Elissar Zekeriya Huri (, d. 27 Ekim 1972, Deyr el Ahmer), Lübnanlı şarkıcı.

Kariyeri
Kariyerine 1998'de çıkardığı "Baddi Doub" ilk albümünden sonra kısa zamanda Arap müzik endüstrisinin en güçlü seslerinden biri olan sanatçı, albümlerinden birinde şarkılarının yarısını Türkçe şarkıların aranjmanları oluşturuyordu. 2000 yılında Çelik Erişçi'nin "Unutamam" şarkısına Fransızca ve İspanyolca vokaller yapmıştır. Ayrıca Lübnan adına Pepsi reklamında oynayan ilk Lübnanlı kadın sanatçı olmuştur.

"Ahla Dounya" albümü ile 31 Ağustos 2005'te Hollywood'taki Kodak Tiyatrosunda Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika'nın 2005 yılının "En İyi Arap Şarkıcı" ve "En Çok Satış Ödülü"nü almıştır. Son olarak Cheb Mami ile birlikte "Kont Fi Sertak" isimli parçayı seslendirmiş, şarkı kısa zamanda geniş ilgi görmüştür. Elissa birçok Türk sanatçıya da şarkılar vermiştir.
Aralık 2005'te Murex d'Or Ödülleri'nde En İyi Lübnanlı Sanatçı ve "Hobak Wajaa" şarkısına çektiği kliple En İyi Video Klip Ödülü'nü kazandı.

2006 yılında çıkardığı beşinci albümü "Bastanak"ın satış rekorları kırması nedeniyle Dünya Müzik Ödüllerinin sahibi oldu. Arap dünyasının en sevilen şarkıcıları arasında yer alan sanatçının ünü artık dünyaya da yayılmaya başladı. 2007 yılında altıncı albümü "Ayami Beek" ve 2009 yılında yedinci albümü "Tesadaa Bemeen"ı müzikseverlerle buluşturdu. Tesadaa Bemeen albümüyle Dünya Müzik Ödülü, Büyük Elma Ödülü, Ürdün Müzik Ödülü ve Orta Doğu Müzik Ödülünü alarak büyük bir başarıya imza attı.

Kasım 2010'da düzenlenen Ürdün Müzik Ödüllerinde En İyi Arap Kadın Sanatçı Adayı gösterildi ve birkaç gün sonra Büyük Elma Müzik Ödüllerinde Ortadoğu'nun En İyi Kadın Sanatçısı Ödülü başta olmak üzere toplamda dört ödül aldı.

Elissa'nın sekizinci albümü "As'ad Wahda" Haziran 2012'de müzik marketlerde yerini aldı. Elissa aynı yıl Aralık ayında "The X Factor Arabia" jürisine seçildi. 23 Haziran 2013'de düzenlenen Murex d'Or ödüllerinde En İyi Lübnanlı Şarkıcı ve "Asaad Wahda" ile En İyi Arap Şarkı Ödüllerini aldı. 21 Kasım 2013'de ise kariyerinde gösterdiği başarılardan dolayı BIAF (Beyrut Uluslararası Ödül Festivali) Ödülünü aldı.

2014'te çıkarmış olduğu albümü "Halet Hob" albümü ve 2016 da çıkardığı "Saharna Ya Leil" Albümü You Tube da izlenme rekorları kırdı.Ve Arap dünyasının Süper starı olarak nitelendirildi. 2017 yılında resmi sosyal hesapları üzerinden meme kanseri olduğunu açıklamış ve tüm hayranlarını üzüntüye boğmuştur. Ardından tedavi olmaya başlamış ve bir sene sonra müjdeli haberi vermiş ve yine resmi twitter hesabından meme kanseri'ni yendiğini açıklamıştır.

2018 yılın da "Ila Kol Elli Bihebbouni" albümünü çıkardı.Albüm'ünün ismini verdiği "Ila Kol Elli Bihebbouni" adlı şarkısı'nın başlangıcın da meme kanseri ile mücadele süreci anlatılmış erken teşhis hayat kurtarır mesajı verilmiştir. Klip toplam 7 dakikadan oluşmuştur.
Bu albümünde İbrahim Tatlıses' e ait olan "Haydi söyle" şarkısını besteleyip, düzenleyerek şarkıyı "Nefsi Aollu" ismiyle albümüne eklemiştir . Çıkardığı bu albüm tüm dijital platformalar da dinlenme rekorları kırmıştır. Son olarak 2020 yılın da "Hanghani Kaman Wi Kaman" ve Ahwet El Madi" şarkılarını çıkardı ve kısa sürede büyük ilgi gördü.

1 Ağustos 2020'de "Sahbit Raey" adlı albümünü çıkarmıştır. Albümü'nün dinlenme rekorları kırması üzerine, dünya genelin de YouTube'da 2020 Ağustos ayının en çok dinlenen şarkıcısı olmuştur. Eylül ayında yapılan istatistik sonuçları üzerine Arap dünyasındaki 100 Arap şarkıcı arasından Ortadoğunun en çok dinlenen şarkıcısı olmuştur.

Diskografi

Albümler
1999: Baddi Doub
2000: W'akherta Ma'ak
2002: Ayshalak
2004: Ahla Donya
2006: Bastanak
2008: Ayami Beek
2010: Tsadaq Bmein
2012: As'ad Wahda
2014: Halet Hob
2016: Saharna Ya Lail
2018: Ila Kol Elli Bihebboubi
2020: Sahbit Raey

Tekliler
 2012: Garrabt Fe Marra
 2014: Law
 2015: Mawtini
 2017: Anti L Tohro Ya Mariam
 2017: Zakaria
 2018: Isht Wa Shoft
 2018: Bokra Bteshroq Shams El Eid
 2019: Abl Ay Had
 2019: Aam Thour
 2021: Ya Am Salamtak
 2022: Damayer
 2022: Zahra Men El Yasmin
 2022: Ana W Bass

Dış bağlantılar

1972 doğumlular
Lübnan doğumlular

Lübnanlı kadın şarkıcılar
Lübnanlı pop şarkıcıları
Lübnanlı Hristiyanlar
Dünya Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Arap Hristiyanlar
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
20. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları

Elissa (şarkıcı)


Craig Alexander Goodwin (Adelaide, 16 de dezembro de 1991) é um futebolista australiano que atua como atacante. Atualmente joga no Al Wehda.

Carreira
Ele começou sua carreira jogando pelo clube amador Munno Para City Football Club. Mais tarde, ele assinou com um dos principais times locais de Adelaide, o Adelaide Raiders, que joga na South Australian Super League. Depois de ser cortado durante os testes da equipe juvenil do Adelaide United, ele se mudou para Melbourne, onde assinou com o Oakleigh Cannons, da Victorian Premier League.

Representou a seleção australiana e também atuou anteriormente pela seleção sub-23. Ele é o maior artilheiro da história do Adelaide United.

Al Wehda
Em 15 de julho de 2019, foi anunciado que a cláusula de rescisão foi cumprida pelo Al-Wehda, da Liga Profissional Saudita, por um valor estimado de $ 450.000. Em 17 de julho de 2019, foi anunciado oficialmente através do Twitter do clube que ele havia assinado um contrato de dois anos. Al-Wehda passou por uma mudança gerencial que viu um novo jogador entrar e substituir Goodwin na equipe titular, Goodwin assinou uma extensão de contrato de um ano e foi imediatamente emprestado a Abha. Goodwin rescindiu mutuamente seu empréstimo com Abha devido a dificuldades consigo mesmo e com seu parceiro que moravam na nova cidade. Goodwin então voltou ao Adelaide United em fevereiro de 2021, por empréstimo até o final da temporada 2020-21 da A-League. O empréstimo foi então estendido até o final da temporada 2021–22 da A-League.

Depois de duas temporadas consecutivas por empréstimo, assinou com o Adelaide United em caráter permanente em julho, assinando um contrato de 3 anos. Em 30 de outubro, em uma partida contra o Perth Glory, marcou seu 45º gol pelo Adelaide United, o que o levou a bater o recorde de gols de todos os tempos do clube.

Em 7 de março de 2012, foi selecionado para representar a seleção olímpica de futebol da Austrália em uma partida das eliminatórias olímpicas asiáticas contra o Iraque.

Seleção Australiana
Fez sua estreia internacional pela Austrália em 26 de julho de 2013, entrando como substituto na derrota para o Japão na EAFF East Asian Cup 2013. Ele começou a próxima partida do torneio, jogando um jogo completo em uma derrota por 4–3 para a China. Ele foi convocado para a seleção australiana para a Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022 em novembro de 2022. Em 22 de novembro de 2022, marcou o primeiro gol da Austrália na Copa do Mundo, desde a Copa do Mundo de 2014, em uma derrota por 1–4 contra a França.

Estatísticas

Títulos
Adelaide United
 A-League: 2015–16
 Copa da Austrália: 2014, 2018

Ligações externas

Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022
Futebolistas do Al Wehda
Futebolistas do Sparta Rotterdam
Futebolistas do Adelaide United Football Club
Futebolistas do Newcastle United Jets Football Club
Futebolistas do Melbourne City Football Club
Jogadores da Seleção Australiana de Futebol
Futebolistas da Austrália

Craig Goodwin


, Buddhist name , was one of the six senior disciples of Nichiren and was the former Chief Priest of Kuon-ji temple in Mount Minobu, Japan. Various Nichiren sects in Japan claim to have been founded by Nikkō, the most prominent being Nichiren Shōshū and some lineages within Nichiren Shū.

Nikkō kept meticulous records and highly organized religious practice during his lifetime, and is responsible for much of the records that survive today. Nikkō singularly upheld the doctrine that Nichiren was the True and Eternal Buddha in the Third Age of Buddhism and therefore is considered by schools stemming from Nikkō such Nichiren Shōshū and the Soka Gakkai as the legitimate successor to the ministry and legacy of Nichiren.

Nikko established the Head Temple Taisekiji at Fujinomiya in 1290, as well as enshrining the Dai Gohonzon image. In 1332, four months before his death, he designated Nichimoku Shonin as his successor. The grave of Nikkō remains today in Kitayama Honmonji, Omosu, in Suruga Province where he lived for thirty-six years, establishing a Buddhist seminary that affiliated in the Hokke shū (法華宗) religion. The Koshi-E memorial feast of his death anniversary is commemorated on February 6 (Nichiren Shoshu O-tai-ya) and February 7 (Gosho-to-e ceremony).

Early life

Nikkō was born at Kajikazawa in Koma District of Kai Province. His father, Oi-no Kitsuroku was from Totsumi province and later moved to Kai province while maintaining his Samurai career. He died when Nikkō was a child. Nikkō's mother was Myofuku Tsunashima () and was from what is now Shizuoka Prefecture. He was raised by his grandfather, Nyudo Yui. As a child, he entered the Tendai temple Shijuku-in, in Fujiwakabacho, Iwabuchi Ichirizuka. He took the acolyte name, "Hōki-bō" and received his education here, which as well as Tendai doctrine, included Chinese classics, Japanese literature, poetry, calligraphy, as well as other subjects.

As Nichiren's disciple

In 1257, Nichiren visited Jisso-ji Temple closely affiliated with Shijuku-in Temple where he studied various Buddhist sutras in its library for his treatise Risshō Ankoku Ron (立正安国論, English: "On Establishing the Correct teaching for the Peace of the Land"). Nikkō served Nichiren here, and vowed to become his disciple. In addition, Nikkō also accompanied Nichiren on his two exiles.

Nikkō is also credited with preserving many of Nichiren's voluminous writings. He was particularly careful to ensure the survival of Nichiren's many letters written in simple characters (Kana) for uneducated followers. He was also instrumental in gaining Nichimoku to become a junior disciple of Nichiren.

On 8 October 1282, Nikkō became one of the six senior priests whom Nichiren designated to carry on his faith after his death. "On the eighth day of the tenth month, he designated six senior priests to act as key figures and take responsibility for propagation in their respective areas. They were, in order of their conversion, Nisshō, Nichirō, Nikkō, Nikō, Nitchō, and Nichiji". According to various Nichiren school that claim Nikko as their founder, on October 13, 1282, Nichiren further designated Nikkō the chief priest of Kuon-ji, the temple at Mt. Minobu in Yamanashi Prefecture, where Nichiren had spent the last years of his life as purportedly recorded in a transfer document called Minobu-zan Fuzoku-sho ("Document entrusting Mt. Minobu"); however, the authenticity of this document is disputed by some Nichiren schools. Later that same day, Nichiren died at Ikegami, now part of Tokyo.

