é um pianista, compositor e arranjador de jazz japonês.

Biografia
Satoh nasceu em Tóquio a 6 de outubro de 1941. A sua mãe era Setsu, e seu pai era Yoshiaki Satoh. A sua família mudou-se de residência em 1944, e Masahiko começou a tocar piano aos cinco anos de idade. Aos dezassete anos começou a tocar piano profissionalmente, tendo acompanhado os cantores, mágicos e strippers num cabaré do distrito de Ginza.

Em 1959 Satoh tocou na banda de Georgie Kawaguchi, ao lado dos saxofonistas Sadao Watanabe e Akira Miyazawa. Satoh formou-se na Universidade Keio.

Aos vinte e seis anos, Satoh mudou-se para os Estados Unidos para estudar na Faculdade Berklee de Música, onde permaneceu por dois anos, aprendendo sobre composição e arranjos. Satoh trabalhou numa loja de alimentos e num hotel como pianista. Em 1968 ele escreveu uma música e conduziu uma série de peças que foram combinadas com danças e apresentadas em Nova Iorque. Ao retornar ao Japão, Satoh gravou o seu primeiro álbum Palladium, como regente, e participou de um álbum de Helen Merrill.

Entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, Satoh tocou num estilo livre e percussivo. Em 1971, Satoh tocou no Festival de Jazz de Berlim como parte de um trio, tendo usado um modulador em anel para mudar o som. Também na década de 1970, gravou com Attila Zoller, Karl Berger, e Albert Mangelsdorff. Foi o responsável por compor a banda sonora psicodélica do filme de animé Kanashimi no Belladonna, lançado em 1973.

Satoh escreveu arranjos conduzidos por Merrill, Kimiko Itoh, e Nancy Wilson. Também escreveu arranjos para o álbum de 1983, Maiden Voyage, de Art Farmer.

Em 1990 Satoh formou o grupo Rantooga, que combinava várias formas de músicas folclóricas de todo o mundo. No início da década de 1990 ele compôs músicas para um coro de mil monges budistas. No início da mesma década ele afirmou que 70% do seu tempo era gasto com arranjos e composições, e o restante em tocar e gravar.

Satoh compôs para cinema, televisão e propagandas. As canções do filme Kanashimi no Belladonna, foram interpretadas por sua esposa, Chinatsu Nakayama.

Algumas das suas composições foram influenciadas pelo espaço nas obras do compositor Tōru Takemitsu. Satoh também compôs com instrumentos tradicionais japoneses, incluindo a flauta shakuhachi e o instrumento de cordas biwa.

Discografia

Como regente/corregente

Como acompanhante

Bibliografia

Arranjadores
Compositores de jazz
Compositores do Japão
Compositores do século XX
Compositores do século XXI
Japoneses do século XX
Japoneses do século XXI
Naturais de Tóquio
Pianistas de jazz
Pianistas do Japão

Masahiko Satoh


Bretton Woods, Küçük bir ABD eyaleti olan New Hampshire'deki bir Carroll kasabasının bir bölgesi. 1944 yılında burada yapılan Birleşmiş Milletler Para ve Finans Konferansı ardından imzalanan Bretton Woods Anlaşması ve adı bu anlaşma ile ortaya çıkan Bretton Woods sistemi ile ünlenmiştir. Anlaşma buradaki, 1905 yılında kurulmuş olan Mount Washington Oteli'nde imzalanmıştır.

Uluslararası ticaretin yeniden başlaması ve dünya savaşları döneminin paramparça ettiği uluslararası para sisteminin (UPS) hızlı bir sekilde yeniden oluşturulması düsüncesi taşıyan konferanstır. İngiliz John Maynard Keynes ve Amerikan Harry White karşıt iki görüşü temsil eden taraflar idi.

Keynes'e göre UPS'yi gerçek bir uluslararası para üzerine kurmak gerekiyordu. "Bankor" adlı bu kaydı para, uluslarüstü bir banka tarafından uluslararası mübadelenin büyümesine bağlı olarak basılacak ve değişken bir orana bağlı olarak altına göre tanımlanacaktı.

Aynı yıl, II. Dünya Savaşı sürerken 44 ülke yeni bir para sistemine geçmiştir. Ünlü ekonomist White'ın görüşünü temel alan bu sistem (White- Plan), uluslararası para birimlerinin Amerikan Doları'na endekslenmesidir. Amerikan Doları'nın altınla konvertibilitesi sağlanmış, bu görevi de Amerikan Merkez Bankası üstlenmiştir.

Böylelikle Amerikan Doları ve diğer para değerleri arasında sabit bir döviz kuru ilişkisi oluşmuştur.

Daha sonra ise Uluslararası Para Fonu (IMF) ve de Dünya Bankası kurulmuştur. IMF'nin görevi uluslararası para sisteminin istikrarını desteklemek, finans düzeni ve belirlenmiş döviz kurlarını kontrol altında tutmaktır. IMF' nin Özel Çekme Hakları (SDR), da bu görevin yerine getirilmesinden sorumludur.

Amerikan Doları, Bretton Woods sisteminin temelini teşkil ettiği için, doların değeri tüm para sistemlerinin değeri için büyük bir önem kazanmıştır. II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında dünya çapındaki ekonomik büyüme her şeyden önce Amerikan sermaye ihracatını yaratmıştır. Doların değeri bu yüzden yükselmiştir. Vietnam Savaşı' nın başlamasıyla da Amerika'nın para arzı ansızın artmış, bunun sonucunda da doların değeri düşmüştür. Amerika'da altın standardı oluşturulamamış, böylece de Bretton Woods sistemi çökmüştür.

Kaynakça

Coös County'deki yerleşim birimleri
Carroll, New Hampshire
New Hampshire'daki yerleşim birimleri
Dış politika
Bankacılık

Bretton Woods


21369 Gertfinger este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
21369 Gertfinger este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols în cadrul programului ODAS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,04 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 12,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 21001-22000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

21369 Gertfinger


Hans Christoffer Wenningsted Tórgarð (født 14. august 1885 i Tórshavn, død 18. marts 1957) var en færøsk arkitekt, bygmester og politiker (SB). Teateret i Tórshavn, færdigbygget i 1926, blev tegnet af Tórgarð. Han tegnede også kirkerne i Árnafjørður, Hvannasund, Skála, Elduvík, Tjørnuvík og Skúvoy. Han var endvidere involveret i bygningen af kirken i Sandavágur.

Politik og tillidshverv
Tórgarð var formand for Tórshavns skuespillerforening, Havnar Sjónleikarfelag, 1918–1924. Han var medlem af kommunalbestyrelsen i Tórshavn 1917–1924 og fra 1945 til sin død. Han var byens borgmester 1922–1924. I 1917–1924 var han indvalgt for listen Føroya Væl (Sambandsflokkurin), men i anden peiode fra 1945–57 opstillede han på sin egen liste. Da Tórgarð døde, overtog  bygmesteren Petur í Gong pladsen i byrådet, og videreførte Tórgarðs liste under sit eget navn. Tórgarð var valgt til Lagtinget fra Suðurstreymoy 1918–1924.

Privatliv
H.C.W. Tórgarð var søn af Anna Paulina (født Poulsen) og Jens Wenningsted Jacobsen, begge fra Tórshavn. Han giftede sig med Valborg Eide fra Nólsoy. De fik tvillingesønnerne Poul Eide(som voksede op hos Maria Eide) og Axel Tórgarð , kendt som præst og oversætter af J.R.R. Tolkiens værker til færøsk. Og Martin Tórgarð. Axel Tórgarðs tre børn Ria, Súsanna og Hans Tórgarð er alle professionelle teaterskuespillere.

Referencer
 Býráðslimir í Tórshavn síðan 1909 (2009). (PDF )
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 355. (PDF )

Arkitekter fra Færøerne
Kirkearkitekter
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Sambandsflokkurin
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Thorshavn

H.C.W. Tórgarð


إوعى وشك فيلم كوميدي مصري من إنتاج عام 2003، قصة وسيناريو وحوار المؤلف مدحت العدل، من إخراج سعيد حامد، وبطولة أحمد رزق وأحمد عيد.

قصة الفيلم
«حودة» و «جعفر» أصدقاء منذ الطفولة، لا يفرقهم إلا الموت، تقودهم ظروف الحياة وتطوراتها لاحتراف النصب، فيشكلان ثنائي نصاب من الدرجة الأولى.. ونظراً لبراعتهما الشديدة في الاحتيال على الأبرياء.. يقرر «نسيم» باشا رجل الأعمال المعروف الاستعانة بهم لتسهيل أعماله، بالإضافة إلى سكرتيرته «لولا» صاحبة الفضل الأول في تيسير أعماله المشبوهة.و هنا، يقرر الصديقين استغلال ما يعرفانه عن نسيم ومساومته عليه، ليبدأ الصراع بينهما وبينه.

الممثلون
 أحمد رزق
 أحمد عيد
 منة شلبي
 حنان مطاوع
 طلعت زكريا
 جيهان راتب
 علاء مرسي
 سليمان عيد
 محمد يوسف
 سناء يونس
 عمران بحر
 سامح حسين

فريق العمل
 إخراج: سعيد حامد
 إنتاج: العدل جروب
 توزيع: اوسكار - النصر
 تأليف: مدحت العدل
 مونتاج: مها رشدي
 موسيقى تصويرية: هشام نياز
 مدير التصوير: أيمن أبو المكارم

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام أحمد رزق
أفلام أحمد عيد
أفلام سامح حسين
أفلام طلعت زكريا
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2003
أفلام منة شلبي
أفلام كوميدية في 2003
أفلام حنان مطاوع
أفلام سناء يونس

إوعى وشك


An Thelymitra macrophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Thelymitra macrophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Thelymitra

Thelymitra macrophylla


An Arthraxon nudus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter. An Arthraxon nudus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthraxon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arthraxon

Arthraxon nudus


An Phyllostachys incarnata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tai Hui Wen. An Phyllostachys incarnata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phyllostachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phyllostachys

Phyllostachys incarnata


Die Italienische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012 fand vom 3. bis zum 5. Februar 2012 in Mailand statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=E90DA537-59F4-43EF-864F-B88212D46910

2012
Badminton 2012
Badmintonwettbewerb in Mailand


Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid "João" de Havelange (, ; 8 May 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, and athlete who served as the seventh president of FIFA from 1974 to 1998. His tenure as president is the second longest in FIFA's history, behind only that of Jules Rimet. He received the title of Honorary President when leaving office, but resigned in April 2013. He was preceded by Stanley Rous and was succeeded by Sepp Blatter. João Havelange served as a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1963 to 2011. He was the longest-serving active member upon his resignation. In July 2012, a Swiss prosecutor's report revealed that, during his tenure on FIFA's Executive Committee, he and his son-in-law Ricardo Teixeira took more than 41 million Swiss francs (£21m) in bribes in connection with the award of World Cup marketing rights.

