Malix, de son vrai nom Upit Mwantend Nathan, né à Lubumbashi en mai 1992 dans le Haut-Katanga est un chanteur, rappeur et auteur-compositeur-interprète congolais (RDC).

Biographie
Étudiant en médecine à l'université de Lubumbashi, tout jeune il se lance dans la musique. Il choisit Malix comme nom de scène, ce qui est d'après son explication, inspiré par le mélange du nom de Malcolm X qu'il a toujours considéré comme source d'inspiration à la suite de son combat et Malik qui est un nom d'origine arabe voulant dire : Roi. Polyglotte, il chante dans plusieurs langues, telles que : le Swahili, Luba-kasaï et le français.

Parcours
Passionné de la musique, Malix commence son parcours en tant que chantre au sein d'une chorale d'une église de sa localité. Quelques années après, en 2011, il se dévoile au grand public grâce à son tout premier single intitulé « Où va le monde ». L'année suivante, il lance une mixtape intitulée « Je représente » contenant 5 morceaux. Cette dernière lui offre enfin l'opportunité de livrer quelques concerts dans différentes communes de sa ville.

Il joue également dans plusieurs autres festivals et concours, tels que : Festival Mwenda de la Rumba, Festival Amani, Festival Nzenze. Il est présent au concours « Castle live opera » ainsi que dans plusieurs autres productions à l'institut français de Lubumbashi qui le soutient.

En 2021, il est en résidence artistique à l'institut français de Lubumbashi, événement ayant pour but de travailler sur un mélange de deux styles musicaux différents dont le karindula (un style musical traditionnel de l'espace Katanga) et le rap. Une façon pour lui en tant qu'artiste de cette région de créer un nouveau style musical qui peut moderniser leur musique traditionnelle, qui selon lui tend à disparaître.

Discographie

Albums

Singles
2022 : Family first
2022 : Money power respect
2022 : Kaji (feat Jiyen)
2022 : Move precise
2022 : N'importe quoi
2022 : Bwema
2021 : Cash app
2021 : Six foot oriental
2021 : It's you
2020 : Ndjo vile
2018 : Minatcha mpombé
2018 : The way
2018 : Pascalina
2018 : Tutakufwaka

Références

Liens externes

Chanteur congolais (RDC) du XXIe siècle
Rappeur
Naissance à Lubumbashi
Naissance en mai 1992

Malix (chanteur)


Trireme Partners LLP was a US limited partnership venture capital company that invested in technology, goods, and services related to Homeland Security. The name "Trireme" was taken from a Greek warship designed with three banks of rowers.

Established by Richard Perle, Gerald Hillman and Christopher Harriman, Trireme Partners was a Delaware entity registered in November 2001. One of the firm's major investors was Boeing, which invested US$20 million.

Perle became the subject of controversy in 2003 following a New Yorker article that alleged that Perle had offered to influence American foreign policy in Saudi Arabia in exchange for investment in Trireme.

Trireme Partners completed its business and dissolved in 2005.

History and investors
Perle set up Trireme Partners in 2001.  Trireme Partners first sought an investment from Boeing in February 2002. Boeing committed to invest $20 million two months later. The company received a $2.5 million investment from Hollinger International Inc. in 2003 which was reportedly never reported to the audit committee.

Criticism
In March 2003, Perle became embroiled in controversy after The New Yorker published an article by Seymour Hersh describing a meeting between Perle, the arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi, and Saudi businessman Harb Zuhair, in which Perle allegedly offered to influence American foreign policy in Saudi Arabia in exchange for investment in Trireme. The U.S. Department of Defense Inspector General investigated the conflict of interest and determined that Perle did not violate the conflict of interest provision because he was only working eight days per annum at the Defense Department at the time, which was less than the 60 days of service requirement.

References

Further reading
"Consulting and Policy Overlap", Ken Silverstein and Chuck Neubauer, Los Angeles Times, May 7, 2003

Financial services companies established in 2001
Financial services companies disestablished in 2005
Venture capital firms of the United States

Trireme Partners


Damas Gratis est un groupe de cumbia villera argentin, originaire de San Fernando (ville du nord du Grand Buenos Aires). Il est formé par le claviériste, compositeur et chanteur Pablo Lescano. Leurs influences musicales proviennent principalement du groupe péruvien Los Mirlos dans leur utilisation de la guitare électrique et de la cumbia sonidera mexicaine dans leurs effets électroniques.

Biographie

Origines et débuts
Pablo Lescano forme Flor de Piedra en 1999. L'année suivante, en 2000, il est victime d'un accident de moto qui le rend incapable de marcher pendant plusieurs mois. Alité, il commence à créer ce qui s'appellera plus tard Damas Gratis (« Gratuit pour les dames »). Le nom fait référence aux affiches de billetteries :  (« $10 pour les hommes / gratuit pour les dames »). Pablo commence à chercher un chanteur pour son groupe de cumbia, mais après un certain temps, il décide d'endosser ce rôle. Il enregistre sa première chanson intitulée  et plus tard dans la même année il compose le reste des chansons, faisant un total de 12 chansons pour la démo qui deviendrait plus tard le premier album, , remasterisé en 2001.

Le chanteur participe à des films tels que  (2002) et  (2009), un film du groupe de rock Kapanga.

Succès et polémiques
Le style musical et le rythme des Damas Gratis continuent à progresser jusqu'à transcender les limites de la musique tropicale, comme en témoignent divers articles publiés dans les principaux journaux argentins tels que , , , le  et des magazines tels que  et  qui ont également traité de ce phénomène qui a révolutionné la scène musicale tropicale et a suscité en même temps un riche débat sur les chaînes de télévision à propos de la culture des «  » (bidonvilles). À un certain moment, Damas Gratis et la plupart des groupes de cumbia villera ont été remis en question et, dans une certaine mesure, interdits en raison des thèmes forts de leurs paroles.

Depuis 2010
En , Damas Gratis et l'auteur-compositeur-interprète argentino-américain Kevin Johansen participent au festival Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo, où ils interprètent une reprise de . Cette initiative est accueillie par des critiques et des polémiques, mais a également reçu le soutien de certains secteurs.

En , Damas Gratis reçoit le prix Carlos Gardel du « meilleur album de groupe tropical » pour l'album . Il convient de noter que la chanson la plus réussie de cet album est , une chanson également composée par Rodolfo Garavagno et Koli Arce, qui a été interprétée en duo par Pablo Lescano et le chanteur international Vicentico. Avec cet album et des chansons de cette ampleur (paroles d'amour), Damas Gratis devient, à partir de ce moment-là, le groupe le plus populaire de la musique tropicale argentine. Le 7 décembre, ils donnent leur cinquième concert au stade Luna Park à guichets fermés, où ils fêtent leurs années d'activité avec des musiciens invités et leur public. En 2018, leur popularité revient lorsqu'ils se produisent au festival Lollapalooza Argentina où le genre cumbia est présenté à ce festival pour la première fois, ce qui fait l'une des meilleures performances du groupe. Lors de ce festival, il se fait remarquer grâce à la reprise de  avec Viru Kumbierón qui sera l'une des chansons les plus écoutées en 2018 en Argentine et sera entendue dans plusieurs pays d'Amérique latine. Puis avec la reprise de  avec le même artiste de la chanson précédente, il reconsolide sa popularité auprès du public.

Discographie
 2000 :  (DBN)
 2001 :
 2002 :
 2002 :
 2004 :
 2004 :
 2005 :
 2006 :
 2008 :  (Pelo Music)
 2009 :  (concert au Luna Park)
 2011 :  (EMI Group)
 2016 :  (Pelo Music)
 2018 :
 2019 :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe musical argentin
Groupe musical des années 2000
Groupe de cumbia
Groupe musical formé en 2000

Damas Gratis


Prekognisyon meydana gelecek olayların önceden paranormal olarak algılanması fenomenine Parapsikoloji'de verilen addır.

Prekognisyon ile premonisyon arasındaki fark, prekognisyonun özel bir olay hakkında açık bir bilgi içermesine karşılık, premonisyonda meydana gelecek olayla ilgili yalnızca belli belirsiz bir hissetmenin söz konusu olmasıdır. Parapsikologlar geleceği bilme fenomeninin gerçek olduğunu, bu fenomenin gerçekliğinin sayısız vakalarla ortaya konmuş olduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte ve bu fenomeni laboratuvar koşullarında deneysel olarak inceleyip sonuçları sınıflandırmakla birlikte, fenomenin nasıl oluştuğu ve nedeni konusuna bir açıklama getirememektedirler. Prekognisyon fenomeni, büyük çoğunluğu geleceğin önceden düzenlenmiş olamayacağını savunan Parapsikologlar arasında geleceğin önceden düzenlenip düzenlenmemiş olması konusunda bir görüş ayrılığına neden olmuştur. Bu konu, Fatalizm'e karşı çıkan Neo-spiritüalist görüşte, geleceğin geçmişte yapılan iradi hareketlerin sonuçları olarak nedensellik kuralınca kısmen belirlenmiş ve insanın iradi hareketleriyle mukadderatını her an belirlemekte olduğu düşüncesiyle açıklanmaktadır.

Parapsikolojik araştırmalara göre, prekognisyon medyumluğunun kapsamındaki fenomenlerin oluşum biçimleri içinde, % 60'ını haberci rüyalar, % 40'ını ise uyanıkken kendiliğinden görülen vizyonlar, işitsel halüsinasyonlar, aniden zihinde çakan düşünceler, trans sırasında alınan duyumlar veya bilme duygusu biçiminde ortaya çıkan medyumluk oluşturmaktadır.

Parapsikolojik istatistikler prekognitif duyumların büyük kısmının genellikle ilk 48 saat içinde olacak olaylara ilişkin olduğunu göstermektedir. Aylar veya yıllar sonra olacak olaylara ilişkin prekognisyonların sayısı çok azdır. Yine Parapsikolojik istatistiklere göre, prekognisyon fenomenlerinin % 80'lik kısmında, fenomene konu olan kişiler ile prekognitif duyumu alan kişi arasında duygusal bir bağ (eş, aile bireyi, dost vs.) olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bağın mevcut olmadığı % 20'lik kısım ise genellikle büyük, önemli felaketlere (uçak düşmesi, deprem, önemli birine suikast girişimi vs.) ilişkin duyumlardır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Premonisyon
 Felaket belirtisi
 Postkognisyon

Kaynakça
 Encyclopedia of Mystical& Paranormal Experience, Rosemary Ellen Guiley
 Metapsişik Terimler Sözlüğü, Ergün Arıkdal

Parapsikoloji
Paranormal terminolojisi

Prekognisyon


O Almirante Latorre foi um couraçado operado pela Armada do Chile e a primeira embarcação da Classe Almirante Latorre, seguido pelo Almirante Cochrane. Sua construção começou em novembro de 1911 nos estaleiros britânicos da Armstrong Whitworth e foi lançado ao mar em novembro de 1913. Foi comprado ainda incompleto pela Marinha Real Britânica em setembro de 1914 e renomeado HMS Canada, sendo comissionado em outubro do ano seguinte. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por dez canhões de 356 milímetros, tinha um deslocamento carregado de mais de 32 mil toneladas e alcançava uma velocidade máxima de 22 nós (41 quilômetros por hora).

O Canada entrou em serviço no meio da Primeira Guerra Mundial e passou a maior parte do conflito realizando treinamentos e patrulhas junto com a Grande Frota, participando em 1919 da Batalha da Jutlândia. Foi descomissionado em março de 1919 após o fim do conflito e comprado no ano seguinte de volta pelo Chile, sendo renomeado para seu nome original Almirante Latorre. Pelas décadas seguintes serviu sem grandes incidentes, com exceção de um motim fracassado em 1931. Foi tirado de serviço ativo durante a Grande Depressão e depois patrulhou o litoral chileno durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ele foi descomissionado em outubro de 1958 e desmontado no ano seguinte.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe Almirante Latorre
Navios de 1913
Navios construídos na Inglaterra
Navios construídos pela Armstrong Whitworth
Couraçados da Marinha Real Britânica
Couraçados do Reino Unido na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Couraçados da Armada do Chile

Almirante Latorre (couraçado)


جران سيتي بوب  هو الألبوم التاسع للمغنية المكسيكية باولينا روبيو وصدر في الثالث والعشرين من حزيران من العام 2009. الأغنية الأولى منه هي Causa Y Efecto, كتبها الفنان المكسيكي ماريو دوم. يأتي هذا الألبوم بعد ألبوم «أناندا» الصادر عام 2006. يحتوي الألبوم على 11 أغنية جديدة باللغة الإسبانية، تعاملت باولينا من خلالها مع عدد من الشعراء والملحنين، ومن الجدير بالذكر أن باولينا قد ساهمت بشكل كبير وخاص في إعداد هذا الألبوم حيث شاركت بكتابة أغلب أغاني الألبوم.

