تختلف عجلات هبوط الطائرات عن العجلات المستخدمة في السيارات من حيث الشكل والميلان، حيث أن إطارات السيارات يتطلب منها العمل مدة طويلة وحمل أوزان كبيرة نوعاً ما وسرعة عالية لذلك توضع لها كمية قليلة من
الميلان تكون تقريباً 12-14%، أما بالنسبة لإطارات الطائرات يجب أن تكون قوية بما يكفي لتمتص الصدمات القوية عليها خلال الهبوط وأيضاً خلال السرعات العالية عند الإقلاع وفترة دوران الإطارات على الأرض محدودة لذلك نسبة ميلان الإطارات هي 32 - 35%.

أنواع عجلات الطائرة

تقسم إطارات الطائرات حسب النوع والحجم وعدد الطبقات ومن حيث أنها أنبوبية(TUBE) أو غير أنبوبية (TUEBLESS)، وهناك ثلاثة أنواع من العجلات هي الأكثر شيوعا في استخدمها وهي:

Type III
هو من أكثر الأنواع المستخدمة حالياً من حيث الضغط المنخفض ويستخدم على الطائرات الصغيرة ذات المحركات المكبسية.

Type VII
وهو إطار عالي الضغط ويستخدم على الطائرات النفاثة وله القدرة على تحمل أوزان عالية.

Type VIII
هو إطار عالي الضغط ويستخدم على الطائرات النفاثة التي يكون فيها سرعة إقلاع عالية.

أماكن العجلات في الطائرة

تختلف أماكن وجود العجلات من طائرة إلى آخرى، حيث تختلف أماكن وجود العجلات وعددها بين الطائرات الصغيرة والطائرات النفاثة الضخمة، إلا أن أغلبها تشترك في وجود عجلات خلفية وهي موجودة في بطن الطائرة، وعجلات أمامية. تزداد أو تقل عدد العجلات الخلفية على حسب حجم الطائرة، وذلك لإن جسم الطائرة كله يكون مرتكزا على العجلات الخلفية أثناء مرحلة الهبوط، ومن ثم على العجلات الأمامية وهي في الأغلب تكون عجلة واحدة في الطائرات الصغيرة، أو عجلتين في الطائرات النفاثة، وأحيانا تصل إلى أربع عجلات كما هو الحال في الطائرة أنتونوف أن-225.

المكابح الهوائية في العجلات

وهذه الكوابح موجودة على عجلات الطائرة الخلفية، ولا توجد على العجلات في مقدمة الطائرة، ويوجد زوج من الكوابح على كل العجلات الخلفية وتعمل بواسطة القوة الهيدروليكيه وتقسم إلى:
 كوابح داخليه INNER BRAKES
 كوابح خارجية OUTER BRAKES

والهدف من تقسيمها لمجموعتين هو ان كل مجموعه يتم التحكم بها من مصدر قوه هيدروليكيه مختلفة، نظام مختلف حتى لو فقدنا ضغط الهيدرولك على نظام؛ يعمل معنا الآخر. ويتم التحكم بها من خلال كيابل موصولة بدعسات الكوابح تحت أرجل الطيارين، مثل دواسة البريكات في السيارة، وكلما ضغط عليها الطيار أكثر كلما ضغطت أكثر على العجلات فتوقفها.

مراجع

الهيكل السفلي للطائرة
مكونات طائرات
أنظمة الطائرة

عدة الهبوط


Kemal Valjevčić (Sarajevo, 13. srpnja 1988.-) je bosanskohercegovački pisac i pjesnik.

Životopis

Kemal Valjevčić se rodio u Sarajevu, od oca Sejada i majke Kimete. Osnovnu školu je pohađao u OŠ "Fatima Gunić" i "Osmoj osnovnoj školi". Srednju školu je također završio u Sarajevu, gdje je pohađao Elektrotehničku školu za energetiku. Nakon završenog srednjeg obrazovanja upisuje Fakultet političkih nauka, Univerziteta u Sarajevu, smjer Socijologije. Nakon tri godine stječe zvanje bakalearus sociologije, te nakon dodatne dvije godine i zvanje magistar sociologije-opći smjer.

Pisanjem se bavi dugi niz godina. Uređivao je školske časopise, te od djetinstva pokazivao talenat i interes za pisanje. Autor je dvije knjige. Prva, zbirka poezije: "Putem inspiracije", objavljena u prosincu 2014. godine. Druga knjiga u formi priča, nazvana: "Iza beskonačnosti", objavljena je u prosincu 2017. godine. U prvoj knjizi, nalaze se pjesme o prirodi, ljubavi, Kemalovim razmišljanjima o svijetu koji nas okružuje. Druga knjiga govori o odrastanju u ratnom i poslijeratnom Sarajevu, o životu, te sadrži niz motivacijskih govora. Knjige na upečatljiv, jedinstven način govore o bosanskohercegovačkoj stvarnosti.

Dobitnik je prve nagrade na međunarodnom književnom natječaju "Musa Ćazim Ćatić" za najbolju pjesmu u 2018. godini. Kroz svoj književni rad Kemal je surađivao s Ratkom Orozovićem, proslavljenim književnikom i filmskim, televizijskim i kazališnim redateljem, zatim s Martinom Mlinarević, jednom od najpoznatijih bosanskohercegovačkih spisateljica i kolumnistica, te i s drugim, ne manje važnim, piscima, pjesnicima i umjetnicima. Njegove pjesme i priče su objavljivane u raznim kulturnim časopisima, zbornicima radova i portalima. Član je književnog udruženja "Snješka" (društvo bosansko-češkog prijateljstva), koje promiče pisanu riječ. Kemal je svojim djelovanjem i svojim knjigama doprinio razvoju bosanskohercegovačkoj književnosti i cjelokupno kulture, te približavanju knjige, prije svega, mladim osobama. Pripada mladim pjesnicima i piscima iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Živi i radi u Sarajevu, Bosni i Hercegovini.

Djela
 Zbirka poezije "Putem inspiracije", prosinac 2014.
 Knjiga "Iza beskonačnosti", prosinac 2017.

Izvori

 http://www.source.ba/clanak/Haris/468251/Mladi-Sarajlija-Kemal-Valjevcic--Jos-uvijek-ne-mogu-da-zivim-od-svog-hobija-iako-mi-novac-u-pocetku-uopce-nije-bio-bitan
 https://www.knjizevnost.org/?p=14806
 http://bhdinfodesk.com/wordpress/2018/12/11/pisac-kemal-valjevcic-sarajevo-u-svojoj-tisini-najace-lomi-sve-sto-mu-stane-na-put-ka-slobodi/
 http://coolstyle.ba/kemal-valjevcic-mladi-pisac-iz-sarajeva-nekada-naprosto-ne-trazim-inspiraciju-vec-pustim-inspiraciju-da-nade-mene/
 https://www.klix.ba/magazin/kultura/putem-inspiracije-predstavljanje-prve-zbirke-poezije-kemala-valjevcica/150531041
 https://gledistesite.wordpress.com/2018/06/26/kemal-valjevcic-inspiracija/
 https://gledistesite.wordpress.com/2018/07/13/rijec-o-postojanju/
 https://www.fioka.in/proza/kemal-valjevcic/
 http://www.kameni-spavac.online/kultura/mladi-bh-autor-bosancicom-pise-pjesmu-zemljo-tisucljetna/
 http://strane.ba/kemal-valjevcic-jedna-pjesma/
 https://faktor.ba/vijest/kemal-valjevi-mladi-pisac-iz-sarajeva-inspiraciju-crpim-iz-ivotnih-iskustava-298751
 https://www.avlija.me/poezija/dvije-pjesme-kemala-valjevcica
 http://musacazimcatic.org/poznati-rezultati-konkursa-za-knjizevnu-nagradu/

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Bosanskohercegovački pjesnici

Kemal Valjevčić


Johanna St John (1631-1705)  est une jardinière et herboriste anglaise. Tout au long de sa vie, elle écrit deux livres de recettes contenant des recettes culinaires, cosmétiques et médicinales . Elle est la grand-mère du premier vicomte Bolingbroke, Henry St John .

Biographie
Elle est la fille d'Oliver St John, un parlementaire de premier plan et partisan d'Oliver Cromwell. Elle est élevée pendant la guerre civile anglaise. Dans les premiers mois de sa vie, sa mère, Johanna Altham, l'emmène chez le beau-père d'Altham, Sir William Masham, à High Laver, Essex . Elle y est baptisé le 27 janvier 1631 .

En 1649, elle épouse son cousin éloigné, Walter St John et a treize enfants.

Lydiard Park est un jardin de campagne de 260 acres à Lydiard Tregoze, à près de quatre miles à l'ouest du centre de Swindon, dans le Wiltshire, en Angleterre, appartenant plus tard au vicomte de Bolingbroke, le petit-fils de Johanna St John. Une série de lettres entre Johanna St John et son intendant, Thomas Hardyman, donne un aperçu de la façon dont elle a appris à écrire ses livres de recettes . À Lydiard House, son domaine d'été, une pléthore de matériaux et d'ingrédients, notamment de la nourriture, des herbes et du bétail, lui fournissent les matières premières dont elle a besoin pour créer ses livres de recettes . L'utilisation de ces matériaux par St John va de la nourriture aux médicaments distillés . D'après les lettres, il est entendu que Johanna elle-même n'a pas concocté les recettes à Lydiard House, mais a donné "des détails exacts à une équipe de distillateurs et de cueilleurs d'herbes", collaborant souvent avec d'autres fabricants de recettes à Londres . Elle collabore avec Sir Edward Spencer, Lady Manchester et Lady Peterborough qui ont tous des remèdes pour les yeux douloureux, et Sir Philip Warwick qui a un remède pour les crampes .

Références

Décès en 1705
Naissance en 1631

Johanna St John


Playchess je komercijalni internetski šahovski poslužitelj koji vodi ChessBase. Playchess je posvećen igri i raspravljanju o šahu i šahovskih varijanta. U veljači 2011. na Playchessu se igralo preko 31.000 umreženih igrača, među njima brojne igrače s međunarodnim naslovima koji igraju pseudoanonimno te ostali šahovski majstori čiji identiteti su poznati, kao što su Hikaru Nakamura, Nigel Short i Michael Adams.

Softver
ChessBase proviđa vlasnički softver Playchess, koji je uključen s oiljenim računalnim šahovskim softverom kao što su Fritz, Junior ili Shredder. Kupnjom bilo kojeg od ovih programa za igranje, kupci dobiju jednogodišnji pristup poslužitelju. Druga mogućnost korisnicma je skinuti klijentski softver, nižu inačicu GUI-ja Fritza. Novi korisnici mogu iskušati poslužitelj kratko vrijeme prije nego što pristup zatraži serijski broj. Gosti se uvijek mogu prijaviti besplatno ali su mogućnosti pristupa ograničene. Softver ima funkcije pokušati otkriti igrače služeći se uz pmoć šahovskih programa, uglavnom prelaskom na druge zadaće.
Ovaj je poslužitelj takmac inim komercijalnim poslužiteljima, kao što su Internet Chess Club (ICC), World Chess Live (WCL) te nekomercijalni Free Internet Chess Server (FICS).

Vidi
Popis internetskih šahovskih poslužitelja

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice
 Chess Base

Internetski šahovski poslužitelji

Playchess


ජු යෙන් ජු යෙන් යනු ද බොයිස් නම් දකුණු කොරියානු සංගිත කණ්ඩායමෙ සාමාජිකයෙකි.ඔහුගෙ වේදිකා නාමය ජු යෙන් ය. සත්‍ය නාමය ලී ජු ජෙය වෙ. ජු යෙන් ද බොයිස් සංගිත කණ්ඩායමෙ ගායකයෙක්,නර්තන ශිල්පියෙක් ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි.මොහු 1998 ජනවාරි 15 වන දින දකුණු කොරියාවෙ ගුවාන්ජු වල උපත ලබා ඇත.එ වගේම 181cm (අඩි 5 අගල් 11)උස ය සහ 66kg බර ය.

ජු යෙන්


Florian Neuschwander, né le  à Neunkirchen, est un coureur de fond et d'ultra-marathon allemand. Il a remporté la médaille d'argent aux championnats du monde de trail 2013.

Biographie
Florian pratique le tennis durant sa jeunesse. À l'âge de seize ans, il s'inscrit spontanément à une course à pied de deux kilomètres sans s'y être préparé. Équipé de sa tenue et de ses chaussures de joueur de tennis, il remporte la course à sa propre surprise. Il commence alors sa carrière en athlétisme en débutant de manière classique par la course sur piste en demi-fond et fond, la course sur route et le cross-country.

Le , il parvient à démontrer son talent lors des championnats d'Allemagne de semi-marathon à Calw. Toujours placé aux avant-postes durant la course, il lance son attaque dans les derniers  pour doubler Lennart Sponar et décrocher la médaille d'argent derrière le favori Martin Beckmann.

Il déménage à Londres en 2009 pour une année durant laquelle il lit le livre The Ghost Runner relatant la vie de  et qui lui donne envie de s'essayer à l'ultra-trail.

En 2011, il s'essaie donc au trail et s'inscrit au Trail Uewersauer de 50 kilomètres qu'il mène du début à la fin. Il s'offre ainsi sa première victoire pour sa première participation dans cette discipline.

