenen (også kendt som Æbelholt-alfabetstenen) er et stenfragment med runer, fundet i Æbelholt Klosterruin i 1938. Stenen har indskriften fuþork- og det antages at resten af futharken også har været ristet ind.

Kilder
 Æbelholt-stenen i Danske Runeindskrifter

Runesten i Danmark

Æbelholt-stenen


Chink is an English-language ethnic slur usually referring to a person of Chinese descent, but against people of East Asian, North Asian, Southeast Asian appearance. The use of the term describing eyes with epicanthic fold ("Asiatic eyes") is considered extremely offensive and is regarded racist by many.

Etymology
Various dictionaries provide different etymologies of the word chink; for example, that it originated from the Chinese courtesy ching-ching, that it evolved from the word China, or that it was an alteration of Qing (Ch'ing), as in the Qing dynasty.

Another possible origin is that chink evolved from the word for China in an Indo-Iranian language, ultimately deriving from the name of the Qing dynasty. That word is now pronounced similarly in various Indo-European languages.

History

The first recorded use of the word chink is from approximately 1880. As far as is ascertainable, its adjective form, chinky, first appeared in print in 1878.

Around the turn of the 20th century, many white Americans in the Northern United States perceived Chinese immigration as a threat to their living standards. However, Chinese workers were still desired in the Western United States due to persistent labor shortages. Chinese butcher crews were held in such high esteem that when Edmund A. Smith patented his mechanized fish-butchering machine in 1905, he named it the Iron Chink which is seen by some as symbolic of anti-Chinese racism during the era. Usage of the word continued, such as with the story "The Chink and the Child", by Thomas Burke, which was later adapted to film by D. W. Griffith. Griffith altered the story to be more racially sensitive and renamed it Broken Blossoms.

Although chink refers to those appearing to be of Chinese descent, the term has also been directed towards people of other East and Southeast Asian ethnicities. Literature and film about the Vietnam war contain examples of this usage, including the film Platoon (1986) and the play Sticks and Bones (1971, also later filmed).

Controversy

Australia
The terms Chinaman and chink became intertwined, as some Australians used both with hostile intent when referring to members of the country's Chinese population, which had swelled significantly during the Gold Rush era of the 1850s and 1860s.

Assaults on Chinese miners and racially motivated riots and public disturbances were not infrequent occurrences in Australia's mining districts in the second half of the 19th century. There was some resentment, too, of the fact that Chinese miners and laborers tended to send their earnings back home to their families in China rather than spending them in Australia and supporting the local economy.

In the popular Sydney Bulletin magazine in 1887, one author wrote: "No nigger, no chink, no lascar, no kanaka (laborer from the South Pacific islands), no purveyor of cheap labour, is an Australian." Eventually, since-repealed federal government legislation was passed to restrict non-white immigration and thus protect the jobs of Anglo-Celtic Australian workers from "undesirable" competition.

Canada
On July 19, 2020, a man in Calgary was arrested after spitting on a woman of Asian descent and shouting "stupid chink" at her. The man, identified as Justin Riaz Williams, was a basketball manager at the University of Calgary who was fired from his job before the COVID-19 pandemic after staff found screenshots of him using homophobic and racial slurs on his phone. Jessica Lau, the victim, uploaded the video on her Instagram account and told Global News, "I've never experienced any kind of racism ... this is a thing that's happening in the world right now." The Calgary Police said that Williams was taken into custody and charged with three counts of assault and one count of possession of a weapon dangerous to the public.

India
In India, the ethnic slur chinki (or chinky) is frequently directed against people with East Asian features, including people from Northeast India, and Nepal, who are often mistaken for Chinese, despite being closer to Tibetans and the Burmese than to Han Chinese peoples.

In 2012, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs recognized use of the term "chinki" to refer to a member of the Scheduled Tribes (especially in the North-East) as a criminal offense under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act with a penalty of up to five years in jail. The Ministry further warned that they would very seriously review any failure of the police to enforce this interpretation of the Act.

United Kingdom

Chinky (or chinky chonky) is a slur for a Chinese takeaway restaurant or Chinese food and Chinese people. In parts of northern England known as a chinkies, always in the plural.

The 1969 top 3 UK hit single for Blue Mink, "Melting Pot", has the lyric: "take a pinch of white man/Wrap him up in black skin. [...] Mixed with yellow Chinkees. You know you lump it all together/And you got a recipe for a get-along scene/Oh what a beautiful dream/If it could only come true". The usage of the slur was and still is heavily overlooked due to the song being viewed as "racially inclusive".

In 1999, an exam given to students in Scotland was criticized for containing a passage that students were told to interpret containing the word chinky. This exam was taken by students all over Scotland, and Chinese groups expressed offence at the use of this passage. The examinations body apologized, calling the passage's inclusion "an error of judgement."