At Minobu Nikkō recorded the "lectures on the Lotus Sutra" that the Daishonin gave to his disciples and compiled them as The Record of the Orally Transmitted Teachings (OTT). After the Daishonin's passing, Nikkō Shōnin collected and copied his teacher's writings, which he called the Gosho, or honorable writings.

Following Nichiren's 100th day funeral ceremonies, Nikkō left Ikegami on October 21 to carry Nichiren's ashes back to Mount Minobu, arriving on October 25. On the centenarian anniversary of Nichiren's death, Nikkō, the other five senior priests, and their disciples conducted a 100th-day memorial service, after which the others departed for their own territories where they were most active. Nikkō carried out his duties as chief priest of Kuon-ji, teaching disciples and looking after the laity. Central to his work was  attending, cleaning and maintaining Nichiren's tomb, and collecting and cataloguing Nichiren's many writings for preservation and perpetuation.

Isolation from other disciples

Latter feelings of animosity and discord grew after the second death anniversary of Nichiren's 100th Day Memorial ceremony (23 January 1283) when, according to Nikko, the rotation system agreed in the "Shuso Gosenge
Kiroku" (English: Record document of founder's demise) and Rembo Cho (English: Rotation Wheel System) to clean and maintain Nichiren's grave, was being abandoned by the other five senior disciples.

By the third  anniversary of Nichiren's death (13 October 1284), Nikkō claimed that the other five senior priests no longer returned to Nichiren's tomb in Mount Minobu, citing the deer hoofs and other signs of neglect at the gravesite. In addition, Nikkō accused that after Nichiren's death, the other disciples slowly began to deviate from Nichiren's teachings.

Chief among these complaints was the syncretism by some of the disciples to worship images of both Shakyamuni Buddha while admonishing other disciple priests for signing their names "Tendai Shamon" of the Tendai Buddhist school in the subsequent documents notarized and sent to the Kamakura government. Furthermore, Nikko alleged that the other disciples became condescending towards some of Nichiren's writings because they were not written in Classical Chinese, but in the Japanese Katakana syllabary, which was deemed inferior at the time. Accordingly,  Nikko Shonin claimed that the other senior disciples permitted Gohonzons originally inscribed by Nichiren to be buried with lay and priestly disciples, a highly controversial practice accused by the Head Temple Taisekiji to be sacrilegious and impermissible to present time.

The steward of the temple district, Hagiri Sanenaga, who had been converted by Nikkō, also began to commit unorthodox practices which Nikkō deemed to be heretical, such as the following:

 The crafting of a standing statue of Shakyamuni Buddha as an object of worship.
 The donation of noren shrine curtains and horses to the Mishima Taisha Shinto shrine, at the time an honorary shrine of the Hōjō-clan shogunate.
 The procurement of bamboo lumber for the Shinto Gassan Shrine.
 The attendance of a memorial service dedicated to the stupa of Amida Buddha along with giving monetary donations to its Nembutsu priests in Fukushi ward, Nanbu, Yamanashi Prefecture.

These controversial acts received tolerance from another senior disciple, Mimbu Nikō (民 部 日 向, 1253–1314) to be acceptable due to having been done ordinarily with the knowledge of Nichiren while he was alive. Accordingly, Hagiri Sanenaga provided his own personal reason that it was customary for his political family to make homage to the Shinto shrine of the Kamakura Shogunate, as well as reasoning that he had provided monetary donations to other Buddhist schools even when Nichiren himself was alive.

Such developments eventually led Nikkō to conclude that Nichiren's enlightened entity no longer resided at Mount Minobu. Furthermore, he entered a state of mental depression and deeply felt that Kuon-ji Temple was no longer the place for perpetuating Nichiren's teachings, causing him to pack up his personal belongings, the Dai Gohonzon mandala and some venerated relics belonging to Nichiren to depart, never to return. Nikkō left Mount Minobu with a group of select disciples in the spring of 1289. Nanjo Shichijo-jiro Tokimitsu, a lay believer residing near Mount Fuji took great pity on Nikko Shonin and his disciples and offered them sanctuary to stay, later donating a tract of land for a new temple that became Taiseki-ji Temple. Taiseki-ji is today the head temple of the Nichiren Shōshū school and, since its founding on 12 October 1290, has been a major center of the Kōmon-ha (興門派, also called the 富士派: Fuji-ha) branch of Nichiren Buddhism, as the schools stemming from Nikkō were traditionally known.

Upon nearing death on 10 November 1332, Nikkō named his disciple Nichimoku (1260–1333) as his successor and passed onto him the Ozagawari Gohonzon, inscribed in 8 April 1308 for the memorial honor of the martyr "Jinshiro", approximately 14 years after the persecution of Hei No Saimon Yoritsuna. This mandala is now enshrined inside the Dai-Kyakuden, along with his Juzu beads made of Crystal and Shimamenu Onyx which are now preserved in the Gohozo building of Taisekiji.

For the remaining 36 years of his life, Nikkō then retired a few miles away to Omosu, Suruga Province where he founded a seminary and temple, Kitayama Honmon-ji belonging to Hokke-shū (法華宗) school, and concentrated on training disciples until his death in the second lunar month of 1333 at the age of 87. A grave claiming to house the ash remains of Nikkō Shōnin is located in Kitayama Honmonji Temple in Suruga Province. After his death within this same temple, a statue image of the solar goddess Amaterasu Omi-Kami and the protector god Hachiman was enshrined, donated by some early Hokkekō believers. Such sculptural images are considered only decorative in present teachings of the Nichiren Shōshū school.

Buddhist articles claimed to have been brought to Taisekiji Temple

According to the doctrinal beliefs of Nichiren Shōshū, Nikkō Shonin left Mount Minobu with several articles pertaining to Nichiren, namely the following:
 The Dai Gohonzon Mandala
 Transfer inheritance documents of his legitimacy as chief priest of Kuon-ji and as successor
 Several Gohonzon mandalas inscribed by Nichiren
 Remaining partial bones (17 pieces) and cremated ashes of Nichiren
 The Go-Nikuge, surviving tooth dentures belonging to Nichiren
 A dragon candlestick, koro incense burner and vase Nichiren used when summoning rain during times of drought for the peasant devotees.
 The statue of Nichiren Daishōnin currently enshrined within the Hoando Warehouse.
 The compilations of Ongi Kuden, (now lost to history).

Claim to the successorship of Nichiren
Some followers of the Nichiren schools stemming from Nikkō, in particular the Nichiren Shōshū school, as well as the Soka Gakkai, view Nikkō as the legitimate successor to Nichiren. They base this claim on a document dated the ninth lunar month of 1282 called the Nichiren ichigo guhō fuzoku-sho ("Document Entrusting the Law that Nichiren Propagated throughout His Life"). In this document, Nichiren entrusts the "entirety of his lifetime of teaching" to Nikkō and names him the "Great Master of propagation of the essential teaching". These documents contained in a treasure box are alleged to have been stolen by clan head Takeda Katsuyori on behalf of the Nishiyama Temple, a faction of Nichiren Shū during the 15th century via force.

Nikkō also designated six new disciples (Nichidai, Nitchō, Nichidō, Nichimyō, Nichigō, and Nichijo), whom he charged with the task of propagation after his death.

Other Nichiren lineages based on the other original five senior disciples vehemently reject this claim of successorship, as they claim the surviving document does not exist in Nichiren's hand or any of his immediate disciples, rather copied down by Nikko's extant disciples. Instead, such schools claim that Nikko was only a resident priest in Kuonji Temple before 1285, and later became the Chief Priest of that temple from 1285–1289, just before he moved to the Fujinomiya area.

Some of Nikkō's direct disciples also eventually spawned schools that deviated to some degree or another from his own doctrines, often due to political pressure or internal power plays going back and forth to separating or rejoining the Nikko-related temples of the Fujinomiya area before and after the Second World War.

Original Japanese terms
身延山付嘱書, also called the Ikegami sōjō (池上相承) "Succession document [written at] Ikegami"
日蓮一期弘法付嘱書: Nichiren ichigo guhō fuzoku-sho
日蓮一期の弘法: Nichiren ichigo no guhō
本門弘通の大導師: Honmon Guzū no Daidōshi

References

Notes

Sources
 Nikkō Shōnin Nichimoku Shōnin Shōden (日興上人・日目上人正伝: "Orthodox biography of Nikkō Shōnin and Nichimoku Shōnin"), Taisekiji, 1982
 Nichiren Daishōnin Shōden (日蓮大聖人正伝: "Orthodox biography of Nichiren Daishōnin"), Taisekiji, 1981
 The Life of Nichiren Daishonin. Kirimura, Yasuji. Nichiren Shoshu International Center (a former department of the Soka Gakkai), 1980

1246 births
1333 deaths
Japanese religious leaders
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Nichiren Buddhist monks
Nichiren Buddhism
Kamakura period Buddhist clergy
People from Yamanashi Prefecture

Nikkō Shōnin


Clemerson de Araújo Soares (født 8. august 1977) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Clemerson de Araújo Soares


فرانسواز باري-سينوسي (بالفرنسية:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi)، ولدت عام 1947، عالمة فرنسية في مجال علم الفيروسات، وهي مديرة قسم عدوى الفيروسات القهقرية في مؤسسة باستور ، حائزة على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 2008 مع العالم الفرنسي لوك مونتانييه لاكتشافهما فيروس نقص المناعة المكتسب (HIV) المسبب لـفيروس الأيدز.

المراحل الأولى من حياتها

اهتمت باري سينوسي بالعلوم في سن صغير جدًا. وخلال عطلاتها عندما كانت طفلة، كانت تقضي ساعات في تحليل الحشرات والحيوانات، وتقارن سلوكها محاولة إيجاد أجوبة، مثلًا عن اختلاف سرعة الجري بينها. بعد وقت قصير، أدركت باري سينوسي أنها كانت موهوبة جدًا في العلوم مقارنةً مع ما تأخذه في دروس العلوم الإنسانية. عبرت عن اهتمامها لوالديها برغبتها بالالتحاق بالجامعة لدراسة العلوم لتصبح باحثة. أقرت باري سينوسي أنها كانت أكثر اهتمامًا بأن تصبح طبيبة، لكنها في ذات الوقت امتلكت انطباعًا خاطئًا بأن دراسة الطب أكثر تكلفةً وتستغرق وقتًا أطول من طريق العلوم. بعد سنتين من الدراسة في الجامعة، سعت باري سينوسي لإيجاد عمل بوقت جزئي في مختبر لتتأكد أنها اتخذت القرار الصحيح بشأن مسيرتها.

بعد مضي سنة تقريبًا من البحث عن عمل مخبري، قُبلت أخيرًا للعمل في معهد باستور، وأصبح عملها الجزئي خلال وقت قصير عملًا بدوام كامل، وأصبحت تقصد الجامعة لتقديم الامتحانات فقط. كان عليها الاعتماد على ملاحظات زملائها لأنها لم تكن تحضر الصفوف بشكل منتظم. ورغم هذا كانت باري سينوسي في الحقيقة تنال علامات أعلى في امتحاناتها مقارنة بعلاماتها السابقة، لأنها أخيرًا وجدت الحافز عندما أدركت أن مسيرتها المهنية في العلوم كانت الشيء الذي أرادت فعله.

العمل الأكاديمي

انضمت باري-سينوسي لمعهد باستور في أوائل السبعينيات، وحصلت على شهادة الدكتوراه عام 1975 وانضمت للمؤسسة الأمريكية الوطنية للصحة قبل أن تعود مجددًا إلى معهد باستور. تركزت أبحاث باري-سينوسي على مجموعة محددة من الفيروسات والتي تدعى الفيروسات القهقرية. خلال تفشي وباء الإيدز في الثمانينيات، صُدم العلماء بعدم معرفتهم العامل المسبب لهذه الفاشية، قادها علمها في هذا المجال لاكتشاف فيروس نقص المناعة البشري عام 1983. أظهر هذا الاكتشاف الحاجة الضرورية لإجراء الفحوصات التشخيصية التي تساعد على التحكم بانتشار المرض. أنشأت باري-سينوسي مختبرها الخاص في معهد باستور عام 1988.

من بين المساهمات البحثية الأخيرة التي قامت بها باري سينوسي، كانت هناك دراسات متنوعة حول الاستجابة المناعية المتكيفة مع العدوى الفيروسية، ودور الدفاعات المناعية الفطرية في التحكم بعدوى فيروس HIV ومرض الإيدز، ودراسة حول العوامل المتعلقة بانتقال فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية من الأم إلى ابنها، والخصائص التي تسمح لنسبة صغيرة من الأفراد المصابين بفيروس الإيدز، المعروفين بالكابتين أو المتحكمين المميزين، بالحد من تنسخ فيروس HIV دون استخدام الأدوية المضادة للفيروسات. ساعدت باري سينوسي بتأليف ما يزيد عن 240 منشورًا علميًا، وشاركت في أكثر من 250 مؤتمرًا دوليًا، ودربت العديد من الباحثين الشباب.

