Essa é uma lista de endossos à campanha presidencial de Lula em 2022, que contabiliza apoios individuais e de organizações em torno da campanha pela presidência de Luiz Inácio Lula de Silva (PT) e a vice-presidência de Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) na eleição presidencial de 2022.

Ex-representantes do Executivo federal

Presidentes

 José Sarney, 31.º Presidente do Brasil (1985-1990), 20.º Vice-presidente do Brasil (1985-1985), Presidente do Senado Federal do Brasil (2009-2013), Senador pelo Amapá (1991-2015), Senador pelo Maranhão (1971-1985), 48.º Governador do Maranhão (1966-1970).
 Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 34.º Presidente do Brasil (1995-2003), Ministro da Fazenda do Brasil (1993-1994), Ministro das Relações Exteriores do Brasil (1992-1993), Senador por São Paulo (1983-1992).
 Dilma Rousseff, 36.ª Presidente do Brasil (2011-2016), Ministra-chefe da Casa Civil (2005-2010), Ministra de Minas e Energia (2003-2005), Secretária de Minas, Energia e Comunicações do Rio Grande do Sul (1993 - 2002), Secretária Municipal da Fazenda de Porto Alegre (1986-1988).

Ministros de Estado

 Agnelo Queiroz, Ministro do Esporte (2003-2006), Governador do Distrito Federal (2011-2015).
 Alceni Guerra, Ministro da Saúde (1990-1992).
 Alexandre Padilha, Ministro da Saúde (2011-2014).
 Almino Monteiro Álvares Afonso, Ministro do Trabalho (1963).
 Aloizio Mercadante, Ministro da Ciência, Tecnologia e da Inovação (2011-2012), Ministro da Educação (2012-2014; 2015-2016), Ministro da Casa-Civil (2014-2015).
 Aloysio Nunes, Ministro da Justiça (2001-2002), Ministro das Relações Exteriores (2017-2019).
 Antônio Delfim Netto, Ministro da Fazenda (1967-1974).
 Arthur Chioro, Ministro da Saúde (2014-2015).
 Benedita da Silva, Ministra da Secretaria Especial de Trabalho e Assistência Social (2003-2007).
 Carlos Lupi, Ministro do Trabalho e Emprego (2007-2011).
 Carlos Minc, Ministro do Meio Ambiente (2008-2010).
 Celso Amorim, Ministro das Relações Exteriores (2003-2011), Ministro da Defesa (2011-2015).
 Celso Lafer, Ministro das Relações Exteriores (1990-1992;2001-2003).
 Cid Gomes, Ministro da Educação (2015).
 Ciro Gomes, Governador do Ceará (1991-1994), Ministro da Fazenda do Brasil (1994-1995), Ministro da Integração Nacional (2003-2006), presidenciável em 1998, 2002, 2018, 2022.
 Cláudia Costin, Ministra da Administração Federal e Reforma do Estado do Brasil (1995-1998)
 Cristovam Buarque, Ministro da Educação (2003-2004).
 Eugênio Aragão, Ministro da Justiça (2016).
 Eunício Oliveira, Ministro das Comunicações (2004-2005).
 Fernando Haddad, Ministro da Educação (2005-2012), presidenciável em 2018.
 George Hilton, Ministro dos Esportes (2015-2016).
 Gilberto Carvalho, Ministro-Chefe da Secretária-geral da Presidência do Brasil (2011-2015).
 Gleisi Hoffmann, Ministra da Casa-Civil (2011-2014).
 Guido Mantega, Ministro da Fazenda (2006-2015).
 Henrique Meirelles, Ministro da Fazenda (2016-2018), Presidente do Banco Central (2003-2011)
 Ideli Salvatti, Ministra da Pesca e Aquicultura (2011), Ministra-chefe da Secretaria de Relações Institucionais (2011-2014), Ministra-chefe da Secretaria de Direitos Humanos (2014-2015).
 Jaques Wagner, Ministro da Casa-Civil (2015-2016).
 José Carlos Dias, Ministro da Justiça (1999-2000).
 José Dirceu, Ministro da Casa-Civil (2003-2005).
 José Eduardo Cardozo, Ministro da Justiça (2011-2016).
 José Gomes Temporão, Ministro da Saúde (2007-2011).
 José Gregori, Ministro da Justiça (2000-2001).
 Juca Ferreira, Ministro da Cultura (2015-2016).
 Kátia Abreu, Ministra da Agricultura (2015-2016).
 Luis Carlos Guedes Pinto, Ministro da Agricultura (2006-2007).
 Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, Ministro da Fazenda (1987), Ministro da Ciência e Tecnologia do Brasil (1999)
 Luiz Dulci, Ministro-Chefe da Secretária-geral da Presidência do Brasil (2003-2011).
 Luiz Paulo Barreto, Ministro da Justiça (2010-2011).
 Marcelo Calero, Ministro da Cultura (2016).
 Marina Silva, Ministra do Meio Ambiente (2003-2008), Senadora pelo Acre (1995-2011), presidenciável em 2010, 2014 e 2018.
 Marta Suplicy, Ministra do Turismo (2007-2008), Ministra da Cultura (2012-2014), Senadora de São Paulo (2011-2019).
 Miguel Reale Júnior, Ministro da Justiça (2002).
 Moreira Franco, Ministro de Minas e Energia (2018).
 Nelson Barbosa, Ministro da Fazenda (2015), Ministro do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (2015).
 Paulo Bernardo, Ministro do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (2005-2011), Ministro das Comunicações (2011-2015).
 Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, Ministro dos Direitos Humanos (2001-2003).
 Pimenta da Veiga, Ministro das Comunicações (1999-2002).
 Olívio Dutra, Ministro das Cidades (2003-2005).
 Orlando Silva, Ministro dos Esportes (2006-2011).
 Renan Calheiros, Ministro da Justiça (1998-1999).
 Renato Janine Ribeiro, Ministro da Educação (2015).
 Ricardo Berzoini, Ministro do Trabalho (2004-2005), Ministro das Comunicações (2015).
 Ricardo Leyser, Ministro dos Esportes (2016).
 Sérgio Amaral, Ministro da Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços (2001-2002).
 Sérgio Machado Rezende, Ministro da Ciência e da Tecnologia (2005-2010).
 Tarso Genro, Ministro da Educação (2004-2005), Ministro da Justiça (2007-2010).

Judiciário

Ex-ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal

 Carlos Ayres Britto, Ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) (2003-2012).
 Carlos Velloso, Ministro do STF (1990-2006).
 Celso de Mello, Ministro do STF (1989-2020).
 Joaquim Barbosa, Ministro do STF (2003-2014).
 Nelson Jobim, Ministro do STF (1997-2006).
 Sepúlveda Pertence, Ministro do STF (1989-2007).

Juristas

 Augusto de Arruda Botelho, advogado e professor.
 Carlos Kayath, advogado e jurista.
 Cristiano Zanin Martins, advogado.
 Deborah Duprat, Procuradora Geral da República (2009).
 Flavio Bierrenbach, Ministro do Superior Tribunal Militar (STM) entre os anos de 2000 e de 2009.
 Kakay, advogado.
 Márcio Fernando Elias Rosa, ex-secretário de Estado da Justiça de São Paulo.
 Márlon Reis, juiz do tribunal do Tribunal de Justiça (TJ) do Maranhão e relator da Lei da Ficha Limpa.
 Sylvia Steiner, jurista atuante no Tribunal Penal Internacional.

Representantes de executivos estaduais

Governadores em mandato

 Carlos Brandão, Governador do Maranhão (2022-presente).
 Fátima Bezerra, Governadora do Rio Grande do Norte (2019-presente).
 Helder Barbalho, Governador do Pará (2019-presente).
 Izolda Cela, Governadora do Ceará (2022).
 João Azevedo, Governador doa Paraíba (2019-presente).
 Paulo Dantas, Governador do Alagoas (2022-presente).
 Regina Sousa, Governador do Piauí (2022).
 Renato Casagrande, Governador do Espírito Santo (2011-2015); (2019-presente).

Vice-governadores em mandato

 Antenor Roberto, Vice-governador do Rio Grande do Norte (2019-2022).
 Lígia Feliciano, Vice-governadora da Paraíba (2015-2022).
 Luciana Santos, Vice-governadora de Pernambuco (2019-2022).
 Jacqueline Moraes, Vice-governadora do Espírito Santo (2019-presente).
 Paulo Brant, Vice-governador de Minas Gerais (2019-2022).

Ex-governadores

 Camilo Santana, Governador do Ceará (2015-2022).
 Flávio Dino, Governador do Maranhão (2019-2022).
 Jarbas Vasconcelos, Governador do Pernambuco (1999-2006).
 Márcio França, Governador de São Paulo (2018-2019).
 Paulo Câmara, Governador do Pernambuco (2015-2022).
 Roberto Requião, Governador do Paraná (1991-1994;2003-2010), Senador pelo Paraná (1995-2003; 2011-2019).
 Renan Filho, Governador de Alagoas (2015-2022).
 Rui Costa, Governador da Bahia (2015-2022).
 Tasso Jereissati, Governador do Ceará (1987-1989;1995-2002), Senador pelo Ceará (2003-2011;2015-2022).
 Teotônio Vilela Filho, Governador de Alagoas (2007-2015); Senador por Alagoas (1987-2007).
 Wellington Dias, Governador do Piauí (2015-2022).

Senadores em mandato

 Alessandro Vieira, Senador pelo Sergipe (2019-presente).
 Alexandre Silveira, Senador por Minas Gerais (2019-presente).
 Carlos Fávaro, Senador pelo Mato Grosso (2019-presente).
 Dário Berger, Senador por Santa Catarina (2014-presente).
 Eliziane Gama, Senadora pelo Maranhão (2019-presente).
 Fabiano Contarato, Senador pelo Espírito Santo (2019-presente).
 Humberto Costa, Senador por Pernambuco (2011-presente).
 Jean Paul Prates, Senador pelo Rio Grande do Norte (2019-presente).
 Jader Barbalho, Senador pelo Pará (1995-2001;2011-presente).
 José Serra, Governador de São Paulo (2007-2010), Senador por São Paulo, (1995-2003;2015-2022), Prefeito de São Paulo (2005 - 2007), Ministro das Relações Exteriores do Brasil (2016-2017), presidenciável em 2002 e 2010.
 Leila Barros, Senadora pelo Distrito Federal (2019-presente).
 Marcelo Castro, Senador pelo Piauí (2019-presente).
 Omar Aziz, Senador pelo Amazonas (2015-presente).
 Otto Alencar, Senador pela Bahia (2015-presente).
 Paulo Paim, Senador pelo Rio Grande do Sul (2003-presente).
 Randolfe Rodrigues, Senador pelo Amapá (2011-presente).
 Rogério Carvalho, Senador pelo Sergipe (2019-presente).
 Simone Tebet, Senadora pelo Mato Grosso do Sul (2015-2022), Vice-governadora do Mato Grosso do Sul (2011-2015), presidenciável em 2022.
 Zenaide Maia, Senadora pelo Rio Grande do Norte (2019-presente).

Ex-senadores

 Eduardo Suplicy, Senador por São Paulo (1995-2015).
 José Anibal, Senador por São Paulo (2016-2017; 2021-2022).
Saturnino Braga, Senador pelo Rio de Janeiro (1975-1986).

Secretários estaduais
 Felipe Salto, Secretário da Fazenda e Planejamento do Estado de São Paulo (2022).
 Floriano Pesaro, Secretário de Desenvolvimento Social de São Paulo (2015-2018).
 Rodrigo Maia, Secretário estadual de Projetos e Ações Estratégicas de São Paulo (2021-2022).

Representantes do executivo municipais

Prefeitos de capitais e de cidades com mais de 250 mil habitantes
 Axel Schmidt Grael, prefeito de Niterói.
 Cícero Lucena, prefeito de João Pessoa.
 Edinho Silva, prefeito de Araraquara.
 Eduardo Paes, prefeito do Rio de Janeiro.
 Edmilson Rodrigues, prefeito de Belém.
 Edvaldo Nogueira, prefeito de Aracaju.
 Fuad Noman, prefeito de Belo Horizonte.
 João Campos, prefeito do Recife.
 José Pessoa Leal, prefeito de Teresina.
 José Sarto, prefeito de Fortaleza.
 Rubens Furlan, prefeito de Barueri.
 Waguinho, prefeito de Belford Roxo.

Organizações

Centos acadêmicos

 Centro Acadêmico Oswaldo Cruz (CAOC), centro acadêmico de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP).
 Centro Acadêmico XI de Agosto, centro acadêmico de Direito da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo (FD-USP).
 CAECO, centro acadêmico da Escola de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).

