The 103rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 1993, to January 3, 1995, during the final weeks of George H. W. Bush's presidency and in the first two years of Bill Clinton's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census.

This is the most recent Congress to have a Democratic senator from Texas, Bob Krueger, who lost election to finish Lloyd Bentsen's term in 1993. Along with two Democratic senators from the state of Tennessee, Jim Sasser and Harlan Mathews. Jim Sasser lost re-election and Harlan Mathews retired in 1994. In addition, a Democratic senator from the state of Oklahoma, David Boren, resigned in the final weeks of the Congress.

Both chambers maintained a Democratic majority, and with Bill Clinton being sworn in as president on January 20, 1993, this gave the Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 96th Congress in 1979.

Major events

 January 20, 1993: Bill Clinton became 42nd President of the United States.
 February 26, 1993: World Trade Center bombing: In New York City, a van bomb parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center exploded, killing 6 and injuring over 1,000.
 February 28, 1993: Waco siege: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents raided the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, with a warrant to arrest leader David Koresh on federal firearms violations. Four agents and 5 Davidians died in the raid.
 April 19, 1993: Waco siege: The 51-day standoff ended with a fire that killed 76 people, including Koresh.
 October 3, 1993: Operation Gothic Serpent: In Mogadishu, Somalia, two U.S. Army UH-60 Blackhawks were shot down and the operation left over 1000 Somalis dead and over 73 Americans WIA, 19 KIA, and 1 captured.
 January 17, 1994: 1994 Northridge earthquake: A magnitude 6.7 quake hit the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4:31 a.m., killing 72 and leaving 26,029 homeless.
 February 22, 1994: Aldrich Ames and his wife were arrested for spying for the Soviet Union.
 February 28, 1994: 4 United States fighter jets shot down 4 Serbian jets over Bosnia and Herzegovina for violating Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone.
 September 19, 1994: Operation Uphold Democracy: American troops staged a bloodless invasion of Haiti to restore the elected president to power.
 October 1, 1994: Palau achieved independence and became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.
 November 8, 1994: Republican Revolution: The Republican Party won control of both the House and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secured control of both houses of Congress.

Major legislation

 February 5, 1993: Family and Medical Leave Act, ,
 May 20, 1993: National Voter Registration Act of 1993, ,
 August 10, 1993: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, ,
 September 21, 1993: AmeriCorps, ,
 November 16, 1993: Religious Freedom Restoration Act, ,
 November 30, 1993: Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Bill), , title I,
 November 30, 1993: Don't ask, don't tell (as § 574 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994), ,
 December 8, 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, ,
 December 17, 1993: FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993, ,
 March 31, 1994 The Goals 2000: Educate America Act may 4, School-to-Work Opportunities Act       1994 The Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-448) reauthorized severa
 May 26, 1994: Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, ,
 September 13, 1994: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (including the Violence Against Women Act and the Federal Assault Weapons Ban), ,
 October 20, 1994: Improving America's Schools Act of 1994,
 October 25, 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act October 25 Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994 (INTCA or H. R. 783), Pub. L. 10
 October 31, 1994 California Desert Protection Act of 1994,

Party summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate

 President: Dan Quayle (R), until January 20, 1993
 Al Gore (D), from January 20, 1993
 President pro tempore: Robert Byrd (D)

Majority (Democratic) leadership
 Majority Leader and Policy Committee Chairman: George Mitchell
 Majority Whip: Wendell Ford
 Senatorial Campaign Committee Chair: Bob Graham
 Democratic Caucus Secretary: David Pryor
 Policy Committee Co-Chair: Harry Reid
 Chief Deputy Whip: John Breaux

Minority (Republican) leadership
 Minority Leader: Bob Dole
 Minority Whip: Alan Simpson
 Republican Conference Chairman: Thad Cochran
 Policy Committee Chairman: Don Nickles
 Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Trent Lott
 National Senatorial Committee Chair: Phil Gramm

House of Representatives

 Speaker: Tom Foley (D)

Majority (Democratic) leadership
 Majority Leader: Dick Gephardt
 Majority Whip: David Bonior
 Democratic Caucus Chairman: Steny Hoyer
 Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman: Vic Fazio
 Deputy Majority Whips: Barbara Kennelly, Butler Derrick, John Lewis, & Bill Richardson

Minority (Republican) leadership
 Minority Leader: Bob Michel
 Minority Whip: Newt Gingrich
 Chief Deputy Whip: Bob Walker
 Republican Conference Chairman: Dick Armey
 Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Bill McCollum
 Republican Conference Secretary: Tom DeLay
 Policy Committee Chairman: Henry Hyde
 Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Bill Paxon

Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Senate
Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1994; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1996; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1998.

Alabama
 2. Howell Heflin (D)
 3. Richard Shelby (D, then R from November 9, 1994)

Alaska
 2. Ted Stevens (R)
 3. Frank Murkowski (R)

Arizona
 1. Dennis DeConcini (D)
 3. John McCain (R)

Arkansas
 2. David Pryor (D)
 3. Dale Bumpers (D)

California
 1. Dianne Feinstein (D)
 3. Barbara Boxer (D)

Colorado
 2. Hank Brown (R)
 3. Ben Nighthorse Campbell (D)

Connecticut
 1. Joe Lieberman (D)
 3. Chris Dodd (D)

Delaware
 1. William Roth (R)
 2. Joe Biden (D)

Florida
 1. Connie Mack III (R)
 3. Bob Graham (D)

Georgia
 2. Sam Nunn (D)
 3. Paul Coverdell (R)

Hawaii
 1. Daniel Akaka (D)
 3. Daniel Inouye (D)

Idaho
 2. Larry Craig (R)
 3. Dirk Kempthorne (R)

Illinois
 2. Paul Simon (D)
 3. Carol Moseley Braun (D)

Indiana
 1. Richard Lugar (R)
 3. Dan Coats (R)

Iowa
 2. Tom Harkin (D)
 3. Chuck Grassley (R)

Kansas
 2. Nancy Kassebaum (R)
 3. Bob Dole (R)

Kentucky
 2. Mitch McConnell (R)
 3. Wendell Ford (D)

Louisiana
 2. J. Bennett Johnston (D)
 3. John Breaux (D)

Maine
 1. George J. Mitchell (D)
 2. William Cohen (R)

Maryland
 1. Paul Sarbanes (D)
 3. Barbara Mikulski (D)

Massachusetts
 1. Ted Kennedy (D)
 2. John Kerry (D)

Michigan
 1. Donald Riegle (D)
 2. Carl Levin (D)

Minnesota
 1. David Durenberger (R)
 2. Paul Wellstone (DFL)

Mississippi
 1. Trent Lott (R)
 2. Thad Cochran (R)

Missouri
 1. John Danforth (R)
 3. Kit Bond (R)

Montana
 1. Conrad Burns (R)
 2. Max Baucus (D)

Nebraska
 1. Bob Kerrey (D)
 2. J. James Exon (D)

Nevada
 1. Richard Bryan (D)
 3. Harry Reid (D)

New Hampshire
 2. Bob Smith (R)
 3. Judd Gregg (R)

New Jersey
 1. Frank Lautenberg (D)
 2. Bill Bradley (D)

New Mexico
 1. Jeff Bingaman (D)
 2. Pete Domenici (R)

New York
 1. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D)
 3. Al D'Amato (R)

North Carolina
 2. Jesse Helms (R)
 3. Lauch Faircloth (R)

North Dakota
 1. Kent Conrad (D-NPL)
 3. Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)

Ohio
 1. Howard Metzenbaum (D)
 3. John Glenn (D)

Oklahoma
 2. David Boren (D), until November 15, 1994
 Jim Inhofe (R), from November 17, 1994
 3. Don Nickles (R)

Oregon
 2. Mark Hatfield (R)
 3. Bob Packwood (R)

Pennsylvania
 1. Harris Wofford (D)
 3. Arlen Specter (R)

Rhode Island
 1. John Chafee (R)
 2. Claiborne Pell (D)

South Carolina
 2. Strom Thurmond (R)
 3. Fritz Hollings (D)

South Dakota
 2. Larry Pressler (R)
 3. Tom Daschle (D)

Tennessee
 1. Jim Sasser (D)
 2. Harlan Mathews (D), until December 1, 1994
 Fred Thompson (R), from December 2, 1994

Texas
 1. Lloyd Bentsen (D), until January 20, 1993
 Bob Krueger (D), January 21, 1993 – June 14, 1993
 Kay Bailey Hutchison (R), from June 14, 1993
 2. Phil Gramm (R)

Utah
 1. Orrin Hatch (R)
 3. Bob Bennett (R)

Vermont
 1. Jim Jeffords (R)
 3. Patrick Leahy (D)

Virginia
 1. Chuck Robb (D)
 2. John Warner (R)

Washington
 1. Slade Gorton (R)
 3. Patty Murray (D)

West Virginia
 1. Robert Byrd (D)
 2. Jay Rockefeller (D)

Wisconsin
 1. Herb Kohl (D)
 3. Russ Feingold (D)

Wyoming
 1. Malcolm Wallop (R)
 2. Alan Simpson (R)

House of Representatives

Alabama
 . Sonny Callahan (R)
 . Terry Everett (R)
 . Glen Browder (D)
 . Tom Bevill (D)
 . Robert E. Cramer (D)
 . Spencer Bachus (R)
 . Earl Hilliard (D)

Alaska
 . Don Young (R)

Arizona
 . Sam Coppersmith (D)
 . Ed Pastor (D)
 . Bob Stump (R)
 . Jon Kyl (R)
 . Jim Kolbe (R)
 . Karan English (D)

Arkansas
 . Blanche Lincoln (D)
 . Ray Thornton (D)
 . Tim Hutchinson (R)
 . Jay Dickey (R)

California
 . Dan Hamburg (D)
 . Wally Herger (R)
 . Vic Fazio (D)
 . John Doolittle (R)
 . Bob Matsui (D)
 . Lynn Woolsey (D)
 . George Miller (D)
 . Nancy Pelosi (D)
 . Ron Dellums (D)
 . William P. Baker (R)
 . Richard Pombo (R)
 . Tom Lantos (D)
 . Pete Stark (D)
 . Anna Eshoo (D)
 . Norman Mineta (D)
 . Don Edwards (D)
 . Leon Panetta (D), until January 22, 1993
 Sam Farr (D), from June 8, 1993
 . Gary Condit (D)
 . Richard H. Lehman (D)
 . Cal Dooley (D)
 . Bill Thomas (R)
 . Michael Huffington (R)
 . Elton Gallegly (R)
 . Anthony Beilenson (D)
 . Buck McKeon (R)
 . Howard Berman (D)
 . Carlos Moorhead (R)
 . David Dreier (R)
 . Henry Waxman (D)
 . Xavier Becerra (D)
 . Matthew G. Martínez (D)
 . Julian Dixon (D)
 . Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)
 . Esteban Edward Torres (D)
 . Maxine Waters (D)
 . Jane Harman (D)
 . Walter R. Tucker III (D)
 . Stephen Horn (R)
 . Ed Royce (R)
 . Jerry Lewis (R)
 . Jay Kim (R)
 . George Brown Jr. (D)
 . Ken Calvert (R)
 . Al McCandless (R)
 . Dana Rohrabacher (R)
 . Bob Dornan (R)
 . Christopher Cox (R)
 . Ron Packard (R)
 . Lynn Schenk (D)
 . Bob Filner (D)
 . Duke Cunningham (R)
 . Duncan L. Hunter (R)

Colorado
 . Pat Schroeder (D)
 . David Skaggs (D)
 . Scott McInnis (R)
 . Wayne Allard (R)
 . Joel Hefley (R)
 . Dan Schaefer (R)

Connecticut
 . Barbara B. Kennelly (D)
 . Sam Gejdenson (D)
 . Rosa DeLauro (D)
 . Chris Shays (R)
 . Gary A. Franks (R)
 . Nancy Johnson (R)

Delaware
 . Mike Castle (R)

Florida
 . Earl Hutto (D)
 . Pete Peterson (D)
 . Corrine Brown (D)
 . Tillie Fowler (R)
 . Karen Thurman (D)
 . Cliff Stearns (R)
 . John Mica (R)
 . Bill McCollum (R)
 . Michael Bilirakis (R)
 . Bill Young (R)
 . Sam M. Gibbons (D)
 . Charles T. Canady (R)
 . Dan Miller (R)
 . Porter Goss (R)
 . Jim Bacchus (D)
 . Tom Lewis (R)
 . Carrie Meek (D)
 . Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R)
 . Harry Johnston (D)
 . Peter Deutsch (D)
 . Lincoln Diaz-Balart (R)
 . Clay Shaw (R)
 . Alcee Hastings (D)

Georgia
 . Jack Kingston (R)
 . Sanford Bishop (D)
 . Mac Collins (R)
 . John Linder (R)
 . John Lewis (D)
 . Newt Gingrich (R)
 . George Darden (D)
 . J. Roy Rowland (D)
 . Nathan Deal (D)
 . Don Johnson Jr. (D)
 . Cynthia McKinney (D)

Hawaii
 . Neil Abercrombie (D)
 . Patsy Mink (D)

Idaho
 . Larry LaRocco (D)
 . Mike Crapo (R)

Illinois
 . Bobby Rush (D)
 . Mel Reynolds (D)
 . Bill Lipinski (D)
 . Luis Gutiérrez (D)
 . Dan Rostenkowski (D)
 . Henry Hyde (R)
 . Cardiss Collins (D)
 . Phil Crane (R)
 . Sidney R. Yates (D)
 . John Porter (R)
 . George E. Sangmeister (D)
 . Jerry Costello (D)
 . Harris W. Fawell (R)
 . Dennis Hastert (R)
 . Thomas W. Ewing (R)
 . Don Manzullo (R)
 . Lane Evans (D)
 . Robert Michel (R)
 . Glenn Poshard (D)
 . Dick Durbin (D)

Indiana
 . Pete Visclosky (D)
 . Philip Sharp (D)
 . Tim Roemer (D)
 . Jill L. Long (D)
 . Steve Buyer (R)
 . Dan Burton (R)
 . John T. Myers (R)
 . Frank McCloskey (D)
 . Lee H. Hamilton (D)
 . Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D)

Iowa
 . Jim Leach (R)
 . Jim Nussle (R)
 . Jim Ross Lightfoot (R)
 . Neal Edward Smith (D)
 . Fred Grandy (R)

Kansas
 . Pat Roberts (R)
 . Jim Slattery (D)
 . Jan Meyers (R)
 . Dan Glickman (D)