ساهمت باري سينوسي بشكل فعال في العديد من المجموعات واللجان العلمية في معهد باستور بالإضافة إلى منظمات أخرى مهتمة بمرض الإيدز، كالوكالة الوطنية لأبحاث الإيدز في فرنسا. كان لها أيضًا مساهمتها على المستوى الدولي، إذ عُينت مستشارة في منظمة الصحة العالمية وبرنامج الأمم المتحدة الموجه نحو الإيدز وفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية UNAIDS.

منذ الثمانينيات، بدأت باري سينوسي التعاون مع البلدان النامية، وأدارت شبكات متعددة الاختصاصات بكل تفانٍ. في عام 2016، قامت بمقابلة إعلامية مع مجلة سندي أوبسيرفر وبينت كيفية تعامل دولة جمايكا مع فيروس عوز المناعة البشري. تعمل باري سينوسي باستمرار على تأسيس روابط دائمة بين الأبحاث الأساسية والأبحاث السريرية بهدف تحقيق تحسينات ملموسة في مجالات الوقاية والعناية السريرية والعلاج. تعتقد البروفيسورة باري سينوسي أن العلماء يتقدمون بثبات في تطوير العلاجات المضادة للفيروسات القهقرية التي يوصلها برنامج الأمم المتحدة UNAIDS إلى 17 مليون شخص حول العالم يتعايشون مع مرض الإيدز، لكن إيجاد علاج أو علاجات شافية سيستغرق وقتًا، واستقصاءً مستمرًا عن طريق إجراء الأبحاث.

بصفتها رئيسًا مشاركًا في الجمعية الدولية الحادية والعشرين للإيدز (IAS) صرحت بأن هدف أبحاث HIV ذات الأولوية والأهمية القصوى هو إيجاد إستراتيجية علاج شافية لهذا الفيروس. علاوةً على ذلك، رغم أن إجراء الأبحاث للوصول إلى هذا العلاج ما تزال في مراحلها البدئية، هناك تقدم ملحوظ باتجاه إيجاد العلاج الشافي لفيروس نقص المناعة البشري. في عام 2009، كتبت باري سينوسي رسالة مفتوحة للبابا بينيديكت السادس عشر احتجاجًا على تصريحاته بأن الواقيات الذكرية غير فعالة في مواجهة أزمة الإيدز.

في يوليو من عام 2012، أصبحت باري سينوسي رئيسة الجمعية الدولية للإيدز.

الطريق إلى اكتشاف فيروس نقص المناعة المكتسب

عندما بدأت فرانسواز باري سينوسي العمل على الفيروسات القهقرية في معهد باستور، كانت هناك برامج كبرى في الولايات المتحدة تعمل على إيجاد الترابط بين السرطان والفيروسات القهقرية، ولذلك قررت أن تدرس الرابط بين الفيروسات القهقرية وابيضاض الدم عند الفئران.

بعد ظهور المرض الجديد (لم يكن قد أخذ بعد اسمه الحالي «الإيدز»)، قدمت مجموعة من الأطباء الفرنسيين إلى معهد باستور ليطرحوا سؤالًا بسيطًا: هل يحدث هذا المرض الجديد بسبب فيروس قهقري؟ وبعد الكثير من النقاش مع زملاء آخرين، بما فيهم عالم الفيروسات لوك مونتانييه، استنتجوا أن العامل المسبب لهذا المرض قد يكون فيروسًا قهقريًا مختلفًا عن فيروس خلايا T اللمفاوي البشري HTLV، الفيروس القهقري الوحيد الذي كان معروفًا في ذلك الوقت، وهذا بسبب اختلاف الخصائص التعريفية المميزة له.

في أوائل الثمانينيات، أصبحت باري سينوسي خبيرة بالتقنيات المحددة لنشاط إنزيم الانتساخ العكسي. عند وجود نشاط لهذا الإنزيم، يؤكد هذا على أن الفيروس المدروس هو فيروس قهقري.

في شهر ديسمبر من عام 1982، انطلقت أبحاث كثيفة واقترحت المشاهدات السريرية أن المرض يهاجم الخلايا المناعية لأن الخلايا التي تحمل مستقبلات CD4 تُستنزف بشكل ملحوظ. ولكن استنزاف الخلايا اللمفاوية التي تحمل CD4 جعل من الصعب عزل الفيروس عند المرضى المصابين بالمرض الذي عُرف لاحقًا باسم الإيدز.

بسبب صعوبة عزل خلية مصابة بالفيروس في المراحل الأخيرة من تطور المرض، قررت باري سينوسي وزملاؤها الاستعانة بخزعة عقدة لمفاوية من مريض مصاب باعتلال عقد لمفاوية معمم. كان الاعتلال اللمفاوي المعمم عرضًا شائعًا عند المصابين في المراحل المبكرة من تطور المرض.

في الأسبوع الثاني من فحص مزارع الخلايا المأخوذة من الخزعة بحثًا عن إنزيم الانتساخ العكوس، كُشف نشاط إنزيمي ازداد خلال فترة قصيرة ثم تناقص بشكل سريع بعد بدء الخلايا التائية اللمفاوية المزروعة بالموت. قررت باري سينوسي وزملاؤها إضافة خلايا لمفاوية من دم متبرع بهدف الحفاظ على المزرعة الخلوية، وثبت نجاح هذه العملية بعد انتقال الفيروس إلى الخلايا اللمفاوية الجديدة من دم المتبرع وكشف نشاط واضح لإنزيم الانتساخ العكوس مرة أخرى.

في هذه المرحلة، دُعي الفيروس باسم «إل إيه في» اختصارًا لـ «الفيروس المترافق مع اعتلال العقد اللمفاوية»، والذي دُعي لاحقًا باسم فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية «إتش آي في».

سجل عام 1983 انطلاق مسيرة باري سينوسي المهنية في الأبحاث المتعلقة بفيروس «إتش آي في» التي استمرت حتى تقاعدها. كان عام 1983 أيضًا العام الذي تبين فيه أن فيروس «إتش آي في» لم يستهدف فقط ما يدعى بالـ «فور إتشز 4Hs» وهي اختصار لمثليي الجنس، المصابين بالناعور، سكان هاييتي، ومدمني الهيروين، بل كان يستهدف مغايري الجنس أيضًا؛ ما رفع كثيرًا من احتمال أن يكون الداء المرتبط بهذا الفيروس (الإيدز) وبائيًّا.

أدوارها القيادية

استمرت فرانسواز باري سينوسي في عملها ضمن معهد باستور إذ عُينت رئيسة وحدة البيولوجيا والفيروسات القهقرية عام 1992. أُعيد تجديد وحدة البيولوجيا والفيروسات القهقرية عام 2005 وتغير اسمها إلى وحدة ضبط أخماج الفيروسات القهقرية. حاليًا، تجري الوحدة بحثًا عن لقاح مضاد لفيروس HIV وعلاقته بالوقاية من مرض الإيدز.

تضمنت مسيرة باري سينوسي أيضًا تكاملًا مع البلدان محدودة الموارد، مثل فيتنام وجمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى. كانت تجاربها في العمل ضمن الأمم النامية مع منظمة الصحة العالمية تصقل بصيرتها وتحثها على الاستمرار في التعاون العلمي مع العديد من البلدان الأفريقية والآسيوية. نتج عن هذا التعاون تعزيز العديد من التبادلات وورشات العمل بين العلماء الشباب من البلدان محدودة الموارد والباحثين في باريس.

اختيرت فرانسوا باري سينوسي لتنضم إلى مجلس إدارة الجمعية الدولية للإيدز عام 2006 وعملت بصفتها رئيسة الجمعية بين عامي 2012 و 2016.

عملت باري سينوسي في اللجنة الاستشارية للمؤتمر التاسع الذي أقامته الجمعية الدولية للإيدز والذي ناقش العلوم المتعلقة بفيروس HIV، أجري هذا المؤتمر في شهر يونيو عام 2017.

تعمل باري سينوسي الآن بصفتها رئيسة مساعدة في المنظمة الدولية للإيدز، موجهة جهودها نحو مبادرة العلاج الشافي لفيروس نقص المناعة البشري.

انظر أيضاً

 قائمة السيدات الحاصلات على جائزة نوبل

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء الأكاديمية الفرنسية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للطب
أعضاء المنظمة الأوروبية للبيولوجيا الجزيئية
باحثون في فيروس نقص المناعة البشري ومتلازمة العوز المناعي المكتسب
حائزون على جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية في الطب
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الطب
حائزون على وسام الاستحقاق الوطني الفرنسي من رتبة ضابط
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة مكغيل
حاصلون على الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
زملاء أكاديمية العلوم الطبية
عالمات أحياء فرنسيات
عالمات فيروسات
عالمات وظائف الأعضاء
علماء فيروسات فرنسيون
علماء من باريس
فرنسيات في القرن 20
فرنسيات في القرن 21
فرنسيون حازوا جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية
فرنسيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
فرنسيون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
معهد باستور
مواليد 1947
مواليد في باريس
نساء حاصلات على جائزة نوبل

فرانسواز باري سينوسي


{{Infobox philosopher
| region = Western philosophy
| era = 20th-century philosophy
| image = Gaston Bachelard 1965.jpg
| caption =
| name = Gaston Bachelard
| birth_date       =
| birth_place      = Bar-sur-Aube, France
| death_date       =
| death_place      = Paris, France
| education        = University of Paris(B.A., 1920; D.-ès-Lettres, 1927)
| institutions     = University of Dijon<ref>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998): "Bachelard, Gaston (1884-1962)".</ref>University of Paris
| school_tradition = Continental philosophyFrench historical epistemology
| doctoral_advisor = Abel ReyLéon Brunschvicg
| main_interests   = Historical epistemologyconstructivist epistemology, history and philosophy of science, philosophy of art, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, literary theory, education
| influences = Charles Nodier, Max Picard, Émile Meyerson, Auguste Comte, Abel Rey, Léon Brunschvicg, Carl Jung
| influenced = Alexandre Koyré, Georges Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Gilles Deleuze, Pierre Bourdieu, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Dominique Lecourt, Gilbert Durand, François Dagognet, Nader El-Bizri, Rogelio Salmona, Don Ihde, Cornelius Castoriadis, Michel Serres, Jules Vuillemin
| notable_ideas = Epistemological break, the poetics of space, rational materialism, technoscience(techno-science)Ihde, Don (1999) Expanding Hermeneutics: Visualism in Science, Northwestern University Press. p. 8.
| signature = SignatureGastonBachelard.png
| signature_size = 100px
}}

Gaston Bachelard (; ; 27 June 1884 – 16 October 1962) was a French philosopher. He made contributions in the fields of poetics and the philosophy of science. To the latter, he introduced the concepts of epistemological obstacle and epistemological break (obstacle épistémologique and rupture épistémologique). He influenced many subsequent French philosophers, among them Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Dominique Lecourt and Jacques Derrida, as well as the sociologists Pierre Bourdieu and Bruno Latour.

For Bachelard, the scientific object should be constructed and therefore different from the positivist sciences; in other words, information is in continuous construction. Empiricism and rationalism are not regarded as dualism or opposition but complementary, therefore studies of a priori and a posteriori, or in other words reason and dialectic, are part of scientific research.

Life and work

Bachelard was a postal clerk in Bar-sur-Aube, and then studied physics and chemistry before finally becoming interested in philosophy. To obtain his doctorate (doctorat ès lettres) in 1927, he wrote two theses: the main one, Essai sur la connaissance approchée, under the direction of Abel Rey, and the complementary one, Étude sur l'évolution d'un problème de physique: la propagation thermique dans les solides, supervised by Léon Brunschvicg.

He first taught from 1902 to 1903 at the college of Sézanne, but turned away from teaching to consider a career in telegraphy. Literary by training, he took the technological path before moving towards science and mathematics. In particular, he was fascinated by the great discoveries of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (radioactivity, quantum and wave mechanics, relativity, electromagnetism and wireless telegraphy).

He was a professor at the University of Dijon from 1930 to 1940 and then was appointed chair in the history and philosophy of science at the University of Paris. In 1958, he became a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.