Institutos

 Foro de São Paulo, organização política de esquerda latino-americana.
 Instituto Serrapilheira, agência de fomento de pesquisa científica.

Movimentos sociais, ambientais e religiosos

 Associação Gaúcha de Proteção ao Ambiente Natural (AGAPAN), entidade ambiental do Rio Grande do Sul.
 Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduandos (ANPG), entidade representativa de pós-graduandos.
 Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT), entidade sindical e seu ex-presidente Vagner Freitas.
 Coalizão negra por direitos, movimento negro.
 Força Sindical, entidade sindical.
 Grupo Prerrogativas, coletivo de advogados.
 Judias e judeus pela democracia, movimento judaico.
 Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), movimento social pela reforma agrária.
 Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem-Teto (MTST), movimento social pela reforma urbana.
 Observatório do Clima, rede de entidades ambientais e cientificas.
 União Brasileira dos Estudantes Secundaristas (UBES), entidade representativa de estudantes secundaristas.
 União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE), entidade representativa de estudantes universitários.

Mercado editorial

 Brasil 247, site brasileiro de notícias.
 Boitempo Editorial, editora brasileira.
 CartaCapital, revista semanal brasileira.
 Companhia das Letras, editora brasileira.
 Choquei, perfil de rede social.
 Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil, revista mensal brasileira.
 Mídia Ninja, site brasileiro de notícias.
 Nature, revista científica britânica.
 Quatro Cinco Um, revista mensal brasileira.
 The Economist, jornal econômico semanal britânico.
 The New York Times, jornal estadunidense.
 Sul21, site brasileiro de notícias.

Partidos

 Agir e seu presidente Daniel Tourinho.
 Avante e seu presidente Luis Tibé.
 Cidadania e seu presidente Roberto Freire.
 Diretório do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) do estado de São Paulo (PSDB-SP).
 Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) e a presidenciável em 2022 Sofia Manzano.
 Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCdoB).
 Partido da Causa Operária (PCO) e seu presidente Rui Costa Pimenta.
 Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT), seu presidente Carlos Lupi e o presidenciável em 2022 Ciro Gomes.
 Partido Republicano da Ordem Social (PROS) e seu presidente Eurípedes Júnior.
 Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado (PSTU) e a presidenciável em 2022 Vera Lúcia.
 Partido Socialismo e Liberdade (PSOL) e seu presidente Juliano Medeiros.
 Partido Verde (PV) e seu presidente José Luiz Penna.
 Rede Sustentabilidade (REDE).
 Solidariedade e seu presidente Paulinho da Força.
 Unidade Popular (UP) e o presidenciável em 2022 Leonardo Péricles.

Empresários

 André Lara Resende, economista e banqueiro.
 Armínio Fraga, economista e investidor.
 Bianca Andrade, influenciadora digital e empresária.
 Candido Bracher, banqueiro.
 Eduardo Moreira, economista e banqueiro.
 Fabio Barbosa, administrador.
 Guilherme Peirão Leal, empresário vinculado a Natura, candidato a vice-presidente na chapa de Marina Silva em 2010.
 João Amoêdo, banqueiro, presidenciável em 2018 pelo partido NOVO.
 Neca Setubal, socióloga e banqueira.
 Pérsio Arida, economista e empresário.
 Paulo Marinho, empresário.

Intelectuais, acadêmicos e cientistas

 Adalberto Fazzio, físico e professor do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo (IFUSP).
 Boris Fausto, historiador e professor da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo (FFLCH-USP).
 Carol Proner, advogada e professora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ).
 Carlos Frederico Martins Menck, biólogo e professor do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IB-USP).
 Conceição Evaristo, linguista e professora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) e Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais(UFMG).
 Conrado Hübner, advogado e professor da FD-USP.
 Djamila Ribeiro, filósofa e professora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP).
 Dora Selma Fix Ventura, psicóloga e professora do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo (IP).
 Elias Jabbour, geógrafo e professor da UERJ.
 Elena Landau, economista e advogada.
 Elika Takimoto, física e professora do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET).
 Emir Sader, sociólogo e professor aposentado da UERJ.
 Ennio Candotti, físico e professor da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES).
 Helena Nader, biomédica e professora da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp).
 Heloísa Buarque de Hollanda, crítica literária e Escola de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (ECO-UFRJ).
 Jessé Souza, sociólogo e professor da Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC).
 José Roberto Mendonça de Barros, economista e professora da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo (FEA-USP).
 Lília Schwarcz, historiadora e professora da FFLCH-USP.
 Lola Aronovich, linguista e professora da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC).
 Luiz Davidovich, físico e professor da UFRJ.
 Luiz Gonzaga Belluzzo, economista, professor do Instituto de Economia da Unicamp (IE-Unicamp) e presidente da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras entre 2009 e 2011.
 Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, antropóloga e professora da Universidade de Chicago.
 Marcelo Knobel, físico e reitor da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) entre 2017 e 2021.
 Marcio Pochmann, economista e professor do IE-Unicamp.
 Margareth Dalcolmo, médica e pesquisadora da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz).
 Maria da Conceição Tavares, economista e professora aposentada da Unicamp.
 Marco Antonio Villa, historiador e professor da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC).
 Natalia Pasternak, bióloga e presidente do Instituto Questão de Ciência (IQC).
 Pedro Hallal, epidemiologista e reitor da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) entre 2017 e 2020.
 Pedro Malan, economista e professor da PUC-Rio.
 Pedro Paulo Funari, historiador e professor do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Unicamp (IFCH).
 Pirula, paleontólogo e divulgador científico.
 Ricardo Galvão, físico e professor titular do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo (IF-USP).
 Sabrina Fernandes, socióloga e professora da Universidade de Brasília (UnB).
 Sidarta Ribeiro, neurologista e professor da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN).
 Silvio Almeida, advogado e professor da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie.
 Stevens Rehen, biólogo e professor da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
 Valter Pomar, historiador e professora da UFABC.

Escritores

 Aline Bei, escritora.
 Angélica Freitas, poetisa e tradutora.
 Antonio Prata, cronista e escritor.
 Beatriz Bracher, escritora e roteirista.
 Bianca Santana, jornalista e escritora.
 Carlos Latuff, cartunista e escritor.
 Cida Bento, psicóloga e escritora.
 Eliana Alves Cruz, jornalista e escritora.
 Elisa Lucinda, atriz e escritora.
 Edmar Bacha, economista e escritor.
 Eduardo Giannetti, economista e escritor.
 Eric Nepomuceno, tradutor e escritor.
 Fernando Gabeira, jornalista e escritor.
 Fernando Morais, jornalista e escritor.
 Gabriel Chalita, professor e escritor.
 Geovani Martins, escritor.
 Heloísa Seixas, tradutora e escritora.
 Itamar Vieira Junior, geógrafo e escritor.
 Ivana Jinkings, escritora.
 Jeferson Tenório, escritor.
 Jones Manoel, militante, historiador e escritor.
 Laerte, cartunista, quadrinista e escritora.
 Lícia Manzo, roteirista e escritora.
 Lira Neto, jornalista e escritor.
 Luiz Schwarcz, escritor.
 Marcelo Rubens Paiva, escritor.
 Michel Laub, jornalista e escritor.
 Nelson Motta, jornalista e escritor.
 José Trajano, jornalista e escritor.
 Mino Carta, jornalista e escritor.
 Paulo Coelho, escritor.
 Preta Ferreira, ativista e escritora.
 Rosemberg Cariry, cineasta e escritor.
 Rosana Hermann, roteirista e escritora.
 Ruy Castro, jornalista e escritor.
 Sebastião Salgado, fotógrafo e escritor.
 Vera Iaconelli, psicóloga e escritora.
 Walcyr Carrasco, dramaturgo e escritor.
 Ziraldo, cartunista e escritor.

Atletas

 Ana Moser, voleibolista.
 Andréia Rosa, futebolista.
 Andrés Sanchez, presidente do Corinthians. (2007-2011;2020-2021)
 Arthur Elias, treinador.
 Artur Victor, futebolista.
 Bobô, futebolista.
 Carolina Solberg, voleibolista.
 Casagrande, futebolista.
 Eduardo Bandeira de Mello, presidente do Flamengo. (2013–2015;2016–2018)
 Elias, futebolista.
 Igor Julião, futebolista.
 Isabel Salgado, voleibolista.
 Gustavo Henrique Araújo, atleta.
 Joanna Maranhão, nadadora.
 João Paulo de Oliveira, automobilista.
 Juninho Pernambucano, futebolista.
 Paulinho, futebolista.
 Raí, futebolista.
 Ramiro, futebolista.
 Reinaldo, futebolista e treinador.
 Servílio de Oliveira, pugilista.
 Vanderlei Luxemburgo, futebolista e treinador.
 Wladimir, futebolista.