Kentucky
 . Tom Barlow (D)
 . William Natcher (D), until March 29, 1994
 Ron Lewis (R), from May 24, 1994
 . Romano Mazzoli (D)
 . Jim Bunning (R)
 . Hal Rogers (R)
 . Scotty Baesler (D)

Louisiana
 . Bob Livingston (R)
 . William J. Jefferson (D)
 . Billy Tauzin (D)
 . Cleo Fields (D)
 . Jim McCrery (R)
 . Richard H. Baker (R)
 . Jimmy Hayes (D)

Maine
 . Thomas Andrews (D)
 . Olympia Snowe (R)

Maryland
 . Wayne Gilchrest (R)
 . Helen Delich Bentley (R)
 . Ben Cardin (D)
 . Albert Wynn (D)
 . Steny Hoyer (D)
 . Roscoe Bartlett (R)
 . Kweisi Mfume (D)
 . Connie Morella (R)

Massachusetts
 . John Olver (D)
 . Richard Neal (D)
 . Peter I. Blute (R)
 . Barney Frank (D)
 . Marty Meehan (D)
 . Peter G. Torkildsen (R)
 . Ed Markey (D)
 . Joseph P. Kennedy II (D)
 . Joe Moakley (D)
 . Gerry Studds (D)

Michigan
 . Bart Stupak (D)
 . Pete Hoekstra (R)
 . Paul B. Henry (R), until July 31, 1993
 Vern Ehlers (R), from December 7, 1993
 . Dave Camp (R)
 . James A. Barcia (D)
 . Fred Upton (R)
 . Nick Smith (R)
 . Milton Robert Carr (D)
 . Dale Kildee (D)
 . David Bonior (D)
 . Joe Knollenberg (R)
 . Sander Levin (D)
 . William D. Ford (D)
 . John Conyers (D)
 . Barbara-Rose Collins (D)
 . John Dingell (D)

Minnesota
 . Tim Penny (DFL)
 . David Minge (DFL)
 . Jim Ramstad (R)
 . Bruce Vento (DFL)
 . Martin Olav Sabo (DFL)
 . Rod Grams (R)
 . Collin Peterson (DFL)
 . Jim Oberstar (DFL)

Mississippi
 . Jamie Whitten (D)
 . Mike Espy (D), until January 22, 1993
 Bennie Thompson (D), from April 13, 1993
 . Sonny Montgomery (D)
 . Michael Parker (D)
 . Gene Taylor (D)

Missouri
 . Bill Clay (D)
 . Jim Talent (R)
 . Dick Gephardt (D)
 . Ike Skelton (D)
 . Alan Wheat (D)
 . Pat Danner (D)
 . Mel Hancock (R)
 . Bill Emerson (R)
 . Harold Volkmer (D)

Montana
 . Pat Williams (D)

Nebraska
 . Doug Bereuter (R)
 . Peter Hoagland (D)
 . Bill Barrett (R)

Nevada
 . James Bilbray (D)
 . Barbara Vucanovich (R)

New Hampshire
 . Bill Zeliff (R)
 . Dick Swett (D)

New Jersey
 . Rob Andrews (D)
 . William J. Hughes (D)
 . Jim Saxton (R)
 . Chris Smith (R)
 . Marge Roukema (R)
 . Frank Pallone (D)
 . Bob Franks (R)
 . Herb Klein (D)
 . Robert Torricelli (D)
 . Donald M. Payne (D)
 . Dean Gallo (R), until November 6, 1994, vacant to end
 . Dick Zimmer (R)
 . Bob Menendez (D)

New Mexico
 . Steven Schiff (R)
 . Joe Skeen (R)
 . Bill Richardson (D)

New York
 . George J. Hochbrueckner (D)
 . Rick Lazio (R)
 . Peter T. King (R)
 . David A. Levy (R)
 . Gary Ackerman (D)
 . Floyd Flake (D)
 . Thomas J. Manton (D)
 . Jerry Nadler (D)
 . Chuck Schumer (D)
 . Edolphus Towns (D)
 . Major Owens (D)
 . Nydia Velázquez (D)
 . Susan Molinari (R)
 . Carolyn Maloney (D)
 . Charles Rangel (D)
 . José E. Serrano (D)
 . Eliot Engel (D)
 . Nita Lowey (D)
 . Hamilton Fish IV (R)
 . Benjamin Gilman (R)
 . Michael R. McNulty (D)
 . Gerald Solomon (R)
 . Sherwood Boehlert (R)
 . John M. McHugh (R)
 . James T. Walsh (R)
 . Maurice Hinchey (D)
 . Bill Paxon (R)
 . Louise Slaughter (D)
 . John J. LaFalce (D)
 . Jack Quinn (R)
 . Amo Houghton (R)

North Carolina
 . Eva Clayton (D)
 . Tim Valentine (D)
 . Martin Lancaster (D)
 . David Price (D)
 . Stephen L. Neal (D)
 . Howard Coble (R)
 . Charlie Rose (D)
 . Bill Hefner (D)
 . Alex McMillan (R)
 . Cass Ballenger (R)
 . Charles H. Taylor (R)
 . Mel Watt (D)

North Dakota
 . Earl Pomeroy (D-NPL)

Ohio
 . David S. Mann (D)
 . Bill Gradison (R), until January 31, 1993
 Rob Portman (R), from May 4, 1993
 . Tony P. Hall (D)
 . Mike Oxley (R)
 . Paul Gillmor (R)
 . Ted Strickland (D)
 . Dave Hobson (R)
 . John Boehner (R)
 . Marcy Kaptur (D)
 . Martin Hoke (R)
 . Louis Stokes (D)
 . John Kasich (R)
 . Sherrod Brown (D)
 . Thomas C. Sawyer (D)
 . Deborah Pryce (R)
 . Ralph Regula (R)
 . Jim Traficant (D)
 . Douglas Applegate (D)
 . Eric Fingerhut (D)

Oklahoma
 . Jim Inhofe (R), until November 15, 1994
 Steve Largent (R), from November 29, 1994
 . Mike Synar (D)
 . William K. Brewster (D)
 . Dave McCurdy (D)
 . Ernest Istook (R)
 . Glenn English (D), until January 7, 1994
 Frank Lucas (R), from May 10, 1994

Oregon
 . Elizabeth Furse (D)
 . Robert Freeman Smith (R)
 . Ron Wyden (D)
 . Peter DeFazio (D)
 . Michael J. Kopetski (D)

Pennsylvania
 . Thomas M. Foglietta (D)
 . Lucien Blackwell (D)
 . Robert A. Borski Jr. (D)
 . Ron Klink (D)
 . William F. Clinger Jr. (R)
 . Tim Holden (D)
 . Curt Weldon (R)
 . James C. Greenwood (R)
 . Bud Shuster (R)
 . Joseph M. McDade (R)
 . Paul Kanjorski (D)
 . John Murtha (D)
 . Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky (D)
 . William J. Coyne (D)
 . Paul McHale (D)
 . Robert Smith Walker (R)
 . George Gekas (R)
 . Rick Santorum (R)
 . William F. Goodling (R)
 . Austin Murphy (D)
 . Tom Ridge (R)

Rhode Island
 . Ronald Machtley (R)
 . Jack Reed (D)

South Carolina
 . Arthur Ravenel Jr. (R)
 . Floyd Spence (R)
 . Butler Derrick (D)
 . Bob Inglis (R)
 . John Spratt (D)
 . Jim Clyburn (D)

South Dakota
 . Tim Johnson (D)

Tennessee
 . Jimmy Quillen (R)
 . Jimmy Duncan (R)
 . Marilyn Lloyd (D)
 . Jim Cooper (D)
 . Bob Clement (D)
 . Bart Gordon (D)
 . Don Sundquist (R)
 . John S. Tanner (D)
 . Harold Ford Sr. (D)

Texas
 . Jim Chapman (D)
 . Charlie Wilson (D)
 . Sam Johnson (R)
 . Ralph Hall (D)
 . John Wiley Bryant (D)
 . Joe Barton (R)
 . Bill Archer (R)
 . Jack Fields (R)
 . Jack Brooks (D)
 . J. J. Pickle (D)
 . Chet Edwards (D)
 . Pete Geren (D)
 . Bill Sarpalius (D)
 . Greg Laughlin (D)
 . Kika de la Garza (D)
 . Ronald D. Coleman (D)
 . Charles Stenholm (D)
 . Craig Washington (D)
 . Larry Combest (R)
 . Henry B. González (D)
 . Lamar Smith (R)
 . Tom DeLay (R)
 . Henry Bonilla (R)
 . Martin Frost (D)
 . Michael A. Andrews (D)
 . Dick Armey (R)
 . Solomon P. Ortiz (D)
 . Frank Tejeda (D)
 . Gene Green (D)
 . Eddie Bernice Johnson (D)

Utah
 . James V. Hansen (R)
 . Karen Shepherd (D)
 . Bill Orton (D)

Vermont
 . Bernie Sanders (I)

Virginia
 . Herbert H. Bateman (R)
 . Owen B. Pickett (D)
 . Bobby Scott (D)
 . Norman Sisisky (D)
 . Lewis F. Payne Jr. (D)
 . Bob Goodlatte (R)
 . Thomas J. Bliley Jr. (R)
 . Jim Moran (D)
 . Rick Boucher (D)
 . Frank Wolf (R)
 . Leslie Byrne (D)

Washington
 . Maria Cantwell (D)
 . Al Swift (D)
 . Jolene Unsoeld (D)
 . Jay Inslee (D)
 . Tom Foley (D)
 . Norm Dicks (D)
 . Jim McDermott (D)
 . Jennifer Dunn (R)
 . Mike Kreidler (D)

West Virginia
 . Alan Mollohan (D)
 . Bob Wise (D)
 . Nick Rahall (D)

Wisconsin
 . Les Aspin (D), until January 20, 1993
 Peter W. Barca (D), from May 4, 1993
 . Scott L. Klug (R)
 . Steve Gunderson (R)
 . Jerry Kleczka (D)
 . Tom Barrett (D)
 . Tom Petri (R)
 . Dave Obey (D)
 . Toby Roth (R)
 . Jim Sensenbrenner (R)

Wyoming
 . Craig L. Thomas (R)

Non-voting members
 . Eni Faleomavaega (D)
 . Eleanor Holmes Norton (D)
 . Robert A. Underwood (D)
 . Carlos Romero Barceló (Resident Commissioner) (D)
 . Ron de Lugo (D)

Changes in membership

Senate

|-
| Texas(1)
| nowrap  | Lloyd Bentsen (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 20, 1993, to become United States Secretary of the Treasury.His successor was appointed.
| nowrap  | Bob Krueger (D)
| January 21, 1993
|-
| Texas(1)
| nowrap  | Bob Krueger (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Interim appointee lost special election June 6, 1993.Successor elected to finish the term.
| nowrap  | Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
| June 14, 1993
|-
| Alabama(3)
| nowrap  | Richard Shelby (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Changed party November 9, 1994
| nowrap  | Richard Shelby (R)
| November 9, 1994
|-
| Oklahoma(2)
| nowrap  | David Boren (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 15, 1994, to become President of the University of Oklahoma.Successor elected on November 8, 1994, to finish the term ending January 3, 1997.
| nowrap  | Jim Inhofe (R)
| November 17, 1994
|-
| Tennessee(2)
| nowrap  | Harlan Mathews (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Interim appointee did not seek election.Successor elected on November 8, 1994, to finish the term ending January 3, 1997.
| nowrap  | Fred Thompson (R)
| December 2, 1994
|}

House of Representatives

|-
| Wisconsin's 1st
|  | Les Aspin (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 20, 1993, to become United States Secretary of Defense
|  | Peter W. Barca (D)
| June 9, 1993
|-
| Mississippi's 2nd
|  | Mike Espy (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 22, 1993, to become United States Secretary of Agriculture
|  | Bennie Thompson (D)
| April 20, 1993
|-
| California's 17th
|  | Leon Panetta (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 23, 1993, to become Director of the Office of Management and Budget
|  | Sam Farr (D)
| June 16, 1993
|-
| Ohio 2nd
|  | Bill Gradison (R)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 31, 1993, to become president of the Health Insurance Association of America
|  | Rob Portman (R)
| June 10, 1993
|-
| Michigan 3rd
|  | Paul B. Henry (R)
| style="font-size:80%" | Died July 31, 1993
|  | Vern Ehlers (R)
| January 25, 1994
|-
| Oklahoma's 6th
|  | Glenn English (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 7, 1994, to become CEO of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
|  | Frank Lucas (R)
| May 17, 1994
|-
| Kentucky's 2nd
|  | William Natcher (D)
| style="font-size:80%" | Died March 29, 1994
|  | Ron Lewis (R)
| May 26, 1994
|-
| New Jersey 11th
|  | Dean Gallo (R)
| style="font-size:80%" | Died November 6, 1994
| colspan=2 | Vacant for remainder of term
|-
| Oklahoma's 1st
|  | Jim Inhofe (R)
| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 15, 1994, when elected to the U.S. Senate
|  | Steve Largent (R)
| November 29, 1994
|}