Early life, professional and Olympic career
Havelange was born on 8 May 1916, in Rio de Janeiro, to an affluent family coming from Wallonia; his father, Faustin Havelange, had immigrated to Brazil from Liège, Belgium, worked as an arms dealer, and owned a large estate that stretched along the present-day districts of Laranjeiras, Cosme Velho and Santa Teresa. An excellent student at school, Havelange was accepted to the prestigious Law School of Fluminense Federal University, from which he graduated at the age of 24 with a BA in Law. He worked as a legal advisor for bus company Auto Viação Jabaquara, and became president-director of another bus company, Viação Cometa S/A. He was also senior partner at chemical and metallurgical company Orwec Química e Metallurgia Ltda.

Interested in sports since his childhood years, at the age of 20 Havelange competed as a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but failed to go beyond the heats of the 400m freestyle and 1500m freestyle events. He was also part of the Brazilian team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He was the chef de mission of the Brazilian delegation at the 1956 Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne.

Sports administrator
As President of the Metropolitan Swimming Federation in Brazil, Havelange became a member of the Brazilian Olympic Committee and joined the Union Cycliste Internationale in 1958. After becoming vice-president of the Brazilian Sports Confederation, he served as President of the Confederation from 1958 to 1973.

President of FIFA (1974–98)

In 1974 Havelange defeated Englishman Stanley Rous for the presidency of FIFA, the governing body of world association football. Havelange became the first (and, to date, only) non-European to hold the post. He lobbied in 86 different countries for the presidency, often accompanied by Pelé. Sports marketer Patrick Nally said that "Havelange had seen the future...he knew that if he became the president of the only federation already running its own high-profile world championship then he would enjoy huge economic power". Appealing to developing nations, Havelange promised an expanded World Cup, and a youth World Cup that they might be able to host.

Threatened by Havelange's international campaign for the presidency, Rous asked Horst Dassler, then managing Adidas' French subsidiary to help his campaign. Dassler engaged in intense lobbying of the delegates at the 39th FIFA Congress, where the vote was to be held. The election went to a second round, and Havelange won by sixteen votes.

Havelange did not have sufficient money to fund his programme for FIFA, so he sought financial support from Dassler, who wished to supply Adidas branded equipment to the national federations. Supported by sports marketer Patrick Nally, Havelange enlisted Adidas and Coca-Cola as primary sponsors of FIFA tournaments.

The support of commercial organizations was crucial to the future of Havelange and FIFA, and provided a model for global sporting federations. Nally stated that:

The sale of television rights increased greatly under Havelange's leadership. In 1987 the European rights to the next three FIFA World Cups were sold for $440 million, the non-United States rights for the three tournaments from 1998 sold for $2.2 billion. Under Havelange's presidency the FIFA World Cup expanded from 16 to 32 teams, with Havelange overseeing six world cups during his time in office. The FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup were all introduced under his tenure.

Associates Lacoste and de Andrade
The head of the Argentina's 1978 FIFA World Cup organizing committee, Omar Actis, was assassinated in August 1976. Awarded the World Cup in 1966, Argentina did little to prepare for the event before the 1976 Argentine coup d'état that saw a military junta rule the country. In 1982 Carlos Lacoste, former de facto President of Argentina during the junta, became vice-president of FIFA. Lacoste had previously been head of the organising committee for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina and was cousin of de facto President Jorge Rafael Videla. Democratic rule was restored to Argentina in 1983 and Lacoste was investigated for corruption.

Havelange was also an associate of Brazilian criminal Castor de Andrade, head of an illegal gambling association. Andrade was sentenced to six years in prison in 1994 for racketeering. Havelange wrote a character reference for Andrade in 1987 as "amiable and pleasant ... predominant feature .. loyalty .. good family man, a devoted friend, and is admired as a sports administrator".  "I authorize Castor de Andrade to use this statement as he deems appropriate". Police investigating Andrade found this reference and evidence that Andrade had provided Havelange with a box at the Rio Carnival.

Associates Pelé and Teixeira
Havelange's daughter, Lucia, was married to the Brazilian football administrator Ricardo Teixeira for 30 years. They divorced in 1997. Teixeira was President of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) between 1989 and 2012. A financier, Teixeira had no previous experience of sports administration.

In 1993, angry when his television company was rejected in a contest for domestic rights, Brazilian footballer Pelé accused Teixeira of corruption, resulting in an eight-year feud between Pelé and Havelange. Consequently, Havelange banned Pelé from the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup in Las Vegas. Criticisms over the ban were perceived to have negatively affected Havelange's chances of re-election as FIFA President in 1994. As in 1974, Havelange embarked on an intense lobbying mission, with the aim of securing votes from the Confederation of African Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the Central American, North American and Caribbean Football Confederation (CONCACAF). The loyalty of these "third world" football federations was rewarded by the expansion of the World Cup from 24 to 32 teams for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. As a result of the expansion and allocation of places, tension grew between the governing body of European football (UEFA) and the FIFA leadership.

As Brazilian Minister for Sports, Pelé drafted legislation approved as the Pelé Law in December 1997 by the lower house of the Brazilian congress. Football clubs had to become companies within two years, giving players greater freedom of contract and limiting the power of the Brazilian Football Confederation. Havelange threatened to ban Brazil from the 1998 FIFA World Cup if the law passed.

FIFA Presidential elections
At the 1994 meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee in New York, Havelange was criticized for his allocation of appointments to FIFA's standing committees. Havelange postponed a discussion on the appointments, distributed a list with the new composition of the committees, and declared the list passed without a vote. In 1998 Havelange announced that he would stand down as FIFA president after 24 years in charge. He told British Prime Minister Tony Blair he wanted England to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The English Football Association had pledged support to Lennart Johansson in the forthcoming FIFA Presidential election, whereas Havelange supported FIFA General Secretary Sepp Blatter. Johansson was in favour of honouring a "gentleman's agreement" between the English and German football associations, that Germany would not oppose England's bid for the 1996 European Football Championship, and England would not oppose Germany's bid for the 2006 World Cup.

Johansson said "The dumbest thing about breaking the agreement is that we're faced with an expensive competition. We would be better off spending the money on real soccer." Johansson criticized Havelange's financial decisions and "undemocratic behaviour." At a meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee, Johansson demanded Sepp Blatter resign as FIFA General Secretary if he planned to run for the presidency of FIFA. Havelange rejected the demand and ended the meeting before a vote could be taken, described as "a defeat for democracy" by Johansson. If elected, Johansson planned that an independent accountant would examine FIFA's business practices under Havelange. Blatter was elected by 111 to 80 votes, amid claims of bribery.

Corruption
In 1999 De Telegraaf reported that Havelange accepted gifts of diamonds, bicycles, sports articles, Delft blue porcelain, paintings and art books, in connection with Amsterdam's failed bid for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games. "I remember it very well because he had special wishes, wishes which were in conflict with the IOC laws," said Peter Kronenberg, who headed the press office of the Amsterdam Olympic Games 1992 Foundation.

Collapse of ISL
Disagreements between Nally and Dassler led to the foundation of International Sport and Leisure (ISL) in 1982. Dassler, French businessman Andre Guelfi, and Japanese advertising firm Dentsu established ISL to help market the rights for the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. Dassler's proximity to Havelange, and his support for Juan Antonio Samaranch, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) enabled ISL to win lucrative future World Cup and Olympic contracts. Following Dassler's death in 1987, and the departure of key executives, ISL overpaid for sports rights in the 1990s, and was declared bankrupt in 2001. From 1989 to 2001, ISL paid 185 million Swiss francs (CHF) in "personal commissions" to sports officials and other people involved in the marketing of sports rights. In the 2008 fraud trial that arose from the collapse of ISL, a judge referred to the commissions as "schmiergeld", a German word for bribery.

In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings' book Foul! The Secret World of FIFA: Bribes, Vote-Rigging and Ticket Scandals implicated Havelange in the collapse of ISL, and revealed that some football officials were urged to secretly repay the commissions they received. In 2011 Jennings told Brazil's Senate that Havelange may have amassed $50 million or more in bribes, through a front company called Sicuretta.

An IOC ethics committee was announced in June 2011 to investigate claims that Havelange received a bribe of $1 million in connection with ISL. The investigation was prompted by Jennings' claims in FIFA's Shame, an episode of Panorama broadcast on BBC One in May 2011. Days before the ethics committee was set to happen, Havelange resigned as a member of the IOC, citing health concerns. The investigation was closed, with reports that it would have suspended the membership of Havelange for two years. In November 2011 Jennings accused Havelange of being one of the people who collectively paid 5.5 million CHF to close the 2008 ISL fraud trial.

In July 2012, after protracted court proceedings, Havelange and Teixeira were named as beneficiaries of bribes from ISL. A prosecutor in the canton of Zug revealed a document saying that, from 1992 to 2000, Havelange and Teixeira were paid 41m CHF by ISL. Teixeira had resigned from FIFA in March 2012. In 2012 Sepp Blatter said that at the time of this payment, commercial bribery was not a crime in Switzerland. In 1997, as President of FIFA, Havelange had granted ISL FIFA's exclusive marketing rights, and exclusive TV and radio rights to the 2002 and 2006 World Cups in 1998. ISL paid FIFA 200m CHF for the marketing rights and $1.4 billion for the TV rights. After ISL's bankruptcy, its liquidators examined all payments made by the company.

FIFA involvement
FIFA, under the presidency of Sepp Blatter, was found to have known about the bribes, yet argued it did not need to have the money repaid. Prosecutions were mounted for alleged embezzlement against Havelange and Teixeira, but were stopped in May 2010, after Havelange and Texeira repaid CHF500,000 and CHF2.5m respectively. The repayments were considered reasonable, because bribes paid before 1995 were outside the statute of limitations and Havelange was now over 90 years old. The prosecutor also believed that Havelange and Teixeira were guilty of criminal breaches of their duties to serve FIFA as senior executives. Following the release of the report, Blatter vowed to strip Havelange of his honorary presidency at the next FIFA Congress.

Health issues and death
In March and April 2012 Havelange was hospitalized for a seriously infected right ankle in Rio de Janeiro, which necessitated a period in intensive care. In April 2013 he resigned from his position as FIFA's Honorary President for "health and personal reasons". Havelange was again admitted to hospital in June 2014, for a lung infection, and in November 2015 with respiratory problems. He died on 16 August 2016 at the age of 100 in Rio de Janeiro during the 2016 Summer Olympics which were being held there.