In 2002, the Broadcasting Standards Commission, after a complaint about the BBC One programme The Vicar of Dibley, held that when used as the name of a type of restaurant or meal, rather than as an adjective applied to a person or group of people, the word still carries extreme racist connotation which causes offence particularly to those of East Asian origin.

In 2004, the commission's counterpart, the Radio Authority, apologised for the offence caused by an incident where a DJ on Heart 106.2 used the term.

In a 2005 document commissioned by Ofcom titled "Language and Sexual Imagery in Broadcasting: A Contextual Investigation" their definition of chink was "a term of racial offence/abuse. However, this is polarising. Older and mainly white groups tend to think this is not usually used in an abusive way—e.g., let's go to the Chinky—which is not seen as offensive by those who aren't of East Asian origin; Chinky usually refers to food not a culture or race however, younger people, East Asians, particularly people of Chinese origin and other non-white ethnic minorities believe the word 'Chinky, Chinkies or Chinkie' to be as insulting as 'paki' or 'nigger'."

In 2006, after several campaigns by the Scottish Executive, more people in Scotland now acknowledge that this name is indirectly racist. , British broadcasting regulator Ofcom considers the word to be "Strongest language, highly unacceptable without strong contextualisation. Seen as derogatory to Chinese people. More mixed views regarding use of the term to mean 'Chinese takeaway'".

In 2014, the term gained renewed attention after a recording emerged of UKIP candidate Kerry Smith referring to a woman of Chinese background as a "chinky bird".

United States
The Pekin Community High School District 303 teams in Pekin, Illinois were officially known as the "Pekin Chinks" until 1981, when the school administration changed the name to the "Pekin Dragons". The event received national attention.

During early 2000, University of California, Davis experienced a string of racial incidents and crimes between Asian and white students, mostly among fraternities. Several incidents included "chink" and other racial epithets being shouted among groups, including the slurs being used during a robbery and assault on an Asian fraternity by 15 white males. The incidents motivated a school-wide review and protest to get professional conflict resolution and culturally sensitive mediators.

Sarah Silverman appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 2001, stirring up controversy when the word chink was used without the usual bleep appearing over ethnic slurs on network television. The controversy led Asian activist and community leader Guy Aoki to appear on the talk show Politically Incorrect along with Sarah Silverman. Guy Aoki alleged that Silverman did not believe that the term was offensive.

New York City radio station Hot 97 was criticized for airing the "Tsunami Song". Referring to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, in which over an estimated 200,000 people died, the song used the phrase "screaming chinks" along with other offensive lyrics. The radio station fired a co-host and producer, and indefinitely suspended radio personality Miss Jones, who was later reinstated. Members of the Asian American community said Miss Jones' reinstatement condoned hate speech.

A Philadelphia eatery, Chink's Steaks, created controversy, with articles appearing in the Philadelphia Daily News and other newspapers. The restaurant was asked by Asian community groups to change the name. The restaurant was named after the original Jewish-American owner's nickname, "Chink", derived from the ethnic slur due to his "slanty eyes". The restaurant was renamed Joe's in 2013.

In February 2012, ESPN fired one employee and suspended another for using the headline "Chink in the Armor" in reference to Jeremy Lin, an American basketball player of Taiwanese and Chinese descent. While the word chink also refers to a crack or fissure and chink in the armor is an idiom and common sports cliché, referring to a vulnerability, the "apparently intentional" double entendre of its use in reference to an Asian athlete was viewed as offensive.

In September 2019, after it was announced that Shane Gillis would be joining Saturday Night Live as a featured cast member, clips from Gillis' podcast in 2018 resurfaced, in which Gillis made anti-Asian jokes, including using the word "chink". The revelation sparked public outcry, with several outlets noting the disconnect of hiring Gillis along with Bowen Yang, the show's first Chinese American cast member. After Gillis issued what was characterized as a non-apology apology, a spokesperson for Lorne Michaels announced Gillis would be let go prior to his first episode due to the controversy.

In May 2021, Tony Hinchcliffe was videotaped insulting Peng Dang, an Asian American comedian who had introduced Hinchcliffe after performing the previous set at a comedy club in Austin, Texas, by referring to Dang as a "filthy little fucking chink". Dang posted the video on Twitter, resulting in heavy backlash against Hinchliffe, who was subsequently dropped by his agency and removed from several scheduled shows.

See also

 Ang moh
 Chinaman (term)
 Ching chong
 Coolie
 Gook
 Gweilo
 List of ethnic slurs
 Moke
 Shina
 Slope

References

Sources
 Foster, Harry. A Beachcomber in the Orient. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1930.

Anti-Chinese sentiment
Anti–East Asian slurs
English words
Asian-Australian issues
Discrimination in India
Racism in India

Chink


Radio de la Femme est une radio communautaire d'informations féministes, dédiée à la femme dans la République démocratique du Congo. Elle émet dans deux villes du pays, à Kinshasa (95.3 FM), à Mbujimayi (98.5 FM), et aux environs.