Artistas

 Adriana Calcanhotto, cantora.
 Adriana Esteves, atriz.
 Aílton Graça, ator.
 Alanis Guillen, atriz.
 Alceu Valença, músico.
 Alcione, cantora.
 Alice Wegmann, atriz.
 Aline Borges, atriz.
 Alinne Moraes, atriz.
 Alessandra Negrini, atriz.
 Alexandre Nero, ator.
 Ana Beatriz Nogueira, atriz.
 Ana Hikari, atriz.
 Andréia Horta, atriz.
 Ângelo Antônio, ator.
 Anitta, cantora.
 Anna Muylaert, cineasta.
 Antonio Calloni, ator.
 Antônio Pitanga, ator.
 Antonio Tabet, ator.
 Aramis Trindade, ator.
 Armando Babaioff, ator.
 Arnaldo Antunes, músico.
 Baco Exu do Blues, músico.
 Babu, ator.
 Bemvindo Sequeira, ator.
 Betty Faria, atriz.
 Bianca Bin, atriz.
 Bruna Marquezine, atriz.
 Bruno Gagliasso, ator.
 Bruno Garcia, ator.
 Caco Ciocler, ator.
 Caetano Veloso, músico.
 Caio Blat, ator.
 Camila Pitanga, atriz.
 Camila Queiroz, atriz.
 Carlinhos Brown, músico.
 Carolina Dieckmann, atriz.
 Carolinie Figueiredo, atriz.
 Chay Suede, ator.
 Chico Buarque, músico e compositor.
 Chico César, músico.
 Cida Moreira, cantora.
 Cildo Meireles, escultor.
 Cissa Guimarães, atriz e apresentadora.
 Clarice Falcão, cantora e atriz.
 Cláudia Abreu, atriz.
 Cleo, cantora.
 Criolo, músico.
 Dado Villa-Lobos, músico.
 Dandara Mariana, atriz.
 Daniela Mercury, cantora.
 Débora Falabella, atriz.
 Deborah Evelyn, atriz.
 Denise Fraga, atriz.
 Dira Paes, atriz.
 Diogo Nogueira, músico.
 Djavan, músico.
 Djonga, músico.
 Drica Moraes, atriz.
 Duda Beat, cantora.
 Ed Gama, humorista.
 Ed Motta, músico.
 Emicida, músico.
 Emilio Dantas, ator.
 Enrique Díaz, ator.
 Eriberto Leão, ator.
 Ernesto Neto, artista plástico.
 Evandro Mesquita, ator.
 Fábio Assunção, ator.
 Fabio Porchat, humorista.
 Fabiula Nascimento, atriz.
 Fafá de Belém, cantora.
 Felipe Camargo, ator.
 Fernanda Abreu, cantora.
 Fernando Caruso, ator.
 Filipe Ret, músico.
 Fernanda Montenegro, atriz.
 Fernanda Paes Leme, atriz.
 Fernanda Takai, cantora.
 Fernanda Torres, atriz.
 Frejat, músico.
 Gabriela Duarte, atriz.
 Gaby Amarantos, cantora.
 Gal Costa, cantora.
 Gilberto Gil, músico.
 Gilsons, banda.
 Giovanna Antonelli, atriz.
 Giovanna Lancellotti, atriz.
 Gloria Groove, músico.
 Glória Pires, atriz.
 Grazi Massafera, atriz.
 Graziella Moretto, atriz.
 Gregório Duvivier, ator e humorista.
 Guta Stresser, atriz.
 Heloísa Périssé, atriz.
 Herson Capri, ator.
 Hugo Bonemer, ator.
 Humberto Carrão, ator.
 Ingrid Guimarães, atriz.
 Irandhir Santos, ator.
 Irene Ravache, atriz.
 Isabel Teixeira, atriz.
 Isadora Cruz, atriz.
 Ivete Sangalo, cantora.
 Iza, cantora.
 Jards Macalé, músico.
 Jesuíta Barbosa, ator.
 João Barone, músico.
 João Gomes, músico.
 João Gordo, músico.
 João Guilherme, ator
 João Vicente, ator.
 João Suplicy, músico.
 José de Abreu, ator.
 José Padilha, cineasta.
 Júlia Lemmertz, atriz.
 Juliana Alves, atriz.
 Junior Lima, músico.
 Junno Andrade, compositor.
 Karim Aïnouz, cineasta.
 Kleber Mendonça Filho, cineasta.
 Lázaro Ramos, ator.
 Leandra Leal, atriz.
 Leandro Hassum, ator.
 Leci Brandão, cantora.
 Lenine, músico.
 Leo Jaime, músico.
 Lidi Lisboa, atriz.
 Letícia Colin, atriz.
 Letícia Sabatella, atriz.
 Letícia Spiller, atriz.
 Lexa, cantora.
 Lilia Cabral, atriz.
 Lucélia Santos, atriz.
 Lúcio Mauro Filho, ator.
 Lucy Alves, atriz.
 Ludmilla, cantora.
 Luís Miranda, ator.
 Luísa Sonza, cantora.
 Maisa Silva, atriz.
 Maitê Proença, atriz.
 Majur, cantora.
 Malu Mader, atriz
 Mano Brown, músico.
 Manu Gavassi, cantora.
 Mao, músico.
 Marcélia Cartaxo, atriz.
 Marcelo Adnet, humorista.
 Marcelo D2, músico.
 Marcelo Faria, ator.
 Marcelo Jeneci, músico.
 Marcelo Madureira, humorista.
 Marcelo Serrado, ator.
 Marco Nanini, ator.
 Marcos Caruso, ator.
 Marcos Palmeira, ator.
 Marcos Valle, músico.
 Maria Bethânia, cantora.
 Maria Bopp, atriz.
 Maria Casadevall, atriz.
 Maria Flor, atriz.
 Maria Gadú, cantora.
 Maria Padilha, atriz.
 Maria Ribeiro, atriz.
 Maria Rita, cantora.
 Mariana Ximenes, atriz.
 Marieta Severo, atriz.
 Marina Lima, cantora.
 Marina Person, cineasta.
 Marina Sena, cantora.
 Marisa Monte, cantora.
 Marisa Orth, atriz.
 Martinho da Vila, músico.
 Mart'nália, cantora.
 Mateus Solano, ator.
 Matheus Nachtergaele, ator.
 Matuê, músico.
 Maurício Barros, músico.
 MC Poze do Rodo, cantor.
 Mel Maia, atriz.
 Miguel Falabella, ator.
 Milton Nascimento, músico.
 Monica Iozzi, atriz.
 Mônica Martelli, atriz.
 Nanda Costa, atriz.
 Nando Reis, músico.
 Ney Latorraca, ator.
 Nicolas Prattes, ator.
 Osmar Prado, ator.
 Otto, músico.
 Pabllo Vittar, cantora.
 Paloma Duarte, atriz.
 Paolla Oliveira, atriz.
 Pathy Dejesus, atriz.
 Patricia Marx, cantora.
 Patricia Pillar, atriz.
 Paula Burlamaqui, atriz.
 Paula Lavigne, atriz.
 Paula Morelenbaum, cantora.
 Paulinho da Viola, músico.
 Paulo Betti, ator.
 Paulo Miklos, músico.
 Paulo Vieira, humorista.
 Pedro Cardoso, ator e humorista.
 Petra Costa, cineasta.
 Preta Gil, cantora.
 Pocah, cantora.
 Rafael Vitti, ator.
 Rafael Zulu, ator.
 Renata Sorrah, atriz.
 Renato Aroeira, cartunista.
 Renato Góes, ator.
 Reynaldo Gianecchini, ator.
 Robson Nunes, ator.
 Rodrigo Lombardi, ator.
 Rodrigo Tavares, músico.
 Rogério Skylab, músico.
 Salgadinho, músico.
 Sandra de Sá, cantora.
 Samara Felippo, atriz.
 Sergio Guizé, ator.
 Sérgio Loroza, ator.
 Sergio Marone, ator.
 Silvero Pereira, ator.
 Sônia Braga, atriz.
 Supla, músico.
 Tainá Müller, atriz.
 Taís Araújo, atriz.
 Teresa Cristina, cantora.
 Thardelly Lima, ator.
 Thiago Lacerda, ator.
 Tico Santa Cruz, músico.
 Thomás Aquino, ator.
 Tonico Pereira, ator.
 Tony Belloto, músico.
 Tuca Andrada, ator.
 Tulipa Ruiz, cantora.
 Valentina Herszage, atriz.
 Vera Fischer, atriz.
 Vik Muniz, artista plástico.
 Virginia Cavendish, atriz.
 Vitória Strada, atriz.
 Vladimir Brichta, ator.
 Wagner Moura, ator.
 Wanessa Camargo, cantora.
 Xamã, músico.
 Zeca Pagodinho, músico.
 Zé Celso, dramaturgo.
 Zélia Duncan, cantora.
 Zezé Motta, atriz.
 Zezé Polessa, atriz.

Jornalistas

 André Forastieri, jornalista.
 André Henning, jornalista esportivo e locutor.
 Antero Greco, jornalista esportivo.
 Antonia Pellegrino, jornalista e roteirista.
 Arnaldo Ribeiro, jornalista esportivo.
 Casimiro, jornalista e streamer.
 Caio Blinder, jornalista.
 Chico Pinheiro, jornalista.
 Cristina Serra, jornalista.
 Cynara Menezes, jornalista política.
 Eliane Brum, jornalista e documentarista.
 Flávia Oliveira, jornalista política.
 Flavio Gomes, jornalista esportivo.
 Florestan Fernandes Jr., jornalista político.
 Hildegard Angel, jornalista.
 Jamil Chade, jornalista internacional.
 Joel Pinheiro da Fonseca, jornalista e filósofo.
 Juca Kfouri, jornalista esportivo.
 Kennedy Alencar, jornalista político.
 Leonardo Attuch, jornalista.
 Leonardo Sakamoto, jornalista e cientista político.
 Luis Nassif, jornalista.
 Marcos Uchôa, jornalista.
 Mauro Beting, jornalista.
 Mauro Cezar Pereira, jornalista esportivo.
 Milly Lacombe, jornalista esportiva.
 Osmar Santos, jornalista e locutor esportivo.
 Pablo Capilé, jornalista.
 Paulo Moreira Leite, jornalista.
 Rachel Sheherazade, jornalista política.
 Reinaldo Azevedo, jornalista.
 Renato Rovai, jornalista.
 Rene Silva, jornalista e ativista.
 Ricardo Noblat, jornalista.
 Ruth de Aquino, jornalista.
 Sidney Gusman, editor e jornalista.
 Xico Sá, jornalista.
 Zeca Camargo, jornalista e apresentador.

Celebridades

 Alanzoka, streamer.
 Angélica, apresentadora.
 Astrid Fontenelle, apresentadora.
 Bela Gil, apresentadora.
 Carlinhos Maia, influenciador digital.
 Cauê Moura, youtuber.
 Didi Effe, apresentador.
 Fátima Bernardes, jornalista e apresentadora.
 Felipe Castanhari, youtuber.
 Felipe Neto, youtuber.
 Fernanda Gentil, apresentadora.
 Fernanda Lima, apresentadora e modelo.
 Gaía Passarelli, apresentadora.
 Gil do Vigor, economista e influenciador digital.
 Giovanna Ewbank, modelo e apresentadora.
 Giulia Be, influenciadora.
 GKay, influenciadora digital.
 Gleici Damasceno, influenciadora digital.
 Juliette, advogada e influenciadora.
 Luciano Huck, apresentador.
 Luisa Mell, apresentadora.
 Luiz Thunderbird, apresentador.
 Manoel Soares, apresentador.
 Marcelo Tas, apresentador.
 Maria Cândida, apresentadora.
 MariMoon, apresentadora.
 Milton Cunha, carnavalesco.
 Monique Evans, modelo.
 Nath Finanças, youtuber.
 Netinho de Paula, apresentador.
 Nyvi Estephan, influenciadora digital.
 Paola Carosella, chefe de cozinha e apresentadora.
 PC Siqueira, youtuber.
 Pequena Lo, psicóloga e influenciadora digital.
 Rafa Kalimann, influenciadora digital.
 Ronaldo Fraga, estilista.
 Rodrigo Hilbert, apresentador.
 Sarah Oliveira, apresentadora.
 Titi Müller, apresentadora.
 Thelma Assis, médica.
 Washington Olivetto, publicitário.
 Xuxa, apresentadora.

Internacional

Políticos

 Ada Colau, política espanhola, prefeita de Barcelona.
 Alberto Fernández, político argentina, Presidente da Argentina.
 António Costa, político português, Primeiro-ministro de Portugal.
 Bernie Sanders, político estadunidense, Senador dos Estados Unidos.
 Daniel Ortega, político nicaraguense, Presidente da Nicarágua desde 2007.
 Dominique de Villepin, político francês, Primeiro-ministro da França entre 2005 e 2007.
 Elio Di Rupo, político belga, Primeiro-ministro da Bélgica entre 2011 e 2014.
 Enrico Letta, político italiano, Primeiro-ministro da Itália entre 2013 e 2014.
 Evo Morales, político boliviano, Presidente da Bolívia entre 2006 e 2019.
 François Hollande, político francês, Presidente da França entre 2012 e 2017.
 Giuseppe Conte, político italiano, Primeiro-ministro da Itália entre 2018 e 2021.
 Gabriel Boric, político chileno, Presidente do Chile.
 Gustavo Petro, político colombiano, Presidente da Colômbia.
 Jeremy Corbyn, político britânico, líder do Partido Trabalhista.
 José Luiz Zapatero, político espanhol, presidente do governo da Espanha entre 2004 e 2011.
 José Mujica, político uruguaio, presidente do Uruguai entre 2010 e 2015.
 Luis Arce, político boliviano, Presidente da Bolívia.
 Massimo d'Alema, político italiano, Primeiro-ministro da Itália entre 1998 e 2000.
 Micheline Calmy-Rey, política suíça, presidente da Suíça em 2011.
 Miguel Díaz-Canel, político cubano, Presidente de Cuba.
 Pedro Sánchez, político espanhol, Primeiro-ministro da Espanha.
 Roberto Gualtieri, político italiano, prefeito de Roma.
 Yanis Varoufakis, político grego, Ministro das Finanças da Grécia em 2015.

Personalidades

 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, escultor argentino, prêmio Nobel da Paz em 1980.
 Alan Moore, escritor e quadrinista britânico.
 Alfonso Herrera, ator mexicano.
 Amanda Lear, cantora francesa.
 Ben McKee, músico estadunidense.
 Benedict Wong, ator britânico.
 Bill Pullman, ator estadunidense.
 Bono, músico irlandês.
 Chris Hemsworth, ator australiano.
 Christian Chávez, ator mexicano.
 Danny Glover, ator estadunidense.
 Dan Reynolds, músico estadunidense.
 Ed Begley Jr., ator estadunidense.
 Finneas O'Connell, músico estadunidense.
 Garbage, banda estadunidense.
 Leonardo DiCaprio, ator estadunidense.
 Lily Allen, cantora britânica.
 Lisa Bonet, atriz estadunidense.
 Jason Momoa, ator australiano.
 Mark Hamill, ator estadunidense.
 Mark Ruffalo, ator estadunidense.
 Naomi Campbell, modelo britânica.
 Neil Gaiman, escritor e quadrinista britânico.
 Noam Chomsky, linguista estadunidense.
 Oliver Stone, cineasta estadunidense.
 Phil Plait, astrônomo estadunidense.
 Richard Dawkins, biólogo britânico.
 Robert Downey Jr., ator estadunidense.
 Roger Waters, músico britânico.
 Samuel L. Jackson, ator estadunidense.
 Tom Morello, músico estadunidense.

Ver também

 Campanha presidencial de Lula em 2022
 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
 Geraldo Alckmin

Campanhas presidenciais no Brasil em 2022
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Partido dos Trabalhadores
Partido Socialista Brasileiro

Lista de endossos à campanha presidencial de Lula em 2022


Chancen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014, der er instrueret af Jeremy Weller og Morten Arnfred efter manuskript af dem selv og Lars Bang.