يذكر أن باولينا بدأت العمل على الألبوم منذ عام 2007 في الإستوديو الخاص بها في منزلها في ميامي، وتقول أن التسمية «غران سيتي بوب» وتعني مدينة البوب العظيمة تعود إلى مدينة ضخمة وخيالية جمعتها باولينا في رؤية واحدة، وأنها قد عاشت في مدن كثيرة في العالم خلال السنوات السابقة وأن كل مدينة كانت لها تجربتها الخاصة وأنها تريد أن تشارك الجميع هذه التجارب من خلال عشرة أغنيات في ألبومها الجديد. كما أن باولينا تعاملت مع كل من استفانو وكوتي وغيرهم لإنتاج هذا الألبوم.

و لم يمض أسبوع واحد على إصدار ألبومها الجديد «جران سيتي بوب» حتى باع الألبوم ما يزيد عن 300.000 نسخة، 100.000 في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية و 200.000 في أميركا اللاتينية. وعليه تم تكريم باولينا روبيو وألبومها الجديد بمنحه شهادة الألبوم البلاتيني في ميامي.

مراجع

ألبومات 2009
ألبومات باللغة الإسبانية
ألبومات باولينا روبيو
ألبومات مفاهيمية

غران سيتي بوب


بروس متزجر (باللاتينية Bruce Metzger) (9 فبراير 1914 ، مدلتاون ، بنسلفانيا -- 13 فبراير 2007، برنستون، نيوجيرسي) أستاذ فخري في مدرسة برنستون اللاهوتية ومحرر للكتاب المقدس في هيئة جمعية الكتاب المقدس الأمريكية. وكان من علماء اللغة اليونانية والعهد الجديد والعهد القديم، وكتب عن هذه المواضيع بغزارة، وغالبا ما يستخدم النقد الأعلى الذي يحاول تفسير أصل الكتاب المقدس التاريخي والأدبي. أشرف على مراجعة ترجمة النسخة المعيارية المحسنة (RSV) لينتج -بالإضافة إلى مجموعة من العلماء- ما يعرف باسم النسخة المعيارية المحسنة الجديدة.

درس العديد من علماء المسيحية، والكتاب المقدس المشهورين خلال سنيه الست والأربعين في المجال الأكاديمي، ومنهم على سبيل المثال: بارت إيرمان.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس مدرسة برينستون اللاهوتية
خريجو مدرسة برينستون اللاهوتية
رجال دين أمريكيون في القرن 20
زملاء مراسلون في الأكاديمية البريطانية
علماء الكتاب المقدس أمريكيون
علماء مسيحيون
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 20
مترجمو القرن 20
مترجمو الكتاب المقدس إلى الإنجليزية
مسيحيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1914
نقد نصي
وفيات 2007
وفيات في برينستون (نيو جيرسي)

بروس متزجر


Nasilje u Jerichu, američki vestern iz 1967. godine, poznat kao jedini film u kojem je Dean Martin glumio negativca.

Sažetak
Milka (Jean Simmons) je udovica. Poduzetnica je i s partnerima se suprotstavlja mjesnom moćniku Alexu Floodu (Dean Martin). Flood ne preže ni pred čim kako bi zavladao gradom i oteo joj posao. Međutim, planove mu pomrse mladi naočiti Dolan (George Peppard) i njegov partner, bivši šerif Ben Hickman (John McIntire).

Vanjske poveznice

Nasilje u Jerichu na RottenTomatoesu
Nasilje u Jerichu na TCM Movie Databaseu

Američki filmovi
Filmovi 1960-ih
Vesterni

Nasilje u Jerichu (1967.)


An Epidendrum edwardsii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Epidendrum edwardsii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Honduras. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum edwardsii


Hlib Boris Sviatoslav Lonchyna MSU (ukrainisch: Гліб Лончи́на, polnisch: Hlib Łonczyna; * 23. Februar 1954 in Steubenville, USA) ist ein ukrainisch-katholischer Geistlicher und emeritierter Bischof von Holy Family of London.

Leben
Hlib Lonchyna studierte an der Päpstlichen Universität Urbaniana in Rom und erreichte 1979 seinen Abschluss in Biblischer Theologie. 1975 war er im Kloster Heiliger Theodor Studites (Grottaferrata, Italien) dem Studitenorden beigetreten. Am 19. Dezember 1976 hatte er sein Ordensgelübde abgelegt. Seine Priesterweihe wurde ihm am 3. Juli 1977 vom Großerzbischof Jossyf Slipyj gespendet. Danach war er als Pfarrer in Passaic (USA) tätig. 1994 wurde er zum Spiritual am Priesterseminar in Lemberg berufen, gleichzeitig lehrte er an der Ukrainischen Katholischen Universität und war Mitglied der Apostolischen Nuntiatur in Kiew. Er absolvierte 2001 eine Zusatzausbildung am Päpstlichen Orientalischen Institut mit dem Studium der "Östlichen liturgischen Theologie".

Erzeparchie Lemberg
Mit der Berufung zum Titularbischof von Bareta am 11. Januar 2002 erfolgte gleichzeitig die Ernennung zum Weihbischof in Lemberg. Kardinal Ljubomyr Husar und die Mitkonsekratoren Erzbischof Stephen Soroka und Bischof Julian Woronowskyj MSU weihten ihn am 27. Februar 2002 zum Bischof. Als Weihbischof übernahm er am 14. Januar 2003 die Aufgabe des Apostolischen Visitators für die Ukrainischen griechischen Katholiken in Italien, gleichzeitig war er für das Großerzbistum Kiew-Halytsch Prokurator in Rom. Am 4. März 2004 wurde ihm auch das Amt des Apostolischen Visitators für Spanien und Irland übertragen.

Großerzbistum Kiew-Halytsch
Am 6. Dezember 2004 wurde er zum Weihbischof in das Großerzbistum Kiew-Halytsch berufen. Seit dem 25. März 2006 war er hauptamtlich für die Aufsicht aller Ordensgemeinschaften in der Ukraine zuständig. Im Nebenamt war er weiterhin Apostolischer Visitator in Italien, Spanien und Irland. Von den Aufgaben in Italien und Spanien wurde er am 7. Januar 2009 entbunden.

Apostolisches Exarchat Großbritannien/Eparchie Holy Family of London
Am 2. Juni 2009 übernahm er als Apostolischer Administrator die Verantwortung für das Exarchat Großbritannien. Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 14. Juni 2011 zum Apostolischen Exarch von Großbritannien, die Amtseinführung wurde am 2. August 2011 zelebriert. Er war bisher Mitkonsekrator bei Wassyl Semenjuk zum Titularbischof von Castra Severiana (Weihbischof in Ternopil-Sboriw) und Dimitrios Salachas zum Titularbischof von Carcabia (Apostolischer Exarch von Griechenland). Mit der Erhebung zur Eparchie am 18. Januar 2013 wurde er zum Bischof der Eparchie Holy Family of London ernannt.

Am 18. Februar 2019 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zusätzlich für die Zeit der Sedisvakanz zum Apostolischen Administrator der Eparchie Saint Vladimir le Grand de Paris.

Am 1. September 2019 nahm Papst Franziskus seinen Rücktritt vom Amt des Bischofs von London und des Apostolischen Visitators für die ukrainisch-katholischen Gläubigen in Irland an.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Weihbischöfen in Lemberg

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Studit
Titularbischof
Ukrainisch griechisch-katholischer Bischof
Bischof (London)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1954
Mann

Hlib Lonchyna


Oglinda alară sau oglinda aripii (Speculum) este o pată caracteristică de culoare vie cu reflexe metalice irizate pe partea superioară a aripii, mai ales la rațele de suprafață (Anatinae), formată de remigele secundare, care are o culoare diferită de restul penajului și este identică sau aproape identică la cele două sexe. Culoarea acestei oglinzi (adesea mărginită cu dungi întunecate sau luminoase) variază de la o specie la alta și folosește la determinarea speciilor. Ea joacă un rol în comunicațiile între păsările din aceași specie sau din specii diferite.

Rața mare (Anas platyrhynchos) are o oglinda mare, vânăt-violetă lucioasă, mărginită sus și jos de o dungă neagră, iar lângă aceasta se află una albă de-a curmezișul. La rață pestriță (Anas strepera) oglinda în mijloc este albă, în față și sus tivită cu negru. Masculul raței lingurar (Anas clypeata) are o oglinda verde, încadrată anterior și posterior cu alb; iar la femelă este mai puțin vie, sur-verzuie. La masculul raței cârâitoare (Anas querquedula) oglinda este sur-verzuie, tivită cu alb, la femelă oglinda este verde suriu palid. Oglinda masculului raței mici (Anas crecca) este verde metalic, sclipitoare, anterior de un negru catifelat, în partea de jos îngust albă, deasupra lat albă și încadrată cu ruginiu, iar femela are o oglindă mai mare, mai vie.

Referințe

Legături externe

  Les miroirs alaires high tech des canards de surface

 Pene

Oglindă alară


An Masdevallia mezae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Masdevallia mezae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia mezae


Marcus Didius Salvius Julianus Severus (d. 30 Ocak 133 ya da 2 Şubat 137 – ö. 1 Haziran 193). Roma İmparatoru. (28 Mart 193-1 Haziran 193 tarihleri arası)

Öldürttüğü selefi Pertinax'tan sonra, tahtı Praetorian muhafızlarından satın alarak İmparator oldu. Bu, 193–197 yılları arası süren Roma İç Savaşı'nın sebebi oldu. Julianus, halefi Septimius Severus tarafından görevinden alınarak ölüme mahkûm edildi.

Julianus Quintus Petronius Didius Severus ve Aemilia Clara'nın oğlu olarak doğdu. Babası Milano'nun önde gelen ailelerinden birinden, annesi ise Roma soyundan Afrikalı bir kadındı. Clara Konsül mevkiinden bir ailedendi. Kardeşlerinin adları  Didius Proculus ve Didius Nummius Albinus'tur. Doğum tarihi Cassius Dio tarafından 30 Ocak 133 olarak verilirken, Historia Augusta'ta da 2 Şubat 137'dir. Didius Julianus Roma İmparatoru Marcus Aurelius'un annesi Domitia Lucilla tarafından yetiştirildi. Evlendiği Manlia Scantilla isimli Romalı kadından 153 yılında tek çocuğu ve kızı Didia Clara doğdu.

175'te Konsül olmuştur. Selefi Pertinax'ın katlinden sonra tahtı, Praetorian Muhafızlarından açık artırma ile satıldı. Didius Julianus, öldürülen selefi Pertinax'ın eşinin şehir valisi babası Titus Flavius Sulpicianus'un 20.000 sestertius'luk teklifini her asker için 25.000 sestertius'a çıkararak geçti. Ordu tarafından tehdit edilen Roma Senatosu, onu İmparator ilan etti. Eşi ve kızına Augusta unvanı verildi.

Mezat fazlasıyla beğenilmemişti ve İmparatorluğun değişik yerlerinde üç general, (Pescennius Niger Suriye'de, Clodius Albinus Büyük Britanya'da ve Septimius Severus Pannonia'da) isyan başlattı. Gittikçe umutsuz bir hal alan askeri durum yüzünden Julianus, Senato'dan Septimius Severus'un ortak imparator olmasını istedi. Ancak Severus Roma önlerindeydi ve gücü paylaşmaya ihtiyacı yoktu. Roma'ya girdi ve Julianus (1 Haziran 193)'de görevden alındı. Senato'da kabul edilen bir önerge ile Julianus ölüme mahkûm edildi ve (önerge) Pertinax'ın kutsal onuruna hediye edildi. Severus Julianus'un boynunu vurdurdu. Praetorian muhafızlarını lağvetti ve Petinax'ı öldüren askerleri de idam ettirdi. Cassius Dio'ya göre, Julianus'un son sözleri; "Ama ne kötülük yaptım? Kimi öldürdüm?" oldu. Naaşı eşi ve kızına teslim edildi ve Via Labicana'da  beşinci mil taşı yanında büyük dedesinin mezarında yakıldı.

Dış bağlantılar

 Didius Julianus Sikkeleri , İngilizce
  Biyografisi , İngilizce
 Diğer Biyografisi, İngilizce
  Bir diğer Biyografisi , İngilizce

133 doğumlular
137 doğumlular
193 yılında ölenler
2. yüzyıl Roma imparatorları
Antik Romalı Germania Inferior valileri
2. yüzyılda suçlar
İdam edilen Roma imparatorları

Didius Julianus


Half-caste is a term used for individuals of multiracial descent. It is derived from the term caste, which comes from the Latin castus, meaning pure, and the derivative Portuguese and Spanish word casta, meaning race. Terms such as half-caste, caste, quarter-caste and mix-breed were used by colonial officials in the British Empire during their classification of indigenous populations, and in Australia used during the Australian government's pursuit of a policy of assimilation. In Latin America, the equivalent term for half-castes was Cholo and Zambo. The term is now considered offensive

Use by region

Australia

In Australia, the term "half-caste", along with any other proportional representation of Aboriginality (such as "part-aborigine", "full-blood", "quarter-caste", "octoroon", "mulatto", or "hybrid") is generally used as a harmless descriptor but may be seen as highly offensive to some Aboriginal peoples of Australia partly for historical reasons, as it is associated with assimilationist policies of the past. Such terms were widely used in the 19th- and early-20th-century Australian laws to refer to the offspring of European and Aboriginal parents. For example, the Aborigines Protection Act 1886 mentioned half-castes habitually associating with or living with an "Aborigine" (another term no longer favoured), while the Aborigines Amendments between 1934 and 1937 refer to it in various terms, including as a person with less than quadroon blood.