Assessment
Writing in June 1998, as Havelange was leaving FIFA, and before the eruption of most of the controversies surrounding him, The New York Times commented on Havelange's leadership:

Honors
Havelange was elected honorary president of FIFA in 1998, but resigned in 2013. On August 24, 2006, Havelange was named honorary Vice President of the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation (CBDG) for his support in the development of winter sports in Brazil.

Awards
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France)
 Order of Special Merit in Sports (Brazil)
 Commander of the Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique (Portugal)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)

Eponyms

The following have been named after Havelange in his honor for his important contributions.

 The 2000 Brazilian Championship, won by Vasco da Gama, and organized by Clube dos 13 (an association of the Brazilian most traditional clubs), was called Copa João Havelange.
 A stadium built for the 2007 Pan American Games was named Estádio Olímpico João Havelange. The stadium hosted the athletics competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics. On 10 February 2017, the stadium was renamed Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos.
 The Estádio Parque do Sabiá's former name
 Trinidad's Dr. João Havelange Centre of Excellence

References

1916 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian centenarians
Brazilian male freestyle swimmers
Brazilian people of Belgian descent
Brazilian male water polo players
Football people in Brazil
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Brazilian International Olympic Committee members
Olympic swimmers for Brazil
Olympic water polo players for Brazil
Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games water polo players for Brazil
Brazilian sports executives and administrators
Presidents of the Brazilian Football Confederation
Presidents of FIFA
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1951 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
Men centenarians

João Havelange


A pimiento or pimento or cherry pepper is a variety of large, red, heart-shaped chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) that measures 3 to 4 in (7 to 10 cm) long and 2 to 3 in (5 to 7 cm) wide (medium, elongate).

Pimientos can have various colors including yellow, green, red, and maroon. Some are green when immature and turn red when they reach maturity.

The flesh of the pimiento is sweet, succulent, and more aromatic than that of the red bell pepper. Some varieties of the pimiento type are hot, including the Floral Gem and Santa Fe Grande varieties. The fruits are typically used fresh or pickled.

Name
Spanish  and Portuguese  both come from Latin  ("pigment; coloring") and came to be used for bell peppers. The English borrowed "pimiento" and "pimento" as loanwords for what is distinguished in Spanish as  and in Portuguese as .

Stuffing

"Sweet" (i.e., neither sour nor savory) pimiento peppers are the familiar red stuffing found in prepared Spanish or Greek green olives. Originally, the pimiento was hand-cut into tiny pieces, then hand-stuffed into each olive to balance out the olive's otherwise strong, salty flavor. Despite the popularity of the combination, this production method was very costly and time-intensive. In the industrial era, the cut pimiento was shot by a hydraulic pump into one end of each olive, simultaneously inserting the pimiento in the center while ejecting the pit out the other end.

More recently, for ease of production, pimientos are often puréed then formed into tiny strips, with the help of a natural gum (such as sodium alginate or guar gum). This allows olive stuffing to be mechanized, speeding the process and lowering production costs.

Other uses
Pimientos are commonly used for making pimento cheese. It is also used for making pimento loaf, a type of processed sandwich meat.

See also
List of Capsicum cultivars

References

Webster's Dictionary of the English Language – Unabridged Encyclopedic Edition, Publishers International Press, New York, 1977.

Capsicum cultivars
Chili peppers
Spanish words and phrases

Pimiento


Samothrace, en  ou Chóra (), est un village, siège de l'île de Samothrace, dans le district régional de l'Évros, en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace

Samothrace (village)


pr. Teodor Chirilov (n. 14 februarie 1873 - d.n), a fost un deputat din Sfatul Țării, organismul care a exercitat puterea legislativă în Republica Democratică Moldovenească, în perioada 1917-1918.

Biografie
S-a născut la 14 februarie 1873. După absolvirea Seminarului Teologic  a fost hirotonit preot la 25 martie 1899 și numit paroh la Biserica Acoperimântul Maicii Domnului din Delacău, jud. Tighina. În anul 1925 a fost transferat la Biserica Sf. Gheorghe  din Șerpeni, același județ.

Pentru merite deosebite în activitatea pastorală și misionară desfășurată în parohie, la 22 iulie 1926, părintele Teodor a fost ridicat la treapta de protoiereu. În perioada 19-24 august 1930 Î.P.S. Gurie, Mitropolit al Basarabiei, a efectuat vizite canonice a parohiilor de pe malul Nistrului. A vizitat și parohia Șerpeni. La sosire,  preotul paroh a rostit o cuvântare de bun sosit care a impresionat mult pe Înaltul Chiriarh, cât și întreaga populație adunată la biserică. Î.P.S. Sa a rămas satisfăcut de activitatea parohului din Șerpeni. La 2 ianuarie 1932, părintele Teodor Chirilov a fost decorat cu distincția bisericească, palița.

În primul an de ocupație sovietică, din perioada 1940- 1941, părintele Teodor Chirilov a fost arestat de către organele NKVD-iste și deportat în Siberia, despre viața lui de mai departe nu se cunoaște nimic. Potrivit altor surse, părintele Teodor a fost ucis în timpul persecuțiilor sovietice.

Activitatea politică

Recunoașteri

Note

Bibliografie
 http://protioanlisnic.blogspot.ro/2015/12/preotul-teodor-chirilov-martirizat-in.html
 https://www.facebook.com/notes/vlad-cubreacov/un-proiect-de-martirologiu-al-bisericii-basarabene/1102575726429613/

 Chiriac, Alexandru, Mic dicționar al membrilor Sfatului Țării din Chișinău, (21 noiembrie 1917 — 27 noiembrie 1918), în "Patrimoniu. Revistă de cultură istorică", Chișinău, nr.4/1991
 Figuri contemporane din Basarabia, vol. I-III, Editura ARPID, Chișinău, 1939

Lectură suplimentară
 Chiriac, Alexandru, Membrii Sfatului Țării (1917-1918) - dicționar, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, București, 2001
 Cojocaru, Gheorghe E., Sfatul Țării - itinerar, Editura Civitas, Chișinău, 1998
 Colesnic, Iurie, Sfatul Țării - enciclopedie, Editura Museum, Chișinău, 1998

Legături externe
 Sfatul Țării

Vezi și
 Sfatul Țării

Membri ai Sfatului Țării

Teodor Chirilov


Kültürel hegemonya kavramı, esas olarak Marksist filozof ve politikacı Antonio Gramsci tarafından öne sürülmüş ve geliştirilmiş bir kavramdır.

Çözebilmek için karmaşık ve karışık bir çalışmadır ve bunu yapabilmek için de tüm tinsel ve somut eylemlerin, derin ve geniş ve de yaygın bir incelemesi gereklidir.

Gramsci, ekonomik belirlenimcilik yerine, siyasal teorisinde tarihsel ve kültürel ögelere önem veren bir yaklaşımın oluşumunu sağlar. Hegemonya gibi kavramların açılımlarıyla, indirgemeci olmayan bir Marksizmin şekillendirilmesine öncülük eder.

Kaynakça

 Hapishane Defterleri, Antonio Gramsci, Belge yayınları.

Marksist terminoloji
Politik kuramlar
Toplumsal kavramlar

Kültürel hegemonya


Olaylar
 23 Şubat - Rudolf Diesel, dizel motorunun patentini aldı.
 1 Mayıs - Chicago'da Kristof Kolomb'un Amerika'yı keşfetmesinin 400. yılını kutlamak için Kolomb Dünya Fuarı düzenlendi.
 10 Mayıs - ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi, domatesin meyve değil sebze olduğunu kararlaştırdı.
 25 Temmuz - Korint Kanalı'nın inşası tamamlandı.
 10 Ekim - Otomobillerde numara plakası sistemi ilk kez Paris'te uygulanmaya başlandı.
 25 Kasım - Orhun-Yenisey Yazıtları okundu
 9 Aralık - İstanbul'da günlerce süren soğuk hava yüzünden Haliç dondu.

Doğumlar
 1 Ocak - Behçet Uz, Türk doktor
 26 Ocak - Christian Arhoff, Danimarkalı sahne ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1973)
 31 Ocak - Arkadiy Plastov, sosyalist gerçekçilik akımının öncülerinden olan Rus Sovyet ressam (ö. 1972)
 12 Şubat
 Omar Bradley, Amerikalı asker (ö. 1981)
 Giovanni Muzio, İtalyan mimar ve akademisyen (ö. 1982)
 19 Şubat - Cedric Hardwicke, İngiliz sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 6 Ağustos 1964)
 19 Temmuz - Vladimir Mayakovski, Rus şair (ö. 1930)
 16 Eylül - Alexander Korda, Macar asıllı İngiliz yönetmen ve yapımcı (ö. 1956)
 14 Ekim - Lillian Gish, Amerikalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 1993)
 27 Nisan - Dragoljub Mihailovic, Yugoslavyalı Komutan
 13 Aralık - Stanislaw Szukalski, Polonyalı heykeltıraş (ö. 1987)
 26 Aralık - Mao Zedong, Çin Komünist Partisi kurucusu, devrimci (ö. 1976)

Ölümler
 26 Ocak - Abner Doubleday, Amerikalı general (d. 1819).
 13 Nisan - Muallim Naci, Osmanlı dönemi Türk yazarı (d. 1850)
 6 Temmuz - Guy de Maupassant, Fransız yazar (d. 1850)
 6 Ağustos - Nabizade Nazım (d. 1862?)
 6 Ekim - Ford Madox Brown, İngiliz ressam (d. 1821)
 6 Kasım - Pyotr Ilyich Tschaikovsky, Rus besteci (d. 1840)

1893


Choice Music Prize este un premiu muzical acordat anual începând cu anul 2005 celui mai bun album al unei formații sau a unui cântăreț care își are domiciliul în Irlanda.

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial

Premii muzicale europene

Choice Music Prize


هيم ماكوبي Hyam Maccoby (1924 - 2004) عالم يهودي بريطاني اختص في دراسة اليهودية والمسيحية.

عرف لنظرياته عن عيسى التاريخي والأصول التاريخية للمسيحية حيث كتب كثيرا عن ظاهرة معاداة السامية القديمة والحديثة. اعتبر إدانة الأناجيل لليهود على موت عيسى وخاصة ما اعتبره أسطورة يهوذا الإسخريوطي، والتي اعتبرها من اختراعات كنيسة بولص الأممية) السبب الأصلي معاداة السامية في المسيحية. من اختصاصاته أيضا التلمود وتاريخ الدين اليهودي.

نظريات هيم ماكوبي عن عيسى التاريخي
اعتبر ماكوبي صورة عيسى في الأناجيل القانونية وتاريخ الكنيسة المبكرة في سفر الأعمال مغيرة بشكل كبير ومليئة بتقاليد أسطورية لاحقة، لكنه قال إن يمكن إعادة بناء وصف دقيق تقريبا عن حياة عيسى منها.