Historique
Radio de la femme est créée le  à l'initiative de sa coordinatrice Esther Nkishi et avec le soutien de l'Organisation non gouvernementale (Génération femme) pour permettre aux femmes de s'exprimer. Une première en Afrique centrale, une radio qui parle de la femme et qui fait la promotion de celle-ci.

Programme des émissions

 Quartier libre  (La femme appelle et raconte le quotidien de son quartier)
 Au bout du fil  (Pour dénoncer les cas de violence faite aux femmes)
 Développement (Des Femmes intellectuelles entrepreneures parlent de leurs activités)

 Grande Interview.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Radio de la Femme
Station de radio fondée en 2020

Radio de la Femme


Die Wonderwerk-Höhle ist eine archäologische Fundstätte in der südafrikanischen Provinz Nordkap, rund 45 Kilometer südlich von Kuruman, auf der Ostseite der Kuruman Hills. In der großen Höhle wurden Artefakte in zahlreichen Bodenschichten nachgewiesen, darunter Steinwerkzeuge aus dem Early Stone Age, dem Middle Stone Age und dem Late Stone Age, die auf eine Besiedelung vom Altpleistozän bis zum Holozän schließen lassen.

Erforschung
Die Wonderwerk-Höhle ist rund 140 Meter lang und hat eine Grundfläche von ungefähr 2400 Quadratmetern. Sie erstreckt sich nahezu horizontal in das sie umgebende Deckgestein aus präkambrischem Dolomit, aus dem sie herausgewaschen wurde. Die bis zu sechs Meter dicken Ablagerungen über dem anstehenden Gestein sind möglicherweise bis zu zwei Millionen Jahre alt.

Die Wonderwerk-Höhle wurde erstmals Anfang der 1940er-Jahre archäologisch untersucht, nachdem beim Abgraben von Fledermausguano Steinwerkzeuge entdeckt worden waren. Ab den 1970er-Jahren erforschte zunächst Karl W. Butzer und danach Peter B. Beaumont (McGregor Museum, Kimberley) die Höhle.

Anhand der in der Höhle geborgenen fossilen Zähne von Pflanzenfressern, die vor rund zwei Millionen Jahren in ihr verendeten, konnte das Paläoklima dieser Epoche als weitaus feuchter identifiziert werden als heute irgendwo in Afrika.

Neben den zahlreich gefundenen Steinwerkzeugen wurden wiederholt Reste von verbrannten Knochen und von Pflanzenteilen entdeckt, die als Beleg für eine sehr frühe Beherrschung des Feuers – bereits vor einer Million Jahren – durch die ehemaligen Bewohner interpretiert wurden. Zu den besonderen Funden zählen ferner mehrere annähernd fünf Millimeter große, als Schmuckstücke interpretierte Artefakte: runde, aus der Schale von Straußen-Eiern geschnitzte und mittig durchbohrte Perlen, die vermutlich auf einer Schnur aufgefädelt wurden.

Ferner gibt es in der Nähe der Öffnung einige aus der Steinzeit stammende Höhlenmalereien, die jedoch in jüngerer Zeit durch Graffiti von Besuchern beschädigt wurden.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Höhlen in Südafrika

Weblinks
 Scientists find evidence that human ancestors used fire one million years ago.. Auf: eurekalert.org vom 2. April 2012 (mit Abbildungen).
  (PDF, Englisch; 191 kB)}.
 Mensch lebte schon vor zwei Millionen Jahren in Höhlen. Auf: scinexx.de vom 23. Dezember 2008.

Belege

Archäologischer Fundplatz in Südafrika
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Afrika
Höhle in Südafrika
Höhle in Afrika
Geographie (Provinz Nordkap)
Gamagara Local Municipality

Wonderwerk-Höhle


CS Măgura Cisnădie er en rumænsk kvindehåndboldklub fra byen Cisnădie i Rumænien. Klubben holder til i Polyvalent Hall.

Spillertruppen 2019-20

Målvogtere
 16  Elena Voicu
 85  Mirela Pașca
 89  Cristina Popovici
Fløjspillere
LW
 08  Denisa Iuga
 09  Ana Maria Tănasie
 19  Diana Predoi

RW
 04  Mădălina Predoi
 07  Mălina Petrescu
 23  Dijana Ujkić
Stregspillere
 18  Cristina Nan
 25  Cynthia Tomescu

Bagspillere
LB
 10  Adriana Crăciun
 11  Andreea Stângă
 27  Natalja Vinjukova
CB
 24  Tamara Smbatian
 80  Roxana Gatzel
 26  Mihaela Ani-Senocico
RB
 14  Ada Moldovan
 77  Valentina Panici

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 2014
Håndboldklubber fra Rumænien
Sport i Rumænien

CS Măgura Cisnădie


වඩමරච්චි අධ්‍යාපන කලාපය

මෙම කලාපය කරවෙද්දි, මරුදන්කර්නි හා පේදුරුතුඩුව යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශ වලින් සමන්විතවී ඇති අතර සමස්ත පාසැල් සංඛ්‍යාව 81 වෙයි.