Handling
En historie om den besværlige kærlighed mellem to unge mennesker i den danske provins. Nicklas arbejder som bartender på et lokalt diskotek og bruger sin fritid på fester med vennerne, sin rustbunke af en bil og jævnlige ture i træningscenteret. På en sen barvagt dukker Katrine, en tidligere veninde af Nicklas afdøde søster, Karoline, igen op i hans liv. Katrine har været i København, men er vendt tilbage til hjembyen Nakskov for at støtte sin mor, der har problemer med Katrines alkoholiserede far. Nicklas er interesseret i Katrine, måske fordi hun minder ham om dengang Karoline endnu var i live, men Katrine afviser i første omgang Nicklas scoringsforsøg.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Morten Arnfred
Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Chancen


Jean Léo Testut (n. 22 martie 1849 – d. 16 ianuarie 1925) a fost un medic și anatomist francez, născut în Saint-Avit-Sénieur, Dordogne.

Biografie
S-a născut ca Jean Léo Testut pe 22 martie 1849, fiind fiul lui Jean Testut și Marie Deynat. A studiat medicina la Bordeaux, dar studiile sale au fost întrerupte din cauza Războiului Franco-Prusac din 1870. A fost readmis la Școala de Medicină de la Bordeaux în 1878, completându-și studiile cu o teză, pentru care a obținut medalii ale mai multor universități din Franța.

A fost numit profesor de anatomie la Școala de Medicină de la Bordeaux și a realizat cercetări în antropologie și la alte universități. A a contribuit cu peste 90 de studii publicate pe teme de anatomie, antropologie, preistorie și istorie, cea mai de seamă realizare a sa fiind însă lucrarea Traité d´anatomie humaine. Acesta este un studiu complet, bine scris și bine ilustrat de anatomie compus din 4 volume. În școlile medicale această lucrare a sa este considerată a fi un manual clasic de anatomie, astfel că este folosit ca sursă de inspirație și bază pentru învățarea anatomiei, chiar și în prezent.

În 1889, Léo Testut a anunțat că un craniu preistoric, descoperit în Chancelade, aparținea unei rase noi, pe care a numit-o "rasa Chancelade", argumentând că indivizii ce aparțineau acestei rase erau strămoși ai eschimoșilor. Această ipoteză, deși a fost confirmată de mulți dintre contemporanii săi, este acum respinsă, iar craniul de Chancelade este considerat a fi un Cro-Magnon. Léo Testut a murit pe 16 ianuarie 1925 în Bordeaux.

Referințe

Bibliografie
Literatură suplimentară
  Reveron, Rafael Romero; Jean Leo Testut (1849-1925): anatomist and anthropologist ; Anatomy 2014; 8; pp. 36-39
 Ledezma Miranda, Pedro; Huellas de un maestro de la Anatomía francesa: Jean Léo Testut, 1849-1925; Revista del Instituto Médico Sucre LXXI: 128 (98-105), 2006

Legături externe
 Selected images from Traité d'anatomie humaine From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library
 Musée Testut Latarjet d'anatomie et d'Histoire naturelle médicale

Nașteri în 1849
Decese în 1925
Medici francezi
Oameni din Dordogne

Léo Testut


Beachmont es una estación en la línea Azul del Metro de Boston, administrada por la Autoridad de Transporte de la Bahía de Massachusetts. La estación se encuentra localizada en 630 Winthrop Ave en 1 Bennington St. en Revere, Massachusetts. La estación Beachmont fue inaugurada el 19 de enero de 1954.

Descripción
La estación Beachmont cuenta con 2 plataformas laterales y 2 vías. La estación también cuenta con 430 de espacios de aparcamiento.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 119: Northgate - Beachmont Station via Revere Center & Cooledge Housing

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Beachmont

 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de BostonEstaciones del Metro de Boston
Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1954
Estaciones de la línea Azul (Metro de Boston)
Condado de Suffolk (Massachusetts)
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1954
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Estados Unidos inauguradas en los años 1950

Beachmont (Metro de Boston)


An Isolepis kilimanjarica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Richard Wheeler Haines ngan Kaare Arnstein Lye. An Isolepis kilimanjarica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis kilimanjarica


مرشدو جماعة الإخوان المسلمين هم رؤساء جماعة الإخوان المسلمين منذ أن أنشأها حسن البنا عام 1928 م إثر سقوط الخلافة الإسلامية وذلك لتجميع جهود المسلمين لاسترجاع الخلافة الإسلامية وعودة جماعة المسلمين إلى سابق عهدها وأستاذية العالم،وتنتشر الجماعة في أكثر من سبعين بلدا ويرأس الجماعة في كل بلد مراقبٌ عامٌ ويرأس الجماعة على المستوى العالمي المرشد العام الذي ينتخبه مجلس شورى الجماعة على أن يكون من مصر، وفق ما تنص عليه اللائحة الداخلية لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين.

المرشد العام

يُنتخب المرشد العام عن طريق مجلس الشورى العام ويجب أن يكون قد مضى على انتظامه في الجماعة أخاً عاملا مدة لا تقل عن خمس عشرة سنة هلالية ولا يقل عمره عن أربعين سنةً هلاليةً، وبعد انتخابه يبايعه أعضاء الجماعة وعليه التفرغ تماما لمهام منصبه للعمل بالجماعة، فلا يصح له المشاركة في أي أعمال أخرى عدا الأعمال العلمية والأدبية بعد موافقة مكتب الإرشاد عليها، ويظل المرشد في منصبه لمدة ست سنوات، قابلة للتجديد مرة واحدة، ويختار المرشد العام نائبا له أو أكثر من بين أعضاء مكتب الإرشاد العام، وفي حالة وفاته أو عجزه عن تأدية مهامه، يقوم نائبه بعمله إلى أن يجتمع مجلس الشورى العام لانتخاب مرشد جديد، وكذلك يمكن لمجلس الشورى العام ان ينحي المرشد إذا خالف واجبات منصبه.

غير أن انتخاب المرشد، بحسب الإخوان، لا يتم أحيانا إلا بواسطة أعضاء مكتب الإرشاد لسبب احترازات أمنية تحول دون اجتماع مجلس الشورى العام، حيث قامت قوات الأمن المصرية في عام 1995م أثناء اجتماعه بالقبض على غالبية المشاركين فيه، وتم تحويلهم إلى محاكمات عسكرية حكمت على كثيرين منهم بالسجن مددا تتراوح من ثلاث إلى خمس سنوات.

مرشدو جماعة الإخوان المسلمين

المصادر

وصلات خارجية
  كتاب: مائة موقف من حياة المرشدين لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين ، محمد عبد الحليم حامد

مرشدو جماعة الإخوان المسلمين


İnsanoğlunun İmparatoru, Warhammer 40,000 evreninden düşsel bir karakterdir. O evrende, zamanın en büyük insanı kuruluşu, Imperium'un lideridir.

İlk zamanlar
Beyaz Cüce'nin çalışmalarına göre insanlık önce Warp'tan korktu, sonra onunla birlikte yaşamaya başladı.

Warp ile haberleşen yetenekli bireyler vardı ve onu birçok amaç için kullanabilirlerdi ( İlkel insanlığın şifacıları, ruhsal liderler, Şamanlar). Hatta bu insanların ruhları ölümden sonra Warp'ta akabilir ve yeni insan vücutlarında doğabilirdi.

Fakat insanlık daha fazla bilgi kazandığı gibi daha fazla güç için arzular ve zevkler yetiştirdi ve bozulma başladı. Ruhsal liderler ilahi hediyelerin azaldığını fark ettiler ve reenkarnasyon zorlaştı.Bu liderler bozulmayı durduramadı. Büyük bir konsey oluşturdular, belki bu konsey bir şeyler başarabilirdi. Onlar akıl almaz bir gücün yeniden doğması için yaşamlarını feda etmeye karar verdiler.

Bu konsey toplantısından bir yıl sonra intiharlar sonuç verdi ve bir çocuk doğdu (imparator diye anılacak olan). Gerçek adı bilinmemekle birlikte bazı WH 40K kaynaklarına göre M.Ö. 8. bin yılda Orta Anadolu'da doğdu (Priestley and Ansell, 1990; Abnett, 2006). O yalıtılmış bir alanda büyüdü. Fakir kırsal alanda onun yaşlanmasını durduracak güce ve birçok mucizeye sahip olduğu yayıldı.

Yıllar sonra İmparator'un akıl ve sezgi gücü büyüdü ve ruhsal bozulmayı anlayıp değiştirmeye koyuldu. O daima insanlığın değişimlerini kolaylaştırmak, insanlığı korumak için arka planda kaldı. İnsanlığa pozitif değerler katan büyük adamların özdeşliğinde çağlar boyunca çok farklı adlar alarak yaşadı. Başka zamanlar da insanlığı aydınlanmaya götüren yolda ilerletmek için elinden geleni yaptı.

İmparator'a ait ilk kayıtlara 29. milenyumda Terra'yı fethettiğinde rastlanır. Space Marine'ler Genetik mühendisliğiyle yıldızları fethetmek amacıyla yaratıldı. İmparator Marstaki Adeptus Mechanicus'un yardımıyla Space Marine alaylarını ve onları evrenin her yerine götürebilecek uzay gemileri inşa etti.

Space Marine alaylarının başına geçirmek için kendi genleriyle üstün insanlar olan Primarchları yarattı. Fakat bilinmeyen bir sebepten dolayı (Kaos Tanrıları gibi) Primarch ceninleri Galaksinin dört bir yanına dağıldı.

Büyük Sefer
İmparator Mücadele Çağı boyunca birbirinden ayrılan insanlığı birleştirmek için büyük bir sefer başlattı. Kutsal savaşın ilk yıllarında İmparator genetik oğullarına yol göstermek için savaşın ön cephelerinde bulundu. Birçok gezegen genç imparatorluğun hakimiyeti altına alındı ve İmparator oğullarını teker teker buldu.

İmparator Ullanor Savaşını izlemek ve gizli projeleri üzerinde çalışmak için Dünya'daki gizli laboratuvarlarına geri döndü. En önemli çalışmasını yapmak için Kutsal Savaşı kontrolünü oğullarına bırakarak terk etti. Geri dönüşünün sebebini hoşnutsuzluğun ilk tohumları zihnine eken Savaş ustası Horus Dahil kimseye açıklamadı.

Horus İhaneti
Büyük Sefer Horus'un kıskançlığı sonucu Horus İhanetine dönüştü. Horus'un önderliğinde dokuz Space Marine Lejyonu ve sayısız ımperial Guard askerî  Kaos'a döndü ve galaktik bir iç savaş başlattı. Horus'un geri dönebileceğine inanan İmparator bu düşünceyi Horus'un orduları Dünya'yı kuşattığında hatta Horus ile göğüs göğse savaşında bile sürdürdü. Fakat İmparator Horus'un Kaos Tanrılarından aldığı gücü küçümsemişti. Düelloda İmparator Horus'u incitmemek için uğraştı fakat kendisi ağır yaralanmıştı. Horus İmparatorun yaralı vücudunun yanında iken odaya giren Adeptus Custode'si bir tek bakışı ile yaktı. Terminator'un ölümü İmparatorun Horus'un Kaos'ta ne kadar ilerlemiş olduğunu anlamasını sağladı ve İmparator benzersiz gücünü bir saldırıda topladı. Bu saldırı ile Horus'un aklından Kaos tamamen silindi ve Horus öldü.

Kurtuluş Günü
İmparatorun yaralı bedenini en sadık oğlu Rogal Dorn buldu. İmparatorun komutlarını izleyerek onun bedenini Altın Taht adındaki makineye koydu. İmparator Altın Tahtta ne ölü ne de diri olarak bugüne kadar bekledi. İlk başlarda İmparator'un önergeleri doğrultusunda yapılan altın taht bugün karmaşık bir makine topluluğudur. Altın taht kutsal yer ımperialis'te İmparator'un bekçisi tarafından korunur. İmparatorun fiziksel formunun bulunduğu Altın Taht'ın çalışması dikkatle sürdürülür.

Altın taht ayrıca ışıktan daha hızlı yolculukları mümkün kılan Astronomican adı verilen devasa bir Warp iletişim kulesine bağlıdır. Ümidin ışıldaması veya Altın Yol olarak bilinmiş sinyali İmparator Altın Tahtın üzerine odaklıyormuş gibi görünse de bu olayın arkasında on bin insan psişiği vardır. Engizisyonun kötü şöhretli kara gemileri tarafından getirilen bu psişiklerin gücü birkaç ayda tükenir.

Horus İhaneti'nin ardından İmparator ya da diğer adıyla İnsanoğlunun Ölümsüz İmparatoru birçok insan tarafından bir ilaha dönüştürüldü. Bu inanış Imperium tarafından yaygınlaştırıldı. İmparator'u kabul etmeyenler ise heretic (kâfir) olarak suçlandı ve ölüme varan cezalara tabii tutuldu.