وضع ماكوبي أدلة على أن عيسى الحقيقي لم يكن متمردا على الشريعة اليهودية بل كان يهوديا ادعى أنه المسيح وأن حياته وتعاليمه تنتمي للتيار الرئيس من يهودية القرن الأول. اعتقد أن عيسى أعدم كمتمرد على احتلال الرومان لبلاد اليهودية. لكنه لم يقل إن عيسى كان قائد تمرد مسلح بل قال إنه مع أتباعه وبإلهام من الكتاب العبري والكتابات النبوية توقع تدخلا إلهيا ينهي حكم الرومان ويعيد مملكة داوود ليكون عيسى ملكها المختار من الله ويبدأ عصرا مسيانيا للسلام والازدهار في كل العالم. لم تتحقق هذه التوقعات لأن عيسى اعتقل وأعدمه الرومان.

لكن وحسب ماكوبي لم يفقد تلاميذ عيسى آمالهم واعتقدوا أن الله سيقيمه من الأموات، واستمروا بتوقع مجيئه الثاني. استمرت هذه الطائفة في القدس وكانت يهودية تقليدية نقية تحت قيادة يعقوب البار. وحسب ماكوبين كان تأسيس المسيحية كديانة مستقلة عن اليهودية نتيجة عمل بولس الطرسوسي وحده.

ادعى ماكوبي أن بولس كان هيلينيا تحول إلى اليهودية أو ربما من غير اليهود وأنه من بيئة تعرضت لتأثير الغنوصية والديانات الغامضة مثل طائفة أتيس وهي أسطورة عن إله عاش بعد موته. وحسب ماكوبي فالديانات الغامضة أو السرية كانت الديانات المنتشرة في العالم الهيليني في ذلك العصر وأثرت كثيرا على توجهات بولس الدينية. اعتمدت نظرية ماكوبي جزئيا على بقايا أعداء الأبيونيين وخاصة رسالة إبيفانوس عن الهرطقات.

اعتبر ماكوبي ادعاءات بولس أنه يهودي فريسي التعلم كاذبة، وأكد أنه بالرغم من أن الكثير من كتاباته تبدو صادقة لغير المتعمق لكنها في الحقيقة تفضح جهل بولس بالكتاب العبري الأصلي وبالتفاصيل الدقيقة للشريعة اليهودية. قال ماكوبي إن فحص العهد الجديد يبين أن بولس لم يعرف العبرية مطلقا وأنه اعتمد كليا على الترجمات اليونانية الأمر الذي لا يفعله أي فريسي لأن الترجمة اليونانية للعهد العبري كانت سيئة.

وحسب ماكوبين جمع بول قصة صلب عيسى التاريخية مع عناصر من الديانات الغامضة السائدة حينها والغنوصية مما أدى إلى تطوير تقاليد غير يهودية مثل الثالوث والعشاء الآخير. حاول بولس أيضا إيجاد مبرر من العهد القديم لتعليماته الجديدة، وقدم عيسى على أنه إله مات وعاش بشكل يشبه الطوائف اليونانية الهيلينية الغامضة دمجها مع عنصر تاريخي من اليهودية مما ولد تقليدا قويا جديدا كسب الكثير من الأتباع بسبب دعوته وكرازته. وعندما علمت جماعة تلاميذ عيسى الحقيقين في القدس بتعليمات بولس اندلعت عداوة مريرة بين الطرفين.

فسر ماكوبي مقاطع من العهد الجديد (مثل وصف بولس لخلاف مع بطرس في الرسالة إلى أهل غلاطية) على أنها بقايا حقيقية لتلك العداوة. ومع اندلاع الحرب اليهودية الرومانية في 66-70 م انتهت طائفة القدس مما حقق النصر للكنيسة غير اليهودية التي أسسها بولس لأنها بقيت وحدها. اعتبر ماكوبي سفر الأعمال كمحاولة لاحقة من الكنيسة البولصية إدعاء علاقة حسنة بين بولس وتلاميذ عيسى، وهكذا ظهرت كنيسة بولس على أنها شرعية وكوريث التسلسل الرسولي الذي يعود لتلاميذ عيسى الأصليين. افترح ماكوبي أن طائفة الإبيونيين المسيحية اليهودية قد تكون فرعا حقيقيا لجماعة القدس الأصلية.

ركز ماكوبي في كتاباته على تتبع جذور معاداة السامية إلى بدايات المسيحية وفصلها عن خلفيتها اليهودية الحقيقية. حمل مسؤولية موت عيسى السلطات الرومانية ومتعاونيها اليهود من الصدوقيين الذين سيطروا على الهيكل وموارده المادية وشرطته. اعتبر قصص الأناجيل عن العداوة بين عيسى والفريسيين من اختراعات كنيسة بولس واستدل بأن عيسى اتبع اليهودية الفريسية كما يبدو من نصوص مثل موعظة الجبل.

كتبه
 The Day God Laughed: Sayings, Fables and Entertainments of the Jewish Sages (with Wolf Mankowitz, 1973)
 Revolution in Judea: Jesus and the Jewish Resistance (1973)
 Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages (1981)
 The Sacred Executioner: Human Sacrifice and the Legacy of Guilt (1983)
 The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity (1986)
 Judaism in the First Century (1989)
 Paul and Hellenism (1991)
 Judas Iscariot and the Myth of Jewish Evil (1992)
 A Pariah People: Anthropology of Anti-Semitism (1996)
 Ritual and Morality (1999)
 The Philosophy of the Talmud (2002)
 Jesus the Pharisee (2003)
 Anti-Semitism and Modernity (2004)

مراجع
 http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,11617,1273283,00.html Hyam Maccoby obituary

مواقع خارجية

 Hyam Maccoby at Peter Kirby's page "Theories of the Historical Jesus" - contains links to Maccoby's books on Amazon
 A long excerpt from Revolution in Judaea
 A long excerpt from The Mythmaker
 Another excerpt from The Mythmaker

أكاديميون من جامعة ليدز
أمناء مكتبات بريطانيون
خريجو كلية باليول (أوكسفورد)
دارسو اليهودية
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون يهود
شخصيات الجيش البريطاني في الحرب العالمية الثانية
عسكريون يهود
علماء في معاداة السامية
كتاب دراما ومسرح بريطانيون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات بريطانيون
مواليد 1924
مواليد في سندرلاند
مؤرخو المسيحية
مؤرخون بريطانيون في القرن 20
مؤرخون يهود
وفيات 2004
يهود بريطانيون
يهود بريطانيون في القرن 20

هيم ماكوبي


Francisco Gumá y Ferrán (Villanueva y Geltrú, 27 de marzo de 1833-16 de diciembre de 1912) fue un empresario y político español.

Biografía
En 1846 marchó a Barcelona y en 1848 empezó a trabajar en la fábrica textil de la familia. En 1849 viajó a Cuba con sus hermanos, donde fundó la casa de consignación de buques Gumá Hermanos y participó en varias empresas financieras y ferroviarias. Durante el Sexenio Democrático fue miembro de la Liga del Orden Social. Su precaria salud le obligó a volver a Villanueva en 1871, donde participó en varios diseños urbanísticos y en el ferrocarril de la línea Valls-Vilanova-Barcelona. En 1877 obtuvo la concesión para el trazado de la línea y viajó por Cuba, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido en busca de capital para el proyecto. En 1878 constituyó la compañía Ferrocarril de Valls y Villanueva en Barcelona, de la que fue director, y en 1881 constituyó el Banco de Villanueva. También fue accionista del Banco Hispano Colonial, de la sociedad del Tranvía de Barcelona-Sants y socio de Fomento del Trabajo Nacional. Fue diputado por el distrito de Matanzas (Cuba) en las elecciones generales de 1879 y 1881 del Partido Conservador, y por el de Igualada a las elecciones de 1884. En 1879 fue vocal de la comisión creada por Arsenio Martínez-Campos para analizar las posibles reformas que había que introducir en Cuba.

Fue uno de los impulsores de la Exposición Regional en Villanueva en 1882 e hizo donación a la ciudad del parque que había hecho construir junto al colegio de los Escolapios. También fue uno de los responsables de que la empresa italiana Pirelli se encargara del cableado eléctrico Vilanova.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Nacidos en Villanueva y Geltrú
Fallecidos en Villanueva y Geltrú
Empresarios de la provincia de Barcelona
Políticos de la provincia de Barcelona
Políticos de España del Sexenio Democrático
Políticos del Partido Liberal-Conservador de España
Diputados por Igualada de las Cortes de la Restauración
Diputados por Matanzas de las Cortes de la Restauración

Francisco Gumá


الإرداف الخلفي أو التناقض الظاهري (Oxymoron أو الارداف الخلفي؛ أو التّناقض اللّفظيّ) هو صورة بيانية تجمع لفظتين متناقضتين ظاهريا مما يمنحهما معنى جديدا، على سبيل المثال «وحيد بين الناس» و«صدفة مقصودة» و«المضحك المبكي» و «السهل الممتنع».

يعود الاصطلاح «أوكسيمورون» (oxymoron) إلى اليونانية، إذ إنه دمج للكلمتين oxus وتعني حاد أو ذكي، وmoros وتعني حماقة أو بلادة. وهذا التعبير «حماقة ذكية»، يشير، دون أدنى شك، إلى الدمج بين المتناقضَين بشكل غير مألوف، وهذا ما يميّز الأوكسيمورون بشكل خاص عن غيره من الأساليب. وفي اللغة العربية، تُرجم مصطلح الأوكسيمورون إلى «الإرداف الخلفي»، وعُرّف بأنه «تناقض ظاهري بين عبارتين لإثارة الإعجاب»، أو السخرية، أو للوصول إلى تأثير بلاغي. وقد أشار عدنان قاسم إلى أسلوب الأوكسيمورون تحت عنوان «المصاحبات اللغوية غير العادية»، الذي يعالج فيه أهم ميزات لغة الشعر الحديث، وهي جعل «الكلمات تتجاور بشكل غريب»، كأن تُستعمَل الكلمات، وإن كانت معجمية، استعمالاً نحويًا غير مألوف، أو أن يزاوج الشاعر بين أشياء خارجية وأخرى باطنية في تركيبات لغوية (كقول أدونيس بادية العروق)، أو أن يضيف مظهرًا من مظاهر الطبيعة إلى شيء معنوي غير محدد القسمات، فيغمض معناه ويصبح غير واقعي (كقول أدونيس: الغصون الخفية، وسهول الرؤى)، أو أن يأتي الشاعر بدمج كلمات تتقابل في الاتجاه، (كقول أدونيس «أنهض أرضًا»؛ حيث النهوض هو إلى أعلى وأرضًا هي إلى أسفل، وقوله «اللسان ينبت في الأقدام»، ثم جعله الجدار والغصن اللذين يعبران عن الصلابة والجمود يتحولان إلى دمع مع ما بينهما من فروق وتناقض «الجدار يصير دمعًا»). وهذا النوع الأخير من التجاورات اللغوية الغريبة يدخل، دون شك، في إطار الأوكسيمورون، مع أن قاسم لم يذكر هذا المصطلح صراحةً.

