Fort Moore (formerly Fort Benning) is a United States Army post near Columbus, Georgia, adjacent to the Alabama–Georgia border. Fort Moore supports more than 120,000 active-duty military, family members, reserve component soldiers, retirees and civilian employees on a daily basis. As a power projection platform, the post can deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway for their designated mission. Fort Moore is the home of the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence, the United States Army Armor School, United States Army Infantry School, the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (formerly known as the School of the Americas), elements of the 75th Ranger Regiment, the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, and other tenant units.

It was originally named for Henry L. Benning, a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. Fort Benning was one of the ten U.S. Army installations named for former Confederate generals that were renamed on 11 May 2023,  following a recommendation from the
congressionally mandated Naming Commission that Fort Benning be renamed Fort Moore after Lieutenant General Hal Moore and his wife Julia Compton Moore, both of whom are buried on post. On 6 October 2022, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin accepted the recommendation and directed the name change occur no later than 1 January 2024. The redesignation ceremony officially renaming Fort Benning as Fort Moore was held on 11 May 2023, the day the renaming took effect.

Since 1918, Fort Moore has served as the Home of the Infantry. Since 2005, Fort Moore has been transformed into the Maneuver Center of Excellence, as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission's decision to consolidate a number of schools and installations to create various "centers of excellence". Included in this transformation was the move of the Armor School from Fort Knox to Fort Moore.

History

Camp Benning was established 19 October 1918, initially providing basic training for World War I units, post-war. Dwight D. Eisenhower served at Benning from 24 December 1918, until 15 March 1919, with about 250 of his Camp Colt, Pennsylvania, tankers who had been transferred to Benning after the armistice. In December 1918, a portion of the Camp Polk tank school near Raleigh, North Carolina was transferred to Camp Benning "to work in conjunction with the Infantry school". Camp Benning tank troops were moved to Camp Meade in February 1919.

In February 1920, Congress voted to declare Camp Benning a permanent military post and appropriated more than $1 million of additional building funds for the Infantry School of Arms, which later became the Infantry School. By the fall of 1920, more than 350 officers, 7,000 troops and 650 student officers lived at Camp Benning. The post was renamed to Fort Benning in 1922, after Henry L. Benning, a general in the army of the Confederate States of America. Benning fought against U.S. Army troops in the Civil War as commander of Confederate States Army forces.

In 1924, Brig. Gen. Briant H. Wells became the fourth commandant of the Infantry School and established the Wells Plan for permanent construction on the installation, emphasizing the importance of the outdoor environment and recreation opportunities for military personnel. During Wells' tenure, the post developed recreational facilities such as Doughboy Stadium, Gowdy Field, the post theater and Russ swimming pool. Doughboy Stadium was erected as a memorial by soldiers to their fallen comrades of World War I. One of the Doughboys' original coaches was a young captain named Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Lt. Col George C. Marshall was appointed assistant commandant of the post in 1927 and initiated major changes. Marshall, who later became the Army Chief of Staff during World War II, was appalled by the high casualties of World War I caused, he thought, by insufficient training. He was determined to prevent a lack of preparation from costing more lives in future conflicts. He and his subordinates revamped the education system at Fort Benning. The changes he fostered are still known as the Benning Revolution. Later in his life, Marshall went on to author the Marshall Plan for reviving postwar Europe and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.

In August 1940, two officers and 46 enlisted volunteers of what was known as the Parachute Test Platoon, made their first airborne jump over Lawson Field at Fort Benning after intensive training. Observers from several countries including Germany and the Soviet Union attended. These 48 were the seed that grew into the branches of America's Airborne Infantry.

During World War II Fort Benning  had 197,159 acres (797.87 km2) with billeting space for 3,970 officers and 94,873 enlisted persons. Among many other units, Fort Benning was the home of the 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion, whose training began in December 1943. The unit's formation was an important milestone for black Americans, as was explored in the first narrative history of the installation, Home of the Infantry. The battalion, later expanded to become the 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion and nicknamed the Triple Nickels, was trained at Fort Benning but did not deploy overseas and never saw combat during World War II.

During this period, the specialized duties of the Triple Nickels were primarily in a firefighting role, with over one thousand parachute jumps as smoke jumpers. The 555th was deployed to the Pacific Northwest of the United States in response to the concern that forest fires were being set by the Japanese military using long-range incendiary balloons. The 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion was activated 15 July 1940, and trained at the Fort. The 17th Armored Engineer Battalion became active and started training 15 July 1940.

On 28 March 1941, the body of Private Felix "Poss" Hall was found hanged in a shallow ravine near what is now Logan Avenue. Born 1 January 1922, in Millbrook, Alabama, he enlisted in the Army in August 1940. He was assigned to serve in the 24th Infantry Regiment at Fort Benning, an all-Black segregated unit formed after the Civil War. Two cousins and his best friend from Millbrook were also stationed at Fort Benning and bunked near him. Hall was known for being friendly and popular, and worked at the base sawmill. On 12 February he told his friends that he was headed to the post exchange for Black servicemen after his work shift. He was last seen alive around 4:00 p.m. in Block W, an all-white neighborhood between the mill and post exchange. He did not appear at bugle call the next morning, and was declared a deserter nearly a month after his disappearance.

His body was found by soldiers on 28 March 1941, hanging against the edge of a ravine in a wooded area. His death was officially declared a homicide, although military officials speculated he had committed suicide. A Fort Benning physician examined his body on 8 April and ruled it a homicide. A 1/4 inch noose tied to a sapling was wrapped around his neck, his feet had been bound by baling wire and attached with a rope to other saplings, and his hands were tied behind him. The position of his feet indicated that he had attempted to pile dirt beneath his feet to help alleviate the pressure on his neck.

His murder became widely reported in Black newspapers throughout the country, and the only known publicly available photograph of Felix was published in The Pittsburgh Courier. The FBI conducted a 17-month long investigation, but ultimately no one was charged for the murder of Hall. On 3 August 2021, the Army unveiled a marker in memory of Felix Hall at the site where he was last seen alive. A memorial event was also held during the unveiling of his marker. His name is inscribed at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice.

On 23 March 1941, Private Albert King, a Black serviceman, was killed by Sergeant Robert Lummus, who was White, following an altercation on a bus. After a night of drinking, King, Pfc. Lawrence Hoover, and their girlfriends, were riding on a bus around 3:30 am, back to their barracks. King was shouting and "cussing", according to the driver and other Black passengers. The driver stopped the bus near the Fort's gates and Sergeant Lummus, a Military Police motorcycle officer, boarded the bus. When Lummus tried to take King and Hoover off the bus, King ran out the front door, and Lummus hit Hoover with a blackjack.

After taking Hoover into custody, Lummus later found a Black soldier walking back toward the main post. Lummus approached King and threatened to arrest him. When King claimed that Lummus could not do so, Lummus shot King five times, killing him. During the trial, later that day, it was claimed that King had drawn a pocket knife when approached by Lummus, though Hoover denied that King had a pocket knife with him. Lummus was found not guilty of murder and transferred the next day to Fort Knox.

At the start of the Korean War an Airborne Ranger Training Center was established by Colonel John G. Van Houten under the direction of General J. Lawton Collins.

The 4th Infantry Division, first of four divisions committed by the United States to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, reorganized and completed its basic training at Fort Benning (Sand Hill and Harmony Church areas) from October 1950 to May 1951, when it deployed to Germany for five years.

The Airborne School on Main Post has three 249-foot (76 m) drop towers called "Free Towers." They are used to train paratroopers. The towers were modeled after the parachute towers at the 1939 World's Fair in New York. Only three towers stand today; the fourth tower was toppled by a tornado on 14 March 1954.

During the spring of 1962 General Herbert B. Powell, Commanding General, U.S. Continental Army Command, directed that all instruction at the Infantry School after 1 July reflect Reorganization Objective Army Division structures. Therefore, the Infantry School asked for permission to reorganize the 1st Infantry Brigade under a ROAD structure. Instead, the Army Staff decided to inactivate the Pentomic-structured brigade and replace it with a new ROAD unit, the 197th Infantry Brigade, which resolved a unit designation issue.

With the designation 1st Infantry Brigade slated to return to the 1st Infantry Division when it converted to ROAD, the existing unit at Fort Benning required a new title. The staff selected an infantry brigade number that had been associated with an Organized Reserve division that was no longer in the force. For the new ROAD brigade at Fort Benning, Georgia, the adjutant general on 1 August 1962, restored elements of the 99th Reconnaissance Troop, which thirty years earlier had been organized by consolidating infantry brigade headquarters and headquarters companies of the 99th Infantry Division, as Headquarters and Headquarters Companies, 197th and 198th Infantry Brigades.

Fort Benning  was the site of the Scout dog school of the United States during the Vietnam War, where the dogs trained to detect ambushes in enemy terrain got their initial training, before being transferred to Vietnam for further advanced courses.

Fort Benning also had an urban village, McKenna Military Operations in Urban Terrain, built by Army engineers for urban training of soldiers. It was used for live, virtual and constructive experimentation on soldier systems, weapons, and equipment. The site was approximately 200 meters square, and included 15 buildings resembling a European village. There was a church, small houses, domestic residences and office-style buildings.

In 1984, following the signing of the Panama Canal Treaty, the School of the Americas relocated from Fort Gulick (Panama) to Fort Benning. After criticism concerning human rights violations committed by a number of graduates in Latin America, the school was renamed Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation.

As a result of national protests following the 25 May 2020, murder of George Floyd, an African American man, by Minneapolis police, Congress began to evaluate Democratic proposals to strip the names of Confederate leaders from military bases, including Fort Benning.

Commanding Generals

Post information
There are four main cantonment areas on Fort Moore: Main Post, Kelley Hill, Sand Hill, and Harmony Church.

Main Post
Main Post houses various garrison and smaller FORSCOM units of Fort Moore such as 14th Combat Support Hospital and 11th Engineer Battalion FORSCOM as well as a number of TRADOC-related tenants, e.g. the Officer Candidate School, the Non-Commissioned Officers Academy, and the Airborne School. McGinnis-Wickham Hall (formerly known as Infantry Hall) is the post headquarters and Maneuver Center of Excellence. Adjacent is the Ranger Memorial and the National Infantry Museum. The Army Infantry School conducts its graduations on Inouye Field, sprinkled with soil from the battlegrounds of Yorktown, Antietam, Soissons, Normandy, Corregidor, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan.

Kelley Hill

The 197th Infantry Brigade was located on Kelley Hill in the 1970s and early 1980s

Kelley Hill formerly housed the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized), the parent unit of two combined armed battalions; 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 69th Armor Regiment, as well as 3rd Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, 1st Battalion, 10th Field Artillery Regiment, and two support battalions; the 203rd Brigade Support Battalion and the Special Troops Battalion, 3rd BCT. Included in the roster was the 179th Military Intelligence Detachment.

Between 11 December 2015, and 15 December 2015, the 3rd BCT's six subordinate battalions performed inactivation ceremonies on Sledgehammer Field. On 16 December 2015, 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment Task Force (or Task Force 1-28) was activated in its place. Task Force 1-28 is a 1053-member unit "made up of selected soldiers from the six inactivated battalions that formed the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division".

Sand Hill
Sand Hill is the primary location of the 198th Infantry Brigade and 197th Infantry Brigade responsible for training Infantry One Station Unit Training (OSUT). Its units include the following:

1st Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment
2d Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment
2d Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion, 46th Infantry Regiment
2d Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment
3d Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment
3d Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment
2d Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment
2d Battalion, 58th Infantry Regiment
30th AG Battalion (Reception)

Harmony Church
Harmony Church area houses the 194th Armored Brigade, 316th Cavalry Brigade Armor School and the first phase of Ranger School, 4th Ranger Training Battalion (ARTB). After the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission's decision to create the Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE), Harmony Church is now the new home of the Armor School.