The term was not merely a term of legal convenience; it became a term of common cultural discourse. Christian missionary John Harper, investigating the possibility of establishing of a Christian mission at Batemans Bay, New South Wales, wrote that half-castes and anyone with any Aboriginal connections were considered "degraded as to divine things, almost on a level with a brute, in a state of moral unfitness for heaven".

The term "Half-Caste Act" was given to Acts of Parliament passed in Victoria and Western Australia allowing the seizure of half-caste children and forcible removal from their parents. This was theoretically to provide them with better homes than those afforded by typical Aboriginal people, where they could grow up to work as domestic servants and for social engineering. The removed children are now known as the Stolen Generations. Other Australian Parliament acts on half-castes and Aboriginal people enacted between 1909 and 1943 were often called "Welfare Acts", but they deprived these people of basic civil, political, and economic rights, and made it illegal to enter public places such as pubs and government institutions, marry, or meet relatives.

British Central Africa

In British Central Africa, now part of modern-day Malawi and Zimbabwe, people of multiracial descent were referred to as half-castes. These unions were considered socially improper, with mixed couples being segregated and shunned by society at large, and colonial courts passing legislation against mixed marriages.

Burma

In Burma, a half-caste (or Kabya) was anyone with mixed ethnicity from Burmese and British, or Burmese and Indian. During the period of colonial rule, half-caste people were ostracised and criticised in Burmese literary and political media.  For example, a local publication in 1938 published the following:

Similarly, Pu Gale in 1939 wrote Kabya Pyatthana (literally: The Half-Caste Problem), censured Burmese women for enabling half-caste phenomenon, with the claim, "a Burmese woman's degenerative intercourse with an Indian threatened a spiraling destruction of Burmese society." Such criticism was not limited to a few isolated instances, or just against Burmese girls (thet khit thami), Indians and British husbands. Starting in early 1930s through 1950s, there was an explosion of publications, newspaper articles and cartoons with such social censorship. Included in the criticism were Chinese-Burmese half-castes.

Prior to the explosion in censorship of half-castes in early-20th-century Burma, Thant claims inter-cultural couples such as Burmese-Indian marriages were encouraged by the local population. The situation began to change as colonial developments, allocation of land, rice mills and socio-economic privileges were given to European colonial officials and to Indians who migrated to Burma thanks to economic incentives passed by the Raj. In the late 19th century, the colonial administration viewed intermarriage as a socio-cultural problem. The colonial administration issued circulars prohibiting European officials from conjugal liaisons with Burmese women. In Burma, as in other colonies in Southeast Asia, intimate relations between native women and European men, and the half-caste progeny of such unions were considered harmful to the white minority rule founded upon carefully maintained racial hierarchies.

China
While the term half-caste tends to evoke the understanding of it referring to the offspring of two persons of two different pure bloods or near pure bloods, in other languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, the words half-caste and mixed ethnicity or multi-ethnic are the same word, hun-xue (混血).

Fiji

Fijian people of mixed descent were called half-caste, kailoma or vasu. European and Indian immigrants started migrating to Fiji and intermarrying during the period of colonial rule. The colonial government viewed this as a "race problem", as it created a privileged underclass of semi-Europeans who lived on the social fringes in the colonial ordering of Fiji. This legacy continues to affect the ethnic and racial discourse in Fiji.

Kailomas or vasus were children born to a Fijian native and European or indentured laborers brought in by the colonial government to work on sugarcane plantations over a century ago. Over the generations, these half-caste people experienced social shunning and poor treatment from the colonial government, which became determined in herding citizens into separate, tidy, racial boxes, which led to the separation of Fijian mixed-bloods from their natural families.

Malaysia
Half-caste in Malaysia referred to Eurasians and other people of mixed descents. They were also commonly referred to as hybrids, and in certain sociological literature the term hybridity is common.

With Malaysia experiencing a wave of immigrations from China, the Middle East, India, and southeast Asia, and a wave of different colonial powers (Portuguese, Dutch, English), many other terms have been used for half-castes. Some of these include cap-ceng, half-breed, mesticos. These terms are considered pejorative.

Half-castes of Malaya and other European colonies in Asia have been part of non-fiction and fictional works. Brigitte Glaser notes that the half-caste characters in literary works of the 18th through 20th century were predominantly structured with prejudice, as degenerate, low, inferior, deviant or barbaric. Ashcroft in his review considers the literary work structure as consistent with morals and values of colonial era where the European colonial powers considered people from different ethnic groups as unequal by birth in their abilities, character and potential, where laws were enacted that made sexual relations and marriage between ethnic groups as illegal.

New Zealand
The term half-caste to classify people based on their birth and ancestry became popular in New Zealand from the early 19th century. Terms such as Anglo-New Zealander suggested by John Polack in 1838, Utu Pihikete and Huipaiana were alternatively but less used.

South Africa

Sociological literature on South Africa, including the pre-colonial, colonial and apartheid eras, refers to half-caste as anyone born from admixing of White and people of color. An alternate, less common term, for half-caste was Mestizzo (conceptually similar to Mestizo in Latin American colonies).

Griqua (Afrikaans: Griekwa) is another term for half-caste people from intermixing in South Africa and Namibia.

People of mixed descent, the half-caste, were considered inferior and slaves by birth in the 19th-century hierarchically arranged, closed colonial social stratification system of South Africa. This was the case even if the father or mother of half-caste person was a European.

Also, during the apartheid eras, Indians were treated as the upper middle class that was virtually superior to half-caste Coloureds.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the term when used primarily applies to those of mixed Black and White parentage, although can extend to those of differing heritages as well.

Sociologist Peter J. Aspinall argues that the term was coined by 19th-century British colonial administrations, and eventually started to be used as a descriptor of multiracial Britons in the 20th century who had partial white ancestry. From the 1920s to 1960s, Aspinall argues it was "used in Britain as a derogatory racial category associated with the moral condemnation of 'miscegenation'".

The National Union of Journalists has stated that the term half-caste is considered offensive today. The union's guidelines for race reporting instructs journalists to 'avoid words that, although common in the past, are now considered offensive'. NHS Editorial guidance states documents should 'Avoid offensive and stereotyping words such as coloured, half-caste and so forth'.

Half-caste in other colonial empires

The term half-caste was common in British colonies, however it was not exclusive to the British Empire. Other colonial empires such as Spain devised terms for mixed-race children. The Spanish colonies devised a complex system of castas, consisting of mulattos, mestizos, and many other descriptors. French colonies used terms such as Métis, while the Portuguese used the term mestiço. French colonies in the Caribbean referred to half-caste people as Chabine (female) and Chabin (male). Before the American Civil War, the term mestee was commonly applied in the United States to certain people of mixed descent.

Other terms in use in colonial era for half-castes included - creole, casco, cafuso, caburet, cattalo, citrange, griffe, half blood, half-bred, half-breed, high yellow, hinny, hybrid, ladino, liger, mamaluco, mixblood, mixed-blood, mongrel, mule, mustee, octoroon, plumcot, quadroon, quintroon, sambo, tangelo, xibaro. The difference between these terms of various European colonies usually was the race, ethnicity or caste of the father and the mother.

Ann Laura Stoler has published a series of reviews of half-caste people and ethnic intermixing during the colonial era of human history. She states that colonial control was predicated on identifying who was white and who was native, which children could become citizens of the empire while who remained the subjects of the empire, who had hereditary rights of a progeny and who did not. This was debated by colonial administrators, then triggered regulations by the authorities. At the start of colonial empires, mostly males from Europe and then males of indentured laborers from India, China and southeast Asia went on these distant trips; in these early times, intermixing was accepted, approved and encouraged. Over time, differences were emphasised, and the colonial authorities proceeded to restrict, then disapprove and finally forbid sexual relationships between groups of people to maintain so-called purity of blood and limit inheritable rights.

See also

General concepts
Race (human classification)
Caste
Miscegenation
Euphemism treadmill

Historical applications of the mixed-caste concept
Between white/European and black/African:
Mulatto
Quadroon
Octoroon

Between white/European and Native American / American Indian:
Mestee
Métis, a people descended from fur traders (Scottish and French-Canadian) and their native wives
Mestizo, a word common in Latin America, particularly Mexico

Between white and Asian:
Kutcha butcha
Anglo-Indian
Luso-Indian
Burgher people, Sri Lankan people of partly European ancestry
Eurasian (mixed ancestry)
Indo people (similar group in the Dutch East Indies)

Other:
Mischling (formerly used German expression for a person of mixed ancestry. In Nazi Germany term for persons defined under the Nuremberg Laws as being non-Jewish but as having a significant amount of Jewish ancestry/"blood". Since then regarded as pejorative.)

In literature:
Half Caste (poem)
Half-elf (also "halfling" under some uses of the term), a human–elf hybrid featured in many works of fantasy literature and, as a character class and/or a description of a non-playing character, in many role-playing games derived from or inspired by the fantasy genre

References

Caste
Ethnic and religious slurs
Multiracial affairs

Half-caste


A lie-to-children is a simplified, but at least somewhat false, explanation of technical or complex subjects told to a layperson as a potential stepping stone to grasping a higher-complexity understanding. The technique has been incorporated by academics within the fields of biology, evolution, bioinformatics and the social sciences. A lie-to-children is similar to Wittgenstein's ladder in that they share a fundamental falsehood that will be rendered apparent with further learning, which the falsehood renders easier to comprehend.

Origin and Development

The "lie-to-children" concept was first discussed by scientist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart in the 1994 book The Collapse of Chaos: Discovering Simplicity in a Complex World as myths—a means of ensuring that accumulated cultural lore is passed on to future generations in a way that was sufficient but not completely true.

They further elaborated upon their views in their coauthored 1997 book Figments of Reality: The Evolution of the Curious Mind. Stewart and Cohen wrote in Figments of Reality (1997) that the lie-to-children concept reflected the difficulty inherent in reducing complex concepts during the education process. Stewart and Cohen noted reality itself was viewed within the prism of human perspective: "Any description suitable for human minds to grasp must be some type of lie-to-children—real reality is always much too complicated for our limited minds."

The concept gained greater exposure when they collaborated with popular author Terry Pratchett, discussing "lies-to-children" in the book The Science of Discworld (1999). The definition given in The Science of Discworld (1999) is as follows: "A lie-to-children is a statement that is false, but which nevertheless leads the child's mind towards a more accurate explanation, one that the child will only be able to appreciate if it has been primed with the lie". The authors acknowledge that some people might dispute the applicability of the term lie, while defending it on the grounds that "it is for the best possible reasons, but it is still a lie". This viewpoint is derived from earlier perspectives within the field of philosophy of science. In a 1999 interview, Pratchett cautioned: "Most of us need just 'enough' knowledge of the sciences, and it's delivered to us in metaphors and analogies that bite us in the bum if we think they're the same as the truth."

Cohen and Stewart further elaborated upon the lie-to-children trope in a 2002 book they coauthored on exobiology, Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life. Within the work, the authors were critical of use of lie-to-children as an educational methodology which had an unfortunate side-effect of reducing complex science concepts to overly simplified explanations. Stewart was asked in a 2015 interview about his views on Pratchett beyond the influence of lie-to-children, and the author's take on the understanding of science. Stewart commented upon the interaction between himself and Cohen with Pratchett during the writing process: "Terry wasn't trained as a scientist, but he had the right kind of critical attitude. He was extraordinarily widely read, and would ask all sorts of unexpected questions that really got me and Jack thinking."

Authors Michael Moorhouse and Paul Barry recommended the original works discussing the concept for further analysis of the phenomenon: "These are well worth a read if you fancy a laugh while pretending to work."

Examples in education
A typical example of a lie-to-children is found in physics, where the Bohr model of atomic electron shells is still often used to introduce atomic structure before moving on to more complex models based on matrix mechanics; and in chemistry, where the Arrhenius definitions of acids and bases are often introduced, followed (in a manner similar to the historical development of the model) by the Brønsted–Lowry definitions and then the Lewis definitions.

High school teachers and university instructors often explain at the outset that the model they are about to present is incomplete. An example of this is given by Gerald Sussman during the 1986 video recording of the Abelson-Sussman Lectures (lecture 1-b):

Analysis
The concept of lie-to-children was discussed at-length in 2000 by Andrew Sawyer, where the subject itself was included in the article title: "Narrativium and Lies-to-Children: 'Palatable Instruction in 'The Science of Discworld. Sawyer wrote that: "The 'lies-to-children' we tell ourselves about science are a different form of science fiction: one, perhaps where 'fiction' qualifies the word 'science'. They are 'fictions about science' rather than 'science fictions'." Sawyer concluded: "The strength of The Science of Discworld—and why in many ways it is something new in science writing—derives from Pratchett's story being more than a parable constructed for the specific purpose of explaining what the scientists have to say. It is, as has been said, a commentary/parody of the scientific method".