مراجع

دلالات
أساليب بلاغية
التباس
تلاعب بالألفاظ
عبارات
علم المعاني
فكاهة
مفارقات

تناقض ظاهري


Niculăiță Minciună este o nuvelă scrisă de Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești în anul 1922.

Traduceri
Cartea a fost tradusă în esperanto de Tiberiu Morariu în 1927. Traducerea a fost publicată la Berlin în seria Biblioteko Tutmonda.

Cărți din 1922
Cărți de Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești
Cărți românești

Niculăiță Minciună


Spezzino je ime malog arhipelaga u Ligurskom moru na ulazu u Zaljev La Spezia.

Arhipelag se sastoji od jednog većeg Palmaria, i tri manja otoka Tino, Torre Scola i Tinetto, uz nekoliko hridi.

Spezzino ima površinu od 2,026 km².

Povezani članci

 Palmaria

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Arcipelago Spezzino

Talijanski otoci u Ligurskom moru
Otočja u Sredozemnom moru (Europa)

Spezzino


بشّيمة (بكسر الباء) هي إحدى قرى الجنوب التونسي وتتبع إداريا معتمدية الحامة من ولاية قابس. وتبعد عن مدينة الحامة بحوالي 10 كلم غربا.

قرى ولاية قابس

بشيمة


Ioan Marciac (n. 1862, Pecica – d. 3 august 1942, Chișineu-Criș) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Ioan Marciac a studiat dreptul la Facultatea de drept din Cluj, după ce în prealabil a finalizat studiile liceale la Blaj și clasele primare la Alba Iulia.  După pensionare a locuit la Arad.

Activitatea politică

Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a reprezentat, ca delegat ales, cercul electoral Vințu de Jos. După Marea Unire, Ioan Marciac a fost ales senator în Parlamentul României.

Note

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1862
Decese în 1942
Avocați români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Ioan Marciac


Lily Jane Collins McDowell (Guildford, Surrey, Inglaterra; 18 de marzo de 1989), conocida como Lily Collins, es una actriz y modelo británica-estadounidense. Es hija del músico Phil Collins y de la actriz Jill Tavelman.

Debutó en el cine con la película The Blind Side, del 2009.
Luego se hizo conocida por películas como Mirror Mirror (2012), en la que interpretó a Blancanieves, la adaptación del éxito de ventas de Cassandra Clare, Cazadores de sombras: Ciudad de hueso (2013), en la que interpretó a Clary Fray y la adaptación de la novela romántica de Cecelia Ahern, Love, Rosie.

Obtuvo reconocimiento por su rol protagónico en la película Rules Don't Apply (2016), donde interpretó a Marla Mabrey, papel que le valió una nominación a los Globo de Oro 2016, en la categoría de Mejor actriz en película de comedia o musical. Fue nuevamente nominada a los Globo de Oro de 2020 en la misma categoría por su rol protagónico en la serie de Netflix, Emily in Paris.

Primeros años
Nació en Guildford, Surrey, Inglaterra, el 18 de marzo de 1989. Fue la segunda hija biológica del músico británico Phil Collins y de su segunda esposa, Jill Tavelman, estadounidense. Su abuela materna fue una inmigrante judía-canadiense, propietaria durante muchos años de una tienda de ropa masculina en Beverly Hills, California. Tras el divorcio de sus padres en 1996, cuando ella tenía siete años, se mudó a Los Ángeles junto a su madre. Su hermana adoptiva es la actriz Joely Collins, y también es hermana del músico Simon Collins y de los hijos del tercer matrimonio de su padre, Nicholas y Matthew Collins. Se graduó de la Harvard-Westlake School y asistió a la Universidad del Sur de California, especializándose en periodismo televisivo. Collins fue presentada en sociedad como una debutante en el Bal des débutantes en París, en 2007.

Carrera

Comienzos
Collins comenzó a actuar a la edad de dos años en la serie de la BBC Growing Pains. Muy joven, Collins escribió una columna (titulada "NY Confidential") para la revista británica Elle Girl. También ha escrito para Seventeen, Teen Vogue, y otras revistas de Los Angeles Times. Fue corresponsal de Nickelodeon en la alfombra naranja de los Kids' Choice Awards de ese año. También fue la corresponsal del canal durante las Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2008.<

Fue seleccionada por Chanel para llevar uno de sus vestidos de gala en Bal des débutantes en el Hôtel de Crillon en París, que apareció en la serie e televisión The Hills. Fue elegida por la edición española de Glamour en 2008 como su Modelo Internacional del Año, y apareció en la portada de la revista en agosto de 2009.

Ese mismo año, Collins apareció en dos episodios de la serie juvénil 90210, incluyendo el episodio final. Ese mismo año, Collins fue una de las veinte mujeres nombradas en la revista Maxim como las Hijas Más Atractivas de las Estrellas de Rock.

Su debut en el cine fue la película The Blind Side (2009) interpretando a la hija de Sandra Bullock. Después en 2011 tuvo un papel secundario en la película Priest (2011) basada en el manhwa (cómic coreano homónimo) del mismo nombre y después, ese mismo año coprotagonizó junto a Taylor Lautner la película Abduction (2011) que a pesar de ser mal recibida por la crítica, ella no recibió comentarios negativos por su actuación.

2012-2015

En 2012 protagonizó Mirror Mirror (2012) la adaptación basada en el cuento clásico de Blancanieves de los Hermanos Grimm, interpretando a Blancanieves y junto a Julia Roberts como la Malvada Reina Clementianna, la malvada madrastra de Blancanieves. Ese mismo año apareció en la cinta Stuck in Love (2012) junto a los actores Greg Kinnear, Jennifer Connelly, Logan Lerman y Nat Wolff.

En el mes de agosto de 2013, se estrenó la película Cazadores de sombras: Ciudad de hueso (2013), que obtuvo críticas mixtas, pero de la que se llevó elogios junto a Jamie Campbell Bower por su actuación, la química que compartían y su gran calidad visual. Collins, ya era fanática de las sagas antes de ser seleccionada y se sintió muy honrada por encarnar a la protagonista, Clary Fray. No se sabe a ciencia cierta si se seguirá con la saga, ya que por la baja taquilla de la película, la productora Constantin Film suspendió indefinidamente la grabación de la secuela Ciudad de Ceniza.

En octubre de 2013 se convirtió en la nueva imagen de la marca Lancôme y ese mismo mes apareció en el vídeo musical de la canción "City of Angels" de Thirty Seconds to Mars.

En 2014 protagonizó junto con Sam Claflin la película Love, Rosie, adaptación cinematográfica del libro Where Rainbows End, escrito por Cecelia Ahern.

2016-2018
Collins tuvo el papel protagonista como Marla Mabrey, junto al actor Alden Ehrenreich, en la comedia romántica Rules Don't Apply (2016), del director Warren Beatty, quien también tenía un papel protagónico como Howard Hughes. Cuando la película fue estrenada en noviembre, recibió críticas mixtas y perdió dinero en taquilla pero gracias a su actuación, Collins recibió su primera nominación a los Globos de Oro por Mejor Actriz en una Comedia o Musical en su 74.ª edición.

En 2016, Collins fue parte del piloto de The Last Tycoon, basado en el último libro de F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Last Tycoon. Hizo de Cecelia Brady, hija de Pat Brady, quien fue interpretada por Kelsey Grammer. Sin embargo, la segunda temporada fue cancelada en septiembre de 2017.

En marzo de 2016 se unió al drama To the Bone en el papel principal. Se estrenó en el Sundance Film Festival el 22 de enero de 2017. Fue lanzada a nivel mundial por Netflix el 14 de julio de 2017. A pesar del tema tabú de la anorexia en la película, su interpretación como Ellen fue llamado un "trabajo ejemplar".

Collins también fue parte del reparto de la película de Netflix, Okja dirigida por Bong Joon-ho, junto a Jake Gyllenhaal y Tilda Swinton. La película compitió por el Palme d'Or en Festival de Cannes 2017 y recibió una ovación de pie durante 4 minutos después de su estreno. Fue lanzada en Netflix el 28 de junio de 2017.

Los Misérables
En 2017 fue anunciado que la miniserie Les Misérables sería adaptada por Andrew Davies en una miniserie de BBC dirigida por Tom Shankland y protagonizada por Collins junto a Dominic West y David Oyelowo. Collins tuvo el papel protagónico de Fantine, una joven parisina que es abandonada por su amante rico, obligándola a cuidar ella sola de su hija pequeña, Cosette. La filmación comenzó en febrero de 2018 en Bélgica y el norte de Francia.

Los críticos y fanes aplaudieron su interpretación de Fantine, Alexandra Pollard de The Independent escribió que "[Collins] hace de la trágica Fantine con firmeza y elegancia", en una "magnífica" interpretación.

2019-presente
En 2019, Collins coprotagonizó junto a Zac Efron el drama Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, dirigido por Joe Berlinger. Interpreta a Elizabeth Kendall, la novia de Ted Bundy, a la que le cuesta aceptar que su pareja es un asesino en serie. La película se estrenó en el Sundance Film Festival el 26 de enero de ese año. También ese año, Collins tuvo uno de los papeles principales como Edith Tolkien, la novia, musa, y esposa del autor J. R. R. Tolkien, en la película biográfica Tolkien, con Nicholas Hoult en el papel principal. La filmación comenzó en octubre de 2017 y terminó en diciembre. La película fue finalmente lanzada el 10 de mayo de 2019.

En 2020, Collins protagonizó junto a Simon Pegg el thriller Inheritance dirigida por Vaughn Stein. También apareció en Mank, dirigida por David Fincher para la plataforma Netflix. Protagonizó la serie Emily in Paris, que se estrenó el 2 de octubre de 2020 a través de la plataforma Netflix.

Collins protagonizará The Cradle, dirigida por Hope Dickinson Leach junto a Jack O'Connell, y en Gilded Rage junto a Christoph Waltz y Bill Skarsgård, producida por Jake Gyllenhaal y dirigida por Charlie McDowell.

Vida personal

Relaciones
Desde 2012 a 2018 mantuvo una relación intermitente con Jamie Campbell Bower, su compañero de reparto en Cazadores de sombras: Ciudad de hueso.