Ses bonnes performances lui valent d'être sélectionné pour les championnats du monde de trail 2013 à Conwy. Il prend un bon départ, talonnant les favoris Ricky Lightfoot et Julien Rancon en tête. Au kilomètre 50, Ricky parvient à se détacher de Julien pour s'enfuir en tête. Florian en profite pour lancer son attaque et parvient à doubler Julien. Il se lance à la poursuite de Ricky mais ce dernier maintient une allure soutenue pour foncer vers le titre. Florian parvient à conserver sa position pour terminer sur la deuxième marche du podium. Il remporte en outre la médaille de bronze au classement par équipes.

Le , il prend part aux championnats d'Allemagne de  à Marbourg. Annoncé comme prétendant au titre face au tenant Niels Bubel, Florian effectue un duel serré durant les quarante premiers kilomètres mais finit par s'incliner et se contente de la médaille d'argent. Le , il participe à la Wings for Life World Run à Darmstadt. Il s'y impose avec  parcourus et signe la sixième meilleure performance mondiale lors de cette édition. Le , il s'élance sur la TransRockies Run, un trail par étapes de , en solo. Il s'impose au terme d'un duel haletant avec l'Américain Brian Tinder en imposant son rythme dans la dernière étape pour terminer avec une marge de vingt minutes sur ce dernier. Le , il prend part aux championnats du monde du 100 kilomètres à Winschoten. Effectuant une course régulière, toujours placé dans le top 10, il perd un peu de temps durant ses arrêts. Il signe finalement le meilleur temps de la boucle de 10 kilomètres dans son dernier passage en  pour se classer neuvième et meilleur Allemand.

Le , il se rend en Californie pour participer au Sean O'Brien Trail Run de . Il domine l'épreuve de bout en bout qu'il remporte en  et obtient son ticket pour la Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run. Il y prend un départ rapide, pointant en tête en début de course. Peu à l'aise sur les chemins accidentés, il chute à plusieurs reprises et souffre de la chaleur. Il termine finalement à la  place en .

Après avoir eu connaissance du record du monde du  sur tapis roulant par l'Américain Mario Mendoza le , Florian se met en tête de battre ce record. Il met son projet à exécution le  au centre de performance des athlètes Red Bull à Thalgau. Maintenant un rythme de  au kilomètre, il complète la distance en  battant le record du monde d'une minute trente. Il voit cependant son record battu par l'orienteur suisse Matthias Kyburz moins de deux mois plus tard. En septembre, il se lance un défi nommé Von Laufen nach Laufen laufen où il doit rallier Laufon (Laufen en allemand) dans le canton de Bâle-Campagne à Laufen en Bavière en une semaine. Il complète son défi ayant couru  avec plus de  de dénivelé positif en six jours.

Ayant vu le record du  sur tapis roulant battu à plusieurs reprises, Florian décide, au lieu d'essayer de récupérer ce record, de viser le record sur . Avec l'aide de ses sponsors, il met en place une infrastructure dans un fitness proche de chez lui en Bavière. Le , il met son défi à exécution et parvient à maintenir une allure de . Il accélère à  lors des derniers  et boucle les  en , battant de six minutes le précédent record du monde.

Palmarès

Route

Trail

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1977
Naissance à Neunkirchen (Sarre)
Coureur de fond allemand
Coureur d'ultrafond

Florian Neuschwander


América Dourada es un municipio brasilero del estado de la Bahia.

Geografía
Su población estimada en 2004 era de 16.956 habitantes.

Localizada en la Chapada Diamantina, a 430 km de Salvador, con acceso por la BA-052 (Conocida como Ruta del Frijol)

Hidrografía
Bañada por el Río Jacaré, afluente del São Francisco. Importante para la actividad pesquera en la región.

Carreteras
 BA-052

Administración
 Prefecto: Agnaldo Oliveira Lopes(Guina) (2005/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Joelson Obispo Del Rosalho
 Presidente de la cámara: Marcus Dourado (2009/2012)

Economía
En el inicio de la década de 1980 un pequeño grupo de inmigrantes Japoneses, viniendo de la colonia Japonesa JK, próximo a Salvador llegó a América Dourada e inició el plantío de frutas y verduras irrigadas, aprovechando las aguas del Río Jacaré, que al pasar en la sede del municipio obtiene el nombre de Vereda Romão Gramacho. Aquellos descendientes de japoneses fueron, por lo tanto, los pioneros de la agricultura irrigada en América Dourada.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 América Dourada en el WikiMapia
 Link del Blog de Antônio Lajedinho ilustre personaje local

Localidades de Bahía

América Dourada


Uloška buna je bila buna u istočnoj Hercegovini. Izbila je zimi 1881. na 1882. godinu.
Kad su nakon austro-ugarskog zaposjedanja BiH novi gospodari počeli novačiti mladiće iz BiH, Hercegovci digli novi ustanak. Buntovna narav Pera Tunguza nije izdržala pa se priključio ustanku bez obzira na pozive knjaza neka Hercegovci miruju. Tunguz je do ustanka bio sa svojom hajdučkom četom stavio se u službu Austro-Ugarske kao dio pandurskog korpusa. Sa svojim pandurima nalazio se u postaji u Ulogu. Ona je prva napadnuta 11. siječnja 1882. godine. Pomažući ustanicima "iznutra", uspio je privoliti posadu na predaju. Nakon ovoga se Tunguz aktivno uključio u ustanak i postao jedan od njegovih vođa. U uloškoj buni je sudjelovalo i srpsko i muslimansko stanovništvo. Ustanak je službeno je ugušen 22. travnja 1882. godine. Zbog širenja na okolne kotare austro-ugarska vlast je to ugušila i pobunjenici su na Morinama doživjeli težak poraz. Vođe ustanka su prebjegle u Crnu Goru gdje su uhićeni i internirani.

Izvori

Srbijanska vojna povijest
Bosna i Hercegovina pod Austro-Ugarskom

Uloška buna


A 10-a ediție a Campionatului Mondial de Atletism s-a desfășurat între 6 și 14 august 2005 pe Stadionul Olimpic din Helsinki. Au participat 1687 de sportivi, veniți din 191 de  țări. Finlanda a câștigat dreptul de a găzdui cel mai important eveniment al atletismului pentru a doua oară. Prima dată a fost în anul 1983.

Rezultate
RM - record mondial; RC - record al competiției; AM - record nord-american; AS - record asiatic; RE - record european; OC - record oceanic; SA - record sud-american; RA - record african; RN - record național; PB - cea mai bună performanță a carierei

Masculin

* Atleta a participat doar la calificări, dar a primit o medalie.

Feminin

* Atleta a participat doar la calificări, dar a primit o medalie.

Clasament pe medalii

Participarea României la campionat
22 de atleți au reprezentat România.

 Marian Oprea – triplusalt - locul 3
 Constantina Tomescu – maraton - locul 3
 Nicoleta Grasu – disc - locul 5
 Cristina Casandra – 3000 m obstacole - locul 7
 Claudia Ștef – 20 km marș - locul 8
 Mihaela Neacșu – 800 m - locul 13, 4 × 400 m - locul 10
 Angela Moroșanu – 4 × 400 m - locul 10
 Alina Rîpanu – 4 × 400 m - locul 10
 Maria Rus – 4 × 400 m - locul 10
 Mihaela Melinte – ciocan - locul 10
 Gheorghe Gușet – greutate - locul 11
 Oana Pantelimon – înălțime - locul 13
 Ana Maria Groza – 20 km marș - locul 14
 Corina Dumbrăvean – 1500 m - locul 16
 Silviu Casandra – 20 km marș - locul 19
 Aurica Buia – maraton - locul 21
 Monica Iagăr – înălțime - locul 21
 Adina Anton – lungime - locul 21
 Mihaela Botezan – 10 000 m - locul 23
 Felicia Țilea-Moldovan – suliță - locul 23
 Ștefan Vasilache – înălțime -
 Bogdan Țăruș – lungime -

Participarea Republicii Moldova la campionat
Trei atleți au reprezentat Republica Moldova.

 Inna Gliznuța – înălțime - locul 21
 Roman Rozna – ciocan - locul 22
 Ion Luchianov – 3000 m obstacole - locul 27

Note

Legături externe

  10TH IAAF WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS

Atletism
2005
Helsinki
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Nieuport, later Nieuport-Delage, was a French aeroplane company that primarily built racing aircraft before World War I and fighter aircraft during World War I and between the wars.

History

Beginnings

Originally formed as Nieuport-Duplex in 1902 for the manufacture of engine components the company was reformed in 1909 as the Société Générale d'Aéro-locomotion, and its products were marketed to the aviation industry, including ignition components. During this time they built their first aircraft, a small single-seat pod and boom monoplane. This was destroyed shortly after having been flown successfully, during the Great Flood of Paris in 1909 . A second design flew before the end of 1909 and had the essential form of modern aircraft, including an enclosed fuselage with the pilot protected from the slipstream and a horizontal tail whose aerodynamic force acted downwards, balancing the weight of the engine ahead of the centre of gravity, as opposed to upwards as on contemporaries such as the Blériot XI.

Nieuport had trouble obtaining suitable engines for their early designs and resorted to making their own. In 1910 a twin-cylinder horizontally-opposed type producing  was fitted to the Nieuport II and proved successful.

In 1911, the company was reformed specifically to build aircraft while continuing to build components including propellers under the name Nieuport et Deplante. In 1911, Edouard Nieuport (1875–1911), who was one of several aviation minded brothers, died after being thrown from his aircraft, and the company was taken over by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, a famous supporter of aviation development. With his financing, the name was changed to Société Anonyme des Établissements Nieuport, and development of existing designs was continued. A second of the brothers, Charles Nieuport, died in another accident January 24, 1913 after he stalled and spun in, and the position of chief designer was taken over by the Swiss engineer Franz Schneider, better known for his work for his next employer, L.V.G., and his long-running fight with Anthony Fokker over machine gun interrupter / synchronizer patents. Schneider left Nieuport in late 1913.

Gustave Delage and World War I

With Schneider's departure, Gustave Delage (no connection to the Delage automobile company) took over as chief designer in January 1914. He began work on a sesquiplane racer – a type of biplane whose lower wing was much narrower in chord than its top wing. This aircraft was not ready to fly until after World War I had begun but, as the Nieuport 10, the type saw extensive service with the Royal Naval Air Service (R.N.A.S.) of the United Kingdom and with the French and Russian Flying Services. The performance of the Nieuport 10, and the more powerful Nieuport 12, which also served with the Royal Flying Corps (R.F.C.) was such that they were used as fighters.  Nieuport developed an improved design specifically intended as a fighter – the Nieuport 11, which was regarded as the "baby" (bébé) of the 10, which it closely resembled, except in size.

Until the end of 1917, most of the company's output would consist of successive developments of this one design, with more powerful engines, modest increases in overall dimensions, and refined aerodynamics, until the line ended with the Nieuport 27. As horsepower increased, the "V-strut" Nieuports began to reach their maximum safe flying speed (VNE) more readily and discovered the limitations of the three spars sesquiplane wing form, which then required they avoid sustained power-on dives to avoid the risk of wing failures. By the spring of 1917 the design was being surpassed by the new twin-gun Albatros D.III, and although the process of replacement had begun, Nieuport 27's would still be in front line service in the spring of 1918. Even while still in frontline service, Nieuports of all types were being used at French and American flight training facilities, with the bulk of production from 1917 onwards going to flying schools.

Some pilots, notably Albert Ball and Charles Nungesser, preferred the Nieuport due to its sensitive controls and maneuverability. Pilots Eddie Rickenbacker and Billy Bishop flew Nieuport aircraft to some of their first victories.

The first major break from the sesquiplane design, the Nieuport 28 was the first production Nieuport fighter with two spars to both upper and lower wings, but by the time it was ready for service the French had already chosen the SPAD S.XIII as their primary fighter. Due to a shortage of SPAD S.XIIIs and problems with their engines, the first fighter squadrons of the United States Army Air Service (USAAS) used the Nieuport 28 on operations. While only in operational service with the USAAS for a short time, the Nieuport 28 was the first fighter to be used on operations by an American squadron.

Nieuports were widely used by the Allied air arms, and various models were built under licence in Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom. In Italy, Aermacchi was originally formed as Nieuport-Macchi for the purpose of building various Nieuports under licence. They started with the Nieuport IV, but built the Nieuport 10, 11, 17 and finally the post-war NiD.29 under license. In Russia several companies, notably Dux, built Nieuports of several types including the IV, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21, 23 and 24bis, with the 24bis continuing in production after the Russian Revolution had ended. In Scotland, William Beardmore and Company built the Nieuport 12 under licence, while gradually incorporating many of their own changes. Nieuport & General Aircraft was formed to build Nieuport fighters under licence in England, and built 50 Nieuport 17bis scouts for the Royal Naval Air Service before switching to other aircraft.

Three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 marking the end of hostilities in World War I, and in protest over being forced to march like infantry in the parade, Charles Godefroy flew a "v-strut" Nieuport fighter through the arch of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris on the morning of Friday, 8 August 1919. The event was filmed.

Post–World War I
By the end of 1918, Nieuport had two new fighter types flying, the Nieuport 29 biplane and the Nieuport 31 monoplane both of which had evolved in parallel from the Nieuport 28. They differed from earlier Nieuports in having streamlined wooden monocoque fuselages, and  Hispano-Suiza engines. Specially modified Nieuport 29 and 31 aircraft set speed and height records, and the 31 was the first aircraft to exceed  in level flight, while in the hands of Joseph Sadi-Lecointe.