Command group

Current command

 Commanding general, U.S. Army MCoE: Major General Curtis A. Buzzard
 Command sergeant major, U.S. Army MCoE: Command Sergeant Major Derrick C. Garner
 Deputy to the commanding general, U.S. Army MCoE: Mr. Donald M. Sando
 Commandant, U.S. Army Infantry School: Major General Larry Q. Burris
 Command sergeant major, U.S. Army Infantry School: Command Sergeant Major Christopher D. Gunn
 Commandant, U.S. Army Armor School: Brigadier General Thomas M. Feltey
 Command sergeant major, U.S. Army Armor School: Command Sergeant Major LeVaris J. Jackson
 Deputy commanding general, U.S. Army MCoE: Brigadier General Stephen E. Osborn
 Chief of staff, U.S. Army MCoE: Colonel Ryan Wylie
 Garrison commander, U.S. Army MCoE: Lieutenant Colonel Yolanda M. Edwards
 Garrison command sergeant major, U.S. Army MCoE: Command Sergeant Major Michael D. Sanchez

Units and tenant units

Armor School move
Fort Moore was selected by the Base Realignment and Closing Commission to be the home of the new Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE). This realignment co-located the United States Army Armor Center and School, formerly located at Fort Knox, Kentucky, with the Infantry Center and School. This transformation was completed September 2011.

Education
The Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) operates on-base schools for Fort Moore children:
 Faith Middle School
 McBride Elementary School
 Stowers Elementary School
 White Elementary School

High school students attend local public high schools operated by county governments. The portion in Muscogee County is zoned to high schools of Muscogee County Schools. The portion in Chattahoochee County is zoned to Chattahoochee County Schools.

Any Fort Moore pupil, however, may attend Muscogee County schools if their parents wish, as per House Bill 224.

See also
 17th Armored Engineer Battalion
 Fort Moore (1846-1853)

Notes and references

External links

 Fort Moore at www.georgiaencyclopedia.org
 FORSCOM homepage official site
 Post Headquarters - JAG historical marker
 The Infantry Board historical marker

Buildings and structures in Chattahoochee County, Georgia
Columbus, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Muscogee County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Russell County, Alabama
United States Army posts
Training installations of the United States Army
Forts in Georgia (U.S. state)
Columbus metropolitan area, Georgia
Civilian Conservation Corps in Georgia (U.S. state)
Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama
Populated places in Muscogee County, Georgia
Georgia populated places on the Chattahoochee River
Military installations established in 1909
1909 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Military installations in Georgia (U.S. state)

Fort Moore


El bucle do, bucle hacer, hacer-mientras, repetir o también llamado ciclo do-while, es una estructura de control de la mayoría de los lenguajes de programación estructurados cuyo propósito es ejecutar un bloque de código y repetir la ejecución mientras se cumpla cierta condición expresada en la cláusula while. La diferencia con el bucle while radica en que este evalúa la condición al principio, y si esta no se cumple, el código que está encerrado dentro del cuerpo no se ejecuta. En cambio, el bucle do-while evalúa la condición para seguir ejecutándose luego de haber ejecutado el código dentro de su cuerpo; es decir, siempre se ejecuta por lo menos una vez el código.

Sintaxis
La sintaxis en pseudocódigo es la siguiente:

Condición
Al igual que en el bloque while, la condición de salida ha de ser una sentencia que devuelva un valor booleano, y esta puede ser el valor booleano sí, verdadero (true) si la condición se cumple, o falso si esta no se cumple (false). También puede contener el nombre de una variable booleana, y el valor de la expresión dependerá de su contenido. Se debe tener en cuenta que además de las variables también puede haber llamadas a funciones que devuelvan un valor.

Sentencias comparativas
La forma más obvia tal vez, y la más usada sin duda, son las sentencias comparativas, que usan los operandos igual, diferente, menor o igual, mayor o igual, menor y mayor. En el caso del lenguaje C, se utilizan los siguientes símbolos para representar las comparaciones anteriores: ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >,

Ejemplo (usando el lenguaje Léxico)
Suma 1 al valor de a (que inicialmente valía 3) mientras este sea menor o igual que b (que vale 5), lo que da como resultado 6 (nótese que, en la última ejecución del bucle, la variable a comienza valiendo 5, por lo que cumple la condición "mientras", y se le suma 1).
 tarea
 {
    iguale a a 3
    iguale b a 5
    haga
    {
    copie a + 1 en a
    mientras a <= b
    {
    muestre a
    }
 }

Referencias

Estructuras de control

de:Schleife (Programmierung)#Do-While-Schleife

Bucle do


Lampedúsa (ítalska: Lampedusa; sikileyska: Lampidusa; forngríska: Λοπαδοῦσσα og Λοπαδοῦσα og Λοπαδυῦσσα, Lopadúsa eða Lopadússa; maltneska: Lampeduża) er stærst Pelagoseyja í Miðjarðarhafi.

Sveitarfélagið Lampedusa og Linosa er hluti af sikileysku sýslunni Agrigento sem nær líka yfir smærri eyjarnar Linosa og Lampione. Hún er syðsti hluti og syðsta eyja Ítalíu. Túnis, sem er 113 kílómetra (61 sjómíla) í burtu, er næsta meginland við eyjarnar. Sikiley er 205 km í burtu og Malta er 176 kílómetrum austan við Lampedúsa.

Lampedusa er 20,2 ferkílómetrar að flatarmáli og íbúafjöldi er um 6.000 manns. Helstu atvinnugreinar eru fiskveiðar, landbúnaður og ferðaþjónusta. Ferja tengir eyjuna við Porto Empedocle, nálægt Agrigento á Sikiley. Það er einnig flug árið um kring frá flugvellinum á Lampedúsa til Palermo og Catania á Sikiley. Á sumrin eru líka flug til Rómar og Mílanó, auk margra annarra árstíðabundinna áfangastaða á meginlandi Ítalíu.

Árið 2013 var Spiaggia dei Conigli ("Kanínuströndin") á suðurhluta eyjarinnar valin besta strönd heims af ferðavefnum TripAdvisor.

Frá því snemma árs 2000 hefur eyjan verið ein helsta móttökustöð flóttafólks til Evrópu, aðallega frá Líbíu.

Tilvísanir

Eyjar í Miðjarðarhafi
Eyjar í Afríku
Ítalskar eyjar
Sikiley

Lampedúsa


Luka Obadić (13. lipnja 1996.), hrvatski reprezentativni kajakaš i kanuist. Član je Kanu kluba Končar iz Zagreba.

2018. godine je na Europskom prvenstva u kajak-kanu za juniore i mlađe seniore u spustu na divljim vodama koje se održava u Skopju, u konkurenciji športaša do 23 godine u disciplini 3 X C - 2 skupa s Ivanom Tolićem i Jadranom Zonjićem osvojio srebrnu medalju. U istoj dobnoj konkurenciji je u disciplini sprintu C- 2 skupa s Ivanom Tolićem osvojio je broncu.

25. – 28. srpnja 2019. godine na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu i prvenstvu mlađih seniora (do 23) u kajak-kanu spustu na divljim vodama koje se održalo na Vrbasu kod Banje Luke, U disciplini kanua dvosjeda ( C-2) sprint u posadi s Ivanom Tolićem osvojio je srebrnu srebrnu medalju. U disciplini 3xC1 sprint kao dio posade Luka Obadić-Ivan Tolić-Jadran Zonjić bio je četvrti.

2019. godine je skupa s Ivanom Tolićem i Igorom Gojićem osvojio je brončanu medalju u disciplini 3xC-1 (kanu jednosjed) sprint na Svjetskom prvenstvu u kajaku i kanuu na divljim vodama u španjolskom Seu d'Urgellu.

Izvori

Hrvatski kajakaši i kanuisti

Luka Obadić


is a network of toll expressways in the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan. It is operated and maintained by the .

Most routes are grade-separated (elevated roads or tunnels) and central routes have many sharp curves and multi-lane merges that require caution to drive safely. The speed limit is 60 km/h on most routes, but 80 km/h on the Bayshore Route, and 50 km/h on the Inner Circular Route.

All trips on the expressway require a toll be paid. As of 2014, the cash toll for a standard-size car is ¥1300 regardless of distance traveled. Vehicles using the ETC toll-collection system pay a distance-based toll ranging from ¥300 to ¥1300 for ordinary vehicles (see toll price) – in some cases substantially less than the previous fixed-rate toll. Lower cash rates exist for certain radial routes (where there are only a few kilometers of expressway remaining) and ETC users have various time-of-day discounts. For large vehicles, the toll is doubled.

Routes
There are 24 routes currently in operation:

Circular (loop) routes
C1 Inner Circular Route
C2 Central Circular Route — loop incorporating the Yamate Tunnel.
Y Yaesu Route — via Tokyo Expressway

Bayshore route
B Bayshore Route (Higashi-Kanto-Expressway – ) Chidori-cho – Sachiura / Namiki ( – Yokohama–Yokosuka Expressway)

Radial routes
No. 1 Ueno Route Edobashi JCT – Iriya
No. 1 Haneda Route Hamazakibashi JCT – Haneda ( – Route K1)
No. 2 Meguro Route Ichinohashi JCT – Togoshi
No. 3 Shibuya Route Tanimachi JCT – Yoga ( – the Tomei Expressway)
No. 4 Shinjuku Route Miyakezaka JCT – Takaido ( – the Chuo Expressway)
No. 5 Ikebukuro Route Takebashi JCT – Bijogi JCT ( – Route S5)
No. 6 Mukojima Route Edobashi JCT – Horikiri JCT ( – Route C2)
No. 6 Misato Route Kosuge JCT – Misato JCT ( – Tokyo Gaikan Expressway)
No. 7 Komatsugawa Route Ryogoku JCT – Ichinoe ( – Keiyo Road)
No. 9 Fukagawa Route Hakozaki JCT – Tatsumi JCT ( – Bayshore Route)
No. 10 Harumi Route Ariake JCT – Harumi
No. 11 Daiba Route Shibaura JCT – Ariake JCT (Tokyo Rainbow Bridge)
S1 Kawaguchi Route (Route C2 – ) Kohoku JCT – Kawaguchi JCT ( – Tokyo Gaikan Expressway)

Kanagawa routes
K1 Yokohane Route (Route 1 – ) Haneda - Ishikawa-cho JCT ( – Route K3)
K2 Mitsuzawa Route Kinko JCT – Mitsuzawa ( – Yokohama Shindo Road and Daisan Keihin Road)
K3 Kariba Route Honmoku JCT – Kariba ( – Yokohama Shindo Road and Yokohama-Yokosuka Expressway)
K5 Daikoku Route (Route K1 – ) Namamugi JCT - Daikoku JCT ( – Bayshore Route)
K6 Kawasaki Route Tonomachi – Kawasaki-Ukishima JCT ( – Bayshore Route and Tokyo Bay Aqua Line)
K7 Yokohama North Route (Route K1 and Route K5 – ) Namamugi JCT - Yokohama Kōhoku JCT ( – Daisan Keihin Road and Route K7)
K7 Yokohama Northwest Route (Route K7 and Daisan Keihin Road – ) Yokohama Kōhoku JCT – Yokohama-Aoba JCT ( – Tōmei Expressway)

Saitama routes
S2 Saitama Shintoshin Route (Route S5) Yono – Saitama-Minuma
S5 Ōmiya Route (Route 5 – ) Bijogi JCT – Yono ( – Route S2)

History

The Metropolitan Expressway was first built between Kyobashi Exit in Chūō, Tokyo and Shibaura Exit in Minato, Tokyo in 1962 for the purpose of increasing traffic flow efficiency in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, thus optimizing and improving the functionality of the traffic system. Since then, 280 kilometers of highway network has been built in the Tokyo metropolitan area; 30 kilometers more of highway are either constructed or planned, making the Metropolitan Expressway a vast network of urban expressways in the Tokyo region.

Pillion passenger ban on motorcycles
Japan allows a person aged at least 20 who has held a motorcycle driver's license for at least three years to carry a pillion passenger on expressways, however, the Shuto Expressway in the central parts of Tokyo prohibit carrying pillion passengers due to poor road geometry. The ban does not apply if the motorcycle is equipped with a sidecar. The segments with a pillion ban include the important C1 Inner Circular route and adjoining central Tokyo routes.

With the opening of the C2 Yamate Tunnel, motorcycles with a pillion passengers can finally pass through the Shuto Expressway from the national expressways such as Tōmei Expressway to other expressways using the C2 route, although this can be a much longer drive in some cases.

Parking areas
There are 21 parking areas scattered throughout the Shuto Expressway system. In general these are much smaller than the service areas available every  or so on inter-city expressways. In some cases there are no more than toilets, a few vending machines, and a handful of parking spaces. None have fuel – drivers must exit the system (and pay the toll again on re-entry) to use a service station.

Street racing
Like other expressways in Japan including the Tōmei Expressway, the Shuto line has become a common street racing road. One of the lines, the Bayshore Route (also known as the Wangan route), received worldwide notoriety during the 1990s as the home course for the Mid Night Club, one of the most notorious street racing clubs, who were known for their 300 km/h, sometimes 320 km/h exploits. These exploits and street racing culture on the Shuto Expressway have made it a well-known location for street racing and speed records.

Due to this infamy, the Wangan is the setting for several entertainment franchises, such as the manga and arcade game Wangan Midnight, video games Shutokou Battle and Gran Turismo 5, 6, Sport and 7 (as the street circuit) and the movie series Shuto Kousoku Trial. Numerous car enthusiast magazines and DVDs, like Best Motoring, also highlight races and activities on the Wangan.

See also
 Expressways of Japan
 Japan Highway Public Corporation
 Wangan Midnight

References

External links
 Official website

Expressways in Japan
Transport companies established in 1959
Transport companies based in Tokyo
1959 establishments in Japan

Shuto Expressway


Q3 steht für:

 3. Quartal
 3. Qualifying
 Audi Q3, deutsches Automobil
 Zambian Airways (IATA-Code), sambische Fluggesellschaft
 das dritte Halbjahr der Qualifikationsphase der gymnasialen Oberstufe, siehe Gymnasiale Oberstufe #Qualifikationsphase

Siehe auch:

 3Q

Q3

Q3


Thanks for the Memory este un film din 1935, regizat de George Archainbaud. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Bob Hope și Shirley Ross.

Distribuție
 Bob Hope ca Steve Merrick
 Shirley Ross ca Anne Merrick
 Charles Butterworth ca Biney
 Otto Kruger ca Gil Morrell
 Hedda Hopper ca Polly Griscom
 Laura Hope Crews ca Mrs. Kent
 Emma Dunn ca Mrs. Platt
 Roscoe Karns ca George Kent

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1938
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme de comedie americane
Filme de comedie din anii 1930
Filme de comedie
Filme de dragoste

Thanks for the Memory (film)


Guayabero je rijeka u Kolumbiji, pritoka rijeke Guaviare. Pripada porječju rijeke Orinoco.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Vanjske poveznice

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Pritoke Guaviare

Guayabero (rijeka)


This is a glossary of some terms used in various branches of mathematics that are related to the fields of order, lattice, and domain theory. Note that there is a structured list of order topics available as well. Other helpful resources might be the following overview articles:

 completeness properties of partial orders
 distributivity laws of order theory
 preservation properties of functions between posets.

In the following, partial orders will usually just be denoted by their carrier sets. As long as the intended meaning is clear from the context,  will suffice to denote the corresponding relational symbol, even without prior introduction. Furthermore, < will denote the strict order induced by

A
 Acyclic.  A binary relation is acyclic if it contains no "cycles": equivalently, its transitive closure is antisymmetric.
 Adjoint. See Galois connection.
 Alexandrov topology. For a preordered set P, any upper set O is Alexandrov-open. Inversely, a topology is Alexandrov if any intersection of open sets is open.
 Algebraic poset. A poset is algebraic if it has a base of compact elements.
 Antichain. An antichain is a poset in which no two elements are comparable, i.e., there are no two distinct elements x and y such that x ≤ y. In other words, the order relation of an antichain is just the identity relation.
 Approximates relation. See way-below relation.
 Antisymmetric relation. A homogeneous relation R on a set X is antisymmetric, if x R y and y R x implies x = y, for all elements x, y in X.
 Antitone. An antitone function f between posets P and Q is a function for which, for all elements x, y of P, x ≤ y (in P) implies f(y) ≤ f(x) (in Q). Another name for this property is order-reversing. In analysis, in the presence of total orders, such functions are often called monotonically decreasing, but this is not a very convenient description when dealing with non-total orders. The dual notion is called monotone or order-preserving.
 Asymmetric relation. A homogeneous relation R on a set X is asymmetric, if x R y implies not y R x, for all elements x, y in X.
 Atom. An atom in a poset P with least element 0, is an element that is minimal among all elements that are unequal to 0.
 Atomic. An atomic poset P with least element 0 is one in which, for every non-zero element x of P, there is an atom a of P with a ≤ x.

B

 Base. See continuous poset.
 Binary relation. A binary relation over two sets  is a subset of their Cartesian product
 Boolean algebra. A Boolean algebra is a distributive lattice with least element 0 and greatest element 1, in which every element x has a complement ¬x, such that x ∧ ¬x = 0 and x ∨ ¬x = 1.
 Bounded poset. A bounded poset is one that has a least element and a greatest element.
 Bounded complete. A poset is bounded complete if every of its subsets with some upper bound also has a least such upper bound. The dual notion is not common.

C

 Chain. A chain is a totally ordered set or a totally ordered subset of a poset. See also .
 Chain complete.  A partially ordered set in which every chain has a least upper bound.
 Closure operator. A closure operator on the poset P is a function C : P → P that is monotone, idempotent, and satisfies C(x) ≥ x for all x in P.
 Compact. An element x of a poset is compact if it is way below itself, i.e. x<<x. One also says that such an x is .
 Comparable. Two elements x and y of a poset P are comparable if either x ≤ y or y ≤ x.
 Comparability graph.  The comparability graph of a poset (P, ≤) is the graph with vertex set P in which the edges are those pairs of distinct elements of P that are comparable under ≤ (and, in particular, under its reflexive reduction <).
 Complete Boolean algebra.  A Boolean algebra that is a complete lattice.
 Complete Heyting algebra. A Heyting algebra that is a complete lattice is called a complete Heyting algebra. This notion coincides with the concepts frame and locale.
 Complete lattice. A complete lattice is a poset in which arbitrary (possibly infinite) joins (suprema) and meets (infima) exist.
 Complete partial order. A complete partial order, or cpo, is a directed complete partial order (q.v.) with least element.
 Complete relation.  Synonym for Connected relation.
 Complete semilattice. The notion of a complete semilattice is defined in different ways. As explained in the article on completeness (order theory), any poset for which either all suprema or all infima exist is already a complete lattice. Hence the notion of a complete semilattice is sometimes used to coincide with the one of a complete lattice. In other cases, complete (meet-) semilattices are defined to be bounded complete cpos, which is arguably the most complete class of posets that are not already complete lattices.
 Completely distributive lattice. A complete lattice is completely distributive if arbitrary joins distribute over arbitrary meets.
 Completion. A completion of a poset is an order-embedding of the poset in a complete lattice.
 Completion by cuts. Synonym of Dedekind–MacNeille completion.
 Connected relation.  A total or complete relation R on a set X has the property that for all elements x, y of X, at least one of x R y or y R x holds.
 Continuous poset. A poset is continuous if it has a base, i.e. a subset B of P such that every element x of P is the supremum of a directed set contained in {y in B | y<<x}.
 Continuous function. See Scott-continuous.
 Converse.  The converse <° of an order < is that in which x <° y whenever y < x.
 Cover. An element y of a poset P is said to cover an element x of P (and is called a cover of x) if x < y and there is no element z of P such that x < z < y.
 cpo. See complete partial order.

D

 dcpo. See directed complete partial order.
 Dedekind–MacNeille completion. The Dedekind–MacNeille completion of a partially ordered set is the smallest complete lattice that contains it.
 Dense order. A dense poset P is one in which, for all elements x and y in P with x < y, there is an element z in P, such that x < z < y.  A subset Q of P is dense in P if for any elements x < y in P, there is an element z in Q such that x < z < y.
 Derangement. A permutation of the elements of a set, such that no element appears in its original position.
 Directed set. A non-empty subset X of a poset P is called directed, if, for all elements x and y of X, there is an element z of X such that x ≤ z and y ≤ z. The dual notion is called filtered.
 Directed complete partial order. A poset D is said to be a directed complete poset, or dcpo, if every directed subset of D has a supremum.
 Distributive. A lattice L is called distributive if, for all x, y, and z in L, we find that x ∧ (y ∨ z) = (x ∧ y) ∨ (x ∧ z). This condition is known to be equivalent to its order dual. A meet-semilattice is distributive if for all elements a, b and x, a ∧ b ≤ x implies the existence of elements a'  ≥ a and b'  ≥ b such that a'  ∧ b'  = x. See also completely distributive.
 Domain. Domain is a general term for objects like those that are studied in domain theory. If used, it requires further definition.
 Down-set. See lower set.
 Dual. For a poset (P, ≤), the dual order Pd = (P, ≥) is defined by setting x ≥ y if and only if y ≤ x. The dual order of P is sometimes denoted by Pop, and is also called opposite or converse order. Any order theoretic notion induces a dual notion, defined by applying the original statement to the order dual of a given set. This exchanges ≤ and ≥, meets and joins, zero and unit.

E

 Extension.  For partial orders ≤ and ≤′ on a set X, ≤′ is an extension of ≤ provided that for all elements x and y of X, x ≤ y implies that x ≤′ y.

F

 Filter. A subset X of a poset P is called a filter if it is a filtered upper set. The dual notion is called ideal.
 Filtered. A non-empty subset X of a poset P is called filtered, if, for all elements x and y of X, there is an element z of X such that z ≤ x and z ≤ y. The dual notion is called directed.
 Finite element. See compact.
 Frame. A frame F is a complete lattice, in which, for every x in F and every subset Y of F, the infinite distributive law x ∧ Y = {x ∧ y | y in Y} holds. Frames are also known as locales and as complete Heyting algebras.

G

 Galois connection. Given two posets P and Q, a pair of monotone functions F:P → Q and G:Q → P is called a Galois connection, if F(x) ≤ y is equivalent to x ≤ G(y), for all x in P and y in Q. F is called the lower adjoint of G and G is called the upper adjoint of F.
 Greatest element. For a subset X of a poset P, an element a of X is called the greatest element of X, if x ≤ a for every element x in X. The dual notion is called least element.
 Ground set. The ground set of a poset (X, ≤) is the set X on which the partial order ≤ is defined.

H

 Heyting algebra. A Heyting algebra H is a bounded lattice in which the function fa: H → H, given by fa(x) = a ∧ x is the lower adjoint of a Galois connection, for every element a of H. The upper adjoint of fa is then denoted by ga, with ga(x) = a ⇒; x. Every Boolean algebra is a Heyting algebra.
 Hasse diagram. A Hasse diagram is a type of mathematical diagram used to represent a finite partially ordered set, in the form of a drawing of its transitive reduction.
 Homogeneous relation. A homogeneous relation on a set  is a subset of  Said differently, it is a binary relation over  and itself.

I

 Ideal. An ideal is a subset X of a poset P that is a directed lower set. The dual notion is called filter.
 Incidence algebra. The incidence algebra of a poset is the associative algebra of all scalar-valued functions on intervals, with addition and scalar multiplication defined pointwise, and multiplication defined as a certain convolution; see incidence algebra for the details.
 Infimum. For a poset P and a subset X of P, the greatest element in the set of lower bounds of X (if it exists, which it may not) is called the infimum, meet, or greatest lower bound of X. It is denoted by inf X or X. The infimum of two elements may be written as inf{x,y} or x ∧ y. If the set X is finite, one speaks of a finite infimum.  The dual notion is called supremum.
 Interval. For two elements a, b of a partially ordered set P, the interval [a,b] is the subset {x in P | a ≤ x ≤ b} of P. If a ≤ b does not hold the interval will be empty.
Interval finite poset. A partially ordered set P is interval finite if every interval of the form {x in P | x ≤ a} is a finite set.
 Inverse.  See converse.
 Irreflexive. A relation R on a set X is irreflexive, if there is no element x in X such that x R x.
 Isotone.  See monotone.

J

 Join. See supremum.

L

 Lattice. A lattice is a poset in which all non-empty finite joins (suprema) and meets (infima) exist.
 Least element. For a subset X of a poset P, an element a of X is called the least element of X, if a ≤ x for every element x in X. The dual notion is called greatest element.
 The length of a chain is the number of elements less one.  A chain with 1 element has length 0, one with 2 elements has length 1, etc.
 Linear. See total order.
 Linear extension. A linear extension of a partial order is an extension that is a linear order, or total order.
 Locale. A locale is a complete Heyting algebra. Locales are also called frames and appear in Stone duality and pointless topology.
 Locally finite poset. A partially ordered set P is locally finite if every interval [a, b] = {x in P | a ≤ x ≤ b} is a finite set.
 Lower bound. A lower bound of a subset X of a poset P is an element b of P, such that b ≤ x, for all x in X. The dual notion is called upper bound.
 Lower set. A subset X of a poset P is called a lower set if, for all elements x in X and p in P, p ≤ x implies that p is contained in X. The dual notion is called upper set.

M

 Maximal chain. A chain in a poset to which no element can be added without losing the property of being totally ordered. This is stronger than being a saturated chain, as it also excludes the existence of elements either less than all elements of the chain or greater than all its elements. A finite saturated chain is maximal if and only if it contains both a minimal and a maximal element of the poset.
 Maximal element. A maximal element of a subset X of a poset P is an element m of X, such that m ≤ x implies m = x, for all x in X. The dual notion is called minimal element.
 Maximum element. Synonym of greatest element. For a subset X of a poset P, an element a of X is called the maximum element of X if x ≤ a for every element x in X. A maximum element is necessarily maximal, but the converse need not hold.
 Meet. See infimum.
 Minimal element. A minimal element of a subset X of a poset P is an element m of X, such that x ≤ m implies m = x, for all x in X. The dual notion is called maximal element.
 Minimum element. Synonym of least element. For a subset X of a poset P, an element a of X is called the minimum element of X if x ≥ a for every element x in X. A minimum element is necessarily minimal, but the converse need not hold.
 Monotone. A function f between posets P and Q is monotone if, for all elements x, y of P, x ≤ y (in P) implies f(x) ≤ f(y) (in Q). Other names for this property are isotone and order-preserving. In analysis, in the presence of total orders, such functions are often called monotonically increasing, but this is not a very convenient description when dealing with non-total orders. The dual notion is called antitone or order reversing.

O

 Order-dual.  The order dual of a partially ordered set is the same set with the partial order relation replaced by its converse.
 Order-embedding. A function f between posets P and Q is an order-embedding if, for all elements x, y of P, x ≤ y (in P) is equivalent to f(x) ≤ f(y) (in Q).
 Order isomorphism. A mapping f: P → Q between two posets P and Q is called an order isomorphism, if it is bijective and both f and f−1 are monotone functions. Equivalently, an order isomorphism is a surjective order embedding.
 Order-preserving. See monotone.
 Order-reversing. See antitone.

P

 Partial order. A partial order is a binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. In a slight abuse of terminology, the term is sometimes also used to refer not to such a relation, but to its corresponding partially ordered set.
 Partially ordered set. A partially ordered set  or  for short, is a set  together with a partial order  on
 Poset. A partially ordered set.
 Preorder. A preorder is a binary relation that is reflexive and transitive. Such orders may also be called  or . The term  is also used to denote an acyclic binary relation (also called an ).
 Preordered set. A preordered set  is a set  together with a preorder  on
 Preserving. A function f between posets P and Q is said to preserve suprema (joins), if, for all subsets X of P that have a supremum sup X in P, we find that sup{f(x): x in X} exists and is equal to f(sup X). Such a function is also called join-preserving. Analogously, one says that f preserves finite, non-empty, directed, or arbitrary joins (or meets). The converse property is called join-reflecting.
 Prime. An  I in a lattice L is said to be prime, if, for all elements x and y in L, x ∧ y in I implies x in I or y in I. The dual notion is called a prime filter. Equivalently, a set is a prime filter if and only if its complement is a prime ideal.
 Principal. A filter is called principal filter if it has a least element. Dually, a principal ideal is an ideal with a greatest element. The least or greatest elements may also be called principal elements in these situations.
 Projection (operator). A self-map on a partially ordered set that is monotone and idempotent under function composition. Projections play an important role in domain theory.
 Pseudo-complement. In a Heyting algebra, the element x ⇒; 0 is called the pseudo-complement of x. It is also given by sup{y :  y ∧ x = 0}, i.e. as the least upper bound of all elements y with y ∧ x = 0.

Q

 Quasiorder. See preorder.
 Quasitransitive.  A relation is quasitransitive if the relation on distinct elements is transitive.  Transitive implies quasitransitive and quasitransitive implies acyclic.

R

 Reflecting. A function f between posets P and Q is said to reflect suprema (joins), if, for all subsets X of P for which the supremum sup{f(x): x in X} exists and is of the form f(s) for some s in P, then we find that sup X exists and that sup X = s . Analogously, one says that f reflects finite, non-empty, directed, or arbitrary joins (or meets). The converse property is called join-preserving.
 Reflexive. A binary relation R on a set X is reflexive, if x R x holds for every element x in X.
 Residual.  A dual map attached to a residuated mapping.
 Residuated mapping.  A monotone map for which the preimage of a principal down-set is again principal.  Equivalently, one component of a Galois connection.

S

 Saturated chain. A chain in a poset such that no element can be added between two of its elements without losing the property of being totally ordered. If the chain is finite, this means that in every pair of successive elements the larger one covers the smaller one. See also maximal chain.
 Scattered. A total order is scattered if it has no densely ordered subset.
 Scott-continuous. A monotone function f : P → Q between posets P and Q is Scott-continuous if, for every directed set D that has a supremum sup D in P, the set {fx | x in D} has the supremum f(sup D) in Q. Stated differently, a Scott-continuous function is one that preserves all directed suprema. This is in fact equivalent to being continuous with respect to the Scott topology on the respective posets.
 Scott domain. A Scott domain is a partially ordered set which is a bounded complete algebraic cpo.
 Scott open. See Scott topology.
 Scott topology. For a poset P, a subset O is Scott-open if it is an upper set and all directed sets D that have a supremum in O have non-empty intersection with O. The set of all Scott-open sets forms a topology, the Scott topology.
 Semilattice. A semilattice is a poset in which either all finite non-empty joins (suprema) or all finite non-empty meets (infima) exist. Accordingly, one speaks of a join-semilattice or meet-semilattice.
 Smallest element. See least element.
 Sperner property of a partially ordered set
 Sperner poset
 Strictly Sperner poset
 Strongly Sperner poset
 Strict order. See .
 Strict partial order. A strict partial order is a homogeneous binary relation that is transitive, irreflexive, and antisymmetric.
 Strict preorder. See .
 Supremum. For a poset P and a subset X of P, the least element in the set of upper bounds of X (if it exists, which it may not) is called the supremum, join, or least upper bound of X. It is denoted by sup X or X. The supremum of two elements may be written as sup{x,y} or x ∨ y. If the set X is finite, one speaks of a finite supremum. The dual notion is called infimum.
 Suzumura consistency.  A binary relation R is Suzumura consistent if x R∗ y implies that x R y or not y R x.
 Symmetric relation. A homogeneous relation R on a set X is symmetric, if x R y implies y R x, for all elements x, y in X.

T

 Top. See unit.
 Total order. A total order T is a partial order in which, for each x and y in T, we have x ≤ y or y ≤ x. Total orders are also called linear orders or chains.
 Total relation.  Synonym for Connected relation.
 Transitive relation. A relation R on a set X is transitive, if x R y and y R z imply x R z, for all elements x, y, z in X.
 Transitive closure.  The transitive closure R∗ of a relation R consists of all pairs x,y for which there cists a finite chain x R a, a R b, ..., z R y.

U

 Unit. The greatest element of a poset P can be called unit or just 1 (if it exists). Another common term for this element is top. It is the infimum of the empty set and the supremum of P. The dual notion is called zero.
 Up-set. See upper set.
 Upper bound. An upper bound of a subset X of a poset P is an element b of P, such that x ≤ b, for all x in X. The dual notion is called lower bound.
 Upper set. A subset X of a poset P is called an upper set if, for all elements x in X and p in P, x ≤ p implies that p is contained in X. The dual notion is called lower set.

V

 Valuation.  Given a lattice , a valuation  is strict (that is, ), monotone, modular (that is, ) and positive.  Continuous valuations are a generalization of measures.

W

 Way-below relation. In a poset P, some element x is way below y, written x<<y, if for all directed subsets D of P which have a supremum, y ≤ sup D implies x ≤ d for some d in D. One also says that x approximates y. See also domain theory.
 Weak order.  A partial order ≤ on a set X is a weak order provided that the poset (X, ≤) is isomorphic to a countable collection of sets ordered by comparison of cardinality.

Z

 Zero. The least element of a poset P can be called zero or just 0 (if it exists). Another common term for this element is bottom. Zero is the supremum of the empty set and the infimum of P. The dual notion is called unit.

Notes

References

The definitions given here are consistent with those that can be found in the following standard reference books:

 B. A. Davey and H. A. Priestley, Introduction to Lattices and Order, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
 G. Gierz, K. H. Hofmann, K. Keimel, J. D. Lawson, M. Mislove and D. S. Scott, Continuous Lattices and Domains, In Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Vol. 93, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Specific definitions:

Order theory

Wikipedia glossaries using unordered lists

Glossary of order theory


Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide, also known as nisso sulfan) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3. It has been described as "unquestionably the most important economically" sulfur oxide. It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid.

Sulfur trioxide exists in several forms - gaseous monomer, crystalline trimer, and solid polymer. Sulfur trioxide is a solid at just below room temperature with a relatively narrow liquid range. Gaseous SO3 is the primary precursor to acid rain.

Molecular structure and bonding

Monomer
The molecule SO3 is trigonal planar. As predicted by VSEPR theory, its structure belongs to the D3h point group. The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +6 and may be assigned a formal charge value as low as 0 (if all three sulfur-oxygen bonds are assumed to be double bonds) or as high as +2 (if the Octet Rule is assumed). When the formal charge is non-zero, the S-O bonding is assumed to be delocalized. In any case the three S-O bond lengths are equal to one another, at 1.42 Å. The electrical dipole moment of gaseous sulfur trioxide is zero.

Trimer
Both liquid and gaseous SO3 exists in an equilibrium between the monomer and the cyclic trimer. The nature of solid SO3 is complex and at least 3 polymorphs are known, with conversion between them being dependent on traces of water.

Absolutely pure SO3 freezes at 16.8 °C to give the γ-SO3 form, which adopts the cyclic trimer configuration [S(=O)2(μ-O)]3.

Polymer

If SO3 is condensed above 27 °C, then α-SO3 forms, which has a melting point of 62.3 °C. α-SO3 is fibrous in appearance. Structurally, it is the polymer [S(=O)2(μ-O)]n. Each end of the polymer is terminated with OH groups. β-SO3, like the alpha form, is fibrous but of different molecular weight, consisting of an hydroxyl-capped polymer, but melts at 32.5 °C. Both the gamma and the beta forms are metastable, eventually converting to the stable alpha form if left standing for sufficient time. This conversion is caused by traces of water.

Relative vapor pressures of solid SO3 are alpha < beta < gamma at identical temperatures, indicative of their relative molecular weights. Liquid sulfur trioxide has a vapor pressure consistent with the gamma form. Thus heating a crystal of  α-SO3 to its melting point results in a sudden increase in vapor pressure, which can be forceful enough to shatter a glass vessel in which it is heated. This effect is known as the "alpha explosion".

Chemical reactions
Sulfur trioxide undergoes many reactions.

Hydration and hydrofluorination
SO3 is the anhydride of H2SO4. Thus, it is susceptible to hydration:
SO3 + H2O  →  H2SO4(ΔHf = −200 kJ/mol)

Gaseous sulfur trioxide fumes profusely even in a relatively dry atmosphere owing to formation of a sulfuric acid mist.
SO3 is aggressively hygroscopic. The heat of hydration is sufficient that mixtures of SO3 and wood or cotton can ignite. In such cases, SO3 dehydrates these carbohydrates.

Akin to the behavior of H2O, hydrogen fluoride adds to give fluorosulfuric acid:
SO3 + HF  →  FSO3H

Deoxygenation
SO3 reacts with dinitrogen pentoxide to give the nitronium salt of pyrosulfate:
2 SO3 + N2O5 → [NO2]2S2O7

Oxidant
Sulfur trioxide is an oxidant. It oxidizes sulfur dichloride to thionyl chloride.
SO3 + SCl2 → SOCl2 + SO2

Lewis acid
SO3 is a strong Lewis acid readily forming adducts with Lewis bases.  With pyridine, it give the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex.  Related adducts form from dioxane and trimethylamine.

Sulfonating agent
Sulfur trioxide is a potent sulfonating agent, i.e. it adds SO3 groups to substrates. Often the substrates are organic, as in aromatic sulfonation.  For activated substrates, Lewis base adducts of sulfur trioxide are effective sulfonating agents.

Preparation
The direct oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in air proceeds very slowly:

 SO2 + O2 → SO3(ΔH = −198.4 kJ/mol)

Industrial
Industrially SO3 is made by the contact process. Sulfur dioxide is produced by the burning of sulfur or iron pyrite (a sulfide ore of iron). After being purified by electrostatic precipitation, the SO2 is then oxidised by atmospheric oxygen at between 400 and 600 °C over a catalyst. A typical catalyst consists of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) activated with potassium oxide K2O on kieselguhr or silica support. Platinum also works very well but is too expensive and is poisoned (rendered ineffective) much more easily by impurities.
The majority of sulfur trioxide made in this way is converted into sulfuric acid.

Laboratory
Sulfur trioxide can be prepared in the laboratory by the two-stage pyrolysis of sodium bisulfate. Sodium pyrosulfate is an intermediate product:

Dehydration at 315 °C:
 2 NaHSO4  →  Na2S2O7 + H2O
Cracking at 460 °C:
 Na2S2O7  →  Na2SO4 + SO3

In contrast, KHSO4 does not undergo the same reaction.

Another two step method involving a salt pyrolysis starts with concentrated sulfuric acid and anhydrous tin tetrachloride:

 Reaction between tin tetrachloride and sulfuric acid in a 1:2 molar mixture at near reflux (114°C):
 SnCl4 + 2 H2SO4  →  Sn(SO4)2 + 4 HCl
 Pyrolysis of anhydrous tin(IV) sulfate at 150°C - 200°C:
Sn(SO4)2  →  SnO2 + 2 SO3

The advantage of this method over the sodium bisulfate one is that it requires much lower temperatures and can be done using normal borosilicate laboratory glassware without the risk of shattering. A disadvantage is that it generates significant quantities of hydrogen chloride gas which needs to be captured as well.

SO3 may also be prepared by dehydrating sulfuric acid with phosphorus pentoxide.

Applications
Sulfur trioxide is a reagent in sulfonation reactions. These processes afford detergents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Sulfur trioxide is generated in situ from sulfuric acid or is used as a solution in the acid.

B2O3 stabilized sulfur trioxide was traded by Baker & Adamson under the tradename "Sulfan" in the 20th century.

Safety
Along with being an oxidizing agent, sulfur trioxide is highly corrosive. It reacts violently with water to produce highly corrosive sulfuric acid.

See also
Hypervalent molecule
Sulfur trioxide pyridine complex

References

Sources
 NIST Standard Reference Database
 ChemSub Online

Sulfur oxides
Acid anhydrides
Acidic oxides
Hazardous air pollutants
Interchalcogens
Hypervalent molecules
Sulfur(VI) compounds

Sulfur trioxide


Sirtaki (), İstanbullu Ortodoks Arnavut kasaplarının dans türüdür. 1960'lardan sonra popüler bir Yunan dansı hâline gelmiştir. Giorgos Provias tarafından 1964 tarihli Zorba filmi için düzenlenmiştir. Yunan halk dansı değildir. Arnavut dansıdır. Ancak geleneksel hasapiko dansının yavaş ve hızlı sürümlerinin karışımıdır. Míkis Theodorakis'in Zorba Dansı adlı müziğiyle oynanır.

Sirtaki, Yunan folklörünün ayrılmaz bir parçası hâline gelen bir dans türüdür. Osmanlı döneminde İstanbul'da oynanan "Hasapiko" (kasap) dansından doğmuştur. Hasapiko ağırlıklı olarak İstanbul'un Fener ve Balat semtlerinde, Arnavut kasap loncaları arasında doğdu ve 1900'lü yılların başına kadar kasap loncalarında popülerliğini korudu.

Ancak İstanbul'da günlük yaşamdan kesitler sunan bir eserde, kasapların hayvanları kesmeden önce bir tür vicdan rahatlatma ritüeli olarak hayvanların etrafında döndükleri, önlerinde diz kırıp çöktükleri türünden bilgilere rastlanır. O dönemde İstanbul kasaplarının çoğu Arnavut olduğu hâlde, Hasapiko'nun niçin bir Yunan dansı olarak ünlendiği ise başka bir muammadır.

Sirtaki ve Hasapiko
İsimlendirme konusunda, özellikle de Yunan olmayanlar arasında ciddi bir kavram kargaşası söz konusudur. Sirtaki sözcüğü 1960'lı yıllarda kullanılmaya başlamıştır. O yıllara kadar asıl kullanılan sözcük Hasapiko ve onun türevleridir; Hasapiko Argo (Ağır Kasap), Hasapiko Grigoro (Hızlı Kasap) ve Hasaposerviko (Sırp Kasabı) gibi.

Sirtaki sözcüğü, bir diğer Yunan dansının adı olan Sirto sözcüğüne, Yunancada küçültme ve şirinleştirme eki olan -aki soneki eklenerek elde edilmiştir. Bu yeni isimlendirmeye Hasapiko'da yapılan bir değişiklik nedeniyle ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Hasapiko Argo aynı ritimle başlayıp biten yavaş bir danstır. Ancak özellikle Theodorakis ve Hacıdakis gibi bestecilerin 1960'lı yıllarda geleneksel Yunan müziklerine getirdikleri yeni yorumlarla birlikte, geleneksel Yunan dansları da bu dönemde belli bir değişime uğramıştır. Ağır bir ritimle başlayan Hasapiko Argo belli bir noktadan sonra giderek hızlandırılmaya başlamıştır. Bu yeni türü saf Hasapiko'dan ayırmak için Sirtaki sözcüğü türetilmiştir. Sirtaki, Hasapiko Argo ile başlayan ama bir süre sonra hızlanan dansın adıdır. Sirtaki hem Hasapiko'ya bağlıdır hem de ondan bağımsızdır.

Öte yandan, bu isimlendirmeleri karmaşık hâle getiren şey çeşitli kesimlerin bu danslar karşısındaki tutumlarıdır. Bu anlamda Sirtaki sözcüğü günümüzde bir parça aşınmıştır. Yunan kültürünün özgünlüğü hakkında kaygı taşıyan çevreler Sirtaki sözcüğünü dejenere olmuş, içi boşaltılmış bir sözcük olarak görür ve bu yüzden genellikle Hasapiko sözcüğünü kullanırlar. Bu kültürü fazlaca bilmeyenler ise Hasapiko Argo için bile Sirtaki isimlendirmesini kullanırlar.

Sirtaki-Hasapiko Müzikleri
Sirtaki-Hasapiko parçalarının müziksel yapısı çoğu zaman 2/4'lük bir ölçüye dayanır. Tempo genellikle 60-65 bar/dakika biçimindedir. Bu standart ölçünün yanı sıra, özellikle Sirtaki parçaları 2/4'lük Hasapiko ölçüsü ile başlayıp, 4/4'lük Hasaposerviko ölçüsü ile bitmektedir. Bu tür parçalarla dans edilirken, dansa ağır Hasapiko ritmi ile başlanır, daha sonra şarkının bir yerinde müziğe bağlı olarak yumuşak ya da sert bir geçişle Hasaposerviko'ya geçilir. Bazı Hasapiko müziklerinde, özellikle de eski parçalarda taksimia denilen uzun bir intro bölümü vardır; ancak yeni parçalardaki taksimialar çok daha kısadır, hatta kimi yeni parçalar doğrudan ritimle başlamaktadır.

Sirtaki-Hasapiko Müziklerinin Enstrümanları
Sirtaki-Hasapiko müziklerinin geleneksel enstrümanı kuşkusuz buzukidir. Yunancadaki "buzuki" sözcüğü Türkçedeki "bozuk" sözcüğünden türemiştir; zira buzuki olarak bilinen çalgı, Anadolu'da yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan Bozuk Saz'ın küçültülmüş bir türevidir. Buzuki dışındaki Sirtaki-Hasapiko müzik enstrümanları arasında şunlar sayılabilir: bağlama (baglama), ud (udi), santur (santuri), kanun (kanoni), çimbalo (santurun biraz daha geliştirilmiş türevi), laterna, tulum (gayda), davul (daoli) ve akordeon. Yeni müziklerde bunlara org, gitar ve piyano da eklenmiştir. Sirtaki müziklerinde kimi zaman bu enstrümanlardan birkaçı, kimi zaman da tümü çeşitli kombinasyonlarla bir araya getirilerek, birlikte veya dönüşümlü olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak buzuki ve baglama çoğu parçada temel enstrümanlar olarak öne çıkar.

Figürler
Sirtaki-Hasapiko, balo salonlarında büyük bir disiplin ve ciddiyetle icra edilen "avant-garde" danslardan oldukça uzak bir karaktere sahiptir. Modern Batı danslarıyla kıyaslandığında, Sirtaki-Hasapiko yalın bir danstır. Ama basit değildir. Bu dansta da belli bir beceri ve ustalık gerektiren birçok karmaşık figür vardır. Bununla birlikte, çeşitli sıçrama ve bükülmeleri saymazsak, Sirtaki-Hasapiko'da bedeni çok zorlayan veya aşırı bir çeviklik gerektiren figürler çok fazla değildir. Genel olarak bakıldığında, bu dansta öğrenilmesi zor olan şey figürler değildir; esas zorluk, bu figürlere can ve ruh kazandıracak bir tarzı ve havayı kazanma noktasında karşımıza çıkıyor. Yani Sirtaki-Hasapiko öğrenilirken üzerinde en çok durulması gereken şey estetiktir. Figürlerin bedene iyice oturup refleksleşmesi anlamına gelen estetik ise zamanla, ancak bir figür defalarca yapıldıktan sonra kazanılabiliyor.

Sirtaki-Hasapiko ve diğer Yunan danslarının figürleri üzerine pek çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Yunan halk dansları üzerine yaptıkları önemli araştırmalar ve çalışmalarla tanınan Prof. Alkis Raftis ve Dora Stratou gibi araştırmacılar çeşitli figürlerin ortaya çıkışı ve bu figürlere yüklenmiş anlamlar üzerinde hayli ilginç gözlemlerde bulunmuşlardır. Bu çerçevede ele alındığında, Sirtaki-Hasapiko figürleri üç farklı kategoriye ayrılır; coşku ve sevinç figürleri, koyverme ve dağıtma figürleri, toparlanma ve durulma figürleri. Bu figürlerin tümü aynı müzik parçasında ardışık olarak yapılabilir; öte yandan bazı parçalar belli bir figür grubuna daha uygundur.

Kaynakça

Yunan dansları

Sirtaki


Ecaterina Cercheza (sau Circaziana) (n. 1620 – d. 1 martie 1666) a fost o nobilă cercheză, care a devenit cea de-a doua soție a domnitorului moldovean Vasile Lupu, cu care s-a căsătorit în 1639. Potrivit lui Evliya Çelebi, mama ei a fost sora lui Koca Derviș Mehmed Pașa care a fost Mare Vizir al Imperiului Otoman în perioada 1653-1654, iar sora ei s-a căsătorit cu İslâm al III-lea Ghirai, hanul Crimeei (1644–1654). Ea a jucat un rol major în deciziile personale și politice ale soțului ei și ale fiului ei, Ștefăniță Lupu. Binecunoscută pentru activitățile sale filantropice, Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza a patronat mănăstirile și bisericile din Moldova. Ea a dobândit o reputație solidă datorită abilităților sale diplomatice și de negociere în vremuri de criză, în absența soțului și fiului ei.

În scrierea sa Întoarcerea. 1639, călătorul italian Niccolò Barsi da Lucca prezintă în detaliu călătoria Doamnei Ecaterina pe care o descrie ca având "toate calitățile pe care Afrodita le dă unei femei pentru a o numi frumoasă". Istoricul și omul politic român Nicolae Iorga afirma de asemenea că "principesa [Ecaterina], circaziană prin naștere, era extraordinar de frumoasă" și foarte apreciată în întreaga Moldovă.

Căsătoria cu Vasile Lupu
După moartea primei sale soții, Doamna Tudosca [Tudosia] (n. 1600 – d. mai 1639, Iași), Vasile Lupu a trimis în Circazia o solie-oaste, condusă de vistiernicul Nicolae Catargie și formată din 60 de moldoveni și 150 de tătari, care să-i aducă o nouă soție. Convoiul s-a deplasat pe traseul Iași – Tighina – Galați – Silistra – Burgas – Saray (?) – Istanbul – Eskișehir – Ankara – Samsun – Erzurum – Kutaisi – Oceac [Oceakov], în actuala regiune rusă Kabardino-Balkaria. Viitoarea mireasă trebuia să fie frumoasă, de neam ales, cel puțin de "mirza" (mir=domn, zade=fiu), virgină și de religie creștină. Ecaterina îndeplinea toate aceste condiții: era fiica unui "mârzac" (prinț) cerchez, avea o educație aleasă, vorbea patru limbi și, se pare, știa să citească.

Catargie a plătit 1500 de ducați ca zestre părinților Ecaterinei înainte de a o lua în Crimeea. La 19 august 1639 ei au plecat din Bahcisarai pentru a merge la cetatea Oceacov. Cu permisiunea lui Bahadır I Giray care a primit 1000 de ducați, sute de tătari și de oșteni moldoveni au însoțit prințesa cercheză către frontiera moldovenească.

La întoarcerea soliei, văzând cât de frumoasă era Ecaterina, Nasuh Hussein, Pașa de la Silistra (1638-1640) a dorit să o rețină la Silistra pentru propriul harem. După multe tentative nereușite de eliberare, plătite cu bani grei (2000 de ducați), abia după ce Vasile Lupu a intervenit la sultan, solia a putut să treacă Dunărea. Delegația a fost întâmpinată chiar la punctul de trecere a frontierei în Moldova de o escortă specială formată din boieri și oșteni de rang înalt, pentru care primirea oaspeților străini constituia un ritual deosebit. La 28 septembrie 1639 Ecaterina a ajuns în cele din urmă în capitală. La intrarea în Iași ea a fost întâmpinată chiar de Vasile Lupu. Domnul a cheltuit sume mari de bani pentru ceremonia de primire a viitoarei sale soții, iar Ecaterina a fost onorată cu numeroase daruri prenupțiale. Fratele și roaba ei au fost cazați într-o reședință separată, construită special pentru ei.

Nunta a avut o importanță politică majoră.

Activități oficiale
Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza a îndeplinit activități oficiale în Moldova. Ea a participat, alături de Vasile Lupu, la toate evenimentele oficiale, inclusiv la căsătoriile principeselor Maria și Ruxandra ale căror destine au fost determinate chiar de Ecaterina. Doamna Ecaterina a făcut, de asemenea donații în bani la mănăstirile Golia și Hlincea, printre altele. Ea a înzestrat Mănăstirea Golia cu strane aduse de la Constantinopol.

Din cauza luptei pentru tron dintre Gheorghe Ștefan și Vasile Lupu, Doamna Ecaterina și-a lăsat familia la Camenița. În timpul luptelor de dinaintea detronării din 1653, ea a fost evacuată în orașul Suceava. După ce, la 16 iulie 1653, Gheorghe Ștefan a cucerit Cetatea de Scaun a Sucevei și a devenit domn pentru a doua oară, i-a luat prizonieri pe doamna Ecaterina Circaziana și pe fiul ei, Ștefăniță Lupu, pe care l-a însemnat la nas. Istoricul Georg Krauss afirmă că, deși a refuzat inițial să se predea, în timpul asediului otoman al cetății, Doamna Ecaterina a fost nevoită să se predea și să-și cedeze bijuteriile ei, precum și cinci dintre cei mai frumoși cai. La rugămințile lui Gheorghe Rákóczi al II-lea, prizonierii n-au fost uciși, ci închiși la Buciulești (în Neamț, pe Bistrița), unde domnul Gheorghe Ștefan avea o curte ca o veritabilă fortăreață cu ziduri și turnuri puternice, înconjurate de un șanț cu apă.

La Buciulești, ea și fiul ei au stat în captivitate până în 1658, apoi a plecat la Constantinopol la soțul său, închis la Edikule. După obținerea tronului de către fiul ei Ștefăniță (în noiembrie 1659), Doamna îl însoțește la Iași și-i supraveghează activitatea, stându-i permanent alături.

În 1661, după moartea soțului și a fiului său, Doamna Ecaterina s-a mutat la Constantinopol și a locuit patru ani în palatul familiei de la Bosfor, după care, în 1665 s-a întors în Moldova. Ultima ei atestare apare într-un document de danie din 1 martie 1666.

Copii

A avut trei copii cu Vasile Lupu: Ștefăniță (1641 – 1661), Ioan (? – 1648) și Alexandru (? – 1648). În 1659, Ștefăniță devine domn al Moldovei sub numele de Ștefăniță Lupu.

Reprezentări iconografice
Imaginea Doamnei Ecaterina este reprezentată iconografic pe spătarul jilțului domnesc aflat în naosul bisericii Mănăstirii Golia din Iași, precum și în tabloul votiv de la Mănăstirea Hlincea, alături de soțul și fiul ei.

Pictura Mănăstirii Hlincea a fost lucrată în frescă între anii 1659-1661, în timpul domniei lui Ștefăniță Lupu, de către pictorul Ioan Matei. Ea are o deosebită valoare istorică și artistică. În tabloul votiv de pe peretele de sud al naosului sunt pictați noii ctitori: Vasile Lupu, Ștefăniță Lupu și Doamna Ecaterina, îmbrăcați în costumele de ceremonie. Domnul ține în mână un pergament și o biserică în miniatură, Ștefăniță are în mâna dreaptă o fâșie de pergament cu o inscripție în limba greacă, iar în stânga o pungă, semn al ctitorului, ca și Doamna Ecaterina.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
 George Marcu (coord.), Enciclopedia personalităților feminine din România, Editura Meronia, București, 2012.

Vasile Lupu
Nașteri în 1620
Decese în 1666
Soții de domni și domnitori
Familia lui Vasile Lupu
Femei din secolul al XVII-lea

Ecaterina Cercheza


Miss USA 2022 será o 71ª concurso Miss USA. A competição foi realizada em 3 de outubro de 2022 no Grand Sierra Resort em Reno, Nevada, e foi transmitida pela FYI. A competição foi organizada pelo Zuri Hall pelo segundo ano consecutivo, enquanto Micah Jesse e Julissa Bermudez serviram como correspondentes laterais.

Elle Smith de Kentucky coroou R'Bonney Gabriel do Texas como seu sucessor no final do evento. Ela representará os Estados Unidos no Miss Universo 2022. Esta foi a primeira vitória do Texas em 14 anos. Aos 28 anos, 6 meses e 13 dias, Gabriel se tornou a mais velha vencedora do Miss USA na história do concurso, superando Cheslie Kryst em 2019, que também tinha 28 anos quando foi coroada, a primeira asiática-americana a conquistar o título desde Brook Lee em 1997 e o primeiro titular de ascendência filipina desde Macel Wilson em 1962.

Fundo

Localização
Em 14 de julho de 2022, foi relatado que a competição seria realizada em Reno, Nevada, com a cidade garantindo um contrato de três anos para sediar o concurso em 2022, 2023 e 2024. Esta será a segunda vez que o concurso é realizado em Reno, após o Miss USA 2019. No dia seguinte, foi confirmado que o concurso seria realizado no Grand Sierra Resort em 3 de outubro. Crystle Stewart confirmou que o local foi escolhido para homenagear Cheslie Kryst, que havia sido coroada Miss USA 2019 no mesmo local e se suicidou em janeiro de 2022.

Seleção das Candidatas
A pandemia do COVID-19 impactou a duração entre a maioria dos concursos estaduais da competição do ano anterior (2021) sendo encurtado para oito a onze meses em seu ano civil, dependendo do estado. Cadidatas dos 50 estados mais o Distrito de Columbia serão selecionados em concursos estaduais em um período que inicou em setembro de 2021 e esta programado para finalizar em julho de 2022 para evitar conflitos com os concursos estaduais do Miss América 2023, pois a programação do concurso estadual pode se tornar muito densa entre os últimos concursos estaduais realizados a partir de 2021. Os primeiros concursos estaduais foram Idaho e Montana, realizados juntos em 12 de setembro de 2021, e o último concurso estadual será Colorado, agendado para 3 de julho de 2022.

A partir deste ano, as novas regras foram implentadas, pois as concorrentes que participaram de um concurso estadual aterior mão podem competir por mais de um estado por ano, com as regras de elegibilidade revertidas para a regra anterior desde que Crystle Stewart assumiu o cargo de diretora nacional no final de 2020. Todas as competições dos concursos estaduais foram permitidas a capacidade total, com os espectadores e competidores sendo obrigado serem totalmente vacinados.

Dez candidatas já competiram no Miss Teen USA e no Miss América, sete são ex-vencedoras estaduais do Miss Teen USA, duas são ex-campeãs estaduais do Miss América e uma ex-campeã estadual do Miss America´s Outstanding Teen.

Resultados

Prêmios Especiais

Juízes
Ashlee Clarke - empresária e produtora americana
Soo Yeon Lee - jogador de tênis de mesa e modelo sul-coreano
Kirk Myers - treinador de fitness americano
Olivia Ponton - modelo e influenciador de mídia social  americano
Aaron Potts - estilista americano
Nicole Williams-Inglês - designer de moda e modelo canadense

Candidatas
Todos os 51 titulares foram coroados.

Referencias

Ligações externas
Site oficial da Miss USA

Miss USA
Concursos de beleza de 2022
2022 em Nevada

Miss USA 2022


Pittenweem dans le Fife était un Burgh royal qui a élu un Commissaire au Parlement d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

Après les Actes d'Union de 1707, Pittenweem, Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Crail et Kilrenny ont formé le district de Anstruther Easter, envoyant un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne.

Liste des commissaires de burgh

 1662-63: Thomas Swinton
 1665 convention, 1681-82: George Russel, conseiller municipal
 1669-74: Harry Wilkie
 1678 (convention): John Myrton, bailli
 1685-86: James Cook, bailli
 1689 (convention), 1689-1701: George Smyth de Giblistoun
 1702-07: George Smyth le jeune de Giblistoun

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans le Fife

Pittenweem (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Rudolf Hasse (Mittweida, Drugo Njemačko Carstvo, 30. svibnja 1906. - Makiïvka, Sovjetski Savez, današnja Ukrajina, 12. kolovoza 1942.) je bio njemački vozač motociklističkih i automobilističkih utrka.

Utrkivanje je počeo na motociklima, da bi se 1929. prebacio na utrkivanje na četiri kotača. Od 1936. do 1939. nastupao je u Europskom automobilističkom prvenstvu za Auto Union. Prvu i jedinu pobjedu ostvario je na Velikoj nagradi Belgije 1937. na Spa-Francorchampsu, kada je slavio ispred momčadskog kolege Hansa Stucka. Sezonu je završio na sedmom mjestu konačnog poretka vozača. Nakon što je 1938. nastupio samo na Reims-Gueuxu i Nürburgringu, utrkama koje nije završio, 1939. je osvojio postolje na Spa-Francorchampsu. Sezona je ubrzo prekinuta zbog izbijanja Drugog svjetskog rata, a Hasse se u trenutku prekida sezone nalazio na šestom mjestu u poretku vozača.

Na početku rata javio se dobrovoljno za služenje u Wehrmachtu, ali nije odmah prihvaćen, već je izvučen 1940. godine, kada je zbog svog tehničkog znanja otišao na rusku frontu radi održavanja vozila. Dok je bio u logoru za ratne zarobljenike, obolio je od šigeloze i umro u zatvorskoj bolnici. Pokopan je u Makiïvki, ali je zbog ratnih razaranja groblje kasnije uništeno.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Rudolf Hasse - Driver Database

Njemački automobilisti
Njemački športski motociklisti

Rudolf Hasse


Proba de haltere categoria 53 de kg feminin de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro a avut loc la data de 7 august, la Pavilionul 2 al Riocentro.

Rezultate

Referințe

Legături externe
 Rezultate

Haltere la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Haltere la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 - feminin 53 kg


Carolus chlorocarpus é uma espécie de planta do gênero Carolus e da família Malpighiaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 2006 por William Russell Anderson.
Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Hiraea chlorocarpa  A.Juss.
 Mascagnia chlorocarpa  (A.Juss.) Griseb.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e trepadeira.

Descrição
Liana com ramos jovens seríceos e glabrescentes com a idade; estípulas triangulares, interpeciolares. Ela tem folhas decussadas, discolores; pecíolo 3.3-8.2 milímetros de comprimento, canaliculado, eglandular, raro com 1-2 glândulas na porção central, seríceo ou com tricomas esparsos;

Pseudoracemo axilar com 6 a 20 flores decussadas;  Ela tem flores de aproximadamente 1 centímetro de diâmetro em antese, com botão floral de 2.3 a 3.8 milímetros de diâmetro.  Ovário seríceo; e 3 estiletes cilíndricos, eretos, com ápice dorsalmente apiculado. Samarídeo amarelo claro a esverdeado, com margem erosada a grosseiramente dentada; nervuras transversais evidentes ramificando-se próximo da margem, estiletes presentes.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Cerrado, Mata Atlântica e Pantanal, em regiões com vegetação de mata ciliar, floresta estacional semidecidual e floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Oliveira, Y.R.; Almeida, R.F. Carolus  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Carolus chlorocarpus no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Carolus chlorocarpus no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Malpighiaceae
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo
Plantas descritas em 2006

Carolus chlorocarpus


Peggy Lee (født Norma Deloris Engstrom; 26. maj 1920, død 21. januar 2002) var en amerikansk sanger, skuespiller og radiovært.

Hun var nomineret til en Grammy Award tolv gange og vandt den for bedste kvindelige sangpræstation med Is That All There Is? I 1969. I 1995 modtog hun Lifetime Achievement Award fra The Recording Academy. Som skuespiller blev hun nomineret til Oscar for sin præstation i Pete Kelly's Blues fra 1955.

Opvækst
Hendes bedsteforældre var henholdsvis norske og svenske indvandrere. Hun det syvende barn af en søskendeflok på otte til Marvin Olof Egstrom, en kontrollør for Midland Continental Railroad og hustruen Selma Amelia (født Anderson) Egstrom. Familien var luthersk-evangelister. Faren var svensk-amerikansk og moren norsk-amerikansk. Efter at moderen døde, da Peggy var fire år gammel, giftede faren sig med Min Schaumber.

Peggy Lee hørte som ung Count Basie Orchestra på radioen og lærte på egen hånd at synge. I Fargo, hvor hun boede med familien, sang hun fjorten-årige i radiostationen WDay.

Karrierer

Musik
I 1937 drog hun til Los Angeles for første gang, men efter kun en forestilling vendte hun tilbage til Fargo. I 1939 begyndte hun at synge i Will Osborns orkester og spillede også i regionale bands i Minneapolis og St. Louis. I 1941 sang hun på hotellet Ambassador West i vokalgruppen The Four of Us.

Da Benny Goodmans orkester var på toppen af deres popularitet i 1941, begyndte hun at synge og turnere rundt med dem i hele USA i to år. I juli 1942 optog hun sit første hit Why Don't You Do Right?, som solgte mere end 1 million eksemplarer og gjorde hende berømt. Hun var berømt for sin "bløde og coole" måde at synge på, der er noget hun ofte dedikerede til de støjende natklubber. I marts 1943 blev hun gift guitaristen i Goodmans orkester, Dave Barbour.

I 1944 skrev hun pladekontrakt med Capitol Records og hun sang en lang række hits; ofte med tekst og musik af Lee og Barbour. Hendes mest berømte indspilninger er sandsynligvis coverversionerne, hvor hun også skrev teksterne, som eksempelvis Fever, der oprindeligt var skrevet af Little Willie John, samt sin version af Jerry Leiber og Mike Stollers komposition That All There. Hendes samarbejde med pladeselskabet varede i 30 år; hun dog gik over til Decca Records i perioden 1952-57. Hun eksperimenterede med latinamerikanske rytmer og indspillede den værdsatte Latin-la-Lee for Capitol Records i 1960.

Film
Hun var især kendt for sine sange til Walt Disneys Lady og Vagabonden, hvor hun spillede rollen som showkatten Peggy og sang He's a Tramp.

Peggy Lee medvirkede også en række film, herunder genindspilningen af Jazzsangeren fra 1953 (originalen er fra 1927) og Pete Kelly's Blues fra 1955, hvor hun spillede en alkoholisk og deprimeret sanger. For sin præstation i denne rolle blev hun nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle.

Sange på de amerikanske hitlister

Columbia-årene med Benny Goodman
 I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good
 Winter Weather (duett med Art Lund)
 Blues in the Night
 Somebody Else Is Taking My Place
 My Little Cousin
 We'll Meet Again
 Full Moon (Noche de Luna)
 The Way You Look Tonight
 Why Don't You Do Right?

Første Capitol-periode
 Waitin' for the Train to Come In
 I'm Glad I Waited for You
 I Don't Know Enough About You
 Linger in My Arms a Little Longer, Baby
 It's All Over Now
 It's a Good Day
 Everything's Moving Too Fast
 Chi-baba, Chi-baba
 Golden Earrings
 I'll Dance at Your Wedding
 Mañana
 All Dressed Up with a Broken Heart
 For Every Man There's a Woman
 Laroo, Laroo, Lili Bolero
 Talking to Myself About You
 Don't Smoke in Bed
 Caramba! It's the Samba!
 Baby, Don't Be Mad at Me
 Somebody Else Is Taking My Place
 Bubble Loo, Bubble Loo
 Blum Blum, I Wonder Who I Am
 Similau (See-Me-Lo)
 Bali Ha'i
 Riders in the Sky
 The Old Master Painter, duet med Mel Tormé
 Show Me the Way to Get Out of This World
 (When I Dance with You) I Get Ideas

Decca-periode
 Be Anything (But Be Mine)
 Lover
 Watermelon Weather
 Just One of Those Things
 River, River
 Who's Gonna Pay the Check?
 Baubles, Bangles and Beads
 Where Can I Go Without You?
 Let Me Go, Lover
 Mr. Wonderful
 Joey, Joey, Joey

Anden Capitol-periode
 Fever
 Light of Love
 Sweetheart
 Alright, Okay, You Win
 My Man
 Hallelujah, I Love Him So
 I'm a Woman
 Pass Me By
 Free Spirits
 Big Spender
 That Man
 You've Got Possibilities
 So What's New
 Walking Happy
 I Feel It
 Spinning Wheel
 Is That All There Is?
 Whistle for Happiness
 Love Story
 You'll Remember Me
 One More Ride on the Merry-Go-Round
 Love Song
 Let's Love

Filmografi (udvalg)

 Vi mødes på Broadway (cameo) - 1943
 Midnight Serenade (Kortfilm) – 1947
 Jazzsangeren – 1953
 Pete Kelly's Blues - 1955
 Lady og Vagabonden (stemme) - 1955

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra USA
Skuespillere fra North Dakota
Jazzmusikere fra USA
Radioværter fra USA
Personer fra Jamestown
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Pseudonymer
Personer af norsk afstamning
Personer af svensk afstamning

Peggy Lee


Poplar Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Poplar Township (Minnesota)
 Poplar Township (North Carolina)

Poplar Township


Alexandra Land (russisk: Земля Александры, Zemlya Aleksandry) er en stor ø beliggende i Franz Josefs Land i Arkhangelsk oblast i Rusland. Fraset Victoria Island er det den vestligst beliggende ø i Franz Josef Øhavet.

Geografi

Det højeste punkt på øen, 382 m, er toppen af Kupol Lunny (Купол Лунный) "Månekuplen", en stor iskuppel der dækker det meste af den vestlige del af øen. I den vestlige ende af den vestlige isdækkede område ligger Nordenskiölds gletsjer, andre gletsjere på øen er Worcester-gletsjeren og Payers gletsjer. Den nordlige del af øen er isfri og dens østlige ende danner en halvø, der strækker sig sydpå, Polyarnykh Letchikov-halvøen. Denne halvø er dækket af Kupol Kropotkina (Купол Кропоткина), en mindre iskuppel. Der er tre store vandhuller på øen, herunder Utinoye (Andedammen) og Ledyanoye (Isdammen).

Dezhnev Bugten (Zaliv Dezhneva) ligger mellem den vestlige del af øen og Polyarnykh Letchikov-halvøen. Cape Thomas (Mys Tomasa) er den sydligste forbjerg af halvøen. Cambridge-kanalen (Proliv Kambritch) er et bredt sund mellem Alexandra Land og Zemlya Georga.

I den sydlige ende denne ø har to kapper, der peger mod sydvest på den sydligste kyst: Kap Lofley og Kap Ludlow. Kap Mary Harmsworth, der peger mod vest, er det vestligste punkt i selve Franz Josefs Land.

Økologi

Isbjørnen, Ursus maritimus, findes på Alexandra Land. Isbjørne i denne region er i lighed med andre arktiske subregioner genetisk adskilte fra andre isbjørnesubpopulationer i forskellige arktiske subregioner.

Historie

Alexandra Land er opkaldt til ære for Storfyrstinde Alexandra Pavlovna af Rusland (1783-1801), som blev ærkehertuginde af Østrig efter hendes ægteskab med ærkehertug Joseph Østrigs, palatin af Ungarn.

Den russiske navigator Valerian Albanov af Svyataya Anna nåede Kap Mary Harmsworth i Alexandra Land i 1914 efter hans prøvelser i polarisen. Cape Mary Harmsworth blev opkaldt efter Alfred Harmsworths kone Mary. Alfred Harmsworth, medlem af Royal Geographical Society, var hovedsponsor for Jackson-Harmsworths polarekspedition i 1894 til Franz Josefs Land.

Under 2. verdenskrig etablerede tyskerne en meteorologisk station på øen, kaldet Schatzgräber ("Skattegraver"). De fleste af medlemmerne blev ramt af trikiner efter at have spist råt isbjørnekød. De overlevende blev evakueret og projektet opgivet.

Nagurskaja er en russisk base, beliggende på øen ved 80 ° 49'N 47 ° 25'E, på stedet af den tidligere meteorologiske station. Den blev opkaldt efter pioner pilot Jan Nagórski og har fungeret som en af de vigtigste meteorologiske stationer i området under den kolde krig. Denne base har en 1.500 m lang snelandingsbane. Et Antonov An-72 fragtfly brød sammen under landingen i Nagurskoye den 23. december 1996.

Alexandra Land er også hjemsted for Nagurskoye militærbase, Ruslands nordligste militærbase.

Noter

Litteratur
 Valerian Albanov, In the Land of White Death

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition

Øer i Rusland

Alexandra Land


අලපිටිය (), යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපයේ බෙල්ලන දිවයින තුල පිහිටි ගම්මානයකි.

අලපිටිය


في علم الرؤية الحاسوبية إن مجموعات البيانات لمشهد واحد أو جسم معين التي تم الحصول عليها بزوايا رؤية مختلفة أو فترات زمنية تكون موجودة في أنظمة أحداثية مختلفة. عملية مطابقة الصور (Image registration) هي العملية لنقل مجموعات البيانات المختلفة إلى نظام أحداثي موحد. إن عملية مطابقة الصور هي عملية هامة لأنها تمكن من مقارنة أو دمج البيانات المأخوذة بقياسات مختلفة.

مطابقة الصور في مجال التصوير الطبي (مثلاُ: بيانات لمريض واحد مأخوذة على فترات زمنية مختلفة) تتضمن غالباً عملية مطابقة لدنة للصور (غير صلبة) وذلك لموائمة التغيرات الشكلية للأعضاء (بسبب التنفس، التغيرات التشريحية..الخ). من الممكن استخدم المطابقة الغير صلبة للصور من أجل مطابقة صور المريض مع الصور الموجودة في الأطلس الطبي وبالتالي تسهيل عمليات التشخيص.

تصنيف الخوارزميات

خوارزميات بالاعتماد على السطوع- خوارزميات بالاعتماد على المعالم
تصنف خوارزميات مطابقة الصور في فئتين أساسيتين: الطرق التي تعتمد على السطوع والطرق التي تعتمد على المعالم. يطلق على الصورة الأصلية اسم الصورة المرجع كما يطلق على الصورة التي يراد مطابقتها مع الصورة المرجع اسم الصورة الهدف. في فئة المطابقة بالاعتماد على السطوع، تقوم الخوارزمية بتحليل هيكلية الصورة باستخدام مصفوفات الارتباط، تحويل فوريه، وغيرها من طرق تحليل هيكلية الصور. بشكل مقابل، فإن أغلب الطرق المعتمدة على معالم الصورة، فإنها بدلاً من تحليل هيكلية الصورة بشكل كامل تقوم بتحليل معالم الصورة كالمستقيمات والمنحنيات والنقاط والزوايا وتقاطع المستقيمات وحدود الأجسام... إلى آخره.

نموذج التحويل
من الممكن أيضا تصنيف خوارزميات مطابقة الصور تبعاً لنماذج التحويل المستخدمة لمطابقة فضاء الصورة الهدف مع فضاء الصورة المرجع. الفئة الأولى لنماذج التحويل يتضمن التحويل الخطي والذي هو عبارة عن خليط من عمليات نقل، دوران، تحجيم، قص، ومكونات منظورية. يكون التحويل الخطي عاماً ولذلك فإنه لن يكون قادراً على إجراء التغيرات الموضعية. بالعادة، لايحتاج إلى المكونات المنظورية من أجل مطابقة الصور، ولذلك يكون التحويل الخطي في هذه الحالة هو تحويل أفيني.

الفئة الثانية تتضمن التحويلات اللدنة (الغير صلبة). هذه التحويلات تسمح بالتحريف الموضعي لمعالم الصورة، وبالتالي تزود دعماً للتغيرات الموضعية. يتضمن التحويل غير الصلب اللف المتعدد الحدود، تقريب التوابع الأساسية الملساء (توابع سبلاين - توابع المويجات)، والموديلات الفيزيائية المستمرة (توابع السوائل اللزجة والتشوهات الفيزيائية الكبيرة).

الطرق المعتمدة على البحث والطرق المباشرة
من الممكن أيضاً تصنيف مطابقة الصور بحسب نوع البحث المستخدم في حساب تابع النقل بين نطاقي الصورتين. في الطرق المعتمدة على البحث يتم تقييم ومقارنة تأثير تغيرات الصور. في الطرق المباشرة مثل طريقة لوكاس كاندي والطرق المرحلية، فيتم حساب تقدير لتشوه الصورة من القيم الإحصائية للصورة ومن ثم تستخدم لتحديث التشوهات المقدرة للصورة بين النطاقين.

المطابقة في النطاق البعدي
تعمل العديد من خوارزميات مطابقة الصور في الفضاء البعدي للصورة مستخدمة معالم، ألوان، أو هيكل الصورة كشروط للمطابقة. في الفضاء البعدي تبدو الصور كما هي على طبيعتها كما تراها العين البشرية. توجد العديد من الطرق المعتمدة على مطابقة معالم الصور من أجل القيام بمطابقة يدوية للصور، حيث يقوم المستخدم باختيار عدة نقاط تحكم بين الصور. وعندما يتجاوز عدد النقاط المختارة العدد الأصغري المحتاج لتعريف تابع انتقال، تقوم خوارزمية تكرارية مثل خوارزمية النقاط الأقرب التكرارية بحساب الحل.

المطابقة في النطاق الترددي
الخوارزميات الأخرىلمطابقة الصور تستخدم خصائص المجال الترددي frequency-domain من أجل تحديد تابع التحويل مباشرة بين الصورتين. حيث يستخدم تحويل فوريه من أجل حساب العلاقة التبادلية المشتركة بين الصورتين وهي طريقة ذات أداء حسابي عالي.

طبيعة الصورة
يوجد تصنيف آخر مفيد هو المطابقة بين نوع واحد أو أنواع متعددة للصور. تقوم خوارزميات المطابقة بين نوع واحد من الصور بمطابقة الصورة ذات الطبيعة الواحدة (مثلاً: تم الحصول عليها باستخدام جهاز تصوير مماثل)، بينما تقوم خوارزميات المطابقة بين أنواع متعددة للصور بالمطابقة بين صور تم الحصول عليها من أجهزة تصوير مختلفة.
هناك العديد من الأمثلة على مطابقة الصور ذات الأنماط المتعددة في حقل التصوير الطبي. تتضمن بعض الأمثلة المطابقة بين صور مأخوذة من التصوير بالأشعة المقطعية والتصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي للدماغ أو للجسم كاملاً باستخدام التصوير بالبوسيترون المشع والأشعة المقطعية من أجل التعرف على أماكن الورم السرطاني، أو مطابقة الصور ذات التباين العالي مع الصور ذات التباين المنخفض من أجل فصل صور أجزاء محددة من التشريح، ومطابقة صور الموجات فوق الصوتية وصور الأشعة المقطعية للبروستات في عمليات العلاج الإشعاعي.

تطبيقات أخرى
تستخدم عملية مطابقة الصور في مجالات الاستشعار عن بعد، التصوير الطبي، والرؤية الحاسوبية. وبسبب المجالات العديدة التي تستخدم فيها عملية مطابقة الصورة فإنه من المستحيل تطوير خوارزمية عامة تطبق على جميع الحالات.

مراجع

تصوير تشخيصي طبي
رؤية حاسوبية
معلوماتية طبية

مطابقة الصور


Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in Vermont with a summit that peaks at  above sea level. The summit is located within the town of Underhill in Chittenden County; the ridgeline, including some secondary peaks, extends into the town of Stowe in Lamoille County, and the mountain's flanks also reach into the town of Cambridge.

When viewed from the east or west, this mountain has the appearance of a (quite elongated) human profile, with distinct forehead, nose, lips, chin, and Adam's apple. These features are most distinct when viewed from the east; unlike most human faces, the chin is the highest point.

Mount Mansfield is one of three spots in Vermont where true alpine tundra survives from the Ice Ages.  A few acres exist on Camel's Hump and Mount Abraham nearby and to the south, but Mount Mansfield's summit still holds about . In 1980, the Mount Mansfield Natural Area was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.

Located in Mount Mansfield State Forest, the mountain is used for various recreational and commercial purposes.  "The Nose" is home to transmitter towers for a number of regional radio and TV stations. There are many hiking trails, including the Long Trail, which traverses the main ridgeline. In addition, the east flank of the mountain is used by the Stowe Mountain Resort for winter skiing. A popular tourist activity is to take the  toll road (a steep, mostly unpaved road with several hairpin turns) from the Stowe Base Lodge to "The Nose" and then hike along the ridge to "The Chin."

Geology and soils
The dominant bedrock of Mt. Mansfield is a mica-albite-quartz schist common to the Green Mountains, with mica being the most abundant mineral. Layers of quartzite are found locally. The soils, mostly podzol, are stony with fine-earth fractions grading through textures of fine sandy loam, loam and silt loam; they are mapped mostly as Londonderry, Lyman, Peru and Tunbridge Series with considerable areas of rock outcropping around the summit.

Etymology
The name of the mountain comes from the dissolved town of Mansfield, Vermont, in which the mountain was located (its territory was later divided between the towns of Underhill and Stowe), but the source of the town's name is the subject of some dispute.

Several of the original grantees of the land in Mansfield were from Mansfield, Connecticut, which in turn is known to have been named for Moses Mansfield, one of the chief landowners there. However, Benning Wentworth, the governor of the British colony of New Hampshire, issued a charter to a group of grantees in what he dubbed the town of Mansfield, possibly for a chief justice of England, Lord Mansfield (a British judge who deemed slavery illegal on British soil in 1772).
Wentworth had good reason to honor Lord Mansfield by naming a town after him: Mansfield and another English official had jointly ruled in 1752 that the land between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain should be considered part of the Wentworth-governed royal province of New Hampshire, and not of New York, which also claimed that territory.

The Town of Mansfield was formed before anyone involved had visited the site; when the townsite was surveyed, it was discovered to be mostly mountainside.  Although a few hardy pioneers settled in the town's few lowlands, the town was dissolved by degrees, with the portion generally west of the mountain being annexed to Underhill in 1839, the eastern portion to Stowe in 1848 after a vote of the citizenry. The dividing line did not run exactly along the ridge of the mountain; thus, the Chin is in Underhill and the Nose in Stowe.
Prior to the mid-eighteenth century, the mountain was known by its Abenaki name, Mozodepowadso, which translates to Moosehead Mountain.

Topography

The ridge which forms the "head" of the "man" is aligned generally north and south. The "Adam's apple" is on the north end of the ridge, and the "forehead" to the south. From north of the mountain, looking south, this ridge appears as a triangular peak. At the northeastern portion of the mountain, there are cliffs. At the base of these cliffs (on the western side of the Notch Road, Vermont Route 108), there is a honeycomb network of talus caves. There are cliffs on the eastern side of the Notch Road as well. These two sets of facing cliffs are separated by  at their base.

Skiing

Along with other expert trails, a group of trails, known as the "Front Four", are Goat, Starr, National and Liftline. They have steep pitches, many natural hazards (rocks and trees), and little grooming.  There are also cross country ski trails around the base of the mountain and on its lower slopes. The Bruce Trail descends the east side of the mountain while the Teardrop Trail descends west side. In addition to Stowe Mountain resort, Skiing is also available at the nearby Smugglers' Notch Resort.

Gallery

Climate
Mount Mansfield is located in a temperate rainforest and receives more than 80 inches of precipitation each year on average and has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb).

Summer days on the mountain are warm coupled with cool nights, while winters are long, cold and snowy, lasting from November through April and with annual snowfall averaging . The highest daily snowfall recorded was  and occurred on March 15, 2017. The highest snow depth recorded was  and occurred on April 2 during the very snowy winter of 1969. According to the NOAA, snowfall has been recorded on the summit for every month of the year. Mount Mansfield averages 197.7 nights at or below  annually. Extreme temperatures ranges from  on May 28, 2020 to  on January 9, 1968.

See also

Outline of Vermont
Index of Vermont-related articles
List of U.S. states by elevation

References

External links

Mountains of Vermont
New England Four-thousand footers
Regions of Vermont
Landforms of Chittenden County, Vermont
Landforms of Lamoille County, Vermont
Highest points of U.S. states
North American 1000 m summits
National Natural Landmarks in Vermont

Mount Mansfield


is a district located in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 1, 2008, the district has an estimated population of 14,713 and a density of 146 persons/km2. The total area is 100.82 km2.

The district has one town:
Ōsaki

History
The district was once written "囎唹郡," and it was part of Ōsumi Province. The district broke off into Higashisoo and Nishisoo Districts in May 1878. When the district government was activated on April 1, 1897, Nishisoo was merged with Aira District and Higashisoo was merged with Minamimorokata District (broke off from Morokata District in the former Hyūga Province) to become Soo District.

Timeline

Soo District (–1887)
July 22, 1887 - Soo District broke off into Higashisoo and Nishisoo Districts.

Soo District (1897–present)
April 1, 1897 - Higashisoo District and Minamimorokata District merged to form Soo District. The villages of Sueyoshi, Iwagawa, Tsuneyoshi, Takarabe, Ichinari, Higashishibushi, Nishishibushi, Tsukino, Matsuyama, Ōsaki, and Nogata were formed. (11 villages)
July 1, 1913 - The village of Higashishibushi gained town status and renamed to become the town of Shibushi. (1 town, 10 villages)
October 1, 1922 - The village of Sueyoshi gained town status to become the town of Sueyoshi. (2 towns, 9 villages)
April 1, 1924 - The village of Iwagawa gained town status to become the town of Iwagawa. (3 towns, 8 villages)
April 1, 1926 - The village of Takarabe gained town status to become the town of Takarabe. (4 towns, 7 villages)
January 1, 1936 - The village of Ōsaki gained town status to become the town of Ōsaki. (5 towns, 6 villages)
January 20, 1955 - The town of Iwagawa and the villages of Tsuneyoshi and Tsukino merged to form the town of Ōsumi. (5 towns, 4 villages)
April 1, 1955 - The village of Nogata split and merged into the towns of Ōsumi, Ōsaki, and the village of Nishishibushi. (5 towns, 3 villages)
April 1, 1956 - The village of Ichinari and the village of Mobiki from Kimotsuki District to form the town of Kihoku. (6 towns, 2 villages)
April 1, 1958 (8 towns)
The village of Matsuyama gained town status to become the town of Matsuyama.
The village of Nishishibushi gained town status and renamed to become the town of Ariake.
April 1, 1972 - Soo District (囎唹郡) changed their name to Soo District (曽於郡).
July 1, 2005 - The towns of Ōsumi, Sueyoshi, and Takarabe merged to form the city of Soo. (5 towns)
January 1, 2006 (1 town)
The towns of Ariake, Matsuyama, and Shibushi merged to form the city of Shibushi.
The town of Kihoku merged with the city of Kanoya and the towns of Kushira and Aira from Kimotsuki District to form the city of Kanoya.

External links

Soo District

Soo District, Kagoshima