En 2019 comenzó a salir con el actor Charlie McDowell. El 25 de septiembre de 2020 anunció su compromiso a través de su cuenta de Instagram. El 4 de septiembre de 2021 contrajeron matrimonio.

Personalidad
En una entrevista, Collins habló de su personalidad:

Además contó sobre la "moda" de sus cejas ya que se le conoce como la "chica de las cejas gruesas" y genera opiniones encontradas:

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Vídeos musicales

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Emigrantes ingleses hacia Estados Unidos
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices infantiles de Estados Unidos
Alumnado de la Universidad del Sur de California
Phil Collins
Presentadores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de cine de Inglaterra
Actrices de televisión de Inglaterra
Actrices infantiles de Inglaterra

Lily Collins


Herrernes doubleturnering i badminton under sommer-OL 2020 finder sted 24. juli - 1. august 2021 og bliver afviklet i Musashino Forest Sport Plaza, der ligger i Heritage Zonen.

Medaljefordeling

Format
Turneringen begynder med indledende gruppekampe, hvor udøverne bliver delt op i fire grupper og spiller alle-mod-alle i de indledende grupper. De fire bedst doubler er seedede og er placeret i hver deres indledende gruppe. De to bedste doubler fra de indledende gruppekampe går videre til kvartfinalerne. Den bedste double i hver gruppe går til hver sin kvartfinale, mens de fire toere er gennem lodtrækning for at blive placeret i kvartfinalen. Herefter er der semifinaler, kamp om bronze samt finalen.

Seedet
I alt er fire par seedet i konkurrencen.

Resultater

Gruppespil

Gruppe A

Gruppe B

Gruppe C

Gruppe D

Slutspil

Referencer

Herredouble

Badminton under sommer-OL 2020 - herredouble


Sex segregation, sex separation, gender segregation or gender separation is the physical, legal, or cultural separation of people according to their biological sex at any age. Sex segregation can refer simply to the physical and spatial separation by sex without any connotation of illegal discrimination. In other circumstances, sex segregation can be controversial. Depending on the circumstances, it can be a violation of capabilities and human rights and can create economic inefficiencies; on the other hand, some supporters argue that it is central to certain religious laws and social and cultural histories and traditions.

Definitions

The term "sex" in "sex segregation" refers to the biological distinctions between men and women, used in contrast to "gender". The term "segregation" refers to separation of the sexes, which can be enforced by rules, laws, and policies, or be a de facto outcome in which people are separated by sex. Even as a de facto outcome, sex segregation taken as a whole can be caused by societal pressures, historical practices, socialized preferences and "fundamental biological differences". Sex segregation can refer to literal physical and spatial separation by sex. The term is also used for the exclusion of one sex from participation in an occupation, institution, or group. Sex segregation can be complete or partial, as when members of one sex predominate within, but do not exclusively constitute, a group or organization.

In the United States some scholars use the term sex separation and not sex segregation.

The term gender apartheid (or sexual apartheid) also has been applied to segregation of people by gender, implying that it is sexual discrimination. If sex segregation is a form of sex discrimination, its effects have important consequences for gender equality and equity.

Types

Sex segregation can occur in both public and private contexts, and be classified in many ways. Legal and gender studies scholar David S. Cohen offers one taxonomy in categorizing sex segregation as mandatory, administrative, permissive, or voluntary. Mandatory and administrative sex segregation are required and enforced by governments in public environments, while permissive and voluntary sex segregation are stances chosen by public or private institutions, but within the capacity of the law.

Mandatory

Mandatory sex segregation is legally required and enforces separation based on sex. Examples include separation of men and women in prisons, law enforcement, military service, public toilets, and housing. These mandatory rules can be nuanced, as in military service, where sexes are often separated in laws about conscription, in housing, and in regulations on which sexes can participate in certain roles, like frontline infantry.  Mandatory sex segregation also includes less obvious cases of separation, as when men and women are required to have same-sex attendants for body searches. Mandatory sex segregation can thus dictate parameters for employment in sex segregated spaces, including medical and care work contexts, and can be a form of occupational segregation. For example, a government may mandate that clinics hire female nurses to care for female patients.

Administrative

Administrative sex segregation involves public and government institutions segregating by sex in their operating capacity, rather than as the result of a formal mandate. Examples of administrative sex segregation include sex segregation in government sponsored medical research, sports leagues, public hospitals with shared rooms, rehabilitation programs, and some public education facilities. Administrative sex segregation can occur in these environments simply as through the provisioning of sex segregated public toilets despite limited explicit legal requirements to do so.

Permissive

Permissive sex segregation is segregation which is explicitly permitted by law, i.e. affirmatively authorized, but not necessarily legally required or encouraged. Permissive sex segregation exempts certain things from anti-sex-discrimination laws, often allowing for, among others, segregation of religious and military schools, undergraduate schools that have traditionally admitted based on sex, health clubs, athletic teams, social fraternities and sororities, choirs and choruses, voluntary youth service organizations such as the Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts, father/son and mother/daughter activities, and sex-exclusive beauty pageants and scholarships.

Voluntary

Sex segregation that is neither legally mandated, nor enacted in an administrative capacity, nor explicitly permitted by law, is recognized as voluntary sex segregation. Voluntary sex segregation refers to lack of explicit legal prescriptions; it does not necessarily indicate the free choice of either the segregated or the segregators, and it may be imposed by social and cultural norms. Voluntary sex segregation takes place in numerous national professional and interest-based membership organizations, local and larger clubs, professional sports teams, private recreational facilities, religious institutions, performing arts, and more.

Theoretical explanations
Within feminist theory and feminist legal theory, there are six main theoretical approaches that can be considered and used to analyze the causes and effects of sex segregation. They include libertarianism, equal treatment, difference feminism, anti-subordination, critical race feminism, and anti-essentialism.

Libertarianism

Libertarian feminist theory stems from ideologies similar to libertarian political theory; that legal and governmental institutions should not regulate choices and should allow people's free will to govern their life trajectories. Libertarianism takes a free market approach to sex segregation saying that women have a natural right and are the most informed to make decisions for themselves but rejects special protections specifically for women. Autonomy is central to libertarianism, so theorists believe that the government should not interfere with decision making or be concerned with reasoning behind such decisions since men and women culturally and naturally make different and often diverging choices. Policies and laws enforced by the government should not act to change any inherent differences between the sexes.
Libertarianism most directly relates to voluntary sex segregation as it maintains that the government should not regulate private institutions or entities' segregation by sex and should not regulate how individuals privately group themselves. Libertarian feminist David Berstein argues that while sex segregation can cause harm, guarding the freedom of choice for men and women is more important than preventing such sex segregation since methods of prevention can often cause more harm than good for both sexes. Women's health clubs are an example of how sex segregation benefits women since desegregation would interfere with women's abilities to exercise without the distraction of men and 'ogling' without any direct benefit to allowing men a membership. Additionally, libertarians would allow for permissive sex segregation since it allows people to choose how to organize their interactions and relationships with others.
Libertarian feminists acknowledge that there is legal precedence for sex segregation laws, but argue for such parameters to ensure equal treatment of similarly situated men and women. As such, libertarianism could allow or reject specific forms of sex segregation created to account for natural or biological differences between the sexes.

Equal treatment

Equal treatment theory or formal equity often works in tandem with libertarianism in that equal treatment theorists believe governments should treat men and women similarly when their situations are similar. In countries whose governments have taken to legislation eliminating sex segregation, equal treatment theory is most frequently used as support for such rules and regulation. For example, equal treatment theory was adopted by the many feminists during the United States' feminist movement in the 1970s. This utilization of equal treatment theory led to the adoption of intermediate scrutiny as a standard for sex discrimination on the basis that men and women should be treated equally when in similar situations. While equal treatment theory provides a sound framework for equality, application is quite tricky, as many critics question the standards by which men and women should be treated similarly or differently. In this manner, libertarianism and equal treatment theory provide good foundations for their agendas in sex segregation, but conceptually do not prevent it, leaving room for mandatory and administrative sex segregation to remain as long as separation is based on celebrated differences between men and women. Some forms of mandatory and administrative segregation may perpetuate sex segregation by depicting a difference between male and female employees where there is no such difference, as in combat exclusion policies.

Difference feminism

Difference feminism arose from libertarianism and equal treatment theories' perceived failure to create systemic equality for women. Difference feminism celebrates biological, psychological, moral differences between men and women, accusing laws concerning sex segregation of diluting these important differences. Difference feminists believe that such laws not only ignore these important differences, but also can exclude participation of women in the world. Difference feminism's goal is to bring about a consciousness of women's femininity and to cause the revaluation of women's attributes in a more respectful, reverent manner.
Difference feminism and equal treatment theory are quite contrasting feminist theories of sex segregation. Difference feminism often justifies sex segregation through women's and men's differences while equal treatment theory does not support separation because of differences in sex. Difference feminism, however, argues against segregation that stems from societal and "old-fashioned" differences between men and women, but believes that segregation that takes women's differences into account and promotes equality is acceptable, even going so far as to say that some forms of sex segregation are necessary to ensure equality, such as athletics and education, and policies such as Title IX.

Anti-subordination
Anti-subordination feminist theory examines sex segregation of power to determine whether women are treated or placed subordinately compared to men in a law or situation. The theory focuses on male dominance and female subordination and promotes destroying a sex-based hierarchy in legal and social institutions and preventing future hierarchies from arising. Anti-subordination also supports laws that promote the status of women even if they lower men's status as a consequence. Controversial applications of anti-subordination that can either perpetuate the subordination of women or create the subordination of men include sex segregation in education and in the military.

Critical race feminism

Critical race feminism developed due to the lack of racial inclusivity of feminist theories and lack of gender inclusivity of racial theories. This theory is more global than the others, attempting to take into account the intersectionality of gender and race. Critical race feminism demands that theorists reexamine surface-level segregation and focus on how sex segregation stems from different histories, causing different effects based on race, especially for women of color. This segregation is evident in many racially divided countries, especially in the relationship between the end of race-segregated schools and sex segregation. Critical race feminism critiques other theories' failure to take into account their different applications once race, class, sexual orientation, or other identity factors are included in a segregated situation. It creates the need to examine mandatory and administrative sex segregation to determine whether or if they sustain racial stereotypes, particularly towards women of color. Additionally, critical race feminists wonder whether permissive and voluntary sex segregation are socially acceptable manners by which to separate races and sexes or whether they maintain and perpetuate inequalities. Critical race feminism is a form of anti-essentialism (below).