At this time, Nieuport became Nieuport-Astra, with the absorption of Société Astra, a company known for aerial balloons, though this name would not be used for long, before becoming Nieuport-Delage, in honour of the work of the chief designer, Gustave Delage, who had been running the company through the war years. Also at this time, the seaplane builder Tellier was absorbed, and for a brief time the name Nieuport-Tellier was also used.

Despite the many successes achieved with 29 and 31 in setting speed and altitude records, Delage quickly embarked on a new design that was to provide the basis for a family of aircraft that would remain in service until the fall of France during World War II – the Nieuport-Delage NiD.42. This design first saw light as a shoulder-wing racer (42S), then as single-seat (42 C.1) and two-seat fighters (42 C.2) for the French Air Force, although none of these variants would see service.
The Nieuport-Delage 52, a slightly improved NiD.42 with a metal monocoque fuselage, entered service with Spain where it was also built under licence by Hispano-Suiza, and remained in service well into the Spanish Civil War. By then it was obsolete and would be retired before the end of the conflict. The French bought large numbers of the 62 series (620, 621, 622, 629) which were also derived from the NiD.42 to equip the bulk of the French fighter units until replaced by newer designs in the late 30s. Despite being hopelessly obsolete, several French second-line escadrilles were still equipped with them during the invasion of France.

The Nieuport-Delage NiD 38 and similar 39 were small airliners of which more than 37 were built. Other types were developed, the majority of which were one-offs or did not result in significant production.

The end of Nieuport
The final aircraft developed by Nieuport saw much of its development done by successor companies. In 1932, as a result of the amalgamations taking place in the French aviation industry, Delage retired and Nieuport-Delage was briefly renamed Nieuport again, before merging with Loire Aviation to form Loire-Nieuport, which was then merged into SNCAO during the amalgamations in the French aircraft industry. SNCAO would in turn be merged into the massive conglomerate known as Aérospatiale.
During the German invasion of France in 1940, the company's records were burnt to prevent their falling into German hands. This step didn't prevent the Germans from charging several employees with espionage, as the last operational Nieuport, the Loire-Nieuport LN.401 was a single-seat, single-engine retractable-gear monoplane dive bomber with an inverted gull wing with a vague similarity to the Junkers 87.

Aircraft produced
In later three digit designations (except NiD 120 and LN.160), the third numeral represents a sub-variant with a 0 representing a base variant so that a 640 and a 64 are the same.

 Nieuport I – retroactive designation for pod and boom tractor monoplane, destroyed during the 1910 Great Flood of Paris after one flight.
 Nieuport II – single-seat sport/racing monoplane powered by a variety of engines.
 Nieuport III – two-seat sport/racing monoplane with Anzani engine.
 Nieuport IV – two-seat sport/racing monoplane.
 Nieuport VI – three-seat sport monoplane used by French Navy and Royal Naval Air Service.
 Nieuport VIII – two-seat sport monoplane, variant of VI for Turkey.
 Nieuport X – three-seat monoplane similar to VI but with constant chord wings, used by French Navy.
 Nieuport XI – prototype single-seat sport monoplane similar to II but with constant chord wings.
 Nieuport XII – prototype armoured monoplane similar to the X
 Nieuport-Dunne – licence-built tailless biplane with many local modifications.
 Nieuport Carton-Pate – military twin boom sesquiplane pusher floatplane.
 Nieuport 9 – Russian designation for locally built single-seat Nieuport 10
 Nieuport 10 – sesquiplane used in many roles, unrelated to monoplane Nieuport X
 Nieuport 83 – purpose-built trainer version of Nieuport 10 with 80-hp Le Rhône engine (hence 8x series designation)
 Nieuport 11 – sesquiplane fighter – Nieuport's first purpose-built fighter, no relation to earlier Nieuport XI
 Nieuport 12 – two-seat artillery spotting sesquiplane developed from Nieuport 10
 Nieuport 80 and 81 – trainer versions of Nieuport 12 with 80-hp engines
 Nieuport 12bis – two-seat artillery-spotting sesquiplane, extensively redesigned from Nieuport 12
 Nieuport 13 – development of Nieuport 12 with slightly longer wings
 Nieuport 14 – two-seat reconnaissance sesquiplane
 Nieuport 82 – Nieuport 14 trainer with 80-hp engine
 Nieuport 15 – large sesquiplane bomber, enlargement of 14
 Nieuport 16 – fighter – strengthened Nieuport 11 powered by 110 hp Le Rhône 9J engine
 Nieuport 17 – fighter – enlarged and more refined development of 16.
 Nieuport 17bis – fighter – cleaned-up Nieuport 17 powered by Clerget. Used in small numbers by the British
 Nieuport 18 – twin-engine sesquiplane bomber
 Nieuport 19 – Nieuport 18 with different engines. Neither appears to have been completed
 Nieuport 20 – Nieuport 12 development
 Nieuport 21 – light weight fighter derived from Nieuport 17 with lower-powered engine
 Nieuport 23 – development of Nieuport 17 with Vickers machine gun offset (when installed)
 Nieuport 24 – cleaned-up Nieuport 17 with fuselage faired with stringers and new empennage.
 Nieuport 24bis – 24 but with Nieuport 17 rudder and horizontal tail
 Nieuport 25 – 24 with larger Clerget engine – small number only.
 Nieuport 26 – prototype Hispano-Suiza 8A powered development of 24.
 Nieuport 27 – improved 24 and penultimate vee-strutter.
 Nieuport 28 – biplane fighter used by American Expeditionary Forces' Air Service.
 Nieuport Madon – monoplane fighter developed into 31, sesquiplan and others
 Nieuport 29/Nieuport-Delage NiD 29 – widely used biplane fighter.
 Nieuport 30T/Nieuport-Delage NiD 30T – large single-engine biplane airliner developed from bomber
 Nieuport 31/31Rh – 1919 Le Rhone-engined monoplane/sesquiplane fighter prototype.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 32/32M/32Rh – rotary-powered naval variant of Nieuport-Delage NiD 29.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 33 – trainer with box section fuselage based on NiD.29, some used by Japan.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 37 – 1922 Coupe Deutsche racing sesquiplane and fighter with pilot over engine.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 38 & NiD 39 – single-engine biplane cabin airliners with different engines
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 40 – high-altitude Nieuport-Delage 29 variant.
 Nieuport-Delage 41 Sesquiplan – Monoplane racer which set many speed records.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 42 – sesquiplane fighter, prototype for 52, 62, 72 and others, originally a parasol monoplane
Nieuport-Delage NiD 42S – shoulder wing racing monoplane developed from sesquiplan
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 43 – floatplane fighter.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 44 – development of 42 with different engine.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 450 & 650 – monoplane floatplane racers for Schneider Trophy
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 46 – development of 42 with different engine.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 48 – sesquiplane fighter scaled down NiD 42 for Jockey light fighter program.
Nieuport-Delage NiD 50 – abandoned twin-engine floatplane torpedo bomber.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 52 – sesquiplane fighter derived from NiD 42 used by Spain.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 540 – single-engine high-wing transport.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 580 – two-seat reconnaissance parasol monoplane.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 62 – sesquiplane fighter used in large numbers by France.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 64, 640 & 641 – large single-engine monoplane airliner with elliptical wing.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 72 – sesquiplane fighter all metal version of 62.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD 740 – trimotor long range mailplane prototype built to a government requirement.
 Nieuport-Delage NiD-120 – single-seat parasol monoplane fighter used by Peru.
 Loire-Nieuport LN.10 – twin-engine inverted gull monoplane patrol floatplane with engines over wing.
 Loire-Nieuport LN.30 – single-engine pusher training flying boat.
 Loire-Nieuport LN.40 – Single-engine, single-seat dive bomber with inverted gull wing.
 Loire-Nieuport LN.160 – Single-engine, single-seat fighter, developed into SNCAO 200.

A number of prototypes, especially during the First World War do not have known designations, including developments of the 24/27, and 28 with various engine installations, and structural improvements including monocoque fuselages, modified wing designs which included triplane variants of the Nieuport 10, 17 and 17bis.

Several Tellier designs were built under the Nieuport name, including:
 Tellier T.5 as Nieuport BM. – a twin engine patrol flying boat.
 Tellier T.6 as Nieuport S. – a single engine patrol flying boat.
 Tellier T.8 as Nieuport TM. – a trimotor patrol flying boat.
 Tellier Vonna as Nieuport 4R. – a four engine transatlantic flying boat not completed.

During World War I, Nieuport aircraft were sometimes referred to by their wing area (in square meters) rather than their official designations.
 Nieuport 10 and 83 were 18-meter Nieuports
 Nieuport 11 & 16 were 13-meter Nieuports
 Nieuport 12, 12bis, 20, 80 and 81 were 23-meter Nieuports
 Nieuport 17, 17bis, 21, 23, 24, 24bis, and 27 were 15-meter Nieuports

Gallery

Survivors

References

Citations

Bibliography

Alegi, Gregory. Nieuport 29 - Windsock Datafile 97, Albratros Publications, Herts, 2003
Apostolo, Giorgio. Aermacchi - from Nieuports to AMX, Giorgio Apostolo Editore (GAE), Milan, Italy, 1991
Bruce, J.M. Nieuport 10~12 - Windsock Datafile 68, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1998,
Bruce, J.M. Nieuport 17 (and its near relatives) - Windsock Datafile 20, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1990,
Bruce, J.M. Nieuport Aircraft of World War One - Vintage Warbirds No 10, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1988
Bruce, J.M. Nieuport Fighters - A Windsock Datafile Special Volumes 1 & 2, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1994,
Čejka, Zdenek Československé Nieuporty (Czechoslovakian Nieuports), Historick Sesity, Prague, 1998
Cheesman, E.F. (ed.) Fighter aircraft of the 1914-1918 War, Letchwordth, Harleyford 1960
Davilla, Dr. James J. and Arthur Soltan. French Aircraft of the First World War, Flying Machines Press, Mountain View California, 1997,
Durkota, Alan. The Imperial Russian Air Service - Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I, Flying Machines Press, Mountain View California, 1995,
Fletcher, Michael. Nieuport VIH, Random Thoughts (Journal of the International Plastic Modellers Society of Canada), Ottawa, Volume 24, Number 4, pp. 80–82.
Franks, Norman. Nieuport Aces of World War 1 - Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 33, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2000,
Gray, Peter and Thetford, Owen. German Aircraft of the First World War, Putman, London, 1962
Guttman, Jon. Nieuport 28 - Windsock Datafile 36, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1992,

Kowalski, Tomasz J. Nieuport 1-27, Kagero, Lublin, 2003,
Kulikov, Victor. Russian Two seat Nieuports, Windsock International, Albratros Publications, Herts, Volume 9, Number 6 Nov-Dec 1993 pp. 24–26
Longoni, Maurizio. Nieuport Macchi 11 & 17, Intergest, Milan, 1976
Munson, Kenneth Pioneer Aircraft London, Blandford 1969
Pommier, Gerard. Nieuport 1875-1911 - A biography of Edouard Nieuport, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pa., 2002
Rimmell, Ray. World War One Survivors, Aston Publications, Bucks, 1990,
Sanger, Ray. Nieuport Aircraft of World War One, Crowood Press, Wiltshire, 2002
Treadwell, Terry C. America's First Air War, Airlife, Shrewsbury, 2000

External links

 Nieuport fighters in Russia

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
N
Military aircraft of World War I

Nieuport


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පොදු අන්තර්ජාතිය නීතියේ ඉතිහාසය

ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියේ මුල්ම ග්‍රන්ථය වන්නේ 8 වන සියවස අවසානයේ දී ඉස්ලාමීය නීතිය සහ නීති විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රමුඛතම නීතිවේදියෙක් වන මොහොමද් බින් හසන් අල් ශ්‍යබානි විසින් රචිත ඊනටරඔඩඋචටඉඔන ටඔ ටහඑ ළඅත ඔෆ ණඅටඉඔනස නමැති ග්‍රන්ථයයි. ඒ අතර ම තවත් ඉස්ලාමීය නීතිවේදීන් පිරිසක් ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය සම්බනධයෙන් ග්‍රන්ථ ගණනාවක් ම රචනා කර ඇත. මෙම මුල්ම ඉස්ලාමීය ග්‍රන්ථ වල ඉස්ලාමීය සාරධර්ම, ඉස්ලාමීය ආර්ථික නීති විද්‍යාව සහ ඉස්ලාමීය යුධ නීතිය ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියට අදාළ කර ගැනීම වැනි කරුණු ද ගිවිසුම් නීතිය, රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික සංග්‍රහය, ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන්, අනාථවූවන් සහ යුධ සිරකරුවන්ට සැලකීම, රැකවරණ ලාභීන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම්, යුධ පිටියේ දී හැසිරීම, කාන්තාවන්, ළමයින් සහ සිවිල් වැසියන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම, යුධ ගිවිසුම්, විෂ සහිත ආයුධ භාවිතය, සතූරන්ගේ ප්‍රදේශ විනාශ කිරීම වැනි කරුණු සාකච්ඡාකර ඇත. ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය පිළිබඳ පළමු යුරෝපීය ග්‍රන්ථය 17 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේ දී "nation-state" රචනා කරන ලදී. මුල් ඉස්ලාමීය ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය ඔහු සහ අනෙකුත් යුරෝපීය විශාරදයන් කෙරෙහි බලපා ඇති බව පෙනේ. 1684 දී "Peace of Westphalia" ආරම්භයත් සමඟම 17, 18 සහ 19 සියවස්වල රාජ්‍යය ස්වෛරීත්වය සංකල්පයේ (රාජ්‍යයක් මධ්‍යගත ආණ්ඩු ක්‍රමයකින් සමන්විත පාලනයක්) වර්ධනයක් දක්නට ලැබිණි. තමන් කිසියම් රටක පුරවැසියන් බවත් කැපී පෙනෙන ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවක් තමන්ට හිමි බව පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණු නිසාත් ජාතිකවාදී සංකල්පය වඩාත් වැදගත්කමක් ඉසිලීය. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගය වනතූරු රාජ්‍යයන් අතර අන්‍යෝන්‍ය සබඳතාවන් සඳහා බොහෝවිට උපයෝගී කොට ගත්තේ බලහත්කාරයෙන් පමණක් බලාත්මකකල හැකි වූත් ගරුත්වය හා විශ්වාසනීයත්වය මත පමණක් බැඳී සිටිනු ලබන ගිවිසුම් සහ එකඟතාවන් ය. එහෙත් ගිවිසුම්වල පමණක්  වැදගත්කම එන්න එන්නම අඩු වී යාමත් සමඟම යුද්ධවල බිහිසුණුකාරී බව සිවිල් ජනතාවට වඩාත් හොඳින් දැනුණි. ඔවුන් එම භයංකරත්වය හෙළා දුටු නිසා විශේෂයෙන්ම යුධ කාලවලදී රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ ක්‍රියා කලාපයන් පාලනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් අවශ්‍යතාවක් මතූවිය. සමහරවිට වර්තමාන පොදු අනතර් ජාතික නීතියේ ආරම්භක ලිඛිත නීතිය ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපද කොංග්‍රසය විසින් 1863 දී සම්මත කරන ලද Lieber Code නමැති නීති සංග්‍රහයයි. එය එක්සත් ජනපද සිවිල් යුධ සමයේ ඇමරිකානු හමුදාමය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් පාලනය සඳහා යොදා ගත් අතර සියලූම ශිෂ්ට සම්පන්න ජාතීන් විසින් පිළිපැදිය යුතූ යුධ නීතිය හා සම්බන්ධ වගන්ති අන්තර්ගත ප්‍රථම ලිඛිත ප්‍රකාශනය ලෙස සලකනු ලබයි. ඉන් කොටසක් මෙසේ දැක්විය හැකිය. "නූතන ශිෂ්ට සම්පන්න ජාතීන් විසින් තේරුම්ගත් පරිද්දෙන් යුද්ධයේ අරමුණු ආරක්ෂා කරගැනීම පිණිස පවතින  ක්‍රියාදාමයන් අවශ්‍යය පරිදි යොදා ගැනීම සඳහා නූතන යුධ නීතියට සහ යුධ සම්මුතීන්ට අනුකුලවන පරිදි හමුදාමය ක්‍රියාදාමයන් හි නිරත විය හැක. මෙම කලින් සංග්‍රහගත නොකල යුධ නීති පිළිබඳ පළමු ප්‍රකාශය යුධ අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ප්‍රථම වරට චෝදනා ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මඟ පෑදිණ. ජෝර්ජියාවේ Andersonville ප්‍රදේශයේදී එක්සත් ජනපද යුධ සිරකරුවන් ඉතාම නින්දිත හා අමානුෂික ආකාරයට රඳවා තබා ගන්නා ලද අතර කඳවුරේ ඒකාබද්ධ හමුදාවේ ආඥාපතිවරයා ට විරුද්ධවන අය නඩු අසා එල්ලා මරන ලදී. ඔහු සිවිල් යුද්ධයට සම්බන්ධව සිට දඩුවම් ලබා මියගිය එකම ඒකාබද්ධ හමුදා සොල්දාදුවා විය. ඊට පසු වර්ෂයේ දී අනෙකුත් ජනපද එම චර්යාවන් සීමා කිරීමට සම්මාදම් වීම සහ රාජ්‍යයක් තවත් රාජ්‍යයක් සමඟ කටයුතු කිරීමේ දී පාලනය සඳහා ගිවිසුම් සහ ආයතන ගණනාවක් පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙම ගිවිසුම්වලට අනුව 1899 දී ස්ථීර බේරුම්කාර අධිකරණයක් පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ලදී.Hague සහ Geneva  සම්මුතීන් පළමු වරට 1907 දී සම්මත කරන ලද අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර යුධ අධිකරණය 1921 දී ද 1990 ගණන් වල අගදී ද ජනසංහාර සම්මුතිය ද ජාත්‍යන්තර අපරාධ අධිකරණයද පහිටුවන ලදී.

අන්තර් ජාතික පොදු නීතියේ විෂය පථය

ශිෂ්‍යත්වලාභීන් හා නීතිඥයින් විසින් සිවිල් වරද පිළිබඳ නීතිපති මත ඝට්ටන යන් හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. මෙය  අධිකරණ මඟින් දෙනු ලබන ලද විවිධ අලාභහානි පරාවර්තනය කිරීමට හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. හානිපූර්ණය, උග්‍ර සහ දණ්ඩලය  alavilka wikkams විසින් රචිත සිවිල් වරද නීතිමය ඉලක්කයන් ග්‍රන්ථය තුළින් විශ්‍රාම ලත් සිවිල් වරදවල් හතරක් දිස්වී ඇත. සංසිඳවීම, යුක්තිය, නිවර්තනය සහ වන්දිය.

1950 අවසාන භාගයේ දී නීතිමය ලෙස දිනාගත වූ ආර්ථිකවේදීන් සමූහයකුත් ආර්ථිකමය ලෙස දිශාගත වූ නීතිඥයින් පිරිසකුන් පෙළඹීම හා නිර්මාණය පිළිබඳ අවධාරණය කල අතර සිවිල් වරදක් අරමුණු අවදානමේ කාර්යක්ෂම ව්‍යාප්තියක් ලෙස හදුන්වන ලදී. ඔවුන් විස්තර කරන අන්දමට සිවිල් අරමුණු ගණුදෙනු වියදම් අඩු වගකීමක් ලෙස පරාවර්තනය විය යුතුය බවයි.

ප්‍රතිසංස්ථාව සඳහා ඉඩහැරුනු බොහෝ අවස්ථා නීතියෙහි වර්තමානයත් පරාවර්තනය  කරන විවිධ ස්ථාවරයන්ගෙන් පැවත එයි. සමහරක්  නැගීසිටීම් ශක්තිමත් විභවයක් නිසා ඇති වූ අපහසුතා මත පීඩනයක් ඇති කරන්නට විය. මේසා අනතුරුවලට බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් මුහුණ පාන මුත් එයින් සමහරකට අධිකරණය තුළදී  ආලෝකය නැවත ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි විත්තිකරුවන් ලැබෙන නිසාය. නවසීලන්තයේ 1960 සමයේ රජය මඟින්  No Fault නම් වූ  ක්‍රමයක් රට තුළ සිදුවන අනතුරු සඳහා ක්‍රියාත්මක කලේය. මේ හා සමාන ලෙස මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය තුළ පැවති  ශාස්ත්‍රිය විවාදයන් හා ආඥා පත්‍ර දැකිය හැකිය.
කෙසේ වෙතත් ඇමෙරිකාවේ සිවිල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ මත උග්‍ර සම්බාදකයන් ඇති කිරීමේ ප්‍රවනතාව තවමත් දක්වයි. මෙය ආර්ථික විශ්ලේෂකයන්ගේ ක්‍රියාවන් හකුලා දමන්නකි. එමෙන්ම විශ්වාස බංග අලාභහානි විශේෂ සමික්ෂණයක් යටතේ  පැමිණ ඇත. එසේම බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් විශ්වාස කල ලෙසට දණ්ඩනීති අලාභ හානි ඇති‍වීමේ හැකියාව නීති පද්ධතියේ වගකීමකි.
පොදු සමාගම්වල ශුද්ධ ආර්ථික අලාභය සඳහා වගකීම නිර්මාණය කිරීමට තාර්කික හා ප්‍රතිපත්තිමය සැලකිල්ල ප්‍රමුඛ කොට යොදා ඇත.

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පොදු අන්තර්ජාතික නීතිය


Teodoro Sampaio es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Se localiza a cien kilómetros de la capital del estado, Salvador. Cuando era distrito de Santo Amaro de la Purificación, era llamada como "del Buen Jardín".

Se localiza a una latitud 12º17'36" sur y a una longitud 38º37'42" oeste, estando a una altitud de 121 metros. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 8 516 habitantes.

Fue creado en 1839 por la Ley Provincial 99. Se separó de Santo Amaro de la Purificación, emancipándose el 20 de octubre de 1961, por la Ley Estatal 1 534.

Referencias

Localidades de Bahía

Teodoro Sampaio (Bahía)


Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus (Murexia habbema) ist eine Art aus der Gruppe der Neuguinea-Beutelmäuse innerhalb der Familie der Raubbeutler (Dasyuridae), die im Hochland von Neuguinea vorkommt.

Die Art ist nach dem See Habbema benannt, wo das Typusexemplar gefunden wurde.

Merkmale
Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus ist eine mittelgroße Beutelmaus und hat eine einheitliche bräunliche Färbung ohne eine Musterung durch Streifen oder Flecken. Lediglich der Schwanz, auf dessen Unterseite ein markanter Haarkamm verläuft, ist in den meisten Fällen zweifarbig, mit einer dunklen Ober- und einer hellen Unterseite. Er kann jedoch auch einfarbig dunkelbraun sein. Die Krallen sind schlank und leicht gekrümmt. Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 11,2 bis 12,2 (Männchen) bzw. 11 bis 11,7 cm (Weibchen), hat einen 10,9 bis 15,7 (Männchen) bzw. 11,9 bis 14,3 cm (Weibchen) langen Schwanz und kann ein Gewicht von 28,4 bis 45,4 (Männchen) bzw. 22,7 bis 31,2 g (Weibchen) erreichen.

Lebensweise
Sie kommt in Bergwäldern, in Scheinbuchenwäldern sowie in subalpinem Grasland in Höhen von 1600 bis 3660 Metern vor und bevorzugt Primärwälder mit starkem Moosbewuchs. Die Art ist auch noch in gestörten Primärwäldern zu finden, aber nicht mehr in Sekundärwäldern. Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus ist nachtaktiv und hält sich vorwiegend am Boden auf. Als Ruheplätze dienen unterirdische Hohlräume, von denen sie sich nur wenige hundert Meter entfernen.

Ernährung
Über ihre Ernährung und ihre Nahrungssuche ist nur wenig bekannt. Bei 56 Beutelmäusen, die an Berghängen in der Provinz Morobe in Papua-Neuguinea gefangen wurden, fanden sich bei 95 % der Exemplare Käfer im Magen. 87 % hatten Spinnen gefressen, 50 % Wanzen, 41 % Motten und Schmetterlinge, 39 % Heuschrecken und Grillen, 37 % Insekten die nicht identifiziert werden konnten, 36 % Würmer und 6 % kleine Wirbeltiere, darunter auch kleine Säugetiere, wie Haare in den Mägen zeigten.

Fortpflanzung
Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus pflanzt sich wahrscheinlich jahreszeitenunabhängig während des ganzen Jahres fort. Sie nistet in selbstgegrabenen Höhlen, die ein oder zwei Eingänge haben können und 80 cm bis einen Meter in den Untergrund reichen. Die Nester bestehen aus verwobenen Blättern und Farnblättern. Weibchen haben einen gut entwickelten Beutel mit vier Zitzen, in dem sich nach jeder Geburt zwei bis vier Jungtiere aufhalten. Die Mutter säugt ihre Jungen drei Monate oder etwas länger. Männchen werden nach etwa zehn Monaten geschlechtsreif, für Weibchen gibt es dazu keine Angaben.

Systematik
Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus wurde 1941 durch die US-amerikanischen Zoologen George Henry Hamilton Tate und Richard Archbold unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Antechinus habbema beschrieben. Die Typuslokalität liegt nördlich des Mount Trikora auf einer Höhe von 2800 Metern in Westneuguinea. Molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen des Cytochrom b, von 12S-rRNA-Genen und von Protamin-P1-Sequenzen aller Raubbeutlerartigen führten dazu, dass die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus zusammen mit allen anderen Neuguinea-Beutelmäusen von der australischen Gattung Antechinus abgetrennt und zu einer eigenen Gattung (Murexia) vereinigt wurden. Eine auf morphologische Untersuchungen basierende und 2002 publizierte Studie kam dagegen zu dem Schluss, dass die fünf Arten der Neuguinea-Beutelmäuse weder untereinander, noch mit einer anderen Raubbeutlergruppe besonders nah verwandt sind und die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus wurde in die monotypische Gattung Micromurexia gestellt. Eine weitere molekulargenetischen Untersuchung aus dem Jahr 2007, bei der je zwei weitere Genloci von mitochondrialer DNA und Zellkern-DNA untersucht wurden, bestätigten aber die Monophylie von Murexia. Diese Auffassung wurde inzwischen von der IUCN übernommen und fand auch Eingang das Handbook of the Mammals of the World (hier Band 5), einem Standardwerk zur Mammalogie.

Die Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus wird in zwei Unterarten unterteilt, die Nominatform Murexia habbema habbema im Maokegebirge und Murexia habbema hageni im Bismarckgebirge.