In a contribution about evolution for the 2001 book Nonlinear Dynamics in the Life and Social Sciences, reproductive biologist Jack Cohen discussed the lie-to-children teaching technique and its use educating students on the concept of evolution and its complex facets including the notion that DNA is an architectural guide for life. The author concluded: "Only the search for universal features, while treasuring all the exceptional specifics, offers some hope of sketching out the general shape of the evolutionary process so that we can explain it honestly as a Lie-to-Children."

D.J. Jeffrey and Robert M. Corless of the Ontario Research Centre for Computer Algebra at the University of Western Ontario wrote in their 2001 computer science paper on linear algebra instruction on the teaching concept. Jeffrey and Corless identified a "useful" lie-to-children, as one in which: "The pedagogical point is to avoid unnecessary burdens on the student's first encounter with the concept." The authors gave an example from early childhood mathematics instruction: "We happily teach children that 'you cannot take 3 from 2' because we are confident that someone will later introduce them to negative numbers." Corless further expounded on this view in a subsequent paper published in 2004, writing: "A 'lie to children' is a useful oversimplification that starts one on the path to better knowledge. It is a truth unacknowledged that mathematics before computers was a lie to children."

In their 2004 book Bioinformatics, Biocomputing and Perl, authors Michael Moorhouse and Paul Barry explained how the lie-to-children model may be utilized as a teaching technique for the concepts of protein, RNA, and DNA. Moorhouse and Barry wrote that the lie-to-children methodology can reduce complex academic notions to a simpler format for basic understanding. The authors conclude that the lie-to-children teaching technique: "allows the basic features to be understood without confusing things by considering exceptions and enhancements."

Haroom Kharem and Genevieve Collura were critical of the teaching practice, in a contribution to the 2010 book Teaching Bilingual/Bicultural Children. The authors wrote that using this teaching method was a form of disrespect for the truth. Kharem and Collura lament that rather than imparting truth to children, "a pedagogy of stupidification is promoted in which teachers imbue students with untruths and then wonder why education has problems. Sooner or later the fabrications we teach students will come to light and the respect educators expect from students will become disingenuous."

North Eastern Hill University economics professor Sudhanshu K. Mishra in 2010 defined the phrase as: "A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude, which may use euphemism(s), which is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children." Mishra gave as an example parents who engage in mythology by lying to their children and telling them they were brought by a stork to the house, instead of explaining childbirth. In a 2011 contribution to the academic journal Digital Difference, Hamish Macleod and Jen Ross discussed the lie-to-children concept and wrote that this teaching methodology can have the negative impact of introducing studying difficulties to students as they progress further in their education. They cautioned this could lead to a negative influence on students' future behaviors. Macleod and Ross wrote: "Playing devil's advocate is in itself a challenging notion for many learners, who may, especially in their early years of higher education, be conditioned by what Stewart and Cohen call 'lies to children' to expect simple and unambiguous questions and equally simple answers."

Writing in 2011 for the Carleton College website, geophysicist Kim Kastens in a column with her daughter at first found the notion of lie-to-children as surprising. Kastens delved further into the issue, and identified specific instances where a lie-to-children teaching technique would do more harm than good for students. The worst examples included a lie-to-children which would later have to be unlearned following teaching from subsequent professors, an instance where the student is successfully able to identify the factual inaccuracy and knows more about it than the teacher, and using the technique without having a "master plan" involving progressive learning. In her 2011 book The Children's Bill of Emotional Rights, Eileen Johnson discussed the lies told by parents to their children during the formation of childhood fictional mythology and pointed out the inherent problems this could raise in the future during the parenting process. Johnson cautioned: "Why do we tell these lies to children? At some point we have to admit we were lying. Parents are not sure how much of this deceit is right, how far to go with it, and how and when to explain it was all a lie."

Kirsten Walsh and Adrian Currie contributed a 2015 article to the journal Metaphilosophy in which they quoted the verbatim definition of lie-to-children from The Science of Discworld and discussed the impact of such behavior on students. Walsh and Currie concluded that mythmaking within education in order to teach a more complex concept is a form of unwarranted behavior with detrimental impact upon instruction methodology. In a 2015 article, The Conversation compared the concept to Wittgenstein's ladder, and defined it: "that in order to get across a complicated idea, sometimes you need to use an explanation that is actually wrong but which helps a child—or anyone learning about anything complex—build an understanding of that issue."

Writing for Forbes in 2015, physics professor and science journalist Chad Orzel explained the concept: "Lies-to-children are not strictly true, but they're simplified in a way that makes them easier to grasp for children, and provide a framework that allows for future elaboration." Orzel praised the University of California Museum of Paleontology initiative Understanding Science for its strategy of going beyond a simple explanation of the scientific method in a lie-to-children format, and instead going into more depth and specifics to directly inform others on how science impacts their daily quality of living.

British writer Tim Worstall expounded upon the lie-to-children phenomenon in education, in a 2015 article for Forbes. He wrote: "that's what Terry Pratchett pointed out education was: lies to children to help them make some sense of the world. When they become older, more capable of nuance, then we point this out to them: those previous stories were gross simplifications and now you need to know the caveats." Worstall stressed that this form of educational methodology was ubiquitous across multiple academic disciplines: "This is true of any form of education (...) [w]e don't start music classes with atonality, we start with simple scales. We don't do syncopation until we've mastered 2/4 and 4/4. Einstein's corrections at the margin to Newton come quite late in a physics education."

See also

 Sunday school answer

References

Further reading

External links

Philosophy of science
Philosophy of education
Pedagogy
Communication of falsehoods
Deception
Discworld

Lie-to-children


Léo Danès, né le  à Brest, est un coureur cycliste français. Il évolue au sein de l'équipe CIC U Nantes Atlantique.

Biographie

Carrière amateur
Léo Danès commence le cyclisme en 2011 au Vélo Sport Plabennec, lors de sa première année cadets (15-16 ans). Il se consacre d'abord au VTT, une discipline dans laquelle il devient champion régional dès ses débuts. Il passe ensuite au cyclisme sur route, où il s'impose dès sa première course à Guilers.

Lors de la saison 2014, il s'illustre en étant l'un des meilleurs cyclistes français. Membre de l'équipe nationale, il s'impose à huit reprises, notamment sur une étape de la Ronde des vallées (quatrième au classement général). Il se classe également deuxième du championnat de France à Saint-Omer, huitième de Kuurne-Bruxelles-Kuurne juniors et neuvième du championnats du monde juniors de Ponferrada.

En 2015, il signe au BIC 2000, club de division nationale 1, tout en se lançant dans un DUT Sciences et Génie des Matériaux. Vainqueur d'une course en première catégorie, sa première année espoirs est néanmoins perturbée par une inflammation à la rotule. Il décide ensuite de rejoindre le Chambéry CF en 2016, centre de formation de l'équipe AG2R La Mondiale, afin de disposer d'un meilleur cadre pour concilier ses études et l'entraînement. Une opération de l'artère iliaque l'empêche malheureusement de défendre ses chances en début de saison. .

En 2017, il gagne une étape du Tour de Moselle, termine troisième du Tour du Lot-et-Garonne (Coupe de France DN1) et cinquième du championnat de France espoirs. Dans le même temps, il continue ses études en obtenant son DUT. Il conclut sa saison victorieusement sur le Tour de Nouvelle-Calédonie, en s'imposant sur deux étapes et au classement final. Moyennement satisfait de ses performances, il décide de faire son retour en Bretagne en 2018 au sein de l'UC Nantes Atlantique. Mais son dernier exercice chez les espoirs n'est pas à la hauteur de ses espérances, et il ne parvient pas à décrocher un contrat professionnel.

Désormais âgé de 23 ans, il poursuit sa carrière amateur en 2019 avec l'UC Nantes Atlantique. Durant le premier semestre, il se montre à son avantage avec un succès sur le Circuit de la vallée de la Loire et diverses podiums. Dans le calendrier continental UCI, il termine le Tour de Bretagne à une belle quatrième place (avec en prime le classement du combiné), grâce notamment à ses échappées et au jeu des sprints bonifications. Sa seconde partie de saison est plus laborieuse, malgré de nouvelles places d'honneur, en raison d'une gêne à un genou.

En 2020, il se classe notamment troisième de la Ronde du Pays basque. L'année suivante, il obtient une victoire et monte sur le podium final des des Trois Jours de Cherbourg.

Carrière professionnelle
Leo Danès passe finalement professionnel en 2022 au sein du Team U Nantes Atlantique. Durant sa première saison, il se fait remarquer en participant à une longue échappée au championnat de France. Il obtient son meilleur résultat au mois de juillet avec une cinquième place sur le Grand Prix de Pérenchies.

Palmarès

 2014
  de la Ronde des vallées
  du championnat de France sur route juniors
  du championnat du monde sur route juniors
 2015
 Grand Prix du Tridour
 2016
  de la Ronde finistérienne
 2017
  du Tour de Moselle
 Tour de Nouvelle-Calédonie :
 Classement général
  et
  de la Transversale des As de l'Ain
  du Tour du Lot-et-Garonne

 2018
  des Boucles de la Loire
 2019
 Circuit de la vallée de la Loire
 Grand Prix de Pornichet
  du Grand Prix Gilbert-Bousquet
  du Tour de Rhuys
 2020
  de la Ronde du Pays basque
 2021
 Trecobat Classic
  des Trois Jours de Cherbourg

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en décembre 1996
Naissance à Brest

Léo Danès


Ereignisse

American Football

 18. November: William Heffelfinger ist der erste Spieler, der gegen Bezahlung eines Geldbetrages ein American-Football-Spiel bestreitet.

Fußball
 14. Februar/9. März: Der Bund Deutscher Fußballspieler löst sich nach zwei Jahren wieder auf. Der konkurrierende Deutsche Fußball- und Cricket Bund ist damit zu diesem Zeitpunkt der einzige Fußballverband in Deutschland.
 20. März: Der FV Brandenburg 1892 wird gegründet.
 3. Juni: Der im März in Liverpool als Abspaltung vom Everton F.C. entstandene Fußballclub wird als Liverpool F.C. registriert. John McKenna wird Manager des neuen Vereins.
 8. Juni: Der Fußballverein Union 92 Berlin wird gegründet.
 2. Juli: Der Berliner Thor und Fußball-Club Britannia 1892 wird gegründet.
 25. Juli: In Berlin wird der Sportverein BFC Hertha 1892 gegründet.
 20. August: Das Stadion Celtic Park in Glasgow wird eröffnet. Im Eröffnungsspiel besiegen die Fußballer von Celtic Glasgow den FC Renton mit 4:3.
 9. Dezember: Der Fußballclub Newcastle East End benennt sich in Newcastle United um.
 In England wird formal die Verschmelzung der Football Alliance mit The Football League beschlossen. Daraus entstehen die Football League First Division und die Football League Second Division, die zum größten Teil aus Mannschaften der früheren Football Alliance besteht.
 Der FC Pro Vercelli wird als einer der ersten italienischen Fußballvereine gegründet.

Radsport
 April: Das Rennen Lüttich–Bastogne–Lüttich wird erstmals ausgetragen. Es ist damit das älteste noch ausgetragene Eintagesrennen und wird zu den fünf sogenannten Monumenten des Radsports gezählt.
 Die International Cyclists' Association wird gegründet.

Schach
 1. Januar bis 28. Februar: Bei der Schachweltmeisterschaft 1892 verteidigt Weltmeister Wilhelm Steinitz seinen Titel erfolgreich gegen Michail Tschigorin.
 Siegbert Tarrasch wendet bei einem Schachturnier in Dresden gegen Georg Marco erstmals die sogenannte Tarrasch-Falle in der Spanischen Partie an.

Wintersport
 24. Januar: Der Österreicher Eduard Engelmann junior wird Sieger der Eiskunstlauf-Europameisterschaft 1892.
 31. Januar: In Oslo findet am Holmenkollen der erste Skisprungwettbewerb statt. Der Norweger Arne Ustvedt siegt mit einem Sprung von 21,5 Metern.
 18. März: Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16. Earl of Derby, Generalgouverneur von Kanada, stiftet den Stanley Cup im Eishockey.
 Die Internationale Eislaufunion wird gegründet.

Eisschnelllauf-Rekorde
 28. Februar: Einar Halvorsen, Norwegen, läuft die 500 Meter Eisschnelllauf in Hamar in 50,2 s
 28. Februar: Einar Halvorsen, Norwegen, läuft die 5000 Meter Eisschnelllauf in Hamar in 9:10,2 min

Weitere Ereignisse
 9. April: Oxford besiegt Cambridge im Boat Race in 19′01″.
 7. September: Mit seinem Sieg gegen den regierenden Weltmeister John L. Sullivan wird der Außenseiter James J. Corbett Schwergewichtsweltmeister im Boxen.
 1. Oktober: Der Distanzritt Berlin–Wien, Wien–Berlin 1892 beginnt. Der Sieger bewältigt die Strecke in 71 Stunden und 26 Minuten.

Geboren

Erstes Halbjahr
 2. Januar: Edoardo Agnelli, italienischer Industrieller und Präsident von Juventus Turin († 1935)
 6. Januar: Leonid Kubbel, russischer Schachspieler († 1942)
 14. Januar: Paul Forell, deutscher Fußballspieler († 1959)
 15. Januar: Hobey Baker, US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler († 1918)
 25. Januar: Toni Bauhofer, deutscher Automobil- und Motorradrennfahrer († 1968)
 28. Januar: Willy Rosenstein, deutscher Pilot, Kampfflieger und Automobilrennfahrer († 1949)
 29. Januar: Clifford Gray, US-amerikanischer Bobsportler († 1969)
 3. Februar: Louis Dollé, französischer Automobilrennfahrer († 1968)
 8. Februar: Elizabeth Ryan, US-amerikanische Tennisspielerin († 1979)
 9. Februar: Joseph Braunstein, österreichischer Musiker, Schriftsteller, Bergsteiger († 1996)
 9. Februar: Aristodemo Santamaria, italienischer Fußballspieler († 1974)
 15. Februar: Nickolas Muray, ungarisch-amerikanischer Säbelfechter und Fotograf († 1965)
 2. März: Karl Zilgas, deutscher Fußball-Nationalspieler († 1917)
 9. März: Paul Suter, Schweizer Radrennfahrer († 1966)
 28. März: Gustave Ganay, französischer Radrennfahrer († 1926)
 3. April: Emile Aerts, belgischer Radrennfahrer († 1953)
 7. April: Julius Hirsch, deutscher Fußballspieler und NS-Opfer († 1943)
 11. April: Isacco Mariani, italienischer Motorradrennfahrer († 1925)
 21. April: Freddie Dixon, britischer Motorrad- und Automobilrennfahrer († 1956)
 26. April: Karl Franz, deutscher Fußballspieler († 1914)
 6. Mai: Ernst Eikhof, deutscher Fußballnationalspieler († 1978)
 14. Mai: Kaarlo Edvin Mäkinen, finnischer Ringer und Olympiasieger († 1980)
 19. Mai: Christian Werner, deutscher Automobilrennfahrer († 1932)
 23. Mai: Hans Dülfer, deutscher Bergsteiger († 1915)
 8. Juni: Giuseppe Campari, italienischer Automobilrennfahrer († 1933)

Zweites Halbjahr
 11. Juli: Nico Bouvy, niederländischer Fußballspieler († 1957)
 18. Juli: Arthur Friedenreich, brasilianischer Fußballspieler († 1969)
 5. August: Marius Hiller, deutsch-argentinischer Fußballspieler († 1964)
 8. August: Pichichi, spanischer Fußballspieler († 1922)
 11. August: Gerrit Bouwmeester, niederländischer Fußballspieler († 1961)
 4. September: Franz Sedlacek, österreichischer Fußballspieler und -trainer († 1933)
 7. September: Georg Mickler, deutscher Leichtathlet und Olympiateilnehmer († 1915)
 8. September: Robert Lestienne, französischer Automobilrennfahrer († 1944)
 10. September: János Balogh, ungarischer Fernschachspieler († 1980)
 11. September: Lucien Buysse, belgischer Radrennfahrer († 1980)
 12. September: Vahram Papazyan, osmanischer Leichtathlet und Olympionike († 1986)
 4. Oktober: Luis Trenker, Tiroler Bergsteiger, Schauspieler und Schriftsteller († 1990)
 11. Oktober: Karl Hähnel, deutscher Leichtathlet und Olympiateilnehmer († 1966)
 14. Oktober: Piet Bouman, niederländischer Fußballspieler († 1980)
 15. Oktober: József Nagy, ungarischer Fußballspieler und -trainer († 1963)
 21. Oktober: Otto Nerz, deutscher Fußballspieler und erster Reichstrainer des DFB († 1949)
 31. Oktober: Alexander Alexandrowitsch Aljechin, russischer Schachspieler und 4. Schachweltmeister († 1946)
 3. November: Jur Haak, niederländischer Fußballspieler († 1945)
 3. November: Lindley Murray, US-amerikanischer Tennisspieler († 1970)
 15. November: Clarence Horning, US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler († 1982)
 16. November: Tazio Nuvolari, italienischer Motorrad- und Automobilrennfahrer († 1953)
 22. November: Ermanno Aebi, schweizerisch-italienischer Fußballspieler († 1976)
 25. November: Otto Harder, deutscher Fußballspieler († 1956)
 26. November: Joe Guyon, US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler († 1971)
 29. Dezember: Géza Nagy, ungarischer Schachspieler († 1953)

Genaues Geburtsdatum unbekannt
 Franz Bieber, deutscher Motorradrennfahrer, Motorsportfunktionär und Unternehmer († 1980)
 Attilio Marinoni, italienischer Automobilrennfahrer († 1940)

Siehe auch

Weblinks

Sportjahr 1892


The Mix is the tenth studio album by the German electronic music band Kraftwerk. It was released on 11 June 1991 by Kling Klang and EMI in Europe and by Elektra Records in North America. It has entirely re-arranged and re-recorded versions of a selection of songs which had originally appeared on Kraftwerk's albums Autobahn (1974) to Electric Café (1986). Some of the songs, such as "The Robots" and "Radioactivity", have new additional melodies and/or lyrics.

Background
In 1990, Kraftwerk had made a return to the stage, following a nine-year break from touring. Ralf Hütter said in interviews that he regarded The Mix as a type of "live" album, as it captured the results of the band's continual digital improvisations in their Kling Klang studio. The versions of songs on The Mix subsequently became staples of the band's live set.

Karl Bartos said in a 1998 interview with Sound on Sound that the original idea for The Mix was to release a "best of" compilation, a suggestion from Bob Kratzner at the band's U.S. record label, Elektra Records. The idea, said Bartos, "..didn't really appeal to [Ralf], so he came up with the idea of making a remix record. He was really thinking ahead, but I think if you made the original record, you shouldn't do the remix yourself. Somebody else should have done it." In a 1991 interview with Melody Maker, Hütter said, "Kraftwerk is always a work-in-progress. We have no five-year plan. It's all about what's happening in the music, the zeitfenster at the time. So our Mix album is about these times, the remixing, cutting up and regeneration of old tracks." During this period, the band was converting the Kling Klang studio to digital, transferring its sound library from 24-track analogue tape to disc, which factored into the album's creation. This conversion project proved to be an ongoing task, as new upgrades and equipment were continually made available in the years following the album project.

Bartos said that he was responsible for "all of the programming" on the record but went uncredited. The prolonged production period for the album led band members Wolfgang Flür and, later, Bartos to leave the group, before its release. They were replaced by Fritz Hilpert and Fernando Abrantes.

Reception

The Village Voice'''s Robert Christgau praised the album at the time, calling it a "best-of with the bass boosted".

In retrospective reviews, All Music's Alex Henderson observed that "Dance clubs had long been a key part of Kraftwerk's following, and the dance club was the obvious target of The Mix – a collection of highly enjoyable, often clever remixes", adding that it was a "welcome addition to the Kraftwerk catalog". Tom Ewing of Pitchfork cited the new versions of "Autobahn" and "Radioactivity" as highlights, adding that, "unlike most mix albums of the period this one had a purpose: these more physical and propulsive versions have fed into Kraftwerk's live set ever since". David Kavanagh of Uncut called it "a surprisingly addictive re-imagining of 11 classic tracks in a dancefloor context". While Andrew Harrison of Select awarded the album five stars out of five, his opinion was that "Hütter and Schneider threw themselves into techno as if they'd invented it (which they had), but updating Kraftwerk was always rather pointless, as their music has never dated at all". Chris Power of Drowned in Sound called it the band's "most idiosyncratic release", observing, "At its lowest ebb, crushingly, The Mix deals in an excruciating neutering of its source material ... its other sins being ones of redundancy rather than active damage." However, he singled out elements of "Autobahn" as what the album "could have been if Kraftwerk had elected to really work these tracks over in a radical way, rather than essentially updating them to dance music's early-Nineties industry standard".The Mix was placed first in The Wires year-end poll for 1991, the first time that the magazine — previously known for its focus on jazz — had an all-genre category.

Re-release
A newly remastered edition of the album was released by EMI Records, Mute Records and Astralwerks Records on CD, digital download and heavyweight vinyl in October–November 2009. Because of licensing restrictions imposed by Warner Music Group, this version has only been made available in the US and Canada as a part of The Catalogue'' box set.

Track listing

Personnel
The original 1991 liner notes credit Hütter, Schneider and Hilpert simply with "Music Data Mix", while the 2009 remaster release gives more detailed credits for Hütter and Schneider. Abrantes, while uncredited in the liner notes, appeared in the artwork and other promotional material. Several other individuals are credited with "hardware" and "software", by last name only.

The 2009 remaster credits provide the following information:

Kraftwerk
Ralf Hütter – voice, vocoder, Synclavier
Fritz Hilpert – music data mix
Florian Schneider – vocoder, speech synthesis

Additional musician
Karl Bartos – programming

Technical
Ralf Hütter – album concept, production, original artwork reconstruction
Florian Schneider – album concept, production
Günter Frohling – black and white photography
Peter Boettcher – color photography
Johann Zambryski – original artwork reconstruction

Charts

Weekly charts

Certifications and sales

Images

References

External links

Kraftwerk albums
1991 remix albums
EMI Records remix albums
Elektra Records remix albums
German-language albums

The Mix (Kraftwerk album)


جابية  هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة لقنت. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 29,279 نسمة.

أعلام

 شافي توريس
 سيرجيو هرنانديز
 أنطونيو مولينا
 توماس موراتو
 دافيد فيرير

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
منتجعات ساحلية إسبانية

جابية (إسبانيا)


Una frontera lingüística es una frontera que separa dos territorios donde se habla dos variedades lingüísticas diferentes (lenguas o dialectos).

Si las dos variedades corresponden a sistemas lingüísticos no emparentados, esta frontera marca también el límite de una generalizada incomprensión mutua. Por el contrario, en caso de un continuum lingüístico, no es muy pertinente establecer una línea fronteriza, ya que la transición se efectúa sobre una franja más o menos extendida. La frontera es en estos casos definida sobre la base de una determinada isoglosa, o de un "haz de isoglosas" o "ramillete isoglósico" (en caso de que el mismo exista).

Entre los ejemplos de fronteras lingüísticas conocidas, pueden citarse:
 Límite entre lenguas románicas y lenguas germánicas, que atraviesa Bélgica, Francia, Suiza e Italia, en donde la frontera lingüística belga y la de Mosela son una parte.
 Límite entre el bretón y el galó.
 Frontera entre langue d'oc y langue d'oïl.

Un enclave lingüístico es una zona lingüística completamente delimitada por una frontera lingüística (consultar Lengua insular y Céltico insular).

Ejemplos
 Frontera lingüística en Bélgica.
 Frontera lingüística bretona.
 Frontera lingüística en Mosela (Departamento de Mosela en Francia).
 Röstigraben (frontera lingüística) entre la Romandía (Suiza francesa) y la Suiza alemana (véase también: Límites lingüísticos en Suiza).

Véase también
 Sprachbund
 Lenguas mutuamente inteligibles
 Lengua transfronteriza
 Atlas lingüístico
 Bilingüismo
 Isoglosa

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sociolingüística
Dialectología

Frontera lingüística


Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces (,  ). The capital Phnom Penh is not a province but an "autonomous municipality" (,  ; lit. 'Capital'), equivalent to a province governmentally and administered at the same level as the other 24 provinces.

Phnom Penh has both the highest population and the highest population density of all provinces, but is the second smallest in land area. The largest province by area is Mondulkiri and the smallest is Kep which is also the least populated province. Mondulkiri has the lowest population density.

Each province is administered by a governor, who is nominated by the Ministry of Interior, subject to approval by the Prime Minister.

Provinces are divided into districts ( srok). The districts in Phnom Penh are called khan () normally written as for addresses in English followed by the districts' names (Ex: Khan Chamkar Mon; lit. 'Chamkar Mon District'). The number of districts in each province varies, from two in the smallest provinces to 14 in Battambang, Prey Veng, and Siem Reap. Further subdivision levels are communes ( khum), and further subdivided into villages (, phum). In Phnom Penh, sangkat () is used in the place of khum and, similar to khan, normally preferred for writing addresses in English (Ex: Sangkat Mittapheap; lit. 'Mittapheap Commune').

List of provinces

History
 1974: The Khmer Rouge government did away with the former Cambodian traditional administrative divisions. Instead of provinces, Democratic Kampuchea was divided into seven geographic zones (, ): the Northwest, the North, the Northeast, the East, the Southwest, the West, and the Centre. These zones were derived from divisions established by the Khmer Rouge when they fought against the Khmer Republic during the Cambodian Civil War.

 2008: On 22 December 2008, King Norodom Sihamoni signed a decree that changed the municipalities of Kep, Pailin and Sihanoukville into provincial municipalities, as well as adjusting several provincial borders.

