The Ghost and the Darkness is a 1996 American historical adventure film  directed by Stephen Hopkins and starring Val Kilmer and Michael Douglas. The screenplay, written by William Goldman, is a fictionalized account of the Tsavo man-eaters, a pair of male lions that terrorized workers in and around Tsavo, Kenya during the building of the Uganda-Mombasa Railway in East Africa in 1898.

The film received mixed reviews and grossed $75 million against a production budget of $55 million. It won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for supervising sound editor Bruce Stambler.

Plot
In 1898, Robert Beaumont, the primary financier of a railway project in Tsavo, Kenya, seeks out the expertise of Lt. Colonel John Henry Patterson, an Anglo-Irish British military engineer, to get the project on schedule. Patterson travels from England to Tsavo, promising his wife, Helena, that he will complete the bridge and be back in London for the birth of their child. Shortly after his arrival, he meets British supervisor Angus Starling, Kenyan foreman Samuel, and Doctor David Hawthorne. Hawthorne informs Patterson of a recent lion attack that has affected the undertaking.

That same night, Patterson ends the life of an approaching lion with a single gunshot, earning the respect of the laborers and allowing them to resume their activities safely. Only a few weeks after, however, Mahina, the construction foreman, is dragged from his tent. At sunrise, his mutilated body is recovered, and Patterson tries another night-time hunt, seeking to catch the lion that ate Mahina, but in the morning, he is informed by Starling that the corpse of a second worker has been found at the opposing end of the camp from his position.

Patterson, heeding the advice of Samuel, employs the workers in building thorn fences around the tents in order to prevent any lions from entering. Several days later, in broad daylight, a lion assails the camp, killing another worker. As Patterson, Starling, and Samuel corner the lion while it is feasting on the body, another lion leaps upon them from the roof of a building, slicing Starling across the throat and injuring Patterson on the left arm. Patterson recovers and attempts to shoot them, but both lions escape. Samuel states that there has never been a pair of man-eaters before; they have always been solitary hunters.

The workers, led by a man named Abdullah, begin to turn on Patterson and, consequently, progress on the bridge comes to a halt. Patterson requests soldiers from England as protection, but he is denied. During a brief visit to the site, Beaumont threatens Patterson that, should his commission not be concluded on time, he will tarnish his reputation. He also announces that he will be contacting the famed hunter Charles Remington to help Patterson in eliminating the threat due to his past failures.

A short time later, Remington reaches Tsavo with the company of skilled Maasai warriors, who dub the lions "the Ghost" and "the Darkness" because of their notorious methods. Remington's initial attempt to trap one lion in a thicket fails when Patterson's borrowed gun misfires. The warriors decide to leave, daunted by the beast, but Remington elects to stay behind. He constructs a new hospital tent for sick and injured workers and tempts the lions to the abandoned building with animal parts and blood. The man-eaters seemingly fall for the trap, but Remington and Patterson shoot at them, and they retreat to the new hospital, slaughtering many patients and Hawthorne.

Abdullah and the workers depart, leaving Patterson, Remington, and Samuel alone. The former two locate the animals' lair and discover the bones of dozens of victims, leading Remington to the realization that the lions are acting as they have been merely for sport. Back at camp that evening, Patterson mounts a hunting stand in a clearing and lures one of the predators to his position using a baboon as bait. The plan goes awry after Patterson falls from the stand, but Remington manages to slay the feline before it can leap on Patterson. He, Patterson, and Samuel spend the remainder of the night drinking and celebrating, but the next morning, Patterson awakes to find that the remaining lion has devoured Remington as he and Samuel slept.

The two men cremate Remington's remains and burn the tall grass surrounding the camp, driving the surviving lion toward the trap that they have set there. It ambushes them on the partially constructed bridge and, after a lengthy chase, Patterson finally dispatches it with a double-rifle Samuel has thrown to him from a nearby tree. Abdullah and the workers return, and the bridge is completed on time. Patterson reunites with his wife and meets his son for the first time.

Cast

 Michael Douglas as Charles Remington
 Val Kilmer as Colonel John Henry Patterson
 John Kani as Samuel
 Brian McCardie as Angus Starling
 Bernard Hill as David Hawthorne
 Tom Wilkinson as Sir Robert Beaumont
 Emily Mortimer as Helena Patterson
 Om Puri as Abdullah
 Henry Cele as Mahina

Production
The film is based upon The Man-Eaters of Tsavo by Lieutenant Colonel John Henry Patterson, the man who actually killed both real lions.

Screenplay
William Goldman first heard about the story when travelling in Africa in 1984, and thought it would make a good script. In 1989 he pitched the story to Paramount as a cross between Lawrence of Arabia and Jaws, and they commissioned him to write a screenplay which he delivered in 1990.

"My particular feeling is that they were evil," said Goldman of the lions. "I believe that for nine months, evil popped out of the ground at Tsavo."

The script fictionalizes Patterson's account, introducing an American big game hunter called Charles Remington. The character was based on Anglo-Indian big game hunter Charles H. Ryall, superintendent of the Railway Police. In original drafts the character was called Redbeard, and Goldman says his purpose in the story was to create an imposing character who could be killed by the lions and make Patterson seem more brave; Goldman says his ideal casting for the role would have been Burt Lancaster.

According to Goldman, Kevin Costner expressed interest in playing Patterson, but Paramount wanted to use Tom Cruise who ultimately declined. Work on the film slowed until Michael Douglas moved his producing unit with partner Steven Reuther, Constellation Films, to Paramount. Douglas read the script and loved it, calling it "an incredible thriller about events that actually took place." Douglas decided to produce and Stephen Hopkins was hired to direct.

Val Kilmer, who had just made Batman Forever and was a frequent visitor to Africa, then expressed enthusiasm for the script, which enabled the project to be financed.

The part of Remington was originally offered to Sean Connery and Anthony Hopkins but both declined; the producers were considering asking Gérard Depardieu when Douglas decided to play the role himself. Stephen Hopkins later said he was unhappy about this.

In early drafts of the script, Remington was originally going to be an enigmatic figure but when Douglas chose to play him, the character's role was expanded and was given a history. In Goldman's book Which Lie Did I Tell?, the screenwriter argues that Douglas' decision ruined the mystery of the character, making him a "wimp" and a "loser".

Locations
The film was shot mainly on location at Songimvelo Game Reserve in South Africa, rather than Kenya, due to tax laws. Many Maasai characters in the film were actually portrayed by South African actors, although the Maasai depicted during the hunt were portrayed by real Maasai warriors who were hired for the movie.

Filming
While the real man-eaters were, like all lions from the Tsavo region, a more aggressive, maneless variety, those used for filming were actually the least aggressive available, for both safety and aesthetic reasons. Paramount's cinematic lions were two male African lions with manes. They were brothers named Caesar and Bongo, who were residents of the Bowmanville Zoo in Clarington, Ontario, Canada. Bongo was also featured in George of the Jungle. This cinematic production also featured three other lions: two from France and one from the US.

Director Stephen Hopkins later said of the shoot:
We had snake bites, scorpion bites, tick bite fever, people getting hit by lightning, floods, torrential rains and lightning storms, hippos chasing people through the water, cars getting swept into the water, and several deaths of crew members, including two drownings.... Val came to the set under the worst conditions imaginable. He was completely exhausted from doing The Island of Dr. Moreau; he was dealing with the unfavorable publicity from that set; he was going through a divorce; he barely had time to get his teeth into this role before we started; and he is in nearly every scene in this movie. But I worked him six or seven days a week for four months under really adverse conditions, and he really came through. He had a passion for this film.

Reception

Box office
During its opening weekend, The Ghost and the Darkness grossed $10.3 million. The film ultimately grossed over $38.6 million domestically, and $75 million worldwide.

Critical response
The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing (Bruce Stambler) at the 69th Academy Awards. However, Val Kilmer was nominated for the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor. Reviews were mixed, with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 50% rating based on 52 reviews. The site's consensus states: "The Ghost and the Darkness hits its target as a suspenseful adventure, but it falls into a trap of its own making whenever it reaches for supernatural profundity." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 46 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert said the film was so awful it "lacked the usual charm of being so bad it's funny" adding it was "an African adventure that makes the Tarzan movies look subtle and realistic". Ebert would put the film on his list of the worst movies of 1996. Conversely, David R. Ellis listed this film at #8 on his "Top 10 Animal Horror Movies" countdown, a list he made to promote the release of Shark Night 3D.

Hopkins said in a 1998 interview that the film "was a mess... I haven't been able to watch it."

Home media
The Ghost and the Darkness was released by Paramount Home Video on DVD on December 1, 1998.

On May 10, 2022, Shout! Factory issued The Ghost and the Darkness on Blu-Ray in a new 4K scan.

Historical accuracy

Although Patterson claimed the lions were responsible for up to 135 deaths, a peer-reviewed paper on man-eating lions and the circumstances surrounding this notorious event states that about 28–31 killings can be verified (Kerbis Peterhans & Gnoske, 2001).

Patterson's 1907 book itself states that "between them (the lions) no less than 28 Indian coolies, in addition to scores of unfortunate African natives of whom no official record was kept" were killed. This lesser number was confirmed in the definitive paper on man-eating behavior and the Tsavo lions by Kerbis Peterhans and Gnoske (2001) and soon thereafter in Dr. Bruce Patterson's definitive book The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters published by McGraw-Hill in 2004. Kerbis Peterhans & Gnoske showed that the greater toll attributed to the lions resulted from a pamphlet written by Col. Patterson in 1925, stating "these two ferocious brutes killed and devoured, under the most appalling circumstances, 135 Indian and African artisans and laborers employed in the construction of the Uganda Railway."

The location where the bridge was built is now called Man-Eater's Camp. It is in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya, about  east of Mount Kilimanjaro and  southeast of Nairobi, at

See also
 Bwana Devil (1952)
 The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, by J. H. Patterson

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Chicago Field Museum – Tsavo Lion Exhibit
 The Ghost and the Darkness at Internet Movie Database

 The Ghost and the Darkness at Virtual History

1996 films
1990s adventure films
American adventure films
1990s English-language films
Films based on non-fiction books
American buddy action films
Films directed by Stephen Hopkins
Films with screenplays by William Goldman
Films set in Kenya
Films set in the British Empire
Films set in 1898
Films shot in South Africa
Films about lions
Films about hunters
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award
Paramount Pictures films
Films produced by Gale Anne Hurd
1990s American films
Tsavo Man-Eaters
English-language adventure films

The Ghost and the Darkness


Die HMS Waterhen (G28/D22) war ein Zerstörer der Admiralty-W-Klasse, der von 1918 bis 1933 bei der Royal Navy und dann bei der Royal Australian Navy (RAN) als HMAS Waterhen (D22/I22) Dienst tat. Am 29. Juni 1941 wurde die Waterhen auf einer Versorgungsfahrt zum belagerten Tobruk durch deutsche und italienische Sturzkampfbomber schwer beschädigt. Der Versuch, sie einzuschleppen, scheiterte und sie sank am 30. Juni 1941. Sie war der erste Verlust eines Fahrzeugs der Royal Australian Navy im Zweiten Weltkrieg.

Baugeschichte

Die Werft der Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company in Jarrow am Tyne begann 1856 mit dem Bau von Kriegsschiffen und fertigte bis 1932 Schiffe aller Typen. Ab 1895 (Janus-Klasse, 275 tn.l.) baute sie auch 28 Zerstörer für die Royal Navy. Von diesen wurde die 1910 abgelieferte HMS Viking der Tribal-Klasse der letzte von Palmers vor dem Kriegsausbruch fertiggestellte Zerstörer.
Schon vor dem Kriegsbeginn begann die Werft den Bau von zwei Zerstörern der Admiralty-M-Klasse als letzten Friedensauftrag, von denen die Werft bis 1917 insgesamt zehn Boote auslieferte. Sie erhielt auch Aufträge für zwei Boote der Admiralty-R-Klasse und zwei Boote der Admiralty-W-Klasse mit der am 11. November 1918 fertiggestellten HMS Wryneck und HMS Waterhen. Die Kiellegung der Waterhen erfolgte im Juli 1917, am 26. März 1918 lief sie vom Stapel und am 17. April 1918 wurde sie fertiggestellt. Die Waterhen war der dreizehnte von vierzehn während des Krieges von Palmers gelieferten Zerstörern, wo aber weiterhin auch andere Schiffe gebaut wurden, von den das Schlachtschiff HMS Resolution das größte war. Vier noch im Krieg begonnene Zerstörer der S-Klasse wurden erst 1919 fertiggestellt.