Gefährdung
Die IUCN betrachtet den Bestand als gesichert und listet die Art als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern).

Literatur
 Andrew Baker: Family Dasyuridae (Carnivorous Marsupials). Seite 299 in Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Monotremes and Marsupials: Volume 5. ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Raubbeutler
Endemisches Tier Neuguineas

Habbema-Neuguinea-Beutelmaus


Field & Stream (F & S abreviado) es una revista estadounidense dedicada a la caza, pesca y otras actividades al aire libre. Junto a Sports Afield y Outdoor Life, está considerada como una de las tres grandes publicaciones dedicadas a la naturaleza de América.

La revista fue fundada en 1895 por John P. Burkhard y Henry Wellington Wack. Tiene una tirada aproximada de 1 millón de ejemplares. Dependiendo de la temporada y disponibilidad de información, la revista ofrece asesoramiento sobre ciervos, aves, truchas, percas y armas de caza. Field & Stream absorbió en 1930 a su principal competidor, Forest and Stream.

En su interior también ofrece trampas de caza, consejos de supervivencia, sucesos de actualidad y a veces una receta.  También colabora con Sierra On-Line y Dynamix para desarrollar videojuegos y trofeos sobre caza y pesca.

La revista fue comprada por Henry Holt and Company en 1951 y tras varias ventas y adquisiciones, fue adquirida en 2007 por  el grupo Bonnier Corporation.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página oficial de la revista (en inglés)

Revistas deportivas de Estados Unidos
Publicaciones fundadas en 1895
Revistas en inglés

Field & Stream


Lögbirtingablað er annað tveggja rita sem gefin eru út samkvæmt lögum um Stjórnartíðindi og Lögbirtingablað. Í Lögbirtingablaðinu eru birtar ýmsar opinberar auglýsingar, þar á meðal um dómstefnur, opinber skipti, kaupmála, nauðungarsölur, lögræðissviptingar, og stofnun félaga/fyrirtækja. Blaðið var fyrst gefið út á prenti árið 1908 og árið 2002 var hafin útgáfa þess á rafrænu formi. Hvort tiltekin auglýsing hafi bindandi áhrif á réttarstöðu aðila fer aðallega eftir lagaheimildinni sem hún byggist á og birtingarhætti hennar innan blaðsins, en staða viðkomandi aðila sem áskrifanda þess er ekki talin skipta máli.

Lögfræði

Lögbirtingablað


Tatjana Brnović (født 9. november 1998 i Cetinje) er en montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for Brest Bretagne Handball og Montenegros kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Tatjana Brnović


A Igreja Protestante Africâner (IPA) — em africâner Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk, abreviado como APC — é uma denominação cristã reformada fundada em 1987, na África do Sul, por dissidentes da Igreja Reformada Neerlandesa (NGK). As principais causas para a separação foram a influência do liberalismo teológico na NGK, a mudança do posicionamento da denominação sobre o apartheid.

História

A Igreja Reformada Neerlandesa (NGK) apoiou o apartheid na África do Sul. Consequentemente, foi expulsa da Aliança Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas e do Concílio Mundial das Igrejas. Todavia, em 1986, a denominação declarou-se arrependida por esta conduta e mudou seu posicionamento doutrinário sobre o tema. Desde então, passou a se opor a segregação racial.

Além disso, a denominação permitiu novas visões teológicas sendo influenciada pelo liberalismo teológico. Consequentemente, vários membros se separam e constituíram a Igreja Protestante Africâner (IPA), em 1987.

A nova denominação cresceu constantemente desde então. Na sua fundação a IPA era formada por cerca de 2.000 membros. Em 1983 tinha cerca de 5.000 membros. Em 2004, já estimava 48.489 membros e 241 igrejas.

Doutrina

A denominação subscreve as Três Formas da Unidade (Confissão Belga, Catecismo de Heidelberg e Cânones de Dort) como seus símbolos de fé. Além disso, reconhece o Credo Niceno-Constantinopolitano, Credo dos Apóstolos e Credo de Atanásio como exposições fiéis das doutrinas bíblicas.

Denominações reformadas continentais na África do Sul

Igreja Protestante Africâner


La Guignols este un tv show satiric francez de marionete, care este difuzat începând cu  pe canalul tv din Franța numit Canal+.

Parodie de jurnal de știri, emisiunea este o caricatură a lumii politice, a mass-mediei, a personalităților sau, mai general, al societății franceze a lumii de astăzi.

Inițial a fost creată pentru a compensa închiderea emisiunii JTN des Nuls; ea apare la ideea lui Alain de Greef , care voia un echivalent francez al emisiunii americane Spitting Image. Arnold Boiseau s-a ocupat de organizarea echipei. Spectacolul vede lumina zilei, inițial sub titlul Arenele informațiilor.

Lansată în , emisiunea Arenele informatiilor va fi în competiție cu Le Bébête show de la canalul tv TF1 (secvență creat în 1982 în Co-Co Boy), care a devenit o emisiune cotidiană începând cu  la ora 19:50 și realizând, în medie, 30% din audiență.
După un start dificil, programul a suferit o restructurare, și a obținut faima reală în 1991 ca și ansamblul Nicăieri altundeva în care este integrat.

Les Guignols de l'info, au o influență importantă asupra culturii populare franceze : repetarea de fraze fetiș (catchphrase), și de stereotipuri ale personajelor le-a permis să fie uneori mai populară păpușa decât persoana reprezentată de păpușă. Show-ul a contribuit uneori la fabricarea unei imagini tip a anumitor personalități, în special în politică, în cultura populară : cel mai frapant exemplu este, fără îndoială, Jacques Chirac.

La sfârșitul lunii iulie 2015, cei patru autori Lionel Dutemple, Julien Hervé, Philippe Mechelen și Benjamin Morgaine sunt concediați. Din toamna aceluiași an, Les Guignols își schimbă forma si nu mai este difuzată " în clar ", fiind rezervată abonaților canalului tv Canal+. Emisiunea este însă transmisă online pe Dailymotion după difuzarea ei pe Canal+ și Săptămâna marionetelor, best-of-ul săptămânal fiind difuzat duminică.

Prezentare

Desfășurarea emisiunii

Sub forma unui jurnal de actualități de aproximativ 8 minute, emisiunea pune în scenă marionete din latex, de obicei caricaturi ale unor personalităti din mass-media, din  spectacol, din politică și din sport, pentru a vorbi  satiric știrile televizate. PPD, caricatură de fostul prezentator de televiziune de știri de TF1 : Patrick Poivre d'arvor, prezintă și înșiră diferite subiecte și intervievează celelalte marionete, folosind aceleași formule precise, care fac oficiu de gimmicks. Din septembrie 2010 până în iunie 2011, marioneta lui Harry Roselmack este cea care prezintă emisiunea în fiecare vineri.

Marionete

Emisiuni de televiziune
Satiră
Seriale de televiziune din 1988
Seriale franceze

Les Guignols (emisiune televizată)


Dean Kotiga (Motovun, 1988.) hrvatski je kvizoman, enigmatičar. Trenutno je lovac u kvizu "Potjera".

Rani život
Dean Kotiga rođen je u Motovunu. Magistrirao je komparativnu književnost na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Također je završio i preddiplomski studij povijesti.

Filmske tekstove objavljivao na portalima; bio suradnik portala i emisije Filmoskop na Trećem programu Hrvatskog radija.

Karijera
Iako je po zanimanju profesor komparativne književnosti, Kotiga je uspio pretvoriti svoj hobi u zanimanje. Godine 2007. sudjelovao je u novom izdanju poznatoga kviza "Kviskoteka" te je kao 18-godišnjak pobijedio dvostruko starije natjecatelje. Jedno vrijeme je pisao pitanja za kvizove na HRT-u. Nakon sudjelovanja u "Kviskoteci" i kvizu "Tko želi biti milijunaš?", Kotiga je 2013. godine dobio poziv da uz Mirka Miočića i Moranu Zibar postane jedan od lovaca u kvizu "Potjera".

Zbog svoje duhovitosti, ponekad i sarkastičnosti, brzine razmišljanja, "bacanja fora" i zabavnoga odnosa s Tarikom Filipovićem, Kotiga je postao vrlo popularan te je 2013. godine nominiran za novo lice u nagradi "Večernjakova ruža".

Privatni život
Dean Kotiga je iz Motovuna, a živi u Zagrebu. Kao mladić je najviše volio izlaske: u to je vrijeme elektronska scena cvjetala, a on je s prijateljima izlazio na mjesta gdje se takva glazba slušala. Gostovanja velikih svjetskih DJ imena poput Sashe, Carla Coxa, Digweeda i drugih smatra najbolje provedenim noćima.

Profesionalni su mu i životni uzori Lazo Goluža, Bobby Fischer i Monty Python.

Sinkronizacija

Izvori

Hrvatski kvizaši
Životopisi, Zagreb

Dean Kotiga


O USS Louisville foi um cruzador pesado operado pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos e a terceira embarcação da Classe Northampton, depois do  e , e seguido pelo ,  e . Sua construção começou em julho de 1928 no Estaleiro Naval de Puget Sound em Washington e foi lançado ao mar em setembro de 1930, sendo comissionado na frota norte-americana em janeiro do ano seguinte. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por nove canhões de 203 milímetros montados em três torres de artilharia triplas, tinha um deslocamento carregado de mais de onze mil toneladas e alcançava uma velocidade máxima de 32 nós.

O Louisville passou a maior parte de sua carreira em tempos de paz atuando no Oceano Pacífico, ocupando-se na maior parte do tempo de exercícios de rotina junto com o resto da frota norte-americana. Ele operou principalmente a partir do litoral da Califórnia, mas também em algumas ocasiões fez viagens para Pearl Harbor, no Havaí, e também para o Alasca. Em 1938 fez uma viagem internacional para a Samoa Ocidental, Austrália e Taiti, enquanto no ano seguinte viajou para o Brasil e então para a África do Sul. Ele retornou para casa após a Segunda Guerra Mundial já ter começado e também transportando uma grande quantidade de ouro britânico para ser depositado em Nova Iorque.

Os Estados Unidos entraram na guerra em 1941 e o navio inicialmente foi escolta de porta-aviões e comboios na Guerra do Pacífico. No início de 1943 participou da Batalha da Ilha Rennell e depois disso deu suporte para operações na Campanha das Ilhas Aleutas. Em seguida se envolveu em diversas ações nas Campanha das Ilhas Gilbert e Marshall, Ilhas Marianas e Palau e Filipinas, incluindo as Batalhas de Kwajalein, Saipã, Guam e Golfo de Leyte. Foi seriamente danificado por um kamikaze nesta última, mas voltou ao serviço em tempo da Batalha de Okinawa, quando foi atingido por outro kamikaze. Foi descomissionado depois da guerra em junho de 1946 e desmontado em 1959.

Ligações externas

Classe Northampton
Navios de 1930
Navios construídos em Washington
Cruzadores da Marinha dos Estados Unidos
Cruzadores dos Estados Unidos na Segunda Guerra Mundial

USS Louisville (CA-28)


Snedkeren er en dansk undervisningsfilm fra 1969 instrueret af Henning Ebbesen og efter manuskript af Preben Nielsen.

Handling
En snedker demonstrerer den gamle teknik i snedkerværkstedet i Den gamle by, Århus.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Undervisningsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1969

Snedkeren


Okçular, Kırklareli ilinin Vize ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı 1665 yılı kayıtlarında Tatarlı, 1909 yılı kayıtlarında ise Baştatarlı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 61 km, Vize ilçe merkezine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Vize belde ve köyleri

Okçular, Vize


Jiří Novotný (rukometni sudac), češki rukometni sudac
Jiří Novotný (nogometaš), češki nogometaš
Jiří Novotný (igrač dvoranskog nogometa), češki igrač dvoranskog nogometa
Jiří Novotný (hokejaš na ledu), češki hokejaš na ledu
Jiří Datel Novotný, češki glumac i autor dokumentarac

Jiří Novotný


La algalia es una sustancia cuyo olor es parecido al del almizcle.

Está contenida en un saco situado entre las piernas traseras de varios cuadrúpedos pequeños: Civettictis civetta de África, y Viverra zibetha y Viverricula indica, de Asia. Se crían con esmero particularmente en la Abisinia. Esta materia sale en parte del saco en que se segrega, por los movimientos mismos del animal, particularmente cuando se le irrita y entonces se recoge cuidadosamente. Se usa en perfumería.

Referencias
Diccionario de artes y manufacturas, Francisco de P. Mellado (editor), 1857

Perfumería
Productos animales

Algalia (sustancia)


Kara turna balığı (Esox niger eski ismi Esox reticulatus), Esocidae familyasına ait Kuzey Amerikada yaygın olan bir tatlı su balık türü.

Kara turna balığı, Avrupa turna balığına çok benzer. Diğer turna balıkları gibi onun da çok uzun keskin dişleri, büyük bir ağzı ve vücudunun çok arka kısmında kalan sırt ve anal yüzgeçleri vardır. Ölçülmüş en büyükleri 99 cm uzunluğa ve 4,25 kilo ağırlığa sahibtir, ama insanlar için bir tehlike değildir. 9 yaşına kadar varabilir. 10 ila 20 derece su sıcaklığını tercih eder, yaşadığı suyun içinde 6 metre derinliğe kadar hareket eder ve küçük balıklar ile beslenir.