 Bachelard's psychology of science
Bachelard's studies of the history and philosophy of science in such works as Le nouvel esprit scientifique ("The New Scientific Spirit", 1934) and La formation de l'esprit scientifique ("The Formation of the Scientific Mind", 1938) were based on his vision of historical epistemology as a kind of psychoanalysis of the scientific mind.

In the English-speaking world, the connection Bachelard made between psychology and the history of science has been little understood. Bachelard demonstrated how the progress of science could be blocked by certain types of mental patterns, creating the concept of obstacle épistémologique ("epistemological obstacle"). One task of epistemology is to make clear the mental patterns at use in science, in order to help scientists overcome the obstacles to knowledge. Another goal is to "give back to human reason its function of agitation and aggressiveness" as Bachelard put it in 'L'engagement rationaliste' (1972).

 Epistemological breaks: the discontinuity of scientific progress
Bachelard was critical of Auguste Comte's positivism, which considered science as a continual progress. To Bachelard, scientific developments such as Einstein's theory of relativity demonstrated the discontinuous nature of the history of sciences. Thus models that framed scientific development as continuous, such as that of Comte and Émile Meyerson, seemed simplistic and erroneous to Bachelard.

Through his concept of "epistemological break", Bachelard underlined the discontinuity at work in the history of sciences. However the term "epistemological break" itself is almost never used by Bachelard but became famous through Louis Althusser.

He showed that new theories integrated old theories in new paradigms, changing the sense of concepts (for instance, the concept of mass, used by Newton and Einstein in two different senses). Thus, non-Euclidean geometry did not contradict Euclidean geometry, but integrated it into a larger framework.

 Teacher and philosopher
Discharged in March 1919 and unemployed, Bachelard searched and obtained a job in October as a professor of physics and chemistry at the college of Bar-sur-Aube. His wife, Jeanne Rossi, a schoolteacher he had married in 1914, was transferred to Voigny. His daughter Suzanne was born on 18 October. He travelled the six kilometers to Bar-sur-Aube on foot every day, was provided a very useful education, and enrolled for a philosophy degree. Jeanne died in June 1920, and Bachelard raised his daughter alone.
At the age of thirty-six he began a completely unexpected philosophical career. Starting decisively in 1922, he acquired the title of Doctor of Letters at the Sorbonne in 1927. His theses, supported by Abel Rey and Léon Brunschvicg, were published. He became a lecturer at the Faculty of Letters of Dijon from October 1927, but remained at the college of Bar-sur-Aube until 1930. He even participated in the municipal elections of 1929 to defend the project of a college for all. He nevertheless accepted a professorship at the University of Burgundy when his daughter Suzanne entered the second degree.

He did the same when he was appointed to the Sorbonne as a university professor and director of the Institute for the History of Science and Technology in 1940, accompanying his daughter in her higher educations.

On 25 August 1937 he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor. He became a professor at the Sorbonne from 1940 to 1954. He held the chair of the history and philosophy of science, where he succeeded Abel Rey, director of the Institute of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IHST), which in 1992 became IHPST.

 The role of epistemology in science

Bachelard was a rationalist in the Cartesian sense, although he recommended his "non-Cartesian epistemology" as a replacement for the more standard Cartesian epistemology. He compared "scientific knowledge" to ordinary knowledge in the way we deal with it, and saw error as only illusion: "Scientifically, one thinks truth as the historical rectification of a persistent error, and experiments as correctives for an initial, common illusion (illusion première)."

The role of epistemology is to show the history of the (scientific) production of concepts. Those concepts are not just theoretical propositions: they are simultaneously abstract and concrete, pervading technical and pedagogical activity. This explains why "The electric bulb is an object of scientific thought… an example of an abstract-concrete object." To understand the way it works, one has to take the detour of scientific knowledge. Epistemology is thus not a general philosophy that aims at justifying scientific reasoning. Instead, it produces regional histories of science.

 Shifts in scientific perspective
Bachelard never saw how seemingly irrational theories often simply represented a drastic shift in scientific perspective. For instance, he never claimed that the theory of probabilities was just another way of complexifying reality through a deepening of rationality (even though critics like Lord Kelvin found this theory irrational).

One of his main theses in The New Scientific Mind was that modern sciences had replaced the classical ontology of the substance with an "ontology of relations", which could be assimilated to something like a process philosophy. For instance, the physical concepts of matter and rays correspond, according to him, to the metaphysical concepts of the thing and of movement; but whereas classical philosophy considered both as distinct, and the thing as ontologically real, modern science can not distinguish matter from rays. It is thus impossible to examine an immobile thing, which was precisely the condition for knowledge according to the classical theory of knowledge (Becoming being impossible to be known, in accordance with Aristotle and Plato's theories of knowledge).

In non-Cartesian epistemology, there is no "simple substance" as in Cartesianism, but only complex objects built by theories and experiments and continuously improved (VI, 4). Intuition is therefore not primitive, but built (VI, 2). These themes led Bachelard to support a sort of constructivist epistemology.

 Other academic interests
In addition to epistemology, Bachelard's work deals with many other topics, including poetry, dreams, psychoanalysis, and the imagination. The Psychoanalysis of Fire (1938) and The Poetics of Space (1958) are among the most popular of his works: Jean-Paul Sartre cites the former and Bachelard's Water and Dreams in his Being and Nothingness (1943), and the latter had a wide reception in architectural theory circles, and continues to be influential in literary theory and creative writing. In philosophy, this nocturnal side of his work is developed by his student Gilbert Durand.

 Philosopher and citizen
 Feminist philosopher
It should be noted, in his singular career, the concern which he had to ensure the development of his daughter, so much the time was marked by the cleavage of the sexes and the functions. Going against sexist stereotypes, he wanted to make his daughter a scholar. Suzanne would be a mathematician and philosopher and would be able to develop phenomenological and epistemological research of high standing.

Bibliography
His works include:
 Essai sur la connaissance approchée (1928)
 Étude sur l'évolution d'un problème de physique: la propagation thermique dans les solides (1928)
 La valeur inductive de la relativité (1929)
 La pluralisme cohérent de la chimie moderne (1932)
 L'Intuition de l'instant (1932)
 Les intuitions atomistiques: essai de classification (1933)
 Le nouvel esprit scientifique (1934)
 La dialectique de la durée (1936)
 L'expérience de l'espace dans la physique contemporaine (1937)
 La formation de l'esprit scientifique: contribution à une psychanalyse de la connaissance objective (1938)
 La psychanalyse du feu (1938) (The Psychoanalysis of Fire, 1964)
 La philosophie du non: essai d'une philosophie du nouvel esprit scientifique (1940), publisher Pellicanolibri, 1978
 L'eau et les rêves (1942) (Water and Dreams, 1983)
 L'air et les songes (1943) (Air and Dreams, 1988)
 La terre et les rêveries de la volonté (1948) (Earth and Reveries of Will, 2002)
 La terre et les rêveries du repos (1948) (Earth and Reveries of Repose, 2011)
 Le Rationalisme appliqué (1949)
 L'activité rationaliste de la physique contemporaine (1951)
 Le matérialisme rationnel (1953)
 La poétique de l'espace (1957) (The Poetics of Space, 1969 and 2014)
 La poétique de la rêverie (1960) (The Poetics of Reverie: Childhood, Language, and the Cosmos, 1969)
 La flamme d'une chandelle (1961)
 L'engagement rationaliste (1972)

English translations
Though most of Bachelard's major works on poetics have been translated into English, only about half of his works on the philosophy of science have been translated.The Philosophy of No: A Philosophy of the New Scientific Mind. Orion Press, New York, 1968. Translation by G.C. Waterston. (La philosophie du non)The New Scientific Spirit. Beacon Press, Boston, 1985. Translation by A. Goldhammer. (Le nouvel esprit scientifique)Dialectic of Duration. Clinamen, Bolton, 2000. Translation by M. McAllester Jones. (La dialectique de la durée)The Formation of the Scientific Mind. Clinamen, Bolton, 2002. Translation by M. McAllester Jones. (La formation de l'esprit scientifique)
 Intuition of the Instant. Northwestern University Press, 2013. Translation by Eileen Rizo-Patron (L'intuition de l'instant)Atomistic Intuitions. State University of New York Press, 2018. Translation by Roch C. Smith (Intuitions atomistiques)

See also

References

 Sources
 Dominique Lecourt, L'épistémologie historique de Gaston Bachelard (1969). Vrin, Paris, 11e édition augmentée, 2002.
 Dominique Lecourt, Pour une critique de l'épistémologie : Bachelard, Canguilhem, Foucault (1972, réed. Maspero, Paris, 5e éd. 1980).
 D. Lecourt, Marxism and Epistemology: Bachelard, Canguilhem and Foucault, New Left Books, London (1975).
 Dominique Lecourt, Bachelard, Epistémologie, textes choisis (1971). PUF, Paris, 6e édition, 1996.
 Dominique Lecourt, Bachelard, le jour et la nuit, Grasset, Paris, 1974.
 Didier Gil, Bachelard et la culture scientifique, Presses Universitaires de France, 1993.
 Didier Gil, Autour de Bachelard – esprit et matière, un siècle français de philosophie des sciences (1867–1962), Les Belles Lettres, Encre marine, 2010.Hommage à Gaston Bachelard. Etudes de philosophie et d'histoire des sciences, by C. Bouligand, G. Canguilhem, P. Costabel, F. Courtes, François Dagognet, M. Daumas, Gilles Granger, J. Hyppolite, R. Martin, R. Poirier and R. TatonActes du Colloque sur Bachelard de 1970 (Colloque de Cerisy).L'imaginaire du concept: Bachelard, une épistémologie de la pureté by Françoise Gaillard, MLN, Vol. 101, No. 4, French Issue (Sep 1986), pp. 895–911.Gaston Bachelard ou le rêve des origines, by Jean-Luc Pouliquen, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007.

Further reading

McAllester Jones, Gaston Bachelard Subversive Humanist: Texts and Readings, University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
Eileen Rizo-Patron, Edward S. Casey, and Jason Wirth, eds. Adventures in Phenomenology, Gaston Bachelard, State University of New York Press, 2017
Roch C. Smith, Gaston Bachelard, Philosopher of Science and Imagination, State University of New York Press, 2016
Mary Tiles, Bachelard: Science and Objectivity'', Cambridge University Press, 1984

External links

Website of the Association of Friends of Gaston Bachelard
Centre Gaston Bachelard de Recherche sur l'Imaginaire et la Rationalité, Université de Bourgogne
Works of Bachelard on-line

1884 births
1962 deaths
People from Bar-sur-Aube
Epistemologists
Poststructuralists
20th-century French philosophers
20th-century French poets
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of education
Sociologists of science
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academic staff of the University of Burgundy
French male poets
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
20th-century male writers

Gaston Bachelard


Monster High é uma série de animação computadorizada estadunidense baseada na franquia de bonecas de mesmo nome pela Mattel, e estreou originalmente na Nickelodeon em 6 de outubro de 2022. Shea Fontana, que desenvolveu anteriormente o reboot da Polly Pocket em 2018, é a showrunner.

No Brasil, a série estreou em 10 de abril de 2023 na Nickelodeon Brasil, na TV aberta, a série estreou em 14 de outubro no SBT (dentro do programa infantil Sábado Animado).

Em Portugal, a série estreou em 1 de abril de 2023 no Nickelodeon Portugal.

Premissa
A série segue Frankie Stein, Draculaura e Clawdeen Wolf, os respectivos filhos de Frankenstein, Drácula e o Lobisomem, bem como outros filhos de monstros míticos famosos que navegam na hilaridade do ensino médio nos salões sagrados de Monster High.

Personagens
 Gabrielle Nevaeh Green como Clawdeen Wolf
 Iris Menas como Frankie Stein
 Courtney Lin como Draculaura
 Tony Revolori como Deuce Gorgon
 Kausar Mohammed como Cleo de Nile
 Valeria Rodriguez como Lagoona Blue e Spectra Vondergeist
 Alexa Kahn como Toralei Stripe
 Alexander Polinsky como Heath Burns
 Debra Wilson como Headless Headmistress Bloodgood
 Felicia Day como Ghoulia Yelps
 Ken Marino como Count Dracula
 Scott Menville como Romulus
 Cole Massie como Finnegan Wake
 Victoria T. Washington como Howleen Wolf
 Jordan Coleman como Manny Taur
 Krystina Alabado como Nefera de Nile

Episódios

Produção
Em 23 de fevereiro de 2021, a Mattel, por meio de sua divisão de televisão, anunciou o segundo retorno da marca Monster High, prometendo novos conteúdos e produtos para o ano seguinte, incluindo uma série de animação e um filme musical live-action.