Die 19 Zerstörer der Admiralty-W-Klasse war eine von sechs ähnlichen Klassen, die zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs in Dienst kamen. Sehr ähnlich waren die Admiralty-V-Klasse (23 Boote), der die Untergruppe der Admiralty V class leader (5) voranging und die von Thornycroft gebauten leicht abweichenden Boote der Thornycroft V and W class (4) und Thornycroft modified W class (2) sowie die Admiralty modified W class (14 fertiggestellt, 38 nicht beendet). Von allen Unterklassen wurden 67 Boote fertiggestellt.
Zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen bildeten die Schiffe der V- und W-Klasse das Rückgrat der britischen Zerstörerflottillen, bis sie ab Beginn der 1930er-Jahre durch neuere, modernere Schiffe ersetzt wurden. Bis Mitte der 1930er-Jahre waren die meisten der Schiffe in die Reserveflotte verlegt worden. Viele davon wurden später im Zweiten Weltkrieg als Geleitschiffe für Versorgungskonvois eingesetzt. Die Royal Navy entwickelte Mitte der 1930er-Jahre drei Standardumbauten, wodurch modernere Schiffe für den Einsatz mit den Flotteneinheiten frei wurden.

Einsatzgeschichte
Die im April 1918 fertiggestellte HMS Waterhen wurde in den aktiven Dienst der britischen Royal Navy übernommen und nahm noch am Kriegsgeschehen des Ersten Weltkriegs teil. Sie kam zur 12. Zerstörerflottille der Grand Fleet.
Später gehörte sie zur britischen Atlantikflotte und dann zur Mittelmeerflotte, wo sie zuletzt der 1. Zerstörerflottille angehörte.

Teil der Royal Australian Navy

Die HMS Waterhen wurde am 11. Oktober 1933 in Portsmouth an die Royal Australian Navy übergeben und formell in HMAS Waterhen umbenannt. Neben ihr wurden noch die Zerstörer HMS Vampire, HMS Vendetta, HMS Voyager der Admiralty V- und W-Klasse und der Flottillenführer HMS Stuart an Australien abgegeben. Die Boote marschierten gemeinsam bis zum 21. Dezember 1933 nach Australien und ersetzten die bisherige australische Flottille, die aus dem Flottillenführer HMAS Anzac und den Zerstörern der S-Klasse HMAS Stalwart, Success, Swordsman, Tattoo und Tasmania bestand und verschrottet werden sollte.

Am 9. Oktober 1934 wurde die Waterhen der Reserve der australischen Marine zugeteilt und durch HMAS Vendetta in der aktiven Flotte ersetzt. Am 14. April 1936 kam sie für die in Reserve gehende HMAS Voyager wieder zur aktiven Flotte. Am 1. Juni 1938 wurde sie mit der Vendetta und dem Flottillenführer Stuart zur Reserve versetzt. Wegen der europäischen Krise im Herbst 1938 wurde sie kurzzeitig vom 26. September bis zum 10. November wieder aktiviert. Am 1. September 1939 wurde der Zerstörer wegen des Kriegsausbruchs endgültig wieder in Dienst gestellt.

Zusammen mit den anderen australischen Zerstörern verließ die Waterhen am 14. Oktober 1939 Australien, um gemäß dem Mobilisierungsplan auf der China Station in Singapur Dienst zu leisten. Zusammen mit der ebenfalls wieder in Dienst gestellten Stuart und der Vendetta trat sie den Verlegungsmarsch von Sydney aus an, während sich die beiden anderen Boote in Fremantle befanden und auf dem Weg zum Verband stießen. Noch während des Anmarsches fiel die Entscheidung, die Zerstörer im Mittelmeer einzusetzen, wo die Boote von der deutschen Propaganda als "Alteisen-Flottille" bezeichnet wurden. Die fünf Zerstörer liefen zu ihrem neuen Einsatzgebiet am 13. November aus Singapur aus.

Kriegseinsätze
Das Auftreten des deutschen Panzerschiffs Admiral Graf Spee am 15. November im Indischen Ozean führte zur Auflösung des Marschverbandes und zur Verteilung der australischen Zerstörer auf verschiedene Jagdgruppen, die das deutsche Panzerschiff finden sollten, das sich jedoch schon auf dem Rückmarsch in den Atlantik befand.
Die Waterhen lief nach Colombo und schloss sich am 20. November der Gruppe mit dem Flugzeugträger HMS Eagle und den Schweren Kreuzern Cornwall und Dorsetshire an, der sich auch noch die Vendetta anschließen sollte, die aber vorerst in Penang zurückblieb. Die Waterhen verließ am 14. Dezember die Jagdgruppe, nachdem die Briten am 13. Dezember das Panzerschiff vor Montevideo gestellt hatten. Am 17. Dezember erreichte sie Malta, wo die Vendetta schon am 14. eingetroffen war. Beide übernahmen am 24. dann ein Geleit nach Marseille.

Als im Juni 1940 Italien in den Krieg eintrat, verlegten die Zerstörer nach Alexandria und bildeten dort mit britischen Zerstörern die 10. Zerstörerflottille. Am 11./12. Juni 1940 war die Waterhen den Sicherungseinheiten des Flugzeugträgers Eagle und der Schlachtschiffe HMS Malaya und Warspite zugeteilt. Zum Verband, der in das östliche Mittelmeer vorstieß, gehörte auch der australische Kreuzer HMAS Sydney. Nach einem U-Jagd-Einsatz mit den australischen Booten Stuart, Vampire und Vendetta folgte am 26./27. Juni zusammen mit den beiden letztgenannten Zerstörern und dem Kreuzer HMS Orion ein Kommandoeinsatz gegen die italienische Insel Castellorizo vor der türkischen Küste. Die Waterhen unterstützte die Landtruppen von Juli bis September und wieder in der aus den vier australischen Zerstörern (ohne Stuart) neugebildeten Force B ab Dezember beim Vormarsch in der Cyrenaika. Am 30. Januar 1941 kollidierte sie vor Sollum mit dem britischen Trawler Bandolero, der sank.

Der Zerstörer wurde erheblich beschädigt und war erst ab dem 5. März wieder einsatzbereit. Am 7. März begleitet er erstmals Transporter nach Piräus. Anfang April wurde die Waterhen wieder zur Sicherung der Versorgung von Tobruk eingesetzt und rettet am 14. 470 Verwundete und Pflegepersonal vom bombardierten Hospitalschiff Vita. Am Ende des Monats folgen weitere Einsätze zur Sicherung, Versorgung und Evakuierung von Truppen in Griechenland. Ab dem 5. Mai 1941 versorgt die Waterhen mit der Voyager das eingeschlossene Tobruk, unterbrochen von einer Fahrt am 16. zusammen mit Voyager, dem Kreuzer HMS Coventry und der Sloop HMS Auckland nach Kreta mit Truppenverstärkungen.

Verlust der Waterhen
Auf der 13. Versorgungsfahrt der Waterhen nach Tobruk am 29. Juni 1941 zusammen mit der HMS Defender wurden die Zerstörer von deutschen und italienischen Junkers-Ju-87-Sturzkampfbombern angegriffen. Diese erzielten auf der Waterhen keinen direkten Treffer. Die sehr nah am Boot explodierenden Bomben setzen jedoch die Steuerung außer Gefecht und verursachten ein großes Leck im Maschinenraum. Die Defender übernahm die Besatzung einschließlich aller Verletzten. Da die Bomber abdrehten und keine weiteren Luftangriffe erfolgten, nahm die Defender beim Hereinbrechen der Dunkelheit die Waterhen in Schlepp. Kurz nach Mitternacht war aber klar, dass eine Rettung des beschädigten Schiffes unmöglich war und die HMAS Waterhen sank am 30. Juni 1941 auf der Position .

Der Untergang der HMAS Waterhen war der erste Kriegsschiffverlust der Royal Australian Navy während des Zweiten Weltkriegs.

Literatur
 Maurice Cocker: Destroyers of the Royal Navy, 1893–1981. Ian Allan, 1983, ISBN 0-7110-1075-7.
 Antony Preston: Destroyers. Bison Books, London 1977, ISBN 0-600-32955-0.
 Jürgen Rohwer, Gerhard Hümmelchen: Chronik des Seekrieges 1939–1945. Manfred Pawlak Verlag, Herrsching 1968, ISBN 3-88199-009-7.

Weblinks

 HMAS Waterhen - V & W-class Destroyer in WORLD WAR 2
 HMAS Waterhen offizielle Seite der RAN
 Libya & Then There Were Four?

Einzelnachweise

V- und W-Klasse
Schiff im Ersten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1941

HMS Waterhen (D22)


An Mapania wallichii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Mapania wallichii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mapania, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mapania

Mapania wallichii


O Foco do Brasil é um canal do YouTube criado pelo técnico em informática Anderson Azevedo Rossi em 2019. Ganhou notoriedade nas mídias sociais pela proximidade com o governo de Jair Bolsonaro, mantendo-se como uma das principais plataformas de apoio ao então presidente, produzindo conteúdos de caráter institucional em áreas restritas do Palácio da Alvorada.

O canal foi incluído, em 2020, no ínquerito das manifestações antidemocráticas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF). Também contou com a ajuda de um funcionário da Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) para obter as imagens de Bolsonaro e de eventos oficiais gerados pelo satélite Amazonas 3. De acordo com um relatório da Polícia Federal, em um ano de existência, o canal lucrou cerca 1,7 milhão de reais com monetização do YouTube.

Em 20 de outubro de 2022, o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) suspendeu a monetização do Foco do Brasil até 31 de outubro de 2022. Depois da derrota de Bolsonaro na eleição presidencial, o canal parou de publicar conteúdo e foi colocado à venda.

Canais do YouTube do Brasil
Bolsonarismo

Foco do Brasil


Artigues se poate referi la:
Artigues, localitate în departamentul Ariège, Franța
Artigues, localitate în departamentul Aude, Franța
Artigues, localitate în departamentul Hautes-Pyrénées, Franța
Artigues, localitate în departamentul Var, Franța
Artigues-près-Bordeaux, localitate în departamentul Gironde, Franța

Artigues


Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. It is widely used against ant infestations.

It is not a restricted chemical in the United States and is commonly sold in hardware stores to control pests in homes.

Chemical properties
Bifenthrin is poorly soluble in water and often remains in soil. Its residual half-life in soil is  between 7 days and 8 months, depending on the soil type, with a low mobility in most soil types. Bifenthrin has the longest known residual time in soil of insecticides currently on the market.
It is a white, waxy solid with a faint sweet smell. It is chemically synthesized in various forms, including powder, granules and pellets. However, it is not naturally occurring.

Like other pyrethroids, bifenthrin is chiral; it has different enantiomers which can have different effects. Bifenthrin is found in two enantiomers: 1S-cis-bifenthrin and 1R-cis-bifenthrin. 1S-cis-Bifenthrin is 3-4 times more toxic to humans than 1R-cis-bifenthrin, while the latter is more than 300 times more effective as a pesticide.

Toxicity

Toxicodynamics
There are two types of pyrethroids: those with and without α-cyanogroup. The neurotoxicity of bifenthrin is based on the affinity to the voltage-gated sodium channels (in insects as well as mammals). The pyrethroids with an α-cyanogroup block the sodium-channel permanently, causing the membrane to be permanently hyperpolarized. The resting potential will not be restored, and no further action potential can be generated. The pyrethroids without an α-cyanogroup, to which bifenthrin belongs, are only able to bind to the sodium channel transiently. This will result in after potentials and eventual continuous firing of axons. The resting potential is not affected by these pyrethroids.

Bifenthrin will open the sodium channel for a shorter period than other pyrethroids. The mechanism in mammals and invertebrates is not different, but the effect on mammals is much less due to higher body temperature, higher body volume, and lower affinity of bifenthrin to sodium channels.

Toxicokinetics
Numerous studies have been conducted on the half life of bifenthrin in soil, water, and air under different conditions, such as aerobic or anaerobic, and at different temperatures and pH. It is more likely to remain in the soil and not so much in water (it is hydrophobic), nor in the air (it is unlikely to volatilize because of its physical properties).  Because of the water-insolubility of bifenthrin, it will not rapidly cause contamination of ground water. However, some contamination might occur by soil bound bifenthrin to surface water through runoff.  For an overview of the environmental degradation of bifenthrin, see figure below.  The main path of degradation results in 4'-hydroxy bifenthrin.

Biotransformation
Pyrethroids are much less toxic in mammals than they are in insects and fish, because mammals have the ability to rapidly break the ester bond in bifenthrin and break the substance into its inactive acid  and alcohol components:  In humans and rats, bifenthrin is degraded by the cytochrome p450-family.

Toxicology

Toxicity in animals
Mosquitoes
Bifenthrin is an effective pesticide to use against malaria and filaria vector mosquitoes. It is still effective when a resistance to other pyrethroids is found. Mosquito nets and indoor walls can be treated with bifenthrin to keep more mosquitoes away.
Bifenthrin is an effectively used insecticide, but the risk is high of it working only for a short time. Mosquitoes can develop a resistance to it, as well.