Kuzey Amerika: Nova Scotia, Kanada'dan (sonradan getirilmis) güney Florida'ya kadar.

Esocidae
Kuzey Amerika'daki tatlı su balıkları
Kuzeydoğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri faunası

Kara turna balığı


Keita Baldé Diao (født d. 8. marts 1995), ofte kendt som bare Keita, er en spansk-senegalesisk professionel fodboldspiller, som spiller for den russiske Premier League-klubb Spartak Moskva og Senegals landshold.

Klubkarriere

Lazio
Efter at oprindeligt have komme igennem Barcelonas akademi, havde han i 2012 valgt at skifte til Lazio. Dette var efter en episode i 2010, hvor den 15 årige Keita havde lavet en joke på en holdkammerat på en træningslejr i Qatar ved at putte isterninger i hans seng. Han blev straffet for denne joke ved at blive udlejet til UE Cornellà, på trods at han klart var god nok til at spille for Barcelonas eget ungdomshold. I lejeperioden scorede han et absurd 47 mål på en sæson, og afvist herefter at vende tilbage til Barcelona, og skiftede til Lazio.

Keita debuterede for Lazios førstehold i 2013, og spillede sig over de næste sæsoner ind i en vigtig rolle på holdet.

Monaco
Keita skiftede i august 2017 til Monaco.

Leje til Inter
Keita blev i august 2018 udlejet til Inter Milano på en lejeaftale med en mulighed for at gøre handlen permanent. Det lykkedes dog ikke Keita at etablere sig i sæsonen, og Inter afviste at gøre aftalen permanent efter sæsonen.

Leje til Sampdoria
Keita blev igen udlejet til Italien i 2020-21 sæsonen, denne gang til Sampdoria.

Cagliari
Keita skiftede i august 2021 til Cagliari efter hans kontrakt med Monaco var udløbet.

Spartak Moskva
Keita skiftede i august 2022 til Spartak Moskva. Han blev i september 2022 givet en 3-måneders suspendering for en overtrædelse af anti-doping regler i Italien i løbet af hans tid i Cagliari. Dog han ikke havde taget nogle ulovlige produkter, så havde han overtrådte regler omkring dopingtest.

Landsholdskarriere
Keita er født i Spanien til forældre fra Senegal, og kunne som resultat spille for begge lande. Han valgte at spille for Senegal, for hvem han gjorde sin debut den 26. marts 2016.

Keita har været del af Senegals trup til VM 2018 og til Africa Cup of Nations i 2017, 2019 og 2021.

Titler
Senegal

 Africa Cup of Nations: 1 (2021)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien
Fodboldspillere fra Senegal
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Senegal
Fodboldspillere fra SS Lazio
Fodboldspillere fra AS Monaco FC
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Fodboldspillere fra UC Sampdoria
Fodboldspillere fra Cagliari Calcio
Fodboldspillere fra FC Spartak Moskva
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Deltagere ved Africa Cup of Nations 2017
Deltagere ved Africa Cup of Nations 2019
Deltagere ved Africa Cup of Nations 2021

Keita Baldé


Max Dresel (* 1842 in  Gut Barkhausen; † 1920 in  Schloss Holte) war ein deutscher Papierfabrikant.

Leben
Max Dresel wurde als Sohn des Weingroßhändlers Carl Dresel und der Industriellentochter Elise Tenge geboren. Er erlernte das Handwerk eines Papiermachers und studierte an der Polytechnischen Schule Zürich Ingenieurwissenschaften. Hier wurde er im Sommersemester 1861 Mitglied des Corps Rhenania.

Nach der Ausbildung trat Dresel in die 1835 von seinem Großvater, dem Industriellen und Gutsbesitzer Friedrich Ludwig Tenge, gegründete Dalbker Papiermühle, deren Geschäftsführer und späterer Hauptanteilseigner er wurde. Zu Beginn der 1870er Jahre baute er die Papiermühle zu einer modernen Papierfabrik um. Hierbei führte er als erster in Deutschland das Ätznatronverfahren zur Papierherstellung ein, das es gestattete, auch aus minderwertigen Hölzern und Holzverarbeitungsrückständen hochwertiges Druckpapier zu erzeugen. Wegen des gestiegenen Energiebedarfs stellte er die Produktion vom reinen Mühlenbetrieb auf Dampfmaschinen- und später auch Wasserturbinennutzung um. Neben verschiedener Arten von Papier umfasste das Produktportfolio Cellulose und Dichtungsringe aus Pappe.

1909 wandelte Dresel die Dalbker Papierfabrik von einer Personengesellschaft in eine GmbH um und übergab die Geschäftsführung an einen angestellten Geschäftsführer. Dresel wurde Hauptgesellschafter. Seine Cousine, die Schriftstellerin Dora Hohlfeld, gehörte zu den Minderheitsgesellschaftern aus dem familiären Umfeld.

Auszeichnungen
 Max Dresel trug den Ehrentitel Geheimer Kommerzienrat.
 Für seine technische und unternehmerische Innovation auf dem Gebiet der Papierherstellung erhielt er 1873 die Fortschrittsmedaille der Wiener Weltausstellung.
 1878 wurde ihm anlässlich der internationalen Papierausstellung in Berlin die Silbermedaille für gewerbliche Leistungen verliehen.

Literatur
 Frank Konersmann: Die Tenges – 400 Jahre Unternehmer in Osnabrück und Ostwestfalen, Bielefeld 2004, ISBN 3-89534-561-X
 150 Jahre Corps Rhenania Zürich-Aachen-Braunschweig, 1855–2005. Braunschweig 2005, S. 303

Unternehmer (Deutschland)
Unternehmer (19. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Papierfabrikant
Geheimer Kommerzienrat
Angehöriger des Fünferbundes
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1842
Gestorben 1920
Mann

Max Dresel


Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews, also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim, Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews (  or  ; , ), are Jews of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, and various republics in the Russian Federation: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Kabardino-Balkaria.
The Mountain Jews are the descendants of Persian Jews from Iran, and fall within the Mizrachi category of Jews. Mountain Jews took shape as a community after Qajar Iran ceded the areas in which they lived to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.

The forerunners of the Mountain Jewish community have inhabited Ancient Persia from the 5th century BCE. The language spoken by Mountain Jews, called Judeo-Tat, is an ancient Southwest Iranian language which integrates many elements of Ancient Hebrew.

It is believed that Mountain Jews had reached Persia from Israel as early as the 8th century BCE. They continued to migrate east, settling in mountainous areas of the Caucasus. Mountain Jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas. They were known to be accomplished warriors and horseback riders.

Mountain Jews are distinct from Georgian Jews of the Caucasus Mountains. The two groups are culturally differentiated: they speak different languages and have many differences in customs and culture.

History

Early history

Mountain Jews, or Jews of the Caucasus, have inhabited the Caucasus since the fifth century CE. Being the descendants of the Persian Jews of Iran, their migration from Persia proper to the Caucasus took place in the Sasanian era (224–651). It is believed that they had arrived in Persia, from Ancient Israel, as early as the 8th century BCE. Other sources attest that Mountain Jews were present in the region of Azerbaijan at least since 457 BCE. However, Mountain Jews only took shape as a community after Qajar Iran ceded the areas in which they lived to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.

Mountain Jews have an oral tradition, passed down from generation to generation, that they are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes, which were exiled by the king of Assyria (Ashur), who ruled over northern Iraq from Mosul (across the Tigris River from the ancient city of Nineveh). The reference most likely is to Shalmaneser, the King of Assyria who is mentioned in II Kings 18:9–12. According to local Jewish tradition, some 19,000 Jews departed Jerusalem (used here as a generic term for the Land of Israel) and passed through Syria, Babylonia, and Persia and then, heading north, entered into Media.

Mountain Jews maintained a strong military tradition. For this reason, some historians believe they may be descended from Jewish military colonists, settled by Parthian and Sassanid rulers in the Caucasus as frontier guards against nomadic incursions from the Pontic steppe.

A 2002 study by geneticist Dror Rosengarten found that the paternal haplotypes of Mountain Jews "were shared with other Jewish communities and were consistent with a Mediterranean origin." In addition, Y-DNA testing of Mountain Jews has shown they have Y-DNA haplotypes related to those of other Jewish communities. The Semitic origin of Mountain Jews is also evident in their culture and language.

1600s–1800s; "The Jewish Valley"
By the early 17th century, Mountain Jews formed many small settlements throughout mountain valleys of Dagestan. One valley, located 10 km south of Derbent, close to the shore of the Caspian Sea, was predominantly populated by Mountain Jews. Their Muslim neighbors called this area "Jewish Valley". The Jewish Valley grew to be a semi-independent Jewish state, with its spiritual and political center located in its largest settlement of Aba-Sava (1630–1800). The valley prospered until the end of the 18th century, when its settlements were brutally destroyed in the war between Sheikh-Ali-Khan, who swore loyalty to the Russian Empire, and Surkhai-Khan, the ruler of Kumukh. Many Mountain Jews were slaughtered, with survivors escaping to Derbent where they received the protection of Fatali Khan, the ruler of Quba Khanate.

In Chechnya, Mountain Jews partially assimilated into Chechen society by forming a Jewish teip, the Zhugtii. In Chechen society, ethnic minorities residing in areas demographically dominated by Chechens have the option of forming a teip in order to properly participate in the developments of Chechen society such as making alliances and gaining representation in the Mekhk Khell, a supreme ethnonational council that is occasionally compared to a parliament. Teips of minority-origin have also been made by ethnic Poles, Germans, Georgians, Armenians, Kumyks, Russians, Kalmyks, Circassians, Andis, Avars, Dargins, Laks, Persians, Arabs, Ukrainians and Nogais, with the German teip having been formed as recently as the 1940s when Germans in Siberian exile living among Chechens assimilated.

Mountain Jews have also settled in the territory of modern Azerbaijan. The main Mountain Jewish settlement in Azerbaijan was and remains Qırmızı Qəsəbə, also called Jerusalem of the Caucasus. In Russian, Qırmızı Qəsəbə was once called  (translit. ), "Jewish Village"; but during Soviet times it was renamed  (translit. ), "Red Village".

In the 18th–19th centuries, Mountain Jews resettled from the highland to the coastal lowlands but carried the name "Mountain Jews" with them. In the villages (aouls), the Mountain Jews had settled in separate sections. In the lowland towns, they also lived in concentrated neighborhoods, but their dwellings did not differ from those of their neighbors. Mountain Jews retained the dress of the highlanders. They have continued to follow Jewish dietary laws and affirm their faith in family life.

In 1902, The New York Times reported that clans of Jewish origin, who maintain many of the customs and the principal forms of religious worship of their ancestors, were discovered in the remote regions of the Eastern Caucasus.

Soviet times, Holocaust and modern history

By 1926, more than 85% of Mountain Jews in Dagestan were already classed as urban. Mountain Jews were mainly concentrated in the cities of Makhachkala, Buynaksk, Derbent, Nalchik and Grozny in North Caucasus; and Quba and Baku in Azerbaijan.

In the Second World War, some Mountain Jews settlements in North Caucasus, including parts of their area in Kabardino-Balkaria were occupied by the German Wehrmacht at the end of 1942. During this period, they killed several hundreds of Mountain Jews until the Germans retreated early 1943. On August 19, 1942, Germans killed 472 Mountain Jews near the village of Bogdanovka, and on September 20 the Germans killed 378 Jews in the village of Menzhinskoe. Some 1000–1500 Mountain Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Many Mountain Jews survived, however, because German troops did not reach all their areas; in addition, attempts succeeded to convince local German authorities that this group were "religious" but not "racial" Jews.

The Soviet Army's advances in the area brought the Nalchik community under its protection. The Mountain Jewish community of Nalchik was the largest Mountain Jewish community occupied by Nazis, and the vast majority of the population has survived. With the help of their Kabardian neighbors, Mountain Jews of Nalchik convinced the local German authorities that they were Tats, the native people similar to other Caucasus Mountain peoples, not related to the ethnic Jews, who merely adopted Judaism. The annihilation of the Mountain Jews was suspended, contingent on racial investigation. Although the Nazis watched the village carefully, Rabbi Nachamil ben Hizkiyahu hid Sefer Torahs by burying them in a fake burial ceremony. The city was liberated a few months later.

In 1944, the NKVD deported the entire Chechen populace that surrounded the Mountain Jews in Chechnya, and moved other ethnic groups into their homes; Mountain Jews mostly refused to take the homes of deported Chechens while there are some reports of deported Chechens entrusting their homes to Jews in order to keep them safe.

Given the marked changes in the 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and rise of nationalism in the region, many Mountain Jews permanently left their hometowns in the Caucasus and relocated to Moscow or abroad. During the First Chechen War, many Mountain Jews left due to the Russian invasion and indiscriminate bombardment of civilian population by the Russian military. Despite historically close relations between Jews and Chechens, many also suffered high rate of kidnappings and violence at the hands of armed ethnic Chechen gangs who ransomed their freedom to "Israel and the international Jewish community". Many Mountain Jews emigrated to Israel or the United States.

Today, Qırmızı Qəsəbə in Azerbaijan remains the biggest settlement of Mountain Jews in the world, with the current population over 3,000.