Shea Fontana, uma escritora que já havia trabalhado com a Mattel no reboot da Polly Pocket em 2018, é a showrunner e co-produtora executiva da série.

Em 13 de julho de 2022, o elenco foi anunciado com Gabrielle Nevaeh Green como Clawdeen Wolf, Courtney Lin como Draculaura e Iris Menas como Frankie Stein.

Em 26 de setembro de 2022, foi anunciado que a série estrearia em 28 de outubro de 2022; no entanto, a série começou a ser exibida em 6 de outubro de 2022, marcada como uma prévia de Monster High: The Movie.

Em 17 de novembro de 2022, a Nickelodeon renovou a série para uma segunda temporada de 20 episódios.

Trilha sonora

A trilha sonora da série de animação foi lançada em 27 de janeiro de 2023, pela gravadora Arts Music no formato de streaming que contém 8 músicas.
Lista de faixas

Ligações externas

Séries de televisão em exibição
Programas de televisão dos Estados Unidos que estrearam em 2022
Desenhos animados dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão de comédia infantis dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão de comédia
Séries de televisão de fantasia
Séries de televisão de fantasia dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão infantis dos Estados Unidos
Séries de televisão com temática LGBT
Programas de televisão em língua inglesa
Séries de animação computadorizada
Séries de televisão sobre adolescentes
Programas da Nickelodeon
Monster High
Nicktoons
Programas da Nickelodeon (Brasil)

Monster High (série de televisão)


Mansfield kan have flere betydninger:

Steder:
 Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England
 Mansfield (distrikt)
 Mansfield, Missouri, USA
 Mansfield, Ohio, USA
 Mansfield, Skotland
 Mansfield Park, engelske forfatter Jane Austens tredje roman
 Jayne Mansfield, var en amerikansk skuespiller

Musik:
 Mansfield (band), dansk band

Mansfield (flertydig)


A 34.ª edição da Paris-Roubaix teve lugar a 16 de abril de 1933 e foi vencida pelo belga Sylvère Maes.

Classificação final

Referências

Ligações externas
Site oficial

1933
1933 no ciclismo
1933 na França

Paris-Roubaix de 1933


Prvenstvo Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za sezonu 2019./20. je drugi put zaredom osvojila momčad Zeline iz Svetog Ivana Zeline.
Zbog pandemije COVID-19 u svijetu i Hrvatskoj, prvenstvo je dovršeno u srpnju 2020.

Prva liga

Sudionici
 Concordia 1906 - Zagreb
 Jedinstvo - Zagreb
 Marathon - Zagreb
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Mladost II - Zagreb
 Trešnjevka - Zagreb
 Zelina - Sveti Ivan Zelina
 Zrinjevac - Zagreb

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Doigravanje
Utakmice poluzavršnice igrane 11. srpnja, a za plasman 12. srpnja 2020. godine.

Konačni poredak

Povezani članci
 Prvenstva Hrvatske u hokeju na travi
 Kup Hrvatske 2019./20.
 Kup Hrvatske u dvoranskom hokeju 2019.

Vanjske poveznice
 Hrvatski hokejski savez
 hhs-chf.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske za seniore i seniorke

Izvori
 hhs-chf.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske za seniore i seniorke (2019./20.), wayback arhiva
 drive.google.com HHS Dowload zone - Proljeće 2019/2020, pristupljeno 9. prosinca 2021.

2019-20

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u hokeju na travi 2019./20.


Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern (Mittweida, ) é um engenheiro de processos alemão. É diretor do Instituto Max Planck de Dinâmica de Sistemas Técnicos Complexos em Magdeburgo, catedrático de engenharia de processos químicos na Universidade de Magdeburgo.

Recebeu a Medalha Emil Kirschbaum de 2016.

Publicações
Publications of Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Andreas Seidel‐Morgenstern

Ligações externas
Ehrendoktorwürde für Prof. Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern

Membros científicos da Sociedade Max Planck
Professores da Universidade de Magdeburgo
Engenheiros químicos da Alemanha
Naturais de Mittweida
Pessoas vivas

Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern


Dağönü, Çorum ilinin Uğurludağ ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Cendere, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında ise Cender olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri İskilip ilçesine bağlıyken, 4 Temmuz 1987'de Uğurludağ ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 63 km, Uğurludağ ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Uğurludağ belde ve köyleri

Dağönü, Uğurludağ


Avatar 3 va fi un film din 2024, regizat de James Cameron, cu Sam Worthington și Zoe Saldana în rolurile principale. Este programat să apară la 20 decembrie 2024, va fi produs de 20th Century Fox și distribuit de Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, la un doi ani după lansarea Avatar 2, în decembrie 2022. Filmările la Avatar 3 au început în același timp cu cele de la Avatar 2, la 25 septembrie 2017 în Manhattan Beach, California.

Note

Vezi și
Listă de filme științifico-fantastice din anii 2020

Filme din 2024
2024 în științifico-fantastic
Filme SF din anii 2020
Filme regizate de James Cameron
Filme cu premiera amânată de pandemia de COVID-19

Avatar 3


Sedef hastalığı (psoriasis), deride kabartılarla karakterize, uzun süreli, bulaşıcı olmayan bir otoimmün hastalık. HLA-Cw6 doku uygunluk antijeni birçok türünde genetik yönü oluşturur. Bu nedenle bazı hastaların ailelerinde de hastalık görülebilmektedir. Bazı ilaçlar ve duygusal dalgalanmalar hastalığı ortaya çıkarabilir veya aktifleştirebilir.

Stres, sedef hastalığını artıran faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Ayrıca boğaz ve vücutta meydana gelen enfeksiyonlar, özellikle çocuklardaki damla tipi sedefi tetikleyen nedenlerdendir.

Bulguları
En sık görülen formu plak tipi sedef olup deride, özellikle diz, dirsek, sırt ve sakrum denen kuyruk sokumunda kızarıklık, pullanma ve deride dökülme ile karakterizedir. Fakat hastalık başka şekillerle de görülebilmektedir.

Çeşitleri

 Plak tipi sedef (psoriazis): Hastalığın en sık görülen türüdür. Diz veya dirseklerde kızarıklık ve ayrıca pullanma ve kabuklanma görülür.
 Ters (inverse) sedef: Sıklıkla koltuk altı, kasıklar gibi derinin katlanma yerlerinde ortaya çıkar. Sıklıkla kesin tanı öncesinde diğer egzama türleriyle karışır.
 Eritrodermik sedef: Hastanın tüm vücudunda yaygın kızarıklık ve deri dökülmesi bulunmaktadır. Hastada sıvı ve elektrolit dengesizliğine neden olabildiğinden sıklıkla hastane şartlarında tedavi edilir.
 Damla (guttat) tipi sedef: Özellikle çocuklarda görülen sedefin bu türünde sedef yaraları damlalar şeklinde tüm vücutta görülür.

Sedef hastalığının şiddeti, görüldüğü bölgeler, ve görünüşü, çeşidine bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterir. Plak tipi psöriazis en yaygın formudur, her beş sedef hastasından dördünde bu tip görülür. Bunun dışında, guttate, püstüler, inversa psoriasis ise daha az yaygındır, eritrodermik psöriazis ise çok nadir görülür.

Sedef Hastalığı Engel Oranı
Sedef engel oranı, hastalığı şiddeti ve alt tipine bağlıdır, ancak şunları içerebilir: Engellilik değerlendirme tablosuna göre sedef engel oranı şekildedir;

Tedavi çeşitleri
 İlaç tedavisi (Çoğu hastalarda kortizon içeren kremler ve losyonlar gecici olarak lezyonlari ortadan kaldirdigi gorulmustur.)
 Işık tedavisi (Fototerapi)
 Biyolojik ajanlar: Etanercept (Enbrel), İnfliximab (Remicade),Adalimumab (Humira); bu iki biyolojik ajana dirençli ise Efalizumab kullanılır.
Doğal yağlar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tırnak sedefi

Dış bağlantılar
 Amerikan Ulusal Sedef Derneği
  Psoriasis

Sedef hastalığı


Stephen D. Krashen (né le ) est un linguiste américain, chercheur en éducation ainsi qu'activiste, professeur émérite en éducation à l'Université de Californie du Sud. Au sein de cet établissement, il passe du département de linguistique à la faculté d'éducation en 1994.

Carrière
Stephen Krashen obtient un doctorat en linguistique à l'Université de Californie à Los Angeles en 1972 . Il est l'auteur de plus de 486 publications dans les domaines de l'acquisition d'une seconde langue, de l'éducation bilingue et de la lecture. Krashen promeut la lecture libre et volontaire lors de l'acquisition d'une langue seconde, qui, selon lui, est "l'outil le plus puissant dont nous disposons dans l'enseignement des langues, première ou seconde".

Récompenses et distinctions
 1985 : co-lauréat du Pimsleur Award, décerné par l'American Council of Foreign Language Teachers récompensant le meilleur article publié dans l'année
 1986 : son article "Lateralisation, language learning and the critical period" est sélectionné comme Citation Class par Current Contents
 1982: lauréat du prix Mildenberger, décerné pour son livre Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning (Prentice-Hall)
 2005 : Krashen est intronisé au Reading Hall of Fame de l' International Reading Association.

Activisme politique en matière d'éducation

Alors que la politique éducative de l'État natal de Krashen, la Californie, devient de plus en plus hostile au bilinguisme, il réagit avec des recherches critiques sur ces nouvelles politiques, des prises de parole en public et des lettres écrites aux éditeurs de journaux. Au cours de la campagne pour promulguer une loi anti-bilingue sur l'éducation en Californie en 1998, connue sous le nom de Proposition 227, Krashen fait campagne dans les forums publics et les talk-shows  et il donne de nombreuses interviews sur le sujet. On estime que Krashen a soumis plus de 1 000 lettres aux journaux en réaction contre d'autres campagnes d'éducation anti-bilingues  en 2006.

Livres

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Épisode de NPR Talk of the Nation avec Stephen Krashen
 TESOLacademic, Conférence YouTube en 2015 par Krashen
 The Digest, Conférence YouTube en 2020 par Krashen sur SLA, reading and research

Professeur à l'université de Californie du Sud
Pédagogue américain
Linguiste américain
Naissance à Chicago
Naissance en mai 1941

Stephen Krashen


An Specklinia trifida in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Fábio de Barros. An Specklinia trifida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Specklinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Specklinia

Specklinia trifida


Saray, Çorum ilinin Bayat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1576 yılı kayıtlarında Saray-ı Katar adıyla geçmekte olup, 1907 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 74 km, Bayat ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Bayat belde ve köyleri

Saray, Bayat


Kongeåpastoratet er et pastorat i Ribe Domprovsti, Ribe Stift med de fire sogne:
 Vilslev Sogn
 Hunderup Sogn
 Jernved Sogn
 Hjortlund Sogn

I pastoratet er der fem kirker
 Vilslev Kirke
 Hunderup Kirke
 Jernved Kirke
 Gredstedbro Kirke
 Hjortlund Kirke

Kilder:

https://www.kongeaapastoratet.dk/
http://sogn.dk/vilslev/fakta-om-sognet/

Pastorater i Ribe Stift

Kongeåpastoratet


Bujalance, İspanya'nın güneyinde, on yedi özerk bölgesinden en kalabalık ikinci nüfusu sahip olan Endülüs'ün, Córdoba iline bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılı sayımlarına göre nüfusu 8.066 kişidir.

Córdoba'nın belediyeleri

Bujalance


Masahiro Yamada ( — Yamada Masahiro; ) este un sociolog japonez, cunoscut pentru stabilirea unor noi termeni în sociologie, precum "celibatar parazit". A studiat la Universitatea Tokio și acum predă la .

Referințe

Sociologi japonezi
Japonezi în viață

Masahiro Yamada


A Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa foi uma nau da Marinha Portuguesa, lançada ao mar em Lisboa em 21 de Janeiro de 1727.

História

Anos iniciais
A nau foi construída na Ribeira das Naus e lá lançada ao mar a 21 de Janeiro de 1727, na presença de D. João V e da família real portuguesa.

Acção de 22 de Dezembro de 1727
A 22 de Dezembro de 1727, a Lampadosa patrulhava a costa portuguesa, quando interceptou um grupo de duas fragatas de piratas berberescos juntamente com a nau portuguesa capturada Nossa Senhora da Concórdia, na qual a tripulação tinha abandonado e embarcado na nau São Frutuoso na noite do dia 16.  Ao verem aproximar-se a nau de guerra portuguesa, os piratas fugiram imediatamente, abandonando a nau Concórdia. Chegando junto da Concórdia e constatando que esta se encontrava tripulada por mouros, a Lampadosa disparou sobre ela duas potentes salvas de artilharia, acompanhadas por nutrido fogo de mosquetaria. Ao receberem a segunda salva, os piratas já não tiveram ânimo para continuar a responder e renderam-se.