Aquatic life
Bifenthrin is hardly soluble in water, so nearly all bifenthrin will stay in the sediment, but it is very harmful to aquatic life. Even in small concentrations, fish and other aquatic animals are affected by bifenthrin.  One of the reasons for the high sensitivity of fish is fish have a slow metabolism. Bifenthrin will stay longer in the system of the fish. Another reason for the high sensitivity of fish is the effect of bifenthrin as ATPase-inhibitor. The gills need ATP to control the osmotic balance of oxygen. If the fish is no longer capable of taking up oxygen because ATP can no longer be used, the fish will die.
In cold water, bifenthrin is even more dangerous. pH and calcium concentration are also factors that influence the toxicity.
Vertebrates are less sensitive to the effects of bifenthrin as ATPase-inhibitor.

Bees
In bees, the lethal concentration (LC50) of bifenthrin is about 17 mg/L.  At sublethal concentrations, bifenthrin reduces the fecundity of bees, decreases the rate at which bee larvae develop into adults, and increases their immature periods.

Table of LD50 values

Toxicity in humans
Bifenthrin and other synthetic pyrethroids are being used in agriculture in increasing amounts because of the high efficiency of these substances in killing insects, the low toxicity for mammals, and good biodegradability. However, because of its success, they are being used more often (also indoors) and high exposure of bifenthrin to humans can occur.

Carcinogenicity
The U.S. EPA classified bifenthrin as a Category C, possible human carcinogen. This rating is based on an increased rate of urinary bladder tumors in mice, adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the liver in male mice, and bronchoalveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung in some female mice.

Potential for neurotoxicity
Bifenthrin can be absorbed by humans either by skin contact or ingestion. Skin contact is not toxic, causing only a slight tingling sensation at the point of contact. Ingestion in concentrations below 10−4 M is not toxic.  However, commercially available bifenthrin products formulated for household use (such as Ortho Home Defense Max, sold as a liquid pump spray), can induce toxic effects due to other chemicals added to improve the sustainability of bifenthrin or are toxic on their own. Symptoms of excessive exposure are nausea, headaches, hypersensitivity for touch and sound, and irritation of the skin and the eyes.

Regulation
The EPA monitors and regulates the use of pesticides in the United States. Because of its high toxicity to aquatic organisms, bifenthrin is classified as a restricted-use pesticide, meaning it may only be sold to certified pesticide applicators. However, the EPA allows lower concentrations of bifenthrin to be sold to the general public.

Bifenthrin has been approved for use against the Rasberry crazy ant in the Houston, Texas, area, under a special "crisis exemption" from the Texas Department of Agriculture and the EPA. The chemical is only approved for use in Texas counties experiencing "confirmed infestations" of the newly imported, invasive ant species.

The EPA has classified bifenthrin as a class C carcinogen, a possible human carcinogen based on a test with mice, which showed increased development of certain tumors.

An acute and chronic reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin has been established, based on animal studies. The reference dose resembles the estimated quantity of a chemical which a person could be exposed to every day (or a one-time exposure for the acute RfD) without any appreciable risk of adverse health effects. The acute reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin is 0.328 mg/kg bodyweight/day.
The chronic reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin is 0.013 mg/kg bodyweight/day.

Bifenthrin was included in a biocide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency, because of its carcinogenic effect. This was approved by the European Parliament in 2009.
Pesticides containing bifenthrin were withdrawn from use in the European Union.  They have since been reinstated.

Bifenthrin is banned for agricultural use in European union countries since July 2019 but is still approved for the preservation of chopped wood.

Use
On a large scale, bifenthrin is often used against invasive red fire ants. It is also effective against aphids, worms, other ants, gnats, moths, beetles, earwigs, grasshoppers, mites, midges, spiders, ticks, yellow jackets, maggots, thrips, caterpillars, flies, fleas, spotted lanternflies and termites. It is mostly used in orchards, nurseries, and homes. In the agricultural sector, it is used in great amounts on certain crops, such as corn. About 70% of all hops and raspberries cultured in the United States are treated with bifenthrin.

Bifenthrin is used by the textile industry to protect woollen products from insect attack. It was introduced as an alternative to permethrin-based agents, due to greater efficacy against keratinophagous insects, better wash-fastness, and lower aquatic toxicity.

Products
Products containing bifenthrin include Transport, Talstar, Maxxthor, Biforce, Capture, Brigade, Bifenthrine, DuoCide insect control, Ortho Home Defense Max, Bifen XTS, Bifen IT, Bifen L/P, Torant, Zipak, Scotts  Turf Builder SummerGuard, Wisdom TC Flowable, FMC 54800, Allectus, Ortho Max Pro and OMS3024 and mega wash from green planet and in Australia, Fortune Ultra, Hovex Ultra Low Odor and Surefire Fivestar.

References

External links
 Bifrenthrin general fact sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center

Benzyl 2,2,3-trimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates
Organochlorides
Trifluoromethyl compounds
FMC Corporation
Biphenyls

Bifenthrin


Selected Ambient Works naziv je dvaju ambijentalnih albuma koje je početkom 1990-ih objavio britanski elektronički glazbenik Richard D. James (pod pseudonimom Aphex Twin):

Selected Ambient Works 85–92 (1992.), uglavnom pisan skraćeno kao SAW 85-92 ili SAW I
Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994.), uglavnom pisan skraćeno kao SAW II

Selected Ambient Works


Cymbidiinae, podtribus kaćunovki smješten u tribus Cymbidieae, dio potporodice Epidendroideae. Postoje 7 priznatih rodova; tipični je cimbidijum (Cymbidium) sa 80 vrsta iz Azije i Australije.

Rodovi
 Cymbidium Sw. (80 spp.)
 Acriopsis Reinw. ex Blume (6 spp.)
 Thecopus Seidenf. (2 spp.)
 Thecostele Rchb. fil. (1 sp.)
 Devogelia Schuit. (1 sp.)
 Grammatophyllum Blume (13 spp.)
 Porphyroglottis Ridl. (1 sp.)

Izvori

Cymbidieae

Cymbidiinae


Ankebût Suresi (Arapça: سورة العنكبوت), Kur'an'ın 29. suresidir. Sure, 69 ayetten oluşur.

Sure, ismini 41. ayetinde geçen ve ''dişi örümcek'' anlamına gelen ''ankebût'' kelimesinden almıştır. Mekke döneminde indirildiğine inanılmaktadır. Surede genel olarak Allah'ın birliği, peygamberlik, öldükten sonra dirilme gibi ana inanç konuları; Nuh, İbrahim, Lut ve Şuayb gibi peygamberlerin bazı kıssaları konu edilmekte ve özel olarak da 41. ayetinde dişi örümcekten bahsedilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, surede Âd ve Semûd kavimleri ile Kârûn ve Hâmân gibi şahsiyetlerin hikâyeleri de dikkat çekilmektedir.

Örümcek ayeti
Allah'tan başka varlıkların korumasına sığınanların durumu, (dişi) örümceğin durumuna benzer: (Dişi) örümcek, (ağını) kendine bir yuva edinir, ama yuvaların en çürüğü de (dişi) örümceğin yuvasıdır. Keşke bilselerdi! (Kur'an, Ankebût, 41)

Bazı uzmanlar, örümcekten bahsedilen ayette Arapçadaki dişiye özgü takılar kullanıldığı için, ilgili ayette dişi örümcekten bahsedildiğini söylerler ve hatta bundan ötürü sureye dişi örümcek suresi derler.

İlgili ayette geçen ve "yuva" diye tercüme edilen "beyt" ifadesinin örümceğin ailevi hayatını anlatmış olabileceği görüşü de mevcuttur. Tefsir uzmanlarına göre her ne kadar örümceklerin biyoloji dünyasında yuvalarının dayanıksızlığı, gevşekliği ve çürüklüğü bilinse de, aynı zamanda hayvanlar âleminde aile bağları en zayıf olanlar da yine örümceklerdir. Çünkü bir dişi örümceğin cinsel ilişkiden sonra yaptığı ilk iş, erkeğini yemektir. Canlılar dünyasında dişilerinin erkeklerinden cüsse olarak daha iri olduğu nadir hayvan türlerinden biri olan örümceklerin dişi türleri için, bu iş çok zor değildir. Fakat dişi örümceğin kendisi de uzun bir ömür sürmez; yavrularının yumurtadan çıktığını göremeden ölür. Yumurtalardan ilk çıkan örümcek ise, henüz çıkmamış olanları yer. Böylece ilgili ayetin, ailevi bağları ölümcül ilişkilerden ibaret olan bu hayvanların zayıflığından bahsetmiş olabileceği de düşünülmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Kur'an mucizeleri
 Nahl Suresi
 Neml Suresi
 Fil Suresi

Kaynakça

Sureler

Ankebût Suresi


Emil Coșeru () este un actor român și conferențiar universitar doctor în cadrul Universității de Arte "George Enescu" din Iași. Joacă din 1969 la Teatrul Național "Vasile Alecsandri" din Iași.

Carieră
Emil Coșeru s-a născut în anul 1947, la Tecuci. A absolvit, în 1969, Institutul de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "I.L. Caragiale" din București, la clasa profesorilor Moni Ghelerter și Zoe Anghel Stanca.

A debutat în 1969, în rolul Treplev din "Pescărușul" de A. P. Cehov.

În 2018 a fost declarat cetățean de onoare al orașului Tecuci, în care s-a născut.

În mai 2021 a fost nominalizat pentru Premiile Galei Uniter 2021 la categoria Cel mai bun actor în rol secundar pentru rolul Ion din spectacolul "Năpasta" (…și era pădurea singură…) de I.L.Caragiale, un spectacol realizat de Adi Carauleanu la Teatrul Național "Vasile Alecsandri" Iași.

Teatrografie

 Treplev - Pescărușul de A. P. Cehov, regia Cătălina Buzoianu, 1969
 Faustino - Războiul vesel de Carlo Goldoni, regia Anca Ovanez-Doroșenco, 1969
 Paleologul Stamate - Chiajna de Ion Luca, regia Dan Alexandrescu, 1970
 Matei - Buna noapte nechemată de Alexandru Popescu, regia Anca Ovanez-Doroșenco, 1972
 Calisto - Celestina de Fernando de Rojas, regia Cătălina Buzoianu, 1972
 Ioniță - Petru Rareș de Horia Lovinescu, regia Sorana Coroamă Stanca, 1973
 Costache Rolla - Povestea Unirii de Tudor Șoimaru, regia Dan Nasta, 1973
 Vasile - Sâmbătă la Veritas de Mircea Radu Iacoban, regia Mircea Radu Iacoban și Saul Taișler, 1974
 Ofițerul - Poveste de iarnă de William Shakespeare, regia Cătălina Buzoianu, 1974
 Petre - Într-o singură seară de Iosif Neghiu, regia Cătălina Buzoianu, 1974
 Chițimia II - Chițimia de Ion Băieșu, regia Anca Ovanez-Doroșenco, 1975
 Don Juan - Don Juan de Max Frisch, regia Anca Ovanez-Doroșenco, 1975
 Ucenicul - Burghezul gentilom de Molière, regia Virgil Tănase, 1975
 Atahuallpa - Vânătoarea regală a soarelui de Peter Schaffer, regia Letiția Popa, 1975
 Șambelanul - Ivona, principesa Burgundiei de Witold Gombrowicz, regia Brandy Barasch, 1976
 Jupiter - Amfitrion de Peter Hacks, regia Călin Florian, 1976
 Teofil - Camera de alături de Paul Everac, regia Călin Florian , 1977
 Artur - Tango de Slawomir Mrozek, regia Cristian Hadji, Culea, 1978
 Iașa - Livada de vișini de A. P. Cehov, regia Valeriu Moisescu, 1978
 Locotenentul - Căpitanul din Kopenick de Carl Zuckmayer, regia Cristian Hadji-Culea, 1979
 Hemon - Antigona de Sofocle, regia Tudor Florian , 1979
 Răducu - Cuibul de Tudor Popescu, regia Mihai Lungianu, 1979
 Mihai - Cum s, a făcut de, a rămas Catinca fată bătrână de Nelu Ionescu, regia Eugen Todoran, 1979
 Cain - Jocul vieții și al morții în deșertul de cenușă (Cain și Abel) de Horia Lovinescu, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1980
 Un tânăr țigan - Păsările tinereții noastre de Ion Druță, regia Sorina Mirea, 1980
 Aengus - Kathleen de Michael Sayers, regia Călin Florian, 1980
 Jitnicerul Stavăr - Apus de soare de Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1980
 Marchizul de Posa - Don Carlos de Friedrich Schiller, regia Dan Nasta, 1980
 Silvius - Cum vă place de William Shakespeare, regia Nicoleta Toia , 1982
 Marchizul - Jacques fatalistul de Denis Diderot, regia Dan Nasta , 1982
 Fred - Bătrânul de Hortensia Papadat, Bengescu, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1983
 Bălcescu - Marea Unire de Mircea Filip, regia Dan Nasta , 1983
 Ștefan - Rugăciune pentru un disc-jokey de Dumitru Radu Popescu, regia Dan Stoica, 1984
 Negri - Povestea Unirii de Tudor Șoimaru, regia Dan Nasta, 1984
 El - Paznicul de la depozitul de nisip de Dumitru Radu Popescu, regia Dan Stoica, 1984
 George Dillon - Epitaf pentru George Dillon de John Osborne, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1985
 Cain - Jocul vieții și al morții în deșertul de cenușă de Horia Lovinescu, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1985
 Marcellus - Arma secretă a lui Arhimede de Dumitru Solomon, regia Dragoș Golgoțiu, 1986
 Theseu - Visul unei nopți de vară de William Shakespeare, regia Cristina Ioviță, 1986
 Nae Ipingescu - O noapte furtunoasă de I. L. Caragiale, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1986
 Val Iacobescu - Cursa de Viena de Rodica Ojog-Brașoveanu, regia Saul Taișler, 1987
 Kesarion - Săptămâna patimilor de Paul Anghel, regia Dan Stoica, 1987
 Băiatul - Dona Rosita de Federico Garcia Lorca, regia Anca Ovanez, Doroșenco, 1988
 Borkin - Ivanov de A. P. Cehov, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1988
 Grig - Steaua fără nume de Mihail Sebastian, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1988
 Mario - Jocul dragostei și, al întâmplării de Marivaux, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1989
 El - Poftă de cireșe de Agnieszka Osiecka, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1989
 Ioviță - Cartea lui Ioviță de Paul Everac, regia Dan Alecsandrescu, 1989
 50 - Scadența de Elias Canetti, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1989
 Jerry - Trădarea de Harold Pinter, regia Nicoleta Toia, 1990
 David Cutrere - Orfeu în Infern de Tennessee Williams, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1991
 Părintele Leperec - Robespierre de George Astaloș, regia Eugen Todoran, 1991
 Val - Regulamentul de bloc de Constantin Popa, regia Dan Nasta, 1991
 Corifeul - Norii de Aristofan, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1992
 Avocatul acuzării - Spectatorul condamnat la moarte de Matei Vișniec, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1992
 Alcibiade - Socrate de Dumitru Solomon, regia Nicolae Scarlat, 1992
 Trigorin - Pescărușul de A. P. Cehov, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1992
 Generalul - Culoarul cu șoareci de Nicolae Breban, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1993
 Actorul principal - Astă seară se improvizează de Luigi Pirandello, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1993
 Capitano Spaventa - Bertoldo la curte de Massimo Dursi, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1994
 Oedip - Oedip Rege, Oedip la Colonos de Sofocle, regia Mircea Marosin, 1994
 Crivățul - Sânziana și Pepelea de Vasile Alecsandri, regia Mihai Lungeanu, 1994
 Timon - Timon din Atena de William Shakespeare, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1995
 Ludovic cel Mare - Cabala bigoților de Mihail Bulgakov, regia Horea Popescu, 1995
 Sandu - Cinel, cinel de Vasile Alecsandri, regia Sorana Coroamă Stanca, 1996
 Siegfried - Dona Juana de Anca Visdei, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 1997
 John - Lautrec la Santan de Mario Moretti, regia Sorana Coroamă Stanca, 1997
 Starbuck - Omul care aduce ploaie de Richard Mash, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1997
 Baronul - Azilul de noapte de Maxim Gorki, regia Cristian Hadji, Culea, 1997
 Vladimir - Așteptândul pe Godot de Samuel Beckett, regia Nikolov Perveli Vili, 1998
 Don Juan - Don Juan de Molière, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1998
 Pacientul vorbăreț - Alarma de Olga Delia Mateescu, regia Silvia Ionescu, 1998
 Lord Burghley, Lazarus Tucker - Elisabeta I de Paul Foster, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 1999
 Lunganul - Cine, ajunge sus la fix de Dumitru Solomon, regia Nikolov Perveli Vili, 1999
 Tatăl - Roberto Zucco de Bernard Marie Koltes, regia Alexander Hausvater, 1999
 Firs - Livada de vișini de A. P. Cehov, regia Alexander Hausvater, 2000
 Ottavio - Mizerie și noblețe de Eduardo Scarpetta, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 2001
 Matei - Omul din cerc de Cristina Tamaș, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 2001
 Gordini - Circul Matteo de Adrian Lustig, regia Dan Vasile, 2001
 Pancratius - Căsătorie cu de, a sila de Molière, regia Cezar Ghioca, 2001
 Cetățeanul turmentat - O scrisoare pierdută de I. L. Caragiale, regia Virgil Tănase, 2001
 Prof. Duhring - Maestrul cântăreț de Frank Wedekind, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 2002
 Iwakiki - Hikaru, Adeptul lui Mishima, Nō Cinci povești de dragoste de Yukio Mishima, regia Alexander Hausvater, 2002
 Sir Toby - A douăsprezecea noapte de William Shakespeare, regia Beatrice Rancea, 2003
 Regele - Plăcutele istorii de dragoste și moarte de Honoré de Balzac, regia Virgil Tănase, 2003
 Balac - Magul de Paul Miron, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 2003
 Un domn - Inimă de câine (O istorie monstruoasă) după Mihail Bulgakov, regia Ion Sapdaru, 2003
 Smirnov - Despre efectul dăunător al nostalgiei după A. P. Cehov, regia Ion Sapdaru, 2004
 Hatmanul Arbore - Apus de soare după Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, regia Eugen Todoran, 2004
 Jack - Dansează ... fetele Mundy după Brian Friel, regia Ada Lupu, 2004
 Irod Antipa - Salomeea de Oscar Wilde, regia Alexander Hausvater, 2004
 Her von Eberkopf - Begriffenfeldt, Peer Gynt de Henrik Ibsen, regia Cristian Ioan, 2005
 Pantalone - Slugă la doi stăpâni de Carlo Goldoni, regia Nikolov Perveli Vili, 2005
 Brambazzi -  Pețitoarele după A. Tzagareli, regia Ion Sapdaru, 2006
 Coviello - Dragoste la Veneția (scenariu de commedia dell'arte în regie colectivă), 2006
 Șeful Bromden - Zbor deasupra unui cuib de cuci de Dale Wasserman, regia Marius Oltean, 2006
 Keisaburo - Arborele tropicelor de Yukio Mishima, regia Alexander Hausvater, 2006
 Macduff - Macbeth de William Shakespeare, regia Mihai Măniuțiu, 2007
 Hans cel Mare - Un străin, Nevasta lui Hans de Ion Sapdaru, după Nichita Danilov, regia Ion Sapdaru, 2008
 Gheorghe Popescu 003 - Gheorghe Popescu de Constantin Popa, regia Ovidiu Lazăr , 2009
 Polonius - Uciderea lui Gonzago de Nedialko Iordanov, regia Andro Enukidze , 2009
 Zeno - Cu soarele pe piept de Nora Vasilescu, regia Ion Mircioagă , 2010
 Polymestor - Aici, la porțile beznei după Hecuba și alte tragedii de Euripide, regia Mihai Măniuțiu , 2010
 Judecătorul - Al treilea negustor , Falstaff Show (cu scene din Henric al IV, lea, Henric al V, lea, Nevestele vesele din Windsor de William Shakaspeare și improvizații actoricești), regia Ion Sapdaru , 2010
 Domnul bătrân - Rinocerii de Eugène Ionesco, regia Claudiu Goga , 2011
 Tom - Comedia dragostei și, a urii, studiu de teatru, dans cu texte de William Shakespeare, regia Ion Mircioagă , 2011
 Oronte - Mizantropul de Molière, regia Gábor Tompa , 2011
 Kummer - Pană de automobil de Friedrich Durrenmatt, regia Irina Popescu Boieru , 2011
 Profesorul Faber - Focul (451° Fahrenheit) de Ray Bradbury, regia Irina Popescu Boieru , 2012
 Clovn I - Pălăria florentină de Eugène Labiche, regia Silviu Purcărete , 2013
 Abel Znorko - Variațiuni enigmatice de Eric, Emmanuel Schmitt, regia Liviu Manoliu , 2013
 Rabinul, Maharalul - Golem, regia Alexander Hausvater, 2013
 Unchiul Joseph, Dr. Edgar - Cum am devenit stupid (după Martin Page), regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 2014
 Beverly Weston - Acasă, în miezul verii de Tracy Letts, regia Claudiu Goga, 2014
 Oreilly - Arborele nopții de Truman Capote, regia Irina Popescu, Boieru, 2014
 Valetul/Judecătorul - Vizita bătrânei doamne de Friedrich Dürrenmatt, regia Claudiu Goga, 2015
 Domnul M.V. - Cabaretul cuvintelor de Matei Vișniec, regia Ovidiu Lazăr, 2015
 Domnul Smith - Cântăreața cheală de Eugène Ionesco, regia Radu, Alexandru Nica, 2015
 Cetățean din oraș - Un dușman al poporului, de Arthur Miller(adaptare după piesa lui Henrik Ibsen), regia , Claudiu Goga, 2016
 Tatăl Măcelăria lui Iov de Fausto Paravidino, regia Radu Afrim, 2017
 Manole Crudu - Moartea unui artist" de Horia Lovinescu, regia Irina Popescu Boieru, 2017
 Un dolce far niente (adaptare după Vilegiaturiștii de Maxim Gorki), regia Catinca Drăgănescu, 2018

Filmografie

 Ciprian Porumbescu (1973)
 Cantemir (1975)
 Vlad Țepeș (1979)
 Drumul oaselor (1980)
 Burebista (1980)
 La răscrucea marilor furtuni (1980)
 Trandafirul galben (1982)
 Masca de argint (1985)
 Un bulgăre de humă (1990)
 4 luni, 3 săptămâni și 2 zile (2007)
Regina (2009)
 John (2015)
 The Man Behind the Terror (2019)

Note

Legături externe

  - cinemagia.ro

Interviu, BZI Live, 1 iunie 2021: Actorul-societar Emil Coșeru și Diana Vieru, tânără și talentată actriță, ambii reprezentând Teatrul Național "Vasile Alecsandri" din Iași, au fost nominalizați la Gala Premiilor UNITER 2021
Emil Coșeru, despre Radu Afrim (prezentare video ), revista Timpul, 2 iunie 2021

Nașteri în 1947
Nașteri pe 23 noiembrie
Actori de teatru români
Actori de film români
Actori români în viață
Conferențiari universitari români
Tecuceni
Universitatea de Arte George Enescu din Iași
Actori ai Teatrului Național din Iași
Absolvenți ai Universității Naționale de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale" din București
Cetățeni de onoare ai Tecuciului

Emil Coșeru


قرية شجاف إحدى قرى محافظة تعز - جنوب الجمهورية اليمنية - مديرية شرعب السلام مخلاف أعلي، وتتكون قرية شجاف من عدة مناطق هي (شجاف - سبأ - دار جنان - الشعبة - المزهد)،

الموقع
وتقع قرية شجاف بين جبلين، ولها بوابة رئيسية، وتمتاز قرية شجاف بتربتها الخصبة، ويعتمد سكانها البالغين أكثر من ألفين نسمة على الزراعة، وخاصة زراعة القات، وبعظهم يعملون في دول الخليج، أو في القطاع الحكومي. لم تنل قرية شجاف حظها من خير الثورة، فلا الطريق معبدة إليها، ولا فيها مشروع مياه، ولا كهرباء، ولا خدمات اتصالات.

معالم
من أهم المعالم الأثرية والقلاع والحصون فيها دار مصلح بن احمد الذي حكم المنطقة قبل 3 قرون والذي يزيد عمرالقلعه عن 600سنه ويقع في قرية سبأ التي سميت بهذا الاسم تيمنا بملكة اليمن سبأ يمتاز أهل المنطقة بالكرم والشهامة وحسن اكرام الضيف كما يوجد في الجهة الجنوبية لشجاف منطقة (طنقة) وهي عباره عن محمية تكثر فيها الأشجار المرتفعه كأنها غابة كما يتواجد فيها بعض الحيوانات المفترسة مثل الأسود والضباع والنمارة وبعض الفهود.

المراجع

قرى محافظة تعز

شجاف


Francesco Calcagno (1528 - 1550) fue un joven fraile franciscano, conocido por haber sido condenado a muerte por blasfemia y sodomía por la Inquisición veneciana.

Proceso y condena
Calcagno, un fraile franciscano de 22 años de Brescia, fue interrogado en Brescia el 15 de julio de 1550 y ejecutado en Venecia el 23 de diciembre de 1550, después de una investigación por el Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Venecia en relación con las ofensas de blasfemia atea y sodomía.

Un testigo que conocía a Calcagno testificó que el franciscano dormía con un muchacho casi todas las noches, que creía que Jesús cometía la sodomía con San Juan y que negaba la existencia de Dios y del Paraíso, así como la inmortalidad del alma humana.