Economy
While elsewhere in the Russian Empire, Jews were prohibited from owning land (excluding the Jews of Siberia and Central Asia), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, Mountain Jews owned land and were farmers and gardeners, growing mainly grain. Their oldest occupation was rice-growing, but they also raised silkworms and cultivated tobacco and vineyards. Mountain Jews and their Christian Armenian neighbors were the main producers of wine, as Muslims were prohibited by their religion from producing or consuming alcohol. Judaism limited some types of meat consumption. Unlike their neighbors, the Jews raised few domestic animals, although tanning was their third most important economic activity after farming and gardening. At the end of the 19th century, 6% of Jews were engaged in this trade. Handicrafts and commerce were mostly practiced by Jews in towns.

The Soviet authorities bound the Mountain Jews to collective farms, but allowed them to continue their traditional cultivation of grapes, tobacco, and vegetables; and making wine. In practical terms, the Jews are no longer isolated from other ethnic groups.

With increasing urbanization and sovietization in progress, by the 1930s, a layer of intelligentsia began to form. By the late 1960s, academic professionals, such as pharmacists, medical doctors, and engineers, were common in the community. Mountain Jews worked in more professional positions than did Georgian Jews, though less than the Soviet Ashkenazi community, who were based in larger cities of Russia. A sizable number of Mountain Jews worked in the entertainment industry in Dagestan. The republic's dancing ensemble "Lezginka" was led by Tankho Israilov, a Mountain Jew, from 1958 to 1979.

Religion

Mountain Jews are not Sephardim (from the Iberian Peninsula) nor Ashkenazim (from Central Europe) but rather of Persian Jewish origin, and they follow some Mizrachi customs. Mountain Jews tenaciously held to their religion throughout the centuries, developing their own unique traditions and religious practices. Mountain Jewish traditions are infused with teachings of Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism. Mountain Jews have also developed and retained unique customs different from other Jews, such as govgil, an end-of-Passover picnic celebration involving the whole community.

Mountain Jews have traditionally maintained a two-tiered rabbinate, distinguishing between a rabbi and a "dayan". A "rabbi" was a title given to religious leaders performing the functions of liturgical preachers (maggids) and cantors (hazzans) in synagogues ("nimaz"), teachers in Jewish schools (cheders), and shochets. A Dayan was a chief rabbi of a town, presiding over beit dins and representing the highest religious authority for the town and nearby smaller settlements. Dayans were elected democratically by community leaders.

The religious survival of the community was not without difficulties. In the prosperous days of the Jewish Valley (roughly 1600-1800), the spiritual center of Mountain Jews centered on the settlement of Aba-Sava. Many works of religious significance were written in Aba-Sava. Here, Elisha ben Schmuel Ha-Katan wrote several of his piyyuts. Theologist Gershon Lala ben Moshke Nakdi, who lived in Aba-Sava in 18th century, wrote a commentary to Mishneh Torah of Maimonides. Rabbi Mattathia ben Shmuel ha-Kohen wrote his kabbalistic essay Kol Hamevaser in Aba-Sava. With the brutal destruction of Aba-Sava (roughly 1800), however, the religious center of Mountain Jews moved to Derbent.

Prominent rabbis of Mountain Jews in the nineteenth century included: Rabbi Gershom son of Rabbi Reuven of Qırmızı Qəsəbə Azerbaijan, Shalom ben Melek of Temir-Khan-Shura (modern Buynaksk), Chief Rabbi of Dagestan Jacob ben Isaac, and Rabbi Hizkiyahu ben Avraam of Nalchik, whose son Rabbi Nahamiil ben Hizkiyahu later played a crucial role in saving Nalchik's Jewish community from the Nazis. In the early decades of the Soviet Union, the government took steps to suppress religion. Thus, in the 1930s, the Soviet Union closed synagogues belonging to Mountain Jews. The same procedures were implemented on other ethnicities and religions. Soviet authorities propagated the myth that Mountain Jews were not part of the world Jewish people at all, but rather members of the Tat community that settled in the region. Soviet anti-Zionism rhetoric was intensified during Khrushchev's rule. Some of the synagogues were later reopened in the 1940s. The closing of the synagogues in the 1930s was part of communist ideology, which resisted religion of any kind.

At the beginning of the 1950s, there were synagogues in all major Mountain Jewish communities. By 1966, reportedly six synagogues remained; some were confiscated by the Soviet authorities. While Mountain Jews observed the rituals of circumcision, marriage and burial, as well as Jewish holidays, other precepts of Jewish faith were observed less carefully. Yet, the community's ethnic identity remained unshaken despite the Soviet efforts. Cases of intermarriage with Muslims in Azerbaijan or Dagestan were rare as both groups practice endogamy. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Mountain Jews experienced a significant religious revival, with increasing religious observance by members of the younger generation.

Educational institutions, language, literature

Mountain Jews speak Judeo-Tat, also called Juhuri, a form of Persian; it belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. Judeo-Tat has Semitic (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic) elements on all linguistic levels. Among other Semitic elements, Judeo-Tat has the Hebrew sound "ayin" (ע), whereas no neighboring languages have it. Until the early Soviet period, the language was written with semi-cursive Hebrew alphabet. Later, Judeo-Tat books, newspapers, textbooks, and other materials were printed with a Latin alphabet and finally in Cyrillic, which is still most common today. The first Judeo-Tat-language newspaper, Zakhmetkesh (Working People), was published in 1928 and operated until the second half of the twentieth century.

Originally, only boys were educated through synagogue schools. Starting from the 1860s, many well-off families switched to home-schooling, hiring private tutors, who taught their sons not only Hebrew, but also Russian and Yiddish. In the early 20th century, with advance of sovietization, Judeo-Tat became the language of instruction at newly founded elementary schools attended by both Mountain Jewish boys and girls. This policy continued until the beginning of World War II, when schools switched to Russian as the central government emphasized acquisition of Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union.

Mountain Jewish community has had notable figures in public health, education, culture, and art.

In the 21st century, the Russian government started encouraging the revival of cultural life of minorities. In Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria, Judeo-Tat and Hebrew courses have been introduced in traditionally Mountain Jewish schools. In Dagestan, there is support for the revival of the Judeo-Tat-language theater and the publication of newspapers in that language.

Culture

Military tradition

"And we, the TatsWe, Samson warriors,Bar Kochba's heirs...we went into battlesand bitterly, heroicallystruggled for our freedom
-"The Song of the Mountain Jews"

Mountain Jews have a military tradition and have been historically viewed as fierce warriors. Some historians suggest that the group traces its beginnings to Persian-Jewish soldiers who were stationed in the Caucasus by the Sasanian kings in the fifth or sixth century to protect the area from the onslaughts of the Huns and other nomadic invaders from the east. Men were typically heavily armed and some slept without removing their weapons.

Dress

Over time the Mountain Jews adopted the dress of their Muslim neighbors. Men typically wore chokhas and covered their head with papakhas, many variations of which could symbolize the men's social status. Wealthier men's dress was adorned with many pieces of jewelry, including silver and gold-decorated weaponry, pins, chains, belts, or kisets (small purse used to hold tobacco or coins). Women's dress was typically of simpler design in dark tones, made from silk, brocade, velvet, satin and later wool. They decorated the fabric with beads, gold pins or buttons, and silver gold-plated belts. Outside the house, both single and married women covered their hair with headscarves.

Cuisine

Mountain Jewish cuisine absorbed typical dishes from various peoples of the Caucasus, Azerbaijani and Persian cuisine, adjusting some recipes to conform to the laws of kashrut, with a great emphasis on using rice (osh) to accompany many of their dishes. Typical Mountain Jewish dishes include:
Chudu – A type of meat pie.
Shashlik – skewered meat chunks, such as lamb chops or chicken wings.
Dolma – vegetables such as grape leaves, onions, peppers, tomatoes and eggplants that are stuffed with minced meat, then boiled.
Kurze or Dushpare – Dumplings that are boiled and then fried in oil on both sides until golden brown and crispy.
Yarpagi –  Cabbage leaves stuffed with meat and cooked with quince, lamb riblets and a sauce made of dried sour plums (alcha).
Gitob
Ingar – Square shaped dumpling soup with Meat (Chicken/Beef/Lamb), sometimes with tamarind paste added to the soup.
Ingarpoli – Dumplings served with tomato paste flavored minced meat on top.
Dem Turshi – Rice soup flavoured with garlic, dried mint and dried cherry plums.
Tara – Mallow stew with pieces of meat, dried cherry plum, garlic, dill and clintaro. In Baku sometimes its made vegan with chestnuts instead of meat.
Nermov or Gendumadush – Chicken or other meat stew with wheat and beans, traditionally cooked overnight from Friday to Saturday.
Dapchunda Osh – Rice pilaf with lamb chunks, qazmaq and dried fruits such as raisin, apricots and golden plums.
Osh Lobeyi – Rice pilaf with cowpeas and smoked fish.
Osh Kyudu – Pumpkin Rice pilaf with carrots, pumpkin, qazmaq and dried fruits, traditionally served for Hannukah.
Osh Mast – White rice with Mast, a variety of yogurt, on top.
Shomo-Kofte bebeyi – Meatballs made from minced meat and onions cooked alongside potatoes, sometimes served on rice (osh).
Buglame – (curry like stew of fish or chicken eaten with rice (osh).
Eshkene – Persian soup, made of Lamb, potatoes, onions, eggs, dried cherry plums, cinnamon and herbs such as cilantro, green onions, parsley and spinach, prepared for Passover.
Yakhni Nisonui – The Derbendi variation of eshkene consist on lamb, potatoes, onions, eggs, dried cherry plums, cinnamon but without herbs, made on the first day of Passover.
Yakhni Nakhuti – A soup made of lamb, chickpeas, potatoes and dried plums cooked in a tomato paste based soup. served with rice.
Hoshalevo – (honey-based treats made with sunflower seeds or walnuts) typically prepared for Purim.
Bischi – Fried dough topped with hot honey syrup, typically prepared for Purim.
Hallegh – made with mixture of apples, walnuts, honey, raisins, cinnamon and wine, a ritual dish prepared for Passover.
Pakhlava
Fadi-shiri – A milk cake made of flour, eggs, butter, milk, sugar, turmeric, raisins, walnuts, sesame seeds and poppy seeds, served during Shavuot.
Pertesh – A dish consist of a Lavash bread that is soaked in honey based syrup and filled with a milk porridge inside, served for Shavuot.
Khashil – Sweet porridge made of flour, butter, honey, cinnamon and turmeric with a crunchy crust.
Lovush Roghani
Khashlama – Boiled chunks of meat, usually beef, veal, or lamb, as well as vegetables such as bell peppers, potatoes, tomatoes and onions, in hot water.
Khoyagusht – Meat pie made of eggs, turmeric, slow cooked meat (usually sheep or goat) and its broth, often considered to be the "national dish" of the Mountain Jews.
Khoyaghusht Kyargi – Khoyagusht with chicken instead of red meat.
Khoyahusht Bodimjon – Khoyagusht with eggplants instead of meat, without turmeric.
Nukhorush – Beef or Lamb cooked with quince, raisins, dried golden prunes, dried apricots, chestnuts and flavoured with turmeric, sometimes served alongside rice (osh).
Nukhorush marjumeki – Lentil stew with potatoes, zucchini, onions, and carrots flavoured with cilantro, dill, cumin and turmeric.
Gayle or Khayle – A dish made of herbs, onion and eggs.
Dugovo – A soup made by cooking yogurt, with a little bit of rice, a variety of fresh herbs such as dill, mint, and coriander.
Aragh – a strong alcoholic drink made of distilled fermented mulberry juice. It can be made from both black and white mulberries.
Asido
Harissa – A dish of Mountain Jews from the northern regions in Dagestan made of Meat, Potatoes and dried cherry plums cooked in tomato sauce, traditionally used in weddings.

Music
The music of Mountain Jews is mostly based in the standard liturgy, for prayer and the celebration of holidays. Celebratory music played during weddings and similar events is typically upbeat with various instruments to add layers to the sound.

Notable Mountain Jews
 Omer Adam, Israeli singer
 Udi Adam, Israeli general
 Yekutiel Adam (1927–1982), Former Deputy Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces
 Albert Agarunov (1969–1992), Azerbaijani soldier
 Yakov Agarunov (1907–1992), Soviet poet and playwright
 Astrix, producer of Trance music
 Daniil Atnilov (1913–1968), Soviet poet
 Hizgil Avshalumov (1913–2001), novelist, poet and playwright
 Mishi Bakhshiev (1910–1972), Soviet writer and poet
 Manuvakh Dadashev (1913–1943), Soviet poet
 Mikhail Gavrilov (1926–2014), Soviet writer and poet
 Sarit Hadad, Israeli singer
 Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov (1921–1992), Soviet physician (Mountain Jewish father, Ashkenazi Jewish mother)
 Telman Ismailov, businessman
 Tankho Israelov (1917–1981), dancer, choreographer
 Sergey Izgiyayev (1922–1972), author, translator, and songwriter
 Tamara Musakhanov (1924–2014), Soviet sculptor and ceramist
Vladmir Yakubov, USSR Mathematician
 Mushail Mushailov (1941–2007), Soviet/Russian artist and teacher
 God Nisanov, Russian businessman
German Zakharyayev (born 1971) – businessman, Vice-President of the Russian Jewish Congress
 Gennady Simeonovich Osipov (1948–2020), Russian scientist and professor
 Iosif Prigozhin, Russian music producer
 Lior Refaelov, Israeli football player
 Zoya Semenduyeva (1929–2020), Soviet and Israeli poet
 Robert Tiviaev, Israeli politician, former member of the Knesset
 Israel Tsvaygenbaum, Russian-American artist (Ashkenazi Jewish father, Mountain Jewish mother)
 Yaffa Yarkoni (1925–2012), Israeli singer, winner of the Israel Prize in 1998 for Hebrew song
 Anatoly Yagudaev (1935–2014), sculptor
 Zhasmin (née Sara Manakimova), Russian pop-singer (2005)

Gallery

See also
 Mountain Jews in Israel
 Qırmızı Qəsəbə, the primary settlement of Azerbaijan's population of Mountain Jews (3600)
 History of the Jews in Azerbaijan
 History of the Jews in Derbent
 History of the Jews in Makhachkala
 World Congress of Mountain Jews
 Museum of Mountain Jews
 Judaism in Dagestan

References

Further reading

External links
 juhuro.com, website created by Vadim Alhasov in 2001. Daily updates reflect the life of Mountain Jewish (juhuro) community around the globe.
 newfront.us, New Frontier is a monthly Mountain Jewish newspaper, founded in 2003. International circulation via its web site.
 keshev-k.com, Israeli website of Mountain Jews
 gorskie.ru, Mountain Jews, website in Russian language
 "Judæo-Tat", Ethnologue

Jews
Jewish ethnic groups
Iranian Jews
Jews and Judaism in Persia and Iran
Jews
Mountain
Hill people
Ethnic groups in the Middle East

Mountain Jews


La Virgen de Hontanares o Nuestra Señora de Hontanares es una advocación de la Virgen María venerada en el municipio de Riaza (Segovia), en la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León.