Anti-essentialism

Anti-essentialists maintain that sex and gender categories are limiting and fail to include the unlimited variety of difference in human identity and impose identities rather than simply note their differences. Theorists believe that there is variation in what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman, and by promoting the differences through sex segregation, people are confined to categories, limiting freedom. Anti-essentialists examine how society imposes specific identities within the sex dichotomy and how subsequently sex and gender hierarchies are created, perpetuated, and normalized. This theory requires that there is a specific disentanglement between sex and gender. Anti-essentialists believe that there should not be an idea of what constitutes masculinity or femininity, but that individual characteristics should be fluid to eliminate sex and gender-based stereotypes. No specific types of sex segregation are outwardly promoted or supported by anti-essentialists since mandatory and administrative sex segregation reinforce power struggles between the sexes and genders while permissive or voluntary forms of sex segregation allow institutions and society to sort individuals into categories with differential access to power, and supporting the government's elimination of such permission for certain institutions and norms to continue to exist.

Contemporary policy examples

Sex segregation is a global phenomenon manifested differently in varying localities. Sex segregation and integration considered harmless or normal in one country can be considered radical or illegal in others.  At the same time, many laws and policies promoting segregation or desegregation recur across multiple national contexts. Safety and privacy concerns, traditional values and cultural norms, and belief that sex segregation can produce positive educational and overall social outcomes all shape public policy regarding sex segregation.

Safety and privacy

Some sex segregation occurs for reasons of safety and privacy. Worldwide, laws often mandate sex segregation in public toilets, changing rooms, showers, and similar spaces, based on a common perceived need for privacy. This type of segregation policy can protect against sexual harassment and sexual abuse. To combat groping, street harassment, and eve teasing of women in crowded public places, some countries have also designated women only spaces. For example, sex-segregated buses, women-only passenger cars, and compartments on trains have been introduced in Mexico, Japan, the Philippines, the UAE and other countries to reduce sexual harassment.  Some places in Germany, Korea, and China all have women's parking spaces, often for related safety issues. Many more countries, including Canada, the United States, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom also grant parking privileges to pregnant women, for safety or access reasons.

Sex segregation rooted in safety considerations can furthermore extend beyond the physical to the psychological and emotional as well. A refuge for battered mothers or wives may refuse to admit men, even those who are themselves the victims of domestic violence, both to exclude those who might commit or threaten violence to women and because women who have been subjected to abuse by a male might feel threatened by the presence of any man. Women's health clinics and women's resource centers, whether in Africa or North America, are further examples of spaces where sex segregation may facilitate private and highly personal decisions. Women-only banks may be similarly intended to provide autonomy to women's decision making.

Religious and cultural ideas

Sex segregation can also be motivated by religious or cultural ideas about men and women. Such cultural assumptions may even exist in the aforementioned policies enacted under the pretenses of safety or privacy concerns. Gender separation and segregation in Judaism and Islam reflect religiously motivated sex segregation. In Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, monastic orders, prayer spaces, and leadership roles have also been segregated by sex.

From a policy perspective, theocracies and countries with a state religion have sometimes made sex segregation laws based partially in religious traditions. Even when not legally enforced, such traditions can be reinforced by social institutions and in turn result in sex segregation. In the South Asian context, one institution conducive to sex segregation, sometimes but not always rooted in national law, is purdah.

During the Taiping Rebellion (1851–64) against the Qing dynasty, areas controlled by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had strict sex separation enforced. Even married couples were not allowed to live together until 1858.

The Muslim world and the Middle East have been particularly scrutinized by scholars analyzing sex segregation resulting from the consequences of Sharia, the moral and religious code of Islam that, in the strictest version, Muslims hold to be the perfect law created by God. Saudi Arabia has been called an epicenter of sex segregation, stemming partially from its conservative Sunni Islamic practices and partially from its monarchy's legal constraints.  Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia is not inherent to the country's culture, but was promoted in the 1980s and 1990s by the government, the Sahwa movement, and conservative and religious behavioral enforcers (i.e. police, government officers, etc.).
Israel has also been noted both for its military draft of both sexes and its sex-segregated Mehadrin bus lines.

Education and socialization

Sex segregation is sometimes pursued through policy because it is thought to produce better educational outcomes. In some parts of the world, especially in Europe, where education is available to girls as well as boys, educational establishments were frequently single-gender. Such single-sex schools are still found in many countries, including but not limited to, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

In the United States in particular, two federal laws give public and private entities permission to segregate based on sex: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972. These laws permit sex segregation of contact sports, choruses, sex education, and in areas such as math and reading, within public schools.

Studies have analyzed whether single-sex or co-ed schools produce better educational outcomes. Teachers and school environments tend to be more conducive to girls' learning habits and participation rates improve in single-sex schools. In developing countries, single-sex education provides women and girls an opportunity to increase female education and future labor force participation. Girls in single-sex schools outperform their counterparts in co-educational schools in math, average class scores for girls are higher, girls in single-sex math and science classes are more likely to continue to take math and science classes in higher education, and in case studies, boys and girls have reported that single-sex classes and single-sex teachers create a better environment for learning for both sexes.

Critics of single-sex schools and classes claim that single-sex schooling is inherently unequal and that its physical separation contributes to gender bias on an academic and social basis. Single-sex schooling also allegedly limits the socialization between sexes that co-educational schools provide. Coeducational school settings have been shown to foster less anxiety, have happier classrooms, and enable students to participate in a simulated social environment with the tools to maneuver, network, and succeed in the world outside of school. Even in co-ed schools, certain classes, such as sex education, are sometimes segregated on the basis of sex. Parallel education occurs in some schools, when administrators decide to segregate students only in core subjects.
Segregation by specialization is also evident in higher education and actually increases with economic development of a country. Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Morocco, and Namibia are countries with the least amount of gender segregation in tertiary studies while Croatia, Finland, Japan, and Lithuania have the most.

Desegregation

Desegregation policies often seek to prevent sex discrimination, or alleviate occupational segregation. These policies encourage women and men to participate in environments typically predominated by the opposite sex. Examples include government quotas, gender-specific scholarships, co-ed recreational leagues, or programming designed to change social norms.

In China, deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference National Committee proposed that the public should be more attentive to widespread instances of occupational segregation in China. Often employers reject specifically women applicants or create sex requirements in order to apply. The Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China and Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women state that no employer can refuse to employ women based on sex or raise application standards for women specifically, but also do not currently have clear sanctions for those who do segregate based on sex.
China has also begun to encourage women in rural villages to take up positions of management in their committees. Specifically, China's Village Committee Organization Law mandates that women should make up one third or more of the members of village committees. The Dunhuang Women's Federation of Dunhuang City, in China's Gansu Province, provided training for their village's women in order to build political knowledge.

In March 2013 in the European Union, a resolution was passed to invest in training and professional development for women, promote women-run businesses, and include women on company boards. In Israel, the Minister of Religious Services, Yaakov Margi Shas, has recently supported removal of signs at cemeteries segregating women and men for eulogies and funerals, prohibiting women from taking part in the services. The Minister agreed with academic and politician, Yesh Atid MK Aliza Lavie, who questioned him about segregation policies enacted by rabbis and burial officials, that governmental opposition to sex segregation was necessary to combat these practices not supported by Jewish or Israeli law.

In other cases, sex segregation in one arena can be pursued to enable sex desegregation in another. For example, separation of boys and girls for early math and science education may be part of an effort to increase the representation of women in engineering or women in science.

Sometimes, countries will also argue that segregation in other nations violates human rights. For example, the United Nations and Western countries have encouraged kings of Saudi Arabia to end its strict segregation of institutions such as schools, government institutions, hospitals, and other public spaces in order to secure women's rights in Saudi Arabia Even though the removal of certain religious and government heads has made way for liberal agendas to promote desegregation, the public largely still subscribes to the idea of a segregated society, while institutions and the government itself still technically remain under the control of Wahhabism. Reform is small in size, since there is no constitution to back up policy changes concerning sex segregation. The Saudi people refer to this segregation as Khilwa and violation of the separation is punishable by law. This separation is tangibly manifested in the recently erected wall in places that employ both men and women, a feat possible by a law passed in 2011 allowing Saudi women to work in lingerie shops in order to lower female unemployment rates. The public views the 1.6 meter wall favorably, saying that it will lead to less instances of harassment by men visiting the expatriate women in the shops. The Luthan hotel in Saudi Arabia was the country's first women's only hotel, acting more as a vacation spot for women than a mandated segregated institution. Upon entering the hotel, women are allowed to remove their headscarves and abayas and the hotel employs only women, calling their bellhops the world's first bellgirls, providing opportunities for Saudi women in IT and engineering jobs where, outside the Luthan, are quite scarce.

Significance

In human development

For most children, sex segregation manifests itself early in the socialization process via group socialization theory, where children are expected to behave in certain sex-typed manners and form sex in and out-groups. In pre-school classrooms, for example, making gender more salient to children has been shown to lead to stronger gender stereotypes and inter-group biases between sex groups. These evident tendencies were also manifested in decreased playtime with children of the opposite sex, or a kind of early, selective sex segregation based on preconceived social norms. While specifically segregating by sex for playtime has not been linked to any long-lasting effects on women's rights compared to men, these different manners of socialization often lead to communication and power struggles between men and women and to differential life decisions by each sex based on these long-established gendered identities.

In elementary and secondary education, sex segregation sometimes yields and perpetuates gender bias in the form of treatment by teachers and peers that perpetuates traditional gender roles and sex bias, underrepresentation of girls in upper level math, science, and computer classes, fewer opportunities for girls to learn and solve problems, girls receiving less attention compared to the boys in their classes, and significantly different performance levels between boys and girls in reading and math classes. Sometimes in elementary schools teachers force the students to sit boy, girl, boy girl. Sex segregation in educational settings can also lead to negative outcomes for boys such as boys in co-educational classrooms having academic scores higher than boys in single-sex classrooms. On the contrary, girls in single-sex classrooms have academic scores higher than girls in co-educational classrooms. Boys academically benefit from a coeducational environment while girls do from a single-sex environment, so critics and proponents of both types of education argue that either single-sex or coeducational classrooms create a comparative disadvantage for either sex. Athletic participation and physical education are examples where appeals to differences in biological sex may encourage segregation within education systems. These differences can impact access to competition, gender identity construction, and external as well as internalized perceptions of capabilities, especially among young girls.

Separation of public toilets by sex is very common around the world. In certain settings the sex separation can be critical to ensure the safety of females, in particular schoolgirls, from male abuse. At the same time, sex segregated public toilets may promote a gender binary that excludes transgender people. Unisex public toilets can be a suitable alternative and/or addition to sex-segregated toilets in many cases.

A special case presents with choirs and choruses, especially in the tradition of the choir school which uses ensemble and musical discipline to ground academic discipline. Male and female voices are distinctive both solo and in ensemble, and segregated singing has an evolved and established aesthetic. Male voices, unlike female voices, break in early adolescence, and accommodating this break in an educational program is challenging in a coed environment. Coeducation tends to stigmatize males, as is often the case in expressive arts, unlike athletics.