කරවෙද්දි අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 31 කින් සමන්විත වන කරවෙද්දි අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

මරුදන්කර්නි අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 19 කින් සමන්විත වන මරුදන්කර්නි අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

පේදුරුතුඩුව අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 31 කින් සමන්විත වන පේදුරුතුඩුව අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙහි රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව


Sürmeli Ali Paşa (d. ? Dimetoka - ö. 1695 Edirne) II. Ahmet ve II. Mustafa saltanatlarında, 14 Mart 1694 - 2 Mayıs 1695 tarihleri arasında bir yıl bir ay on dokuz gün sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır. "Sürmeli" olarak anılması Hammer'e göre "haddini bilmeyen"  anlamlı; Uzunçarşılı'ya göre ise "gözlerinin sürmeli olmasından veya sürme çekmesinden" dolayıdır.

Hayatı
Dimetoka'lıdır  Gençken İstanbul'a gelmiş ve Sokullu sülalesinden olan İbrahim Han'ın kethudası Ali Ağa yanına girmiş ve onun tarafından eğitilmiştir. Önce vergi tahsili için iltizam taahüdü işleri yapmış; Sonra orduya müteahhid olarak arpa emini olmuş; 1688'de ise Tersane-i Amire'de önemli bir görev olan "tersane emini" olmuştur. Buradan Aralık 1688 başdefterdar görevine atanmıştır. Bu görevde iken çok sayıda küçük değerde bakır sikke olan mangır darpettirmiştir. Bundan sonra başdefterdarlıktan azledilip 1689'da  Edirne'de "rikab-ı hümayun" defterdarı olarak atanmasına kadar boşta kalmıştır. Kasım 1691'de ise ikinci defa başdefterdar tayin edilmiştir ve vezirlik rütbesi verilmiştir. 1692 başında bu görevden tekrar azledilmiş ve valilik görevleri yapmaya atanmıştır. 1692'de Kıbrıs valisi ve 1693'te Trablusşam valisi olarak görev verilmiştir.

II. Ahmet, sadrazam Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Paşa'nın işlere bakmadığını görüp 14 Mart 1694'te onu azletmiş ve Trablusşam valiliği yapmakta olan Sürmeli Ali Paşa sadarete davet etmiştir. yeni sadrazam olarak hızla İstanbul'a gelmiştir çünkü o yıl ordu Avusturya Seferi için hazırlanmakta idi. Sürmeli Ali Paşa bu sefere serdar tayin edilmiş ve ordu ile Avusturya sınırına gitmiştir. Kırım Hanlığı ordusuyla birlikte Osmanlı ordusu 4 Eylül 1694'te  Petrovaradin kalesini kuşatmaya almışlardır. Fakat kale ele geçirilememiş; mevsim gecikip  kış gelmiş; kuşatma metrislerini sular basmış ve kuşatmaya devama imkân kalmadığı için 15 Aralık 1694'te Sürmeli Ali Paşa komutasındaki ordu kuşatmayı bırakarak kışlak olan Belgrad'da dönmüştür. O yıl kampanya mevsimi bittiği için Kırım Hanlığı ordusu Kırım'a dönmüş ve Sürmeli Ali Paşa ise Edirne'ye gelmiştir.

Aynı yaz,  Eylül 1694'te,  Amiral Zeno komutasında bir Venedik donanması ve bağdaşıkları Papalık Devleti, Malta Şövalyeleri ile Floransa Cumhuriyeti filoları desteği ile Ege Denizi'ne girmiş ve Sakız adasına asker çıkartmıştır.  21 Eylül 1694'te Sakız Adası Venedikli'lere teslim olmuştur. Fakat Osmanlı donanması buna çok geçmeden karşılık vermiştir. Kaptan-ı Derya Mezomorto Hüseyin Paşa komutasındaki Osmanlı donanması ile Amiral Zeno komutasındaki Venedik ve bağdaşıkları donanması arasında 9 Şubat1695'te yapılan Koyun Adaları Muharebesi'nde Osmanlı donanması galip gelmiş ve Sakız adası Venedikliler'den geri alınmıştır.