İmparatorluk halkı İmparator'un onları izlediğini ve iblislere, kötülüğe, Kaos'a karşı koruduğunu düşünürler. Space Marines (Uzay Bahriyelileri) ise bu konuda bir istisnadır. İmparator'a tapan chapterlar (bölükler) olsa da genelde Space Marines İmparator'a tapmazlar. İmparator'un kökenini daha iyi bilen Space Marines onu üstün bir komutan, harika bir savaşçı ve insanoğlunun kurtarıcısı olarak görürler. Bunun dışında bazı söylentiler de vardır. Bunlara göre İmparator çok uzun süredir komada kalmıştır, yalnızca insanları kandırmak için kurulan bir makine topluluğudur. Bu görüşler Inqusition'a (Engizisyon) göre heresydir (kafirlik). Bazı bilgilere göre astrofatlar İmparator'un ruhuna istekli bir şekilde bağlanmalı ve gereken gücü sağlamalıdır. Astrofatların ise yaşayıp yaşamadığı bilinmemektedir.

Başlangıçta Engizisyon yasaları yalnızca İmparator'un yaralarının iyileşmesi için kurulan basit bir makineden bahsederdi. Fakat Engizisyon'un yeni bölümleri ve yeni kurulan "Terra Yüksek Lordlar" kurulu İmparator'u Altın Tahtta saklamayı tercih eder. Çünkü onlara göre İmparator'un dönüşü yeni bir iç savaşa yol açabilir. Ayrıca İmparator Warp'ta uzun süre boyunca bulunmuştur. Çeşitli değişikliklere uğramasından korkulur. Sonunda İmparator'un Anadolu'daki gerçek kimliğini bilenler arasında İmparator'un yeniden doğması için bütünüyle ölmesi gerektiği inancı oluştu.

Kurgusal imparatorluklar

İnsanoğlunun İmparatoru


The Esselen are a Native American people belonging to a linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family, who are indigenous to the Santa Lucia Mountains of a region south of the Big Sur River in California. Prior to Spanish colonization, they lived seasonally on the coast and inland, surviving off the plentiful seafood during the summer and acorns and wildlife during the rest of the year.

During the mission period of California history, Esselen children were baptized by the priests when they left their villages and relocated as family units to live in the missions where they learned reading writing and various trades.  The Esselen were required to labor at the three nearby missions, Mission San Carlos, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, and Mission San Antonio de Padua. Like many Native American populations, their members were decimated by starvation,  forced labor, over work, torture, and diseases that they had no natural resistance to.

Historically, they were one of the smallest Native American populations in California. Various experts estimate there were from 500 to 1,285 individuals living in the steep, rocky region at the time of the arrival of the Spanish. Due to their proximity to three Spanish missions, they were likely one of the first whose culture was virtually eliminated as a result of European contact and domination. The people were believed to have been exterminated but some tribal members avoided the mission life and emerged from the forest to work in nearby ranches in the early and late 1800s. Descendants of the Esselen are currently scattered, but many still live in the Monterey Peninsula area and nearby regions.

Origins

Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the original people's territory once extended much farther north, into the San Francisco Bay Area, until they were displaced by the entrance of Ohlone people.  Based on linguistic evidence, Richard Levy places the displacement at around AD 500. Breschini and Haversat place the entry of Ohlone speakers into the Monterey area prior to 200 B.C. based on multiple lines of evidence. Carbon dating of excavated sites places the Esselen in the Big Sur since circa 2630 BCE. Recently, however, researchers have obtained a radiocarbon date from coastal Esselen territory in the Big Sur River drainage dated prior to 6,500 years ago (archeological site CA-MNT-88).

Etymology

The name Esselen is uncertain. One theory is that it refers to the name of a major native village, possibly Exse'ein, or the place called Eslenes (said to be near the current site of the Mission San Carlos). The village name may be derived from a tribal location known as Ex'selen, "the rock," which is in turn derived from the phrase Xue elo xonia eune, "I come from the rock." "The Rock" may refer to the  tall promontory, visible for miles both up and down the coast, on which the Point Sur Lighthouse is situated.

The Spanish extended the term to mean the entire linguistic group. Variant spellings exist in old records, including Aschatliens, Ecclemach, Eslen, Eslenes, Excelen, and Escelen. "Aschatliens" may refer to a group around Mission San Carlos, in and around the village of Achasta.

Achasta was a Rumsen Ohlone village, and totally unrelated to the Esselen. Achasta was possibly founded only after the establishment of Mission San Carlos. It was the closest village to Mission San Carlos, and was 10+ miles from Esselen territory. "Eslenes" was nowhere near Mission San Carlos. On January 3, 1603, explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno found a deserted Indian village about a mile from what later became the site of the Carmel Mission.

Language

The Esselen language is a language isolate. It is hypothetically part of the Hokan family. The language was spoken in the northern Santa Lucia Range. Prior to contact with European culture, there were between 500 and 1000 speakers.  French explorer Jean La Pérouse, who visited Monterey in 1786, recorded 22 words in 1786.  He wrote in his journal during the expedition:

In 1792, Spanish ship captain Dionisio Alcalá Galiano recorded 107 words and phrases. In 1832, Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta recorded another 58 words and 14 phrases at Mission Soledad. The speakers were from the Arroyo Seco area  to the east. The neighboring Rumsen people were fluent in Esselen and they provided de la Cuesta with some language.  A total of about 300 words along with some short phrases have been identified. Examples include mamamanej (fire); koxlkoxl (fish); and ni-tsch-ekė (my husband). Isabel Meadows, who also spoke Rumsen, was the last fluent Esselen speaker.  She died in 1939.

Geography

The Central California coast in this region is marked by high, steep cliffs and rocky shores, interrupted by small coastal creeks with occasional, small beaches. The mountains are very rugged with narrow canyons. The terrain makes the area relatively inaccessible, long-term habitation a challenge, and limited the size of the native population. The tribe were neighbors to the Salinan people who inhabited present-day southern Monterey County, southern San Benito County, and northern San Luis Obispo county.

Locations

It is believed there were three Esselen geo-political districts: Imunahan, comprising the central Arroyo Seco watershed; Excelen, including the upper Carmel River; and Ekheahan, including the upper watersheds of the Arroyo Seco and Big Sur Rivers along with a section of the Big Sur coast between Posts and Big Creek further south. The Esselen resided along the upper Carmel and Arroyo Seco River, and along the Big Sur coast from near present-day Hurricane Point to the vicinity of Vicente Creek in the south. The Esselen's territory extended inland through the Santa Lucia Mountains as far as the Salinas Valley. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, they were hunter-gatherers who resided in small groups with no centralized political authority. Modern researchers believe there were five distinct Esselen districts: Excelen, Eslenahan, Imunahan, Ekheahan, and Aspasniahan. Each are believed to have had a relatively stable resident population.

Jean La Pérouse reported that, "The country of the Ecclemachs [Esselen] extends above 20 leagues to the [south-]eastward of Monterey."

Within each district the people occupied several villages depending on the season and availability of food, water, and shelter. Carbon dating tests of artifacts found near Slates Hot Springs, presently owned by the Esalen Institute, indicate human presence as early as 3500 BC. With easy access to the ocean, fresh water and hot springs, the Esselen people used the site regularly, and certain areas were reserved as burial grounds.

A large boulder with a dozen or more deep mortar bowls worn into it, known as a bedrock mortar, is located in Apple Tree Camp on the southwest slope of Devil's Peak, north of the Camp Pico Blanco. The holes were hollowed out over many generations by Indians who used it to grind the acorns into flour. Other mortar rocks have also been found within the Boy Scout camp at campsites 3 and 7, and slightly upstream from campsite 12, while a fourth is found on a large rock in the river, originally above the river, between campsites 3 and 4.

Culture

Archeological evidence of settlements have been found throughout Esselen territory. Artifacts found at a site in the Tassajara area (archaeological site CA-MNT-44) included bone awls, antler flakers, projectile points including desert side-notched points, and scrapers. Excavation at a second site at the mouth of the Carmel River (archaeological site CA-MNT-63) found more projectile points, a variety of cores and modified flakes, bone awls, a bone tube, a bone gaming piece, and mortars and pestles. Many sites show aesthetic illustrations of numerous pictographs in black, white, and red.

Dress and living standards

Prior to European contact, the people wore little clothing. The men were naked year-round and the women and girls may have worn a small apron. In cold weather they may have covered themselves with mud or rabbit or deerskin capes. No evidence of sandals or foot wear has been found.

Explorer and later Governor of Alta California Pedro Fages described their dress in an account written before 1775:

Food sources

Due to the relative abundance of food resources, the Esselen people never developed agriculture and remained hunter-gatherers. They followed local food sources seasonally, living near the coast in winter, where they harvested rich stocks of mussels, limpets, abalone and other sea life.

Evidence of baskets have been found and were probably the principal item used to furnish households. Basket design included large conical baskets for carrying burdens, hemispherical-shaped cooking bowls, flat trays, and small boat-shaped baskets which may have been seed-beaters.

In the summer and fall they moved inland to harvest one of their staple foods,  acorns, which were very abundant throughout Big Sur. They gathered acorns from the Black Oak, Canyon Live Oak and Tanbark Oak, primarily on upper slopes above the narrow canyons. They first soaked the acorns in running water to leach the bitter tannin from them. They then ground the acorns using a mortar. Over many years they hollowed out bedrock mortars in granite rock outcroppings that they used to grind plant seeds and acorns into flour.  A large bedrock mortar is located in Apple Tree Camp on the southwest slope of Devil's Peak, north of the Camp Pico Blanco. More than  across, the boulder contains a dozen or more deep mortar bowls worn into it over several generations.  Other mortar rocks have also been found within the Pico Blanco Boy Scout camp at campsites 3 and 7, and slightly upstream from campsite 12, while a fourth is found on a large rock in the river, originally above the river, between campsites 3 and 4. Several Esselen mortars are located in boulders near Clover Basin Camp in Miller Canyon. Once ground, they cooked the acorns into a mush or baked as bread.

Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno reported,

They hunted rabbits and deer likely with bow and arrow, although no stone arrow points have been found. Arrows were made of cane and pointed with hardwood foreshafts. They traded acorns, fish, salt, baskets, hides and pelts, shells and beads with other tribes.

Dwellings

There are virtually no contemporary records of the Esselen people's lives. Researchers believe that they lived in a manner very much like the Ohlone people to the north and the Costonoan people near present-day Monterey. Miguel Constanso, who traveled with Portola's expeditions 175 years later, wrote about the homes of the Indians who lived on the Santa Barbara Channel. He described how they lived in dome-shaped dwellings covered with bundled mats of tules. The homes were up to  across and three or four families lived in a single dwelling. They built a fire pit in the middle and left a vent or chimney in the center of the roof.

In mountainous regions where redwood trees grew, they may have built conical houses from redwood bark attached to a frame of wood. One of the main village buildings, the sweat lodge, was built low into the ground, its walls made of earth and roof of earth and brush. They built boats of tule to navigate on the bays propelled by double-bladed paddles.

Spiritual beliefs

The Esselen left hand prints on rock faces in a few locations. About 250 have been found in a single rock shelter located a few miles from Tassajara (designated by archeologists as CA-MNT-44). Smaller numbers of handprints have been found in a few caves or rock shelters in the same area and in the next valley to the west.

Climate

Rainfall varies from  throughout the range, with the most falling on the higher mountains in the north; almost all precipitation falls in the winter.  During the summer, fog and low clouds are frequent along the coast up to an elevation of several thousand feet.  Surface runoff from rainfall events is rapid, and many streams dry up entirely in the summer, except for some perennial streams in the wetter areas in the north.

European contact

Viscaino, likely the first European to land on the Central Coast of California, wrote about his visit to Monterey Bay from December 16, 1602, to January 3, 1603.

Father Junipero Serra first established the original mission in Monterey on June 3, 1770, near the native village of Tamo. It was also adjacent to the Presidio and headquarters of Pedro Fages, who served as military governor of Alta California between 1770 and 1774.

Fages worked his men very harshly and complaints mounted until Serra intervened. He told Fages that, as a Christian, he had to observe the sabbath and let his men rest on Sundays. But the soldiers raped the Indian woman and took them as concubines. At Serra's urging, Fages punished some of the more excessive incidents of sexual abuse, but it did not stop.