Committees

Senate

 Aging (Special) (David Pryor, chair; William Cohen, Ranking member)
 United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry (Patrick Leahy, chair; Richard Lugar, Ranking Member)
 Agricultural Credit (Kent Conrad, chair; Chuck Grassley, Ranking Member)
 Agricultural Production and Stabilization of Prices (David Pryor, chair; Jesse Helms, Ranking Member)
 Agricultural Research, Conservation, Forestry and General Legislation (Tom Daschle, chair; Larry E. Craig, Ranking Member)
 Domestic and Foreign Marketing and Product Promotion (David L. Boren, chair; Thad Cochran, Ranking Member)
 Nutrition and Investigations (Tom Harkin, chair; Mitch McConnell, Ranking Member)
 Rural Development and Rural Electrification (Howell Heflin, chair; Paul Coverdell, Ranking Member)
 Appropriations (Robert C. Byrd, chair; Mark O. Hatfield, Ranking Member)
 Agriculture, Rural Development and Related Agencies (Dale Bumpers, chair; Thad Cochran, Ranking Member)
 Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary (Ernest F. Hollings, chair; Pete Domenici, Ranking Member)
 Defense (Daniel K. Inouye, chair; Ted Stevens, Ranking Member)
 District of Columbia (Herb Kohl, chair; Conrad Burns, Ranking Member)
 Energy and Water Development (J. Bennett Johnston, chair; Mark O. Hatfield, Ranking Member)
 Foreign Operations (Patrick Leahy, chair; Mitch McConnell, Ranking Member)
 Interior and Related Agencies (Robert C. Byrd, chair; Don Nickles, Ranking Member)
 Labor, Health, Human Services and Education (Tom Harkin, chair; Arlen Specter, Ranking Member)
 Legislative Branch (Harry Reid, chair; Connie Mack III, Ranking Member)
 Military Construction (Jim Sasser, chair; Slade Gorton, Ranking Member)
 Transportation and Related Agencies (Frank R. Lautenberg, chair; Al D'Amato, Ranking Member)
 Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Dennis DeConcini, chair; Chris Dodd, Ranking Member)
 VA-HUD-Independent Agencies (Barbara A. Mikulski, chair; Phil Gramm, Ranking Member)
 Armed Services (Sam Nunn, chair; Strom Thurmond, Ranking Member)
 Nuclear Deterrence, Arms Control and Defense Intelligence (J. James Exon, chair; Trent Lott, Ranking Member)
 Coalition Defense and Reinforcing Forces (Carl Levin, chair; John Warner, Ranking Member)
 Regional Defense and Contingency Forces (Edward Kennedy, chair; William S. Cohen, Ranking Member)
 Defense Technology, Acquisition and Industrial Base (Jeff Bingaman, chair; Robert C. Smith, Ranking Member)
 Military Readiness (John Glenn, chair; John McCain, Ranking Member)
 Force Requirements and Personnel (Richard C. Shelby, chair; Dan Coats, Ranking Member)
 Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (Donald W. Riegle Jr., chair; Al D'Amato, Ranking Member)
 Housing and Urban Affairs (Paul Sarbanes, chair; Kit Bond, Ranking Member)
 International Finance and Monetary Policy (Jim Sasser, chair; Connie Mack III, Ranking Member)
 Securities (Chris Dodd, chair; Phil Gramm, Ranking Member)
 Economic Stabilization and Rural Development (Richard Shelby, chair; Lauch Faircloth, Ranking Member)
 Budget (Jim Sasser, chair; Pete Domenici, Ranking Member)
 Commerce, Science and Transportation (Ernest F. Hollings, chair; John Danforth, Ranking Member)
 Aviation (Wendell H. Ford, chair; Larry Pressler, Ranking Member)
 Communications (Daniel K. Inouye, chair; Bob Packwood, Ranking Member)
 Consumer (Richard H. Bryan, chair; Slade Gorton, Ranking Member)
 Foreign Commerce and Tourism (John F. Kerry, chair; Bob Packwood, Ranking Member)
 Merchant Marine (John Breaux, chair; Trent Lott, Ranking Member)
 Science, Technology and Space (John D. Rockefeller IV, chair; Conrad Burns, Ranking Member)
 Surface Transportation (J. James Exon, chair; John McCain, Ranking Member)
 National Ocean Policy Study (Ernest Hollings, chair; Ted Stevens, Ranking Member)
 Energy and Natural Resources (J. Bennett Johnston, chair; Malcolm Wallop, Ranking Member)
 Energy Research and Development (Wendell H. Ford, chair; Pete Domenici, Ranking member)
 Mineral Resources Development and Production (Daniel Akaka, chair; Larry E. Craig, Ranking member)
 Public Lands, National Parks and Forests (Dale Bumpers, chair; Frank Murkowski, Ranking member)
 Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Competitiveness (Jeff Bingaman, chair; Don Nickles, Ranking member)
 Water and Power (Bill Bradley, chair; Robert F. Bennett, Ranking member)
 Environment and Public Works (Max Baucus, chair; John H. Chafee, Ranking Member)
 Water Resources, Transportation, Public Buildings and Economic Development (Daniel Moynihan, chair; John W. Warner, Ranking member)
 Superfund, Recycling and Solid Waste Management (Frank Lautenberg, chair; David Durenberger, Ranking member)
 Toxic Substances, Research and Development (Harry Reid, chair; Bob Smith, Ranking member)
 Clean Water, Fisheries and Wildlife (Bob Graham, chair; John Chafee, Ranking member)
 Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation (Joe Lieberman, chair; Alan K. Simpson, Ranking member)
 Ethics (Select) (Richard Bryan, chair; Mitch McConnell, Ranking member)
 Finance (Daniel Moynihan, chair; Bob Packwood, Ranking Member)
 Deficits, Debt Management and Long-Term Economic Growth (Bill Bradley, chair; Malcolm Wallop, Ranking member)
 Energy and Agricultural Taxation (Tom Daschle, chair; Orrin Hatch, Ranking member)
 Health for Families and the Uninsured (Donald W. Riegle Jr., chair; John H. Chafee, Ranking member)
 International Trade (Max Baucus, chair; John Chafee, Ranking member)
 Medicare and Long Term Care (Jay Rockefeller, chair; David Durenberger, Ranking member)
 Private Retirement Plans and Oversight of the Internal Revenue Service (David Pryor, chair; Chuck Grassley, Ranking member)
 Social Security and Family Policy (John Breaux, chair; Bob Dole, Ranking member)
 Taxation (David L. Boren, chair; William V. Roth Jr., Ranking member)
 Foreign Relations (Claiborne Pell, chair; Jesse Helms, Ranking Member)
 International Economic Policy, Trade, Oceans and Environment (Paul Sarbanes, chair; Nancy Kassebaum, Ranking member)
 Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs (Chris Dodd, chair; Paul Coverdell, Ranking member)
 Terrorism, Narcotics and International Communications (John Kerry, chair; Larry Pressler, Ranking member)
 African Affairs (Paul Simon, chair; Jim Jeffords, Ranking member)
 European Affairs (Joe Biden, chair; Richard Lugar, Ranking member)
 Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Daniel Moynihan, chair; Hank Brown, Ranking member)
 East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chuck Robb, chair; Frank Murkowski, Ranking member)
 Governmental Affairs (John Glenn, chair; Bill Roth, Ranking Member)
 Federal Services, Post Office and Civil Service (David Pryor, chair; Ted Stevens, Ranking member)
 General Services, Federalism and the District of Columbia (Jim Sasser, chair; John McCain, Ranking member)
 Oversight of Government Management (Carl Levin, chair; William Cohen, Ranking member)
 Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (Sam Nunn, chair; William V. Roth Jr., Ranking member)
 Regulation and Government Information (Joe Lieberman, chair; Thad Cochran, Ranking member)
 Indian Affairs (Daniel K. Inouye, chair; John McCain, Ranking Member)
 Judiciary (Joe Biden, chair; Orrin Hatch, Ranking Member)
 Antitrust, Monopolies and Business Rights (Howard Metzenbaum, chair; Strom Thurmond, Ranking member)
 Constitution (Paul Simon, chair; Hank Brown, Ranking member)
 Courts and Administration Practice (Howell Heflin, chair; Chuck Grassley, Ranking member)
 Immigration and Refugee Affairs (Ted Kennedy, chair; Alan K. Simpson, Ranking member)
 Juvenile Justice (Herb Kohl, chair; William Cohen, Ranking member)
 Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks (Dennis DeConcini, chair; Orrin Hatch, Ranking member)
 Technology and the Law (Patrick Leahy, chair; Arlen Specter, Ranking member)
 Intelligence (Select) (Dennis DeConcini, chair; John W. Warner, Ranking member)
 Labor and Human Resources (Edward M. Kennedy, chair; Nancy Landon Kassebaum, Ranking Member)
 Labor (Howard Metzenbaum, chair; Orrin Hatch, Ranking member)
 Education, Arts and Humanities (Claiborne Pell, chair; Jim Jeffords, Ranking member)
 Employment and Productivity (Paul Simon, chair; Strom Thurmond, Ranking member)
 Disability Policy (Tom Harkin, chair; David Durenberger, Ranking member)
 Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism (Chris Dodd, chair; Dan Coats, Ranking member)
 Aging (Barbara Mikulski, chair; Judd Gregg, Ranking member)
 Rules and Administration (Wendell H. Ford, chair; Ted Stevens, Ranking Member)
 Small Business (Dale Bumpers, chair; Larry Pressler, Ranking Member)
 Competitiveness, Capital Formation and Economic Opportunity (Joe Lieberman, chair; Connie Mack III, Ranking member)
 Export Expansion and Agricultural Development (Harris Wofford, chair; Paul Coverdell, Ranking member)
 Government Contracting and Paperwork Reduction (Sam Nunn, chair; Kit Bond, Ranking member)
 Innovation, Technology and Productivity (Carl Levin, chair; Conrad Burns, Ranking member)
 Rural Economy and Family Farming (Paul Wellstone, chair; Larry Pressler, Ranking member)
 Urban and Minority-Owned Business Development (John Kerry, chair; John Chafee, Ranking member)
 Veterans' Affairs (John D. Rockefeller IV, chair; Frank H. Murkowski, Ranking Member)

House of Representatives
 Agriculture (Kika de la Garza, chair; Pat Roberts, Ranking member)
 General Farm Commodities (Tim Johnson, chair; Bill Emerson, Ranking member)
 Livestock (Harold Volkmer, chair; Steve Gunderson, Ranking member)
 Specialty Crops and Natural Resources (Charlie Rose, chair; Tom Lewis, Ranking member)
 Department Operations and Nutrition (Charles W. Stenholm, chair; Bob Smith, Ranking member)
 Environment, Credit and Rural Development (Glenn English, chair; Larry Combest, Ranking member)
 Foreign Agriculture and Hunger (Tim Penny, chair; Wayne Allard, Ranking member)
 Appropriations (William Huston Natcher, then Dave Obey, chair; Joseph M. McDade, Ranking member)
 Commerce, Justice, State and the Judiciary (Neal Edward Smith, chair; Hal Rogers, Ranking member)
 Defense (John P. Murtha, chair; Joseph McDade, Ranking member)
 District of Columbia (Julian C. Dixon, chair; James T. Walsh, Ranking member)
 Energy and Water Development (Tom Bevill, chair; John T. Myers, Ranking member)
 Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs (David Obey, chair; Bob Livingston, Ranking member)
 Interior (Sidney Yates, chair; Ralph Regula, Ranking member)
 Labor, Health, Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (William Huston Natcher, chair; John Edward Porter, Ranking member)
 Legislative (Vic Fazio, chair; Bill Young, Ranking member)
 Military Construction (Bill Hefner, chair; Barbara Vucanovich, Ranking member)
 Agriculture, Rural Development and Related Agencies (Richard J. Durbin, chair; Joe Skeen, Ranking member)
 Transportation (Bob Carr, chair; Frank Wolf, Ranking member)
 Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Steny Hoyer, chair; Jim Lightfoot, Ranking member)
 VA, HUD and Independent Agencies (Louis Stokes, chair; Jerry Lewis, Ranking member)
 Armed Services (Ron Dellums, chair; Floyd Spence, Ranking member)
 Military Acquisition (Ron Dellums, chair; Floyd Spence, Ranking member)
 Research and Development (Patricia Schroeder, chair; Bob Stump, Ranking member)
 Readiness (Earl Hutto, chair; John Kasich, Ranking member)
 Military Forces and Personnel (Ike Skelton, chair; Jon Kyl, Ranking member)
 Military Installations and Facilities (Dave McCurdy, chair; Duncan L. Hunter, Ranking member)
 Oversight and Investigations (Norman Sisisky, chair; James Hansen, Ranking member)
 Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs (Henry B. Gonzalez, chair; Jim Leach, Ranking member)
 Housing and Community Development (Henry B. Gonzalez, chair; Marge Roukema, Ranking member)
 Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation and Deposit Insurance (Stephen L. Neal, chair; Bill McCollum, Ranking member)
 International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy (Barney Frank, chair; Doug Bereuter, Ranking member)
 Economic Growth and Credit Formation (Paul Kanjorski, chair; Tom Ridge, Ranking member)
 Consumer Credit and Insurance (Joseph P. Kennedy II, chair; Al McCandless, Ranking member)
 General Oversight, Investigations and the Resolution of Failed Financial Institutions (Floyd H. Flake, chair; Toby Roth, Ranking member)
 Budget (Martin Olav Sabo, chair; John Kasich, Ranking member)
 District of Columbia (Pete Stark, chair; John Kasich, Ranking member)
 Fiscal Affairs and Health (Jim McDermott, chair; Cass Ballenger, Ranking member)
 Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs (Alan Wheat, chair; Jim Saxton, Ranking member)
 Judiciary and Education (Eleanor Holmes Norton, chair; Dana Rohrabacher, Ranking member)
 Education and Labor (William D. Ford, chair; Bill Goodling, Ranking member)
 Postsecondary Education and Training (William D. Ford, chair; Tom Petri, Ranking member)
 Labor Standards, Occupational Health and Safety (Austin J. Murphy, chair; Harris W. Fawell, Ranking member)
 Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Education (Dale Kildee, chair; William F. Goodling, Ranking member)
 Labor-Management Relations (Pat Williams, chair; Marge Roukema, Ranking member)
 Human Resources (Matthew G. Martinez, chair; Paul B. Henry, Ranking member)
 Select Education and Rights (Major R. Owens, chair; Cass Ballenger, Ranking member)
 Energy and Commerce (John Dingell, chair; Carlos J. Moorhead, Ranking member)
 Oversight and Investigations (John D. Dingell, chair; Dan Schaefer, Ranking member)
 Health and the Environment (Henry Waxman, chair; Thomas J. Bliley Jr., Ranking member)
 Energy and Power (Philip Sharp, chair; Michael Bilirakis, Ranking member)
 Telecommunications and Finance (Ed Markey, chair; Jack Fields, Ranking member)
 Transportation and Hazardous Materials (Al Swift, chair; , Ranking member)
 Commerce, Transportation and Competitiveness (Cardiss Collins, chair; Cliff Stearns, Ranking member)
 Foreign Affairs (Lee H. Hamilton, chair; Benjamin A. Gilman, Ranking member)
 Europe and the Middle East (Lee H. Hamilton, chair; Benjamin A. Gilman, Ranking member)
 Economic Policy, Trade and Environment (Sam Gejdenson, chair; Toby Roth, Ranking member)
 International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights (Tom Lantos, chair; Doug Bereuter, Ranking member)
 Western Hemisphere Affairs (Robert Torricelli, chair; Chris Smith, Ranking member)
 International Operations (Howard Berman, chair; Olympia J. Snowe, Ranking member)
 Asia and the Pacific (Gary L. Ackerman, chair; Jim Leach, Ranking member)
 Africa (Harry Johnston, chair; Dan Burton, Ranking member)
 Government Operations (John Conyers, chair; William F. Clinger, Ranking member)
 Legislation and National Security (John Conyers, chair; Al McCandless, Ranking member)
 Environment, Energy and Natural Resources (Mike Synar, chair; Dennis Hastert, Ranking member)
 Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations (Edolphus Towns, chair; Steven Schiff, Ranking member)
 Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs (John M. Spratt, chair; Christopher Cox, Ranking member)
 Information, Justice, Transportation and Agriculture (Gary Condit, chair; Craig L. Thomas, Ranking member)
 Employment, Housing and Aviation (Collin C. Peterson, chair; Ronald K. Machtley, Ranking member)
 House Administration (Charlie Rose, chair; Bill Thomas, Ranking member)
 Elections (Al Swift, chair; Bob Livingston, Ranking member)
 Libraries and Memorials (Bill Clay, chair; Bill Barrett, Ranking member)
 Office Systems (Sam Gejdenson, chair; John Boehner, Ranking member)
 Accounts (Martin Frost, chair; Pat Roberts, Ranking member)
 Personnel and Police (Thomas J. Manton, chair; Jennifer Dunn, Ranking member)
 Administrative Oversight (Charlie Rose, chair; Bill Thomas, Ranking member)
 Judiciary (Jack Brooks, chair; Hamilton Fish, Ranking member)
 Economic and Commercial Law (Jack Brooks, chair; Hamilton Fish Jr., Ranking member)
 Civil and Constitutional Rights (Don Edwards, chair; Henry J. Hyde, Ranking member)
 Intellectual Property and Judicial Administration (William J. Hughes, chair; Carlos J. Moorhead, Ranking member)
 Crime and Criminal Justice (Chuck Schumer, chair; Jim Sensenbrenner, Ranking member)
 Administrative Law and Governmental Relations (John Bryant, chair; George Gekas, Ranking member)
 Merchant Marine and Fisheries (Gerry Studds, chair; Jack Fields, Ranking member)
 Merchant Marine (Bill Lipinski, chair; Herbert Bateman, Ranking member)
 Environment and Natural Resources (Gerry E. Studds, chair; Jim Saxton, Ranking member)
 Fisheries Management (Thomas J. Manton, chair; Don Young, Ranking member)
 Oceanography, Gulf of Mexico and the Outer Continental Shelf (Solomon P. Ortiz, chair; Curt Weldon, Ranking member)
 Coast Guard and Navigation (Billy Tauzin, chair; Howard Coble, Ranking member)
 Natural Resources (George Miller, chair; Don Young, Ranking member)
 Oversight and Investigations (George Miller, chair; Bob Smith, Ranking member)
 Native American Affairs (Bill Richardson, chair; Bob Smith, Ranking member)
 National Parks, Forests and Public Lands (Bruce Vento, chair; Jim Hansen, Ranking member)
 Insular and International Affairs (Ron de Lugo, chair; Elton Gallegly, Ranking member)
 Energy and Mineral Resources (Richard H. Lehman, chair; Barbara Vucanovich, Ranking member)
 Post Office and Civil Service (Bill Clay, chair; John T. Myers, Ranking member)
 Oversight and Investigations (Bill Clay, chair; Sherwood Boehlert, Ranking member)
 Civil Service (Frank McCloskey, chair; Dan Burton, Ranking member)
 Census, Statistics and Portal Personnel (Thomas C. Sawyer, chair; Tom Petri, Ranking member)
 Compensation and Employee Benefits (Eleanor Holmes Norton, chair; Constance Morella, Ranking member)
 Postal Operations and Services (Barbara-Rose Collins, chair; Don Young, Ranking member)
 Public Works and Transportation (Norman Mineta, chair; Bud Shuster, Ranking member)
 Aviation (Jim Oberstar, chair; Bill Clinger, Ranking member)
 Economic Development (Bob Wise, chair; Susan Molinari, Ranking member)
 Investigations and Oversight (Robert Borski, chair; Jim Inhofe, Ranking member)
 Public Buildings and Grounds (James Traficant, chair; John Duncan, Ranking member)
 Surface Transportation (Nick Rahall, chair; Tom Petri, Ranking member)
 Water Resources and Environment (Douglas Applegate, chair; Sherwood Boehlert, Ranking member)
 Rules (Joe Moakley, chair; Gerald B.H. Solomon, Ranking member)
 Rules of the House (Anthony Beilenson, chair; David Dreier, Ranking member)
 Legislative Process (Butler Derrick, chair; Jimmy Quillen, Ranking member)
 Science, Space and Technology (George Brown Jr., chair; Robert S. Walker, Ranking member)
 Energy (Marilyn Lloyd, chair; Harris Fawell, Ranking member)
 Space (Ralph Hall, chair; Jim Sensenbrenner, Ranking member)
 Technology, Environment and Aviation (Tim Valentine, chair; Tom Lewis, Ranking member)
 Science (Rick Boucher, chair; Sherwood Boehlert, Ranking member)
 Investigations and Oversight (Jimmy Hayes, chair; Paul B. Henry, Ranking member)
 Small Business (John J. LaFalce, chair; Jan Meyers, Ranking member)
 SBA Legislation and the General Economy (John J. LaFalce, chair; Jan Meyers, Ranking member)
 Regulation, Business Opportunities and Technology (Ron Wyden, chair; Larry Combest, Ranking member)
 Procurement, Taxation and Tourism (James H. Bilbray, chair; Richard Baker, Ranking member)
 Minority Enterprise, Finance and Urban Development (Kweisi Mfume, chair; Ronald K. Machtley, Ranking member)
 Rural Enterprises, Exports and the Environment (Bill Sarpalius, chair; Joel Hefley, Ranking member)
 Standards of Official Conduct (Jim McDermott, chair; Fred Grandy, Ranking member)
 Veterans' Affairs (Gillespie V. Montgomery, chair; Bob Stump, Ranking member)
 Education, Training and Employment (Sonny Montgomery, chair; Tim Hutchinson, Ranking member)
 Compensation, Pension and Insurance (Jim Slattery, chair; Michael Bilirakis, Ranking member)
 Oversight and Investigations (Lane Evans, chair; Tom Ridge, Ranking member)
 Hospitals and Health Care (J. Roy Rowland, chair; Chris Smith, Ranking member)
 Housing and Memorial Affairs (George E. Sangmeister, chair; Dan Burton, Ranking member)
 Ways and Means (Dan Rostenkowski, chair, Sam Gibbons, acting; Bill Archer, Ranking member)
 Trade (Sam Gibbons, chair; Phil Crane, Ranking member)
 Oversight (J.J. Pickle, chair; Amo Houghton, Ranking member)
 Select Revenue Measures (Charles Rangel, chair; Mel Hancock, Ranking member)
 Health (Pete Stark, chair; Bill Thomas, Ranking member)
 Social Security (Andrew Jacobs Jr., chair; Jim Bunning, Ranking member)
 Human Resources (Harold Ford Sr., chair; Rick Santorum, Ranking member)
 Whole

Joint

 Economic (Rep. Dave Obey, chair; Sen. Paul Sarbanes, Vice Chair)
 Taxation (Rep. Dan Rostenkowski, chair; Sen. Daniel P. Moynihan, Vice Chair)
 The Library (Rep. Charlie Rose, chair; Sen. Claiborne Pell, Vice Chair)
 Organization of Congress (Sen. David L. Boren, Co-Chair; Rep. Lee H. Hamilton, Co-Chair)
 Printing (Sen. Wendell Ford, chair; Rep. Charlie Rose, Vice Chair)

Caucuses
 Armenian Caucus
 Biomedical Research Caucus
 Blue Dog Coalition
 Congressional Arts Caucus
 Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
 Congressional Automotive Caucus
 Congressional Black Caucus
 Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans
 Congressional Caucus on Korea
 Congressional Fire Services Caucus
 Congressional Friends of Ireland Caucus
 Congressional Hispanic Caucus
 Congressional Pediatric & Adult Hydrocephalus Caucus
 Congressional Progressive Caucus
 Congressional Travel & Tourism Caucus
 Congressional Western Caucus
 Congresswomen's Caucus
 House Democratic Caucus
 Law Enforcement Caucus
 Northern Border Caucus
 Senate Democratic Caucus

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors
 Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
 Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Robert Krasner, until 1994
 John F. Eisold, from 1994
 Comptroller General of the United States: Charles A. Bowsher
 Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Robert D. Reischauer
 Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
 Public Printer of the United States: Robert Houk, until 1993
 Michael F. DiMario, from 1993

Senate
 Chaplain: Richard C. Halverson (Presbyterian)
 Curator: James R. Ketchum
 Historian: Richard A. Baker
 Parliamentarian: Alan Frumin
 Secretary: Walter J. Stewart, until April 15, 1994
 Martha S. Pope, from April 15, 1994
 Librarian: Roger K. Haley
 Secretary for the Majority: C. Abbott Saffold
 Secretary for the Minority: Howard O. Greene Jr.
 Sergeant at Arms: Martha S. Pope, until April 14, 1994
 Robert L. Benoit, from April 15, 1994

House of Representatives
 Chaplain: James David Ford (Lutheran)
 Clerk: Donnald K. Anderson
 Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services: Leonard P. Wishart III, until January 1994
 Randall B. Medlock, from January 1994
 Doorkeeper: James T. Molloy
 Historian: Ray Smock
 Reading Clerks:
 Meg Goetz (D)
 Bob Berry along with Paul Hays (R)
 Parliamentarian: William H. Brown, until September 16, 1994
 Charles W. Johnson III, from September 16, 1994
 Sergeant at Arms: Werner W. Brandt
 Inspector General: John W. Lainhart IV

See also
 List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress
 1992 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
 1992 United States presidential election
 1992 United States Senate elections
 1992 United States House of Representatives elections
 1994 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
 1994 United States Senate elections
 1994 United States House of Representatives elections

Notes

External links

 Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
 U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
 U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists

103rd United States Congress


Granica između Kuvajta i Saudijske Arabije duga je 221 km, a proteže se od tromeđe s Irakom na zapadu do obale Perzijskog zaljeva na istoku.

Opis

Granica započinje na istoku od tromeđe s Irakom na rijeci Wadi Al-Batin; kao ravna linija dužine 90 km, blago nagnuta prema jugoistoku, a zatim nastavlja prema istoku. Granica se potom okreće prema jugu nizom nepravilnih linija, prije nego što naglo skrene prema istoku, pravom linijom od 70 km koja ide do zaljevske obale.

Povijest

Povijesno, granice u ovom dijelu Arapskog poluotoka nisu bile jasno definirane. Početkom 20. stoljeća Osmansko carstvo nazdiralo je današnji Irak, a Kuvajt je bio britanski protektorat. U unutrašnjosti Arapskog poluotoka, slabo organizirane arapske grupacije povremeno su formirale emirate, od kojih je najistaknutiji bio emirat Nedžd i Hasa, pod vlašću obitelji al-Saud. Velika Britanija i Osmansko carstvo teoretski su, anglo-osmanskom konvencijom iz 1913., podijelili svoja područja utjecaja preko takozvanih "Plavih" i "Ljubičastih" linija. Time su Osmanlije priznale britansko pravo na Kuvajt, odijeljen od Osmanske Mezopotamije rijekom Wadi Al-Batin (tzv. "zelena linija", vidi kartu desno).

Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata i arapskog ustanka (koji je podržala Velika Britanija), Osmanlije su uklonjene s većine Bliskog Istoka. U razdoblju nakon ovog, Ibn Saud je uspio znatno proširiti svoj teritorij, proglasivši na kraju Kraljevinu Saudijsku Arabiju 1932. godine. Ibn Saud je posezao za Kuvajtom, tvrdeći da treba biti dio njegove nove države. Pokušaj aneksije 1919. godine rezultirao je ratom između Kuvajta i emirata Nedžd. Kako rat nije polučio željeni rezultat, Ibn Saud je pokrenuo blokadu Kuvajta.

U prosincu 1922. godine, britanski visoki povjerenik u britanskom mandatu u Mezopotamiji Percy Cox sastao se s Ibn Saudom i potpisao Uqairsku konvenciju kojim je definirana granica Saudijske Arabije s Kuvajtom i Irakom. Ugovorom je također stvorena velika saudijsko-kuvajtska neutralna zona na jugoistoku, gdje su obje strane trebale dijeliti jednaka prava uz daljnji sporazum. Neutralna zona je dugo bila status quo, dok otkriće nafte u naftnom polju Burgan u Kuvajtu nije potaklo pregovore o konačnom rješenju. Dana 7. srpnja 1965., dvije vlade potpisale su sporazum (koji je stupio na snagu 25. srpnja 1966.) o podjeli Neutralne zone i pridruživanju njenih dijelova teritorijima Kuvajta i Saudijske Arabije. Sporazum o demarkaciji koji dijeli Neutralnu zonu potpisan je 17. prosinca 1967., ali formalno je stupio na snagu tek potpisivanjem koje je održano u Kuvajtu 18. prosinca 1969. Ratifikacija je uslijedila 18. siječnja 1970., a sporazum je objavljen u Kuvajtskom službenom glasilu 25. siječnja 1970. godine. Granica se od tada nije mijenjala.

Godine 1990., Irak napada i anektira Kuvajt. U bici kod Khafjija, 29. siječnja 1991., Irak prodire u graf Khafji u saudijskom dijelu neutralne zone. Dva dana kasnije, koalicijske snage vraćaju grad pod svoj nadzor.

Granični prijelazi
Dva glavna granična prijelaza su Salmi i Nuwaiseeb.

Vidi također

 Kuvajtsko-saudijski odnosi

Izvori

Državne granice
Politika Kuvajta
Granice Saudijske Arabije

Kuvajtsko-saudijska granica


Crkva sv. Jakova je rimokatolička crkva u Trogiru, na adresi Trg sv. Jakova.

Opis
Župna crkva Sv. Jakova na Čiovu u Trogiru jednobrodna je građevina s baroknim portalom na pročelju, rozetom i preslicom na dva luka, orijentirana istok-zapad. Sagradio ju je na mjestu starije crkvice 1708. Petar Nutizio. Građena je pravilno klesanim kamenom, a u unutrašnjosti je ožbukana. Ima dvostređni krov pokriven kupom kanalicom. Na bočnim pročeljima otvorena je ovalnim prozorima s ukrasnom profilacijom. Glavni je oltar posvećen sv. Križu, sjeverni sv. Ivanu Trogirskom, a južni Gospi.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4378 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Trogiru

Crkva sv. Jakova u Trogiru


An unreliable narrator is a narrator whose credibility is compromised. They can be found in fiction and film, and range from children to mature characters. The term was coined in 1961 by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction. While unreliable narrators are almost by definition first-person narrators, arguments have been made for the existence of unreliable second- and third-person narrators, especially within the context of film and television, and sometimes also in literature.

Sometimes the narrator's unreliability is made immediately evident. For instance, a story may open with the narrator making a plainly false or delusional claim or admitting to being severely mentally ill, or the story itself may have a frame in which the narrator appears as a character, with clues to the character's unreliability. A more dramatic use of the device delays the revelation until near the story's end. In some cases, the reader discovers that in the foregoing narrative, the narrator had concealed or greatly misrepresented vital pieces of information. Such a twist ending forces readers to reconsider their point of view and experience of the story. In some cases the narrator's unreliability is never fully revealed but only hinted at, leaving readers to wonder how much the narrator should be trusted and how the story should be interpreted.

Overview

Classification
Attempts have been made at a classification of unreliable narrators. William Riggan analysed in a 1981 study discernible types of unreliable narrators, focusing on the first-person narrator as this is the most common kind of unreliable narration. Adapted from his findings is the following list:

The Pícaro a narrator who is characterized by exaggeration and/or bragging, the first example probably being the soldier in Plautus' comedy Miles Gloriosus. Examples in more recent literature are Moll Flanders, Simplicius Simplicissimus or Felix Krull.
The Madman a narrator who is either only experiencing mental defense mechanisms, such as (post-traumatic) dissociation and self-alienation, or severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or paranoia. Examples include Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari, Franz Kafka's self-alienating narrators, noir fiction and hardboiled fiction's "tough" (cynical) narrator who unreliably describes his own emotions, Barbara Covett in Notes on a Scandal, Charles Kinbote in Pale Fire, the unnamed protagonist of Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, Richard in The Beach, and Patrick Bateman in American Psycho.
The Clown a narrator who does not take narrations seriously and consciously plays with conventions, truth, and the reader's expectations. Examples of the type include Tristram Shandy and Bras Cubas.
The Naïf a narrator whose perception or worldview is immature or limited through their point of view. Examples of naïves include Huckleberry Finn, Arthur Lestrange, Holden Caulfield, Forrest Gump and Charlie Gordon in Flowers for Algernon.
The Liar a mature narrator of sound cognition who deliberately misrepresents themselves, often to obscure their unseemly or discreditable past conduct. John Dowell in Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier exemplifies this kind of narrator.

It remains a matter of debate whether and how a non-first-person narrator can be unreliable, though the deliberate restriction of information to the audience can provide instances of unreliable narrative, even if not necessarily of an unreliable narrator. For example, in the three interweaving plays of Alan Ayckbourn's The Norman Conquests, each confines the action to one of three locations during the course of a weekend.

Kathleen Wall argues that in The Remains of the Day, for the "unreliability" of the main character (Mr Stevens) as a narrator to work, we need to believe that he describes events reliably, while interpreting them in an unreliable way.

Definitions and theoretical approaches
Wayne C. Booth was among the first critics to formulate a reader-centered approach to unreliable narration and to distinguish between a reliable and unreliable narrator on the grounds of whether the narrator's speech violates or conforms with general norms and values. He writes, "I have called a narrator reliable when he speaks for or acts in accordance with the norms of the work (which is to say the implied author's norms), unreliable when he does not." Peter J. Rabinowitz criticized Booth's definition for relying too much on facts external to the narrative, such as norms and ethics, which must necessarily be tainted by personal opinion. He consequently modified the approach to unreliable narration.

Rabinowitz' main focus is the status of fictional discourse in opposition to factuality. He debates the issues of truth in fiction, bringing forward four types of audience who serve as receptors of any given literary work:

 "Actual audience" (= the flesh-and-blood people who read the book)
 "Authorial audience" (= hypothetical audience to whom the author addresses his text)
 "Narrative audience" (= imitation audience which also possesses particular knowledge)
 "Ideal narrative audience" (= uncritical audience who accepts what the narrator is saying)

Rabinowitz suggests that "In the proper reading of a novel, then, events which are portrayed must be treated as both 'true' and 'untrue' at the same time. Although there are many ways to understand this duality, I propose to analyze the four audiences which it generates." Similarly, Tamar Yacobi has proposed a model of five criteria ('integrating mechanisms') which determine if a narrator is unreliable. Instead of relying on the device of the implied author and a text-centered analysis of unreliable narration, Ansgar Nünning gives evidence that narrative unreliability can be reconceptualized in the context of frame theory and of readers' cognitive strategies.

Unreliable Narration in this view becomes purely a reader's strategy of making sense of a text, i.e. of reconciling discrepancies in the narrator's account (cf. signals of unreliable narration). Nünning thus effectively eliminates the reliance on value judgments and moral codes which are always tainted by personal outlook and taste. Greta Olson recently debated both Nünning's and Booth's models, revealing discrepancies in their respective views.

and offers "an update of Booth's model by making his implicit differentiation between fallible and untrustworthy narrators explicit". Olson then argues "that these two types of narrators elicit different responses in readers and are best described using scales for fallibility and untrustworthiness." She proffers that all fictional texts that employ the device of unreliability can best be considered along a spectrum of fallibility that begins with trustworthiness and ends with unreliability. This model allows for all shades of grey in between the poles of trustworthiness and unreliability. It is consequently up to each individual reader to determine the credibility of a narrator in a fictional text.

Signals of unreliable narration
Whichever definition of unreliability one follows, there are a number of signs that constitute or at least hint at a narrator's unreliability. Nünning has suggested to divide these signals into three broad categories.

 Intratextual signs such as the narrator contradicting her or himself, having gaps in memory, or lying to other characters
 Extratextual signs such as contradicting the reader's general world knowledge or impossibilities (within the parameters of logic)
 Reader's literary competence. This includes the reader's knowledge about literary types (e.g. stock characters that reappear over centuries), knowledge about literary genres and its conventions or stylistic devices

See also
 Frame story
 Play within a play
 Rashomon effect, different narrators providing different accounts or stories of the same narrative events
 Tall tale

References

Further reading

 Shan, Den: "Unreliability", in Peter Hühn (ed.): The Living Handbook of Narratology, Hamburg: Hamburg University Press. (retrieved 8. March 2021)
 Smith, M. W. (1991). Understanding Unreliable Narrators. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

External links

Henry Sutton's top 10 unreliable narrators

Film theory
Style (fiction)
Point of view
Narrative techniques
1960s neologisms

Unreliable narrator


Școala Superioară de Comerț din Ploiești este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Ploiești.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Prahova


Pekka Haavisto (nacido el 23 de marzo de 1958 en Helsinki) es un político finlandés perteneciente a la Liga Verde. Fue reelegido al parlamento finlandés en las elecciones parlamentarias de marzo de 2007 después de una ausencia de 12 años en la vida política. De 1988 a 1992 y de 2005 a 2008 ocupaba un asiento en el Ayuntamiento de Helsinki.

Haavisto fue miembro del Parlamento de Finlandia durante el periodo 1987 - 1995. Fue presidente de la Liga Verde durante 1993 - 1995. También ejerció como Ministro de Medioambiente en el gobierno de Paavo Lipponen entre 1995 y 1999. Fue el primer ministro en un gobierno europeo representando a los verdes.

Entre 1999 y 2005 Haavisto realizó varias tareas en las Naciones Unidas. Dirigió los grupos de investigación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (UNEP) en Kosovo, Afganistán, Irak, Liberia, Palestina y Sudán. También coordinó la investigación de la UN sobre los efectos del uranio empobrecido en Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia y Bosnia-Herzegovina. Haavisto también representó a la UNEP en la investigaciones en el accidente minero de Baia Mare en Romania. En 2005 fue elegido como enviado especial de la Unión Europea en Sudán donde participó en el proceso de paz de Darfur. En 2007 y 2011 Haavisto fue reelegido como miembro del parlamento representando al distrito electoral de Helsinki. En 2011 fue designado como candidato de la Liga Verde para las elecciones presidenciales de Finlandia del 2012. En la primera vuelta consiguió un 18,8 por ciento de los votos, por lo que fue a la segunda vuelta junto con Sauli Niinistö. En la segunda vuelta celebrada el 5 de febrero, consiguió un 37,4 por ciento de los votos y perdió contra su oponente.

Haavisto vive en unión civil con Nexar Antonio Flores, quien originalmente procede de Ecuador.

El 6 de junio de 2019 fue nombrado Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores bajo el gobierno de Antti Rinne.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web personal

Políticos de Finlandia del siglo XX
Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores
Políticos gais
Políticos LGBT de Finlandia
Nacidos en Helsinki

Pekka Haavisto


Ağaşenliği, Tunceli ilinin Pülümür ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Kalo Sıpe (Aksakallı İhtiyar) efsanesine göre, aşiret reisi Şah Hüseyin Bey rüyasında gördüğü aksakallı ihtiyarın kendisine söylediği nasihat uyarınca öküzünün durduğu yere ev inşa ederek yerleşmiş ve böylelikle Ağaşenliği köyü kurulmuştur. Köyde yapım tarihi bilinmeyen tarihi bir kümbet bulunmaktadır.

Türkiye-PKK çatışması sürecinde güvenlik gerekçesiyle 1993 yılında boşaltılan köye, 2008 yılından itibaren sınırlı sayıda da olsa geri dönüş başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 106 km, Pülümür ilçesine 36 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Pülümür belde ve köyleri

Ağaşenliği, Pülümür


Bang Sue est l'un des 50 khets de Bangkok, Thaïlande.

Histoire

Points d'intérêt

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes

Khet de Bangkok

Bang Sue


An Renanthera breviflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Rod Rice och Jeffrey James Wood. An Renanthera breviflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Renanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Renanthera

Renanthera breviflora


Abdalla Hamdok   (f. 1. janúar 1956) er súdanskur embættismaður og fyrrverandi forsætisráðherra Súdans. Hamdok hafði gegnt ýmsum innlendum og alþjóðlegum stjórnsýsluembættum fyrir ráðherratíð sína. Frá nóvember 2011 til október 2018 var hann aðstoðarframkvæmdastjóri Efnahagsnefndar Sameinuðu þjóðanna fyrir Afríku (UNECA). Starfsfólk UNECA lýsti Hamdok sem "hógværum manni með framúrskarandi og agað hugarfar". Eftir súdönsku byltinguna í ágúst 2019 var bent á Hamdok sem mögulegt forsætisráðherraefni í lýðræðisvæðingu Súdans.

Eftir að fullveldisráð Súdans tók við völdum af herforingjastjórn landsins var Abdalla Hamdok útnefndur forsætisráðherra. Hann tók við embætti þann 21. ágúst 2019.

Þann 25. október 2021 var hann handtekinn af vopnuðum mönnum við valdarán hersins. Uppsögn hans var tilkynnt í kjölfarið. Hamdok var leyft að snúa aftur til valda þann 21. nóvember eftir að súdanskir herforingjar komust að samkomulagi við borgaralegu stjórnmálaflokkana. Hann sagði af sér vegna áframhaldandi mótmæla gegn stjórninni í janúar 2022.

Menntun
Abdalla Hamdok er með BS-gráðu frá Háskólanum í Kartúm og doktorsgráðu í hagfræðirannsóknum frá Háskólanum í Manchester.

Fyrstu störf
Frá 1981 til 1987 var Hamdok háttsettur embættismaður við fjármálaráðuneyti Súdans.

Á tíunda áratugnum gegndi Hamdok embættum hjá sérfræðiþjónustufélaginu Deloitte & Touche og síðan hjá Alþjóðavinnumálastofnuninni í Simbabve. Hann vann síðan í nokkur á hjá afríska þróunarbankanum á Fílabeinsströndinni. Hamdok var leiðtogi Stofnunar lýðræðis og kosningaliðsinnis (IDEA) í Afríku og á Mið-Austurlöndum frá 2003 til 2008.

Hamdok vann í stuttan tíma hjá Efnahagsnefnd Sameinuðu þjóðanna fyrir Afríku frá 2001 til 2002 sem framkvæmdastjóri samþættingar og verslunar. Frá 2011 til 2018 var hann aðstoðarframkvæmdastjóri nefndarinnar.

Í september árið 2018 bauð ríkisstjórn Omars al-Bashir Hamdok að gerast fjármálaráðherra en hann afþakkaði boðið.

Forsætisráðherra Súdans

Í kjölfar súdönsku byltingarinnar 2019 stungu súdanskir stjórnarandstöðuhópar í Bandalagi frelsis og breytinga upp á því í júní og ágúst að Hamdok yrði útnefndur forsætisráðherra til þess að leiða lýðræðisvæðingarferli landsins. Samið hafði verið um umbreytingaferlið í stjórnmálasáttmála sem Bandalagið gerði við fráfarandi herstjórn landsins þann 17. júlí 2019 og drög að stjórnarskráryfirlýsingu höfðu verið undirrituð þann 4. ágúst.

Fullveldisráð Súdans útnefndi Hamdok forsætisráðherra þann 20. ágúst í samræmi við ákvæði stjórnarskráryfirlýsingarinnar til að hafa umsjá með umbreytingaferlinu. Hamdok og öðrum leiðtogum millibilsstjórnarinnar er bannað að gefa kost á sér til áframhaldandi stjórnarsetu í þingkosningum sem eiga að fara fram undir lok umbreytingaferlisins árið 2022.

Sem forsætisráðherra skipaði Hamdok eigin ríkisstjórn. Þann 4. október 2019 hreinsaði hann bandamenn al-Bashirs úr stjórnarstöðum í súdönskum ríkisháskólum. Hann leysti 28 kanslara og 35 varakanslara úr embætti og útnefndi 34 varakanslara.

Morðtilræði
Þann 9. mars komst Hamdok lífs af eftir morðtilræði gegn sér í höfuðborginni Kartúm. Nöfn sökudólganna hafa ekki verið gerð opinber. Að minnsta kosti þrjú farartæki urðu fyrir hnjaski í tilræðinu en engan sakaði nema einn öryggisvörð sem særðist lítillega.

Valdaránið 2021
Nóttina 25. október 2021 var Hamdok handtekinn ásamt fleiri ráðherrum í ríkisstjórn sinni í valdaráni hersins. Valdaránið leiddi til fjöldamótmæla gegn herforingjastjórninni þar sem minnst fjörutíu manns voru drepnir. Þann 21. nóvember komust herforingjarnir að samkomulagi við Hamdok og borgaralegu stjórnmálaflokkana um að leyfa Hamdok að snúa aftur í embætti forsætisráðherra.

Hamdok sagði af sér þann 2. janúar 2022 vegna frekari mótmæla gegn stjórninni og krafa um að yfirráð yrðu alfarið færð í hendur borgaralegra stjórnvalda.

Skoðanir

Landbúnaður
Hamdok hefur hvatt til þess að Afríkubúar hverfi frá sjálfsþurftarbúskapi og taki upp "aflrænni og verslunarmiðaðari" landbúnað. Hann benti árið 2014 að þótt afrísk matvælaframleiðsla gæti vel orðið álfunni sjálfbær líði um 300 milljónir Afríkubúa matarskort. Hamdok benti jafnfamt á að með tilliti til fimmtu stöðuskýrslu Milliríkjanefndarinnar um loftslagsbreytingar, sem hækkun á meðalhita um tvær gráður á selsíus yfir meðalhita fyrir daga iðnbyltingarinnar, kunni hliðarverkanir loftslagsbreytinga á borð við lægri regntíðni að erfiða heimsálfunni að draga úr fátækt. Hamdok stakk upp á bótum á innviðum til að vinna bug á hungri (til dæmis nýjum leiðum til að umbreyta, geyma og flytja umframmatvæli á markaði), notkun "loftlagsupplýsinga", bættri vatnsstjórnun og aukinni samhæfingu landbúnaðar við þjóðariðnað og vísinda- og rannsóknarstofnanir.

Kvenréttindi
Sem forsætisráðherra tók Hamdok í ágúst 2019 þátt í að velja ráðherra af lista ráðherraefna sem Bandalag frelsis og breytinga hafði afhent honum (að undanskyldum innanríkis- og varnarmálaráðherra, sem herforingjar Fullveldisráðsins fengu að velja). Hamdok frestaði vali sínu á ráðherrum og benti á að of fáar konur hefði verið á listanum. Hann sagðist vilja "taka til greina sanngjarnt hlutfall kvenna". Að endingu útnefndi Hamdok fjórar konur í ráðherraembætti: Asma Mohamed Abdalla varð utanríkisráðherra, Lina al-Sheikh varð vinnu- og félagsþróunarráðherra,
 Wala'a Essam al-Boushi varð barna- og íþróttaráðherra og Intisar el-Zein Soughayroun varð ráðherra æðri menntamála.

Í nóvember árið 2019 felldi ríkisstjórn Súdans úr gildi öll lög sem takmörkuðu klæða-, ferða- félaga- og námsfrelsi kvenna. Hamdok hrósaði konum í skilaboðum á samfélagsmiðlum og sagði að lögin hefðu verið "verkfæri kúgunar, auðmýkingar, ofbeldis og yfirgangs gegn borgaralegum réttindum". Árið 2020 setti Hamdok ný lög til að banna limlestingu á kynfærum kvenna. Með lögunum var 141. gr. glæpalaga Súdans breytt og bannað var að fjarlægja eða limlesta "kynfæri kvenna með því að skera, limlesta eða breyta eðlilegum hlutum þeirra þannig að starfsemi þeirra sé heft að hluta til eða að fullu".

Einkahagir
Hamdok kvæntist hagfræðingnum Munu Abdalla árið 1993 í suðurhluta Manchester. Þau eiga tvo fullorðna syni. Annar þeirra var í námi við Exeter-háskóla árið 2019 og hinn útskrifaðist úr háskóla í Bandaríkjunum síðla á öðrum áratugi 21. aldar.

Tilvísanir

Embættismenn Sameinuðu þjóðanna
Forsætisráðherrar Súdans

Abdalla Hamdok


Adaptasyon veya uyum, doğal seçilimde başarılı olmuş, ona sahip olan organizmayı evrimsel olarak daha uyumlu kılan bir özelliktir. Sıfat olarak, böylesi bir özelliği tanımlamak için, adaptif (uyabilen) terimi kullanılır.

Adaptasyon, canlıların ortamlarında başarılı bir şekilde yaşamasını sağlayan kalıtsal çeşitlilik. Adaptasyon, yapısal, davranışsal veya fizyolojik olabilir. Yapısal adaptasyonlara örnek olarak, deri rengi, vücut şekli, vücut örtüsü verilebilir. Davranışsal adaptasyon için fototropizma örnek verilebilir. Fizyolojik adaptasyonlara örnek olarak bir zehir üretmek, sümük salgılamak, homeostaz gibi biyokimyasal yollar veya sistemler gösterilebilir.

Adaptasyon, doğal seçilimle seçilmiş özelliklerdir. Adaptif özelliği belirleyen genetik temel, çevre yüzünden oluşmaz; genetik varyant önceden de vardır ve onu taşıyan bireye bir avantaj sağlaması nedeniyle bulunur. Genetik varyantların önceden var olduğunun ilk deneysel kanıtı Luria ve Delbrück tarafından gösterilmiştir. Bu araştırmacılar, sendelenim testi (İng. fluctation test) ile Escherichia coli bakterisinde meydana gelen rastgele değişikliklerin nasıl antibiyotik direncine yol açtığını gösterdiler.

Çevrelerine yeterince uyum sağlayıcı adaptasyonlara sahip olmayan organizmalar ya bulundukları ortamdan gitmek zorunda kalırlar ya da soyları tükenir. Bu bağlamda soy tükenmesi terimi, ölüm hızının doğum hızından daha fazla olması sonucu, zaman içinde bu türün yok olması demektir.

Bunun zıt anlamlısı seçilimdir, yani adaptif özelliği taşıyan bireylerin doğum oranının, bu özelliği taşımayanlara kıyasla daha yüksek olmasıdır.

Canlılarda görülen bazı özelliklerin bariz adaptif amaçları olmasına karşın, çoğu özelliğin mevcudiyetinin nedeni belli değildir. Bunun çeşitli nedenleri olabilir: bir özellik eskiden yararlı olmasına rağmen artık olmayabilir; bir özelliğin faydası vardır ama bu henüz bilinmiyordur; özellik başka bir özelliğe bağlı olarak faydalıdır (Spandrel olgusu). Bu gözlem iki temel ilkenin altını çizer: genetik varyantlar rastgele meydana gelir ve bir canlının çevresi sürekli bir değişim içinde olduğu için adaptasyonların yararlılığı da gelip geçicidir.

Bir özelliğin adaptif olması, yani bir organizmanın evrimsel uyumunu artırır nitelikte olması, onun her zaman öyle olacağını gerektirmeyebilir. Bir organizmanın evrimsel geçmişinin bir noktasında bir özellik adaptif olmuş olabilir, ama organizmanın ortamı veya ekolojik nişi zaman içinde değiştiği için, bir adaptasyon gereksiz ve hatta bir rahatsızlık kaynağı haline gelebilir. Bu tür adaptasyonlara vestigial denir.

Bir karşı-adaptasyon, başka bir adaptasyonun neden olduğu seçici baskı sonucu ortaya çıkmış bir adaptasyondur. Bu olgu, evrimsel silahlanma yarışında görülür, bir türü avantajlı kılan bir özellik, başka bir türde oluşup yayılan bir özellik sonucu etkisini kaybeder. Çevre şartlarıyla adaptasyon doğru orantılıdır.

Adaptasyon ve aklimasyon
"Adaptasyon" terimi bazen tek bir organizmanın yaşamı sırasında ortamına daha uyumlu olmak için meydana gelen bir değişiklik için kullanılır. Ancak, bu olguya daha spesifik olarak aklimasyon veya aklimatizasyon denir. Aklimasyon (iklimlenme) titreme gibi kısa vadeli bir tepkidir, aklimatizasyon (iklime uyum) ise güneşten derinin kararması gibi uzun vadelidir.

Kaynakça

Canlıların ortak özellikleri
Evrimsel biyoloji
Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Adaptasyon


Csenge Hajduch (født 3. oktober 1990 i Békéscsaba, Ungarn) er en ungarsk håndboldspiller som spiller for Debrecen VSC.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Ungarn

Csenge Hajduch


John Moody Roberts (-) est un homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral pendant 13 ans, par intermittence entre 1968 à 1984, et siège comme ministre dans le cabinet de Pierre Elliott Trudeau.

Biographie
Née à Hamilton en Ontario, Roberts grandit à Toronto. Il enseigne la science politique et l'administration publique aux universités Concordia de Montréal et Brock de Saint Catharines.

Carrière politique
Élu député libéral dans York—Simcoe en 1968, il est défait en 1972. Effectuant un retour dans St. Paul's en 1974, il est à nouveau défait avec la victoire progressiste-conservatrice en 1979. À nouveau en élection en 1980, Roberts redevient député jusqu'en 1984.

De 1971 à 1972, il occupe la fonction de secrétaire parlementaire du ministre de l'Expansion économique régionale. En 1976, il entre au cabinet à titre de Secrétaire d'État du Canada jusqu'à la défaite de 1979.

Après une brève retraite, il revient au parlement en 1980 et est aussitôt nommé ministre de l'Environnement, ministre d'État en Science et Technologie et ministre de l'Emploi et de l'Immigration. En tant que ministre de l'Environnement, il s'active à sensibiliser l'opinion publique à l'impact des pluies acides alors ignorer durant la présidence de Ronald Reagan. Cette sensibilisation s'opère entre autres par le documentaire Acid from Heaven de l'Office national du film du Canada qui était considéré comme de la propagande étrangère par la justice américaine. Cette campagne a permis de conclure bilatéral plus tard dans les années 1980.

Roberts tente de succéder à Trudeau lors de la  de 1984. Terminant la course en quatrième position derrière John Turner, Jean Chrétien et Donald Johnston, Turner le maintien dans son cabinet au poste de ministre de l'Emploi et de l'Immigration jusqu'à la défaite libérale de 1984. Il est à nouveau défait dans la circonscription d'Ontario (Pickering) en 1988.

Résultats électoraux

Dernières années
Résidant dans le quartier torontois de Yorkville après sa retraite du monde académique, il dirige la délégation canadienne lors de l'Exposition spécialisée de 1998 de Lisbonne au Portugal. Il meurt d'une crise cardiaque en 2007.

Le fonds d'archives de John Roberts est conservé à la Bibliothèque et Archives Canada.

Références
L'hon. John (Moody) Roberts, C.P., député - Chambre des communes du Canada

Naissance en novembre 1933
Naissance à Hamilton (Ontario)
Député du Parti libéral du Canada
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Membre du Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada
Professeur à l'Université Concordia
Professeur à l'Université Brock
Écologiste canadien
Décès en mars 2007
Décès à Toronto
Décès à 73 ans

John Roberts (homme politique canadien)


Se også: Mads Andrias Winther (1871–1923)

Mads Andrias Winther (født 8. september 1813 i Tórshavn, død 14. oktober 1879) var en færøsk embedsmand. Han var sysselmand på Sandoy 1838–1877, og formand i det udpegede skattenævn Taxasjónsnevndin 1868–1871. Winther sad i Lagtinget for Sandoy 1852–1854 og 1861–1865.

Winther var bror til Niels Christopher Winther og far til Mads Andrias Winther og Gunnar Winther.

Referencer
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 360 (PDF )

Sysselmænd fra Færøerne
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Thorshavn

Mads Andrias Winther (1813–1879)


Konstantin Aleksandru Karamanlis (; 14 Eylül 1956, Atina), Yunan siyasetçi, 2004-2009 yılları arasında Yunanistan Başbakanı ve muhafazakâr Yeni Demokrasi Partisi'nin eski başkanı. Aynı adlı Yeni Demokrasi Partisi'nin kurucusu, dört defa başbakan, iki defa da cumhurbaşkanı olarak görev yapan Konstantin Karamanlis'in yeğeni.

Karamanlis, Yunanistan'ın en nüfuzlu iki siyasi hanedanlığından birinin mensubu olarak 14 Eylül 1956'da Atina'da doğdu. Atina Üniversitesi'nde Hukuk eğitimi, özel Amerikan Deree College'da ekonomi eğitimi aldı. 1980-1984 yılları arasında eğitim gördüğü ABD'deki Tufts Üniversitesi'ne bağlı Fletcher Hukuk ve Diplomasi Fakültesi'nde siyaset bilimi ve ekonomi konularında yüksek lisansını ve uluslararası ilişkiler ve diplomasi tarihi konusunda doktorasını tamamladı.

1974-1979 yılları arasında YDP gençlik kollarında faaliyetlerde bulundu, 1984-1989 yılları arasında avukatlık yapan Karamanlis, 1983-1985 yılları arasında Deree College'da siyaset bilimi, diplomasi tarihi ve şirketler hukuku konularında ders verdi. 1989 yılından bu yana YDP Selanik milletvekili olarak görev yapıyor. Mart 1997'de ise amcasının kurduğu parti liderliğini devraldı.

Amcasının 1955'te 48 yaşındayken seçilmesiyle elde ettiği en genç başbakan unvanını da 2004'te devralan 47 yaşındaki Karamanlis, hayır işleri alanında son derece faal olan Natasa Pazetis ile evli. Çiftin 2003'te dünyaya gelen ikiz çocukları var. Karamanlis, iyi derecede İngilizce, Almanca ve Fransızca biliyor. Ekonominin bozulması üzerine erken seçim kararı almıştır. 2009 erken seçimlerinde alınan yenilginin sonrasında başbakanlıktan ve partisinin başkanlığından çekildi.

Kaynakça

1956 doğumlular
Atina doğumlu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Yunan siyasetçileri
21. yüzyıl Yunan siyasetçileri
Kostas
Yeni Demokrasi Partisi (Yunanistan)
Yaşayan insanlar
Yunanistan Parlamentosu Selanik üyeleri
Yunanistan kültür bakanları

Kostas Karamanlis


Okkertræand () er en tropisk træand.

Henvisninger

 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Afrikas fugle
Fugle fra Amerika
Fugle fra Sydasien
Træænder

Okkertræand


برخا دوت

(ولدت في 18 ديسمبر، 1971) هي صحفية تلفزيونية هندية ومحررة عمود. وهي حاليا محررة مجموعة الأخبار الإنجليزية في تلفزيون نيودلهي

دوت اكتسبت شهرتها لريبورتاجها عن حرب كارجيل. وقد حصلت على جوائز وطنية ودولية عديدة، بما فيها بادما شري، والوسام المدني الهندي الأرفع الرابع. تكتب عمودا شعبيا لصحيفة هندوستان تايمز، تدعا «العين الثالثة».ومع ذلك، فإنها أيضا قد تعرضت لانتقادات على أن تقاريرها تكون مثيرة وميلودرامية.

طفولتها
ولدت برخا دوت في نيو دلهي. درست في المدرسة الحديثة، نيودلهي، وتخرجت من كلية سانت ستيفن، دلهي ، بشهادة البكالوريوس في الأدب الإنجليزي. حصلت على الماجستير في الاتصالات الجماهيرية من جامعة الملة الإسلامية، وعلى درجة الماجستير في الصحافة من جامعة كولومبيا، نيويورك.
كانت واحدة من الفائزين في منحة إنلاكس الدراسية المرموقة، والتي ترسل 6 من الهنود للدراسة في الخارج كل عام.

حياتها المهنية

كصحفية، بدأت دوت حياتها المهنية في تليفزيون إن دي عندما كانت في بيت الإنتاج التلفزيوني تبتكر البرامج الإخبارية، وتوفر المحتوى لنجم التلفزيون. في وقت لاحق، تليفزيون إن دي صنع قنوات إخبارية ومحتوى مستقلة خاصة به، وارتفعت برخا دوت لتكون مدير التحرير لنشرات الأخبار باللغة الإنجليزية. وهي حاليا تجمع فريق تحرير نشرات الأخبار باللغة الإنجليزية.

تقرير دوت عن نزاع كارجيل عام 1999، يتضمن مقابلة مع الكابتن فيكرام باترا، جلبت لها مكانة بارزة في الهند. ومنذ ذلك الحين تتناولت الصراعات في كشمير وباكستان وأفغانستان والعراق. فازت بـ بادما شري لتغطيتها حادثة تسونامي في عام 2004 ، وجائزة رابطة المذيعين لصحفي هذا العام. لها يوم الأحد عرض حواري حصل على معظم الجوائز لأي عرض عبر قنوات التلفزيون، والفوز بجائزة اوسكار التلفزيون الهندي لأفضل برنامج حواري خمس سنوات على التوالي. في عام 2008، تلقت دوت جائزة بث الأخبار الهندية لاستضافة عرض الأخبار الأكثر ذكاءً. وقد منحت جائزة الغد للرايادة العالمية مرتين من قبل المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي (2001، 2008)  وتلقت أيضا جائزة جمعية الشبان الناجحون. وهي عضو مرشح لمجلس التكامل الوطني الهندي . كانت أيضا زميل جمعية آسيا في عام 2006 وتخدم في المجلس الاستشاري الدولي لجمعية آسيا. وفي استطلاع الرسائل القصيرة من قراء صحيفة هندوستان الهندية اليومية، فازت دوت بالمركز الثاني في فئة "زعماء وسائل الاعلام". عدة أفلام بوليوود مستمدة من الملف الشخصي لبرخا، وعلى الأخص بريتي زينتا الذي لعب "روميلا دوتا' في لاكشيا.

نقد
تقرير دوت عن نزاع كارجيل تعرض لانتقادات من جانب قائد سلاح البحرية الادميرالسوريش ميهتا الهندي الذي لمح إلى أنها قد تعرض أمن القوات للخطر عن طريق التخلي عن مواقع القوات. نفت دوت هذه الاتهامات، قائلة ان كتاب قائد الجيش السابق الجنرال مالك نائب الرئيس أشار إلى خلاف ذلك. الجنرال عبد الملك كان رئيس اركان الجيش خلال نزاع كارجيل.

كانت دوت، وفقا لكثير من المطبوعات، الصحفية التي جائت في أشد الانتقادات من أجل تغطية تتسم بالإثارة، بعد الهجمات الإرهابية في مومباي أصدر تليفزيون إن دي الإشعار القانوني للمدون تشيتان كونت عن «إساءة حرية التعبير» لمرحلة ما بعد انتقاد تغطيتها لهجمات مومباي  انسحب المدون دون قيد أو شرط من منصبه، والاستعاضة عنه مع التعهد القانوني، واعتراف بأن منصبه كان «تشهيري وغير صحيح» مما أسفر في العديد من المدونين الهنديين ينتقد تليفزيون إن دي لمحاولة اسكات منتقدي الحكومة.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الملف الشخصي في موقع مؤسسة آشا
 11 يوليو 2004 مقابلة لنيروباما دوت
 من مكتب برخا دوت ، برخا على الإنترنت

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من نيودلهي
بنجابيون
حائزون على وسام بادما شري
خريجو الجامعة الملية الإسلامية
خريجو جامعة دلهي
خريجو كلية الصحافة بجامعة كولومبيا
صحفيات تلفزيون هنديات
صحفيو تلفزيون هنود
صحفيون من دلهي
صحفيون هنود في القرن 20
صحفيون هنود في القرن 21
كاتبات من دلهي
كاتبات هنديات
كاتبات هنديات في القرن 20
كاتبات هنديات في القرن 21
كتاب هنود في القرن 20
كتاب هنود في القرن 21
لاأدريون هنود
محررات هنديات
محررون هنود
مشاهير يوتيوب نساء
مشاهير يوتيوب هنود
مواليد في دلهي
هندوس هنود

برخا دوت


Çengeller, Karabük ilinin Eflani ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında Çingânoğlu adıyla geçmekte olup, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 49 km, Eflani ilçe merkezine 4 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eflani belde ve köyleri

Çengeller, Eflani


هدف هذا البحث هو توفير إشارات إلى المعلمين في مسارات التعليم في دراسة المنحنيات والسطوح المسطرة. النماذج المرجعية مستمدة من الطبيعة ومن العمارة.

مقدمة
تحديد عدة أنماط هندسية موجودة في الطبيعة وملاحظة نفس الأنماط في أعمال معماريين مثل تلك لأنطونيو غاودي (1852-1926. ثم، أخيرا، سنواجهه فقرات عن بعض الأسطح مثل تلك المسطرة والسطح المكافئ الزائد (paraboloide iperbolico)، من خلال منهج يعتمد على النمذجة الهندسية

عبقرية أنطونيو غاودي الغريبة الأطوار

غاودي كان قبل كل شيء، مهندس معماري شغفه الكبير كان في فن العمارة التي كان يعتبرها بمثابة نوع من الديانة. غاودي كان يعتبر الطبيعة العمل المنسجم والمنظم للخالق. في جميع أعماله كان هناك رموز دينية، حتى عندما لم تكن كنائس أو أديرة.
كان مراقب للطبيعة منذ صغرة كان مفتن بحلول البناء المعتمدة من الحيوان والنبات والجيولوجيا. كان لديه شعور عال جدا بالزخارف، بعد فهمة لكيفية عمل الطبيعة، كان يحل المشاكل الهيكلية المعقدة، بتزامن مع حل نسب الاشكال وابعادها الفراغية.

عمل العمارة بالنسبة لغاودي يعني حل مسائل الاستقرار والزخرفة في آن واحد، ولدية القناعة بأن كل تجاربة الفنية لا يمكن أن تصل إلى النتيجة التي توصلت إليها تجارب الطبيعة التي بدأت منذ اللحظة الأولى للخلق.

الهندسة في سيجرادا فاميليا تاخذ الحياة، وتصبح حركة وطاقة وحيوية. على سبيل المثال السطح المكافئ الزائد، واحد من أهم الأشكال التي استخدمت بأصالة. وهو سطح مكون من خطوط تتقاطع بطريقة معينة في تناظر بين نقاط تنتمي إلى قطعيين متكافئين متقابلين. هذا السطح يلاحظ في بعض مناطق التغطية لقبو كنيسة كويل (Church of Colònia Güell)Güell، لا سيما في الرواق وفي سقف جناح المدخل لكويل بارك
. الطوب مرتب في أنماط تبدو عفوية، وليس في خطوط موازية لبعضها البعض، لوفقا لقوى ولضغوط كما هو الحال في الطبيعة، تختلف المقاطع حيث توجد كتلة..هناك تشابكات، وهناك رسوم، وهناك دراسات وتطورات، حيث المهندس يرغب دائما في إيجاد حل مناسب.

العمارة البيومورفية (أو العمارة العضوية الجديدة)
لقد ثبت ان فري اوتو كان واحدا من أوائل رواد البنيوية، بانشأة أشكال بيومورفية (biomorphic) في العمارة.
مثل السقوف المعلقة، وموضوع تطوير الهياكل المشدودة (Tensile structure) أو المنشآت المشيدة بأغشية مشدودة بواسطة هياكل شبكية (truss structure) خفيفة الوزن التي مهدت الطريق لدراسة سطوح الحد الأدنى (أو التقليلية).

فركتل: هندسة الطبيعة
ما هو الفركتل؟.
العالم ماندلبروت هو الذي صاغ كلمة فركتل في عام 1975. فركتل مشتقة من اللاتينية (fractus) التي تعني غير نظامي أو مجزأ أو مكسر.
عدة فراكتاليات كلاسيكية وصفت في الماضي من قبل علماء رياضيات مثل جورج كانتور وديفيد هيلبرت وجيوسيبي بيانو وفون كوخ (von-Koch)
، واكلاو سيربنسكي، لكنه فقط في عام 1982 عندما ماندلبروت نشر "الهندسة الفراكتالية للطبيعة (The Fractal Geometry of Nature) توحدت النظرية الفركتلية، التي ركزت على الأشكال النمطية للطبيعة (السواحل والأشجار والجبال...).

بديهياً، الفركتل هو شكل حيث كل نمط منه يكون متكرر بطريقة تناقصية أو تزايدية. تكبير أي جزء من هذا الشكل، يمكننا العثور على نسخة من الشكل نفسة، كما يُلاحظ، على سبيل المثال، في نموذج فون كوخ.
بشكل عام الفركتل يتمتع بجميع أو بمعظم الخصائص التالية:
 التشابه الذاتي: هو جمع أو اتحاد نفس النسخة بمقاسات مختلفة؛
 هيكل دقيق: يظهر نفس التفاصيل في كل تكبير؛
 اللانظامية: لا يمكن أن يوصف بأنه مكان من النقاط التي تلبي شروط هندسية بسيطة؛ دالة رياضية متكررة؛
 البعد الفركتلي: على الرغم من أنه يمكن أن يكون ممثل في الفراغ التقليدي، حجم الفركتل ليس بالضرورة رقم صحيح يمكن أن يكون كسري، وفي كثير من الأحيان عدد أصم- (Irrational number مثل الجذر التربيعي للعدد 2 أو پاي (π)، أي ان هناك عدد عشري لا نهائي).

ماندلبروت فتح طريق الهندسة الفراكتالية كلغة جديدة لوصف أشكال الطبيعة المعقدة. في حين أن عناصر الهندسة (خطوط ودوائر، مثلثات...) يمكن عرضها بسهولة، اما اللغة الجديدة فهي بحاجة لخوارزميات، ومعادلات بسيطة متكررة، لعدة مرات لاظهار صورة الفراكتل، الكمبيوتر يستبدل قلم رصاص (ولكن ليس عقل المهندس). لهذا في الثمانينات كان هناك محاولات لايجاد الفركتل في كل مجال من المجالات: من الطبيعة إلى الطب والموسيقى. وقد تطور فرع من فروع الهندسة الفراكتالية الذي يدرس ما يسمى الفراكتالية البيومورفية (biomorphs fractal).
في هذا تستعمل تقنية التكثيف (condensing) باستخدام تحولات هندسية مستوية، وأساليب IFS ونظام لام (L-System)

الفركتل والنسبة الذهبية
كما يمثل منحنى كوخ نموذج جيد لامتداد ساحل ما، يمكن للمرء بناء فركتل لتمثيل بعض أشكال الطبيعة، التي من الصعب تمثيلها باستخدام الاشكال الهندسية الكلاسيكية. هذه النماذج لها بنية معقدة ومتشعبة، تبدو غير نظامية كما هو الحال في الشجرة.

نظم التمثيل النسبي
اختيار واستخدام نظم التمثيل النسبي كان دائما شاغلا هاما للفنانين والمعماريين. لم تكن تستخدم علاقات نسبية محددة، ولكنهم كانوا يفضلون بعضها. مثل الفواصل الموسيقية، وجسم الإنسان، والنسبة الذهبية.

النسبة في الهندسة، في العمارة والموسيقى والفن يمكن ان تكون في علاقة منسجمة بين الأطراف وبالإجمال.
فيتروفيوس (25 - 70 قبل الميلاد)، مهندس معماري روماني، كتب عن العمارة في كتبة العشرة (De
Architectura)، والذي هو أقدم عمل في هذا الموضوع، «التماثل هو اتفاق حقيقي بين عناصر العمل نفسه، والعلاقة بين العناصر المختلفة والكل«في الاتفاق مع جزء معين وفقا لمعايير محددة.
ومن ثم، الطبيعة وضعت التناسب لجسم الإنسان بحيث الأعضاء تتناسب مع الهيكل ككل... في المباني يجب أن تكون العناصر المختلفة في تماثل دقيق مع المخطط بشكل عام. ''

النسبة الذهبية

النسبة الذهبية، «النسبة المقدسة»، النسبة ألإلهية أو ببساطة φ. النسبة الذهبية موجودة في الأشكال الأساسية مثل: النباتات والزهور، والفيروسات، الحمض النووي، والكواكب والمجرات. استخدمها فيدياس (490-430 قبل الميلاد)، النحات الأثيني والمدير الفني لبناء البارثينون. النسبة الذهبية هي الأولى قبل أي نسبة، فهي = حوالي 1.618 (الشكل 2). انها ترمز إلى التجدد والتطور وهي التقسيم الأمثل للوحدة.

النسبة الذهبية لديها خصائص فريدة

النسبة الذهبية موجودة في الخماسي الأضلاع (pentagon) وفي النجمة الخماسية (pentagram) – شكل 3.

أوجهة المجسم الافلاطوني الثّنعشري (dodecahedron) هي مكونة من خمسيات أضلاع منتظمة، كل منها لة نسبة ذهبية، وهكذا افلاطون ساواه بالكون. في النجمة الخماسية القياس الأكبر أو الأصغر لة علاقة بالنسبة φ, بحيث يتم تلقائياً إنشاء سلسلة من «النسب الذهبية» مرفوعة إلى قدرة أعلى (أو أقل) تباعا φ,φ2,φ3,φ4,φ5.

المقاسات البشرية تتألف من "نسب ذهبية.

نسبة φ هي لانهائية. يمكن العثور عليها في الحلزونيات والإقحوانات، في التسلسل الزمني، في أنماط النباتات الملتوية حول الافراع (الشكل 5)، وفي أماكن كثيرة.

النسبة الذهبية φ هي النسبة الأكثر جمالاً. على امتداد تاريخ الفن والفنانين. اعتمدت كنسبة مقدسة في قياس الجمال. الهرم الأكبر في مصر يحتوي على هذه النسبة (شكل 6). في الأوراكل ديل - فاي الإغريقي. الخطوط العريضة للبارثينون في أثينا قرب الاكروبول محاطة بمستطيل ذهبي مؤلف من العديد من مستطيلات φ (الشكل 7).

مصادر
 عناصر الهندسة الوصفية في الطبيعة والعمارة

وصلات خارجية
 Un mare di conchiglie in architettura
 Il paraboloide iperbolico come forma architettonica per la copertura di grandi luci
 When architecture comes from a water drop-Politecnico di Torino, Facoltà di Architettura, 2006
 New Organic Architecture:edifici rivoluzionari nel look e nell'hi tech

هندسة وصفية


Esparto (španj.) je naziv za biljne vrste Stipa tenacissima i Lygeum spartum iz porodice trava (lat. Poaceae). Rastu u sjevernoj Africi, južnoj Španjolskoj te na Siciliji i Sardiniji. Daju tekstilno vlakno, a vrlo usko lišće S. tenacissima u prometu je kao "lažna konjska dlaka" (halfa).

Vlakanca esparta slična su vlakancima slame, ali se razlikuju po sposobnosti zadržavanja veće količine punila, što omogućuje proizvodnju voluminoznijeg papira. Celuloza dobivena od esparta upotrebljava se za proizvodnju kvalitetnih bezdrvnih papira od kojih se traži čvrstoća i dobro oblikovanje lista.

Primjena

Celulozne sirovine
Kao glavni izvor celuloze za proizvodnju papira služi drvo, ali se također upotrebljavaju i pamuk, lan, konoplja, juta, sisal ili sisal-konoplja, kenaf, slama, bagasa, esparto, otpadni i stari papir i tekstilni materijal i slično. Drvo je najvažnija sirovina za proizvodnju celuloze; 90% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje celuloze dobiva se iz drveta. U papirnoj industriji danas se uglavnom prerađuju višegodišnje biljke: četinjača i listača. Građa tih biljaka izrazito je vlaknasta, što je zapravo rezultatvlaknaste strukture molekule celuloze.

Slike

Izvori

Trave

Esparto


William Rimkratt-Milkowski født 19. Juli 1995, er en dansk cykelrytter fra Nivå og kørende DBC tidligere for Nakskov Cykle Club, som fem gange, 2013 samt 2015-2018, har vundet det danske mesterskab i sprint och som har den danske rekord på flyvende 200 meter med 10,105 sat i Moskva i maj 2018. Dette var en forbedring af Niels Fredborgs 45 år gamle rekord på 10,35 fra cykelbanen i Mexico City. Rimkratt-Milkowski blev også Danmarksmester i keirin og holdsprint 2018.

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

William Rimkratt-Milkowski


Amphorocalyx, biljni rod iz porodice melastomovki smješten u tribus Melastomateae. Postoji pet priznatih vrsta čije je područje ogreaničeno na otok Madagaskar

Rod je opisan 1887.
 Amphorocalyx albus Jum. & H.Perrier
 Amphorocalyx auratifolius H.Perrier
 Amphorocalyx latifolius H.Perrier
 Amphorocalyx multiflorus Baker
 Amphorocalyx rupestris H.Perrier

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Melastomovke

Amphorocalyx


Die St.-Jakobus-Kirche ist die katholische Pfarrkirche der bayerischen Stadt Miltenberg am Main. Sie ist dem Apostel Jakobus dem Älteren geweiht. Zur Pfarrgemeinde gehören als Filialkirchen St. Josef im Ortsteil Breitendiel, St. Katharina in Mainbullau und St. Vitus in Wenschdorf. Die Pfarrei St. Jakobus ist Teil der Pfarreiengemeinschaft St. Martin. Die Pfarrei gehört zum Dekanat Miltenberg im Bistum Würzburg.

Bauwerk
Die Kirche in ihrer heutigen klassizistischen Form ist eine dreischiffige Emporenpseudobasilika mit Dreiseitapsis, Schieferwalmdach und verputztem Mauerwerk mit sparsamen Werksteingliederungen. Im Kern ist sie gotisch. Eine erste Kirche entstand im 13. Jahrhundert, als Miltenberg Stadtrechte erhielt. Gegen Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts wurde ein größerer dreischiffiger Bau errichtet. 1782 wurde dieser Bau für baufällig erklärt, und es wurden Pläne für einen Neubau entworfen. Der Umbau zum heutigen klassizistischen Erscheinungsbild erfolgte im 19. Jahrhundert: Die Chorflankentürme mit welschen Hauben und Laternen entstanden 1829–31, das Langhaus wurde 1830 und 1886 umgebaut, der Chor 1862. 1959 purifiziert.
Eine Generalsanierung mit Umgestaltung des liturgischen Raumes wurde 2003/2004 vorgenommen. Hierbei wurde das Bodenniveau wieder erhöht und die Stufenanlage im Chorraum verändert. Ebenso wurde der Altar näher an den Bänken positioniert, wozu eine neue Altarinsel eingebaut wurde. Der Tabernakel hat einen eigenen Platz an der Seite in einem historischen Sakramentshäuschen bekommen.

Ausstattung
Wer vom Westen her das Gotteshaus im Hauptschiff betritt, steht am Taufort der Kirche. Unter dem mächtigen Radleuchter steht ein Muschelbecken aus dem Jahr 1608, gefertigt von Michael Juncker. Im vorderen Teil setzt sich der Lichtdurchflutete Chorraum deutlich vom dunkleren Kirchenschiff ab. Dadurch wird der Blick auf das im Jahr 2004 frei aufgestellte Bild von Clemens Kaletsch gelenkt, das vom Aufbau her ein wenig an einen klassischen Flügelaltar erinnert. Das Bild, das durch starke Farbigkeit geprägt ist, kann durch Aus- und Einklappungen optisch verändert werden. Es zeigt in der unteren vorderen Szene die Berufung des Jakobus und Johannes, die mit ihrem Vater Zebedäus beim Fischerboot beschäftigt sind (Mk 1,19f.), in der Bildmitte (Lk 8,51-54) und rechts (Lk 8,55) das Wunder der Auferweckung der Tochter des Synagogenvorstehers Jairus sowie links die Eingangsszene im Garten Getsemani (Mt 26, 36-38), und in der obersten Mitte die Bitte der Frau des Zebedäus an Jesus um Teilhabe ihrer beiden Söhne Jakobus und Johannes am Reich Jesu (Mt 20,20f.) Die wie flüchtig erscheinenden Gestalten agieren in einem weiten diffusen, fast romantisch wirkenden Landschaftsraum. Eine Dreikönigsgruppe, datiert um das Jahr 1400, ist im nördlichen Seitenschiff an der Wand angebracht, im südlichen Seitenschiff sind als Barockfiguren die beiden Heiligen, St. Nepomuk und St. Jakob zu sehen. Prägnant ist die 1635 erschaffene Kanzel von Zacharias Juncker d. Ä. Die Außenseiten der Seitenschiffe umziehen die 1927 geschaffenen Kreuzwegstationen von Thomas Buscher, deren farbige Fassungen bei der Purifizierung im Jahr 1959 verloren gegangen sind. In der Andachtskapelle im nördlichen Seitenschiff ist die Madonna im Strahlenkranz erschaffen um das Jahr 1400 und der Altaraufsatz mit sieben Szenen aus dem Leben der hl. Maria aus dem Jahr 1624, gefertigt aus Alabastermarmor, sehenswert. In der nördlichen Seitenschiffkapelle südlichen Seitenschiff ist ein lebensgroßes Kreuz zu sehen, eine Arbeit aus rotem Sandstein von Hans Backoffen aus der Spätgotik.

Orgel
Die Orgel geht in Teilen zurück auf ein Instrument, das im Jahre 1699 von dem Orgelbauer Schleich erbaut wurde. Vollends erhalten ist von diesem Instrument das Orgelgehäuse. Das Orgelwerk wurde 2004 von dem Orgelbauer Vleugels (Hardheim) erbaut, unter Wiederverwendung von 13 Registern aus dem Vorgängerinstrument, welches 1935 von dem Orgelbauer J. Bittner geschaffen wurde. Das Instrument ist als zweimanualiges Werk mit Haupt- und Schwellwerk konzipiert. Die Register des Schwellwerkes stehen auf Zwillingsladen und lassen sich auf zwei Manualen (Solo- und Echowerk) registrieren; der Tremulant im Echowerk, als Stoßtremulant ausgeführt, wirkt auch für das Solowerk. Etliche Register des Hauptwerkes stehen ebenfalls auf Zwillingsladen und sind damit im Pedal spielbar. Das Instrument hat insgesamt 32 Register (2004 Pfeifen) und vier Transmissionen im Pedal, spielbar auf drei Manualen und Pedal. Außerdem hat das Instrument etliche Effektregister, u. a. einen Posaunenengel, der beim Drehen ein Schiffshorn erklingen lässt (sog. Bieber-Boom). Das Schleifladen-Instrument hat mechanische Spieltrakturen und elektrische Registertrakturen.

Die Disposition lautet wie folgt:

 Koppeln:
 Normalkoppeln: II/I, III/I, III/II, I/P, II/P, III/P
 Superkoppeln: III/P
 Effektregister: Nachtigall, Cymbelstern, Pauke, Kuckuck, Bieber-Boom, Pinsulum 1/2′

Glocken

Die sechs Glocken der Jakobuskirche sind auf beide Türme verteilt und bilden das mächtigste Geläut der Diözese nach dem des Würzburger Doms.

Bekannt wurden diese Glocken, als sie am 22. Juli 2006 vom damaligen Pfarrer Ulrich Boom 20 Minuten lang geläutet wurden, um eine Demonstration einer NPD-Jugendorganisation zu übertönen.

Literatur
 Die Kirchen der Pfarrei St. Jakobus Miltenberg. Schnell und Steiner, Regensburg 2010. ISBN 978-3-7954-1881-6.

Weblinks

 Stadtpfarrkirche St. Jakobus. In: Miltenberg.info
 Stadtpfarrkirche St. Jakobus. In: Website der Pfarreiengemeinschaft St. Martin Miltenberg-Bürgstadt
 0
 Vorstellung des Geläutes auf YouTube

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Miltenberg
Baudenkmal in Miltenberg
Miltenberg
Miltenberg, Jakobus
Miltenberg, Jakobus
Miltenberg
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Religion (Miltenberg)

St. Jakobus (Miltenberg)


La ligne 11 () est un projet de ligne de tramway du métro de Valence. Elle sera exploitée par FGV et desservira la ville de Valence.

Historique
La création de la ligne 11 est évoquée pour la première fois en , comme une bifurcation de la ligne 10 permettant de relier la station Alacant à l'hôpital de La Fe.

La ligne 11 est finalement actée en  par le gouvernement autonome de la Communauté valencienne, sa réalisation devant aller de pair avec l'extension de la ligne 10 et la construction de la ligne 12. Le tracé est modifié en , afin de tenir compte de l'étroitesse relative de la rue Juan Verdaguer : les rames en direction d'Alacant y circuleront bien, mais celle roulant vers Neptú emprunteront l'avenue du Port.

Le début des travaux est estimé, en , à  et la mise en service, en , à -. Le démarrage du chantier est finalement fixé à  à la fin de l'année , l'année  étant consacrée à l'enquête publique, la rédaction du projet d'exécution et le lancement des appels d'offres.

Caractéristiques

Ligne
La ligne reliera Alacant à Neptú sous la forme d'un tramway. Elle suivra le tracé  de la ligne 10 jusqu'à Ciutat Arts i Ciències/Justícia. À ce niveau, elle bifurquera sur sa propre plate-forme, franchira le pont de l'Assut de l'Or puis empruntera l'avenue Menorca, après quoi elle remontera l'avenue du Port en sens unique, avant de se reconnecter à la ligne 10 dans le secteur de la Marina. Dans le sens contraire, après la Marina, elle suivra la rue Juan Verdeguer en sens unique puis retrouvera le tracé de l'avenue Menorca.

Stations et correspondances
La ligne 11 sera en correspondance avec les lignes 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 et 12.

Exploitation
La ligne sera exploitée par les Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), sous la marque Metrovalència.

Matériel roulant

Horaires et tarification

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Valence
 Liste des stations du métro de Valence
 Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV)

Liens externes
 .

11

Ligne 11 du métro de Valence


DAT (Digital Audio Tape, "dijital ses kaseti") Sony ve Philips tarafından geliştirilen dijital manyetik ses depolama ortamıdır. 1987'de piyasaya çıkmıştır.

2 türü vardır; DAT ve R-DAT. DAT'a 2-kanal (stereo), R-DAT'a ise 4-kanal (quad) kayıt yapılabilmektedir.

Bir DAT kasetinin boyutları, 73 x 54 x 10.5mm dir. İçinde 4mm eninde manyetik bant bulunur. Kayıt süresi, 15-180 dakikadır. 120 dakikalık bir kasetteki bantın uzunluğu yaklaşık 60 metredir. 60 metreden uzun bantlar çoğu cihazda problem çıkardığı için 120 dakikadan yukarısı fazla kullanılmaz.

Dijital veri, banda sıkıştırılmadan kaydedilir. Bundan dolayı bir DAT kasetinin bütün kopyaları aynı kalitededir. DCC ve MD'de olduğu gibi kopyalama sırasında kayıp yaşanmaz.

DAT'da 4 farklı örnekleme modu vardır.

 12-bit/32 kHz
 16-bit/32 kHz
 16-bit/44.1 kHz (CDDA kalitesi)
 16-bit/48 kHz

Bunların dışında bazı kayıt cihazları, 24-bit/96 kHz örnekleme yapabilmektedir. (R-DAT sadece 32kHz örnekleme yapabilir.)

DAT, ses kaydı için geliştirilmiştir, fakat dijital veri depolama yapabildiği için aynı kaset daha sonra Tape Backup olarak kullanılmıştır. (1.3-72gb/60-180mt.)

Ses depolama ortamları
Japon icatları
1987 tanıtımları

DAT