Sürmeli Ali Paşa sedaretine devam etmekte iken 6 Şubat 1695'te II. Ahmet vefat etmiş; yerine II. Mustafa yeni padişah olarak tahta geçmiştir. Sürmeli Ali Paşa sedareti devam etmek idi. Fakat yeni padişahın hocası olan ve şeyhülislam olacak  ve yeni padişahın baş danışmanı olacak  Feyzullah Efendi ile sadrazamın, Feyzullah Efendi'nin  iktidar gücüne ortaklık yapması olasılığı dolayısıyla, arası açılmıştı. Genç padişah II. Mustafa atalarının eski savaşlarından ilham almaktaydı ve yeni bir Avusturya Seferi yapmak istemekteydi. Sürmeli Ali Paşa ise buna karşı idi. O sırada Belgrad'a gönderilen 1.500 kadar kişilik bir yeniçeri birliği Cezr-i Mustafa mevkiinde disiplinsiz hareketlerle büyük bir olay çıkartmıştı. Bu olayın Sürmeli Ali Paşa tarafından seferi önlemek için bir tertip olduğu dedikodular başkentte dolaşmaya başlamıştı. Padişahın  yaptırdığı araştırmalar ise Sürmeli Ali Paşa'nın olayı abarttığı sonucunu ortaya koydu. Bu II. Mustafa'yı kızdırmıştı. Aynı zamanda sadrazamın Anadolu'da irtikap yapıp serveti olanlardan ya para ya da hizmetkar topladığı ve bunu zimmetine geçirdiği söylentileri de sadrazamla arası iyi olamayan Feyzullah Efendi'nin abartması ile önem kazanmış ve yeni padişahın sadrazama olan kızgınlığını körüklemişti. Bunun üzerinde II. Mustafa ve çevresindekiler Sürmeli Ali Paşa'nın sedaretten azledilmesine karar verdiler. Sürmeli Ali Paşa 2 Mayıs'ta Hasoda köşküne huzura çağrıldı; elinden mühr-ü humayun alındı ve çavuşbaşına teslim edilerek önce kapı arasında tutuklandı. Bu arada malı ve mülkü devlet tarafından müsadere edildi. Fakat bu müsaderede serveti değil borcu olduğu ortaya çıkıp rüşvet alıp irtikap yapmadığı anlaşıldı.

Hemen Çeşme kasabasına sürgüne gönderildi. Fakat II. Mustafa'nın kızgınlığı bitmemişti ve müsaderenin sonuçlarına inanmamaktaydı. Silahdar Tarihi'ne göre "Sağ oldukça ateşin sönmez" diyerek Sürmeli Ali Paşa'yı Çeşme'deki sürgününden Edirne'ye getirtti. Burada Sürmeli Ali Paşa 29 Mayıs 1695'te boğularak idam edildi. Bu tarihte 50 yaşında olduğu bildirilmiştir.

Mezarı Edirne'de "Evliya Kasım Paşa Cami" mezarlığındadır.

Eserleri
Kadıköy çarşında bulunan Rum kilisesinin duvarında kitabesine göre 1693 ya da 1694 yılında yapılmış olan bir çeşmesi vardır.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 Danışmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971),Osmanlı Devlet Erkâni, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954, Son bas.:2011) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları (ISBN 978-975-16-0010) say.441-442
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN978-975-254-278-5,
 von Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph (haz.), (1986)Osmanlı Devleti Tarihi 12 Cilt, İstanbul: Üçdal Neşriyat
 Emecen, Feridun, "Ali Paşa (Sürmeli)" (1999) Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, C.1 s.230-231, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Yayıncılık A.Ş. ISBN 975-08-0071-01.

Dış bağlantılar

 Emecen, Feridun (1989) "Ali Paşa, Sürmeli", Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi  Cilt:2, Sayfa:427, İstanbul:TDV Yayınları. Online:

1698 yılında ölenler
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları'ndaki kişiler
Osmanlı Kıbrıs valileri
Edirne'de ölenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler

Sürmeli Ali Paşa


Heirisson Island is an island in the Swan River in Western Australia at the eastern end of Perth Water, between the suburbs of East Perth and Victoria Park. It occupies an area of , and is connected to the two foreshores by The Causeway. The next upstream island is Kuljak Island,  then Ron Courtney Island, with no islands in the Swan River downstream between Heirisson Island and the Indian Ocean other than the artificial islet in Elizabeth Quay.

Before development, there were several small islands, surrounded by mudflats. Over the years, dredging and reclamation has created a single island, which is now a landscaped nature reserve, with a  walking path. The Noongar name for the area is Matagarup (meaning "leg deep"), which has been retained for the single island after reclamation.

Heirisson Island is listed on the Western Australia Department of Aboriginal Affairs' Register of Aboriginal Sites, as ID 3589.

History

The area around Heirisson Island is traditionally associated with the Beeloo people, a subgroup of the Whadjuk Noongar, who knew the small islands and mud flats as Matagarup, referring to the river as being "one leg deep". The island located on either side of the current causeway bridge was known as Kakaroomup.

The Matagarup mud flats were the first major crossing point upriver from the river's mouth (at Fremantle) and were an important seasonal access way over which the Beeloo gave other groups right of passage across the river.

The first European to visit the Heirisson Island area was the Flemish explorer Willem de Vlamingh in January 1697. He was exploring the Swan River in longboats but only got as far as the Heirisson Island(s) because the mud flats impeded any further progress.