Após isso, a Lampadosa guarneceu devidamente a Concórdia e acompanhou-a até a barra do Rio Tejo, chegando em 31 de Dezembro e após isso a Lampadosa partiu rumo ao norte.

A 28 de Fevereiro de 1728, a Lampadosa regressou ao Tejo, trazendo em sua companhia a São Frutuoso que havia se refugiado num porto da Galiza, juntamente com uma nau vinda do Maranhão que também ficou ali.

Acção de Julho de 1728
No começo de Julho de 1728, a Lampadosa estava patrulhando a costa quando foi avisada por uma embarcação de pescadores da situação em que se encontrava a nau portuguesa Nossa Senhora da Oliveira, sabendo disso, a Lampadosa partiu em socorro da nau. Não estando dispostos a envolver-se num combate de que dificilmente poderiam sair vencedores, os piratas fugiram e logo desapareceram. Escoltada pela Lampadosa, a Oliveira continuou a sua viagem para Lisboa. Nas proximidades do cabo Raso encontrou a nau Nossa Senhora da Atalaia, de 52 peças, que também fora mandada sair de Lisboa em seu auxilio. A 5 de Julho as três naus entraram no Tejo.

Posta em segurança a Nossa Senhora da Oliveira, a Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa e a Nossa Senhora da Atalaia voltaram a fazer-se ao mar a fim de darem caça aos piratas. Mas apesar de se terem conservado em patrulha até 22 de Julho não os conseguiram encontrar.

Campanha do Rio da Prata

A 26 de Agosto de 1736, perto do Cabo de Santa Maria, foi então a vez da Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa, que navegava em companhia da nau mercante Corta Nabos, de encontrar-se com duas naus espanholas.

Esta vez a diferença de forças favorecia as espanholas; mas infelizmente os relatos diferem quanto aos acontecimentos. Segundo as fontes espanholas, estes tomaram a Corta Nabos, mas mais tarde os ventos teriam disperso os navios. Segundo as fontes portuguesas, travou-se um combate em que ambas as partes sofreram os estragos do costume, mas as naus espanholas teriam fugido em direção a Montevideu quando a Nossa Senhora da Vitória apareceu por volta das cinco da tarde, navegando a todo o pano do Norte. As mesmas fontes contam que a nau capitana portuguesa teria perseguido as duas espanholas, e dando mais uma vez mostras de ser uma nau de muito bom pé, isto é, veloz, teria alcançado a San Esteban e a Hermiona por volta das sete e meia, já depois do pôr do sol. Teria então travado um duelo de artilharia na escuridão que durou até as duas da madrugada do dia 27 de Agosto.

Nessa altura estariam os navios já ao largo de Montevideu, e os fundos estariam a diminuir rapidamente. Durante o dia 27 de Agosto as espanholas parecem ter ficado a pairar junto do Baixo do Inglês, que a nau portuguesa não poderia atravessar por causa do seu maior calado. No dia 28 juntou-se então a Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa à capitânia portuguesa, e ambas tentaram aproximar-se das espanholas. Mas estas, fazendo sucessivos bordos, mantiveram sempre a distância às portuguesas. Após três dias de contínuas manobras e viragens de bordo, numa tentativa de aproximar-se das naus espanholas, Abreu Prego desistiu e foi fundear junto da Ilha das Flores, de onde poderia impedir as espanholas de desembarcar socorros em Montevideu.

Ao ver Don José de Arratia isto, desistiu também ele de socorrer Montevideu, e rumou a Buenos Aires, onde chegaria duas semanas depois, após uma penosa navegação no Rio da Prata, que incluiu vários encalhes nos baixos do rio. Soube-se mais tarde que teria desembarcado numerosos feridos como resultado dos combates travados com as naus portuguesas.

Destino
Em Maio de 1757, a nau foi julgada incapaz de navegar no Rio de Janeiro.

Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa

Nossa Senhora da Lampadosa (1727)


Rustavi (), Gürcistan'ın güneydoğusunda Kvemo Kartli idari bölgesinin merkezi olan bir şehirdir. Gürcistan'ın başketi Tiflis'ten 25 km uzaklıkta yerleşen şehrin ortasından Kura Nehri geçer. 2002'deki nüfus sayısına göre, Rustavi'nin nüfusu 116.384 kişiye ulaşmıştır.

Kent, 1948'de, metalurji fabrikasının yanında kuruldu. Bu adı, Moğolların 1256 yılında yıktığı, hemen yakınlardaki eski Rustavi kentinden aldı. Bu eski Rustavi kentinden günümüze sadece kale kalıntıları kalmıştır. Modern Rustavi kenti, kuruluşundan kısa sürede Güney Kafkasya'nın endüstri merkezi haline geldi. 1991 yılında Sovyetler Birliği'nin yıkılmasından sonra bu önemini yitirdi. Kent endüstri merkezi olmaktan çıktı ve nüfusun büyük kısmı işsiz kaldı.

Rustavi halk dansları topluluğu bu kenttedir. Kentte ayrıca, yükseköğretim kurumları, tiyatro ve müze bulunmaktadır. Düzenli olarak "Altın Maske" adıyla uluslararası tiyatro festivali düzenlenmektedir.

Kardeş kentler
Rustavi'nin kardeş şehirleri:

 Akmene, Litvanya
 Çerkası, Ukrayna
 İnegöl, Türkiye
 İvano-Frankivsk, Ukrayna
 Kiruna, İsveç
 Kryvyi Rih, Ukrayna
 Łódź, Polonya
 Panevėžys, Litvanya
 Plock, Polonya
 Sumgayıt, Azerbaycan
 Zhodzina, Belarus

Kaynakça

Gürcistan'daki şehirler

Rustavi


Božje drvce može označavati:
 Božje drvce, Lonicera caprifolium L., prava kozja krv, biljna vrsta iz porodice Caprifoliaceae.
 Božje drvce, Artemisia abrotanum L. gorkasti pelin, biljna vrsta iz porodice Asteraceae
 Božje drvce, Achillea millefolium L., Obični stolisnik, biljna vrsta iz porodice Asteraceae

Božje drvce


Edin Višća (* 17. Februar 1990 in Olovo) ist ein bosnisch-herzegowinischer Fußballspieler, der für Trabzonspor spielt.

Karriere

Verein
Edin Višća begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend von FK Budućnost Banovići. Von hier aus wechselte er ins Profi-Team des FK Željezničar Sarajevo. Hier spielte er zwei Spielzeiten und erzielte in 39 Ligapartien elf Tore.

Zur Spielzeit 2011/12 wechselte er in die Türkei zum Süper-Lig-Verein Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor (seit 2014 Istanbul Başakşehir). Hier wurde er auf Anhieb Stammspieler. Es gelang ihm in seiner Zeit dort in jedem Jahr zweistellige Scorerzahlen zu erreichen und er wurde zum Spieler mit den zweitmeisten Spielen für den Verein sowie bestem Torschützen. Zudem ist er der meist eingesetzte Nicht-Türke der Historie.

In der Saison 19/20 gelang es ihm und seinem Team zum ersten Mal seit Bursaspor (09/10) die Dominanz der drei großen Istanbuler Vereine (Besiktas, Fenerbahçe und Galatasaray) zu brechen und türkischer Meister zu werden.

Seit der Rückrunde der Saison 2021/2022 steht er bei Trabzonspor unter Vertrag.

Nationalmannschaft
Višća spielte zwischen 2007 und 2012 für die bosnisch-herzegowinische U19- und U21-Nationalmannschaft. Im Jahr 2010 machte er sein A-Länderspieldebüt für die A-Nationalmannschaft.

Erfolge
 Željezničar Sarajevo
 Bosnisch-herzegowinischer Meister: 2009/10
 Bosnisch-herzegowinischer Pokalsieger: 2010/11

 Istanbul BB / Istanbul Başakşehir FK
 TFF 1. Lig: 2013/14
 Süper Lig: 2019/20

 Trabzonspor
 Türkischer Meister: 2021/22

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft (Bosnien und Herzegowina)
Fußballnationalspieler (Bosnien und Herzegowina)
Fußballspieler (FK Željezničar Sarajevo)
Fußballspieler (Istanbul Başakşehir FK)
Bosnisch-herzegowinischer Meister (Fußball)
Türkischer Meister (Fußball)
Türkischer Fußball-Supercup-Sieger
Geboren 1990
Olovo
Mann
Bosnier

Edin Višća


Gregor Bals (* 3. Mai 1936 in Recklinghausen; † 19. März 2012 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Schauspieler, Regisseur und unter dem Pseudonym Johannes Reben Drehbuchautor für das Fernsehen.

Leben
Gregor Bals studierte Romanistik, Kunstgeschichte und Schauspiel am Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rom. Zunächst war er an verschiedenen kleineren deutschen Theatern (darunter Stadttheater Bremerhaven und Städtische Bühnen Essen) als Schauspieler und Regisseur engagiert, trat aber bereits in einzelnen Filmrollen auf. Zugleich profilierte er sich als Übersetzer einer Reihe von Komödien Carlo Goldonis. Die Uraufführung seiner Übersetzung von Mirandolina (1970, Regie: Gregor Bals) wurde vom NDR aufgezeichnet und gesendet. Ab 1979 wirkte er in erster Linie als Drehbuchautor für das deutsche Fernsehen. Er verfasste auch die Bücher für eine Reihe von erfolgreichen Serien.

Filmografie
Schauspieler
 1957: Sigfrido
 1963: Penthesilea
Drehbücher
 1979: Einzelzimmer (Fernsehfilm)
 1981: Tante Maria (Fernsehfilm)
 1985: Liebfrauen (Fernsehfilm)
 1988: Bei Thea (Fernsehfilm)
 1992: Die Rachegöttin (Fernsehfilm)
 1994: In dieser Stadt daheim (Fernsehfilm)
 1996: Reise nach Weimar (Fernsehfilm)
 1996: Bruder Esel (TV-Serie mit Dieter Pfaff als Franziskanerpater Ludger, Renate Krößner, Miriam Horwitz)
 1999: Der Preis der Sehnsucht (Fernsehfilm)
 2000: Verhängnisvolles Glück (Fernsehfilm)
 2001: Klaras Hochzeit (Fernsehfilm)
 2004: Unser Pappa – Herzenswünsche (Fernsehfilm)
 2007: Einfache Leute (Fernsehfilm)
 2010: Die Schwester (Fernsehfilm)

Übersetzungen (Auswahl)
 Mirandolina Carlo Goldoni, Frankfurt a. M. 1969
 La mandragola nach Niccolò Machiavelli (mit Peer Raben unter Verwendung der Übersetzung von Gregor Bals), Frankfurt a. M. 1971
 Montefosco oder Der Feudalherr. Komödie nach Il Marchese di Montefosco o Il Feodatoris von Carlo Goldoni. Il Marchese di Montefosco o Il Feodatoris, Frankfurt a. M. 1972
 Der Fächer von Carlo Goldoni, Frankfurt a. M. 1974

Ehrungen
 Deutscher Fernsehpreis (Nominierung 1997)
 Bayerischer Fernsehpreis (1997)
 Adolf-Grimme-Preis 1997
 Deutscher Drehbuchpreis (2009)

Weblinks

Nachrufe
 Traueranzeige durch seinen Partner Hans Lobitz in der Süddeutschen Zeitung vom 24. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Drehbuchautor
Übersetzer aus dem Italienischen
Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Theaterregisseur
Person (Recklinghausen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1936
Gestorben 2012
Mann
Übersetzer ins Deutsche

Gregor Bals


Nadira Zerrouki, née à Maâtkas, est une karatéka algérienne.

Carrière
Membre de l'équipe nationale de karaté de 1998 à 2004, Nadira Zerrouki remporte deux médailles d'or aux Championnats d'Afrique de karaté 1994 à Casablanca. Médaillée d'argent en kumite open et médaillée de bronze en kata individuel aux Jeux africains de 1995 à Harare, elle est médaillée d'or en kumite individuel féminin des moins de 55 kg aux Jeux panarabes de 1997 à Beyrouth. Elle est ensuite médaillée d'argent en kumite individuel féminin des moins de 53 kg aux Jeux africains de 2003 à Abuja.

Entraîneuse depuis 1997 et membre du comité exécutif de la Fédération algérienne de karaté, elle intègre l'Union méditerranéenne de karaté en 2020.