Fages regarded the natives with disrespect. In 1787, he described the area's Indians as the laziest, most brutish and least rational of all the natives discovered between San Diego and San Francisco. He reckoned those qualities — along with the foggy and windy climate, shortage of potable water, high death rate, and language barriers — accounted for the painfully slow progress of mission Carmel. Fages regarded the Spanish installations in California as military institutions first and religious outposts second. Fages and Serra were engaged in a heated power struggle and Serra decided to move the mission.

Spanish missions

In May 1771, the viceroy approved Serra's petition to relocate the mission to its current location near the Carmel River and present-day town of Carmel-by-the-Sea and named it Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo. Serra's goal in part was to put some distance between the mission's neophytes and from Fages and his troops.

The new mission was on land better suited to farming and within a short distance of the Rumsen Ohlone villages of Tucutnut and Achasta. The latter village may have been founded after Mission San Carlos was relocated to Carmel. The mission was about   from the nearest Esselen territory, Excelen. On May 9, 1775, Junípero Serra baptized what appears to be the first Esselen, Pach-hepas, who was the 40-year-old chief of the Excelen. His baptism took place at Xasáuan, 10 leagues (about  ) southeast of the mission, in an area now named Cachagua, a close approximation of the Esselen name.

Baptisms and forced labor

King Charles V of Spain issued the New Laws (in Spanish, Leyes Nuevas, or "New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians") on November 20, 1542. These were replaced around the beginning of the 17th century with Repartimiento, which entitled a Spanish settler or official to the labor of a number of indigenous workers on their farms or mines. The Spanish state based its right over the land and persons of the Indies on the Papal charge to evangelize the indigenous population. This motivated the Jesuits to build missions across California.

Under Spanish law, the Esselen were technically free individuals, but they could be compelled by force to labor without pay. With the help of the soldiers who guarded the mission, the Esselen and Ohlone Indians who lived near the mission were forcibly relocated, conscripted, and trained as plowmen, shepherds, cattle herders, blacksmiths, and carpenters on the mission. Disease, starvation, over work, and torture decimated the tribe.

The Esselen had ongoing conflicts with the neighboring Rumsen tribe over crops and hunting grounds. The Rumsen initially assisted the Franciscans and when they fell on hard times, taught the missionaries what they could harvest from the wild for food. When a tribal member entered Mission San Carlos to be baptized, the priests tried to communicate to them that they could not leave the mission and wander the forests and fields on their own as they had done before. They became in effect vassals of the mission. They were given a new Christian name at their baptism as well. If an Indian left the mission and attempted to return to his or her village, Spanish law required the soldiers to track them down and bring them back to the Mission. When they were brought back, they were beaten and confined.

The priests baptized a number of Esselen during 1776, most of them children, and a few more in the following years. The priests allowed the children after baptism to continue to live with their parents in their village until they reached the "age of reason," which was about nine years old. In 1783, the soldiers fought the Excelen and killed a few of them. The battle may have resulted from the soldiers' attempts to collect the children and force them to live at the mission. Baptisms picked up again after this date, perhaps because the Excelen saw they could not defeat the soldiers and decided they wanted to be with their children. Upon baptism the Esselen were considered to be part of a monastic order and subject to the rules of that order. This placed them, by Spanish law, under the direct authority of the padres.

The families lived in small rooms in generally unsanitary conditions. Over half the children born at a California mission died before age 4 and only about two of every ten lived to be teenagers. The girls were separated from their families at age 8 and required to sleep in a segregated, locked dormitory called the monjero (nunnery). Once they rose, they worked inside until they finished their chores around lunch time, they were allowed some time to visit their family's homes in the mission village. Married women whose husbands were absent and widows were also required to sleep there. The boys and unmarried men also had their own dormitory, though it was less confining.

French explorer Jean La Pérouse visited Monterey with two ships on September 14, 1786. Two days after he arrived, he visited Mission San Carlos Borromeo. In honor of his reception, the Indian neophytes were given an extra ration of food and lined up to see him. La Pérouse's described the natives as lifeless, robbed of spirit, traumatized, and  depressed.  Among other things, he described severe punishments inflicted on the Indians by the friars. He thought they considered the Indians "too much a child, too much a slave, too little a man." Until western contact, the native people lived in small villages of between 30 and 100 people. In 1786, there were 740 native men, women and children living in the village next to the Mission. The priests were ignorant of the cultural differences between the tribes and forced the Rumsen and Esselen Indians to live together. The two tribes were very hostile to one another and their proximity brought ongoing strife. Galaup described them as ill-fed and depressed by the strict mission routines. He said they were treated like slaves on a plantation.

From 1783 to 1785, about 40% of the Excelen were baptized. Another three Esselen were baptized at the Mission Soledad in the early 1790s, but by 1798 the majority of the Indians had been baptized. A new priest, Father Amoró, arrived in September 1804 and injected fresh energy into baptism efforts. From 1804 to 1808, 25 individuals from Excelen were baptized during these final four years. They comprised nearly 10% of the total Excelen population who were baptized. They had held out for 33 years after proselytizing began in their area. The last five baptized were all older, from 45 to 80 years.  The total number of Esselen baptized is estimated to range from 790 to 856.

It may be that the older Esselen were baptized last because they were left alone and unable to support themselves after their children and grandchildren had already been coerced into living at the mission. There is some evidence that a few Esselen hid in the rugged, higher reaches of the mountains where the Spanish soldiers could not find them.

In 1795, the Spanish crown dictated that all religious instruction should be conducted in Spanish and that the native languages should be suppressed. This edict overturned the New Laws of 1542 which directed the missionaries to teach the natives in their own tongue. But the priests were still required to adhere to the third provincial council of Lima in 1583, which stated that the priests must give sermons and receive confession in the native people's own tongue.

Population

The Esselen were and are one of the least numerous indigenous people in California. The Spanish mission system led to severe decimation of the initially small Esselen population. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California, including the Esselen, vary substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber suggested that the 1770 population for the Esselen of 500. Sherburne F. Cook raised this estimate to 750. Based on baptism records and population density, Breschini calculated that they numbered 1,185-1,285.

The Esselen are too often regarded as the first California Native American tribe to become culturally extinct, much to the frustration of current generations of Esselen people.  By about 1822, much of the California Indian population in proximity to the missions had been forced into the Spanish mission system. Due to the proximity of the Esselen people to three of the Spanish missions, Mission San Carlos in Carmel, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Soledad, and Mission San Antonio de Padua in Jolon, the tribe was heavily impacted by their presence. The native population was decimated by disease, including measles, smallpox, and syphilis, which wiped out 90 percent of the native population, and by conscript labor, poor food, and forced assimilation. Most of the Esselen people's villages within the current Los Padres National Forest were left largely uninhabited. Professor Sherburne Cook, an expert in Native American populations, described the causes of the population decline:

Some anthropologists and linguists assumed that the Esselen people's culture had been virtually extinguished by as early as the 1840s.  However, existing tribe members cite evidence that some Esselen were able to move beyond the reach of the Spanish soldiers, who rode on horseback, by hiding in the rugged interior of the Santa Lucia Mountains. In the 1840s, some Esselen are believed to have migrated to the ranchos and rural areas outside the growing towns. Archaeologists located the grave of a girl estimated to be about six years old buried in Isabel Meadows Cave in the Church Creek area. They calculated the date of her burial to be about 1825. Two experts received reports of Indians living in the area through the 1850s.  Today, contemporary generations of Esselen trace their ancestry to Esselen who were counted in early U.S. census efforts.

In 1909, forest supervisors reported that three Indian families still lived within what was then known as the Monterey National Forest. The Encinale family of 16 members and the Quintana family with three members lived in the vicinity of The Indians (now known as Santa Lucia Memorial Park west of Ft. Hunger Liggett). The Mora family consisting of three members was living to the south along the Nacimiento-Ferguson Road.

Federal recognition

About 460 individuals have identified themselves as descendants of the original Esselen people and banded together to form a tribe. The Department of the Interior has set aside  of Fort Ord that the tribe can use to build a cultural center and museum. But they must first obtain federal recognition. They have been assisted by Alan Leventhal, a lecturer and volunteer at San Jose State University, and Dr. Les Field of the University of New Mexico, who have helped establish the tribe's cultural identity.

The tribe was briefly formally identified in 1883 as a tribe by Indian Affairs agent Helen Hunt Jackson.  It was also identified on official Indian census rolls, maps, and in a land-rights petition sent to President Theodore Roosevelt. But in 1899, anthropologist Alfred Kroeber declared that the tribe was extinct because most tribal members had intermarried, taken Spanish names, and converted to Catholicism. Kroeber wrote in 1925:

In 1955, Kroeber decided he had made a mistake and tried to persuade the BIA, but the agency refused to listen to his arguments or accept his evidence.

In 1927, the superintendent of the Sacramento agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs listed California tribes that should be given land rights, but he excluded the Esselen along over 135 other tribes from the list. A tribal member and researcher has identified more than 100 individual Esselen who were living in Monterey County in 1923 while the group was still federally recognized. The tribe says their exclusion as a recognized tribe was a mistake that should be rectified.

Many anthropologists believed that the Costanoan-speaking people encompassed a geographical area from north of San Francisco to Monterey. The name Costanoan is derived from a generic name Costaños ('coast-men) applied by the Spanish to all native people on the coast. It was later corrupted as Costanoan in the English language. As a result of the 1928 California Indian Jurisdictional Act enrollment, almost every Bureau of Indian Affairs "enrollee" of Esselen descent was categorized as Costanoan by the agency.

In 2010 the Esselen Nation petitioned the federal government for recognition as a tribe. The Bureau of Indian Affairs says the tribe does not meet the formal criteria used to recognize a tribe.

Tribal land

In the 20th century, Axel Adler built a cabin on the former Bixby Ranch and gradually acquired more land. In 2013, descendants of the Adler family who lived in Sweden put  of the Adler Ranch on the market for $15 million. It is located at the end and south of Palo Colorado Road. The ranch is located along the Little Sur River at the northwestern edge of the Ventana Wilderness adjacent to the Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District's Mill Creek Redwood Preserve and the Los Padres National Forest, and includes the peak of Bixby Mountain and the upper portions of Mescal Ridge. The El Sur Ranch and Pico Blanco Mountain are to the south. The tract contains old-growth redwoods, grasslands, oak woodlands, chaparral, and madrone forest. The ranch is an important habitat for California spotted owls, California condors, California red-legged frogs, marbled murrelets, and bald and golden eagles.  The property is especially valuable because it includes nine legal parcels, five of which could be developed. The Big Sur Land Trust stated it was not interested in acquiring the property.

The nonprofit Western Rivers Conservancy, which buys land with the goal to protect habitat and provide public access, secured a purchase agreement. It was initially interested in selling the land to the US Forest Service, which would make it possible for hikers to travel from Bottchers Gap to the sea. But some local residents were opposed to the forest service acquiring the land. They are concerned about a lack of federal funding to maintain a critical fire break on the land.

On October 2, 2019, the California Natural Resources Agency announced it was seeking funding through Proposition 68, a bond measure approved by voters in 2018, to obtain the land for the tribe. The Adler family agreed to sell  of the Adler Ranch. The land was purchased through a $4.52 million grant from the California Natural Resources Agency. In late July 2020 the purchase of the Adler Ranch successfully closed and the property was transferred to the Esselen tribe. The land acquisition could help facilitate federal recognition of the tribe.

"It is beyond words for us, the highest honor," said Tom Little Bear Nason, chairman of the Esselen Tribe of Monterey County. "The land is the most important thing to us. It is our homeland, the creation story of our lives. We are so elated and grateful." The Esselen tribe has 214 members and intends to share it with other Central Coast tribes such as the Ohlone, the , and the Rumsen people who also were decimated during the Mission Era

In popular culture

The Esalen Institute in Big Sur is named after this tribe as was the former Boy Scouts of America Monterey Bay Area Council Order of the Arrow Esselen Lodge #531.

See also

 Kuksu (religion)

Notes

References

 Bean, Lowell John, editor. 1994. The Ohlone: Past and Present Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. . Includes Leventhal et al. Ohlone Back from Extinction.
 Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat 2004. The Esselen Indians of the Big Sur Country: The Land and the People.  Salinas, CA: Coyote Press.
 Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat 2005. A Brief Overview of the Esselen Indians of Monterey County. File retrieved Sep 7, 2007.
 Levy, Richard. 1978. Costanoan, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.  / 0160045754
 Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
 Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
 Hester, Thomas R. 1978. Esselen, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978, pages 496–499.   / 0160045754

External links

 Esselen Tribal Website
 Ohlone Costanoan Tribal Website
 An Overview of the Esselen Indians of Monterey County - Big Sur Chamber of Commerce

California Mission Indians
Native American tribes in California
People from Monterey County, California
History of Monterey County, California
Native American history of California
Big Sur

Esselen


Monsieur Lazhar ist ein kanadischer Spielfilm von Philippe Falardeau aus dem Jahr 2011. Das Drehbuch beruht auf dem Theaterstück Bashir Lazhar von Evelyne de la Chenelière. Der Film war 2012 für einen Oscar  in der Kategorie Bester fremdsprachiger Film nominiert.  Filmstart in Deutschland war der 12. April 2012.