In economies

Physical sex separation is not popular in many institutions on a tertiary level (between types of institutions), while fields of study or majors are highly gendered, such as later life decisions such as work/care work conflicts. Men tend to occupy engineering, manufacturing, science, and construction fields while women dominate education, humanities and arts, social sciences, business, law, and health and welfare fields. However, important life decisions as occupations can yield other instances of sex segregation by impacting occupational sex imbalances and further male and female socialization. Vicki Schultz (1990) indicates that although Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits sex discrimination in employment and promised working women change, "most women continue to work in low paying, low status, and traditionally female jobs." Schultz (1990) states that "employers have argued that women lack interest in male-dominated jobs, which are highly rewarded and nontraditional for women." According to Schultz, the courts have accepted this argument, subsequently not holding employers liable. Schultz contends that "the courts have failed to recognize the role of employers in shaping women's work aspirations." (Schultz, 1990:1750,1756)) Schultz states that the judicial framework that has been established by the courts "has created an unduly narrow definition of sex discrimination and an overly restrictive role for the law in dismantling sex segregation." (Schultz, 1990:1757) Schultz concludes by saying, "courts can acknowledge their own constructive power and use it to help create a work world in which women are empowered to choose the more highly rewarded occupations that Title VII has long promised."  (Schultz, 1990:1843) Even at psychological levels, socialized preferences for or against sex segregation can also have significant effects. In one study, women in male-dominated work settings were the most satisfied psychologically with their jobs while women in occupational settings with only 15-30% men were less satisfied due to favored treatment of the male minority in such a segregated atmosphere. Stark segregation by occupation can lead to a sexual division of labor, influencing the access and control men and women have over inputs and outputs required for labor. Additionally, occupational sex segregation has certain health and safety hazards for each sex, since employment conditions, type of work, and contract and domestic responsibilities vary for types of employment. In many areas of work, women tend to dominate the production line jobs while men occupy managerial and technical jobs. These types of workplace factors and interactions between work and family have been cited by social stratification research as key causes for social inequality. Family roles are especially influential for predicting significant differences in earnings between married couples. Men benefit financially from family roles such as a husband and a father, while women's incomes are lowered when becoming a wife and mother.

Other gender disparities via sex segregation between men and women include differential asset ownership, house and care work responsibilities, and agency in public and private spheres for each sex. These segregations have persisted because of governmental policy, blocked access for a sex, and/or the existence of sex-based societal gender roles and norms. Perpetuation of gender segregation, especially in economic spheres, creates market and institutional failures. For example, women often occupy jobs with flexible working environments in order to take on care work as well as job responsibilities, but since part-time, flexible hourly jobs pay less and have lower levels of benefits, large numbers of women in these lower income jobs lowers incentives to participate in the same market work as their male counterparts, perpetuating occupational gender lines in societies and within households. Schultz (1990) article indicates that "working-class women have made it a priority to end job segregation for they want opportunities that enable them to support them and their families." (Schultz, 1990:1755) Additionally, economic development in countries is positively correlated with female workers in wage employment occupations and negatively correlated with female workers in unpaid or part-time work, self-employment, or entrepreneurship, job sectors often seen occupied by women in developing countries. Many critics of sex segregation see globalization processes as having the potential to promote systemic equality among the sexes.

In fiction
Some literary works of social science fiction and gender, sex and sexuality in speculative fiction that consider sex segregation are the books Swastika Night or The Handmaid's Tale (later converted into a film).

See also

 Age segregation
 Athos, a Greek peninsula where women are not allowed
 Discrimination against non-binary people
 Discrimination against transgender men
 Discrimination against transgender women
 Feminist separatism
 Gender apartheid
 Gender-blind
 Gender inequality
 Gender polarization
 Geographical segregation
 Mixed-sex sports
 Occupational inequality
 Occupational sexism
 Okinoshima, a Japanese island where women are not allowed
 Racial segregation
 Religious segregation
 School segregation
 Separate spheres
 Sex differences in humans
 Sex segregation in Iran
 Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia
 Sexism
 Transgender discrimination
 Transgender inequality
 Transmisogyny
 Transphobia
 Unisex public toilet
 Women and children first
 Women-only space
 Sex segregation in Afghanistan

References

External links

 RAWA – Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. Documenting Taliban atrocities against women
 Gender Apartheid an essay on the topic from Third World Women's Health
 Stop Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan an anti-Taliban pamphlet from the Feminist Majority Foundation
 Taking the Gender Apartheid Tour in Saudi Arabia
 Saudi Arabia's Apartheid by Colbert King, Washington Post December 22, 2001
 Against Sexual Apartheid in Iran Interview with Azar Majedi
 Sexual Apartheid in Iran by Mahin Hassibi

Sexism
Islam-related controversies
Women's rights in religious movements
Sex
Gender and society
Single-gender worlds

Sex segregation


The vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge (formally known as The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor) is the main administrative and academic officer of the university, and is elected by the Regent House for a term of up to seven years. Since October 2022, the acting vice-chancellor has been Anthony Freeling.

Prior to 1992, the position was part-time, the post-holder having other college and faculty duties. In fact, between 1587 and 1992 all holders were concurrently Masters of one of the university's colleges. Until the late nineteenth century, the term was generally one year, though this was extended to two years until the post became full-time in 1992.

Since 2003, the vice-chancellor has been assisted by five pro-vice-chancellors. For the year 2007–08, Alison Richard was paid "£227,000 in salary and perks." In 2017–18, Vice-Chancellor Stephen Toope earned a basic salary of £431,000, a significant increase from his predecessor's salary of £343,000.

Vice-chancellors

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

Full-time vice-chancellors

See also
 List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge
 List of vice-chancellors of the University of Oxford

References

External links
 Full List of Vice-Chancellors, University of Cambridge

Lists of people associated with the University of Cambridge

Cambridge
Cambridge

List of vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge


TV3 Sport 2 var en dansk tv-kanal, der havde premiere 5. februar 2013. Kanalen ejes af Viasat og er en søsterkanal til TV3 Sport 1. TV3 Sport 2 viser Superligaen og UEFA Champions League i fodbold samt dart, atletik, golf, speedway og en masse anden sport.

23. august 2017 offentliggjorde Viasat og MTG (Modern Times Group), at TV3 Sport 2 lukker 30. oktober 2017 og bliver til TV3 Max. Alt sport på TV3 Sport 2 bliver på TV3 Max, som også vil vise serier som The Simpsons og How I Met Your Mother. Dem der har adgang til TV3 Sport 2, vil automatisk få adgang til TV3 Max.

Noter

Tv-kanaler fra Viasat
Etableret i 2013
Ophørt i 2017

TV3 Sport 2


Landgraaf (; ) er en kommune, beliggende i den sydlige provins Limburg i Nederlandene. Kommunens areal er på 24,68 km², og indbyggertallet er på 37.376 pr. 1. april 2016.

Landgraaf er mest kendt for den årlige musikfestival Pinkpop.

Kernerne
Landgraaf Kommunen består af følgende landsbyer og bebyggelser: .

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger

 Kommunens hjemmeside

Byer i Limburg
Kommuner i Limburg

Landgraaf


'Galahad' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1986 par Michel Kriloff (1916-2010), fameux rosiériste d'Antibes. Il est baptisé du nom du personnage de Galahad, fils de Lancelot du Lac, et chevalier de la Table ronde.

Description
Ce cultivar hybride de thé se présente sous la forme d'un buisson rond au feuillage dense et vert foncé, pouvant atteindre  de hauteur. Ses grandes fleurs sont blanches  le cœur ombré de crème, bien turbinées, pleines, les pétales ourlés, s'ouvrant en coupe. Elles sont parfumées avec des nuances d'anis. La floraison est remontante.

'Galahad' tolère des températures à -15° C et préfère les situations ensoleillées. Il se plaît sous le climat méditerranéen. Il doit être taillé au tiers avant la fin de l'hiver. Il fait merveille comme buisson pour éclairer les massifs de la belle couleur immaculée de ses fleurs.
Il est largement commercialisé surtout en France, en Italie et en Allemagne.

Cette variété est issue d'un croisement 'Micaëla' (hybride de thé, Kriloff, 1970) × 'Lara' (hybride de thé, Kriloff, 1967).

Notes et références

Liens externes
Description et photographie

Cultivar de rosier
Hybride de thé

Galahad (rose)


Kup Hrvatske u vaterpolu za sezonu 2018./19. je bilo 27. izdanje natjecanja. Igrano je u prosincu 2018. godine, a osvojio ga je četvrti put zaredom "Jug Croatia osiguranje" iz Dubrovnika.

Sustav natjecanja
Natjecanje je igrano u dva dijela - kvalifikacijama i završnom turniru, a sudjelovalo je 10 klubova. U kvalifikcijama su bile formirane dvije skupine po pet klubova, a prve dvije momčadi iz svake skupine su se plasirale na završni turnir.

Sudionici
 Galeb Makarska rivijera - Makarska
 Jadran - Split
 Jug Croatia osiguranje - Dubrovnik
 Medveščak - Zagreb
 HAVK Mladost - Zagreb
 Mornar Brodospas - Split
 OVK POŠK - Split
 Primorje Erste banka - Rijeka
 Solaris - Šibenik
 Zadar 1952 - Zadar

Rezultati i ljestvice

Kvalifikacije
Igrano od 7. do 9. prosinca 2018.

Skupina A
Igrano u Splitu.

 Ljestvica

 Rezultati

Skupina B
Igrano u Zagrebu.

 Ljestvica

 Rezultati

Završni turnir
Igrano u Dubrovniku, 22. i 23. prosinca 2018.

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Kup Hrvatske u vaterpolu
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019.
 1. B HVL 2019.

Vanjske poveznice
 hvs.hr

Izvori

 hvs.hr, KUP RH seniori (22.12.2018. - 23.12.2018.), pristupljeno 29. prosinca 2018.
 hvs.hr, Kup RH: Kvalifikacijski turnir skupina Split rezultati, objavljeno 8. prosinca 2018., pristupljeno 29. prosinca 2018.
 hvs.hr, Kup RH: Kvalifikacijski turnir skupina Zagreb rezultati ; Jug i Mladost na Final Fouru, objavljeno 8. prosinca 2018., pristupljeno 29. prosinca 2018.
 slobodnadalmacija.hr, Jug CO - Mornar BS i Jadran - Mladost u polufinalu Kupa, objavljeno 9. prosinca 2018., pristupljeno 29. prosinca 2018.

2018

Hrvatski vaterpolski kup 2018.


An Carex dispalata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Francis M.B. Boott. An Carex dispalata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. d. dispalata
 C. d. laxiflorens

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex dispalata