 2013: On 31 December 2013, King Norodom Sihamoni signed a decree that split Kampong Cham into two provinces: Kampong Cham (west of the Mekong River) and Tboung Khmum (east of the Mekong River).

 2018: In September 2018, Interior Minister Sar Kheng proposed establishing two more provinces, with areas taken from Kandal, Mondulkiri, and Ratanakiri. Prime Minister Hun Sen rejected the plan.

See also
 List of Cambodian provinces by Human Development Index
 Administrative divisions of Cambodia
 List of districts, municipalities and sections in Cambodia
 List of communes in Cambodia
 ISO 3166-2:KH

References

External links
 Statoid site

Subdivisions of Cambodia
Provinces
Cambodia 1
Provinces, Cambodia

Provinces of Cambodia


An Manniella cypripedioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerardo A. Salazar ngan Al.. An Manniella cypripedioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Manniella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Manniella

Manniella cypripedioides


Orkanger er borg og stjórnsýslumiðstöð í sveitarfélaginu Orkland í Þrændalögum í Noregi. Staðurinn er staðsettur þar sem Orkladalur mætir Orkdalsfirðinum, sem er hliðararmur Þrándheimsfjarðar, um 42 km suðvestur af Þrándheimi. Á Orkanger búa 8.890 íbúar og 18.653 íbúar í sveitarfélaginu (2022).

Þann 30. júní 2005 var opnaður nýr hluti E39 milli Orkanger og Þrándheims. Nýi vegurinn er hraðbraut og hefur dregið verulega úr aksturstíma milli borganna tveggja. Járnbrautarlínan Thamshavnbanen (fyrsta rafmagnsjárnbraut Noregs) liggur á milli Orkanger og Løkken Verk. Járnbrautin flutti áður málmgrýti úr námunni á Løkken Verk, en er nú aðeins notuð sem safnjárnbraut.

Orkanger er ein mikilvægasta iðnaðarmiðstöðin í mið-Noregi. Iðnaðurinn er aðallega staðsettur í Grønøra-hverfinu, rétt vestan við ósa árinnar Orkla. Stærstu iðnaðarfyrirtækin á staðnum eru Technip Offshore Norge AS, Reinertsen, Washington Mills og álverið Elkem Thamshavn AS.

Orkdal Sykehus er sjúkrahús í borginni. Sjúkrahúsið er í dag hluti af St. Olavs sjúkrahúsinu sem er með aðalskrifstofu í Þrándheimi.

Orkland Folkehelsenter er stór bygging í Orkanger. Byggingin var tilbúin vorið 2020. Hún er 10.000 fermetrar að flatarmáli, er staðsett við og sameinuð Orklahallen. Í Lýðheilsustöðinni er fjöldi heilsutengdrar sveitarfélagaþjónustu og í henni er Orklandbadet, 3.200 fermetra sundaðstaða með tveimur æfingalaugum með upphækkuðum og lækkuðum botni, aðskildri köfunarlaug og keppnislaug. Auk þess er afþreyingarlaug með rennibraut og nuddpotti, gufuböð, barnalaug. Það er líka stór líkamsræktarstöð og móttaka með matarþjónustu.

Aðdráttarafl í Orkanger er Thamspaviljongen, einnig kölluð The Norway Building, var framlag Noregs til heimssýningarinnar í Chicago árið 1893. Eftir 124 ár í Bandaríkjunum var byggingin flutt heim til Orkanger þar sem hún var upphaflega byggð við Strandheim Brug.

Orkanger er skólamiðstöð fyrir svæðið. Orkanger Barneskole (grunnskóli), Orkanger Ungdomsskole (framhaldsskóli) og Orkdal Vidaregåande skóli (menntaskóla) eru staðsettir í miðbæ Orkanger. Tveir stórir leikskólar eru á Orkanger, Bekkefaret og Rianmyra.

Orkangerkirkja er langkirkja frá 1892. Byggingin er úr timbri og hefur 200 staði.

Bæir í Þrændalögum

Orkanger


ශ්‍රී ජනානන්ද මුල් ළමාවිය සංවර්ධන මද්‍යස්ථානය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා සර්වෝදය නම් ආයතනයේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් ඇරෙබු අතර මෙහි අරම්බකයා වන්නේ a.විජේසේකර මහතාය.මෙහි මුල් ගුරුතුමිය වන්නේ ලලිතා විජේසේකර මහත්මිය.ඇය වසර 35 ක් පමණ මෙම පෙර පාසල වෙනුවෙන් කල මෙහෙය කියා නිම කල නොහැක. එම මැතිනියගේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් වසර 35 ක් තුළ කලාවූ කැපවීමෙන් ලොවට දයද කල ළමුන් පිරිස බොහෝමය.එම ළමුන් මෙත්මියගෙන් ලැබූ අබාශයෙන් අද සිටිනා තැනගන අපට බොහෝ සතුටක් දැනේ.ලලිතා ගුරුතුමිය සමග මෙම පෙරපාසල ඉදිරියට ගෙනා අය බොහෝමය ඒ අතර ගංගා විජේසේකර,ප්‍රියංගා විජේසේකර යන ගුරුතුමියන්ද ඇය සමග ඉදිරියට ආවේය ....

ඉගැන්වූ ගුරුතුමියන්

අති සාර්ථක වශයෙන් පැවතෙන
ශ්‍රී ජනානන්ද මුල් ළමාවිය සංවර්ධන මද්යස්ථානයට ඉතා මෙහයක් කල ගුරුවරුන් අප්‍රමාණය
 අද දක්වා අප පෙරපාසලට ඉගැන්වූ ගුරුවරුන් මෙසේය

ඉතිහාසය

උව පළාතේ බදුල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ හපුතලේ කොට්ටාශයේ ඇති මනරම්වූ පෙදෙස එය හපුතලේගම නම් විය.මෙම ගම්මානයට ඇතුළුවන  විටම පෙනෙන චමත්කාර දර්ශනය නම් හපුතලේගම ශ්‍රී බිම්බාරාම පුරාණ විහාරස්ථානයයි.
ප්‍රථම වරට හපුතලේගම ගම්මානයට පෙරපාසල 1977/04/24 ඉදිවන්නේ ලලිතා විජේසේකර මැතිණිය දැතින්ය මෙම පෙරපාසල මුලින්ම ආරම්බ වන්නේ කුඩා පෙරපාසලක් ලෙස හපුතලේගම ශ්‍රී බිම්බාරාම පුරාණ විහාරස්ථානයේ ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් තුළය . වසර 5 ක් පමණ මෙම විහාරයේ පවත්වාගෙන ගිය පෙරපාසල සර්වෝදය ආයතනයට බදවාගන්නා ලදී.ඉන්පසුව සර්වෝදය ආයතනය විසින් පෙරපාසල හට පන්සලට යාබදව ගොඩනැගිලි 2ක් ඉදිකරවා දෙන ලදී. මෙහි මුලිකත්වය ගෙන කටයුතු කරන ලද්දේ විජේසේකර මහතා ව්සින්ය.<</big>

Sri janananda pre-school


Luciano Suruagy do Amaral Filho (Maceió, 27 de junho de 1986) é um pecuarista e político brasileiro, filiado ao Partido Verde (PV). É Deputado Federal por Alagoas.

Biografia
Luciano Amaral, é um pecuarista que se candidatou nas Eleições de 2022 para substituir o então deputado federal Sérgio Toledo que não disputou a re-eleição, sendo eleito com 101.508 votos.

Luciano é primo do atual Governador de Alagoas, Paulo Dantas (MDB).

Naturais de Maceió
Deputados federais do Brasil por Alagoas
Políticos de Alagoas
Membros do Partido Verde (Brasil)
Membros do Progressistas de Alagoas
Membros do Progressistas
Membros do Partido Democrático Trabalhista
Membros do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira

Luciano Amaral (político)


මෙම ශාකය ලංකාවේ සුදු අරලියා යන නාමයෙන් හදුන්වනු ලබන අතර දැනට සිංගප්පුරුව, බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දුපත් සහ තරමක් උෂ්ණ දේශගුණයක් සහිත ප්‍රදේශ වල ව්‍යාප්තව පවතී.

Plumeria obtusa


Als Mischfrankatur (MiF) wird eine Form der Freimachung von postalischen Sendungen bezeichnet, bei der mehrere Postwertzeichen verschiedener Wertstufen, Markenausgaben oder verschiedene Freimachungsarten verwendet wurden.

Kombinationsmöglichkeiten
Bei den Mischfrankaturen gibt es zahlreiche Kombinationsmöglichkeiten. Die folgende Aufstellung benennt nur die gebräuchlichsten Varianten:

MiF aus verschiedenen Wertstufen einer Markenausgabe. Eine Sonderform stellt hier die Buntfrankatur dar.
MiF aus Wertstufen verschiedener Markenausgaben (z. B. Kombination von Dauer- und Sondermarken oder von Frei- und Dienstmarken). Diese Form der Mischfrankatur ist bei klassischen Marken teilweise recht selten und bei Sammlern entsprechend gefragt.

MiF aus Briefmarken und aus Ganzsachen ausgeschnittenen Postwertzeichen (Wertstempel). Dabei ist zu beachten, dass einige Postverwaltungen die Verwendung von Ganzsachenausschnitten zu Frankaturzwecken nicht gestatten. Von der Deutsche Post AG wurde zum 1. Oktober 1998 die bis dahin geltende Erlaubnis für solche Frankaturen zurückgenommen. Als Grund nannte man Probleme bei der maschinellen Abfertigung der mit den auftragenden Ganzsachenabschnitten versehenen Briefe.
MiF aus Postwertzeichen und einem Freistempel, zum Beispiel aus Postwertzeichen und Absenderfreistempel oder aus Postwertzeichen und Barfreimachungsstempel. Die Kombination von Briefmarke und Barfreimachungsstempel findet sich vor allem dann, wenn bei Einlieferung einer Sendung am Schalter das zu entrichtende Porto nicht in vollem Umfang mit Postwertzeichen nachgewiesen werden kann.

Zweiländerfrankatur
Eine besondere Form der Mischfrankatur ist die Zweiländerfrankatur, also die Verwendung von Postwertzeichen zweier Postverwaltungen auf einer Postsendung. Derartige MiF entstehen zum Beispiel, wenn eine Postverwaltung nicht Mitglied des Weltpostvereins ist und eine andere Postverwaltung den zwischenstaatlichen Postverkehr übernimmt. So galten etwa die Marken Afghanistans bis zum Weltpostverein-Beitritt des Landes am 1. April 1928 nur im Inland, für die Weiterleitung ins Ausland musste mit indischen Marken frankiert werden. Zweiländerfrankaturen entstehen auch als Ergebnis besonderer Vereinbarungen oder bestimmter politischer Veränderungen. So waren ab 1. Juli 1990 die Ausgaben der Deutschen Bundespost und der Deutschen Bundespost Berlin auch in der DDR gültig, die in der Zeit vom 2. Juli bis zum 2. Oktober 1990 von der Deutschen Post der DDR herausgegebenen Marken konnten auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in Berlin (West) verwendet werden. Somit war sogar die Möglichkeit zu Dreiländerfrankaturen gegeben.

Zusatzfrankatur

Von der Mischfrankatur ist die Zusatzfrankatur zu unterscheiden. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Freimachung für zusätzliche Leistungen der Post (z. B. Eilsendung, Nachnahme, Luftpostbeförderung, bestimmte Beförderungswege), die neben der Frankatur für eine einfache Postsendung zu erbringen ist. Die Zusatzfrankatur erfolgt mit üblichen Freimarken oder mit besonderen Markenarten (z. B. Luftpostmarken). Eine häufig zu findende Zusatzfrankatur ist die auf eine Ganzsache aufgebrachte Freimarke (z. B. bei Verwendung einer Inlandspostkarte für eine Sendung ins Ausland). Ebenfalls häufig tritt die Zusatzfrankatur auch bei Ganzsachen auf, die nach Portoerhöhung gültig bleiben. Der Differenzbetrag zwischen bereits erbrachtem und neuem Porto wird durch Verkleben entsprechender Postwertzeichen ausgeglichen. Während Zusatzfrankaturen auf Ganzsachen nach Portoerhöhungen bei den Sammlern weniger beliebt sind und sich daher eher wertmindernd auswirken, sind Ganzsachen mit Zusatzfrankaturen für die Inanspruchnahme von Zusatzleistungen bei Spezialisten gesucht.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Wolfram Grallert: Lexikon der Philatelie, 2. Aufl., Phil*Creativ GmbH, Schwalmtal 2007, ISBN 3-9321-9838-7
 Peter Fischer: Mischfrankatur. In: Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung Ausgabe Nr. 18/2007, S. 24

Weblinks

Philatelie
Briefmarke

Mischfrankatur


Gustavus Katterfelto (or Katerfelto) (c. 1743–1799) was a Prussian conjurer, scientific lecturer, and quack.