Notes et références

Karatéka algérienne
Naissance dans la wilaya de Tizi Ouzou
Championne d'Afrique de karaté
Entraîneur sportif algérien

Nadira Zerrouki


يارين تقع بلديّة يارين في قضاء صور أحد أقضية محافظة الجنوب هذه المحافظة هي واحدة من ثمان محافظات يتشكل منها لبنان الإداري. تبعد يارين حوالي 115 كلم (71.461 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع حوالي 420 م (1) (1378.02 قدم - 459.312 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة تُقدَّر بـ 327 هكتاراً (3.27 كلم²- 1.26222 مي² (2)).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء صور
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الجنوبي
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قرى جبل عامل
قضاء صور
مدن لبنان

يارين


Events
January 21 – Mozart holds a rehearsal of his new opera Cosi fan Tutte in the presence of his friends Joseph Haydn and Michael Puchberg; it is premiered on January 26 at the Burgtheater in Vienna with libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte.
September 25 – The 'Four Great Anhui Troupes' bring Hui opera, or what becomes called Huiju, to Beijing for the birthday of the Qianlong Emperor. This is effectively the birth of the Beijing opera.
September 28 – Death of music patron Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, following which his son disbands his orchestra and the players disperse.
December 26 – Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven meet for the first time, in Bonn.
 Georg Joseph Vogler brings his invention, the orchestrion, to London.
 August Duranowski becomes leader of the Brussels opera orchestra.

Opera
Francesco Bianchi – La vendetta di Nino
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
Das rote Käppchen, Kr.298, premiered May 26
Der Teufel als Hydraulikus
Étienne Méhul – Euphrosine et Corradin ou le Tyran corrigé
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Così fan tutte
Giovanni Paisiello
Nina (libretto by Giambattista Lorenzi)
Zenobia in Palmira, R.1.81
William Shield – Hartford Bridge

Classical music
Ludwig van Beethoven – Cantata on the Death of Joseph II
Bartolomeo Campagnoli – Flute Concertos Op. 3
Muzio Clementi – Keyboard Sonata in F, WoO 3
Johann Ladislaus Dussek – Piano Trio
Felice Giardini – 6 Quartets, Op. 25
Joseph Haydn – String Quartets, Op. 64, "Tost", Sonata Hob. XVI No. 49 in E-flat major
Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Piano Quartet in D major
Leopold Kozeluch – Clarinet Concerto in E-flat major
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
String Quartet No.22 in B-flat major, K.589
String Quartet No.23 in F major, K.590
String Quintet No.5 in D major, K.593
Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a Mechanical Organ, K.594
Maria Hester Park – 2 Keyboard Sonatas, Op.4
Claus Schall – Concerto No. 4 for violin and orchestra in D major
Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse – Piano Sonata No.5 in E major
Paul Wranitzky – Symphony in C major, 'Hungarian'

Published popular music
James Hook – "Rosy Hannah"
Franz Xaver Partsch – 12 Lieder für das schöne Geschlecht, mit Melodien (Prague)
The Apollonian Harmony, Vol.2 (London: Button Whitaker's Music Warehouse), including "Epitaph" by William Boyce

Methods and theory writings

 Johann Georg Albrechtsberger – Gründliche Anweisung zur Composition

Births
 February 11 – Ignaz Assmayer, composer (d. 1862)
 February 16 – Chretien Urhan, composer
 March 15 – Nicola Vaccai, composer
 May 12 – Carsten Hauch, lyricist (died 1872)
 June 21 – Wilhelm Speyer, composer (died 1878)
 July 23 – Anna Sofia Sevelin, alto
 October 10 – Georg Gerson, composer (d. 1825)
 October 17 – August Ferdinand Anacker, composer (d. 1854)
 October 30 – Karol Lipiński, violinist and composer (d. 1861)
 November 7 – Luigi Legnani, guitarist and composer (d. 1877)
 November 11 – Joseph Kreutzer, violinist, conductor and composer (d. 1840)
date unknown
Ghanam Krishna Iyer, Carnatic music composer (d. 1854)
Anna Maria Sessi, opera singer (d. 1864)

Deaths
January 25 – Giusto Fernando Tenducci, composer and castrato singer (born c.1736)
February 14 – Capel Bond, composer, 59
 February 19 – Jean-Baptiste Krumphultz, composer, 47 (suicide by drowning)
February 20 – Emperor Joseph II, 48
 February 21 – Johann Friedrich Kloffler, conductor and composer, 64
May 24 – François-Henri Clicquot, organ builder, 57/58
 June 25 – Lovisa Augusti, opera singer, 33
September 3 – Thomas Norris, composer
September 28 – Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, patron of Joseph Haydn
December 16 – Ludwig August Lebrun, composer, 38
date unknown
Simoni Dall Croubelis, composer
Pietro Denis, mandolin virtuoso (born 1720)
Lucile Grétry, composer, 18
Johann Georg Röllig, composer (born 1710)

References

18th century in music
Music by year

1790 in music


Red Dead er en serie af western action-adventure videospil udviklet af Rockstar San Diego og udgivet af Rockstar Games. Det første spil, Red Dead Revolver, blev oprindeligt udgivet til PlayStation 2 og Xbox i maj 2004. Det andet spil, Red Dead Redemption, blev udgivet til PlayStation 3 og Xbox 360 i maj 2010. DLC til Redemption med titlen Undead Nightmare blev udgivet i oktober 2010. Det tredje spil i serien, Red Dead Redemption 2, er planlagt til at blive udgivet i 2018 til PlayStation 4 og Xbox One.

Noter

Red Dead


Olympic Airlines (, Olympiakés Aerogrammés – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways, was the flag carrier airline of Greece.   The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, "Eleftherios Venizelos", with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia", Heraklion International Airport, "Nikos Kazantzakis" and Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow Airport.  By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff.

Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) for their safety practices.

On 6 March 2009, the Greek State announced it had reached an agreement to sell the flight operations, ground handling operations and technical base of the group to Marfin Investment Group, the largest Greek investment fund, thus ending 35 years of state ownership.

On 29 September 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations and most flights. Olympic Air, the new airline formed from privatisation, commenced flights. Olympic Airlines continued to operate some public service flights to Greek islands as well as some flights to destinations outside the European Union (Cairo, Alexandria, Tel Aviv, Beirut, Belgrade) until the Greek State conducted a public tender and redistributed the routes.

On 31 December 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations, as flights to Greek islands had already been allocated and were being flown by other carriers, and flights to destinations outside the European Union had been allocated to other carriers who started operating them from 1 January 2010. Until the final closure, Olympic Airlines used the temporary code OP for their flights (instead of OA, which is used by their successor, Olympic Air). All Olympic Airlines flights (using the OP code) since 29 September 2009 and until the final deadline of 31 December 2009, were operated by Olympic Air on a wet lease basis.

The 31 December 2009 deadline as the final possible date that Olympic Airlines should cease operations, was agreed between the Greek Government and the European Commission as part of the deal to close Olympic Airlines and sell the name and assets to Olympic Air. It was initially expected that operations would end much earlier, but due to the change of government in October 2009 the public tenders for the reallocation of subsidised flights to the Greek islands and for international flight rights outside the European Union were postponed. The company stayed alive until the final deadline of 31 December 2009.

History

Icarus, the first predecessor airline to Olympic, was established in 1930. After just a few months Icarus went bankrupt due to financial problems and limited Greek interest in air transport. Ε.Ε.Ε.Σ. (Ελληνική Εταιρεία Εναέριων Συγκοινωνιών, Greek Company for Air Transport) took its place. At the same time, in 1935, a second airline was created, the privately owned T.A.E. (Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις, Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations). Soon after World War II, in 1947, three airlines were based in Greece: T.A.E., ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, Greek Air Transport) and Α.Μ.Ε. (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, Hellenic Air Transport).

Onassis era

In 1951 the poor financial state of the three airlines led to a decision by the Greek state to merge them into a single operator, TAE Greek National Airlines (TAE). The new airline operated a fleet of twin-engine Douglas DC-3 airliners on domestic Greek routes until the last example was disposed of in May 1970. A four-engine Douglas DC-4 was acquired in 1950 and this was operated on a route to London. The new airline faced financial problems so the government closed it down in 1955.

There were no buyers for the airline so the Greek State bought the company back. In July 1956 the Greek State reached an agreement with Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis for Onassis to purchase the airline. The company flew under the T.A.E. name until the end of the year and for the first few months of 1957. On 6 April 1957 the company was renamed Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία/Olympiaki Aeroporia).

The new company developed rapidly.  To allay the distrust of air transport by Greeks, Onassis developed the "aviation days of '57" scheme, providing short, free flights in a DC-3 to demonstrate the reliability of air travel. Onassis always wanted to be in the cutting edge of the technology, so in 1959 he signed a deal to buy four de Havilland Comet 4B that in 1960 was Olympic's first jet aircraft, that entered service. Olympic and British European Airways created the first codeshare flights; later the companies expanded their cooperation. When Greek crews had to spend a night in London, British crews would fly the Olympic Comets to BEA destinations, and the same with Greek crews and BEA Comets. On all BEA and OA Comets, there would be a "BEA-OLYMPIC" sign. In 1962 Olympic set a record flying a DH Comet 4B from London to Athens in just two hours and 51 minutes.

In 1965 Olympic ordered Boeing 707-320 jets; they received the first, bearing the name "City of Athens", in 1966. Olympic's first Boeing 707 service was also the inauguration of a non-stop route connecting Athens and New York City (JFK). In 1968 Olympic began serving Africa, with a twice-weekly round-trip linking Athens with Nairobi and Johannesburg. The same year OA received the first of a fleet of Boeing 727-200 jet aircraft. A new Athens-Montreal-Chicago service commenced in 1969. Also in 1969, the airline phased out their Comet 4Bs.

Under Onassis' leadership the airline gained a reputation for lavish style. The cabin crews were attired in Pierre Cardin-designed uniforms and passengers ate with golden cutlery and listened to the stylings of a pianist in the first class cabin.

In 1971 OA purchased new NAMC YS-11 twin-turboprop aircraft to replace the ageing non-pressurized Douglas DC-3 and the Douglas DC-6 pressurised piston-engined airliners still in use on the company's Greek domestic network. In that year they created a subsidiary airline, Olympic Aviation/Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοΐα, to serve the Greek islands more economically and efficiently. To further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propeller Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707-320 operations between Athens and Melbourne twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore.

Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport to give a demonstration.

Post-Onassis era

On 23 January 1973, Aristotle Onassis' son, Alexander, died in a plane crash; the event came as a shock to the Greek people and a new phase began for Olympic Airways. A few months later, Onassis sold all of the OA shares to the Greek state and he died shortly afterward (in 1975). In 1976, under state management, OA purchased eleven Boeing 737-200 jet aircraft and created Olympic Catering, which served both OA and foreign airlines. In 1977, in a cost-cutting effort, OA shut down their Australia route, followed by the Canadian one in 1978, when OA also placed orders for four Airbus A300s, plus four options.

In 1984, three more B747-200 aircraft were purchased from Singapore Airlines, and the Canadian and Australian routes were reopened. A new Olympic Airways Cargo division was created by converting the Boeing 707-320 "City of Lindos", but the plans were soon abandoned. In 1986, there were strikes at OA, and financial losses mounted.

The company faced serious financial trouble from the 1980s on, mostly because of management problems. Greek politicians and their families traveled for free or token amounts on the airline. Successive Greek governments also made Olympic carry the press at a 97 percent discount. Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) was created as a subsidiary of OA, which issued tickets not only for OA, but for other airlines as well. Very soon, Olympic AirTours was renamed Macedonian Airlines and reestablished as a charter flight company.

In 1990 a route to Tokyo via Bangkok was launched but Olympic was soon forced to shut it down, despite very high load factors (95%). Olympic purchased seven Boeing 737-400 aircraft in 1991, as well as the advanced version of the A300, the A300-600R. Due to the rising losses and debts, the government decided to formulate a restructuring program in which all debts were erased. This programme, as well as all the plans that followed, failed. A few years later, in an attempt to make OA profitable, management was given to a subsidiary of British Airways, Speedwing. The result was even larger debts and rising losses. In 1999, Olympic purchased four Airbus A340-313X aircraft, to replace the ageing B747-200.

Olympic Airways to Olympic Airlines
By December 2003, the Olympic Airways Group of Companies owned Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία), Olympic Aviation (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοϊα), Macedonian Airlines (Mακεδονικές Αερογραμμές), Galileo Hellas (Γαλιλλαίος Ελλάς), Olympic Fuel Company (Ολυμπιακή Εταιρεία Καυσίμων), and Olympic Into-Plane Company. Olympic Catering had been sold a few months earlier. A company formed in the '80s called Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) had already been transformed into Macedonian Airlines.

Very soon the losses became excessive, so in 2003 the government restructured the Olympic Airways Group of Companies. The subsidiary, Macedonian Airlines S.A., was renamed Olympic Airlines S.A. and took over the flight operations of Olympic Airways, erasing at the same time all of the airline's debts. The remaining group companies, except for Olympic Aviation (Olympic Airways, Olympic Into-Plane Company, Olympic Fuel Company, Olympic Airways Handling and the Olympic Airways Technical Base), merged and formed a new company, called Olympic Airways – Services S.A.. In December 2004, the Greek government decided to privatize Olympic Airlines, but the sale process ended in failure as none of the buyers was eager to repay the Greek state almost 700 million euros in state aid, which was later declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005.

In 2005, the Greek Government looked for potential buyers to privatise OA. In April of that year, a short list of potential buyers was submitted that included Aegean Airlines, German LCC DBA and a Greek-American consortium called Olympic Investors. Shortly afterwards Aegean Airlines pulled out, followed by DBA. In September 2005, the Greek government signed a non-binding agreement with Olympic Investors to buy the airline. In an interview, Olympic Investors stated that they were backed by York Capital with 6.5 billion dollars and assured that OA's workers would not lose their jobs. They stated that OA should continue to operate as an integrated company and that they were not interested in buying just parts of OA.  By the end of the year, the offer fell through because the huge fine imposed on the airline by the European Commission had not been dealt with.

According to Greek media, the government planned to relaunch the company in late 2006. The code name for the project was Pantheon Airways. In June 2006, Greek media reported that Sabre Aviation Consulting Services was contracted by the Greek government to find investors and develop a business plan for an airline to replace Olympic Airlines, aiming to begin operations in autumn 2006. Under this plan the government would be a minority shareholder of the new carrier, which would be run as a private airline. The planned re-launch date passed without anything happening, and the plan was temporarily frozen.

In 2006 O.A. was thrown a life line, when the courts ordered Greece to repay them almost 564 million euros owed to the airline. The money was owed to O.A. from legally subsidised routes to Greek islands and costs of the relocation to the new airport. The money would be used to pay back part of the state aid declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005. Olympic Airlines redesigned their website to introduce their e-ticket service, launched on 31 July 2007, in response to the surge of online booking and online check-ins. The e-ticket service introduction by Electronic Data Systems meant Olympic abolished their old "Hermes" booking system, which had served the company for more than two decades. As of November 2007, the e-ticket service was available on all European and International routes, and on 19 of the airline's 37 domestic routes.

On 12 September 2007, the Luxembourg-based EU court ruled that Olympic should repay an amount of money less than what the EU Commission had ordered. This amount included unpaid taxes on fuel and spare parts, as well as unpaid fees to Athens International Airport. The new amount owed by Olympic was €130 million, as compared with the original €160 million. On that same day, Olympic Investors, the Greek-American consortium that was interested in buying Olympic in 2005, stated renewed interest in buying the airline.

In November 2007, Irish airline Ryanair filed a suit with the European Commission, saying that they had not looked into their claims that Olympic had not paid back their debt. On 1 December 2007 transport minister Kostas Hatzidakis announced that the entire Olympic Airways Group debts amounted to two billion euros, and that the airline in its then form and size would cease existing in 2008. This was deemed to be the only way for the European Commission to write off the company's debts to the Greek public sector. He stated that Athens was under more pressure to recover the money Olympic owed because of the Ryanair lawsuit.

Despite all predictions, traffic for Olympic in 2007 increased to a total of 5,977,104 passengers (3,115,521 in domestic and 2,681,583 in international flights) compared to approximately 5,500,000 passengers in 2006. It is estimated that OA earned approximately 780 million euros in 2007, 500 of which came from international flights. However, in 2008 due to lack of aircraft Olympic Airlines cancelled or merged a significant number of flights, about 6,000 according to their union (as of 26 August 2008). Olympic Airlines officials have declared that this is not the major problem since "after all the income reduction is only 4–5 million euros compared to the initial budget plan".

Olympic Airlines to Olympic Air

On 6 March 2009, Development Minister Kostis Hatzidakis announced the sale of the flight operations and the technical base companies to Marfin Investment Group (MIG). As a result, after 35 years of state control and ten years of failed sales attempts, Olympic once again become a private corporation. The new owners were to secure approximately 5000 of the 8500 jobs of the Group.

On 28 September 2009, Olympic Airlines ceased to fly to most of their 69 destinations, maintaining flights to Tel Aviv, Beirut, Cairo and all public service obligation routes within Greece, until the Ministry for Transport and Communications redistributed the routes in late November, when Olympic Airlines entered liquidation. Existing passengers were accommodated on other airlines. Employees of the old company that were in destinations no longer served may have been affected.

The last Olympic Airlines flight was flight 424 from Toronto via Montreal, landing at 11:10 on 29 September 2009 at the Athens International Airport. Olympic Air took over the rest of the operations on 29 September 2009 and their first flight was on 1 October 2009 at 06:20 leaving the Athens International Airport and heading to Thessaloniki Makedonia Airport.

Destinations
Before their demise in 2009, Olympic Airlines flew to 37 domestic and 32 international destinations throughout 23 countries.

Fleet

Final fleet
Olympic Airlines operated the following fleet at the time of closure:

Former fleet
Olympic Airlines has previously operated the following aircraft:

Codeshare agreements
Olympic Airlines had the following codeshare agreements:

 Cyprus Airways connected Athens and Thessaloniki with Larnaca and Athens with Paphos (operated by Cyprus and Olympic)
 Air Malta connected Athens with Malta (operated by Air Malta)
 Czech Airlines connected Athens and Thessaloniki with Prague (operated by Czech CSA)
 Egypt Air connected Athens with Alexandria (operated by Olympic)
 Kuwait Airways connected Athens with Kuwait (operated by Olympic)

Corporate design

Logo
The first logo of the airline was a white eagle, bearing a resemblance to a propeller, featuring five rings and the name Olympic. Just two years after the first flight, Onassis asked his associates to design a new logo and the coloured rings were created. Onassis wanted to copy the five coloured rings of the Olympic emblem, but the International Olympic Committee claimed the rights to the emblem, so a new, six ring logo was introduced. The first five rings stand for the five continents, while the sixth stands for Greece. Colours used were yellow, red, blue and white.

The new logo for Olympic air was selected from among three proposals by an online vote which was open until 5 July 2009 on oalogo.gr. All proposals were expected to keep the six circles and to modernise the existing logo. The logo that was finally selected is a bevel version of the existing logo and font, with the exception that green has replaced the light blue on some circles. Green along with blue is one of MIG's corporate colours (as seen on Marfin Egnatia bank's logo for example) and was thus also used per the request of MIG on the new uniforms too.

Other
 The Olympic name came about as a result of Onassis' passion for ancient Greece. Many of his companies carried the Olympic name such as Olympic Maritime. He followed the same naming pattern for his ships (with names such as "Olympic Legacy", "Olympic Palm", "Olympic Explorer", etc.)
 According to OA regulations, all male flight attendants must wear a black tie, thus paying tribute to the late Alexander Onassis.
 Uniforms for OA flight attendants were created by famous fashion designers. The first uniform was designed by Jean Dessès in 1957, followed by uniforms designed by Coco Chanel (1966), Pierre Cardin (1969), Yiannis Tseklenis (1971), Roula Stathi (1976), Billy Bo (1981), Aspasia Gerel (1987), Makis Tselios (1992) and Artisti Italiani (1998).

Olympic in popular culture
 In the film For Your Eyes Only, James Bond calls Miss Moneypenny to book a ticket with Olympic to Madrid.
 In the film Octopussy, James Bond stands in front of the 'Olympic Airways Building' while watching Kamal Khan leave Sotheby's auction house.
 A sunglass collection by Paul Frank Sunich is called "Olympic Airways".
 "Olympic Airways" is the fourth and last single from the album Antidotes by Foals.

Incidents and accidents

 29 October 1959: a Douglas DC-3 crashed in the locality of Klitys, on mount Parnitha, near Athens, Greece. All 15 passengers and all three crew members perished. It was reported that one of the wings was detached from the plane.
 16 August 1969: a Douglas DC-3 was hijacked on a domestic flight from Ellinikon International Airport, Athens to Agrinion Airport. The four hijackers demanded to be taken to Albania. The aircraft, possibly registered SX-BBF, landed at Valona.
 8 December 1969: Olympic Airways Flight 954 crashed near Keratea, 21 miles southeast of Athens, Greece. All 85 passengers and all five crew members were killed.
 22 July 1970: Olympic Airways Flight 255 was hijacked over Rhodes, Greece, by Palestinian terrorists and landed in Athens where they successfully negotiated the release of seven Palestinian terrorists from Greek prisons.
 18 February 1972: an Olympic Aviation Learjet crashed off the coast of Monte Carlo.  Both crew members were killed.
 21 October 1972: a NAMC YS-11 crashed off the coast of Voula, Athens, about 3 miles south of Athens/Hellenicon airport, operating a flight from the island of Corfu (Kerkyra) to Athens, in a thunderstorm. Thirty-six passengers and the co-pilot drowned, while 16 passengers and the remaining three crew members were rescued.
 23 November 1976: Olympic Airways Flight 830, an NAMC YS-11, crashed on mount Metaxas, outside the village of Servia, near Kozani, Greece. All 46 passengers and four crew members perished. One of the plane's wings is still on the site, near a small church built in memory of the victims.
9 August 1978: Olympic Airways Flight 411, a Boeing 747-200, blew an engine upon takeoff from Athens-Ellinikon International Airport heading for New York-JFK (John F. Kennedy International Airport). The plane slowed to a dangerously low speed of 157 knots and was flying dangerously low over downtown Athens. Captain Sifis Migadis managed to gain enough speed and altitude to return the plane to Ellinikon.
 3 August 1989: Olympic Aviation Flight 545, operated by a Shorts 330-200, flew into the cloud-shrouded Mount Kerkis on Samos island killing the 34 people on board.
 12 August 1997: A Boeing 727-230 registered as SX-CBI on Olympic Airways Flight 171, inbound from Athens Ellinikon Airport, touched down late and was steered off the runway to avoid overrunning into the sea. None of the 35 passengers and crew were killed, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 4 January 1998: a passenger on Olympic Airways Flight 417 died of an allergic reaction to cigarette smoke when a flight attendant, against policy, refused to change his seat. The airline banned all smoking from 15 April 2001. The wife of the deceased, Rubina Husain, won compensation of $1.4 million at a lawsuit before a US court. The US Supreme Court upheld that decision.

Bibliography
 Gradidge, Jennifer, The Douglas DC-1, DC-2, DC-3 – The First Seventy Years, 2006, Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, .
 Roach, J and Eastwood A.B., Piston Engined Airliner Production List'', 2007, The Aviation Hobby Shop, ISBN none.

References

External links

Olympic Airlines (archive)
Olympic Airways (archive)
actual archived page of Olympic Airlines in 2007 (archive)
Olympic Airways timetables
Olympic Airways Museum

Defunct airlines of Greece
Airlines established in 1957
Airlines disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Greece
Government-owned companies of Greece
Greek companies established in 1957
Aristotle Onassis

pl:Olympic Airlines

Olympic Airlines


Trace Latina é um canal de televisão de propriedade do TRACE Group. Sua programação é voltada a exibição de videoclipes de música latina urbana.

História
Em 25 de setembro de 2018, o canal por assinatura iniciou suas transmissões na França e em sua plataforma própria na internet. Em fevereiro de 2020, foi disponibilizado na plataforma Les Bouquets Canal+ no Caribe. Após a aquisição dos canais de música da Sony pelo TRACE Group, Trace Latina passou a transmitir em 1º de novembro de 2019 com o sinal aberto no Reino Unido e na Irlanda, substituindo o Chart Show Hits. No mesmo ano, foi disponibilizado no Brasil através da Guigo TV.

Em 1º de junho de 2020, encerrou suas operações no Reino Unido e Irlanda, tendo seu conteúdo transferido para um bloco no Trace Urban das 11h às 15h. O ultimo videoclipe exibido foi "Vete Pa La" de Lele Pons.

Em 8 de abril de 2021, parou de transmitir no Brasil, sendo removido da grade da Guigo TV junto aos canais irmãos Trace Toca e Trace Urban.

Canais de televisão fundados em 2018
Canais de televisão por Internet

Trace Latina