Handlung
In einer Grundschule in Montreal erhängt sich eine junge Lehrerin im Klassenzimmer. Kurz darauf stellt sich Bachir Lazhar, ein algerischer Immigrant, bei der Schuldirektorin vor und bewirbt sich um die freie Stelle. Ohne seine Angaben genau zu überprüfen, stellt sie ihn ein. Niemand weiß, dass auch er selbst einen schweren Schicksalsschlag erlitten hat. Seine Frau und seine Töchter sind in Algerien bei einem Anschlag, der unmittelbar vor ihrer geplanten Flucht auf ihr Wohnhaus verübt wurde, ums Leben gekommen. Ihm droht die Abschiebung, da sein Asylverfahren läuft und die zuständigen Behörden bezweifeln, dass er in Algerien tatsächlich in Gefahr wäre. Erst als einige Zeit später die algerische Polizei bestätigt, dass Bachirs Familie nicht einem zufälligen, sondern einem gezielten Anschlag zum Opfer fiel, erhält er eine dauerhafte Aufenthaltserlaubnis.

Zu Anfang kommt es im Unterricht aufgrund der kulturellen Unterschiede zu einigen Reibungspunkten zwischen Bachir und seinen Schülern. Doch nach und nach kann er das Vertrauen der Schüler gewinnen. Gegen  die Anweisung der Schulleitung, die eigens für dieses Thema eine Psychologin beschäftigt, lässt er die Kinder im Unterricht auch über den Selbstmord der Lehrerin sprechen. Insbesondere für Alice und Simon, die besonders traumatisiert wurden, da sie die tote Lehrerin gesehen haben, erweist sich Bachirs offener, aber auch bestimmter Umgang mit dem Thema als heilsam.

Doch nicht alle Eltern sind von den Lehrmethoden Bachirs begeistert. Und als schließlich aufgedeckt wird, dass er noch niemals Lehrer gewesen ist, muss er sich von der Klasse verabschieden.

Kritiken
David Kleingers schrieb auf Spiegel Online, Falardeau zeige "ohne falsche Sentimentalität", "wie die gezeichneten Kinder und der seelisch versehrte Lazhar einander zu stützen lernen". Dabei deklassiere sein Film "en passant alle bekannten rührseligen Paukerdramen, denn statt in großen Gesten und Worten eine erbauliche Botschaft zu verkünden, lässt 'Monsieur Lazhar' den Figuren und den Zuschauern in seinen genau beobachteten Szenen Raum, ihre eigene Sicht auf das Wesentliche zu entwickeln".

Der Filmdienst urteilte, der Film beobachte "beiläufig und nüchtern" den "schwierigen Annäherungsprozess des Lehrers an seine Klasse und an sein Kollegium, aber auch die Verarbeitung drastischer Verlusterfahrungen". Er beziehe seine Spannung "aus der sensiblen, dramaturgisch geschickten Ausleuchtung der Figuren, in deren Geschichten man nach und nach einen Einblick erhält".

Eine weitere Filmkritik lieferte Christina Bylow unter dem Titel Zu gut für die Schule. Der kanadische Spielfilm "Monsieur Lazhar".

Auszeichnungen
 Filmfestival Locarno 2011: Publikumspreis auf der Piazza Grande
 Toronto International Film Festival 2011: Bester kanadischer Film
 Oscar: Nominierung  in der Kategorie Bester fremdsprachiger Film 2012
 Internationales Film Festival Innsbruck 2012: Südwind Filmpreis

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2011
Kanadischer Film
Flüchtlingsthematik im Film
Schule im Film

Monsieur Lazhar


L'expédition de la Broadway (Broadway expedition) est une expédition militaire britannique qui a exploré la rivière Broadway (aujourd'hui appelée Xi) au Guangdong en Chine du 13 au  durant la première guerre de l'opium. C'est la première fois que des navires européens empruntent ce passage.

Après la bataille du Bogue qui leur ouvre l'accès à la rivière des Perles, les Britanniques cherchent à atteindre Canton, la plus grande ville du sud de la Chine, et explorent pour cela la rivière qui est alors également appelée « passage intérieur » ou « passage de Macao » car elle sert de canal tortueux entre la colonie portugaise de Macao et Canton. Les Chinois pensent que son accès est inaccessible aux étrangers en raison de sa faible profondeur et de sa tortuosité ainsi qu'à cause de la menace des forts situés le long des rives. L'exploration britannique est néanmoins permise par le faible tirant d'eau de  du vapeur Nemesis, malgré son poids de plus de .

Les opérations commencent le matin du  à Macao. Le capitaine  commande la flotte, qui se compose du  et des vapeurs Nemesis et Atlanta de la Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales. Trois autres bateaux accompagnaient le Nemesis : deux du Samarang et un de l'Atlanta. À bord du Nemesis se trouvent le capitaine , plénipotentiaire et surintendant en chef du commerce britannique, Charles Elliot, surintendant adjoint au commerce, , et les interprètes John Morrison et . Un officier britannique écrit que « la connaissance de la langue par les interprètes et leur bon jugement enrôlaient souvent en notre faveur les habitants locaux, ce qui aurait pu beaucoup nous agacer, et ils étaient souvent capables d'atténuer les difficultés même de la guerre elle-même ».

Forts capturés

Liste des forts capturés (et du nombre de canons) par ordre chronologique au  :
 Motow – 13 canons
 Tei-yat-kok – 12 à
 Houchung – 14 à , défendu par neuf jonques de guerre dont sept sont détruites et deux s'enfuient ;  capturés
 Fie-shu-kok –
Plus haut sur le fleuve, la flotte atteint la ville commerçante de Heangshan (Zhongshan). Le Nemesis est à la poursuite de deux jonques qui s'étaient échappées plus tôt et étaient suivis par plusieurs bateaux de mandarins. Une jonque est capturée avec  à son bord.
 Sheongchap –

Le 14 mars :
 Kong-how (ou Hong-how) –

Le 15 mars :
 Une jonque de guerre –

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Bernard, William Dallas; Hall, William Hutcheon (1847). The Nemesis in China (). London: Henry Colburn.
 Bingham, John Elliot (1843). Narrative of the Expedition to China (). . London: Henry Colburn.

1841 en Chine
Broadway
Bataille de 1841
Histoire du Guangdong
Mars 1841

Expédition de la Broadway


|}

Die Strassenbahn Winterthur war eine meterspurige Strassenbahn in der Schweizer Stadt Winterthur und ihren 1922 eingemeindeten Nachbarorten Töss, Wülflingen, Oberwinterthur und Seen. Sie bestand von 1898 bis 1951 und wurde ab 1938 sukzessive durch den bis heute verkehrenden Trolleybus Winterthur ersetzt. Zuständiges Verkehrsunternehmen war zunächst die Gesellschaft Winterthur–Töss (WT), diese wurde 1900 in Städtische Strassenbahn Winterthur (StStW) und 1940 in Verkehrsbetriebe Winterthur (VW) umbenannt. Heute firmiert das Unternehmen als Stadtbus Winterthur.

Geschichte

Nachdem in Winterthur zwischen 1895 und 1897 bereits Pferdeomnibusse verkehrten, war die am 13. Juli 1898 eröffnete Strassenbahn das zweite öffentliche Verkehrsmittel der Stadt. Deren erste Strecke war 1,770 Kilometer lang und führte als Radiallinie vom Bahnhof Winterthur nach Töss. Die stadtseitige Endstelle befand sich ursprünglich nicht auf dem Bahnhofplatz, sondern beim Restaurant Wartmann – das heisst an der Einmündung der Wartstrasse in die Rudolfstrasse und somit auf der Westseite der Bahnanlagen. Das Tram diente als Ergänzung zur bereits seit 1876 bestehenden Bahnstrecke Winterthur–Koblenz, an der die Gemeinde mit dem Bahnhof Töss bereits eine Station besass. Die stadtauswärtige Endstation befand sich etwa bei der heutigen Trolleybushaltestelle Zentrum Töss. Eine Einzelfahrt kostete zehn Rappen, das Tram verkehrte alle zehn Minuten.

Anfangs waren die Fahrzeuge der Strassenbahn in einem hölzernen Depot auf dem Gelände der in Töss ansässigen Maschinenfabrik Rieter untergestellt. Hierzu existierte in Töss im Anschluss an den im Personenverkehr bedienten Abschnitt eine 274 Meter lange Betriebsstrecke. Rieter stellte als Generalunternehmer im Auftrag der Stadt auch die Gleisanlage, die Fahrleitung und die erste Wagengeneration her. Zusätzlich war das Unternehmen zunächst auch für die Stromversorgung der von Beginn an elektrifizierten Strassenbahn zuständig, erst 1904 übernahm das städtische Elektrizitätswerk Winterthur diese Aufgabe. Die Gleichspannung betrug 550 Volt. Nach der Jahrhundertwende erweiterte man das Streckennetz wie folgt:

An der Tösstalstrasse im heutigen Quartier Mattenbach eröffnete die StStW am 31. Oktober 1914 ausserdem ein eigenes Depot für das Tram. Dieses Depot Deutweg diente bis 2015 Unterstellung von Autobussen. Mit der letzten Erweiterung nach Oberwinterthur erreichte das Tramnetz seine maximale Ausdehnung von 11,140 Kilometern. Die Länge der doppelspurigen Streckenabschnitte wuchs von 1,154 Kilometer im Jahr 1917 auf 3,269 Kilometer im Jahr 1935. Der weitere Streckenausbau – so zum Beispiel eine angedachte Erweiterung zum Friedhof Rosenberg – unterblieb zugunsten des 1931 aufgenommenen Autobusbetriebs beziehungsweise der ab 1938 forcierten Umstellung auf Trolleybus. Infolge einer Volksabstimmung am 20. Februar 1938 wich die Strassenbahn dann wie folgt dem neuen Verkehrsmittel:

Allerdings diente ein Teil der Strecke der Linie 2 den aus- und einrückenden Wagen der Linie 1 noch bis zuletzt als Betriebsstrecke von und zum Depot Deutweg.

Fahrzeuge

Für die Strassenbahn Winterthur wurden im Laufe der Jahre 24 Motorwagen und elf Beiwagen beschafft:

Ergänzt wurden die Personenfahrzeuge um den Arbeitswagen Xe 2/2 111 sowie zwei offene Güterwagen.

Literatur
 Peter Grob: Strassenbahn Winterthur [Bildband]. Verein Tram-Museum Zürich, Zürich 1980, (= Mitteilungsblatt, Band 11).
 Hans-Peter Bärtschi: Tram und Trolley in Winterthur. Prellbock, Krattigen 2013.
 Als das Rumpeln und Lärmen ein Ende hatte – Ende des Winterthurer Trambetriebs vor 50 Jahren. In: NZZ, 18. Oktober 2001.
 Machbarkeitsstudie: Tramstadt Winterthur als Vision. In: NZZ, 20. Dezember 2013.

Weblinks

 Die Strassenbahn Winterthur auf strassenbahn-europa.at; abgerufen am 22. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Winterthur
Verkehr (Winterthur)

Strassenbahn Winterthur


Andriy Volodymyrovych Khlyvnyuk (ukrainien : Андрій Володимирович Хливнюк ; né le 31 décembre 1979) est un musicien ukrainien, chanteur et parolier du groupe BoomBox.

Biographie

Andriy Khlyvnyuk est né le 31 décembre 1979 à Tcherkassy, en URSS. En 2001, le groupe a remporté le festival "Pearl of the Season". La même année, les musiciens du groupe ont déménagé à Kiev.

Dans la capitale, Andriy s'intéresse au jazz et au swing, chante avec l'Acoustic Swing Band. Plus tard, parmi les membres de trois groupes - Acoustic Swing Band, Dust Mix et "Tartak" - le groupe "Graphite" a été formé, dans lequel Andrey était un chanteur.

En 2004, Khlyvnyuk, avec le guitariste du groupe Tartak, Andrey "Mukha" Samoilo, a fondé le groupe de groove funky BoomBox. Depuis plusieurs années, le groupe est très populaire en Ukraine et en Russie.