Career
Christian William Anthony Katterfelto (known as Gustavus) arrived at Hull in September 1776 and traveled around Britain until his death in 1799. He performed in London from 1780 to 1784. The widespread flu epidemic of 1782 made him famous as a quack, when he used a solar microscope to show images of microbes he believed were its cause. These "insects" provided him with the catchphrase "Wonders! Wonders! Wonders!" which often headed his advertisements. He lectured in Piccadilly on electricity, magnetism and the invented terms "styangraphy, palenchics, and caprimantic arts" to impress his audience.

Katterfelto was an accomplished conjurer, who performed with a black cat which he advertised as "evil". He claimed to have launched the first hot air balloon fifteen years before the Montgolfier brothers, and claimed to be the greatest natural philosopher since Isaac Newton.

He performed on several occasions for the Royal family. The poet William Cowper refers to Katterfelto in The Task.

Katterfelto died in 1799 in Bedale, North Yorkshire where he is buried.

References

Further reading
 .
 Frost, Thomas. (1876). The Lives of the Conjurors. Tinsley.
 Houdini, Harry. (1918). Doctor Katterfelto: One of the Most Interesting Characters in the History of Magic. Magician, Quack Doctor, Pseudo-Philosopher. M-U-M, vol.8 no.69, November 1918. Collected in "Houdini On Magic".
 Paton-Williams, David. (2008). Katterfelto: Prince of Puff. Troubador Publishing.
 Williams, Neville. (1962). Rogues and Rascals in English History. Collier Books.

External links
 Katterfelto and his Black Cat at The Great Cat

1799 deaths
1740s births
18th-century Prussian people
British fraudsters
Prussian magicians

Gustavus Katterfelto


Thomas Young (13 Haziran 1773; Milverton, Summersetshire - 10 Mayıs 1829, Londra), İngiliz bilgin, fizikçi, fizyolog, filolog. Görme alanları, ışık, katı mekaniği, enerji, fizyoloji, dil, müzikal armoni ve Mısırbilim alanlarında önemli bilimsel katkılarda bulundu, "Özgün ve anlaşılır yenilikler" yaptı. Mısır hiyerogliflerinin, özellikle de Rosetta Taşı'nın deşifresindeki çalışmaları Jean-François Champollion'un çalışmalarının önünü açtı. William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell ve Albert Einstein tarafından çalışmaları dile getirilen bir bilim adamıdır.

Yaşamı

Young 1773 yılında on çocuklu bir ailenin en büyük çocuğu olarak Milverton, Somerset'de dünyaya geldi. Ailesi Quaker mezhebine mensuptu. 16 yaşına geldiğinde Latince ve Yunancayı öğrenmiş, Fransızca, İtalyanca, İbranice, Almanca, Keldanice, Süryanice, Sümerce, Arapça, Farsça, Türkçe ve diğer dillerle yakından ilgilenmişti.

Young, tıp okumak üzere 1792'de Londra'ya, 1794'te Edinburg'a gitti. 1795'te Almanya'nın Aşağı Saksonya bölgesindeki Göttingen Üniversitesine başladı ve bir yıl sonra fizik doktoru derecesini elde etti. 1797 yılında Cambridge Üniversitesine bağlı Emmanuel College'da çalışmaya başladı. Aynı yıl dayısı Richard Brocklesby'den miras olarak kalan emlak nedeniyle mali açıdan bağımsız hâle geldi ve 1799'da Londra'da hekim olarak çalışmak üzere kendi muayenehanesini açtı. İlk akademik makalelerini hekimlikle ilgili olarak yayınladı. 1801 yılında Kraliyet Enstitüsünde doğa felsefesi profesörü oldu; iki yıl içinde 91 ders verdi. 1802'de doğa bilimlerinin geliştirilmesi için kurulmuş olan Royal Society'de yabancılar sekreterliğine getirildi. Görevinin tıp çalışmalarına engel olacağı kaygısıyla 1803 yılında profesörlükten istifa etti. Üniversitede verdiği doğa felsefesi derslerinin notları 1807'de basıldı ve daha sonraki teorik çalışmaları için birer öngörü oldu.
Young, 1811'de St. George Hastanesinde hekimlik yapmaya başladı ve 1814'te Londra'da gazla aydınlanan yerlerdeki tehlikelerle ilgili çalışan bir komitede hizmet verdi. 1818 yılında Boylam Kuruluna sekreter oldu. ardından HM Denizcilik Almanak Ofisi'nde yöneticiliğe getirildi.
Ölümünden birkaç yıl önce hayat sigortası ile ilgilenmeye başladı. 1827 yılında Fransız Bilimler Akademisi'ne seçilen sekizinci yabancı oldu. 1828 yılında İsveç Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi'nin fahri üyesi seçildi.

Thomas Young 10 Mayıs 1829 tarihinde Londra'da öldü ve Kent bölgesindeki Farnborough'da bulunan St Giles Kilisesi'nin mezarlığına defnedildi. Hudson Gurney tarafından Westminster Abbey Kilisesi'ne anısını yaşatmak için mermerden sembolik bir mezar taşı konuldu.

Young kendi alanındakilerce biliniyor olsa da toplum tarafından bilinen bir bilgin değildi. Sonradan gelen akademisyen ve bilim adamları Young'ın çalışmalarını övmüşlerdir. Çağdaşı Sir John Herschel "gerçekten orijinal deha" olduğunu vurgulamış, Albert Einstein, Newton'un 1931'de yeniden basımı yapılan ''"Opticks"'' eseri için yazdığı ön sözde Young'ı övmüştür. Fizikçi Lord Rayleigh ve Nobel ödüllü Philip Anderson, Young'ın hayranlarıdır.
Thomas Young ismi, malzeme teorisi ve simülasyon yapan akademik araştırma gruplarının birliğine verilmiştir. Thomas Young Merkezi (Thomas Young Center), araştırma grupları arasında iş birliğini oluşturmak için lisans üstü çalışmalara kaynak sağlamaktadır.

Young'ın çalışmaları

Işığın Dalga Teorisi

Young'ın başarılarının en önemlisi Işığın Dalga Teorisi'ni kurmak olmuştur. 19. yüzyılın başlarında Young, 17. ve 18. yüzyılda ışığın yayılma modeli olarak kabul edilen, ışığın parçacık teorisini test ederek ışığın dalga teorisini oluşturan birtakım nedenleri ortaya koymak ve bu bakış açısını desteklemek için iki deney geliştirdi. Dalgalanma tankı ile su dalgalarının bağlamında girişim fikrini gösterdi. Çift yarık deneyi ile de dalga ışık bağlamında girişimi gösterdi. Deneylerindeki "girişim" sayesinde ışığın dalga boyunu ölçmüştür.

Young tarihî deneyini ve vardığı sonuçları 24 Kasım 1803'te Royal Society'de açıkladı. Konuşması ertesi yıl Philosophical Transactions'da yayınlandı. Günümüzdeki basımı okunacak bir klasiktir.

1804 yılında yayınlanan "Deneyler ve Fiziksel Optik Göreli Hesaplamalar" çalışmasında "Işık demeti" ile oynayarak yaptığı bir deneyi açıklar. Bu deney "ışık dalgalardan oluşmaktadır" savını destekler. Ayrıca lif ve uzun dar şeritler kullanarak iki önemli kırılma deneyi daha yapar. 1807'de "Doğal Felsefe ve Mekanik Sanatlar Teorisi" kursu verir. Sonraki on yılda Young çalışmalarını çoğaltmış ve daha sonra çalışmalar Fresnel tarafından devam ettirilmiştir.

Young katsayısı

Young, 1807 yılında "Doğal Felsefe ve Mekanik Sanatlar Teorisi" kursunda zamanla Young modülü olarak bilinir hâle gelen çalışmasında elastisite karakterizasyonunu tarif etmektedir. Ancak kavramı ilk ele alan ve deneyleyen, 1782 yılında Giordano Riccati olmuştur. Dahası fikir Leonhard Euler tarafından 1727 yılında yayınlanan çalışmaya kadar geri izlenebilmektedir. Young katsayısı farklı zorlanmalara bağlı olarak değişen farklı gerilmelerin oranı olarak tanımlanır.

Görüş ve Renk Teorisi

Young Fizyolojik optiğin kurucusu olarak da bilinir. 1793 yılında gözdeki lensin eğriliğindeki değişikliklere bağlı olarak farklı mesafelerde gözün aldığı durumu açıkladı. 1801 yılında ise astigmatizmayı ilk tanımlayan oldu ve sonradan Hermann von Helmholtz tarafından geliştirilen görme algısının retinadaki üç çeşit sinir lifinin varlığına bağlı olduğu hipotezini sundu.

Young-Laplace denklemi
Young, 1804'te yüzey gerilimi ilkesinde kılcal fenomen teorisini geliştirdi. Ayrıca katı yüzey ile sıvının temas açısının sabitliğini de gözlemlemiştir. Kılcal eylem olgularını anlamak için bu iki ilkenin nasıl olduğunu gösterdi.
1805'te Fransız filozof Pierre-Simon Laplace kılcal hareket ile ilgili olarak bir tarafı içbükey diğeri dışbükey merceklerin yarıçaplarının önemini keşfetti.
1830'da Alman matematikçi Carl Friedrich Gauss bu iki bilim adamının çalışmalarını birleştirerek iki statik akışkan arasındaki arabirimde sürekli kılcal basınç farkını açıklayan formülünü üretmek için Young-Laplace denklemini kullandı.

Young, modern anlamda enerji dönemini tanımlayan ilk kişi oldu.

Young denklemi ve Young-Dupré denklemi

Young'ın denklemi, düz bir katı yüzey üzerinde bir sıvı damlanın temas açısı yüzey serbest enerjinin bir fonksiyonu gibi ara yüzey serbest enerjisi ve sıvının yüzey gerilimini açıklar. Young'ın denklemi yaklaşık 60 yıl sonra Dupré tarafından termodinamik etkileri hesaba katarak daha da geliştirildi. Bu denklem Young-Dupré denklemi olarak bilinir.

Tıp
1808 yılında "Kalp ve Damar Fonksiyonları" üzerine verdiği konferansta fizyolojide hemodinamikler için önemli bir katkı yaptı. Nabız dalgası hızı için bir formül üretti. "Tıp Literatürüne Bir Giriş", Pratik Burunoloji Sistemi (1913) ve Veremin Pratik ve Tarihsel Risalesi (1915) adlı tıp yazıları vardır.

Young, çocuklarda ilaç dozu belirlemek için de pratik bir kural geliştirmiştir.

Dilbilim
Göttingen Üniversitesinde verdiği tezin ekinde Fransızca ve İngilizce çekilen 16 "saf" ünlü sembollerini, burun ünlülerini, çeşitli ünsüzleri ve bunların örneklerini içeren evrensel bir fonetik alfabe öneren dört sayfa vardır. Britannica Ansiklopedisi'ne yazdığı "Diller" makalesinde Young, 400 dili gramer ve sözcük bakımından karşılaştırmıştır. 1813 yılında Hint-Avrupa Dilleri terimini tanıtmıştır.

Mısır hiyeroglifleri

Young 1802 yılında Johan David Åkerblad tarafından düşünülen 29 harflik (14 tanesinin yanlış olduğu ortaya çıktı) bir demotik alfabe yardımıyla Mısır hiyerogliflerini deşifre etmeye çalışan ilk kişilerdendi. Rosetta taşındaki hiyeroglifleri tercüme etmeyi başardı. Sonrasında Mısır hiyeroglif alfabesi üzerinde çalıştıysa da başaramadı.

Fransız dilbilimci Jean-François Champollion 1822 yılında hiyerogliflerin çevirisi ve gramer sisteminin anahtarını yayınladığı zaman Young ve diğerleri çalışmaları övmüşlerdi. 1823'te Champollion'un sisteminin temel olarak tanınması için "Eski Mısır Eserleri ve Hiyeroglif Yazısındaki Yeni Keşiflerin Önemi"ni yayınladı. Young altı işaretin ses değerini bulduğunu, ancak dilin grameri ile ilgili sonuca varamadığını belirtti. Bulgularının çoğunu 1816'da yayınladığını ve Paris'e gönderdiğini açıkça belirtti. Champollion, paylaşma konusunda isteksizdi. Bunu takip eden o zamanın siyasi gerilimleri ile motive olan hizipleşmelerde İngilizlerin şampiyonu Young, Fransızların şampiyonu Champollion'du. Hiyeroglif grameri için ortaya koyduğu bakış Young tarafından yapılan hataların aynını göstermesine rağmen Champollion yalnızca kendisinin hiyeroglifleri deşifre ettiğini ileri sürüyordu. 1826'dan sonra Louvre Müzesi'nin müdürü de olan Champollion, Young'ın hiyeroglif el yazmalara erişimine izin vermedi.

Müzik
Young, müzik aletlerinin ayarlanması için "Young akordu" adı verilen bir yöntem geliştirmiştir.

