Friedrich Günther, Prinț de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (6 noiembrie 1793 – 28 iunie 1867) a fost Prinț suveran de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt din 1807 până la moartea sa.

Biografie
S-a născut la Rudolstadt și a fost al doilea fiu al Prințului suveran de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Ludwig Friedrich al II-lea și a soției acestuia, Caroline de Hesse-Homburg (1771–1854). Bunicul său, Friedrich Karl, a murit cu șapte luni înainte de nașterea sa, deci Friedrich Günther a devenit prinț moștenitor la naștere. Tatăl său a murit la 28 aprilie 1807, când el avea 14 ani și mama sa a acționat ca regentă până ce el a devenit major, în 1916, când a preluar controlul asupra principatului.

Când a urcat pe tron în 1807, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt era membru al Confederației Rinului care a fost dizolvată în 1813 prin Tratatul de la Paris de la 30 mai. În 1814, Prințul Friedrich Günther a devenit suveran al unui principat independent. În 1815 a fost creată Confederația Germană și Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt împreună cu alte monarhii germane s-au alăturat Confederației. În ultimii ani ai domniei sale a izbucnit Războiul austro-prusac (1866), Prințul reușind să mențină Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt neutru.

A fost succedat de fratele său, Prințul Albert, deoarece toți fiii săi cu prima soție au murit înaintea sa, iar fiul său cu cea de-a doua soție,  Prințul Sizzo de Leutenberg, s-a născut dintr-o căsătorie morganatică.

Note

Nașteri în 1793
Decese în 1867
Casa de Schwarzburg
Prinți de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Oameni din Rudolstadt


Aviaconversiya هي شركة روسية تصنع أنظمة للتشويش على أجهزة أو إشارة نظام التموضع العالمي (GPS). يعتقد أن روسيا زودت العراق بهذا النظام لتستعمله حول بغداد مما دفع التحالف للبحث عن طرق لجي بي أس مقاوم أكثر للتشويش.

انظر أيضًا
 نظام التموضع العالمي

مضاد إلكتروني
حرب إلكترونية
شركات دفاع روسيا
شركات مقرها موسكو

أفياكونفيرسيا


This is a list of English-language words of Hindi and Urdu origin, two distinguished registers of the Hindustani language. Many of the Hindi and Urdu equivalents have originated from Sanskrit; see List of English words of Sanskrit origin. Many others are of Persian origin; see List of English words of Persian origin. Some of the latter are in turn of Arabic or Turkic origin. In some cases words have entered the English language by multiple routes - occasionally ending up with different meanings, spellings, or pronunciations, just as with words with European etymologies. Many entered English during the British Raj. These borrowings, dating back to the colonial period, are often labeled as "Anglo-Indian".

A
 Avatar From Hindi inherited from Sanskrit अवतार (avatāra), "to cross down" referring to the descent of a deity from a heaven.

 Aloo from Hindi, Urdu, and Sanskrit ālū .

B
 Bandana  from  (بندھنا/बांधना) to tie.
 Bangle  from  बांगड़ी, a type of bracelet.
 Blighty  "Britain" (as a term of endearment among British troops stationed in Colonial India): from Hindi-Urdu vilāyatī (विलायती, ولايتى) "foreign", ultimately from Arabo-Persian ولايتي "provincial, regional".
 Bungalow from बंगला bangla and Urdu بنگلہ bangla, literally, "(house) in the Bengal style".

C
 Charpoy  from / and /.
 Chaat  from Hindustani cāṭ.
 Cheetah  from chītā, چیتا, चीता, meaning "variegated".
 Chhatri  from Hindustani چھتری / छतरी (chatrī, "umbrella, canopy").
 Chit  from چٹھی चिट्ठी chitthi, a letter or note.
 Chutney  from 'chaṭnī', چٹنی, चटनी, ultimately derived from full-infinitive word 'chāṭnā', چاٹنا, चाटना, meaning 'to lick'.
 Cot  from khāṭ, खाट, a bed.
 Chowkat  from chokath, چوکھٹ / चौखट, a door frame.
 Cummerbund   ultimately from Persian via Hindi-Urdu /,  – from kamar 'waist, loins' and -bandi 'band'.
 Cushy from Hindi-Urdu /, from Persian خوش ḵuš. Some sources prefer an origin from "cushion"

D
 Dacoit from Daku, meaning a member of a class of criminals who engage in organized robbery and murder. Hence also dacoity (banditry)
 Dekko  (UK slang for 'a look') from دیکھو देखो Dekho, the imperative 'look', (دیکھو देखो) meaning look at or study something.
 Dinghy from Dinghi, small boat, wherry-boat
 Dungaree Heavy denim fabric, also referring to trousers made thereof, from Hindi डूंगरी (ḍūṅgrī, "coarse calico"), first worn by labourers in the Dongri area of Mumbai (Bombay).

G
 Ganja Hindi term for marijuana. Popularized by Jamaica after Indian indentured labourers introduced the plant to the island during the 19th century.
 Garam masala from Hindi गरम मसाला and Urdu گرم مصالحہ garam masālā, literally "hot ( = spicy) mixture", from Persian  garm 'warm, hot' and Arabic   'benefits, requirements, ingredients'.
 Gavial from Hindustani ghaṛiyāl,گھڑیال / घड़ियाल, ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word घण्टिक.
 Guru from Hindi guru "teacher, priest," from Sanskrit गुरु  "one to be honored, teacher," literally "heavy, weighty."
 Gymkhana  A term which originally referred to a place where sporting events take place and referred to any of various meets at which contests were held to test the skill of the competitors. In English-speaking countries, a gymkhana refers to a multi-game equestrian event performed to display the training and talents of horses and their rider [-khānā from Pers. khānāh خانه "house, dwelling"]

J
 Jaconet modification of Sanskrit jagannaath, from Jagannath Puri, India, where such cloth was first made.
 JodhpursFull-length trousers, worn for horseback riding, that are close-fitting below the knee, flared and roomy at the thigh, and have reinforced patches on the inside of the leg. Named after Jodhpur, where similar garments are worn by Indian men as part of everyday dress.
 Juggernaut  from Jagannath ( ,  ), a form of Vishnu particularly worshipped at the Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha where during Rath Yatra festival thousands of devotees pull three temple carts some 14m (45 feet) tall, weighing hundreds of tons through the streets. These carts seat three statues of the deities, meant to be two brothers and their sister for a 'stroll' outside after the ritual worship session. They are fed by thousands and thousands of worshipers with holy food, as if the icons were living. Early European visitors witnessed these festivals and returned with—possibly apocryphal—reports of religious fanatics committing suicide by throwing themselves under the wheels of the carts. So the word became a metaphor for something immense and unstoppable because of institutional or physical inertia; or impending catastrophe that is foreseeable yet virtually unavoidable because of such inertia.
 Jungle  from the Sanskrit word जङ्गल jaṅgala, and later jangal in Hindi as जंगल and Urdu as جنگل. Jaṅgala means "uncultivated land" which refers to the wilderness or forest.

K

 Khaki from ख़ाकी khākī "of dust colour, dusty, grey", cf. Hindi  - Urdu خاکی [ultimately from Persian].
 Karma from Sanskrit, the result of a person's actions as well as the actions themselves. It is a term about the cycle of cause and effect.
 Kedgeree from Hindi खिचड़ी, Kedgeree is thought to have originated with the Indian rice-and-bean or rice-and-lentil dish khichri, traced back to 1340 or earlier.

L
 Loot  from Loot لوٹ लूट, meaning 'steal'. Robbery

M
 Multan from Multan, Pakistan: A kind of rug prevalent there.
 Mogul from Hindi and Urdu: An acknowledged leader in a field, from the Mughal rulers of India like Akbar and Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal.
 Maharaja from Hindi and Sanskrit: A great king.
 Mantra from Hindi and Sanskrit: a word or phrase used in meditation.
 Masala from Urdu, to refer to Indian flavoured spices

N
 Nirvana (in Jainism, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism) a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Jainism, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism.

P
 Pashmina from Hindi पश्मीना, Urdu پشمينه, ultimately from Persian پشمينه.
 Punch from Hindi and Urdu panch پانچ, meaning "five". The drink was originally made with five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices. The original drink was named paantsch.
 Pundit  from पण्डित Pandit, meaning a learned scholar or Priest.
 Pukka  (UK slang: "genuine") from Pakkā पक्का, پکا cooked, ripe, solid.
 Purdah  from Hindi-Urdu ,  Pardah (ultimately from Persian) meaning 'the pre-election period'.
 Pyjamas from Hindi and Urdu, پاجامہ / पाजामा (), meaning "leg garment", coined from Persian پاى "foot, leg" and جامه "garment" .

R
 Raita from Hindi and Urdu रायता رائتہ rayta. yogurt based dish, some add sliced/chopped/diced, cucumbers, onions, tomatoes, pineapples, pomegranate or other salads to complement rice or roti meals.
 Roti from Hindi and Urdu रॊटी روٹی roti "bread"; akin to Prakrit रॊट्ट rotta "rice flour", Sanskrit रोटिका rotika "kind of bread".

S
 Sepoy Sepoy is derived from the Persian word sepāhī (سپاہی) meaning "infantry soldier" and was designated as a rank in the Mughal Army. The title and rank were implemented by the East India Company and later the British Raj. The term continues to be used for noncommissioned ranks in the Indian and Pakistani and Nepalese militaries.

 Shampoo Derived from Hindustani chāmpo (चाँपो [tʃãːpoː]) (verb imperative, meaning "rub!"), dating to 1762.

T
 Teapoy from charpoy ,چارپائی Teen payi (तीन पाय) in Hindi-Urdu, meaning "three legged" or "coffee table".
Thug from Thagi ,ٹھگ Thag in Hindi-Urdu, meaning "thief or con man".
 Tickety-boo possibly from Hindi  (ṭhīk hai, bābū), meaning "it's all right, sir".
 Toddy (also Hot toddy)  from Tārī , juice of the palmyra palm.
 Typhoon from Urdu  toofaan. A cyclonic storm.

V
 Verandafrom Hindustani baramdaa برآمدہ / बरामदा, but ultimately from Portuguese.

Y
 YaarA colloquial South Asian word, it has been defined as a noun to refer to a 'familiar form of address: friend, mate'. It is originally a loanword from Persian یار (yār). The first known use of yaar in English was in 1963.

See also
 Glossary of the British Raj
 Indian English
 Hobson-Jobson
 List of English words of Sanskrit origin
 Lists of English words of international origin

References

External links
Category: Hindi derivations in Wiktionary
Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin  in Colonial and Postcolonial Literary Dialogues
English to Hindi Dictionary

Hindi
Hindi
English words
English
English

List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin


Onthophagus padrinoi é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Delgado em 1999.

Referências

Ligações externas

padrinoi
Coleópteros descritos em 1999

Onthophagus padrinoi


Süleyman Çelebi (emir) - Osmanlı padişahı Yıldırım Bayezid'in oğlu
 Süleyman Çelebi (âlim) - 14 ve 15. yüzyıllarda yaşamış Osmanlı âlimi.
 Süleyman Çelebi (1944 doğumlu siyasetçi) - XVII., XVIII., XX. XXI. ve XXIII. Dönem Mardin Milletvekili
 Süleyman Çelebi (1953 doğumlu siyasetçi) - DİSK başkanı

Süleyman Çelebi


Several US Navy ships have been named USS Honolulu:
USS Honolulu (ID-1843), a cargo ship in commission from 1917 to 1919
, a light cruiser in commission from 1938 from 1947
, a submarine in commission from 1985 to 2007

United States Navy ship names

USS Honolulu


الغدر لغةً:

ضدُّ الوفاء بالعهد، إذا نقض عهده وترك الوفاء وهي غَدُور وغَدَّار وغَدَّارَة، وهو غادِرٌ وغَدَّار وغِدِّير وغدور وغُدَرٌ، أصل هذه المادة يدل على ترك الشيء. ومن ذلك الغَدْر: وهو تَـرْك الوفاءِ بالعهد

واصطلاحا:

قال الجاحظ: (هو الرُّجوع عمَّا يبذله الإنسان من نفسه ويضمن الوفاء به).
وقال المناوي: (الغدر: نقض العهد والإخلال بالشَّيء وتركه).
قيل : (نقض العهد مطلقًا في لحظة لم تكن متوقعة ولا منتظرة).

التفريق بين الغدر وغيره من الصفات

الغدر والمكر
الغدر: نقض العهد وترك الوفاء به
بينما قد يكون المكر ابتداءً من غير عهد.