En avril 2005, le premier album Melomania est enregistré.

En 2006, le deuxième disque Family Business est sorti, qui a reçu un disque d'or en Ukraine (pour le moment, plus de 100 000 exemplaires du disque ont été vendus)

Khlyvnyuk a été le producteur sonore de l'album de la chanteuse ukrainienne Nadine, avec qui il a interprété sa propre chanson "I Don't Know" en duo en 2007, puis a tourné un clip. Le duo a reçu le prix "Le projet le plus inattendu de l'année".

Au fil du temps, les maisons de disques russes se sont intéressées à BoomBox et un contrat a été signé avec Monolith pour publier les albums Melomania et Family Business in Russia, sortis le 10 juin 2008.

En décembre 2009, le groupe sort un album commun avec un DJ de Kiev, Tonique. Le 24 juin 2010, la présentation de l'album "All Inclusive" a eu lieu à Kiev. Fin 2011, l'album "Sredniy Vik" est publié.

Invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022
En février 2022, après l' invasion russe de l'Ukraine, il rejoint les Forces de défense territoriale ukrainienne. Le 27 février, il a posté une vidéo sur Instagram dans laquelle il chante le premier couplet de la chanson « Oh, the Red Viburnum in the Meadow », devenue virale sur les réseaux sociaux. Par la suite, le musicien sud-africain The Kiffness a également soutenu le peuple ukrainien dans la guerre contre l'armée russe et a fait un remix de l'enregistrement.

Le 26 mars, l'unité de Khlyvnyuk a essuyé des tirs de mortier, perdant deux camionnettes. Le chanteur a reçu un éclat d'obus au visage.

Il a changé d'unité, passant  des Forces de défense territoriales à  la Police nationale d'Ukraine.

Pink Floyd
David Gilmour a utilisé l'enregistrement a cappella de Khlyvnyuk de "Oh, the Red Viburnum in the Meadow" ( ) comme piste vocale sur le single " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " de Pink Floyd en avril 2022 en soutien à l'Ukraine.

Récompenses
Il a été lauréat du Yuna Music Award en 2012 et 2013 dans la catégorie du "meilleur chanteur".

Il a reçu deux prix YUNA en 2016 pour la catégorie de la meilleure chanson ("Злива") et dans la catégorie du meilleur duo (Jamala, Andriy Khlyvnyuk, Dmytro Shurov "Злива").

Vie privée
En juillet 2010, Khlyvnyuk a épousé Anna Kopylova, diplômée de la Faculté de journalisme de l'Université de Kiev Shevchenko, la fille de Vadim Kopylov, qui était à l'époque vice-ministre des Finances de l'Ukraine. Andriy et Anna ont un fils Ivan (né en 2010) et une fille Alexandra (née en 2013). En 2020, ils ont divorcé.

Apparitions télévisées
À l'été 2015, Khlyvnyuk est devenu l'un des membres du jury de la sixième saison du concours vocal X-factor sur la chaîne de télévision ukrainienne STB, en remplacement d' Ivan Dorn.

Références

Liens externes

Militaire ukrainien de la guerre russo-ukrainienne
Naissance en décembre 1979
Chanteur ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Ténor

Andriy Khlyvnyuk


FTI may refer to:

 FTI (Western Australia), the Film and Television Institute in Western Australia, Australia
 Fair Trials International, a British human rights organization
 Farnesyltransferase inhibitor, a class of cancer drugs
 Federation of Thai Industries
 Fellow of the Tax Institute
 First to invent
 Fitiuta Airport, in American Samoa
 Flanders Technology International Foundation
 Flight test instrumentation
 Food Terminal Incorporated, an industrial complex in the Philippines
 Foundation for Tolerance International, a Kyrgyz peace organization
 Free thyroxine index
 Frégates de taille intermédiaire, a class of frigates of the French Navy
 F.T. Island, a South Korean pop-rock band
 FTI Consulting, an American business advisory firm
 FTI railway station, in the Philippines
 Futian railway station (Guangdong), China Railway pinyin code FTI
 FTI, a Brazilian research rocket made by Fogtrein

FTI


John Joseph Kirrane junior (* 20. August 1928 in Brookline, Massachusetts; † 25. September 2016 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 gewann er als Mitglied der US-amerikanischen Nationalmannschaft die Goldmedaille.

Karriere
Jack Kirrane begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den Boston Olympics, für die er von 1947 bis 1950 in der Eastern Amateur Hockey League aktiv war. In der Saison 1954/55 spielte er auf Vereinsebene zudem für die Worcester Warriors. Vor den Winterspielen 1948 und 1960 nahm er mit dem Team USA jeweils an der Olympiavorbereitung teil. Nach seiner Karriere war Kirrane lange Zeit für das Brookline Fire Department tätig. Im Jahr 1987 wurde er mit der Aufnahme in die United States Hockey Hall of Fame geehrt.

International
Für die USA nahm Kirrane an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 in St. Moritz und 1960 in Squaw Valley teil. Bei den Winterspielen 1948 wurde seine Mannschaft nachträglich disqualifiziert, bei den Winterspielen 1960 gewann er als Mannschaftskapitän mit den USA die Goldmedaille. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1957 und 1963.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1960 Goldmedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen
 1987 Aufnahme in die United States Hockey Hall of Fame

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1948
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Mitglied der United States Hockey Hall of Fame
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2016
Mann

Jack Kirrane


En matemáticas, un grupo de Lie se llama semisimple si su álgebra de Lie es semisimple.

Ejemplos
 El grupo especial lineal  y su versión compleja  son grupos de Lie semisimples.
 Los grupos especiales ortogonales  y  son grupos de Lie semisimples.
 El grupo  no es semisimple porque tiene un toro normal no trivial. Es un ejemplo de grupo de Lie reductivo no semisimple.
 Sea G un grupo triangular, es decir, un grupo de Lie conexo cuya álgebra de Lie admite una representación fiel en un grupo de matrices triangulares de dimensión finita sobre  o . Entonces G no es semisimple.

Referencias
 .

Grupos de Lie

Grupo semisimple


Richard Theodor Ludwig Leopold Schubert, seit 1909 von Schubert (* 19. April 1850 in Wielkibor; † 13. Mai 1933 in Marburg) war ein preußischer Generaloberst im Ersten Weltkrieg.

Leben

Herkunft
Richard Schubert war der Sohn des Rittergutbesitzers Theodor Schubert (1816–1890), Herr auf Bogislawitz, Rachelsdorf, Koschine, Kamlow (Kreis Militsch), und dessen Ehefrau Amalie, geborene Lebius. Sein älterer Bruder Conrad schlug ebenfalls eine Militärlaufbahn ein, avancierte später zum Generalleutnant und wurde nach seinem Abschied Politiker.

Militärkarriere
Schubert besuchte 1858 das Gymnasium in Ostrowo und trat dann am 1. April 1867 als Einjährig-Freiwilliger in das 1. Westfälische Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 7 ein. 1868 kam er zum Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 10 nach Hannover, mit dem er als Sekondeleutnant in den Deutsch-Französischen Krieg zog. Ausgezeichnet mit dem Eisernen Kreuz II. Klasse absolvierte er ab 1875 für drei Jahre die Kriegsakademie und wurde im Dreikaiserjahr zum Großen Generalstab kommandiert. Zwischenzeitlich diente er beim Stab des  Brandenburgischen Fußartillerie-Regiments Nr. 3 ("General-Feldzeugmeister"). 1894 wechselte er als Chef des Stabes zum II. Armee-Korps unter Hermann von Blomberg. Zwei Jahre später wurde er Kommandeur des 2. Badischen Feldartillerie-Regiments Nr. 30 in Rastatt. Am 15. Juni 1899 folgte die Ernennung zum Kommandeur der 16. Feldartillerie-Brigade in Trier und am 3. Juli 1899 die Beförderung zum Generalmajor. Kurze Zeit darauf übernahm Schubert am 1. Oktober 1899 die 33. Feldartillerie-Brigade in Metz, die er die kommenden drei Jahre kommandierte. Unter gleichzeitiger Beförderung zum Generalleutnant erhielt Schubert am 12. September 1902 das Kommando über die 39. Division in Colmar. Nachdem er das Kommando am 1. Oktober 1906 abgegeben hatte, ernannte man ihn zum Gouverneur der Bundesfestung Ulm.

Am 4. April 1907 wurde Schubert zu den Offizieren von der Armee überführt und am 2. Mai 1907 zum Inspekteur der Feldartillerie ernannt. In dieser Stellung erfolgte am 16. August 1907 seine Beförderung zum General der Artillerie und in Anerkennung seiner Verdienste erhob ihn Kaiser Wilhelm II. am 27. Januar 1909 in den erblichen preußischen Adelsstand. Im gleichn Jahr erhielt Schubert das Großkreuz des Bayerischen Militärverdienstordens sowie des Friedrichs-Ordens und im Jahr darauf den Goldenen Stern zum Großkreuz des Albrechts-Ordens. Unter Stellung à la suite der Feldartillerie-Schießschule stellte man ihn am 4. April 1911 mit der gesetzlichen Pension zur Disposition.

Bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde Schubert am 1. August 1914 wiederverwendet und zum Kommandierenden General des XIV. Reserve-Korps ernannt, mit dem er im Verbund mit der 7. Armee an der Westfront zum Einsatz kam. Nach sechs Wochen, am 18. September, wurde er als Nachfolger Paul von Hindenburgs Befehlshaber der 8. Armee an der Ostfront. In strategischer Hinsicht ganz anderer Ansicht als Hermann von François, Kommandierender General des I. Armee-Korps, wurde Schubert am 8. Oktober 1914 von seinem Posten enthoben und dem Großen Hauptquartier zugeteilt. Nach knapp drei Wochen übernahm er dann an der  Westfront in Flandern als Kommandierender General das XXVII. Reserve-Korps der 4. Armee unter Albrecht Herzog von Württemberg. Ende August 1916 mit dem Orden Pour le Mérite ausgezeichnet, folgte er Josias von Heeringen als Befehlshaber der 7. Armee. Am 27. Januar 1917 wurde er zum Generaloberst befördert. Unter Verleihung des Schwarzen Adlerorden mit den Schwertern zum Großkreuz des Roten Adlerordens wurde seine Mobilmachungsbestimmung kurz darauf am 11. März 1917 aufgehoben und Schubert endgültig in den Ruhestand versetzt.

Nach seiner Verabschiedung zog er nach Marburg zurück, wo er die Jahre bis zu seinem Tode im Jahre 1933 streng zurückgezogen lebte.

Familie
Richard Schubert heiratete am 2. Juni 1885 in Mainz Helene Catharina Maria Wenzel (* 25. Januar 1859), eine Tochter des Mainzer Medizinalrats Carl Wenzel. Das Paar hatte mehrere Kinder, darunter:
 Otto (* 1886), deutscher Marineoffizier
 Elisabeth (* 1887) ⚭ René von Schöfer (1883–1954), deutscher Architekt und Hochschullehrer
 Erich (* 1890), deutscher Mediziner
 Helmuth (* 1891), preußischer Offizier

Literatur
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Briefadeligen Häuser. 1919. Dreizehnter Jahrgang, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1918, S. 707–708.
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 10, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1942], , S. 410–415, Nr. 3297.

Einzelnachweise

Generaloberst (Königreich Preußen)
Person im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg
Träger des Preußischen Königlichen Kronenordens 1. Klasse
Befehlshaber im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Oberbefehlshaber einer Armee (Deutsches Kaiserreich)
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Ritter des Schwarzen Adlerordens
Träger des Großkreuzes des Roten Adlerordens
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes I. Klasse
Träger des Albrechts-Ordens (Großkreuz)
Träger des Bayerischen Militärverdienstordens (Großkreuz)
Träger des Friedrichs-Ordens (Großkreuz)
Artillerist (Preußen)
Nobilitierter (Preußen)
Preuße
Deutscher
Geboren 1850
Gestorben 1933
Mann

Richard von Schubert (General)


El Cuclillo Cabecigrís (Coccyzus lansbergi) es una especie de ave cuculiforme de la familia Cuculidae que vive en Sudamérica y el sur de América Central y algunas Antillas Menores.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentre en las selvas de Aruba, Colombia, Ecuador, Antillas Neerlandesas, Panamá, Perú y Venezuela.Recientemente observado también en el Caribe de Guatemala, probablemente un avistamiento fortuito, pero realista, ya que fue documentando en www.eBird.org con fotografías.

Referencias

Lansbergi
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de América Central
Aves del Caribe
Animales descritos en 1850
Taxones descritos por Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Coccyzus lansbergi