Heirisson Island was named after French midshipman , who was on the French ship Le Naturaliste on a scientific expedition led by Nicolas Baudin between 1801 and 1804.  The expedition made several journeys up the river from Fremantle in longboats and made the first maps of the Swan River. The island was named in June 1801. Captain James Stirling later investigated the area in 1827 just before the Swan River Colony was settled in 1829.

In September 1984 the Government of Western Australia erected a statue of Aboriginal warrior Yagan on the island. In 1997 the statue's head was twice removed by vandals.

In 1998, five female western grey kangaroos were introduced onto the island, followed by a female with a male joey in 2000.

In 2008 a new master plan for Heirisson Island was adopted by the City of Perth which proposed establishing an international quality sculpture park on the island as well as constructing an amphitheatre and a footbridge that would link Point Fraser to Heirisson Island. The plan faced opposition from Aboriginal elders, and as of December 2022 the sculpture park and amphitheatre have yet to be established.

In December 2022, the construction of two pedestrian and cyclist bridges was approved that will connect Point Fraser and McCallum Park in Victoria Park via Heirisson Island. The $100 million bridge project will begin construction in 2023 for an intended late 2024 opening.

Aboriginal protests
Heirisson Island has been the site of a number of protests by Australian Aboriginal activists.

Tent embassy
In 2012, the island was the site of a tent embassy, set up in February by Noongar people to raise community awareness about problems with a government plan to extinguish most of the native title land in the southwest of Western Australia that was recognized in 2006 by Justice Murray Wilcox of the Federal Court of Australia. The Noongar Tent Embassy was intended to be a peaceful affirmation of native title to Noongar country and legitimate use of a state-registered Aboriginal Heritage Site, and was inspired by the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra.  However, there were many claims made of rocks being thrown at passing boats. The tent embassy was removed by police in March 2012.

Refugee camp
In early March 2015, a group of Aboriginal activists set up what they referred to as a refugee camp after the state government announced plans to close some remote Western Australian Aboriginal communities. The camp was removed ten days later by City of Perth rangers, with police support, but gradually reassembled and was occupied by about 100 people when it was dismantled again by police and City of Perth rangers in late April 2015.

In January 2016 a group of about 60 peopleincluding some non-indigenous homeless peoplewere camping on the island again. By April 2016, the camp had grown to over 100 and it was again removed by police and rangers.

See also
Islands of Perth, Western Australia

References

External links
 Vintage aerial photograph by Frank Hurley at the National Library of Australia

Perth Water
Islands of the Perth region (Western Australia)
Artificial islands of Australia

Heirisson Island


Thomas Coxeter (1689–1747) est un historien littéraire anglais.

Biographie
Né à Lechlade dans le Gloucestershire le 20 septembre 1689, il fait ses études à Coxwell, Berkshire, et à la Magdalen School d'Oxford. Le 7 juillet 1705, il est inscrit au Trinity College d'Oxford. Ayant terminé ses cours, il vient à Londres pour pratiquer le droit civil ; mais en 1710, à la mort de son patron, Sir John Cook, doyen des arches, il abandonne la profession d'avocat et se consacre à des activités littéraires et historiques .

En 1747, il est nommé secrétaire d'une société pour l'encouragement d'un essai vers une histoire anglaise complète. Il meurt d'une fièvre le 19 avril 1747 et est enterré dans la cour de la chapelle de l'hôpital royal de Bridewell. Sa fille est soutenue par Samuel Johnson ; elle meurt en 1807 .

Œuvres
Une élégie dans un livre intitulé Astræa Lacrimans, publié anonymement en 1710, a probablement été écrite par Coxeter. En 1720, il contribue à un ou plusieurs des index de l'édition de Flavius Josèphe de John Hudson et en 1739 il publie une nouvelle édition de la Vie de l'évêque Fisher souvent attribuée à Richard Hall, son traducteur en latin  .

Coxeter est un collectionneur de vieilles pièces anglaises et permet à l'éditeur shakespearien Theobald de les utiliser. Il assiste également  dans la préparation des Antiquités typographiques. En 1744, il fait circuler des propositions d'édition annotée des œuvres dramatiques de Thomas May, mais le projet n'est jamais réalisé. Dans le prospectus, il dit que, ayant décidé de "faire revivre le meilleur de nos anciennes pièces, fidèlement collationné avec toutes les éditions qui pourraient être trouvées dans une recherche de plus de trente ans", il "est arrivé à communiquer son plan à celui qui envahit maintenant it" - la référence étant à Robert Dodsley, dont la Select Collection of Old Plays est apparue en 1744. Dans le même prospectus, il promet une édition (qui n'a jamais été publiée) des œuvres de Thomas Sackville (1er comte de Dorset) .

Les collections de manuscrits de Coxeter sont largement utilisées dans Lives of the Poets de Theophilus Cibber et dans History of English Poetry de Thomas Warton. Ses déclarations doivent être reçues avec prudence, car il a inventé des titres de livres imaginaires. En 1759, une édition en quatre volumes des œuvres de Philip Massinger parait, « rassemblée par M. Coxeter » ; il est critiqué par William Gifford. D'autres - l' Edinburgh Review en 1808 et des universitaires contemporains - ont été plus élogieux .

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de Trinity College (Oxford)
Décès en avril 1747
Naissance en septembre 1689
Historien anglais
Décès à 57 ans

Thomas Coxeter


Radwan, cunoscut sub numele complet ca Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, () a fost conducătorul selgiuc de Alep între anii 1095–1113, în timpul primei Cruciade.

Biografie
El a fost fiul lui Tutuș I și frate al lui Dukak, însă a fost crescut de atabegul Janah ad-Dawla al-Husain. Când Tutuș a murit în 1095, Radwan i-a moștenit proprietățile siriene și a domnit din Alep, în timp ce Janah ad-Dawla a fost responsabil de guvernanța reală. Dukak sa revoltat curând împotriva fratelui său și a preluat controlul Damascului, aruncând Siria în haos și anarhie. Dukak a avut sprijinul lui Yaghi-Siyan din Antiohia, ulterior lui Yaghi-Siyan și Dukak sa alăturat și Ilghazi, conducătorul Ierusalimului. Lui Radwan i sa aliat fratele lui Ilghazi, artuchidul .

Radwan la atacat pe Yaghi-Siyan, iar când Dukak și Ilghazi au venit să-l ajute, Radwan a asediat și Damascul. Cu toate acestea, Radwan sa certat în curând cu Janah ad-Dawla al-Husain, fostul său atabegul care capturase Homsul, Yaghi-Siyan era mult mai dispus să-l ajute. O nouă alianță a fost încheiată cu o căsătorie între Radwan și fiica lui Yaghi-Siyan. Cei doi au fost pe punctul de a ataca orașul Shaizar când au auzit despre sosirea primelor cruciați, astfel că toate alianțe s-au desființat și toți s-au întors în propriile lor orașe, deși dacă oricare dintre alianțe ar fi rămas intactă sau ar fi conlucrat, probabil că ar fi fost capabile să împiedice succesul cruciadei.

În 1103, Janah ad-Dawla a fost ucis de un asasin numit al-Hakim al-Munajjim, unul dintre membrii anturajului lui Radwan. Aceasta a fost prima apariție a asasinilor în Siria. După moartea lui Dukak în 1104, doi conducători slabi l-au urmat în Damasc, iar Radwan probabil a capturat orașul în același an. Capitala a rămas totuși la Alep. În 1105 el a asistat în apărarea Tripoliului, care a fost atacat de cruciați. În același an, Tancred, prințul Galileii, regent al Principatului Antiohiei, la învins în bătălia de la Artah și a amenințat pentru scurt timp Alepul. Radwan și Tancred au intrat frecvent în conflict, până când Tancred a redus Alepul la statut de tributar în 1111.

La moartea sa din 10 decembrie 1113, Radwan a fost urmat de fiul său adolescent Alp Arslan al-Akhras, sub regența lui Lulu și ibn al-Khashshab. Curând orașul a căzut în haos și a intrat sub controlul lui Sulaiman, fiul lui Ilghazi, care sa căsătorit cu fiica lui Radwan. În 1128 orașul a fost preluat sub conducerea Mosulului de către atabegul acestuia, Zengi.

Note

Bibliografie
 Kenneth Setton, ed. A History of the Crusades, vol. I. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958 (available online).
 The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi. H.A.R. Gibb, London, 1932.

Decese în 1113
Conducători selgiucizi
Sultani de Alep
Musulmani ai Primei Cruciade

Radwan


An Paphiopedilum concolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley ngan James Bateman, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer. An Paphiopedilum concolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paphiopedilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum concolor


Synkron og diakron er et centralt begrebspar i humanistisk videnskab og samfundsvidenskab. Begrebsparret bruges især meget inden for historiefaget. Ordet synkron kommer af græsk syn = "sammen" + khrónos = "tid". Det synkrone er altså det samtidige, hvilket også kommer til syne i begrebet synkronisering. Ordet diakron kommer også fra græsk diá = gennem + khrónos = tid. Det diakrone er altså det, som forløber på langs ad tidsaksen, som ændrer sig med tiden.

Inden for de humanistiske videnskaber dækker begrebet "synkron" over undersøgelser af mere eller mindre faste tilstande der var gældende på et givent tidspunkt eller i en historisk periode. En synkron undersøgelse af det 17. århundredes Frankrig kunne f.eks. interessere sig for emner som merkantilisme, absolutisme, centralisme, hierarki, symmetri, cogito ergo sum og den barokke kunststil. Om den synkrone undersøgelse har historikeren Bjørn Poulsen skrevet, at "de permanente strukturer træder frem, mens samfundets udvikling i tid forbliver i baggrunden."

Inden for de humanistiske videnskaber dækker begrebet "diakron" over undersøgelser af historiske eller nutidige processer på forskellige områder af samfundet. En diakron undersøgelse af naturbegrebet i Danmark kunne f.eks. interessere sig for emner som landbrugsudvikling, industrialisering, urbanisering, demografi, forurening, massekommunikation og rekreation. Diakrone undersøgelser fokuserer altså på, hvordan forhold ændrer sig, fx fra en historisk periode til en anden. Det kan fx være en undersøgelse af, hvordan magtforhold ændrer sig over tid.

Referencer

Humaniora
Samfundsvidenskab

Synkron og diakron


An Leymostachys korovinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Leymostachys korovinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leymostachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leymostachys

Leymostachys korovinii


البراضعية هي إحدى مناطق مدينة البصرة يقع فيها مجمع القصور الرئاسية وتطل على شط العرب من خلال كورنيش صغير. وهي أيضا تقع بالقرب من كلية الطب حيث أن أغلب طلاب الطب يسكنون بها.

يحد منطقة البراضعية من الشرق شط العرب ومن الشمال نهر الخورة ومن الغرب نهر الاميلح ومنطقة مناوي لجم ومن الجنوب نهر السراجي، ومن المعالم البارزة في المنطقة المستشفى التعليمي الذي يضم كلية الطب ويقع المستشفى بالركن الشمالي الشرقي من المنطقة مطلا على شط العرب ونهر الخورة ومن أحيائها: ميتان والسراجي.

جغرافية وتأريخ البراضعية
أحد الأنهار المهمة التي حفرت في العهد العباسي هو نهر السراجي جنوب منطقة البراضعية ثم أنهر صغيرة جنوبه حتى نهر أبو الخصيب، وسمي بالسراجي نسبة إلى رجل كان يعمل بصناعة السروج.

منطقة البراضعية كانت ممتلئة ببساتين النخيل حيث كانت العوائل البصرية تتجه إلى البساتين على شكل رحلات منظمة وذلك لما تحمله هذه المنطقة من طبيعة خلابة وفروع من الأنهر ممتدة في جميع البساتين، حيث كانت مياه المد تصعد عالية في الأنهر وخصوصا في أيام القمر وهو بدر، حيث كان الشباب يسبحون في الأنهر في فصل الصيف.

من أهم القصور التي كانت موجودة في البراضعية هي:

قصر أغا جعفر
ويقع في قريه السراجي التابعة لقضاء أبو الخصيب في جنوب البراضعية. يسمى أيضا قصر أبو السباع حيث يوجد تمثالين لأسدين أمام القصر يقودان إلى درج ينحدر إلى النهر.
أغا جعفر هو جعفر عبد النبي حيث كان معتمد الشيخ خزعل أمير المحمرة في البصرة وكان أيضا مالكا لأسطول نقل النفط من عبدان إلى موانى العالم، ويقع على ضفاف شط العرب وبجانبه نهر السراجي، بني في عام 1902 حيث كانت فكرة اغا جعفر أن يحول الأرض التي اختيرت لبنائه إلى قصر للفن والتراث والجمال فكلف المهندس المعماري الهندي أصلان برسم وتخطيط هندسته ليجمع بين العمارة العربية والهندية والعثمانية والفارسية على أرض تربو مساحتها على أكثر من عشرين ألف متر ليبدأ تنفيذ التصميم على يد المعماري الشهير محمد العزاوي الذي احتاج إلى 700 ألف طابوقة من النوع المعروف بالسميكي العريض والبابلي الطويل وعدة آلاف من قطع المرمر والسيراميك لأنشاء الأسس والحيطان.

وبعد ذلك أدركت السلطنة العثمانية مكانة مؤسس القصر جعفر وهو من قبيلة بني علي من منطقة قبان فمنحه السلطان العثماني عبد الحميد لقب آغا جعفر. استملكته الدولة في السبعينات من القرن العشرين وصار جزءًا من منتزه السراجي وأحيطت به البحيرات ثم أصبح بعد ذلك جزءًا من القصور الرئاسية في التسعينات وألتي أصبحت في عام 2003 مركز قيادة القوات البريطانية.

قصر عبد الوهاب الخضيري
سمي هذا القصر باسم صاحبه التاجر عبد الوهاب الخضيري والد الدكتور طلعت الخضيري وهو أحد أعضاء مجلس إدارة غرفة تجارة البصرة حيث تم انتخابه من 1938 ولغاية 1940، وكان أيضا رئيس غرفة زراعة البصرة وأخيه هاشم كان في نفس المدة رئيس غرفة تجارة ألبصرة، تم بناء هذا القصر سنة 1932 وهو من أجمل قصور البصرة واسع ذو طابقين تحيط الطابق الثاني شرفة على جهاته الثلاثة، ويقع القصر في البراضعية وعلى ضفاف شط العرب، وتحيطه عده حدائق وبستان مساحتها مايقارب الخمسة دوانم، وأزيل من قبل الدولة سنة 1952 لعمل كورنيش البراضعية.

مصادر

براضعية

البراضعية (البصرة)