Bilim Dünyası Tarafından Tanınırlık

Daha sonra bilim adamları, Young'ın çalışmalarını övdüler, ancak onu yalnızca kendi alanlarında elde ettiği başarılardan tanıyor olabilirler. Çağdaş Sir John Herschel ona "gerçekten orijinal bir dâhi" dedi. Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton'un Opticks adlı kitabının 1931 tarihli ön sözünde onu övdü. Diğer hayranlar arasında fizikçi Lord Rayleigh ve Nobel ödüllü Philip Anderson bulunmaktadır.

Thomas Young'ın adı, malzemelerin teorisi ve simülasyonu ile uğraşan akademik araştırma gruplarının bir ittifakı olan Londra merkezli Thomas Young Center'ın adı olarak kabul edilmiştir.

William Scoresby (1789-1857) tarafından 1822 yılında, Grönland'da bulunan fiyortlardan birine Young onuruna Young Sound adı verildi.

Seçilmiş yazılar

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

 - The link is to a pdf version of the paper.

 - Discusses Young's theoretical and experimental work on interference

  Young's account of his hieroglyphic research. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01716-9)

Dış bağlantılar

1773 doğumlular
1829 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl İngiliz yazarları
Amerikan Bilim ve Sanat Akademisi üyeleri
Cambridge Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Edinburgh Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Göttingen Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
İngiliz fizikçiler
İngiliz fizyologlar
İngiliz Quakers
İsveç Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi üyeleri
Mısırbilimciler
Optik fizikçiler
Royal Society üyeleri
Sistem yaklaşımı
Emmanuel College, Cambridge'da öğrenim görenler

Thomas Young


Céline Lomez est une chanteuse et actrice québécoise née à Montréal le .

Biographie
Elle débute à l'âge de 12 ans, en 1965, comme danseuse à l'émission Jeunesse d'aujourd'hui. Elle forme ensuite le duo Céline et Liette avec sa sœur jumelle Liette Lomez (qui sera, plus tard, l'une des membres de la formation disco Toulouse). Par la suite, Céline Lomez connaît plusieurs succès sur disque, notamment avec les chansons Ce que tu veux, je l'ai (1970), L'amour dans les rangs de coton (1974) et Vol de nuit (1979). Elle mène aussi une belle carrière d'actrice au cinéma, en tournant pour de grands réalisateurs, dont Denis Héroux, Louise Carré et surtout Denys Arcand qui la met brillamment en vedette dans le film Gina en 1975.

Elle se retire du milieu artistique vers la fin des années 80, puis effectue un bref retour en 1995 avec la publication de l'album Nuits d'enfer et une participation au film La Vengeance de la femme en noir de Roger Cantin deux ans plus tard.

Discographie

Albums
 1971 : Ce que tu veux, je l'ai (Disques Trans-Canada)
 1971 : Après-ski (Disques Trans-Canada)
 1976 : Circociel (Disques Deram)
 1979 : Vol de nuit (Disques Deram)
 1980 :  Burning (Tiffany-Discotel)
 1995 : Nuits d'enfer (Productions Esméralda Inc. – ESM)

Compilations
 1973 : Mon disque d'or (Disques Trans-Canada)
 1999 : Les grands succès (Disques Mérite)

Filmographie

Cinéma
 1970 : L'Initiation de Denis Héroux : Christine
 1971 : Après ski de Roger Cardinal : Terry Lopez
 1973 : Réjeanne Padovani de Denys Arcand : Manon
 1975 : Gina de Denys Arcand : Gina
 1975 : Pousse mais pousse égal de Denis Héroux : Gisèle Gagnon
 1978 : L'Argent de la banque () de Daryl Duke : Elaine, la complice de Harry Reikle
 1978 : Plague de Ed Hunt : Margo Simar
 1980 : Ça peut pas être l'hiver, on n'a même pas eu d'été de Louise Carré : Lise Marquis
 1988 : The Kiss de Pen Densham : Aunt Irene
 1997 : La Vengeance de la femme en noir de Roger Cantin :

Télévision
 1980 : Jungle Love (téléfilm) : Valerie 'Val' Lamont
 1981 : High Card (série TV) : Zena
 1986 : Spearfield's Daughter (minisérie) : Simone

Notes et références

Liens externes

Chanteuse québécoise francophone
Chanteuse des années 1960
Chanteuse des années 1970
Chanteuse des années 1980
Chanteuse des années 1990
Actrice québécoise de cinéma
Actrice québécoise de télévision
Cabaret à Montréal
Naissance en mai 1953
Naissance à Montréal

Céline Lomez


Las pozas de marea son charcos que se forman entre las rocas y los sedimentos cercanos a la orilla del mar, al quedar masa de agua atrapada cuando baja la marea. Se llaman también tosqueras (uso argentino) o  charcos intermareales, y muchos sólo existen como entidades reconocibles durante la bajamar. Se dan sobre todo en las costas de mares templados, pero también en mares cálidos. El mismo fenómeno puede observarse asimismo en cuerpos de agua dulce, pero es más característico del mar, debido al oleaje y a la marea, que suponen aportes regulares.

De esos charcos, cada uno constituye un hábitat, efímero para algunas de las criaturas, y en conjunto albergan animales de los que muchos, por su adaptabilidad, han llamado fuertemente la atención de naturalistas y biólogos marinos, y también la de algunos ensayistas filosóficos y otros escritores. Un ejemplo de esto último es el de la obra Diario de a bordo del Mar de Cortés (The Log from the Sea of Cortez), de John Steinbeck, donde puede leerse: « Es aconsejable levantar la mirada del charco de marea y dirigirla a las estrellas, y después bajarla y dirigirla otra vez al charco de marea. » (« It is advisable to look from the tide pool to the stars and then back to the tide pool again. »)

Al ser muchos de ellos lugares de fácil acceso, se han empleado tradicionalmente para la recolección de alimento en forma de molúscos, crustáceos, peces pequeños, etc.

Zonas del formación

Estos charcos se forman en la zona intermareal, que está sometida a la acción de las olas durante la pleamar y además recibe rociada entonces y durante las tormentas. El resto del tiempo, las rocas están expuestas a la insolación y al viento. Pocos organismos pueden sobrevivir en tales condiciones. Líquenes y cirrípedos son los que habitan esta zona. Los cirrípedos viven aquí con una fuerte limitación de altura, dependiendo del nivel del mar y de las condiciones de la marea. Al estar el lugar expuesto al sol y al viento de manera periódica, han de estar bien adaptados a la pérdida de agua. Las conchas, de calcita, son impermeables, y cuentan con dos placas que se deslizan para ocluir la boca.

Zona de la línea de pleamar

En la zona de la línea de pleamar, los organismos han de sobrevivir al oleaje, a las corrientes y a la insolación. Allí se hallan anémonas, estrellas, cochinillas, cangrejos, mejillones y algas verdes en las que se refugian nudibranquios y cangrejos ermitaños. El oleaje en parte dificulta la vida, pero también trae alimento, especialmente para los organismos filtradores.

Zona de la línea de bajamar

Esta zona está sumergida en su mayor parte, y sólo se halla expuesta durante la bajamar. Bullente de vida, cuenta con más vegetación marina, sobre todo con algas, presenta una mayor diversidad y no han de estar tan bien adaptados a la desecación y a los extremos de temperatura. Se encuentran orejas de mar, anémonas, algas pardas, cochinillas, cangrejos, algas verdes, hidroides, isópodos, lapas, mejillones, nudibranquios, pepinos, estrellas, erizos, camarones, esponjas, poliquetos... Estos organismos pueden alcanzar mayor tamaño al haber más alimento aprovechable, al ser el agua suficientemente somera como para aprovechar mejor la luz para la fotosíntesis, al mantenerse la salinidad en unos niveles adecuados y porque la poca hondura y el oleaje protegen de los depredadores de gran tamaño.

La vida en los charcos intermareales

El charco de marea es hábitat de organismos resistentes, como erizos, estrellas, mejillones y caracoles marinos, que han de adaptarse a los cambios frecuentes de su ambiente: la salinidad, la temperatura y la concentración de oxígeno son fluctuantes. Si bien tienen que evitar los inconvenientes de estos cambios, los organismos que viven en el charco dependen de ellos para su nutrición mientras permanecen allí.

Como en todos los ecosistemas, en las relaciones interespecíficas y en las intraespecíficas se establece un equilibrio inestable entre la competencia, el mutualismo y otras modalidades.

Por otro lado, las olas pueden despegar a los mejillones y arrastrarlos al mar; las gaviotas toman con el pico a los erizos, levantan el vuelo y los dejan caer para romperlos; las estrellas comen mejillones, y son comidas por las gaviotas...

La diversidad es mayor en los charcos formados entre las rocas, ya que los formados en la arena o entre la vegetación terrestre son más visitados por los depredadores.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Mareas
Cuerpos de agua
Biomas acuáticos
Accidentes costeros y oceánicos
Biogeografía

Pozas de marea


فيلق البانزر 41 (بالألمانية: XXXXI. Panzerkorps) هو أحد فيالق البانزر (الفيالق المدرعة أو فيالق الدبابات) التي شارك بها الجيش الألماني في حروب ومعارك الحرب العالمية الثانية.

الإنشاء
تم تكوين الفيلق يوم 5 فبراير عام 1940 في المنطقة العسكرية الثامنة (سيليزيا) وسمي «الفيلق الـ41»، أعيد تنظيمه بعد ذلك ليعرف بـ «فيلق البانزر 41» في شهر جويلية وتم وضعه تحت قيادة الجنرال جورج هانز راينهاردت. في ماي 1940 شارك الفيلق في معركة فرنسا حيث كان من بين ثلاث فيالق قامت بالاختراق من منطقة الأردين خلال معركة سيدان واستمر بالزحف نحو شواطئ الأطلسي إلى غاية بلوغ مدينة ابفيل. في أواخر 1940، كان مقررا للفيلق أن يشارك في عملية «أسد البحر» وهي خطة ألمانية لاحتلال بريطانيا وأن يكون في أولى موجات الانزال الألماني على شواطئ المملكة المتحدة. لكن العملية لم تتم مطلقا.

في سنة 1941، تم الحاقه بـمجموعة الجيوش الشمالية واعادة نشره بالجبهة الشرقية تمهيدا لعملية بارباروسا الهادفة لاحتلال الاتحاد السوفياتي. تمكن فيلق البانزر 41 من هزم كل من الفيلق الميكانيكي 12 والفيلق الميكانيكي 3 السوفياتيين في معركة راسينيياي في أواخر شهر جوان 1941، حيث تم فيها تدمير أكثر من 300 دبابة سوفياتية، وواصل الفيلق ريادة التقدم الهجومي لمجموعة الجيوش الشمالية إلى ضواحي لينينغراد في أواخر شهر أكتوبر.

سنة 1942، أعيد تنظيمه وألحق بـالجيش الثاني بانزر التابع لـمجموعة الجيوش الوسطى، حيث خاض عمليات ضد المقاومين السوفيات (الـبارتيزان) في كل من يارتسيفو، فيازما ودوخوفشتشينا.

في مارس 1943، خاض الفيلق المعارك في عدة مناطق بالاتحاد السوفياتي مثل سمولينسك، كرومي وبريانسك ثم حارب في سفسك، تروبشرسك وبونيري. ليشارك بعدها في معركة كورسك. طول هذه الفترة تغير إلحاق الفيلق عدة مرات بين الجيش الثاني بانزر والجيش التاسع.

ما بين جوان وجويلية 1944، صار الفيلق في حالة شبه دمار بعد الهجوم الصيفي السوفياتي «عملية باغراتيون»، وكان بحاجة لاعادة بناء كامل. وكجزء من الجيش الرابع الذي تم إعادة بنائه، واجه هجوم بروسيا الشرقية السوفياتي في شهر جانفي 1945. وبعد أسابيع من القتال حوصرت فرقه في جيب هايليقنبايل على شاطئ بحر البلطيق، وانتهى بها الأمر إلى التدمير بحلول شهر مارس.

القادة
 5 فبراير 1940، الفريق جورج هانز راينهاردت
 5 أكتوبر 1941، الفريق اوتو ارنست اوتنباخر
 1 نوفمبر 1941، لواء قوات البانزر فالتر مودل
 10 جوزيلية 1942، لواء قوات البانزر جوزيف هارب
 15 أكتوبر 1943، لواء المدفعية هيلموت فايدلينغ
 19 جوان 1944، الفريق ادموند هوفمايستر
 1 جويلية 1944، لواء المدفعية هيلموت فايدلينغ (مرة ثانية)
 10 أفريل 1945، الفريق فاند فون فيترسايم
 15 أفريل 1945، الفريق رودولف هولسته

ساحات المعارك
 الجبهة الشرقية، المنطقة الوسطى: جويلية 1942 - ديسمبر 1944
 بروسيا الشرقية: ديسمبر 1944 - مارس 1945
 برلين: مارس 1945 - ماي 1945

انظر أيضا
فيالق البانزر

المراجع

 "". مقال باللغة الألمانية في موقع www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de
 Samuel W. Mitcham Jr (2000) 'The Panzer Legions' Stackpole Books ISBN 0-8117-3353-X

الحرب العالمية الثانية
فيالق بانزر ألمانية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 1940
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية انحلت في 1945

فيلق البانزر 41