Calcagno admitió su culpabilidad y mencionó que había hablado una vez con un tal Señor Lauro di Glisenti da Vestone, un ateo que le «había dicho que no creía en nada, sólo en lo que podía ver con sus ojos» y que le había respondido «Bueno, encontces puedes creer o decir cualquier cosa que quieras sobre Cristo, no importa cuan malo, como que mantenía a San Juan como su catamita». Calcagno también contó a la Inquisición que había estado influenciado en sus opiniones por La cazzaria, un diálogo homoerótico de 1530 de Antonio Vignali, que circulaba discreta (pero ampliamente) en la época.

El fraile, una vez que lo habían expulsado de la iglesia, mantuvo su actitud rebelde, parodiando a la Iglesia católica y sus creencias, y celebrando la misa a pesar de que se le había prohibido.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 * [http://www.giovannidallorto.com/saggistoria/calca/calca1.html Dall'Orto, Giovanni, "'Adora più presto un bel putto, che Domenedio': il processo a un libertino omosessuale: Francesco Calcagno (1550)]", "Sodoma" 5 (Spring - Summer 1993), pp. 43-55. (en italiano)

Ejecutados por sodomía
Franciscanos de Italia del siglo XVI
Clero LGBT
Nacidos en Brescia
Fallecidos en Venecia
Personas LGBT de Italia
Víctimas de la Inquisición
Ejecutados por blasfemia
Personas LGBT del siglo XVI

Francesco Calcagno


El busardo pizarroso o gavilán pizarroso (Buteogallus schistaceus) es una especie de ave de rapiña de la familia Accipitridae.

Se encuentra en el norte de América del Sur: Brasil, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela y la Guayana Francesa. Su hábitat natural son los pantanos subtropicales o tropicales.

Descripción

Es un ave de tamaño mediano a grande, de color pizarra gris, en contraste con el color blanco brillante de las bandas horizontales en las plumas de la cola. Tiene un pecho blanco con marcas de color negro verticales. Cuenta con una larga cere de color naranja en la base de su pico, y grandes ojos amarillos.

Distribución

El halcón de color pizarra habita en partes de la cuenca del Amazonas, la región del río Orinoco y la Guayana Francesa. Es un cazador en los bordes de agua de ranas, cangrejos, serpientes, pequeños mamíferos, etc., y su principal área de distribución se encuentra en un amplio corredor a lo largo del curso principal del río Amazonas en la cuenca central del Amazonas. Este corredor está a unos 700 km de ancho, e incluye las áreas de confluencia, aguas abajo de los principales ríos: Río Negro, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingú, y la sección de salida del río Tocantins en el sistema de la cuenca del sureste de los vecinos ríos Araguaia-Tocantins.

La distribución río arriba se ensancha en el suroeste y el noroeste de la cuenca a la precordillera andina y en el sur incluye el norte amazónico de Bolivia, este de Perú y Ecuador, y el sureste de la amazonía Colombia. En el extremo noroeste, la distribución se reduce a incluir sólo el centro-noreste de Colombia, y una sección media del río de la cuenca del Orinoco, del centro-suroeste de Venezuela (la sección de la frontera entre Colombia y Venezuela). El gavilán pizarroso está ausente de la cuenca del centro-norte del Amazonas y del Escudo guayanés a la costa de Guayana, la especie es amplia en la Guayana Francesa, en el noreste, desde el río Amazonas de salida hacia el norte por el estado brasileño de Amapá, así como la isla Marajó.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 "Slate-colored Hawk" videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Slate-colored Hawk photo gallery VIREO
 Graphic-Medium Res

schistaceus
Aves del Amazonas
Animales descritos en 1851
Taxones descritos por Carl Jakob Sundevall

Buteogallus schistaceus


සාන්ත බෙනඩික් විදුහල(ඉoග්‍රීසි- St. Benedict's College, දෙමළ-: புனித ஆசீர்வாதப்பர் கல்லூரி) කොලඹ කොටහේන ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති රෝමානු කතෝලික පාසලකි.මෙම පාසල 1865 වර්ශයේ ගොඩනගන ලද අතර එය එවකට පාලනය කරන ලද්දේ ගරු.හෙන්රි දිසානායක සහෝදරතුමන් විසිනි.මෙම පාසල ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ ප්‍රමුකතම පාසලක් වන අතරම මෙය ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ පැරාණිතම කතෝලික පාසලයි.මෙම පාසල අවරුදු 150 වඩා පැරණි ඉතිහාසයකට හිමිකම් කියයි.

වර්තමානයේ පාසලේ තත්වය
වර්තමානයේ මෙම පාසල ඩිලාසාල් සහෝරතුමන්ලා විසින් මෙහෙවනු ලබයි.මෙය ලමයින් 3000කට පමන අධ්‍යාපන පහසුකම් සපයන අතරම මෙහි කාර්යමණ්ඩලය 200 පමණ වේ. ලමයින් සදහා 1 වසරේ සිට 13වසර දක්වා ඉංග්‍රීසි,සිංහල සහ දෙමළ මධයන් තුනෙන්ම අධ්‍යාපනය සපයයි. මෙම පාසල පසුගිය වසර කහිපයන් තුලදි 5 වසරශිෂ්‍යත්වය,සාමාන්‍ය පෙළ, උසස් පෙළ විභාගවල උසස් ප්‍රථිපල වර්තාකර ඇත. මෙම පාසල ඉතා උසස් මට්ටමේ, විධිමත් අධ්‍යාපනයක් පවත්වාගෙන යමින් සිසුන්ගේ අධ්යාපන ජීවීත සාර්ථක කරගැනීමට උපකාරීවේ.

මෙහි ගොඩනැගිලි අතරට ප්‍රධාන ශාලාව,ගරු.ජේම්ස් සහෝදරතුමා, ගරු.ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් සහෝදරතුමා සහ ගරු.ලූක් සහෝදරතුමා නමින් නම්කර ඇති ගොඩනැගිලි,පුස්තකාලය,පරිගණක විදයාගාර දෙක,දේශන ශාලාව,භෞතික විද්‍යා,රසායනික විද්‍යා,ජීව විද්‍යා විද්‍යාගාර, සංගීත හා චිත්‍ර පන්තිකාමර තුන භාෂා මාධ්‍යසථානය අයත් වේ.

මීට අමතරව වෙනත් පහසුකම් පාසල විසින් සපයයි.

විද්‍යාලය(ද්විතීක අධ්‍යාපනය)
හය වසරේ සිට දහතුන වසර දක්වා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ප්‍රධාන ස්ථානයක් වන ශාන්ත. ලුසියා ආසන දෙව්මැදුරට යාබදව පහිටා ඇත(විද්‍යාලය ලෙස හැදින්වන්නෙ මෙයයි).ඔරලෝසුකණු ගොඩනැගිල්ල, ප්‍රධාන ශාලාව,ගරු.ලූක් සහෝදරතුමා අනුස්මරණ ශාලාව, ගරු.ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් සහෝදරතුමා අනුස්මරණ ශාලාව, ගරු.ජේම්ස් සහෝදරතුමා අනුස්මරණ ශාලාව,ගරු. ග්‍රැන්විල් සහෝදරතුමා නමින් නම්කර ඇති පිහිනුම්තටාක සංකිර්ණය සහ ප්‍රධාන ශාලාව එහි පිහිටා ඇත. විෂයයට අදාළ හා විෂයන්ට පරිභාහිර අධ්යාපන කටයුතු පහසුකම් සපයමින් සිසුන්ගෙ ජීවීත ඉහළ නැංවීමට මෙම පාසල කටයුතු කරයි.

වර්තමානයේ මෙම පාසලෙහි 120 ගුරු කාර්යමණ්ඩලයක් සහ සිසුන් 2800 පමණ සිටී.

සෑම අංශයකම දක්ෂයතා පෙන්වන හා  පාසලෙහි උන්නතිය උදෙසා කැපවන සිසුන් 50දෙනකුගෙන් සමනිවිත ශිෂ්‍යනායක මණ්ඩලය මෙහි ඇත. ඔහුන් ප්‍රධාන උත්සවවලට,ප්‍රධාන රැස්විම්වලට සහ පාසලෙහි විනය පාලනයට උපකාරවේ

ප්‍රථමික අධ්‍යාපනය
ගරු.බෙනඩික් බොනවිස්ටා සහෝදරතුමා විසින් මෙහෙවනු ලබන ප්‍රථමික අoශය දිවීතීක අංශයෙන් වෙන්ව පවතී.මෙහි 60දෙනකුගෙන් පමණ සමන්විත ගුරු කාර්යමණ්ඩලය විසින් සිසුන් 1000 පමණ අධ්‍යාපනය, ,ක්‍රීඩා,චිත්‍ර හා සංගීත කටයුතු සලස්වයි.

මෙම අංශය ප්‍රධාන ගොඩනැගිලි දෙකකින්ද, පන්තිකාමර හතලියකින් පමණද, පුස්තකාලයක් හා භාෂා මාධ්‍යස්ථානයකින්ද සමනිවිතය.මෙහිද බටහිර තූර්යවාදන කණ්ඩායමකින්ද,අපරදිග තූර්යවාදන කණ්ඩායමකින්ද, ගීතිකා කණ්ඩායමක්ද සහ බාලදක්ෂ කණ්ඩායමක් තිබේ.එමෙන්ම උත්සව කටයුතු සදහා සහ පාසලෙහි විනය පාලනයට සදහා සිසුන් 20ගෙන් සමන්විත ශිෂ්‍යනායක මණ්ඩලයක්ද මෙහි ඇත.

පැසිපන්දු ක්‍රීඩාපිටියකින් සමන්විත ලංකාවේ ප්‍රථම ප්‍රථමික අංශයට හිමිකම් කියන මෙහි මිට අමතරව මේසපන්දු,ටෙනිස්,ක්‍රිකට් සහ පිහිනුම් යන ක්‍රිඩාද ඇත.

අධ්‍යාපනය කටයුතු
2800ක් පමණ ළමයින් දක්ෂ, පළපුරුදු හා සුදුසුකම් ඇති ගුරුවරුන් යටතේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලබයි.

ළමයි ආරම්භකාලයේදි ඉගෙනුම ලබන්නේ ද්විතික අංශයෙන් වෙන්ව පවතින ප්‍රාථමික අංශයෙදීය..එහි ළමයින් 1000ක් පමණ ගුරුවරුන් 60 දෙනෙකුගෙන් පමණ මෙහෙවනු ලබයි. ප්‍රථමික අංශයෙ පන්ති කාමර, පුස්තකාලයක, පරිගණක විදයාගාර ,චිත්‍ර හා සංගීත උගන්වන පන්ති කාමර ඇත. ප්‍රාථමික අංශයේ ළමයින්ටද බාල දක්ෂ, කැඩෙට් සහා ක්‍රිකට්,පැසිපන්දු,පහිනුම්ක්‍රිඩා සහ පෙරදිග මෙන්ම අපරදිග තූර්යවාදන කණ්ඩායම් වලට සහභාගී වීමේ අවස්ථාව හිමිවේ.

The College Section consists of Grades 6-13. There are also 2 Computer Laboratories, a Library, Music, Dancing and Arts rooms, Physics, Biology and Chemistry Laboratories and a Lecture Hall.

ක්‍රීඩා කටයුතු
1865 ආරම්භ කරනලද සාන්ත.බෙනඩික් විදුහල ආරම්භයේ පටන් ක්‍රීඩාකටයුතු වලින් දිවයිනේ ඉදිරියෙන් සිටි පාසලකි.විශේෂයෙන් පාපන්දු හා පැසිපන්දු සදහා ජාත්‍යාන්තර ක්‍රීඩකයින් බිහිවී ඇත.මෙම පාසල දශක ගනනාවක් පුරා ක්‍රීඩාකටයුතු වල පුරෝගාමීන් හා ප්‍රමුකයන් වේ. රගර් ක්‍රීඩාව ලංකාවේ පාසල් මට්ටමට රැගෙන ආ මෙම පාසල,1964/65 වසරේ සමස්ථ ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ශූරතාව දිනා ගත්තේය.ඊට අමතරව මෑත කාලීනව 2008 වසරේ සමස්ථ ලංකා මලල ක්‍රීඩා ශූරතාවය,2006,2007,2008 යන වසර වල පාපන්දු සමස්ථ ලංකා ශූරතා,2007 සහ 2008 වසර වල පැසිපන්දු සමස්ථ ලංකා ශූරතා සහ 2007 වසරේ හොකී සමස්ථ ලංකා ශූරතා දිනාගෙන ඇත.පහත ක්‍රීඩාවන් සාන්ත.බෙනඩික් විදුහලේ ඇත.

  Athletics
  Football
  Rugby

  Basketball
  Gymnastics
  Swimming

  Cricket
  Hockey
  Tennis

මෙම පාසලෙහි ජිම්නාස්ටික් ක්‍රීඩාගාරයක් හා ක්‍රීඩා විවේකාගාරයක් ඇති අතර විදුහලේ ක්‍රීඩාපිටිය  පිහිටා ඇත්තේ බ්ලුමැන්ඩල් වීදියේය. ක්‍රිකට් සදහා ක්‍රීඩාතණතිලි, රගර්, පාපන්දු හා හොකී ක්‍රීඩා සදහා අවශ්‍ය ක්‍රීඩාපිටි පහසුකම් මෙන්ම මළලක්‍රීඩා සදහා පහසුකම්ද එම ක්‍රීඩාපිටියේ ඇත.

පාසල් පරිශ්‍රයේ පැසිපන්දු ක්‍රීඩාපිටි දෙකක් ඇති අතර ඉන් එකක් රාත්‍රී ක්‍රීඩා සදහාද යොදාගත හැක.ජිම්නාස්ටික් අභ්‍යාස සදහා ජිම්නාස්ටික් ක්‍රීඩාගරයද ,2010 වසරේ ගොඩනගනලද පිහිනුම් තටාකයද  පාසල් පරිශ්‍රයේ ඇත.

බාහිර ක්‍රියකාරකම්

 Western Brass Band
 St. John Ambulance First Aid
 Cadeting

 Scouting (5th Colombo Scout Troop)
 English Drama Club

 College Choir
 Eastern Dancing Troop

සමිති සහ සමාජීය

 Young Catholic Students' Movement
 Interact Club
 Science Union
 Tamil Literary Union
 De la salle club

 English Debate Club
 Scrabble Club
 Commerce Union

 English Literary Union
 Media Unit
 Legion of Mary
 Tamil Debate club
 Tamil General Knowledge club
 Tamil Drama Club
 Sinhala Literary Union
 Sinhala Debate club

ආදි ශිෂ්‍යන් (ආදි ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමය)
1904 පටන් ශාන්ත බෙනඩික් විද්‍යාලයේ ආදි ශිෂ්‍යන් විද්‍යාලයේ කටයුතුවලට සහ කර්තව්‍යයන්ට විශාල කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. පාසලෙන් නික්ම යන සෑම ලමයකුටම 'පාසලට යමක් නැවතලබා දියයුතුයි' යන හැගීම ඇත. පාසල පළිබද ඇල්මක් ඇති ආදි ශිෂ්‍යන් මෙහි ව්‍යාපෘති,උත්සව සහා විවිධ ප්‍රධාන කටයුතු සදහා සහභාගීවන අතරම එහිදී තම අදහස් හා පළපුරුදු හුවමාරුකර ගනී. එමෙන්ම ඔහුන් හැකි සෑමවිටම ඔහුන්ගේ නොමසුලු දායකත්වය පාසලට ලබාදෙයි. ආදි ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයට මෙහි ඇති සුභසාධක සමිතිය, ආදි ශිෂ්‍යක්‍රීඩා සංගමය හා සංවර්ධන අරමුදලට අනුබද්ධිත වේ.

ශිෂ්‍ය නායක මණ්ඩලය
ශාන්ත බෙනඩික් විද්‍යාලයේ ශිෂ්‍ය නායක මණ්ඩලය, විද්‍යාලයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන සංගමයකි.
වසර 150ක් පුරා ශිෂ්‍ය නායක මණ්ඩලය මෙම පාසලටසේවය කර ඇත.විද්‍යාලයේ වර්තමාන ප්‍රධාන ශිෂ්‍යනායකයා වන්නේ රවීන්ත පෙරේරා සිසුවාය.2016 වර්ෂය සඳහා රවින්ද පෙරේරා (ප්‍රධාන ශිෂ්‍යනායක), ආකාෂ් රේන් (උප ශිෂ්‍යනායක), රන්දුල් පෙරේරා (උප ශිෂ්‍යනායක) තනතුරු හොබවයි.

ආදිශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ විදේශීය ශාඛාජාලය
පාසලේ උන්නතිය උදෙසා ආදිශිෂ්‍යන් විසින් ලෝකයේ විවිධ රටවල ආදිශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ ශාඛා පිහිටා ඇත.ඔහුන් පාසල්මතාව සදහා දායකවීමට මෙසේ පිහිටුවා ඇත.

ආදිශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ ශාඛා

 New York
 United Kingdom
 Paris

 Sydney
 British Columbia
 Canada
 Doha Qatar

 Dubai
 Western Australia
 Victoria
 California

බාහිර සබඳතා
 Official website
 Old Ben's Alumni Association of United Kingdom
 Old Ben's Alumni Association of New York
 SBC Old Boys Association - British Columbia, Canada

සාන්ත. බෙනඩික් විදුහල, කොළඹ


Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury, trauma, bodily harm or other physical suffering to another person or animal by way of bodily contact. Physical abuse is a type of abuse that involves physical violence, such as hitting, kicking, pushing, biting, choking, throwing objects, and using weapons. Physical abuse also includes using restraints or confinement, such as tying someone up, locking them in a room, or restraining them with drugs or alcohol. Physical abuse can also include withholding basic needs, such as food, clothing, or medical care. In addition to the physical injuries caused by physical abuse, it can also lead to psychological trauma, such as fear, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Physical abuse can occur in any relationship, including those between family members, partners, and caregivers. It can also occur in institutional settings, such as nursing homes, schools, and prisons. Physical abuse can have long-term physical, psychological, and social consequences, and can even be fatal.

Physical abuse is also said to be a type of abuse that involves the use of physical force against a person or animal. This is done in order to cause physical pain, injury, or other physical suffering. Physical abuse can involve hitting, kicking, punching, burning, or otherwise harming a person or animal. It can also include the use of weapons or other objects to cause harm. Physical abuse is a crime and should be reported to the authorities. It is important to remember that any kind of physical violence is unacceptable and should not be tolerated. In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can also be victims, as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence, and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser, and more than one victim.

Causes

Abusive acts toward children can often result from parents' attempts at child discipline through excessive corporal punishment. A number of causes of physical abuse against children have been identified, the most common of which, according to Mash and Wolfe, being:
 many abusive and neglectful parents have had little exposure to positive parental models and supports.
 there is often a greater degree of stress in the family environment.
 information-processing disturbances may cause maltreating parents to misperceive or mislabel their child's behavior, which leads to inappropriate responses.
 there is often a lack of awareness or understanding of developmentally appropriate expectations.
Abusive acts toward children can take many forms, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The causes of such abuse can vary widely, depending on the individual involved. 1. Poor Mental Health: Poor mental health can be a major factor in why some people abuse children. Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse can lead to a lack of impulse control, which can in turn lead to abusive behavior. Additionally, people with mental health issues may have difficulty regulating their emotions, leading to outbursts of anger and frustration that can be directed toward children. 2. Trauma: Trauma can be another factor in abusive behavior. People who have experienced traumatic events, such as abuse themselves, may be more likely to engage in abusive behavior to others. Additionally, people who have experienced traumatic events may be more likely to have difficulty managing their emotions, which can lead to outbursts of anger and abuse. 3. Lack of Knowledge: People who lack knowledge of how to properly care for children may be more likely to engage in abusive behavior. People who are unfamiliar with child development and child psychology may not understand the best ways to discipline and care for children, leading to abuse. 4. Stress: Stress can be a major factor in why some people abuse children. Stress from work, financial pressures, or relationship issues can lead to outbursts of frustration and anger that are directed at children. 5. Substance Abuse: Substance abuse can also be a factor in why some people abuse children. A person who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol may be more likely to engage in abusive behavior, as their judgment and impulse control may be impaired. 6. Power and Control: Some people may engage in abusive behavior as a way to gain power and control over a child. Abusive behavior can be used to exert dominance and control over a child, which can be particularly damaging in the long-term.

Effects

Effects of Abusive acts toward children: The effects of abusive acts toward children can be far-reaching and long-lasting. Abuse can cause both physical and psychological harm to a child, which can have effects that last long into adulthood. Physical Effects: Physical effects of abuse can include physical injury, such as bruises, broken bones, and other physical trauma. In extreme cases, physical abuse can even result in death. Psychological Effects: Psychological effects of abuse can include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, difficulty with relationships, and low self-esteem. Abused children may also develop eating disorders, substance abuse problems, and suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Behavioral Effects: Abused children may exhibit behaviors such as aggression, hyperactivity, or withdrawal. They may have difficulty concentrating or have difficulty forming relationships with their peers or adults. Abused children may also exhibit delinquent behaviors, including running away from home, truancy, or other forms of acting out. Educational Effects: Abused children may have difficulty concentrating in school, may experience school refusal, or may struggle with their academic performance. Long-Term Effects: Abused children may experience long-term effects such as difficulty forming relationships, difficulty managing emotions, and difficulty trusting other people. They may also be more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse, unsafe sex, or criminal behavior. Overall, the effects of abuse can be devastating and long-lasting. It is important to recognize the signs of abuse and to take steps to ensure that children are protected from abuse.

Physically abused children are at risk for later interpersonal problems involving aggressive behavior, and adolescents are at a much greater risk for substance use disorders. In addition, symptoms of depression, emotional distress, and suicidal ideation are also common features of people who have been physically abused. Studies have also shown that children with a history of physical abuse may meet DSM-IV-TR criteria for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As many as one-third of children who experience physical abuse are also at risk to become abusive as adults

Researchers have pointed to other potential psycho-biological effects of child physical abuse on parenting, when abused children become adults. These recent findings may, at least in part, be carried forward by epigenetic changes that impact the regulation of stress physiology. Many other potentially important consequences of childhood physical abuse on adolescent and adult physical and mental health and development have been documented via the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) studies.

Treatment

Seeking treatment is unlikely for a majority of people that are physically abused, and the ones who are seeking treatment are usually under some form of legal constraint. The prevention and treatment options for physically abused children include: enhancing positive experiences early in the development of the parent-child relationship, as well as changing how parents teach, discipline, and attend to their children.

Evidence-based interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as video-feedback interventions and child-parent psychodynamic psychotherapy; all of which specifically target anger patterns and distorted beliefs, and offer training and/or reflection, support, and modelling that focuses on parenting skills and expectations, as well as increasing empathy for the child by supporting the parent's taking the child's perspective.

These forms of treatment may include training in social competence and management of daily demands in an effort to decrease parental stress, which is a known risk factor for physical abuse. Although these treatment and prevention strategies are to help children and parents of children who have been abused, some of these methods can also be applied to adults who have physically abused.

Other animals

Physical abuse has also been observed among Adélie penguins in Antarctica.

Forms

References

External links

Abuse
Harassment and bullying
Effects of external causes
Violence
Acute pain

Physical abuse


التجاذر في لغة اشتراك كلمتين أو أكثر من كلماتها في الجذر ودخولهما في متنها كلا بطريقتها. تُسمى كل كلمة منهما صِنْو.

أمثلة

في العربية

من الفارسية
  عرب منها الجناح بضم الجيم والجناية بكسرها.
 الفنجان والبنكام كلاهما معرب من .

من اليونانية
 ، ومعناها الكتاب، عرب منها الخارطة والقرطاس.
  (أوقيانوس) عرب منها القاموس وأقيانوس.

من العربية

في الفرنسية
 ترجمان نقلت إلى الفرنسية تحت لفظي drogman وtruchement بمعنًى.

في الإسبانية
 فندق (يونانية) نقلت fundago وalhóndiga

انظر أيضا

 قرابة (لسانيات)
 اقتراض خلفي
 نسخ حرفي
 توأم (شعر)

حواش

مراجع
 حالم الجيلالي. الأثيل والدخيل في معاجمنا العربية.
 محمد أوكمضان. تطور الأبنية الصرفية ودورها في إغناء اللغة العربية.
 أدي شير. الألفاظ الفارسية المعربة. الطبعة الثانية 1987-88

أنواع كلمات
تأثيل
لغويات تاريخية

تجاذر


Fratel Portekiz'de Vila Velha de Ródão belediyesine bağlı olan, 97,86 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 760 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Velha de Ródão

Fratel


Përmet District () was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 25,837 in 2001, and an area of . Its area has an Aromanian minority. It is in the south-east of the country, and its capital was the town of Përmet. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Përmet and Këlcyrë.

Despite the limited number of excavations carried out so far, a series of important sites has been identified in the district. The finds attest to the long history of inhabitation in this part of the country. Of special importance is the cave near the village of Bënja, which produced evidence of continuous habitation from the Eneolithic to the Iron Age. Additionally, an important necropolis has been unearthed near the village of Piskova in the upper Vjosë valley. The three excavated tumuli contained many graves and grave goods dating from the Early Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages.

The District of Përmet has traditionally been renowned for the production of wine and rakı, a beverage of high alcohol content distilled from grape fermentation and traditionally home-made. Geographical features are Dhëmbel, Nemërçkë, Trebeshinë mountains, Vjosë river, and Bënjë hot springs. The town of Permeti is known for its rose and flowery landscapes; also known nationally as "the town of the roses". This small town is famous for its tradition of folk music and it is hometown to Laver Bariu, a renowned clarinet folk artist. The district incorporates Fir of Hotova National Park.

Administrative divisions
The district consisted of the following municipalities:

Ballaban
Çarçovë
Dishnicë
Frashër
Këlcyrë
Përmet
Petran
Qendër Piskovë
Sukë

See also
Tourism in Albania
Music of Albania

References

External links

 Visit Permet Official Website

Districts of Albania
Geography of Gjirokastër County

Përmet District


Christopher Hulvey , conhecido como Hulvey é um cantor de hip-hop cristão, cantor nascido nos Estados Unidos, na cidade de Brunswick, no estado da Geórgia, nascido em 13 de janeiro de 1999. O cantor virou cantor depois de um tempo que ele viu um aluno compor raps no caderno e o cantor continuou com o sonho de ser um cantor na faculdade. Christopher Hulvey é o dono do álbum 'prelude'. Em agosto de 2019, Christopher Hulvey assinou o contrato para ser um cantor em uma gravadora e alguns álbuns do cantor apareceram em programas.O cantor foi premiado pela Dove awards pela música reasons.

Cantores de música cristã contemporânea dos Estados Unidos

Hulvey


FurioSnails (mai devreme Snails) este o formație de muzică indie înființată în anul 1997 .

Componență
Mircea Sturza – tobe, bețe, clopoței
Kolț Vitali – chitară bas, voce
Gabriel Andronic – chitară solo, voce
Lilian Severin – chitară, voce

Discografie
   Undeva (2005)
   Nu-mi pasă (2007)
   Pașapoartele albastre (2011)

Single-uri
   Oameni grabiti
   Blue Passports
   Coduri si unde
   Deruleaza-ma
   Fata cu ochi verzi
   Frumoasa foc
   Mergem in doi
   Nu ea
   Nu-mi pasa
   Nu pot sa dorm
   Patrula
   Pistol cu capse
   Prieteni buni
   Salut constiinta
   Sa visez
   Superbasuri
   Taci
   Trenul
   Umbra
   Undeva
   Vede vise ea

Referințe

Legături externe

 Pagina Facebook

Formații din Republica Moldova

FurioSnails


Hanstholm - historien om en havn er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2007 med instruktion og manuskript af Jørgen Vestergaard.

Handling
Et nutidsbillede og et tilbageblik på Hanstholms historie og kampen for en havn på vestkysten.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Hanstholm - historien om en havn


Agrilus cyaneofasciatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Théry, 1930.

Referências

cyaneofasciatus

Agrilus cyaneofasciatus


Țeicu Cornel (n. 1891, Ilidia, Comitatul Caraș-Severin, Regatul Ungariei – d. secolul al XX-lea) a fost un avocat și delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din Ziua națională a României 1 decembrie 1918.

Date biografice
Cornel Țeicu a fost avocat consilier. În 1918 a fost comandantul gărzilor naționale din Ilidia, sub numele de Legiunea Mihai Viteazul. În 1925 a fost intrat în administrația județului Timiș Torontal în calitate de avocat, șef al serviciului contencios.

Activitate politică
Cornel Țeicu a fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 din partea comitatului Caraș Severin.

Note

Bibliografie
Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților. Ioachim Crăciun: Documente la un sfert de veac de la Marea Unire, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005.

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1891
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Avocați români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Cornel Țeicu


هانس يورغ بوت
هو حارس بايرن ميونخ ولد في 28 مايو 1974 في أولدنبورغ، ألمانيا ويبلغ طوله 195 سم'''
انتقل من بنفيكا إلى البايرن في الأنتقالات الصيفية موسم 2008/2009 ويتميز هذا الحارس بتنفيذ ركلات الترجيح وأيضا صد ركلات الترجيح حيث سجل في الدوري الألماني منذ بداية احترافه بين الأندية الألمانية 27 هدف قبل أنتقاله إلى بنفيكا البرتغالي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أولدنبورغ
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
حراس مرمى كرة قدم سجلوا أهداف
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون من أولدنبورغ
طاقم بايرن ميونخ غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو أولدنبورغ
لاعبو باير ليفركوزن
لاعبو بايرن ميونخ
لاعبو بايرن ميونخ الثاني
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
لاعبو بنفيكا
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم من سكسونيا السفلى
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا بي لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو هامبورغ
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
مواليد 1974
مواليد في أولدنبورغ

هانس-يورغ بوت


Lise Cloquet, également connue sous le nom d'Anne-Louise Cloquet, née en  à Paris et morte le  dans la même ville, est une peintre française connue pour ses peintures des plantes.

Biographie

Famille
En 1783, Jean-Baptiste Cloquet épouse Claude Lajude. Ils ont quatre enfants, Hippolyte, Lise, Jules, médecin et Rose.

Jean-Baptiste Cloquet, est illustrateur et graveur.

Formation
Lise Cloquet apprend à dessiner par son père. Il enseigne le dessin à tous ses enfants, notamment au collège Sainte-Barbe.

Elle est influencée par l'illustrateur botanique Pierre-Joseph Redouté.

Carrière artistique
32 de ses œuvres, dont une représentant un chrysanthème blanc, datant de 1820, sont actuellement conservées à la Oak Spring Garden Foundation à , en Virginie aux États-Unis.

Elle meurt à son domicile parisien à l'âge de 73 ans.

Références

Liens externes

Illustrateur français du XIXe siècle
Illustratrice française
Illustrateur naturaliste
Naissance en 1788
Naissance à Paris
Décès en octobre 1860
Décès dans le 6e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 73 ans

Lise Cloquet


Southeast Texas is a cultural and geographic region in the U.S. state of Texas, bordering Southwest Louisiana and its greater Acadiana region to the east. Being a part of East Texas, the region is geographically centered on the Greater Houston and Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan statistical areas with a combined population of 7,662,325 according to the 2020 U.S. census.

Geography
Southeast Texas includes part of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and most of the Texas portion of the Intracoastal Waterway. The area is also crossed by numerous rivers and streams, the largest three being the Sabine River, the Neches River, and the Trinity River.

In Southeast Texas and the rest of the Southern United States, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called "bayous" and merge with the surrounding forest. The only large bodies of water in Southeast Texas are Galveston Bay and Sabine Lake, but the large reservoirs of the remainder of East Texas are just to the north. The eastern portion of Southeast Texas is geographically and culturally attached to Southwest Louisiana, though western, southern and northern areas maintain their own distinct Texan cultural identities.

Near the coast, the land is low and extremely flat, and often marshy. The Piney Woods extend into the northern parts of Southeast Texas, reaching as far south as the rice paddies and marshlands that lie between Houston and Beaumont. The highest point on the coast is at High Island, where a salt dome raises the elevation to around 40feet (12m) above sea level.

Away from the coast, the terrain begins to exhibit the rolling hills of Northeast and Central Texas. Toward Central Texas, the mixed pine and hardwood forests give way to the East Central Texas forests of post oak and grasslands.

Golden Triangle

The Golden Triangle is an area of extreme Southeast Texas near the Louisiana border. The "triangle" is formed by Beaumont, Port Arthur, and Orange, which are the largest cities in the area. "Golden" refers to the wealth that came from the Spindletop oil strike near Beaumont in 1901. In an attempt to distance the area from the petrochemical industry, some area interests attempted to rename the Golden Triangle as the "Triplex." This name change did not catch on, and local residents still refer to it as the Golden Triangle. Some residents of the Golden Triangle do not consider the Greater Houston area to be part of Southeast Texas and place the western boundary of the region approximately at the Trinity River, which is roughly 30 miles from downtown Houston.

This area holds the annual South Texas State Fair in Beaumont.

Big Thicket
The Big Thicket is an area of dense forest located in the area just north and northwest of the city of Beaumont. There are many small towns in this area, including Woodville and Kountze.

The Big Thicket National Preserve protects part of the old thicket, highlighting the area's biological resources. The 97,000 acre (390 km²) preserve boasts a varied ecology of piney woods, swamps, and coastal prairies. It includes extremely diverse range of plant species including orchids, cactus, cypress, and pine in close proximity to each other. Approximately 65,000 people visit this area each year.

Two historically important routes cross the Big Thicket: to the north lies the old cattle route or Beef Trail, that ran from Tyler County to Louisiana; to the south is the Spanish Trail or the Atascosito Road, that parallels modern Highway90 and Interstate10 from Liberty to Orange.

Galveston Bay

Galveston Bay is a large estuary located along Texas upper coast. The bay is fed by the Trinity River and the San Jacinto River, numerous local bayous, and incoming tides from the Gulf of Mexico. The bay covers approximately 600 square miles (1,500 km²), and is 30 miles (50 km) long and 17 miles (27 km) wide. Galveston Bay is on average 7–9feet (2-3m) deep. The bay has three inlets to the Gulf of Mexico: Bolivar Roads (the exit of the Houston Ship Channel) between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula, San Luis Pass to the west, and Rollover Pass to the east.

The Houston Ship Channel, connecting the Port of Houston to the Gulf, passes through Galveston Bay. Houston is the largest city on the bay, while smaller ones include Galveston, Pasadena, Baytown, and Texas City. The bay provides nursery and spawning grounds for large amounts of marine life and is important for both commercial and recreational fishing.

Climate

Compared to the rest of the state, Southeast Texas' climate is warmer in winter and cooler in summer. On average, the region receives more rain than other parts of the state, and it experiences a wet season and dry season like the tropics. This can increase the humidity level in the region. The relatively mild and wet climate is largely due to the influence of the Gulf of Mexico.

The Southeast Texas region can be comparable to that of Southern Louisiana in climate. Average annual rainfall in the Golden Triangle is 60 inches (1,500 mm). Rainfall totals in other parts of Southeast Texas are lower, but still in excess of 40inches (1,000 mm) per year. During Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979, the city of Alvin recorded an official 24-hour rainfall total of 42inches (1,067 mm)—the highest one-day rainfall total ever measured in the United States. Nederland received 66 inches during Harvey.

Houston has been called the "Lightning Capital of Texas", as its density of lightning strikes is higher than it is in other parts of the state. This area of unusually high lightning activity stretches from Houston eastward into Southwest Louisiana. Much of this can be explained by the natural occurrence of thunderstorms in the region, which form almost daily during the wet season. However, the unusual clustering of lightning around the developed areas of Houston, the Golden Triangle, and Lake Charles, Louisiana have led many researchers to believe that some combination of urban heat islands and air pollution are responsible for increasing the number of lightning strikes beyond even the already-high natural levels.

Southeast Texas is vulnerable to hurricanes. Major hurricanes that have severely affected the area in the 21st century include Hurricane Rita in 2005; Hurricane Ike, which passed over much of Houston and surrounding areas in 2008; and Hurricane Harvey, which inundated Southeast Texas in 2017. Weaker storms strike the area routinely. Some, like Tropical Storm Allison and Tropical Storm Claudette, have caused considerable damage.

Culture

The culture of Southeast Texas is closer to Acadiana in Louisiana or the Gulf Coast of Mississippi, than it is to West Texas; among some of its population, Cajun and Creole identity has been preserved. Much of contemporary Southeast Texas has its roots in traditions that go back generations; the region is consistent with much of northern and eastern Texas in that it is part of the Bible Belt—an area in which many inhabitants have strongly traditional Protestant Christian beliefs. Additionally, the Catholic Church in the United States has remained a prominent religious influence since Spanish colonization and missionary work. Among its largest cities in East Texas outside Houston, many still follow a rural Southern way of life, especially in dialect, mannerisms, and cuisine.

Economy

In the urban areas of Southeast Texas, energy, healthcare, manufacturing and technology are prominent industries. Houston is the largest city and economic center of Southeast Texas, and it holds the third most Fortune 500 headquarters by concentration in the U.S. as of 2021. Major corporations in the region include APA Corporation, Chevron Corporation, HostGator, Jason's Deli, JPMorgan Chase, and Sysco. Outside of the cities, agriculture, tourism and small business have always been major factors in the economy.

Higher education

The University of Houston System is the largest and most prominent university system based in Southeast Texas, although Texas Southern University, Prairie View A&M University, the University of Saint Thomas, Houston Baptist University, and others are also notable subjects to the region's undergraduate and postgraduate systems. Rice University in Houston was ranked 15th in the nation by U.S. News & World Report as of 2022. In areas closer to Beaumont, Lamar University within the Texas State University System is the center of higher education.

Sports
Within Southeast Texas, the city of Houston and its metropolitan area has a rich sporting culture and area residents are active in many spectator and participant sports. Spectators attend events including teams from four major professional sports teams and collegiate sports; Beaumont is also the second principal location for collegiate sports. Participants enjoy activities from running in Memorial Park to sailing on Galveston Bay and Clear Lake. A number of other sports are also available, including nearly a dozen fencing clubs, ranging from recreational clubs to elite competitive organizations.

Major league

Collegiate

Transportation

There are a variety of highways stretching between the Greater Houston and Beaumont metropolitan areas, connecting the communities to the remainder of the Gulf Coast region of the United States, and the Texas Triangle. Among other modes of transportation, the largest airports operating in Southeast Texas are all stationed in the city of Houston.

References

External links

 Texas Heritage Society

Louisiana Creole culture in Texas
 Regions of Texas

Southeast Texas


Knive er en dokumentarfilm fra 1954 instrueret af Henning Carlsen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1954

Knive


Blank er en kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Jesper Maintz Andersen efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Blank


Mezamorta Hüseyin Paşa (? - 21 Temmuz 1701), Osmanlı donanmasında 1688-1689 ile 1696-1701 yılları arasında iki kez kaptan-ı deryalık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamı. Venediklilerle yapılan bir savaşta çok ağır bir şekilde yaralanmasına rağmen iyileşip geri dönmesinden dolayı İtalyanca Mezzomorto (yarı ölü) ifadesinden bozma Mezamorta lakabını almış, Mezemorta, Mezomorto ya da Mezamorto Hüseyin Paşa olarak da anılmıştır.

Hayatı

Türk asıllı ya da Hristiyanlıktan dönerek Müslüman olmuş bir Mayorka'lı olduğu yönünde görüşler bulunmaktadır. Belgelerde adı ilk kez Cezayir Beylerbeyliği'nde bir reis (Gemi kaptanı) olan Hüseyin Ağa olarak 1674'te geçmektedir.

Fransız Amirali Abraham Duquesne, Hristiyan esirleri kurtarmak amacıyla, Cezayir şehrini 1682, 1683, 1684 ve 1688 yıllarında denizden bombardımana tabi tutmuştur. 1682'deki ilk bombardımanda Hüseyin Ağa da şehirde bulunmaktaydı. Ertesi yıl Hüseyin Ağa Batı Ocağı Cezayir Beylerbeyliği donanmasının bir korsan filosunun kaptanlığını yapmıştır. 1684 yılındaki Fransa'nın Cezayir şehri bombardımanı sırasında Cezayir'de efektif siyasi güç olarak ortaya çıkan ikinci Cezayir Dayısı "Baba Hasan" onu Fransızlara rehin olarak ve müzakereler yapmak üzere göndermiştir. Hasan Ağa, Fransız Amirali ile görüşerek "Yüz Yıllık Antlaşma" imzalamış ve sulh yapılmasını sağlamıştır. Hasan Ağa şehre döndükten sonra, kendini tutan denizcilerin askeri desteğiyle Dayı Baba Hasan'ı bir komplo ile öldürmüş ve onun yerine üçüncü Cezayir Dayısı olduğunu ilan etmiştir. Bundan sonra Osmanlı Devleti fiilen Cezayir'i idare eden üçüncü Cezayir Dayısı olan Hasan Paşa'yı Cezayir Beylerbeyi olarak da tayin etmiştir. Hüseyin Paşa 5 yıl kadar süre ile hem dayılık hem de beylerbeyi namı ile valilik yapmıştır. 1689'da Hasan Paşa dayılıktan ayrılmış ve dördüncü Cezayir Dayısı olarak "İbrahim Hoca" bu göreve geçmiştir. Fakat Hasan Paşa Beylerbeylik görevini korumuştur.

1688–1689 döneminde ilk kez Kaptan-ı Deryalık görevini yaptı. Bu sırada Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları'nın bir parçası olarak Venedikliler 1687'de Atina'yı ellerine geçirmekle beraber Osmanlı ordusu ve donanması tarafından hücum altında bulunmakta ve veba salgını ile uğraşmakta idiler. Nisan 1688'de Mora Yarımadası'ndan çekildiler. Temmuz 1688'de ise daha önce amiral olarak ün yapmış ve sonra Venedik Dükü görevine seçilmiş olan ünlü "Morosini" komutanlığında Eğriboz adasına büyük bir askeri güçle çıkartma yaparak kaleyi kuşattılar. Fakat Osmanlı güçlerinin hem karadan ve hem de denizden desteğiyle kale Venediklilere karşı koydu. Venedikliler veba salgını dolayısıyla da büyük zayiat verdiler. Vebadan ölenler arasında daha önce kara komutanı olarak büyük isim yapmış olan General Königsmark da bulunmaktaydı. Ekim de Venediklilerin son hücumundan sonra Venedik ordusu 9.000 kişi zayiatla Eğriboz'dan çekildi. Venedikliler 1689'da Monemvasia kalesine de hücum ettiler fakat donanma desteği ile bu hücum püskürtüldü. 1689 yılında Mezamorta Hasan Paşa kaptan-ı deryalık görevinden alındı ve yerine Mısırlıoğlu İbrahim Paşa kaptan-ı derya oldu.

Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa kaptan-ı derya iken Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları'nın bir parçası olarak 9 ve 19 Şubat 1695 tarihlerinde Venediklilerle yaptığı Koyun Adaları Deniz Muharebelerinde iki büyük zafer kazandı. Sakız Adasını Venediklilerden geri aldı. 18 Eylül 1695'te Midilli açıklarındaki Zeytinburnu Deniz Muharebesi'nde Venediklileri bir kez daha yenilgiye uğrattı. Kazandığı bu başarılardan sonra 1696 yılında yeniden Kaptan-ı Deryalığa getirildi. 1696-1701 yılları arasında bu görevi büyük bir başarıyla sürdürdü.

Mezamorta Hüseyin Paşa Osmanlı Donanmasına birçok yenilikler getirdi. 1701 yılında, Osmanlı tarihinde ilk kez olarak, Sadrazam Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa'yla birlikte Bahriye Kanunnamesini hazırladı. 21 Temmuz 1701'de görev başında öldü.

Kaynakça

Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları'ndaki kişiler
1701 yılında ölenler
Kaptan-ı deryalar
Korsanlar
Cezayir dayıları

Mezamorta Hüseyin Paşa


Minus i plus je hrvatska humoristična serija u produkciji Maxima filma za HRT. Serija je specijal epizodu pod nazivom Hrčak objavila 31. prosinca 2020. na HTV 2 programu. Dok seriju s prvom sezonom je krenula emitirati 26. rujna 2021. u 20:10 na HTV 1.

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Frederik Nielsen Lochte (nacido el 27 de agosto 1983 en Kongens Lyngby, Dinamarca) es un exjugador profesional. Nielsen compite principalmente en la ATP Challenger Tour, en singles y dobles.

Nielsen es entrenado por su compatriota John Larsen Dane y es miembro del equipo de Copa Davis de Dinamarca. Su abuelo es el exfinalista de un grand slam Kurt Nielsen.

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Frederik Nielsen


Dans la politique néo-zélandaise, les électeurs maoris, familièrement connus sous le nom de sièges maoris, constituent une catégorie spéciale d'électeurs qui, jusqu'en 1967, accordaient des postes réservés aux représentants maoris au Parlement néo-zélandais. Ceux-ci ne doivent pas être confondu avec les sièges du parlement obtenus par le parti māori, un parti politique représentant l'ethnie.

Ainsi, les Maoris (écrit Māori dans la langue du même nom) sont un peuple autochtone néozélandais qui possédait certains droits exceptionnels.

Chaque région de Nouvelle-Zélande possède à la fois un électorat général et un électorat maori. En 2020, il y avait sept électorats maoris. Depuis 1967, tout candidat de toute origine ethnique peut se présenter dans un électorat maori. Désormais, les candidats n'ont plus besoin d'être maoris, ni même inscrits sur la liste maorie. Cependant, les électeurs qui souhaitent voter dans un électorat maori doivent s'inscrire en tant qu'électeur sur la liste électorale maorie et doivent déclarer qu'ils sont d'origine maorie.

Les électorats maoris ont été introduits en 1867 (en plein guerre néozélandaise contre les Maoris) en vertu de la loi sur la représentation maorie. Ils ont été créés afin de donner aux Maoris une voix plus directe au parlement. Les premières élections maories ont eu lieu l'année suivante pendant le mandat du  Parlement néo-zélandais. Les électorats étaient conçus comme une mesure temporaire d'une durée de cinq ans, mais ont été prolongés en 1872 et rendus permanents en 1876. Malgré de nombreuses tentatives pour supprimer le statut des électeurs maoris, ce statut continue de faire partie intégrante du paysage politique néo-zélandais.

Organisation
Les électorats maoris fonctionnent quasiment de la même manière que  les électorats nationaux, cependant, ils ont comme électeurs des personnes maories ou d'origine maorie, et qui choisissent d'inscrire leur nom sur une liste électorale distincte plutôt que sur la « liste électorale générale ».

Deux caractéristiques des électorats maoris les distinguent des électorats généraux. Premièrement, il existe un certain nombre de compétences essentielles pour les candidats afin de s'engager auprès de leurs électeurs et d'assurer une forme de responsabilité clairement établie pour représenter la voix maorie. Cela comprend la maîtrise de la langue maorie, la connaissance du tikanga maori (les valeurs maories), les compétences en whakawhanaungatanga (le sens de la famille en tant que vecteur d'union) et la confiance dans le marae (la terre ancestrale possédant un rôle central chez les Maoris). Deuxièmement, la taille géographique des circonscriptions électorales maories varie considérablement par rapport aux électorats généraux. Entre 5 et  généraux correspondent à un seul électorat maori.

Les limites électorales utilisées pour les électorats maoris sont superposées aux limites électorales utilisées pour les électorats généraux. Ainsi, chaque endroit de Nouvelle-Zélande appartient simultanément à un (ou plusieurs) siège général et à un siège maori. Peu de temps après chaque recensement, tous les électeurs maoris inscrits au élections ont la possibilité de choisir de s'inscrire sur les listes électorales spécifiques au maories ou les listes générales. Les élections maories, qui ont tous les , déterminent le nombre d'électeurs maoris pour la ou les deux prochaines élections.

Appels à l'abolition des Électorats Maoris
Régulièrement, des appels sont lancés pour l'abolition des électorats maoris. Dès leur création, ils ont suscité la controverse, et compte tenu du fait qu'ils étaient censés n'être que temporaires, il y a eu un certain nombre de tentatives pour les abolir. Le raisonnement derrière ces tentatives est varié - certains ont vu les électeurs comme un avantage tantôt injuste tantôt inutile pour les Maoris, tandis que d'autres les ont vus comme discriminatoires voire offensants.

Propositions actuelles d'abolition
Quelques partis politiques actifs encore aujourd'hui s'opposent, ou se sont opposés, à l'existence d'électorats maoris.

Le Parti Politique National (National Party)
Le Parti politique national a préconisé l'abolition de la séparation des électorats, bien que ses dernières déclarations laissent à penser qu'ils ne s'opposent pas aux sièges électoraux maoris. Le Parti politique National n'a pas présenté de candidats dans les électorats maoris entre les élections de 2005 et les élections de 2020. En 2003, Le chef du parti, Bill English, avait déclaré que . En 2004, le nouveau chef du parti, Don Brash, avait qualifié les électorats d'. Le Parti politique National a annoncé en 2008 qu'il abolirait les électorats lorsque tous les dispositions historiques du traité auraient été remplies, ce qu'il visait d'achever d'ici 2014. En 2014, cependant, le Premier ministre de l'époque, John Key, a exclu la possibilité que cela se fasse, affirmant qu'il ne le ferait pas même s'il avait les capacités pour le faire, car il y aurait des hikois, des marches Maoris revendiquant des droits sociaux. En 2020, la chef du parti Judith Collins a déclaré : . En 2021, il a été révélé que le Parti national avait l'intention de présenter des candidats dans les électorats maoris lors de la prochaine élection générale.

Le ACT (Act Party ou Association of Consumers and Taxpayers, ACT)
Le ACT (littéralement l'Association des Consommateurs et du Contribuable) s'oppose aux électeurs maoris. David Seymour, le chef du parti, a appelé à leur abolition en 2019.

New Zealand First
New Zealand First (littéralement : La Nouvelle-Zélande d'abord), qui détenait autrefois tous les sièges maoris (voir Tight Five, les cinq membre du parlement Maoris venant du parti ), a plaidé pour l'abolition des électorats séparés, cependant, le parti déclare aussi que ce sont les électeurs maoris qui doivent prendre la décision. Au cours de la campagne électorale de 2017, Winston Peters, le dirigeant du parti, a annoncé que s'il était élu, son parti organiserait un référendum portant  sur la question de l'Abolition des électorats maoris. Au cours des négociations post-électorales avec le Parti travailliste (avec lequel New Zealand First était en coalition), Peters a indiqué qu'il envisagerait d'abandonner son appel à un référendum sur les électeurs maoris en raison de la défaite du Parti maori aux élections de 2017 (absence total de siège occupés par le Parti Maori).

En échange de la formation d'un gouvernement en coalition avec le parti travailliste, le parti de Peters a accepté d'abandonner sa demande de référendum.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Langue maorie de Nouvelle-Zélande

Électorats maoris