الغدر والخيانة

الغدر نقيض الوفاء، والخيانة نقيض الأمانة، (وحقيقة الخيانة هي عمل من اؤتمن على شيء بضد ما اؤتمن لأجله، بدون علم صاحب الأمانة).
والغدر يكون في العهود والمواثيق والمعنويات، والخيانة تكون في المحسوسات ولها علاقة بالأمانات وما يطلب من المرء حفظه، وقد تكون في المعنويات.

الغدر والخداع

الخداع هو إظهار ما يُبْطِن خلافه، وهو تَدْبِيرُ فِعْلٍ خَفِيّ يقومُ بهِ الخادعُ لإيقاعِ الضررِ والشرّ بالمخدوعِ من حيثُ لم يحذر ويتنبه، أراد اجتلاب نفعٍ أَو دفع ضرٍّ، وعداوة الخادع والمخدوع ظاهرة وكلاهما يتربص بالآخر. وفي الخداع يكون هنالك نية في النقض منذ البداية. أما الغدر فلا يشترط ذلك. والخداع ليس فقط في العهود والمواثيق (بخلاف الغدر)، الخداع فقط إظهار ما يبطن خلافه. فقد يكون من سؤالٍ أو حتى دون كلامٍ ولا كتابة (تنكرٍ أو ما شابه).

النهي عنه في القرآن

قال ابن رجب: (ويدخل في العُهود التي يجب الوفاءُ بها، ويحرم الغَدْرُ فيها: جميعُ عقود المسلمين فيما بينهم، إذا تَرَاضَوا عليها من المبايعات والمناكحات وغيرها من العقود اللازمة التي يجب الوفاءُ بها، وكذلك ما يجبُ الوفاء به لله عزَّ وجلَّ ممَّا يعاهدُ العبدُ ربَّه عليه من نذرِ التَّبرُّرِ ونحوه).

وقال الراغب: (ولكون الوفاء سببًا لعامة الصلاح، والغدر سببًا لعامة الفساد، عظَّم الله أمرهما، وأعاد في عدة مواضع ذكرهما، فقال: ((وَأَوْفُواْ بِالْعَهْدِ إِنَّ الْعَهْدَ كَانَ مَسْؤُولاً)) [الإسراء:34]، وقال: ((وَالْمُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِهِمْ)) [البقرة:177]).

وقال القاسمي: (لا تنقضوا العهود الجائزة بينكم وبين من عاهدتموهم، فتخفروها وتغدروا بمن أعطيتموه إياها).

(أي تجعلون أيمانكم التي تحلفون بها على أنكم موفون بالعهد لمن عاقدتم غرورًا ليطمئنوا إليكم، وأنتم مضمرون لهم الغدر، وترك الوفاء بالعهد، والنَّقلة إلى غيرهم، من أجل أنهم أكثر منهم عَددًا وعُددًا وأعز نفرًا، بل عليكم بالوفاء بالعهود، والمحافظة عليها في كل حال).

قال ابن كثير: لأن الكافر إذا رأى المؤمن قد عاهده، ثم غدر به لم يبق له وثوق بالدين، فانْصَدَّ بسببه عن الدخول في الإسلام).

قال ابن زيد، في قوله: ((تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلاً بَيْنَكُمْ)) يغر بها، يعطيه العهد، يؤمنه وينزله من مأمنه، فتزل قدمه وهو في مأمن، ثم يعود يريد الغدر، ((دَخَلاً بَيْنَكُمْ)) قال قتادة: خيانة وغدرًا.

قال الماوردي: لا تنقضوها بالغدر، بعد توكيدها بالوفاء.

وقال الطبري: الله أمر في هذه الآية عباده بالوفاء بعهوده التي يجعلونها على أنفسهم، ونهاهم عن نقض الأيمان، بعد توكيدها على أنفسهم لآخرين بعقود تكون بينهم بحق مما لا يكرهه الله.

وقال السعدي: (وإذا كان بينك وبين قوم عهد وميثاق على ترك القتال فخفت منهم خيانة، بأن ظهر من قرائن أحوالهم ما يدل على خيانتهم من غير تصريح منهم بالخيانة. فَانبِذْ إِلَيْهِمْ عهدهم، أي: ارمه عليهم، وأخبرهم أنه لا عهد بينك وبينهم. عَلَى سَوَاء أي: حتى يستوي علمك وعلمهم بذلك، ولا يحل لك أن تغدرهم، أو تسعى في شيءٍ مما منعه موجب العهد، حتى تخبرهم بذلك. إِنَّ اللّهَ لاَ يُحِبُّ الخَائِنِينَ بل يبغضهم أشد البغض، فلا بد من أمر بيِّنٍ يبرئكم من الخيانة... ودلَّ مفهومها أيضًا أنه إذا لم يُخَفْ منهم خيانة، بأن لم يوجد منهم ما يدل على ذلك، أنه لا يجوز نبذ العهد إليهم، بل يجب الوفاء إلى أن تتم مدته).

قال ابن كثير: (يقول تعالى لنبيه، صلوات الله وسلامه عليه وَإِمَّا تَخَافَنَّ مِن قَوْمٍ قد عاهدتهم خِيَانَةً أي: نقضًا لما بينك وبينهم من المواثيق والعهود، فَانبِذْ إِلَيْهِمْ أي: عهدهم عَلَى سَوَاء أي: أعلمهم بأنك قد نقضت عهدهم حتى يبقى علمك وعلمهم بأنك حرب لهم، وهم حرب لك، وأنه لا عهد بينك وبينهم على السواء، أي: تستوي أنت وهم في ذلك).

النهي عنه في السنة

قال ابن بطال: (وهذه مبالغة في العقوبة وشدة الشهرة والفضيحة).
وقال النووي: (لكل غادر لواء. أي: علامة يشتهر بها في الناس؛ لأن موضوع اللواء الشهرة مكان الرئيس علامة له، وكانت العرب تنصب الألوية في الأسواق الحفلة لغدرة الغادر؛ لتشهيره بذلك).
(وفي هذا الحديث دليل على أن الغدر من كبائر الذنوب، لأن فيه هذا الوعيد الشديد).

قال المناوي: (وإذا عاهد غدر) أي: نقض العهد

وقال العظيم آبادي: (وإذا عاهد غدر) أي: نقض العهد وترك الوفاء بما عاهد عليه.

وقال ابن عثيمين:(وإذا عاهد غدر) أي: إذا أعطى عهدًا على أي شيء من الأشياء غدر به، ونقض العهد، وهذا يشمل المعاهدة مع الكفار، والمعاهدة مع المسلم في بعض الأشياء ثم يغدر بذلك.

في حديث هرقل الطويل مع أبي سفيان عندما سأله عن النبي (فهل يغدر؟ قال: لا، ثم قال هرقل: وسألتك هل يغدر؟ فزعمت أن لا، وكذلك الرسل لا يغدرون).
قال ابن بطال: (قد جاء فضل الوفاء بالعهد، وذم الختر يعني الغدر في غير موضع في الكتاب والسنة، وإنما أشار البخاري في هذا الحديث إلى سؤال هرقل لأبي سفيان، هل يغدر؟ إذ كان الغدر عند كلِّ أمة مذمومًا قبيحًا، وليس هو من صفات رسل الله، فأراد أن يمتحن بذلك صدق النبي؛ لأن من غدر ولم يفِ بعهد لا يجوز أن يكون نبيًّا؛ لأنَّ الأنبياء والرسل عليهم السلام أخبرت عن الله بفضل من وفي بعهد، وذم من غدر وختر).

قال المهلب (أعطى بي ثم غدر) يريد: نقض عهدًا عاهده عليه ..
قال المناوي:(ثم غدر) يعني: نقض العهد الذي عاهد عليه لأنَّه جعل الله كفيلًا له فيما لزمه من وفاء ما أعطى، والكفيل خصم المكفول به للمكفول له.

أقوال في الغدر

قال عدي بن حاتم: (أتينا عمر في وفد، فجعل يدعو رجلًا رجلًا ويسمِّيهم. فقلت: أما تعرفني يا أمير المؤمنين؟ قال: بلى. أسلمت إذ كفروا، وأقبلت إذ أدبروا، ووفيت إذ غدروا، وعرفت إذ أنكروا. فقال عديُّ: فلا أبالي إذًا).
وقال أمير المؤمنين علي بن أبي طالب : (الوفاء توأم الصدق، ولا أعلم جُنَّة أوقى منه، وما يغدر من علم كيف المرجع. ولقد أصبحنا في زمان اتخذ أكثر أهله الغدر كَيسًا(*)، ونسبهم أهل الجهل فيه إلى حُسن الحِيلة...).

(*)الكيس: العقل.

وقال الأبشيهي: (وكم أوقع القدر في المهالك من غادر، وضاقت عليه من موارد الهلكات فسيحات المصادر، وطوقه غدره طوق خزي، فهو على فكِّه غير قادر ).

وقال (أيُّ سوء أقبح، من غدر يسوق إلى النِّفاق وأيُّ عار أفضح من نقض العهد إذا عُدَّت مساوئ الأخلاق).

وقال ابن حزم: (الغدر، وهو الذي لا يحتمله أحد ولا يغضي عليه كريم، وهو المسلاة حقًّا، ولا يلام السالي عنه على أي وجه كان، ناسيًا أو متصبرًا، بل اللائمة لاحقة لمن صبر عليه).

صور الغدر
نقض العهد الذي أخذ الله على بني آدم: .
نقض العهد الذي وصى الله به خلقه، من فعل ما يحبه الله ويرضاه.
نقض العهد المأخوذ على بني آدم من النظر في أدلة وحدانيته وكمالاته المنصورة في الكون كما قال تعالى في سورة الذاريات .
نقض العهد الذي أعطاه الشارع الحكيم للكفار غير المحاربين، من أهل الذمة والمستأمنين  (*)أخفرته: أي نقضت عهده وذمامه.
خلف الموعد بأن يعطي موعدًا، وفي نيته عدم الوفاء، أما إذا أعطى موعدًا، وفي نيته الوفاء، ولم يفِ لأمر خارج عن إرادته، فلا يعدُّ ذلك نقضًا؛ لحديث:

عواقب الغدر وآثاره

يسلك طريق النفاق.
(لحديث ابن عمرو السابق: ("أربع من كن فيه كان منافقاً خالصاً، ومن كانت فيه خصلة منهن كانت فيه خصلة من النفاق حتى يدعها: إذا حدَّث كذب، وإذا عاهد غدر، وإذا وعد أخلف، وإذا خاصم فجر").

ذلك أنَّ الغادر أظهر شيئًا في الوقت الذي أبطن فيه خلافه، ومثل هذا الصنف من الناس يجب توقيه، والحذر منه؛ لأنه لم يعد محل ثقة ولا أمانة، إذ يظهر الموافقة على العهود والالتزام، ثم يخفي النقض والغدر.

حلول لعنة الله وقساوة القلب.
 قال تعالى: ((فَبِمَا نَقْضِهِم مِّيثَاقَهُمْ لَعنَّاهُمْ وَجَعَلْنَا قُلُوبَهُمْ قَاسِيَةً)) [المائدة:13].

الغواية والضلال.
 قال تعالى (في سورة البقرة): ((...وَمَا يُضِلُّ بِهِ إِلاَّ الْفَاسِقِينَ(26) الَّذِينَ يَنقُضُونَ عَهْدَ اللَّهِ مِن بَعْدِ مِيثَاقِهِ...(27))).

انقلاب غدرته على نفسه.

من ذلك تسلط الأعداء والخزي وضياع الهيبة والمكانة في الناس، قال تعالى: (( فَمَن نَّكَثَ فَإِنَّمَا يَنكُثُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ)) [الفتح: 10].
قال محمد بن كعب القرظي رضي الله تعالى عنه: (ثلاث خصال من كنَّ فيه، كنَّ عليه: البغي، والنكث ، والمكر).

الفضيحة والخزي في الآخرة.

لقوله  في الحديث السابق: (لكل غادر لواء يوم القيامة، يقال: هذه غدرة فلان).

وقد تكون الفضيحة كبيرة بالدنيا قبل الآخرة، فقد كانت العرب إذا غدر الرجل بجاره، أوقدوا له نارًا بمنى، أيام الحج على الأخشب (وهو الجبل المطلُّ على منى). ثم صاحوا: هذه غدرة فلان.

قالت امرأة من هاشم:

.

من حوادث الغدر في عهد النبي

إن المتتبع للأحداث التاريخية لليهود، يجد أنَّ الغدر من أبرز الصفات التي اتصفت بها الأمة اليهودية، فقد اشتهروا بالغدر والخيانة لكل من يخالفهم.
والقرآن الكريم قد بيَّن لنا هذا، وسرد لنا الأحداث التي تبين تجذُّر هذه الصفة القبيحة فيهم.
ومن تلك المواقف:
بعدما أبرمت وثيقة بين الرسول واليهود بعد الهجرة، وتقوت دولة الإسلام وتجذَّرت، بدأ اليهود يتحيَّنون الفرص للغدر بالمسلمين، فكان أوَّل من غدر منهم بنو قينقاع عندما اعتدوا على حجاب امرأة مسلمة في سوقهم وكشفوا عن عورتها، وعندها حاصرهم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بجيش من المسلمين حتى أجلاهم عن المدينة، وأبعدهم إلى بلاد الشام جزاء غدرهم وخيانتهم للعهد.

ثم تلاهم في الغدر بنو النضير، عندما دبروا مؤامرة لاغتيال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو جالس في دورهم، يكلمهم ويتحدث إليهم، فدبروا خطة لإلقاء صخرة عليه من أعلى السطح، فكشف الله له أمرهم، فحاصرهم بجيش من المسلمين، حتى تم إجلاؤهم إلى بلاد الشام كذلك.

وأخيرًا كان الغدر الأكبر من بني قريظة يوم الأحزاب، حيث تجمع على المسلمين سائر طوائف الشرك من القبائل العربية، فلما رأى اليهود الضيق والحرج قد استبدَّ بالمسلمين اهتبلوها فرصة، وأعلنوا نقض العهد والالتحام مع المشركين، وكشف الله مكرهم، ثم بعد أن انهزم الأحزاب تفرغ لهم رسول الله صلى الله علي وسلم وأدب بهم من خلفهم، وكانت نهايتهم أن قتل مقاتلتهم وسبيت ذراريهم وأموالهم.

كان أول غدر أحدثه النصارى تجاه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حينما قتلوا رسوله الحارث بن عمير الأزدي، الذي أرسله إلى عامل بصرى الشام من قبل الروم، واسمه شرحبيل بن عمرو الغساني؛ ليدعوه إلى الإسلام، فما كان من شرحبيل إلا أن قتل مبعوث النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إليه، وكان من عادة الدول تأمين الرسل بينهم، وكانت هذه الحادثة سببًا لغزوة مؤتة..

المراجع

أخلاقيات اجتماعية
أخلاق إسلامية

غدر


"Sahil Sekoyası" (Sequoia sempervirens), servigiller (Cupressaceae) familyasının Sequoia cinsinden tek bir türle temsil edilen (monotipik) 120 m boy, 7 m çap yapabilen ana vatanı Kuzey Amerika olan büyük bir ağaç türü.

Her dem yeşil ve dev yapılı ağaçlardır. Oldukça kalın kabukları vardır. Genç sürgünleri önce kırmızı, sonra kahverengidir.

2 tip yaprakları vardır:

•Pul yaprak: Sürgünün dip ve uç kısmı ile kozalak sapında yer alan yapraklar,
•İğne yaprak: Sürgünün üzerindeki balık kılçığı şeklindeki ana yapraklar.

Kozalaklar 1 yılda olgunlaşır ve 15-20 puldan oluşur. Kozalak pulları yan kenarlarıyla kapanmıştır ve her pulun altında 3-7 tohum bulunur.

Doğal yayılış alanında 140 m'ye kadar büyür; gövde dibi çok geniş olup uca doğru daralır. Kabuk kırmızımsı kahverengi veya tarçın renginde, 15–25 cm kalınlığındadır, tacı ise dardır. Genç ağaçlarda dallar incedir, sonradan kalınlaşır ve gövdeye çevrel olarak dizilmiştir.

Yapraklar sürgünlere sarmal olarak dizilmiştir ve iki şekildedir; yan dallar üzerindeki yapraklar 1-2,5 cm uzunluğunda iki sıralı dizilmişlerdir, alt yüzlerinde iki stoma bandı yer alır. Ana sürgünlerin üzerinde yer alan yaprakların ise uzunluğu 1,5-2,5 cm olup uçları sivridir.

Erkek kozalaklar ovoid 1,5–2 mm olup sarı-yeşildir. Tohum kozalakları çok küçük, olgunlaşınca koyu kırmızımsı kahverengi, eliptik-yumurta veya yumurta şeklinde 2-3,5 x 1,2-1,5 cm'dir. Bir yılda olgunlaşan tohumlar açık kahverengi eliptik-dikdörgen şeklinde 1,5 mm uzunluğundadır. Tohum kanadı 1 mm genişliğindedir.

İstanbul'da bulunan Atatürk Arbetorumunda yetişen sekoya ağaçları bulunmaktadır.

Hyperion

Dünyanın en uzun ağacı olan Hyperion bir sahil sekoyasıdır. Bu ağaç Kaliforniya'da bulunan Redwood Ulusal ve Eyalet Parkı'nda bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Durumu hassas bitkiler
Cupressaceae
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri endemik bitkileri
Birleşik Devletler'in Batı Kıyıları florası
Kuzeybatı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Güneybatı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin florası
Kaliforniya florası
Oregon florası
California Coast Ranges
Del Norte County
Humboldt County, Kaliforniya
Kaliforniya'nın sembolleri
Redwood Ulusal ve Eyalet Parkları
Miyosen devrinde yaşam
Kuzey Amerika'daki bahçe bitkileri
Peyzaj ağaçları
1847'de tanımlanan bitkiler

Sekoya


Magiritsa () is a Greek soup made from lamb offal, associated  with the Easter (Pascha) tradition of the Greek Orthodox Church. Accordingly, Greek-Americans and Greek-Canadians sometimes call it "Easter soup", "Easter Sunday soup", or "Easter lamb soup". In some parts of Greece, most notably Thessaly, it is not served as soup but rather as a fricassee, where it contains only offal and large variety of vegetables, but no onions or rice, as in the soup.

Traditional use
Magiritsa is eaten to break the fast of the Greek Orthodox Great Lent, the 40 days before Easter. Its role and ingredients result from its association with the roasted lamb traditionally served at the Paschal meal; in its traditional form, magiritsa consists of the offal removed from the lamb before roasting, flavored with seasonings and sauces. Prepared on Holy Saturday along with the next day's lamb, magiritsa is consumed immediately after the midnight Divine Liturgy.

When eaten on Easter morning after church, magiritsa is sometimes accompanied by salad and cheese, tsoureki sweet bread, and hard-boiled eggs dyed red.

See also
 List of soups

References

Greek soups
Easter food
National dishes
Easter traditions in Greece

Magiritsa


Le RD-263 (indice GRAU 15D117) est un moteur-fusée à ergols liquides, brûlant du N2O4 et de l'UDMH selon le cycle à combustion étagée riche en oxydant. Quatre moteurs RD-263 forment un module de propulsion RD-264 (indice GRAU 15D119). Pour le missile R-36M, KB Ioujnoïe commanda seulement la propulsion du premier étage à Energomach, au lieu des deux étages, prétextant qu'ils étaient surchargés par le développement du RD-270. En avril 1970, Ioujnoïe a reçu la documentation du moteur. Fin 1972, Energomash commença les tests de mise à feu des moteurs sur son banc d'essais. Et en septembre 1973, le moteur fut certifié pour le vol. Bien que le moteur ne soit plus en production, le missile R-36 et la fusée Dnepr restent opérationnels en 2015.

Versions
Les versions suivantes ont été développées :
 RD-263 (indice GRAU : 15D117) : version initiale utilisée sur le premier étage des missiles R-36M et R-36MUTTKh (15А14 et 15A18).
 RD-268 (indice GRAU : 15D168) : variante utilisée sur le premier étage des missiles MR-UR-100 Sotka (15А15) et MR-UR-100UTTKh (15A16).
 RD-273 (ou RD-263F) : version améliorée basée sur le projet d'amélioration RD-263F. Version utilisée sur le premier étage du missile R-36M2 (15A18M) et (15A18M2).

Modules
Certains de ces moteurs sont rassemblés dans des modules de moteurs multiples. Les modules correspondants sont :
 RD-264 (indice GRAU 15D119) : module composé de quatre RD-263. Module de propulsion du premier étage des missiles R-36M et R-36MUTTKh (15А14 et 15A18)
 RD-274 (indice GRAU ?) : module composé de quatre RD-273. Module de propulsion du premier étage du missile R-36M2 (15A18M) et (15A18M2)

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 R-36M - missile balistique intercontinental pour lequel le moteur a été initialement développé.
 Dnepr - lanceur spatial qui est un missile R-36MUTTKh reconditionné.
 LR-87, famille de moteurs-fusées américains à deux chambres utilisés par la famille de lanceurs américains Titan.
 Moteur-fusée à ergols liquides

Liens externes
 KbKhA official information on the engine.

Moteur-fusée de l'Union soviétique
Moteur-fusée à hypergol
Moteur-fusée utilisant le cycle à combustion étagée

RD-263


A Digicel é uma rede de telefonia móvel baseada no Caribe e provedora de entretenimento doméstico que opera em 33 mercados em todas as regiões do mundo.A Digicel opera em vários países, incluindo Fiji, Haiti, Trinidade e Tobago, Santa Lúcia, Suriname e Jamaica .

História
A Digicel foi fundada em 2001 pelo empresário irlandês Denis O'Brien . A empresa foi lançada em abril de 2001 na Jamaica. Em março de 2003, a Digicel expandiu para Santa Lúcia e São Vincente. Em 2005, a Digicel comprou as operações da Cingular Wireless no Caribe e Bermudas.

Em abril de 2006, a Digicel lançou seus serviços em Trinidade e Tobago . Em maio de 2006, a Digicel iniciou suas operações no Haiti . Entre 2006 e 2008, a Digicel expandiu-se para o continente da América Central, bem como para o Pacífico. Em setembro de 2006, adquiriu um provedor de telefonia móvel não relacionado Digicel Holdings em El Salvador .

Em 2007, a Digicel adquiriu a U*Mobile na Guiana, e foi lançada no Suriname em dezembro do mesmo ano.

2010–presente

Em fevereiro de 2011, a Digicel assumiu o controle acionário da Netxar Technologies, um integrador de sistemas líder na região do Caribe. Em março, a Digicel anunciou que estava vendendo suas operações em Honduras e El Salvador para a empresa de telecomunicações mexicana América Móvil, e a América Móvil estava vendendo suas operações na Jamaica para a Digicel. Em março de 2012, a Digicel adquiriu a Comcel/Voila, sua principal concorrente no Haiti.

Em outubro de 2012, a Claro anunciou que não adquiriria as operações da Digicel em El Salvador.

Em junho de 2013, a Digicel anunciou que investiria US$ 9 mil milhões em uma rede de telefonia móvel em Myanmar, caso fosse concedida uma licença. No entanto, a Digicel perdeu a oferta de licença para a Telenor e a Ooredoo .

Patrocínio corporativo
A Digicel é patrocinadora de equipes esportivas do Caribe, América Central e Ásia-Pacífico, incluindo as equipes das Olimpíadas Especiais nessas regiões. De 2005 a 2018, a Digicel patrocinou a equipe de críquete das Índias Ocidentais .

Em 2008, a Digicel anunciou que iria patrocinar a equipe nacional de críquete Vanuatu, bem como as equipes nacionais de rúgbi  15s e 7s. Nesse mesmo ano, a Digicel tornou-se patrocinadora da Copa Digicel de rúgbi em Fiji.

Também patrocinando a copa Digicel em Timor-Leste.

Fundação Digicel
Em 2004, a Digicel e seus acionistas criaram a Fundação Digicel na Jamaica.

A Fundação Digicel está ativa na Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidade e Tobago e Papua-Nova Guiné. No Haiti, a Fundação Digicel ajudou a reconstruir após o terremoto de 2010 no Haiti que atingiu Porto Príncipe em 12 de janeiro de 2010. Os projetos incluíram a construção de escolas primárias e a restauração do histórico Mercado de Ferro .

Concorrentes
Na região do Caribe, o principal concorrente é a americana Liberty Latin America.

Veja também

 Taça Digicel

Referências

Comunicações na Jamaica
Comunicações no Haiti

Digicel


DIN 557 er en DIN-standard for en jernmøtrik.

Kilde
http://bolte.dk/jernmoetrikker-din-557-4-kant/
DIN-standarder

DIN 557


Power Girl, also known as  Kara Zor-L, and Karen Starr, is a superheroine appearing in American comic books by DC Comics, making her first appearance in All Star Comics #58 (January/February 1976). Power Girl is the cousin of the superhero Superman, but from an alternate universe in the fictional multiverse in which DC Comics stories are set. Originally hailing from the world of Earth-Two, first envisioned as the home of DC's wartime heroes as published in 1940s comic books, Power Girl becomes stranded in the main universe where DC stories are set, and becomes acquainted with that world's Superman and her own counterpart, Supergirl.

In common with Supergirl's origin story, she is the daughter of Superman's aunt and uncle and a native of the planet Krypton. The infant Power Girl's parents enabled her to escape the destruction of her home planet by placing her in a rocket ship. Although she left the planet at the same time that Superman did, her ship took much longer to reach Earth-Two. On Earth, as with other Kryptonians, Power Girl discovered she possessed abilities like super strength, flight, and heat vision, using which she became a protector of innocents and a hero for humanity. Though the specifics of how vary over subsequent retellings, Power Girl is later stranded on another Earth when a cosmic crisis affects her home of Earth-Two, and later carves out a separate identity for herself from her dimensional counterpart Supergirl once they are forced to coexist.

Although she and Supergirl are biologically the same person, there are vast differences between the two. Power Girl is much older than her Prime-Earth counterpart, and as such has a more curvaceous and voluptuous figure, with her most notable feature among fans being her large breasts. Compared to Supergirl she is more level-headed due to her maturity, and her fighting style is more aggressive. She also adopts a different secret identity from her counterpart. These changes are reflected in their differing costumes and superhero names as well; Power Girl sports a bob of blond hair; wears a distinctive white, red, and blue costume with a cleavage-displaying cutout. The name Power Girl reflects that she chooses not to be seen as a derivative of Superman, but rather her own hero and this choice is reflected in the strong independent attitude of the character. Over various decades, Power Girl has been depicted as a member of superhero teams such as the Justice Society of America, Infinity, Inc., Justice League Europe, and the Birds of Prey.

Power Girl's origin has gone through revisions, but over time has reverted to her original conception as the Supergirl of Earth-Two. The 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths eliminated Earth-Two from history, causing her to be retconned as the granddaughter of an Atlantean sorcerer known as Arion. This was an unpopular change and writers depicted the revised Power Girl inconsistently. The 2005–2006 Infinite Crisis limited series then restored her status as a refugee from the Krypton of the destroyed Pre-Crisis Earth-Two universe. This has been her consistent depiction ever since.

Publication history
Power Girl was introduced in All Star Comics #58 in 1976, and was a member of the superhero team the Justice Society of America through the remainder of the 1970s and 1980s period known as the Bronze Age of Comics. Marvel Comics' then-publisher Stan Lee said in 1978 that when DC Comics created Power Girl after Marvel had introduced Power Man, "I'm pretty annoyed about that. ...I've got to ask the Marvel lawyer – she's supposed to be starting a lawsuit about that and I haven't heard anything. I don't like the idea. ... You know, years ago we brought out Wonder Man, and [DC Comics] sued us because they had Wonder Woman, and ... I said okay, I'll discontinue Wonder Man. And all of a sudden they've got Power Girl. Oh, boy. How unfair." Ironically, Marvel had previously published Thor #207, written by Power Girl co-creator Gerry Conway, in which Len Wein's character says, "Whoever heard of Powergirl, anyhow?"

After All Star Comics was canceled as a part of the DC Implosion, the character would continue to appear along with the rest of the JSA in Adventure Comics for a six-issue run. Due in part to her being one of the more popular characters in All Star Comics at the time, she was given a solo tryout in Showcase issues 97–99, which expanded on her pre-Crisis origin. During this time, she was a regularly featured character in the annual Justice Society crossovers in the original Justice League of America series. She was a founding member of Infinity Inc., appearing in each of the first 12 issues and making later guest appearances.

After DC's continuity-altering Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline, her origin was retconned in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #11 and she became a magic-based character with ties to ancient Atlantis, leading to appearances in The Warlord. The character did not receive her own self-titled series until the Power Girl miniseries of 1988. The character became a featured member of Justice League Europe (a spin off from Justice League International) for the run of the series. After the cancellation of JLI, the character joined Chris Claremont's creator-owned series Sovereign Seven and appeared in several issues of Birds of Prey. She eventually rejoined the Justice Society in JSA #31 and became a regular part of that series and its follow-up, Justice Society of America vol. 3.

Power Girl played a significant role in the continuity-changing events of Infinite Crisis (2005), which tied into her starring role in the first JSA Classified story arc "Power Trip" in 2005 (issues #1–4 of the series). These stories heavily featured the revelation that Power Girl was in fact the Earth-Two Power Girl and a Kryptonian, who survived Crisis, and that her Atlantean backstory had been a lie. Starting in July 2009, Power Girl received her first ongoing series, simply titled Power Girl (vol. 2), with the first twelve issues written by Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray, drawn by Amanda Conner, and colored by Paul Mounts. According to Comic Book Resources, the series has been "wildly praised for its fresh and fun approach."

When Palmiotti, Grey and Conner left the series after issue #12, Palmiotti said, "Amanda always said she could just commit to the book for a year, and as we got into the series we realized that we just couldn't do the same type of book with another artist at this point and decided it was a good idea to leave with her and give another team a shot." Judd Winick took over as writer with artist Sami Basri beginning with issue #13. Winick stated that the tone of the book will continue, and the premise of the character in New York.

The trade paperback "Power Girl" () collects Showcase issues #97–99, Secret Origins (vol. 2) issue #11, JSA issues 32 and 39, and JSA Classified issues #1–4. "Power Girl: A New Beginning" () collects the first six issues of the 2009 series. "Power Girl: Aliens & Apes" () collects issues 7 through 12, and "Power Girl: Bomb Squad" () covers 13 to 18, and "Power Girl: Old Friends" collecting issues 19-27.

The entirety of the Palmiotti/Grey/Conner run is contained in "Power Girl: Power Trip" () which collects JSA Classified #1–4 and Power Girl #1–12.

Fictional character biography

Journey from Krypton-Two
Kara's father discovers that Krypton is about to explode, and places her in a spacecraft directed towards the Earth. Although this occurs at the same time that Kal-L's ship is launched, Kara's ship travels more slowly, and she arrives on Earth decades after her cousin has landed. Kara's Symbioship is designed to keep her in stasis during the journey and provide her with life experiences and education in the form of virtual reality. The Symbioship allows her to interact with virtual copies of her parents and fellow Kryptonians. Originally, by the time she arrives on Earth, Kara is shown to be in her early twenties. However, as mentioned in JSA Classified #1, her age at arrival has now been retconned to about eighteen in post-Crisis continuity.

In Showcase #97, Kara is reclaimed by the sentient Symbioship and reimmersed into Kandorian society for a time. Several years of virtual time elapse, in which Kara is married and has a child. She is freed with the assistance of newspaper reporter Andrew Vinson, at which point she disables the ship.

Debut
Power Girl's existence is not revealed to the general public until much later; her cousin Clark and his wife Lois Lane provide her a family environment to assist her transition towards real life relationships. In her first recorded adventure, Kara assists Justice Society members Flash and Wildcat with containing an artificially induced volcanic eruption in China. She then joins Robin and Star-Spangled Kid to form a Super Squad to assist the Justice Society in defeating Brainwave and Per Degaton, who were causing disasters around the world. She pushes their base towards the Sun, the heat causing the villains to fall unconscious. Later, she becomes a full member of the Society when Superman retires from active membership.

Having been raised by the Symbioship with artificial Kryptonian life experiences, Power Girl finds it difficult to adapt to life on Earth. However, with the help of reporter Andrew Vinson, she adopts the secret identity of computer programmer Karen Starr (she obtains her knowledge in this field from exposure to Wonder Woman's Purple Ray on Paradise Island). On the pre-Crisis Earth-Two, Power Girl's closest friend is the Huntress, the daughter of the Earth-Two Batman and Catwoman.

The first contact between Power Girl and Earth-One's universe was on the crossover Justice League of America #147, written by Paul Levitz & Martin Pasko, where the character shows her attraction to that reality saying, "It has a much nicer brand of Superman, y'know?".

Atlantean
The 1985 Crisis on Infinite Earths limited series erased the existence of the Earth-Two Superman, and Power Girl's continuity was thus substantially disrupted. Initially she believed herself to be Superman's cousin, as she had been before the reboot. However, her background was retconned; she was told that she was the descendant of the Atlantean sorcerer Arion, and was frozen in suspended animation for millennia until the present day.

After the Justice Society disbands, Power Girl would join the Justice League. Later, while a member of Justice League Europe, she suffers a near fatal injury while battling a mystical being. Superman must assist in her medical treatment, using his heat-vision to perform surgery on her otherwise-invulnerable tissues. Although she recovers, Power Girl is significantly weaker, as she lost her vision powers and could not fly for a time. However, she regained them all as time went on. Power Girl adopts a one-eyed mangy cat, an animal which would affect much of the team. One aspect of this is her beloved cat is used to spy on the group by intelligence gathering criminals.

During the 1994 Zero Hour event, Power Girl experiences a mystical pregnancy and gives birth to a son (supposedly named Equinox), who ages rapidly. Finally he disappears, and has never been mentioned again in DCU.

Power Girl appeared in later issues of the Sovereign Seven series, Chris Claremont's creator-owned comic book for DC. However, the final issue revealed that the entire series had been a story appearing in a comic book, and events in the book have had no bearing upon DC continuity.

Power Girl was one of Oracle's first agents. Their short-lived partnership ended after a disastrous mission which resulted in a large loss of life. Power Girl believes that Oracle's poor leadership was responsible for the tragedy, being disgusted that Oracle would sacrifice hundreds of lives & herself following orders. Although she has worked with her again on a few occasions when needed, the relationship between the two is tense. In Birds of Prey #35, Power Girl admitted that she is primarily to blame for the tension, but is unable to overcome the memories of the deaths.

Power Girl is a key member of the Justice Society, which she joined when it was reformed in the late 1990s. During an adventure with the JSA, she meets Arion, who reveals her Atlantean heritage to be a lie he concocted at the behest of Power Girl's "mother".

While attempting to save her teammate Ted Grant from the new female Crimson Avenger, Power Girl is severely wounded by supernatural bullets fired from the vigilante's cursed handguns. Despite being saved by Doctor Mid-Nite, Power Girl comments that her near-death experience has shown her that she needs to make more personal connections outside of the superhero community.

Infinite Crisis

JSA Classified: Power Trip
The Psycho-Pirate shows Kara multiple versions of her origin in an effort to drive her insane. Eventually, he reveals the truth: Power Girl is a survivor of Krypton from the dimension which contained the pre-Crisis Earth-Two.

The other survivors
In the "Infinite Crisis" storyline, Kal-L himself returns to the post-Crisis DC Universe after breaking down the walls of the paradise dimension in which he, Lois Lane Kent (of Earth-Two), Alexander Luthor, Jr. (of Earth-Three), and Superboy-Prime (of Earth-Prime) had been living since the end of Crisis on Infinite Earths. Appalled by the rapidly deteriorating state of affairs on the contemporary Earth, their goal is to replace the post-Crisis Earth with a recreated Earth-Two. Kal-L's first order of business is to track down Power Girl and explain the events of the original Crisis to her. Kal-L also reiterates her pre-Crisis history as his cousin. A touch from the ailing Lois of Earth-Two inexplicably restores Power Girl's memories of pre-Crisis Earth-Two.

Soon after this revelation, Power Girl is confronted by Superboy-Prime, who renders her unconscious. She is attached to a "tuning fork", a device controlled by Alex Luthor whose purpose is to bring back the multiple Earths. Alex Luthor and Psycho Pirate coerce Black Adam (who is also attached to the machine) into saying "SHAZAM!", and use the now-raw magical energy to power the tower. After the reappearance of the created Earth-Two, everyone associated with that Earth is transported onto it (although Power Girl remains on New Earth because of her proximity to the tower).

After being brought to the barren created Earth-Two by Kal-L, Lois Lane Kent collapses and dies. A violent confrontation between the two Supermen ensues, at the end of which Kal-L comes to the realization that this created Earth-Two had not been a perfect world, since "a perfect earth doesn't need a Superman."

Power Girl is freed by Wonder Girl and Kon-El, and joins them in fighting Superboy-Prime and Alex Luthor. During a savage battle on Mogo, Superboy-Prime beats Kal-L to death and is later subdued by Kal-El. Power Girl is brought to Mogo by the Green Lantern Corps just in time to bid a tearful farewell to her dying cousin.

"One Year Later"
In the "One Year Later" storyline in Supergirl, Kara takes up the mantle of Nightwing in an attempt to free the natives of Kandor. Ultraman, masquerading as Kal-El and working in concert with the Saturn Queen, has taken control of the bottle city. Kara Zor-El is the city's Flamebird; she prevents Ultraman's forces from executing the captured Power Girl. Power Girl is forced to leave Kandor with Kara (against her better judgment) after Saturn Queen reveals to Supergirl information about Supergirl's past and purpose. This causes another rift to grow between the two women, as Power Girl feels Supergirl left an entire city of people to suffer, all because of her own selfish desires. This animosity is still on display when she next encounters Supergirl.

Power Girl remains a core member of the Justice Society. Power Girl is selected as the chairwoman of the team after Mr. Terrific steps down.

Power Girl is invited to rejoin Oracle's Birds of Prey, but refuses, stating that she would do so only "when Hell freezes over". Her ill will toward Oracle is the result of a single mission in which she served as one of Oracle's agents, which ended badly. However, Power Girl does come to Oracle's aid against the Spy Smasher in Birds of Prey #108.

The appearance of the Earth-22 Superman (and his resemblance to Kal-L) upsets Kara greatly when he first arrives on New Earth. However, they adopt each other as family after a period of time.

Following the events of Infinite Crisis, a new Multiverse is created. Among them is an Earth-2 from which its Power Girl and Superman are both missing. The Power Girl of this Earth returns to Earth-2 after failing to find her cousin. The Power Girl of New Earth is accidentally sent to the pre-Crisis Earth-2 by the Third World god Gog.

The Power Girl of New Earth faces off against the Power Girl and Justice Society Infinity of the new Earth-2, due to the Earth-2 Power Girl's grief and rage over the loss of her cousin prompting her to believe that the 'other' Power Girl is an impostor with some role in Superman's absence. Power Girl returns to New Earth with the help of the Earth-2 Michael Holt, until the Justice Society Infinity follow her and take her back to Earth-2, where it is revealed that the recreation of the Multiverse created a new Earth-2 and duplicates of its heroes, including its own Power Girl. The Power Girl of New Earth then returns home with the JSA.

Solo series and All-Stars
Power Girl briefly appears in the Final Crisis crossover event, battling the forces of Darkseid after he conquers the Earth using the Anti-Life Equation.

After deciding to once again use the Karen Starr identity, she moves to New York City and begins rebuilding Starr Enterprises while continuing solo superheroics. She eventually takes teenaged hero-in-training Terra as her sidekick following the horrific events depicted in the Terror Titans mini-series. After the duo fight off a robot invasion of the city, Power Girl is kidnapped by the new Ultra-Humanite, who plans to transplant his brain into her body. Using her ice breath to destroy her gravity enhanced shackles and gag, Power Girl easily defeats the villain and saves New York. She also helps a trio of lost alien princesses and their bodyguard adjust to life on Earth, buying them a home in South America to stay until they can get back to their home planet.

Following a massive battle that ends in the destruction of the Justice Society's HQ, the team decides to split up into two separate squads. Power Girl partners with Magog to start a more youth-oriented team dubbed the JSA All-Stars. Using Stargirl as leverage, the two are able to convince all of the teen JSA members except Jennifer Pierce to join the All-Stars. During the team's inaugural press conference, they are attacked by a group of mercenaries led by the villainous nephew of Sylvester Pemberton. Karen and her team emerge victorious, only to discover that Pemberton has kidnapped Stargirl during the confusion of the battle. The team eventually rescues Stargirl.

During the 2009–2010 "Blackest Night" storyline, both JSA teams gather in Manhattan to stave off the invading Black Lantern Corps. Several of the team members examine the corpses of Kal-L and Psycho Pirate, both of whom had been reanimated as Black Lanterns only to be killed again during a battle with Superboy and Superman. Karen breaks down in tears upon seeing the twisted corpse of Kal-L, and swears vengeance upon whoever is behind the creation of the Black Lanterns. While on her way to the streets of Manhattan to assist her teammates, Karen hears Ma Hunkel screaming. She rushes to her side, only to see Ma being attacked by the Black Lantern Lois Lane-Kent of pre-Crisis Earth-Two. Black Lantern Lois sacrifices herself by removing her ring and giving it to Kal-L to reanimate him. During the battle between Kal-L and Power Girl, Mr. Terrific invents a machine to destroy the Black Lanterns. He activates the machine and it wipes out the Black Lantern ring connection and Kal-L and completely dissolves Kal-L's corpse.

"Brightest Day"
In the 2010–2011 storyline "Brightest Day", Power Girl attacks her comrades, and after being subdued, is discovered to have been possessed by the Starheart (the cosmic entity that gave Alan Scott and Jade their powers) to which she was vulnerable because of her Kryptonian heritage, as Kryptonians draw their abilities from the sun. Staying out of action in order avoid another possession, she helps Mr. Terrific work on a machine that may be able to dampen the Starheart's power. Nonetheless, the Starheart takes control of Miss Martian's body and transforms into her White Martian form, causing her to attack her comrades again. Batman ultimately tells her to stay on Earth and try to fight the other metahumans being controlled by the Starheart, explaining that bringing her along would jeopardize the mission.

During the events of Justice League: Generation Lost, Power Girl assists her fellow heroes in a global manhunt to track down Maxwell Lord, the former head of Justice League International and the murderer of Ted Kord, who had been restored to life at the end of "Blackest Night". Lord uses his powers to erase his existence from the minds of everyone on the planet, including Power Girl. She subsequently helps Booster Gold find proof of Lord's existence. Through the course of their search, during which Power Girl encounters Divine, a raven-haired clone of herself, she manages to regain her memory of Lord. As she attempts to inform the Justice Society of this, Lord uses his powers to take control of her and attack the Justice League International, but manages to convince the others of his existence through the exhumation of Ted Kord's corpse.

DC Universe
In the post-DC Rebirth DC Universe, Power Girl (Karen Starr) appears to be trapped in some sort of interdimensional void between earths. Tanya Spears tries to get Karen Starr out by using an etheric transponder that allows her to travel there in an incorporeal state, but her physical body was disconnected from the machine by an unaware Kid Flash (Wallace West), so both women remain trapped as a result.

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", the "original" Power Girl returns to the DC Universe when Doctor Manhattan, inspired by Superman, undoes the changes that he made to the New 52 timeline that erase the Justice Society and the Legion of Super-Heroes.

She can be seen talking with Blue Beetle on the background alongside Supergirl.

Following the Lazarus Planet storyline, Power Girl is given new psychic abilities by the Lazarus rains, and forges a bond with fellow psychic Omen, who becomes her "best friend", with whom she opens a superhero counselling service. In the Power Girl Special (2023) to set up her own self-titled series, Power Girl and is urged by Jon and Kara to get over her imposter syndrome and "accept" the love and family that the Superman family so readily want to give her. Kara's diary reveals she feels the most profound personal connection with Karen and longs for them to be closer friends. Karen adopts Streaky the Supercat at Kara's behest. Though she loses her psychic abilities in a confrontation with Johnny Sorrow, she is left with a new "astral punch" ability that creates doorways to the astral realm.

In the pages of "The New Golden Age", Power Girl was with the Justice Society when they fought Angle Man and an army of Bizarros when a Huntress from a possible future arrived. Per Degaton tried to use a Kryptonite ring on Power Girl only for Huntress to shoot off his finger causing him to retreat. Power Girl tells Deadman, Detective Chimp, Madame Xanadu, and the rest of the Justice Society that Huntress is heading to Gotham City. Power Girl is among those that catch up to Huntress and Batman as Per Degaton attacks with his time clones. It took the different Doctor Fates from across time to trap Per Degaton in Huntress' snow globe which erases Huntress' possible future. Huntress later spoke to Power Girl about how the ranks of the Justice Society of America are filling up and how her erased future had redeemed villains. Power Girl is told by Huntress that if the JSA goes down that path, they should start by recruiting Solomon Grundy.

Powers and abilities
As the biological cousin of Superman, Power Girl exhibits all of the classic Kryptonian powers: super strength; flight; super speed; invulnerability; x-ray, telescopic, microscopic and heat vision; freeze breath; and super-hearing. Over the years various writers have given Power Girl's Kryptonian power differing levels, reflecting the lower powers of the Earth-Two Superman Kal-L. For example, Power Girl can fly through space, but has to breathe, so before she leaves a planet, she must take a deep breath and hold it for several hours until she needs a new oxygen source. Power Girl needs to sleep or she will experience disorientation due to fatigue. However, as recently shown in "Brightest Day", she now draws her superpowers from yellow sunlight, just like Superman. The reason for this change has not yet been explained.

Since she is from an alternative universe (pre-Crisis Earth-Two), kryptonite has no effect on her, but she is still vulnerable to magic. As Karen Starr, she is an accomplished business woman and is regarded by Mr. Terrific as a first rate scientist. Even though Power Girl is from an alternative universe, her biology is still similar to Superman's. As one of a handful of characters who survived the Crisis on Infinite Earths, DC editorial was initially uncertain how to portray the character and attempted to portray Power Girl with a non-Kryptonian origin for a number of years. Power Girl's abilities have fluctuated since 1986. For some time, Power Girl believed she was an Atlantean. At one point, Power Girl possessed telekinesis; at another she was vulnerable to attacks by certain natural elements (for example, wooden weapons). After sustaining severe injuries from a magic attack Power Girl retained only a degree of super strength, speed and durability. However, she later recovered her ability to fly, and writers have gradually restored her superpowers.

Physical appearance and costumes
Power Girl's original Wally Wood artwork (1976) showed her as relatively busty but otherwise her figure and build conformed in appearance to other contemporary comic book women. However, in Wonder Woman (vol. 3) #34 (2009), written by Gail Simone, Dinah Lance, the Black Canary, mentions Power Girl as having the top bosom of DCU, describing her assets as a "national treasure". Her most common outfit is a leg-baring, figure-hugging, long-sleeved white leotard with a keyhole cut-out opening in the chest.

According to character writer Jimmy Palmiotti, "Okay. When the character was created, Wally Wood was the artist that drew Power Girl, and he was convinced that the editors were not paying attention to anything he did. So, his inker said "Every issue, I'm going to draw the tits bigger until they notice it. It took about seven or eight issues before anyone was like, "Hey, what's with the tits?" And that's where they stopped. True story."

Power Girl was at one time portrayed as having a highly athletic but slender physique. Artists Bart Sears (in the Justice League Europe series), and later Alex Ross (in the limited series Kingdom Come) restored Power Girl's well-endowed shape. Ross rendered her as a heavily muscled Power Woman (as if she was an ardent bodybuilder).

The character is consistently depicted as a large breasted young woman, and her physique is one of her most recognizable attributes – to the extent that various writers have acknowledged it in both serious and humorous ways.

For example, Justice League Europe #37 (1992) attempts to explain Power Girl's revealing costume by having Crimson Fox question her about it; she receives the reply that the costume "shows what I am: female, healthy. If men want to degrade themselves by staring, that's their problem, I'm not going to apologize for it."

Conversely, in JSA: Classified #2 (2005), writer Geoff Johns has Power Girl explain her cleavage-window to Superman, revealing that "the first time I made this costume, I wanted to have a symbol, like you. I just…I couldn't think of anything. I thought eventually, I'd figure it out. And close the hole. But I haven't." A similar treatment of the character can be seen in Superman/Batman #4 (written by Jeph Loeb), in which the heroes need to distract the Toyman while Batman and Superman battle Captain Marvel and Hawkman. Batman suggests that Power Girl's endowments would be likely to distract Toyman, a 13-year-old boy. Toyman later attempts to make a reference to the size of her chest before being cut off by Superman. A variant of this joke is included in the Superman/Batman: Public Enemies movie.

Power Girl's costume design has varied greatly over the years. Her classic costume design from All-Star Comics #58 is that which is in use today: a red cape and belt, blue gloves and boots, and a white bodysuit sporting a circular cleavage-exposing cut-out on her chest (its variable size and shape determined by the artist depicting her). According to Gerry Conway, "The true, dumb reason for the circle? At the time, it was a convention for hero costumes to have a chest symbol. I thought a giant 'P' looked silly. The circle was intended as a nod to convention without being conventional. Not a sexy thing at all, until Wally Wood's inks." This window was closed for the first time in All-Star Comics #64, pencilled by Wood. According to Conway, it was dictated by publisher Jenette Kahn, because "she felt it was sexist". During her time with Justice League Europe/America, she wears a capeless yellow and white spandex unitard, and later a blue and white spandex unitard with a short mini-cape, headband, and a diamond shaped opening on her chest, once again exposing her cleavage. She has also worn a headband, as had Supergirl prior to her death in Crisis on Infinite Earths. In a guest appearance in Green Lantern, Kara is seen in her large wardrobe closet with every costume design she has ever worn in DC continuity, deciding which costume to wear for that mission. Her original costume returned when Johns and David Goyer had her rejoin the JSA.

In Justice League: Generation Lost #16, she sports a variation of her traditional costume that includes pants.

Other versions

Ame-Comi
 In the Ame-Comi line, Power Girl is that universe's equivalent of Superman. She is Kara Jor-El, daughter of Jor-El, cousin of Supergirl, and the primary protector of Metropolis. She makes no efforts to maintain a secret identity, and uses her corporation to utilize Kryptonian technology for the betterment of mankind. This version of Power Girl, unusually for most depictions of Kryptonians, doesn't get her powers from the sun.

DC Comics Bombshells
In the DC Comics Bombshells universe, Power Girl was cloned from Supergirl's DNA by Hugo Strange during the Siege of Leningrad, and was forced by her master to fight Supergirl until the latter convinces her to turn on Strange. She escapes the facility beneath the Church of the Savior on Blood thanks to the assistance of Supergirl and another superhuman clone whom she treated like a brother, Superman.

Earth-2
In the final issue of 52 (2007), a new Multiverse is formed, consisting of 52 parallel realities. As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of these realities, their histories are modified, and one takes on aspects of the pre-Crisis Earth-Two. This reality listed as "Earth-2" has its own Power Girl who has spent years in space searching for her long lost cousin Superman. As shown in several issues of Justice Society (vol. 3) Annual #1 (2008) and issues #18–25, the mainstream Power Girl was sent to Post-Crisis Earth-2 by Gog and was briefly confused to be the Post-Crisis Earth-2 Power Girl by its native heroes. Post-Crisis Earth-2 Power Girl returned to her source Earth and battled the mainstream Power Girl as she regarded the mainstream Power Girl to be an imposter who caused the disappearance of her source Earth Superman who she had been searching unsuccessfully for years off-world. Post-Crisis Earth-2 Power Girl wears the original Power Girl costume and shows herself to be arrogant to the point of being unbalanced, and is overtly aggressive as shown when she openly tortured the mainstream Power Girl almost to the point of killing her as well as directly attacking the Earth-22 Superman. The two Power Girls parted with no apologies given for the torture. Starman stated that the mainstream Power Girl will have important interactions with the Post-Crisis Earth-2 heroes including the Post-Crisis Earth-2 Power Girl at some points in the future (Justice Society (vol. 3) #25), despite the obvious disregard the Post-Crisis Earth-2 Power Girl has for the mainstream Power Girl. The Post-Crisis Earth-2 Power Girl has not reappeared since this storyline concluded.

Earth-51
A red-haired version of Power Girl is seen amongst the agents employed by Monarch in the battle on Earth-51 during Countdown to Final Crisis. This version appears to be Kryptonian as she is shown to be susceptible to kryptonite and is slain by that world's version of Batman. Nothing is known about her personality or powers as she is seen only in a few panels and appears to be fully under Monarch's control and arrogantly describes Batman as being "just a human". It is the only line she speaks before being slain.

Earth 2
Following the New 52 reboot of 2011, Power Girl appears as a refugee from Earth 2 in Worlds' Finest along with Huntress.

During the 2011 relaunch of DC Comics' entire superhero line known as The New 52, Karen Starr appears in the Mister Terrific series as a friend of the titular hero. In the series, Starr is still the head of Starr Enterprises, which was financed by her comrade in arms Helena Wayne (Huntress) after the latter hacked into Wayne Enterprises accounts. From a software design and development corporation, Starr Enterprises now purchases intellectual property and technology with possible interdimensional access capabilities so that the two women can return home. Power Girl subsequently stars in a new ongoing series, Worlds' Finest, which premiered in May 2012. In the new continuity both she and Huntress, with whom she is partnered, are from Earth-2 but were flung into the Prime Earth's universe by an interdimensional vortex of unknown origin during the closing stages of an invasion from Apokolips-2 which took the life of Earth-2's Wonder Woman, Batman, and Superman. It is also revealed that prior to adopting the alias of Power Girl, she functioned as Earth-2's Supergirl and, in stark contrast to the Supergirl of Prime Earth, Karen loves her adopted Earth with a passion and was accepted with open arms by an adoring public. Power Girl eventually returned to her source Earth in the Earth-2: World's End weekly mini-series to team up with the new Earth-2 Superman Val-Zod. A temporarily amnesiac Power Girl from a seemingly alternative reality (not Earth-2, but more reminiscent of the pre-New 52 Power Girl) crashes in Harley Quinn's reality as shown in the Harley Quinn (vol. 2) storyline "Power Outage" (Issues #10-13). Some of the missing time from this joint encounter was explored in the 6-issue mini-series Harley Quinn and Power Girl (2015). Due to an attack by some evil aliens she got knocked back to Earth and landed at Harley Quinn's feet, devoid of memories. Harley temporarily took her on as a partner and they fought crime together before being sent across the universe on a quest to return home. When Power Girl got her memories back and realized that Harley had lied to her, she was less than amused, but forgave her. However, when Harley hit on her, Power Girl left her atop the Eiffel Tower. Power Girl has reappeared in Harley Quinn's ongoing series several times since and has recently taken Terra/Altee on as her sidekick/partner.

Power Girl of Earth 2 wears a variation of the traditional Supergirl costume designed by Kevin Maguire that features red gloves and belt, and a new S-shield, identical to the new Earth 2 Superman's, and has a cape that attaches directly to the shield. However, some aspects of her continuity were retained: she was still adopted by Clark Kent and Lois Lane, married on Earth 2 before their deaths and still uses the secret identity of software entrepreneur Karen Starr. After some time passes, she decides to take on a new identity as she is now trapped on the mainstream DC Earth. Here she adopts the identity Power Girl, where she wears a white one piece body suit that covers her legs, and a red cape that attaches to a new P-shield symbol over her left breast. In Supergirl (vol. 6) #19, she returns to her classic costume, complete with the opening on her chest, after her then-current costume is badly damaged. Later, when back in her home world, she discovers her cousin and adopted father Superman has been resurrected by Darkseid, but Superman sacrifices himself to help stave off Darkseid's attack on Earth. After his second death, Power Girl's adoptive mother Lois Lane (Red Tornado) gives her the S-shaped hope symbol from Superman's chest, which then becomes a part of Power Girl's costume.

Fatherland
Karen, now stripped of her powers thanks to the Great Darkness Engine, appeared as a prisoner of Kid Karnevil's Neo-Nazi regime shown in the Fatherland storyline depicted in Justice Society of America #37–40. She is portrayed as one of the world's few living surviving superheroes, with most of her comrades having been executed.

Huntress' Future
In a possible future seen in "The New Golden Age", Power Girl is a member of the Justice Society of America. While working alongside Huntress' makeshift faction, Power Girl is killed when Per Degaton shoots her with a Kryptonite bullet. After Per Degaton is defeated in the present, this version of Power Girl and the possible future are erased.

JLA: Another Nail
The JLA: Another Nail graphic novel features a Power Girl who is an ally of that reality's Black Canary and Black Orchid. Though visually identical to her Earth-2 counterpart, her relationship to Superman or if she is even a Kryptonian at all is never mentioned in the story.

JLA: Created Equal
In JLA: Created Equal, Power Girl is a member of the Justice League. She has a daughter of her own, Kara Zor-L II.

Justice League: Generation Lost
An elderly, grotesque and blind version of Power Girl, known as Old Karrie, appeared in an alternative timeline depicted in Justice League: Generation Lost. Set in 2351, she is stated to be the sole survivor of a violent metahuman war instigated by Maxwell Lord. According to Karrie, even the immortal metahumans were killed in the war. She also claimed to have lost her powers, as a result of kryptonite. She is still somehow alive, after more than 300 years, without powers, food or even sleep. Another future Power Girl appears later in the series, fighting alongside a future incarnation of the Justice League. When Captain Atom is once again sent into the future, he meets an older Kara Zor-L, with white hair. She has abandoned her classical white bodysuit for a black one, with bracelets (similar to Wonder Woman's) & Superman's S-shield.

Kingdom Come
In Kingdom Come, Power Girl is renamed Power Woman, and assists Superman in reforming the Justice League.

Lois Lane's Dream
The first use of the name Power Girl was a story in Superman #125 (1958). In this story, Lois Lane has a dream where she is a superhero named Power Girl who is constantly coming to the aid of a bumbling Clark Kent whom she dreams as a superhero named Power Man. In Power Girl (vol. 2) #23 (June 2011), Power Girl adopts this incarnation's red wig disguise for her Karen Starr identity (along with glasses), after being advised by Superman to make Karen a real person, not just a costume.

No Rules to Follow
A version of Power Girl appeared in Justice League International Annual #5, No Rules to Follow. This version of Kara has no memory of where she came from before she arrived on Earth. As part of a team of ten revealed metahumans, she sides with the heroes who go into hiding.

Tangent Comics
In the Tangent Comics imprint, Power Girl is a vastly powered genetically engineered superhero created by the Chinese government. This Power Girl is of Chinese descent. This powerful superhuman have originality from the Earth in the reality of Earth-9.

Collected editions
 Power Girl (collects JSA Classified #1-4, Showcase #97-99 and Secret Origins #11)
 Power Girl: A New Beginning (collects Power Girl #1–6)
 Power Girl: Aliens and Apes (collects Power Girl #7–12)
 Power Girl: Bomb Squad (collects Power Girl #13–18)
 Power Girl: Old Friends (collects Power Girl #19–27)
 Power Girl: Power Trip (collects JSA Classified #1–4 and Power Girl #1–12)

In other media

Television
 A character inspired by Power Girl named Galatea appears in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU) series Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Nicholle Tom. She is a clone of Supergirl, with whom she possesses a mental link, created by Project Cadmus scientist Dr. Emil Hamilton, who views Galatea as his daughter, as a contingency plan against the Justice League should they threaten the U.S. government. Following her introduction in the episode "Fearful Symmetry", Galatea leads Cadmus' forces in a siege on the Justice League's Watchtower in the episodes "Flashpoint" and "Panic in the Sky". However, the League defeat her army while Supergirl puts Galatea herself into a catatonic state.
 A character loosely inspired by Power Girl named Lindsay Harrison appears in the Smallville episode "Covenant", portrayed by Adrianne Palicki. Initially believing her name is Kara and that she is from Krypton, she is later revealed to be a human empowered by Jor-El's technology.
 Power Girl appears in the Mad segment "That's What Super Friends Are For".
 Power Girl appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship, voiced by Mae Whitman.
 A variation of Power Girl appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode "#PowerSurge". After Supergirl (voiced by Nicole Sullivan) is presumed dead following a battle with Livewire, the former reinvents herself as "Power Girl".

Film
 Power Girl appears in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by Allison Mack. This version initially works for President Lex Luthor until Superman is framed for Metallo's murder and she defects from Luthor to help Superman and Batman uncover the truth.
 A villainous, alternate universe version of Power Girl makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths as a minor member of the Crime Syndicate.
 Power Girl appears in The Death and Return of Superman, portrayed by Ashley Hinshaw.
 Power Girl makes a cameo appearance in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.

Video games
 Power Girl appears as a playable character in DC Universe Online, voiced by Adrienne Mishler.
 Power Girl appears as a DLC character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham.
 Power Girl appears as a "premier skin" for Supergirl in Injustice 2, voiced by Sara Cravens.

Miscellaneous
 Power Girl appears in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU) comic book tie-ins Adventures in the DC Universe (vol. 1) #6, Justice League Unlimited (vol. 1), and Superman and Batman Magazine (vol. 1) #1.
 Power Girl appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold #1.

In popular culture

 Power Girl is a popular cosplay character.
 Power Girl appears as a member of the Justice League in the comic book adaptation of Justice League Unlimited, issues #8 and #16.
 Power Girl has been featured in several comedy skits aired beginning in 2010 on G4TV's Attack of the Show. The skits, which also feature parody versions of Superman and Aquaman, feature AOTS guest host Carrie Keagan as a physically accurate recreation of the character, although the skits cast Power Girl in the stereotypical "dumb blonde" role; for example, the second skit has Power Girl trying to convince her friends that actor Kevin Bacon is, in fact, made of bacon.
 The character was ranked ninth in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

References

External links

 Interviews with Paul Levitz, Gerry Conway, and Ric Estrada about the 1970s All Star Comics revival—from Alter Ego Vol. 3#14.

Alternative versions of comics characters
Characters created by Gerry Conway
Characters created by Ric Estrada
Characters created by Wally Wood
Comics characters introduced in 1976
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics orphans
Earth-Two
Fictional business executives
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Kryptonians
Supergirl
Superman characters

Power Girl


ඇන්ජලීනා ජොලී පිට් (Angelina Jolie Pitt ) (/dʒoʊˈliː/ joh-LEE; විවාහට පෙර Voight; 1975 ජූනි 04 ) ඇමරිකානු ජාතික නිළියක්, චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදකවරියක්, සහ මානව හිතවාදිනියකි.  ඇයට ඇකඩමි සම්මානයක් නළු නිළි සංසද සම්මාන දෙකක් සහ ගෝල්ඩන් ග්ලෝබ් සම්මාන තුනක් හිමි වී ඇති අතර හොලිවුඩ් හි සිටින වැඩිම මිලක් අය කරන නිළිය ලෙස ද නම් කෙරී ඇත ජොලී දැරියක්ව සිටිය දී සිය පියා වන ජොන් වෝට් (Jon Voight) සමග "ලුකින් ටු  ෙගට් අවුට් " ( Lookin' to Get Out (1982)) චිත්‍රපට න්  මුල් වරට සිනමාවට පිවිසියා ය . ඇයගේ  වෘත්තීය සිනමා ජීවිතය නියම වශයෙන් ඇරඹුණේ 1993 දී තිරගත වූ සයිබෝර්ග් නම් අඩු පිරිවැය සිනමා නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් සහ එයට පසු ඇය ප්‍රථම වරට චිත්‍රපටයක ප්‍රධාන චරිතය රඟ පෑ 1995 තිරගත වූ හැකර්ස් නම් සිනමා පටයෙනි   ඇය විචාරක පැසසුම් ලත් ජෝර්ජ් වොලස්  (1997)  සහ ජියා (1998) නම් කේබල් රැපවාහිනී මගින් විකාශනය වූ ජීවන චරිත චිත්‍රපටයන්හි රඟ පෑ අතර ගර්ල් ඉනටරප්ටඩ් (1999) නාට්‍යෙය් ඇගේ රඟපෑම වෙනුවෙන් හොඳම සහාය නිළියට පිදෙන ඇකඩමි සම්මානය හිමි කර ගත්තා ය .

ලාරා ක්රොෆ්ට් වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩාවෙහි ලාරා ක්‍රොෆ්ට් චරිතය සහ සහ ටොම්බ් රේඩර් (2001) ඇය හොලිවුඩ් හි මුල් පෙළේ නිළියක් බවට පත් කළේ ය. මිස්ටර් ඇන්ඩ් මිසිස් ස්මිත් (2005) වෝන්ටඩ් (2008) සහ සෝල්ට් (2010) තුළින් ඇය සාර්ථක වෘත්තීය නිළියක් ලෙස ඉදිරියට පැමිණි අතර "අ මයිටි හාර්ට්" (2007) සහ "චැලෙන්ජින්" (2008) නාට්‍යද්වයෙහි ඇගේ රඟපෑම වෙනුවෙන් ඇය ලත් පැසසුම් ඇය  හොඳම නිළිය සඳහා වන ඇකඩමි සම්මානය සඳහා  නාම යෝජනා කරනු ලබන්නට හේතු විය

2010 දී පමණ ඇය ඇගේ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂණය තිර රචනය සහ නිෂ්පාදනය යන අංශ කරා ද යොමු කළා ය ඉන් ද ලෑන්ඩ් ඔෆ් බ්ලඩ් ඇන්ඩ් හනි (2011) සහ අන්බ්‍රෝකන් (2014) යන යුද නාට්‍යයන්ගෙන් ඇරඹී මේ අංශයෙන් ඇයට විශාලතම වාණිජ සාර්ථකත්වය අත් කර දුන්නේ මෙලෆිෂන්ට් (2014) නමැති විනෝද චිත්‍රපටයයි

References

1975 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා

ඇන්ජලීනා ජොලී


Özlem Bozkurt Gevrek, Türkiye'nin 2006 başı itibarıyla mevcut 22 kadın kaymakamından biridir.

1967 Bursa doğumlu olan Özlem Bozkurt Gevrek, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi mezunudur ve İngiltere'de idare sistemi eğitimi almıştır. 1991'de kadınlara kaymakamlık hakkının tanınmasıyla sınava girdi ve bir yıl sonra
ilk kadın kaymakam adayı oldu. Çankırı ili'nin Orta, Ağrı ili'nin Hamur, Erzurum ilinin Ilıca ilçelerinde görev yapmıştır. Ardından Ankara'da Ayaş ve Kazan ilçelerinde kaymakamlık yapmıştır. 2020 yılı itibarıyla İstanbul vali yardımcısıdır.

Ayaş'ta kadınların okuma yazma kurslarına gönderilmesi, ilköğretime giden çocuk sayısının artması, kadınlara yeni Medeni Kanunu'nun öğretilmesi, doğum kontrolü, spor ve kültürel eğitime verdiği destekle tanınmaktadır. Bazı kadınların kendisine olan bakışını kendisi şöyle anlatır: "Jandarmanın karşımda topuk selamı verdiğini, muhtarın önümde ceketini iliklediğini görünce özeniyorlar. Benim için geç ama kızım için değil, diye düşünüyor. İyi örnek olduğuma inanıyorum." demiştir.

Kaynakça

1967 doğumlular
Bursa doğumlular
Orta kaymakamları
İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Özlem Bozkurt Gevrek


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente na Maurícia, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos são julgados por especialistas na área. A Maurícia, um arquipélago soberano da África Oriental cujo patrimônio histórico colonial testemunha a adaptação da cultura europeia aos aspectos locais, ratificou a convenção em 19 de setembro de 1995, tornando seus locais históricos elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

Aapravasi Ghat, que abriga um relevante patrimônio cultural da colonização africana, foi o primeiro sítio da Maurícia inscrito na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial por ocasião da 30.ª Sessão do Comité do Patrimônio Mundial, realizada em Vilnius (Lituânia) em 2006. Desde a mais recente inclusão, a Maurícia totaliza 2 sítios inscritos como Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO, sendo ambos os locais de classificação Cultural.

Bens culturais e naturais
A Maurícia conta atualmente com os seguintes lugares declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO:

Lista Indicativa
Em adição aos sítios inscritos na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, os Estados-membros podem manter uma lista de sítios que pretendam nomear para a Lista de Patrimônio Mundial, sendo somente aceitas as candidaturas de locais que já constarem desta lista. Desde 2006, a Maurícia conta com 1 local na sua Lista Indicativa.

Ligações externas

História da Maurícia
Maurícia

Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na Maurícia


Kip Marta vodarica je skulptura iz 19. stoljeća, koja se nalazi u središtu Gospića ispred katedrale i simbol je grada.

Kip žene na vrhu fontane, nazvan je "Marta" prema prvoj ženi koja je došla natočiti vodu iz fontane. Skulptura je postavljena na visokom kamenom postamentu dekoriranom metalnim posudama u obliku školjke u koje voda dotječe kroz metalne vodorige lavljeg oblika. Fontana i skulptura postavljene su povodom puštanja u rada vodovoda u gradu Gospiću. Takve skulpture često su postavljane nakon izrade vodovoda u mnogim mjestima Austro-Ugarske. Kip Marte vodarice je uspjela, kvalitetno majstorski izrađena skulptura.

Kip potječe s kraja 19. stoljeća. Predaja kaže da je vodarica Marta živjela u Gospiću i da je u vrijeme kuge, kolere i ostalih bolesti donosila vodu bolesnicima. Kip je težak između 180 i 200 kg, obnovljen je 2016. godine. Autor je nepoznat, jedno vrijeme autorstvo se pogrešno pripisavala Robertu Frangešu Mihanoviću. Kip je nestao 50.-ih godina 20. stoljeća, a kasnije je nađen i vraćen na staro mjesto.

Kip je smješten ispred Katedrale Navještenja Blažene Djevice Marije u Gospiću.

Izvori

Gospić
Skulpture
Fontane u Hrvatskoj

Kip Marta vodarica


Policijska akademija, obrazovna ustanova
Ragbi klub Policijska akademija
 Policijska akademija (franšiza)
Policijska akademija (1984.)
Policijska akademija 2 (Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment, 1985.)
Policijska akademija 3 (Police Academy 3: Back in Training, 1986.)
Policijska akademija 4 (Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol, 1987.)
Policijska akademija 5 (Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach, 1988.)
Policijska akademija 6 (Police Academy 6: City Under Siege, 1989.)
Policijska akademija: Misija Moskva (Police Academy: Mission to Moscow, 1994.)
Policijska akademija (televizijska serija) (Police Academy: The Series)
Policijska akademija (animirana serija) (Police Academy: The Animated Series)

Policijska akademija (razdvojba)


Lupta de la Pietrosu și Veverița a fost o acțiune militară de nivel tactic, desfășurată pe Frontul Român, în timpul campaniei din anul 1916 a participării României la Primul Război Mondial. Ea s-a desfășurat în perioada 4/17 octombrie 1916 și a avut ca rezultat stoparea înaintării forțelor Puterilor Centrale, în ea fiind angajate forțe române din Divizia 13 Infanterie română și forțe ale Puterilor Centrale din Corpul Alpin german și Brigada 10  Munte austro-ungară. A făcut parte din acțiunile militare care au avut loc în bătălia de pe Valea Oltului.

Contextul operativ strategic

Forțe participante

Dispozitivul forțelor române

Dispozitivul forțelor inamice

Comandanți

Comandanți români
General Gheorghe Sănătescu

Comandanți ai Puterilor Centrale
General Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen
General  Gábor Tánczos

Planurile de luptă

Desfășurarea acțiunilor militare

Rezultate și urmări

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și

 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Bătălii de pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial

Lupta de la Pietrosu și Veverița (1916)


المنطق الصوري أو المنطق الشكلي هو علم آلي وضع لصيانة الذهن عن الخطأ في الفكر. فهو الميزان والمعيار الأساس لمعرفة التفكير الصحیح.

المنطق الصوري
المنطق الصوري هو المنطق الأرسطي، وسمي بذلك لأن صحة الاستدلالات أو سقمها من وجهة نظر هذا العلم تُبنَى علی صورة القياس والاستدلال من الأشکال الأربعة المبحوث عنها في المنطق، لا علی مادته من القضايا التي تشکل القیاس المنطقي، غير أن هذا لا يعني عدم اهتمام أرسطو بالإمكان الواقعي لتحقق هذه الاستدلالات وتأكد صحتها واقعًا.
يعرّف أرسطو المنطق أنه آلة العلم وأداة البحث والمعرفة الصحيحة.

واضع علم المنطق الصوري

أول من قام بتدوين المنطق الصوري هو أرسطاطاليس (أرسطو) اليوناني (المولود عام 384 قبل الميلاد ، المتوفی عام 322 قبل الميلاد). وهو من تلامذة أفلاطون و هو مؤسس حکمة المشائين.

قام جمع من تلامذته وأتباعه بنشر الاصول الأساسية لهذا المنطق في کتاب يسمی ب ارغنون، وهو يشتمل علی القضايا والجدليات والمقولات وإبطال المغالطات وأناطوليقا.

انظر أيضًا
 منطق طوري
 منطق رياضي

المصادر

 کتاب "دروس علم المنطق"، للعلامة السید رضا حسيني نسب

علوم شكلية
منطق رياضي

منطق صوري


Putovanje kroz vrijeme koncept je kretanja čovjeka ili drugog tijela (objekta) između dvije točke u vremenu na sličan način kao i kretanje između različitih točaka u prostoru uglavnom pomoću fiktivnog postrojenja poznatog kao vremenski stroj. Gibanje može ići (nazad) u prošlosti, ili (naprijed) u budućnosti. To uključuje suspenziju vremena.

Putovanje kroz vrijeme priznata je kategorija u filozofiji i teorijskoj fizici povezano s kvantne mehanike, teorije struna ili crvotočine. H.G. Wellsov roman Vremeplov (The Time Machine) iz 1895. godine znatno je pridonio popularizaciji koncepta putovanja kroz vrijeme u javnosti.

Po Stephenu Hawkingu teoretski moguće je samo putovanje u budućnost, jer povratak u prošlost dovodi do vremenskog paradoksa. Putnik iz budućnosti mogao bi sresti samog sebe u prošlosti i nauditi mu, zbog čega bi došlo do urušavanja cijelog svemira.

Povezani članci
 Paradoks blizanaca
 Gravitacijska vremenska dilatacija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Joel Hunter, Time Travel, iep.utm.edu
  Nicholas J.J. Smith, Time Travel, plato.stanford.edu

Opća teorija relativnosti
Znanstvena fantastika

Putovanje kroz vrijeme


Yohei Sakai (født 10. april 1986) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama FC, SC Sagamihara, Mito HollyHock og Thespakusatsu Gunma.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yohei Sakai


Enrico La Loggia, né le  à Cattolica Eraclea, mort le  à Palerme, est un homme politique italien.

Biographie

Responsable du mouvement coopératif sicilien
Enrico La Loggia naît dans une famille de propriétaires terriens progressistes : son père Giuseppe et son oncle  se sont engagés auprès de Garibaldi.

Il est titulaire d'un laurea en droit obtenu en 1891 à l'université de Palerme grâce à une thèse consacrée à la théorie de la population qui lui vaut les félicitations de l'économiste Maffeo Pantaleoni.

Toute en adoptant une forme de modération politique, il soutient les revendications sociales des Faisceaux siciliens (1892-1894) sur la ligne défendu par Napoleone Colajanni.

Il échappe à la répression menée par Francesco Crispi mais revient à Agrigente pour s'installer comme avocat. Enrico La Loggia s'éloigne du Parti socialiste italien lui préférant le réformisme social du Parti socialiste réformiste italien proche de la franc-maçonnerie. Il aspire à un socialisme libéral et individualiste, prône les coopératives, la petite propriété paysanne, l'industrialisme artisanal, et un système politique démocratique.

Partisan d'un corporatisme régionaliste, il se détache d'une vision classiste et participe à l'essor du mouvement coopératif dans la province d'Agrigente aux côtés entre autres de Lorenzo Panepinto (assassiné par la mafia en 1911), Michele Sclafani et Giovanni Guarino Amella. Il fonde la Caisse agraire (Cassa Agraria) de Cattolica Eraclea, et dirige la Fédération sicilienne des coopératives, créée en 1907 sous le nom de Fédération des coopératives de crédit et rebaptisée en 1911, œuvrant principalement dans la région d'Agrigente. Apolitique quoique liée du Parti radical sur l'île après la Première Guerre mondiale, la fédération fait le lien entre le mouvement coopératif socialiste et les coopératives catholiques, et discute favorablement avec la Banco di Sicilia, intéressée par l'émergence d'acteurs économiques laïques et non-idéologiques.

Parlementaire italien
En 1913, il échoue à être élu à la Chambre des Députés dans la circonscription de Licata pour le Mouvement coopératif. Il se montre favorable à l'entrée en guerre de l'Italie aux côtés de l'Entente cordiale en 1914, espérant que la défaite de l'empire austro-hongrois favorisera la consolidation de l'Unité italienne.

Grâce à l'introduction de la proportionnelle, il est élu député d'Agrigente en 1919. Il prend régulièrement la parole et est rapporteur de plusieurs projets de loi importants, dont la réforme du code civil et porte des propositions de loi ébauchant une réforme agraire ou initiant la régionalisation des travaux publics en Sicile, ce texte étant considéré comme une première tentative de donner une autonomie à la Sicile.

Après sa réélection aux élections de 1921, il est nommé sous-secrétaire aux finances dans les gouvernements Facta I et Facta II (1922). Il enseigne à cette époque l'économie politique à l'université de Palerme.

Réélu lors des élections générales de 1924, il porte en justice les fraudes du scrutin qu'avait dénoncé également son ami Giacomo Matteotti, député socialiste tué pas les fascistes en juin.

En 1925, s'estimant insulté par Achille Starace, il provoque en duel le député fasciste qui ne se présente pas. Déchu pour avoir défié le pouvoir fasciste, il retourne à Agrigente, où le régime le surveille étroitement.

Il installe son cabinet à Palerme en 1943.

Artisan du statut d'autonomie de la Sicile
Après le débarquement allié en Sicile, il abandonne son militantisme coopératif et ne retrouve pas de mandat électif, ne l'empêchant pas de jouer un rôle intellectuel de premier plan sur l'île. Développant sa pensée juridique et économique, il est comparé en Sicile à l'influence de Luigi Einaudi en Italie. Il refuse d'intégrer le comité de libération nationale sicilien.

Il publie Ricostruire (« Reconstruire ») en 1943, manifeste pour une autonomie spéciale pour la Sicile. Dans cette publication, première à être autorisé par les forces alliées depuis le débarquement, il prône, influencé par la pensée de Francesco Saverio Nitti, l'intervention de l'État pour une organisation corporatiste et technocratique régionale à même de relancer l'économie sicilienne et de corriger l'infériorité économique du Mezzogiorno. Opposé au séparatisme sicilien qui selon lui maintiendrait la Sicile dans un sous-développement, il croit en une décentralisation industrielle, un ambitieux plan de grands travaux publics financé par l'État et des subventions nationales au profit de l'île dans une logique de réparation, c'est-à-dire au prétexte des tors sociaux et économiques produits par les politiques de développement discriminatoires envers l'Italie du Sud depuis le Risorgimento et sous le fascisme. En octobre 1943, pour contrer l'influence de Guarino Amelia et d'Eduardo Pancamo, il crée le Front unique sicilien unitaire et initie le mois suivant une déclaration antiséparatiste signée par Baviera, Ramirez, Mattarella, Aldisio, Restivo, Alessi, Montalbano, Mineo et A. Lo Presti.

Il est nommé au conseil consultatif auprès du Haut commissaire pour la Sicile en février 1944, et siège parmi les 36 membres de la consulta regionale nommée le 28 décembre 1944 par le gouvernement, et qui s'installe en . Il en intègre la commission restreinte chargée de rédiger le projet de statut spécial pour l'autonomie de l'île à partir de novembre en remplacement du libéral Carlo Orlando.

Lors de la rédaction du statut d'autonomie spéciale de la Sicile, il obtient l'introduction de l'article 38, prévoyait un fonds national de solidarité en faveur de la Sicile actant le principe réparationniste. Il aboutit à la création de la Cassa del Mezzogiorno. Aujourd'hui, ce principe est analysé comme ayant accentué les difficultés de l'île plutôt que de les avoir atténuées.

Respecté autant que redouté, politiquement modéré mais colérique, franc-maçon et anticlérical, il finit son parcours politique vie proche de la Démocratie chrétienne au sein de laquelle son fils, Giuseppe, fera un parcours politique de premier ordre. Il est vice-président de la Cassa centrale di risparmio Vittorio Emanuele per le province siciliane.

Famille

Enrico La Loggia est le père de Giuseppe La Loggia, président démocrate chrétien de la Région sicilienne de 1956 à 1958 puis député national, de Mario, directeur de l'hôpital psychiatrique et chef du groupe DC au conseil municipal d'Agrigente, soupçonné à tort d'avoir tué le commissaire Cataldo Tandoy dont la femme était sa maitresse.

Il est également le grand-père d'Enrico La Loggia, fils de Giuseppe, parlementaire Forza Italia et ministre de Silvio Berlusconi.

Publications
 Contributo a nuovi studi sulle affittanze collettive, Agrigente, Federazione Siciliana della Cooperative, 1912.
 Ricostruire, Palerme, Casa Ed. Palumbo, 1943.
 Autonomia e rinascita della Sicilia, Palerme, IRES, 1953.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Salvo Di Matteo. Enrico La Loggia. L'uomo e la sua opera per la rinascita della Sicilia, Palerme, Tip. S. Pezzino e F., 1958

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1972
Décès en février 1960
Décès à Palerme
Professeur à l'université de Palerme
Étudiant de l'université de Palerme
Naissance à Cattolica Eraclea
Député de la XXVe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXVIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXVIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la Consulta Nazionale

Enrico La Loggia (1872-1960)


Jariri est le nom donné à une école éphémère de fiqh dérivée des travaux d'al-Tabari, le savant musulman persan des  et  siècles à Bagdad. Bien qu'il ait finalement disparu, le madhhab d'al-Tabari a prospéré parmi les oulémas sunnites pendant deux siècles après sa mort.

Des principes
Le conférencier de l'Université d'Oxford Christopher Melchert décrit l'école Jariri comme semi-rationaliste, similaire à l'école Shafi'i. Il partageait également des caractéristiques avec l'école Ẓāhirī en plus des Shafi'is.

Les historiens musulmans et les juristes ont émis l'hypothèse que l'une des principales racines d'une telle vision anti-rationaliste, traditionaliste et orientée hadith provenait historiquement d'un Compagnon du Prophète nommé Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, qui a été partagé par de nombreux érudits influents de l'histoire qui ont même atteint le rang de Mujtahid (savants qui ont permis d'ouvrir leur propre Madhhab en raison de l'immensité de leurs connaissances) tels que Shafiite Ibn Kathir, Hanbalite Ibn Taymiyyah Ibn Hazm, Bukhari indépendant Madhhab, et Zahiri Maddhab savants.

L'école Jariri était fréquemment en conflit avec l'école Hanbali d'Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. L'école Jariri était remarquable pour ses attitudes libérales envers le rôle des femmes ; les Jariri, par exemple, soutenaient que les femmes pouvaient être juges et pouvaient conduire les hommes dans la prière. Un conflit a également été constaté avec l'école Hanafi sur la question de la préférence juridique, que l'école Jariri a sévèrement censurée.

Celle d'Al-Tabari était caractérisée par de fortes tendances scripturales. Il apparaît, comme Daoud el-Zahiri, restreindre historiquement le consensus, le définissant comme la transmission par de nombreuses autorités de rapports sur lesquels les Sahaba s'accordent à l'unanimité. Comme Daoud el-Zahiri, il a également estimé que le consensus doit être lié à un texte et ne peut pas être basé sur une analogie juridique.

Bibliographie

Bosworth, C.E., Encyclopedia of Islam, "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid"

al-Mawardi, Ahkam fi Usul al Fiqh

Les références

Fiqh

Jariri


F4  Clave que se utiliza para la operación virtual conocida como cambio de régimen, utilizada comúnmente en el ámbito del comercio internacional con México. Esta es utilizada para cambiar un pedimento con régimen temporal a definitivo, ya sea importación o exportación.

Historia
El pedimento F4 fue utilizado por primera vez en el año de 1998, en el ámbito del comercio mexicano, esto debido a que es una clave que solo utiliza la exportación e importación mexicana y consiste en cambiar el régimen de una operación para evitar el pago de una multa por excedencia de tiempo.

Esta operación solo puede realizarse en el caso de que la mercancía importada, con motivo de una trasformación, elaboración o reparación, aún no tenga vencido el plazo que se le dio para su retorno al extranjero. Lo anterior por motivo de que la mercancía al entrar o salir del país, no paga impuestos y se le aplica un plazo de permanencia temporal, determinado por el tipo de mercancía que esta sea. Lo anterior para que la empresa la retorne y pague los impuestos de forma definitiva, impuestos que había evitado en la entrada de dicha mercancía al territorio nacional.

Pedimento
El pedimento aduanal es un comprobante fiscal que sirve para demostrar que se han pagado todas las contribuciones ante el SAT por la entrada/salida de las mercancías de comercio exterior hacia o desde el territorio nacional mexicano.

El pedimento comprueba la estancia legal de las mercancías que fueron importadas. En este documento se asientan datos como: nombre del importador, aduana de arribo de las mercancías, régimen aduanero, nombre del exportador (proveedor), país de origen de las mercancías, fracciones arancelarias, cantidades y unidades de medida, número de bultos, factura(s) comerciale(s) que amparan a dichas mercancías, valor comercial de las mercancías, Incoterms, restricciones y regulaciones no arancelarias, entre otros datos más.

Según el apéndice 2 que contiene las claves de pedimento dentro del anexo 22 de las Reglas de Carácter General en Materia de Comercio Exterior para 2016, la clave de pedimento F4 se define como CAMBIO DE REGIMEN DE INSUMOS O DE MERCANCIA EXPORTADA TEMPORALMENTE, el cual es empleado en los siguientes supuestos:

	Importación temporal a definitiva de mercancía sujeta a transformación, elaboración o reparación por parte de empresas con Programa IMMEX antes del vencimiento del plazo para su retorno.

	Exportación temporal a definitiva virtual de mercancías, a que se refiere el artículo 114, primer párrafo de la Ley.

	Desperdicios de insumos importados o exportados temporalmente, de conformidad con los artículos 109 y 118 de la Ley, antes del vencimiento del plazo para su retorno.

	Importación temporal a definitiva de partes y componentes por la industria de autopartes certificada.

Base Normativa
 Ley aduanera: tercer párrafo de artículo 93,109,114,118.
 Reglamento de la ley aduanera, artículo 157.
 Resolución miscelánea de comercio exterior: 109 DE LA L.A., 1.6.6., 1.6.8. de las RGCE.

Véase también
 Arancel aduanero
 Importación
 Exportación
 Pedimento aduanal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 https://web.archive.org/web/20111024184526/http://www.aduanas-mexico.com.mx/claa/ctar/leyes/la.html

Impuestos de México

F4 (Cambio de régimen)


Leonti Mroveli (Gürcüce: ლეონტი მროველი), 11. yüzyılda yaşamış Gürcü tarihçi ve din adamı. Mroveli soyadı değildir ve bu ad, Ruisi'de (Urbnisi yakınları) kullanılan piskoposluk unvanıdır. Leonti bu unvanı 1066 yılında almıştır. Leonti Mroveli, ünlü Gürcü vakayinamesi Kartlis Tshovreba'nın pek çok bölümünün yazarı olarak ünlenmiştir.

Gürcü tarihçiler
11. yüzyıl kişileri

Leonti Mroveli