Festividad

Su fiesta tiene lugar el domingo siguiente al 8 de septiembre, centrándose los actos alrededor de la ermita de la Virgen de Hontanares donde es venerada, celebrándose una Romería declarada de Interés Turístico Regional.

La ermita, cuya construcción data del año 1606 donde se hallaba la antigua iglesia de Hontanares, se halla a 4,5 km de Riaza a una cota de 1.400  ().

Historia

Al igual que ocurre con la mayor parte de advocaciones marianas, gira en torno a esta imagen una leyenda de ocultación durante el dominio musulmán y posterior descubrimiento siglos más tarde. Su nombre hace referencia al despoblado de Fontanar, donde era venerada en su iglesia parroquial, y que al desaparecer, su término municipal fue anexado a Riaza a comienzos del sigo XV.

Bibliografía

 Iconografía mariana de la provincia de Segovia, de María Teresa Cortón de las Heras.

Hontanares
Esculturas de la provincia de Segovia
Esculturas de la Virgen María

Virgen de Hontanares


Katastrofa na Stadionu Kanjuruhan 2022. odvila se 1. listopada 2022. u indonezijskomu gradu Kepanjenu na otoku Java, na nogometnoj utakmici između momčadi Arema i Persebaya Surabaya (2:3). Nakon utakmice navijači Areme izišli su na nogometno igralište i napali policiju i igrače Persebaye, gostujućega kluba. Policija je ispalila suzavac te je time uzrokovala stampedo, a brojni ljudi su se početi gušiti plinom. Poginulo je najmanje 182 ljudi, a još nekoliko stotina je ozlijeđeno, čineći ovu katastrofu najsmrtonosnijom nogometnom katastrofom u Aziji te trećom najsmrtonosnijom nogometnom katastrofom u povijesti.

Pozadina
Nogometno huliganstvo ima dugu povijest u Indoneziji. Od 1990-ih poginulo je na desetine ljudi. Nekoliko nogometnih navijačkih skupina ima "zapovjednike" te su jedinice interventne policije prisutne na mnogim utakmicama. Policija često koristi bengalke kako bi otjerale navijače koji su izišli na nogometno igralište. Godine 2018. također su izbili neredi na Stadionu Kanjuruhan i to na utakmici između Areme i kluba Persib Bandung. Tada je poginula jedna osoba nakon što je interventna policija koristila suzavac kako bi otjerala navijače. Unatoč tome što FIFA-ine regulacije zabranjuju policiji i stadionskom osoblju da koristi suzavac i vatreno oružje, ta odredba se ne odnosi na natjecanja koje FIFA ne organizira, stoga indonezijskoj policiji nije zabranjeno korištenje suzavca i vatrenog oružja.

Arema i Persebaya Surabaya, dugovječni rivali, trebali su 1. listopada 2022. odigrati ligašku utakmicu na Stadionu Kanjuruhan čiji kapacitet iznosi 42.000. Policija je iz sigurnosnih razloga zatražila da se utakmica odigra tijekom poslijepodneva umjesto u 18:30 po zapadnoindonezijskom vremenu (13:30 po UTC-u) te da maksimalni broj gledatelja iznosi 38.000. Ligaški službenici odbili su zahtjev policije te je tiskano 42.000 ulaznica za tu utakmicu. Nakon savjetovanja s policijom odlučeno je da ulaznice neće biti prodavane gostujućim navijačima.

Katastrofa
Tijekom utakmice nije bilo znatnih incidenata. Nakon utakmice u kojoj je Arema izgubila 2:3, oko 3000 navijača Areme izašlo je na igralište. Navijači su zahtijevali da vide svoje igrače i osoblje. Sigurnosni službenici i policija bezuspješno su pokušali odvratiti još navijača Areme.  Navijači su potom počeli oštećivati policijska vozila i paliti vatre po stadionu. Igrači gostujućeg kluba Persebaya prvo su pobjegli u svlačionicu kako bi se skrili od navijača Areme, a nakon toga su pobjegli u policijski oklopni transporter. Policija je počela koristiti suzavac kako bi suzbila navijače i otjerala ih s igrališta. Policija je također bacila suzavac na tribine. Veliki broj ljudi počeo se gušiti, stoga je mnoštvo krenulo bježati kroz jedan ulaz (ulaz broj 12). To je rezultiralo gnječenjem mnogih ljudi te gušenjem još više njih. Suzavac je također korišten izvan stadiona.

Neposredno nakon katastrofe igrački lobiji i svlačionice korišteni su kao improvizirana mjesta za evakuaciju, a domaći igrači i osoblje pomogli su evakuirati žrtve na stadionu prije nego što su došla vozila hitne pomoći i vozila indonezijske vojske.

Posljedice
Sve utakmice indonezijske prve lige suspendirane su na tjedan dana. Indonezijski nogometni savez zabranio je sve domaće utakmice Areme do kraja sezone. Indonezijski predsjednik Joko Widodo kasnije je naložio savezu da suspendira sve utakmice indonezijske prve lige sve dok se ne provede "procjena poboljšanja sigurnosnih procedura".

Izvori

Vidi još
 Heyselska tragedija
 Tragedija na stadionu u Port Saidu

Katastrofe u Indoneziji
Šport u Indoneziji
Nesreće vezane za nogomet
Java

Katastrofa na Stadionu Kanjuruhan 2022.


Trinitramid ist eine Stickstoff-Sauerstoff-Verbindung, die formal als Stickstoffoxid gesehen werden kann.

Geschichte
Eine theoretische Berechnung aus dem Jahre 1993 sagte die Existenz als möglicherweise stabile Verbindung voraus. Die erste Herstellung wurde 2011 von einer Arbeitsgruppe am Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm beschrieben.

Darstellung und Gewinnung
Die Herstellung erfolgt durch die Nitrierung von Kalium- bzw. Ammoniumdinitramidlösungen mittels Nitryltetrafluoroborat in Acetonitril bei tiefen Temperaturen.

Eigenschaften
Die Verbindung wurde bisher nur in Lösung hergestellt. Der Nachweis erfolgte mittels IR-Spektroskopie und 14N-NMR-Spektroskopie. Abgeleitet von der Herstellung durch Umsetzung von Dinitramidanionen und Nitrylkationen können zwei Konstitutionsisomere formuliert werden. Quantenchemische Berechnungen zeigen, dass die "echte" Trinitramidstruktur N(NO2)3 energetisch günstiger ist und somit auch nur im Experiment gefunden wurde.

Verwendung
Eine Anwendung als Raketentreibstoff wurde postuliert. Die Eignung als Beispielsubstanz bei der Erforschung von Materialien mit hoher Energiedichte ist eher möglich.

Einzelnachweise

Nitramin

Trinitramid


An Panicum congoense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet. An Panicum congoense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum congoense


සිංහල දෙවියෙක් සහ සමාන චරිත හෝ ශාරීරක ලක්‍ෂණ සහිත හින්දු දෙවියෙක් සමග අතිපිහිතව හඳුනාගන්නා අවස්ථා මෙම ලිපියට විශය වේ.

උපුල්වන් දෙවියෝ සහ විෂ්ණු දෙවියෝ

කතරගම දෙවියෝ සහ මුරුගන් දෙවියෝ

හින්දු දෙවිවරු
තිස්තුන්කෝටියක් දෙවි දේවතාවියෝ

සිංහල දෙවිවරු සහ හින්දු දෙවිවරු අතිපිහිත වීම


Franz Reusch (* 19. September 1817; † 31. August 1887) war ein österreichischer Orgelbauer aus Klosterneuburg.

Leben
Franz Reusch wurde am 19. September 1817 im Großherzogtum Baden geboren, wobei der Geburtsort unbekannt ist. Seine Eltern waren Bernhard Reusch und Maria Anna Grössinger. Am 8. Oktober 1850 wurde er im Stift Klosterneuburg mit Anna Maria Habergut getraut. Er starb am 31. August 1887 an einer Nierenentzündung und wurde am 2. September auf dem Klosterneuburger Stadtfriedhof begraben.

Franz Reuschs berufliche Laufbahn ist eng mit der von Johann Georg Fischer verknüpft, in dessen Werkstätte er zunächst gearbeitet haben dürfte. Schon während dieser Zeit hatte er sich offensichtlich einen entsprechenden Ruf erworben, sodass er sich nicht nur die Nachfolge in diesem Betrieb, sondern auch ein Arbeitsgebiet sichern konnte, das jenem Fischers zumindest gleichkam. Es reicht von zentralen Gegenden Niederösterreichs bis weit in den Nordosten dieses Landes. (Bezirk Mistelbach, entlang der Donau etwa von der Traisen bis vor die Tore Wiens). Sein größtes und einzig bekanntes zweimanualiges Instrument befindet sich in der ehemaligen Augustiner-Chorherren Kirche in St. Andrä an der Traisen.

Charakteristika seiner Orgeln
 Konsequentes Festhalten an der Schleiflade, wobei schon zu seinen Lebzeiten einige Orgelbauer zu anderen Systemen übergingen (mechanische Kegellade)
 Obertönige Dispositionen (wenige Grundstimmen, lückenloser Prinzipalchor, hochliegende Mixtur, 16´ im Pedal nicht immer vorhanden)
 Fast ausnahmslos einmanualige Instrumente im Umfang von ca. 10 Registern
 Bei der Einrichtung der Spieltische ordnete er die Registerzüge in einer Reihe über der Manualklaviatur an – ausgenommen in Neustift am Walde.
Diese Bauweise wurde – zumindest bei manchen Orgeln – auch von der Orgelbauwerkstatt Zachistal & Capek (Krems) angewandt. Dies beweisen die beiden Orgelwerke in Hautzendorf – Ortspfarrkirche (der Spieltisch ist hier seitlich am Orgelgehäuse angebracht), sowie am Heiligen Berg (freistehender Spieltisch).
 Die Gehäusegestaltung richtet sich nach dem damaligen Zeitgeschmack und reicht von dem Klassizismus entlehnten Grundzügen bis zu solchen der Neorenaissance.

Werke

Literatur
 Dehio Niederösterreich nördlich der Donau 1990, Sechs Nennungen im Künstlerverzeichnis, S. 1375.
 Singende Kirche XXX/2 1986 (Artikel von Hans Heiling)

Weblinks
 Franz Reusch: Österreichischen-Orgel-Daten-Bank: Niederösterreich
 Organ index: Franz Reusch

Einzelnachweise

Orgelbauer (19. Jahrhundert)
Orgelbauer (Österreich)
Person (Klosterneuburg)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Person (Kaisertum Österreich)
Geboren 1817
Gestorben 1887
Mann

Franz Reusch


2002 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması sonrası OGAE Türkiye Eurovision Fan Kulübü'nün açıklamasına göre TRT Almanya'dan puan alınamamasından şüphelenip Avrupa Yayın Birliği'ne itiraz etmiştir. EBU, itirazın ardından Almanya'daki oylar hakkında herhangi bir açıklama yapmamıştır.Ancak ülke sayısındaki bir düzenlemenin ardından Türkiye ve Yunanistan'ın 2003 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'na katılacağı belirtilmiştir. Bu gelişme, Eurovision tarihini değiştirmiş, Türkiye ilk birinciliğini 2003 yılında almış, ve etnik/oryantal parçaların temsil egemenliğinin, Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinden Birleşik Krallık'a uzanmasına vesile olmuştur.

Letonya'nın da bu yıl katılmaması planlanıyordu ancak Portekiz, yayıncısındaki iç sorunlar nedeniyle katılmayacağını açıkladı ve Portekizle boşalan yeri, küme düşen ülkeler içerisinde en yüksek sıralamaya sahip olan Letonya aldı. Bu gelişme Letonya için büyük bir şans olacaktır çünkü Letonya o yıl Marie N'in I Wanna şarkısıyla yarışmayı kazandı ve ilk birinciliğini aldı.

Sonuçlar

Skor Tablosu

12 Puan

Yeniden Katılan Şarkıcılar

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Dış bağlantılar

2002 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması