Chadderton is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England, on the River Irk and Rochdale Canal. It is located in the foothills of the Pennines,  west of Oldham,  south of Rochdale and  north-east of Manchester.

Historically part of Lancashire, Chadderton's early history is marked by its status as a manorial township, with its own lords, who included the Asshetons, Chethams, Radclyffes and Traffords. Chadderton in the Middle Ages was chiefly distinguished by its two mansions, Foxdenton Hall and Chadderton Hall, and by the prestigious families who occupied them. Farming was the main industry of the area, with locals supplementing their incomes by hand-loom woollen weaving in the domestic system.

Chadderton's urbanisation and expansion coincided largely with developments in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution and the Victorian era. A late-19th century factory-building boom transformed Chadderton from a rural township into a major mill town and the second most populous urban district in the United Kingdom. More than 50 cotton mills had been built in Chadderton by 1914.

Although Chadderton's industries declined in the mid-20th century, the town continued to grow as a result of suburbanisation and urban renewal. The legacy of the town's industrial past remains visible in its landscape of red-brick cotton mills, now used as warehouses or distribution centres. Some of these are listed buildings because of their architectural, historical and cultural significance.

History

Toponymy
The name Chadderton derives from Caderton, which is believed to be a combination of the Brythonic word Cader or Cater (modern ), indicating a fortified place amongst the hills, or the cadeir, "chair, throne", and the Old English suffix -ton meaning a settlement. The University of Nottingham's Institute for Name-Studies has offered a similar suggestion, that the name Chadderton means "farm or settlement at the hill called Cadeir". This name is believed to date from the 7th century, when Angles colonised the region following the Battle of Chester. It has been suggested that the Anglian settlers found a few Brythonic Celts already inhabiting what is now called Chadderton, and borrowed their name for the hill, "Chadder", adding their own word for a settlement to the end. Archaic spellings include Chaderthon, Chaderton, Chaterton and Chatherton. The first known written record of the name Chadderton is in a legal document relating to land tenure, in about 1220.

Early history

The study of place names in Chadderton suggests that the ancient Britons once inhabited the area. Remains of Roman roads have been discovered running through the town, and the local road name Streetbridge suggests that the Romans once marched along it on a path which may have led to Blackstone Edge. Relics found at a tumulus in Chadderton Fold date from the Early Middle Ages, probably from the early period of Anglo-Saxon England, when Angles settled in the area and Chadderton emerged as a manor of the hundred of Salford.

Chadderton is not recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its first appearance in a written record is in a legal document from around 1220, which states that Robert, Rector of Prestwich, gave land to Richard, son of Gilbert, in exchange for an annual fee of one silver penny. Following the Norman conquest, Chadderton was made a constituent manor of the wider Royal Estate of Tottington, an extensive fee held by the Norman overlord, Roger de Montbegon. Taxation and governance continued on this basis throughout the Middle Ages, with the Barons Montbegon of Hornby Castle holding the estate, until it passed to the Barons Lacy of Clitheroe Castle, and then onto local families. In about 1235, the sub-manor of Chadderton and Foxdenton passed from Richard de Trafford of Trafford Park to Geoffrey de Trafford, who adopted the surname of Chadderton, thus founding the Chadderton family. During the High Middle Ages, pieces of land in Chadderton were granted to religious orders and institutions, including Cockersand Abbey and the Knights Hospitaller.

The manorial system was strong in Chadderton, and this lent distinction to the township, in a region which otherwise had weak local lordship. Throughout the Middle Ages, the manor of Chadderton constituted a township, centred on the hill by the banks of the River Irk, known as Chadderton Fold. The fold consisted of a cluster of cottages centred on Chadderton Hall manor house, and a water-powered corn mill. Chadderton Hall was owned and occupied by the de Chaddertons. Geoffrey de Chadderton became the Lord of the Manor of Tottington in the 13th century. The de Chaddertons' involvement in regional and national affairs gave prestige to what was otherwise an obscure and rural township. William Chaderton was Bishop of Chester from 1579 to 1595 and held distinguished academic posts such as Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity. Laurence Chaderton was the first Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and among the first translators of the King James Version of the Bible.  Tottington was dissolved in the mid-15th century and there came a succession of distinguished families, each headed by an esquire with links to the monarchs of England. The Radclyffe, Assheton, and Horton families provided six High Sheriffs of Lancashire and a Governor of the Isle of Man.

Apart from the dignitaries who lived in Chadderton's manor houses, Chadderton's population during the Middle Ages comprised a small community of retainers, most of whom were occupied in farming, either growing and milling of grain and cereal or raising cattle, sheep, pigs and domestic fowl. Workers supplemented their incomes by hand-loom spinning and weaving of wool at home. The community was ravaged by an outbreak of the Black Death in 1646.

Textiles and the Industrial Revolution

Until the mid-18th century, the region in and around Chadderton was dominated by dispersed agricultural settlements. During this period the population was fewer than 1,000, broadly consisting of farmers who were involved with pasture, but who supplemented their incomes by working in cottage industries, particularly fustian and silk weaving. A fulling mill at Chadderton by the River Irk was recorded during the Elizabethan era, and during the Early Modern period the weavers of Chadderton had been using spinning wheels in makeshift weavers' cottages to produce woollens. Primitive early 18th-century industrialisation developed slowly in Chadderton. However, as the demand for cotton goods increased and the technology of cotton-spinning machinery improved during the mid-18th century, the need for larger structures to house bigger, better, and more efficient equipment became apparent. A water-powered cotton mill was built at Chadderton's Stock Brook in 1776. The damp climate below the South Pennines provided ideal conditions for textile production to be carried out without the thread drying and breaking, and newly developed 19th-century mechanisation optimised cotton spinning for industrial-scale manufacture of yarn and fabric for the global market. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socioeconomic conditions in the region contributed to Chadderton adopting cotton spinning in the factory system, which became the dominant source of employment in the locality. The construction of multi-storey steam powered mills followed, which initiated a process of urbanisation and cultural transformation in the region; the population increasingly moved away from farming and domestic weaving in favour of the mechanised production of cotton goods.

During this early period of change, Chadderton's parliamentary representation was limited to two Members of Parliament for Lancashire. Nationally, the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had resulted in periods of famine and unemployment for textile workers. Nevertheless, despite years of distress and unrest, major disturbances of machine-breaking did not occur until 1826. By the beginning of 1819 the pressure generated by poor economic conditions, coupled with the lack of suffrage in Northern England, had enhanced the appeal of political Radicalism in the region. The Manchester Patriotic Union, a group agitating for parliamentary reform, began to organise a mass public demonstration in Manchester to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Organised preparations took place, and a spy reported that in neighbouring Thornham, "seven hundred men drilled ... as well as any army regiment would". A few days later, on 3 August, a royal proclamation forbidding the practice of drilling was posted in Manchester. On 16 August 1819, Chadderton (like its neighbours) sent a contingent of its townsfolk to Manchester to join the mass political demonstration now known as the Peterloo Massacre (owing to the 15 deaths and 400–700 injuries which followed). Two of the 15 deceased were from the area: John Ashton of Cowhill and Thomas Buckley of Baretrees.

New markets in Europe and South America increased the demand for Britain's cheap cotton goods. Supplies of raw cotton were exported from plantations in the United States to Manchester. From the markets in Manchester, mill owners from Chadderton and neighbouring towns bought their cotton to be processed into yarn and cloth. Supplies were cut during the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861–65 as a result of the American Civil War, leading to the formation of the Chadderton Local Board of Health in 1873, whose purpose was to ensure social security and maintain hygiene and sanitation in the locality following the crisis. Despite a brief economic depression, the urban growth of Chadderton accelerated after the famine. The profitability of factory based cotton spinning meant that much of Chadderton's plentiful cheap open land, used for farming since antiquity, vanished under distinctive rectangular multi-storey brick-built factories—35 by 1891. Chadderton's former villages and hamlets agglomerated as a mill town around these factories and a network of newly created roads, canals and railways. The Chadderton landscape was "dominated by mill chimneys, many with the mill name picked out in white brick". Neighbouring Oldham (which by the 1870s had emerged as the largest and most productive mill town in the world) encroached upon Chadderton's eastern boundary, urbanising the town and surrounds, and forming a continuous urban cotton-spinning district with Royton, Lees and Shaw and Crompton—the Oldham parliamentary constituency—which at its peak was responsible for 13 per cent of the world's cotton production. These Victorian era developments shifted the commercial focus away from Chadderton Fold to the major arterial Middleton Road, by Chadderton's eastern boundary with Oldham. Sixty cotton mills were constructed in Chadderton between 1778 and 1926, and 6,000 people, a quarter of Chadderton's population, worked in these factories by the beginning of the 20th century. Industries ancillary to cotton spinning, such as engineering, coal mining, bleaching and dyeing became established during this period, meaning the rest of Chadderton's population were otherwise involved in the sector. Philip Stott was a Chadderton-born architect, civil engineer and surveyor of cotton mills. Stott's mills in Chadderton were some of the largest to be built in the United Kingdom, multiplying the town's industrial capacity and in turn increasing its population and productivity.

The boomtown of Chadderton reached its industrial zenith in the 1910s, with over 50 cotton mills within the town limits. A social consequence of this industrial growth was a densely populated metropolitan landscape, home to an extensive and enlarged working class community living in an urban sprawl of low quality terraced houses. However, Chadderton developed an abundance of civic institutions including public street lighting, Carnegie library, public swimming baths and council with its own town hall. The development of the town meant that the district council made initial steps to petition the Crown for honorific borough status for Chadderton in the 1930s. However, the Great Depression, and the First and Second World Wars each contributed to periods of economic decline. As imports of cheaper foreign yarns and textile goods increased during the mid-20th century, Chadderton's textile sector declined to a halt; cotton spinning reduced dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s and by 1997 only two mills were operational. In spite of efforts to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its production, the last cotton was spun in the town in 1998. Many of the redundant mills have now been demolished. Non-textile based industries continued on throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, particularly in the form of aircraft and chemical manufacture at plants in south Chadderton and Foxdenton respectively.

Post-industrial history
During the second half of the 20th century, Chadderton experienced accelerated deindustrialisation along with economic decline. Large areas of Victorian and Edwardian era terraced housing were identified as unsuited for modern needs, and were subsequently demolished. However, the town's population continued to grow as a result of urban renewal and modern suburban housing developments. During the 1970s and 1980s, redevelopment in the form of new shopping, health and leisure facilities contributed to the growth and renewal of Chadderton. In 1990, the new Firwood Park, on the west side of Chadderton, was said to be the largest private housing estate in Europe. Chadderton continued to be a regional hub for the secondary sector of the economy into the 21st century through BAE Systems and Zetex Semiconductors, though BAE Chadderton closed in March 2012.  Other major employers include the Stationery Office and Trinity Mirror.

Governance

Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, the boundaries of Chadderton have varied from time to time. Chadderton anciently formed part of the hundred of Salford for civil jurisdiction, but for manorial government, Chadderton was a constituent manor of the Fee of Tottington, whose overlords were the de Lacys, Barons of Clitheroe Castle. The de Chaddertons, Lords of the Manor of Chadderton, were accustomed to pay tax to the overlords until the division of Tottington. In 1507, two constables were appointed to uphold law and order in Chadderton. Following a court case, in 1713 it was agreed that  of Northmoor be within Chadderton with the rest belonging to Oldham.

Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, Chadderton formed part of the Oldham Poor Law Union, an inter-parish unit established to provide social security. Chadderton's first local authority was a local board of health established in 1873; Chadderton Local Board of Health was a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation in the township. Following the Local Government Act 1894, the area of the local board became the Chadderton Urban District, a local government district within the administrative county of Lancashire. The urban district council, comprising 18 members, would later be based out of Chadderton Town Hall, a purpose built municipal building opened in 1913. In 1933, there were exchanges of land with the neighbouring Municipal Borough of Middleton and City of Manchester.

Chadderton was the second most populous urban district in the United Kingdom by the 1930s, and the district council took initial steps to obtain municipal borough status, but this was not achieved. In 1926 and 1931, two Oldham Extension Bills for the County Borough of Oldham to amalgamate with Chadderton Urban District were rejected by the House of Lords, following objections from neighbouring councils. A twinning arrangement was made in 1966 by Chadderton Urban District Council with Geesthacht, West Germany. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Chadderton Urban District was abolished, and Chadderton has, since 1 April 1974, formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, a local government district of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. Chadderton has three of the twenty wards of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham: Chadderton North, Chadderton Central and Chadderton South., with some small peripheral areas lying in the neighbouring wards of Royton North, Coldhurst, Hollinwood, Werneth and Failsworth East.

In terms of parliamentary representation, Chadderton after the Reform Act 1832 was represented as part of the Oldham parliamentary borough constituency, of which the first Members of Parliaments (MPs) were the radicals William Cobbett and John Fielden. Winston Churchill was the MP between 1900 and 1906. Constituency boundaries changed during the 20th century, and Chadderton has lain within the constituencies of Middleton and Prestwich (1918–1950) and Oldham West (1950–1997). Since 1997, Chadderton has lain within Oldham West and Royton. It is represented in the House of Commons by Jim McMahon, a member of the Labour Party.

Geography

At  (53.5462°, −2.1426°), and  north-northwest of central London, Chadderton lies at the foothills of the Pennines,  east-southeast of Middleton, and  west of Oldham. It is in the northeast part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, the UK's third largest conurbation, on undulating land rising from  above sea level in the west to  in the east. Chadderton Heights, on the hillier northern edge of the town, is its highest point at .

The climate in the area, like most of northwest Europe, is maritime temperate, with significant precipitation throughout the year, averaging 1047 mm annually. The average annual temperature is 9.7 °C.

Chadderton's modern commercial centre lies close to the boundary with Oldham; the expansion of Oldham in the mid-19th century caused urbanisation along the eastern boundary of Chadderton, which spread outwards into the rest of the township. Continued growth in the late-19th and early-20th centuries gave rise to a densely populated, industrial landscape of factories and rows of terraced housing, typical of mill towns in Northern England. There is a mixture of high-density urban areas, suburbs and semi-rural locations in Chadderton, but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban. The soils of Chadderton are sand based, with subsoils of clay and gravel.

Chadderton's built environment is distinguished by its former textile factories: "The huge flat-topped brick mills with their square towers and their tall circular chimneys dwarf all other buildings." Rows of early-20th century terraced housing built to house Chadderton's factory workers are a common type of housing stock throughout the town; narrow streets pass through these older housing areas.

Chadderton is contiguous with other settlements on all sides, including a shared boundary with the city of Manchester to the southwest.

Localities within Chadderton include Baretrees, Block Lane, Busk, Butler Green, Chadderton Fold, Chadderton Park, Coalshaw Green, Cowhill, Greengate, Firwood Park, Foxdenton, Healds Green, Middleton Junction, Mills Hill, Nimble Nook, Nordens, Stock Brook, Whitegate and White Moss. Chadderton Fold, the former centrepoint of Chadderton, lies on the banks of the River Irk,  north-northwest of Chadderton's modern commercial centre. Hollinwood, in pre-industrial times, was a moor or common  of Chadderton, but was largely incorporated into neighbouring Oldham following a court case in 1713.  In the mid-18th century a village emerged at Hollinwood along the common border of Oldham and Chadderton, and there were further exchanges of land at Hollinwood between Oldham Borough and Chadderton township in 1880.   "Chadderton (Detached)" was, as its name implies, a detached area or exclave of Chadderton. Lying under Copster Hill in Oldham and including the area now known as Garden Suburb, its area was absorbed into neighbouring Oldham in 1880.

Demography

According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Chadderton (urban-core and sub-area) had a total resident population of 33,001. The population density was , with a 100 to 95.4 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 27.2 per cent were single (never married) 44.5 per cent married, and 8.5 per cent divorced. Chadderton's 13,698 households included 28.8 per cent one-person, 38.7 per cent married couples living together, 8.9 per cent co-habiting couples, and 10.3 per cent single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 35.6 per cent had no academic qualifications.

At the 2001 UK census, 81.1 per cent of Chadderton's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 3.2 per cent Muslim, 0.5 per cent Hindu, 0.1 per cent Buddhist, and 0.1 per cent Sikh. The census recorded 8.7 per cent as having no religion, 0.1 per cent had an alternative religion and 6.3 per cent did not state their religion.

Chadderton's population has been described as broadly working class with pockets of lower middle class communities, particularly in the northeast of the town, near the border with Royton. Parts of the town are relatively affluent compared to the wider Metropolitan Borough of Oldham.

Economy

Up until the 18th century, the inhabitants of Chadderton raised domestic farm animals, supplementing their incomes by the spinning and weaving wool in the domestic system. Primitive coal mining was established by the 17th century, and the factory system adopted in the late-18th century. During the Victorian era, Chadderton's economy was heavily dependent on manufacturing industries, especially the spinning of cotton, but also the weaving of silk and production of hats. By the 20th century the landscape was covered with over 50 cotton mills. Industries ancillary to these sectors, including coal mining, brick making, mechanical engineering, and bleaching and dyeing were present. Chadderton developed an extensive coal mining sector auxiliary to Chadderton's cotton industry and workforce. Coal was transported out of the township via the Rochdale Canal. The amount of coal was overestimated however, and production began to decline even before that of the local spinning industry; Chadderton's last coal mine closed in 1920.

Since the deindustrialisation of the region in the mid-20th century, these industries have been replaced by newer sectors and industries, although many of the civic developments that accompanied industrialisation remain in the form of public buildings; a town hall, public baths and library. The few surviving cotton mills are now occupied by warehousing and distribution companies, or used as space for light industry.

British aircraft manufacturer Avro built a factory in south Chadderton in 1938–39, later known as BAE Chadderton. It was one of the largest employers in the area, producing a variety of aircraft models including Ansons, Manchesters and Bristol Blenheims. During the Second World War, 3,050 Avro Lancaster bombers were built at the Chadderton factory—over 40 per cent of the Royal Air Force's fleet. Post World War Two the Avro Vulcan was designed and built, as well as the Avro Shackleton and Avro Lincoln. After the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977, Avro became part of the nationalised British Aerospace (now BAE Systems) and produced commercial aircraft for Boeing and Airbus.  It closed in 2012.

Chadderton has been described as a "relatively prosperous town ... which makes it a popular residential area". Chadderton Mall is a shopping precinct located in the town centre, and is one of Chadderton's main concentrations of retailing. It was constructed in 1974, and opened in 1975. It included at the time an Asda superstore which originally anchored the precinct, or district centre as the shopping precinct was originally known as, but moved to a new site on land just behind the original store in 1994, and it also contains a variety of smaller shops. The Stationery Office has a base in Chadderton, as does 3M. In 2008, 3M was the centre of a high-profile robbery of over 3,000 British passports. Other major businesses include Costco and Shop Direct Group. The centre (formerly Elk Mill Retail Park), is a retail park located at the start of the A627(M) motorway.

Landmarks
Chadderton Town Hall was the seat of Chadderton Urban District Council. It is Chadderton's second town hall, the first was the former Chadderton Lyceum building (demolished in 1975). The current town hall, Chadderton's first purpose built municipal building, was designed by Taylor and Simister of Oldham, and was opened in 1913 by Herbert Wolstencroft JP, the then chairman of Chadderton Urban District Council. The architectural style was intended to have "a broad and strong treatment of the English Renaissance". It features "charming gardens and a beautifully renovated ballroom". English Heritage granted it Grade II listed status in July 2013. Since 2007, Chadderton Town Hall has housed the Oldham Register Office, the civil registration authority for the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham. It is a licensed venue for marriage ceremonies, and holds records of births, marriages and deaths which have taken place in what is now the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham from 1837 to the present.

Foxdenton Hall is a two-storey Georgian mansion and former manor house, with an English garden wall bond exterior and its own private gardens. The original Hall was erected in the mid-15th century as a home for the Radclyffes, who had acquired the title of joint Lords of the Manor with the Asshetons of Chadderton, through marriage. This Foxdenton Hall was demolished to make way for a second Hall, built in 1620. The ground floor of that second Hall now forms the basement of the present Hall, built in 1700. The building is described as "a dignified early Georgian house, particularly rare in this part of the country". The Radclyffes moved out of Foxdenton Hall in the late 18th century, favouring properties they had purchased in Dorset, although they still maintained ownership. Foxdenton Hall and the adjoining Foxdenton Park were leased to Chadderton Council by the Radclyffes in 1922, when they opened to the public. In 1960 the council took over ownership of the Hall, by which time it was in a state of disrepair. Following protest about funding and the condition of the building, Foxdenton Hall was restored in 1965.

Chadderton War Memorial is located outside Chadderton Town Hall, and was originally erected "in honour of the men of Chadderton who made the supreme sacrifice and in grateful remembrance of all who served their county"  during the First World War, but later, the Second World War. It is a granite obelisk fronted by three steps. At the front on a short plinth stands a bronze figure of an ordinary soldier, holding a rifle in his right hand. It was designed by Taylor and Simister and sculpted by Albert Toft. Chadderton War Memorial was commissioned by the Chadderton War Memorial Committee and unveiled on 8 October 1921 by Councillor Ernest Kempsey.

Chadderton Hall Park is a public park by the River Irk in the north of Chadderton, spanning an area of over , in what were once the gardens of the manorial Chadderton Hall. At the end of the 19th century they were leased to Joseph Ball, who transformed the hall and grounds into a pleasure garden, complete with a boating lake and a menagerie. The hall was demolished in 1939. The park is now owned by Oldham Council, the local authority, and was opened to the public in 1956. It was awarded Green Flag status in 2006.

Transport

Public transport in Chadderton is co-ordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM), a county-wide public body with direct operational responsibilities, such as supporting (and in some cases running) local bus services and managing integrated ticketing in Greater Manchester.

Roads
Major A roads link Chadderton with other settlements, including the A663 road. Opened by Wilfrid William Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple in 1925, the arterial A663, named Broadway, bisects Chadderton from north to south and was "a major factor in the unification and modernisation of the town". The A669 road, routed through Chadderton, connects Oldham with Middleton. At its eastern end is Chadderton's town centre. The M62 motorway runs to the north of the area and is accessed via Broadway at junction 21 and junction 20 via the A627(M) motorway, which terminates close to Chadderton's north-eastern boundary with Royton. The M60 motorway skirts the south of Chadderton, near Hollinwood. The section of the M60 through Chadderton was opened in autumn 2000.

Railway
Chadderton is served by two railway stations, just outside its western boundary: Mills Hill railway station, at its border with Middleton, and Moston railway station, at its border with New Moston, Manchester.

The Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway was routed through Chadderton. Middleton Junction railway station was within the town limits. Opened on 31 March 1842, it closed in 1966. On 12 August 1914, Chadderton goods and coal depot was opened. The depot was at the end of a 1097 yards long branch which came off the Middleton Junction to Oldham line at Chadderton Junction. The line from Chadderton Junction to Oldham Werneth was closed on 7 January 1963, but Chadderton goods and coal depot remained open for a period. Electric tramways to and from Middleton opened in 1902. Tram services ran along Middleton Road and terminated in Chadderton. The final tram ran in 1935.

The Oldham Loop Line closed as a heavy rail line in 2009 and reopened in June 2012 as part of a new Manchester Metrolink light rail line from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale, via Oldham. South Chadderton, Freehold and Hollinwood were part of the conversion to Metrolink. Proposals to extend the Metrolink system through Chadderton were announced in January 2016; the proposed link would add a spur between Westwood tram stop and Middleton with the line continuing to the Bury line near Bowker Vale.

Buses
The majority of the bus services in Chadderton are operated by First Greater Manchester, who run services 24, 58, 59, 181 and 182, which provide frequent services from Chadderton town centre to Middleton, Oldham and Shaw, with other services running to  Manchester, Royton and Rochdale. Manchester Community Transport run services 159 and 419 linking the town centre with Oldham, Middleton, Hollinwood, Woodhouses, Failsworth, New Moston, Werneth and Ashton-under-Lyne. Service 415 links the Cowhill and Nimble Nook areas of Chadderton with Middleton and Oldham, while services 81 and 81a operate through South Chadderton providing services to Manchester via Moston and to Oldham, Holts and Derker. These services are operated by First Greater Manchester.

In the North Chadderton area, Rosso operate service 412 to Middeton via Mills Hill and Boarshaw and to Oldham via Royton while First Bus operate service 149 from Park Estate to North Manchester General Hospital via Oldham, Hollinwood and Blackley.

In the Greengate area of the town Stagecoach Manchester provides the following bus services.  112/113 – to Middleton via Middleton Junction and to Manchester city centre via Moston and Collyhurst.  114 – to Middleton via Alkrington and Manchester City Centre via Moston and Collyhurst.  294 offers two early morning one way services to the Trafford Centre via Moston, Cheetham Hill and Salford Quays. Citibus was a Chadderton-based commercial bus operator serving Greater Manchester, launched in 1986. It competed with the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive until 1995, when it was bought-out by GM Buses North, in what is now First Manchester.

Education

An old style grammar school at Healds Green in Chadderton was built and founded in 1789. As the population of Chadderton grew during the 19th century, more schools were opened, each linked with a local church. Mills Hill School began as a voluntary aided school belonging to the local Baptist church. Further schoolrooms from this period were found at Cowhill Methodist Church and Washbrook Methodist Church, opened in 1855 and 1893 respectively.

Chadderton Grammar School was the first new style co-educational grammar school opened by Lancashire County Council. It was opened by David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford, on 18 October 1930. In 1959, it became the Girls' Grammar, when a separate school for boys was opened. The Girls' Grammar briefly became Mid-Chadderton School, and later The Radclyffe School, and the boys' school part of North Chadderton School. Radclyffe and North Chadderton are today the town's two co-educational, non-denominational, comprehensive secondary schools. North Chadderton School has a sixth form college for 16- to 19-year-olds. The Radclyffe School, which has specialist Technology College status, was modernised in 2008 by way of a £30 million new school complex opened by Sir Alex Ferguson on 8 July 2008.  The Blessed John Henry Newman RC College opened in 2011 on the Broadway site previously occupied by The Radclyffe School.

Religion

Chadderton had no medieval church of its own, and until 1541, for ecclesiastical purposes, lay within the parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham in the Diocese of Lichfield.  The diocese was then divided, and Chadderton became part of the Diocese of Chester. This in turn was divided in 1847, when the present Diocese of Manchester was created. For ritual baptisms, marriages and burials, the people of Chadderton, a Christian community, had to travel to churches that lay outside of the township's boundaries, including Oldham St Mary's, Middleton St Leonard's, and Prestwich St Mary's.  The route of some of the ancient paths to these churches is preserved in the modern layout of some of the town's roads.

Chadderton's first established church was St Margaret of Antioch which was consecrated in 1769 at Hollinwood, however late 19th century boundary changes means it now lies within neighbouring Oldham.

The New Parishes Act 1844 allowed for the creation of a parish for Chadderton, dedicated to St Matthew the Evangelist. Services were initially held in the stables of Chadderton Hall, and then in a temporary wooden structure opened in 1848. The Church of St Matthew was opened for the parish in 1857 by the then Bishop of Manchester, James Prince Lee. A steeple was added in 1881. Following the construction of this church, four followed. There are now several Anglican parishes, and within them daughter and mission churches, serving the town. The parish of St Matthew united with the neighbouring parish of St Luke, and the United Benefice of St Matthew with St Luke now lies within the Oldham West Deanery of the Diocese of Manchester. The parish of Christ Church, founded in 1870, which also contains the church of St Saviour's and Crossley Christian Centre, is one of the largest numerically in the township and lies on the border with Werneth. The parish of Emmanuel, now meeting in the St George's building on Broadway, was originally part of Christ Church parish. Also within this deanery is the Parish Church of St Mark, built in the early 1960s. It is a blue brick building with a graduated slate pitched roof, and a rectangular brick steeple with a high gabled roof. It was granted Grade II listed building status in 1998.

In addition to the Church of England, a variety of other Reformed denominations have been practised in Chadderton. Nonconformism was popular in Chadderton, and places of worship for Methodism, Baptist and Congregationalism were built during the 19th and 20th centuries. Washbrook Methodist Church and School at Butler Green was built in 1868, but was demolished around 1970 to be replaced by South Chadderton Methodist Church formed from the amalgamation of five Methodist congregations.

Chadderton forms part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford. The Roman Catholic Parish of Corpus Christi was founded in Chadderton in 1878, following immigration to the region by Irish Catholics fleeing the Great Famine. A combined school and church was opened in 1904. A further Catholic parish for Chadderton, dedicated to Saint Herbert, was created in 1916. Its first mass was held on 1 July 1916, the day the Battle of the Somme began.

Chadderton also has a large mosque to provide for the growing Muslim sector of the community. This is namely Chadderton Shahparan Central Mosque & Islamic Centre, and is located at 209–211 Bamford Street. The mosque has a large visitor capacity, and is open all throughout the day for quiet contemplation & other religious duties. The mosque is looked after by its own individual, specialist Mosque Committee.

Sport
Chadderton F.C. is an association football club, formed in 1947 under the name Millbrow Football Club; it later changed to North Chadderton Amateurs, before adopting its present name in 1957. It plays in the North West Counties Football League First Division. Past players have included former England national football team captain David Platt, former Leeds United A.F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C. player John Pemberton and Northern Ireland national football team player Steve Jones. Mark Owen of pop group Take That briefly played for the club. Chaddertonians A.F.C. were formed in 1937 and currently play in the Lancashire Amateur League. Chadderton Park F.C. is an amateur football club founded in 1977. Oldham Borough F.C., formerly Oldham Dew and Oldham Town, were a Chadderton-based North West Counties League football club formed in 1964. They played at Nordens Road, Chadderton before moving to the Whitebank Stadium in Oldham in the early 1990s.

An earlier, but short-lived, version of Chadderton F.C. briefly played in the Manchester Football League in the early part of the 20th century. Joining the league in the 1905–06 season, the club ran into serious difficulties and were unable to complete the season. The club's record for the season was expunged.

The Art Nouveau Chadderton Baths was a public swimming facility opened in 1937. Henry Taylor, the British Olympic freestyle swimming triple gold medallist and champion was an attendant at Chadderton Baths, where many of his awards were displayed. Chadderton Baths were closed indefinitely in 2006 after a structural survey found faults which could have put the public at risk. Chadderton Sports Centre, built onto the baths, was closed and replaced by the Chadderton Wellbeing Centre in January 2010. An application to demolish the baths was made in March 2011, but is now in private ownership with conversion work due soon. The Wellbeing Centre is a multi-purpose facility with a swimming pool, dance studio, library, gym, meeting rooms and café.

Public services

Policing in Chadderton is provided by the Greater Manchester Police. The force's "(Q) Division" has its headquarters for policing the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham in central Oldham. Greater Manchester Police have two stations in Chadderton: a Victorian building in central Chadderton, and a modern purpose-built station at Broadgate in southern Chadderton. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, who have a fire station in Chadderton, on Broadway.

There are no hospitals in Chadderton—the nearest are in the larger settlements of Oldham and Rochdale—but some local health care is provided by Chadderton Town and South Chadderton health centres which are commissioned by NHS Oldham. The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport in the area. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small specialist clinics and surgeries.

Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley. United Utilities manages Chadderton's drinking and waste water. Water supplies are sourced from several reservoirs in the borough, including Dovestones and Chew. A sewage treatment works is located in the southwest of Chadderton, at Foxdenton. It opened in 1898.

A power station in Chadderton existed in as early as 1925, built for the County Borough of Oldham in the Slacks Valley. This structure was demolished to make way for the new Chadderton "B" Power Station, opened in 1955 for the British Electricity Authority in anticipation that the region would experience increased demand for electricity. Structural changes to the National Grid made the power station redundant in 1982. It was sold by the Central Electricity Generating Board in 1984, and demolished in 1986. Chadderton's distribution network operator for electricity is United Utilities.

Notable people

People from Chadderton are called Chaddertonians. Historically, Chadderton was chiefly distinguished by the presence of ruling families, including the Asshetons, Radclyffes, Hortons and Chaddertons. Within the extended Chadderton/Chaderton family, two ecclesiastically notable persons were William Chaderton (medieval academic and bishop) and Laurence Chaderton (the first Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, a leading Puritan and one of the original translators of the Authorised King James Version of the Bible). John Ashton of Cowhill and Thomas Buckley of Baretrees in Chadderton were two victims of the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. Samuel Collins, 'The Bard Of Hale Moss', was a 19th-century poet and radical who lived at Hale Moss in southern Chadderton.

Lydia Becker was a pioneer in the late 19th century of the campaign for Women's Suffrage and founder of the Women's Suffrage Journal, born in Chadderton's Foxdenton Hall. Chadderton born scientist Geoff Tootill helped create the Manchester Baby in 1948, the world's first electronic stored-program computer.  Terry Hall was a pioneering ventriloquist and early children's television entertainer born in Chadderton in 1926. He was one of the first ventriloquists to perform with an animal (the "cowardly and bashful" Lenny the Lion) as his puppet, rather than a traditional child doll. Other notable people from Chadderton include Woolly Wolstenholme, the Chadderton-born vocalist and keyboard player with the British progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest,  David Platt, Coronation Street resident and former captain of the England national football team, and supermodel Karen Elson, who grew up in the town and attended North Chadderton School. Professor Ronald Whittam FRS from Butler Green was born in 1925 and is a physiologist who made discoveries in cell physiology.  Professor Brian Cox was born in Chadderton in 1968. William Ash, is a Chadderton-born actor who has appeared in productions such as Waterloo Road and Hush.

See also

Listed buildings in Chadderton

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 www.chadderton-hs.freeuk.com, Website of the Chadderton Historical Society.
 www.genuki.org.uk, the GENUKI page for Chadderton Township.

Towns in Greater Manchester
Unparished areas in Greater Manchester
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham

Chadderton


Ellerhoop er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Rantzau under Kreis Pinneberg. Kreis Pinneberg ligger i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Ellerhoop ligger omkring 5 km sydøst for Elmshorn. Vandløbet Bilsbek løber gennem kommunen. En del af Statsskov Rantzau ligger i kommunens område.
 ligger i kommunen.
Arboretet har årligt omkring 100.000 besøgende

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014  (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Pinneberg

Ellerhoop


كفر أبو جندي إحدى قرى مركز قطور التابع لمحافظة الغربية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

التاريخ
قرية كفر أبو جندي من القرى القديمة، حيث وردت باسم «شبرا بار» في أعمال الغربية ضمن قرى الروك الصلاحي التي أحصاها ابن مماتي في كتاب قوانين الدواوين، كما وردت باسم «شبرى بار» في أعمال الغربية ضمن قرى الروك الناصري التي أحصاها ابن الجيعان في كتاب «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية». وفي العصر العثماني وردت باسم «شبرى بار» في التربيع العثماني الذي أجراه الوالي العثماني سليمان باشا الخادم في عصر السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني ضمن قرى ولاية الغربية، وفي تاريخ 1228هـ/1813م الذي عدّ قرى مصر بعد المسح الذي قام به محمد علي باشا باسم «كفر أبو جندي» ضمن قرى مديرية الغربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان كفر أبو جندي 5,953 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة قرى محافظة الغربية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية شبرا نباص (قطور)

كفر أبو جندي


Otacilia pinglong est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Phrurolithidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Guangxi en Chine. Elle se rencontre dans le xian de Shangsi.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

Publication originale
 Liang, Li, Yin, Li & Xu, 2021 : « Two new species of the genus Otacilia from southern China (Araneae, Phrurolithidae). » Arachnologica Sinica, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Phrurolithidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Guangxi

Otacilia pinglong


Tohon peut désigner :

 Stan Tohon, chanteur béninois ;
 Le Tohon ou rivière Sain-Éloi, cours d'eau du Morbihan (France).

Tohon


Blanco y Negro Music est un label discographique de musique électronique espagnol. À l'origine fondé en 1978, puis transformé en label en 1983, il a vu passer des artistes comme Raúl Orellana, Cesar de Melero, Shaggy, Cetu Javu, OBK À ses débuts, il se consacrait à l'importation, à l'exportation, à l'édition, à la commercialisation et à la distribution de produits électroniques et d'albums dans différents formats.

Histoire
Blanco y Negro Music est fondé en 1978 en tant que magasin de disques, fondé par les frères Jaime, Félix et Luis Buget, dans la ville de Barcelone, en Catalogne. Le , Blanco y Negro Music devient un label discographique, fondé par Félix Buget. Il est considéré par les médias comme le pionnier de l'EDM en Espagne.

Blanco y Negro a créé plus de 30 sous-labels : 76 Recordings, Acceleration, Basic Mix, Blanco y Negro Pop, Box, Celebration, Dirty Spain Recordings, Dixland Records, Fanatic, Fonk Recordings, G Tracks, Gabbers at Work Recordings, GT2 Records, Indalo Music, Insolent Tracks, Kastoria Records, Konga Music, Made in DJ, The Mansion Recordings, Neuronium Records, One Records, Out Records, Plus Recordings, PN Records, Pont Aeri Records, Re-Acceleration, Record Records, Runner Records, Sam Records, Spitfire Music, Trance Box, Tribal Spain Recordings, UR United Records, et Vendetta Records. Les sous-labels sont généralement divisés en fonction des styles musicaux, tels que la pop ou le new age, bien que la plupart d'entre eux soient des sous-genres de l'EDM, tels que la techno hardcore, le gabber, la makina, la techno et la house.

Il recense  et plus de . Au cours de son histoire, il a accueilli des artistes de renommée nationale tels que Fruela, David Civera, Jorge González, Raúl Orellana, Tata Golosa, OBK, Seguridad Social, Jay Santos, Romántico Latino, Lucenzo et Sak Noel ; et internationale, comme Alexandra Stan, Inna, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Hardwell, Sasha López, Tom Boxer, ItaloBrothers, Bodybangers, Yolanda Be Cool, Bob Sinclar et Kate Ryan. Le label a également participé à la publication de séries de compilations musicales notoires telles que  et .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Label de musique électronique ayant son siège en Espagne
Makina

Blanco y Negro Music


Svjetski veslački kup (World Rowing Cup)

Open

Muškarci

Žene

Laki

Muškarci

Žene

Vidi
Svjetski kajakaški kup na mirnim vodama u Hrvatskoj

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

https://worldrowing.com/event/2021-world-rowing-cup-i

Međunarodna veslačka natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Športska natjecanja u Zagrebu
Svjetska veslačka natjecanja
Jarun

Svjetski veslački kup u Hrvatskoj


Ćamila Mičijević (Heidenheim, 8. rujna 1994.), bosanskohercegovačka i hrvatska rukometašica, članica francuskog rukometnog kluba Metz. Igra na mjestu lijevog vanjskog.

Karijera
Porijeklom iz Mostara, rođena u izbjeglištvu u njemačkom gradu Heidenheim. Nakon okončanja rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, s obitelji se 1998. vratila u Mostar gdje će ostati do svoje 15 godine. Najprije je igrala u Lokomotivi, kasnije u Katarini gdje će je primijetiti trener Edo Šmit i odvesti u Rijeku.

Ćamila je karijeru nastavila u riječkom Zametu gdje je provela pet godina. Nakon Zameta 2016. godine odlazi u mađarski Dunaújvárosi, a od 2020. je članica francuskog Metza. Za žensku reprezentaciju Bosne i Hercegovine nije ni mogla nastupati jer u trenutku poziva u Hrvatsku reprezentaciju, bosanskohercegovačka nije postojala. Nastupala je za Hrvatsku na tri Europska prvenstva 2014., 2016. i 2020. godine i na jednom Svjetskom prvenstvu i to 2021. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Životopisi, Mostar

Ćamila Mičijević


اختبار إيشيهارا للألوان هو اختبار لاختلالات عمى الألوان للونين الأحمر-الأخضر. سمي هذا الاختبار على اسم الطبيب الياباني شينوبو إيشيهارا من جامعة طوكيو الذي قام بنشر أبحاثه عن هذا الاختبار في عام 1917.

يتكون الاختبار من مجموعة من الصورة تحوي بقع ملونة مختلفة الألوان والأحجام، وتحتوي الصورة عادة على واحد أو أكثر من الأرقام العربية ملون بلون مختلف عن باقي أجزاء الصورة، ويكون من الممكن مشاهدته من قبل شخص نظره سليم، ولكن ليس من قبل الأشخاص المصابين بعمى الألوان.

يتألف الاختبار كاملاً من 38 لوحة، ولكن يكون من الممكن الحكم على وجود حالة عمى ألوان بعد إجراء الاختبار على عدة لوحات.

هناك انتقادات لاختبار إيسيهارا على أنه يحتوي أرقام، قد لا يستطيع الأطفال الصغار قرائتها الذين لم يكونوا قد تعلموا قراءة الأرقام بعد.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضاً
 عمى الألوان

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 معلومات عن اختبار إيشيهارا لعمى الألوان
 اختبار بديل لاختبار إيشيهارا

اختراعات يابانية
ألوان
أمراض العين وملحقاتها
رؤية اللون
عناصر اختبار

اختبار إيشيهارا


Alexandra Chambon, née le , est une joueuse internationale française de rugby à XV, évoluant au poste de demi de mêlée au sein de l'effectif du Football Club de Grenoble rugby et de l'équipe de France. Elle participe au Tournoi des Six Nations féminin 2022.

En 2022, elle est sélectionnée par Thomas Darracq pour disputer la Coupe du monde de rugby à XV en Nouvelle-Zélande. À l'automne 2023, elle fait partie du groupe d'internationales qui dispute sous les couleurs de la France le championnat féminin de rugby WXV en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueuse française de rugby à XV
Joueuse du FC Grenoble
Demi de mêlée (rugby à XV)
Naissance en août 2000

Alexandra Chambon


El Festival Internacional de Cine Fantástico y de Terror Mórbido es un espacio cultural de expresión y difusión de las artes: música, teatro, pintura, escultura y, por supuesto, el cine. Se trata de un foro abierto que se presta al diálogo, al intercambio de puntos de vista y al análisis del género, en ambientes tan distintos como son los que ofrecen cada una de sus sedes).

Historia
Mórbido Film Fest nace de la iniciativa de Pablo Guisa Koestinger y su productora Spiderland por crear un espacio para que los amantes del cine de terror pudieran disfrutar de una experiencia integral donde no solo hubiera cine, sino también todas las demás artes.

El festival se presentó por primera vez en 2008 en Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, México. Surgió en un momento en que el cine de terror mexicano cobró nuevamente auge, luego de los estrenos de películas como Kilómetro 31, Hasta el viento tiene miedo y Cañitas.

Del 2008 a septiembre del 2011, Mórbido ha tenido más de 72 000 espectadores en sus eventos, en 10 estados de la República Mexicana y en seis países de dos continentes. Mórbido ha crecido un 349 % en solo tres años de vida, y es entonces el festival de cine con mayor crecimiento en México.

Mórbido Film Fest representa el día de hoy una plataforma continental para la difusión del cine de terror latinoamericano, y cuenta con más de 10 eventos anuales desde la ciudad de La Plata, en Argentina, hasta Tijuana, en Baja California en México.

En el 2012, Mórbido deja el pueblo de Tlalpujahua, ya que el crecimiento del festival sobrepasó por mucho el crecimiento del pueblo y nombró como su nueva sede a Pátzcuaro, también un Pueblo Mágico y también en el estado de Michoacán.

La sede de Morbido durante 2012 y 2013 fue el pueblo mágico de Pátzcuaro. Obteniendo grandes resultados y un gran crecimiento.

En el 2014, Morbido Film Fest cambia nuevamente su sede y llega a una de las más importantes ciudades de México: Puebla.

Sedes históricas que han tenido muestras Mórbido:

 Morelia
 Mórbido Ciudad de México
 Mórbido León
 Mórbido Oaxaca
 Mórbido Mérida
 Mórbido Tijuana
 Mórbido La Paz
 Mórbido Costa Rica
 Mórbido Panamá
 Mórbido Puebla

Mórbido es: festivales, películas, obras de teatro, libros, revistas, programas de TV, programas de Radio, comunidad académica y una fundación con responsabilidad social.

2008
En su primera edición, MÓRBIDO tuvo una asistencia de 6,200 espectadores en 4 días, en 18 funciones (344 espectadores por función). Su audiencia estuvo conformada por visitantes de 14 estados, entre los que se encuentran: Distrito Federal, Michoacán, Estado de México y Puebla. Entre sus invitados especiales estuvieron, René Cardona III, Julio César Estrada, Rafael Aviña, Eduardo de la Vega Alfaro y los directores extranjeros, Sergio Blasco (España), Adrián García Bogliano (Argentina) y Tim Luna (Alemania).

Su programa incluyó 19 cortometrajes y 13 largometrajes:

Nacionales: SPAM, 2008; Cañitas, 2007; Hasta el viento tiene miedo, 2007; Cronos, 1992; Keiko en peligro, 1989; Hasta el viento tiene miedo, 1967; El Vampiro [Homenaje al director Fernando Méndez] 1957.
Extranjeras: The Midnight Meat Train, 2008; El Orfanato, 2007; 36 Pasos, 2007; Belcebú, 2005; Habitaciones para turistas, 2004; Tears of Kali, 2004.
Además, una muestra de pintura del artista plástico José Manuel Schmill, una exposición de catrinas michoacanas, recorridos de leyendas y charlas con los directores invitados.

2009
En su segunda edición, Mórbido tuvo una asistencia de 6400 espectadores en 4 días, en 24 funciones (267 espectadores por función). Su audiencia estuvo coformada por visitantes del Distrito Federal, Michoacán, Estado de México, Quéretaro, Jalisco, Hidalgo y Puebla. Entre sus invitados especiales estuvieron, Rigoberto Castañeda, Rodrigo Ordóñez, Roberto Coria, Peter Koller (Austria), Vicente Amaya Piquers (España), Sergio Blasco (España), Adrián García Bogliano (Argentina) y Tim Luna (Alemania).

El programa incluyó 18 cortometrajes y 21 largometrajes:

Nacionales: KM. 31, 2006; Chabelo y Pepito contra los Monstruos, 1973; Doña Macabra, 1971; La Loba, 1965; El Museo del Horror, 1964; El Barón del Terror, 1962; El Hombre y el Monstruo, [Homenaje al productor/director/escritor Abel Salazar] 1959; El Castillo de los Monstruos, 1958; Pepito y el Monstruo, 1957.

Extranjeras: REC 2, 2009; Masacre esta noche, 2009; Plano detalle, 2009; No-Do, 2009; Morgue Story, 2009; No moriré sola, 2008; Mangue Negro, 2008; Boogie el aceitoso, 2008; On evil grounds, 2007; Dr. Infierno, 2007; Cuento de Navidad, 2004; Die Schlangengrube und das Pendel, 1967.

Además, dos exposiciones, una por el escultor orgánico Carlos Miller, y otra el artista Gustavo Bernal Varela. Recorridos de leyendas, la obra de teatro "Ojo de Gato"; la presentación del libro "Picnic en la Fosa Común" del escritor mexicano Armando Vega Gil, y charlas temáticas sobre "El Cine y la Literatura" y "Animación Digital".

2010
Durante los 4 días de Festival que tuvo como tema a la máscara, en escenarios de Tlalpujahua, se contó con la asistencia de 47 invitados especiales (nacionales e internacionales) -comentó Guisa, quien agregó que-, se realizaron 34 proyecciones (29 largometrajes y 35 cortos), 1 concierto a cargo de Adanowsky, 5 exposiciones y 5 presentaciones especiales, que incluyeron una función de lucha libre con la AAA. La asistencia a Mórbido, fue de más de 22 mil espectadores y una derrama económica de $ 2,940,000.00 (dos millones novecientos cuarenta mil pesos). En tanto que la presencia de más de 40 reporteros nacionales e internacionales, generaron una promoción que se tradujo en un impacto mediático de $ 83.670 mdp. En resumen Mórbido ha crecido desde su primera edición un 351.9 % Durante todo el 2010, Mórbido realizó diversas actividades entre las que destacan las muestras realizadas en Oaxaca con 13 funciones y 1 exposición de artes plásticas; León, Guanajuato con 4 funciones de cine gore; México, DF con 12 funciones que incluyen las ya famosas en el Panteón de Dolores y en Mérida, Yucatán en la que se proyectaron 12 largometrajes una selección de cortos. También, en la Ciudad de México, Mórbido, junto con el Centro Cultural de España en México, rindió el último homenaje en vida al director español Juan Piquer Simón, quien falleció el 8 de enero de 2011. Por otra parte, Mórbido tuvo presencia en otros festivales como FilmArte, en Xalapa, Veracruz, Cortos Verdes, en Guadalajara, Jalisco, Octubre Negro, en la Ciudad de Méxicom y en Zinema Zombie, en Colombia.

2011
Mórbido llegó a Costa Rica, su primera edición en Centroamérica. Se realizó del 2 al 5 de octubre, en San José de Costa Rica, y posteriormente se tuvo una muestra en Palmarés durante el sábado 1 y domingo 2 de octubre. También, se realizó la segunda Muestra Mórbido León, en León, Guanajuato, del 22 al 25 de septiembre.

2012
Mórbido llegó por primera vez a Panamá, realizando del 9 al 11 de agosto la Primera Muestra Mórbido Panamá. Mórbido, Festival Internacional de Cine Fantástico y de Terror, anunció el miércoles 6 de junio la realización de su quinta edición, que a partir de dicho año cambia de sede al Pueblo Mágico de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, y como foro principal el Teatro Emperador Caltzontzin.

También en el 2012 se realizaron:

1ª Muestra Mórbido en La Paz, Baja California.
2ª Muestra Mórbido en Morelia, Michoacán.
3ª Muestra Mórbido en León, Guanajuato.
3ª Muestra Mórbido en Mérida, Yucatán.
3ª Muestra Mórbido en Oaxaca, Oaxaca.

2013
El tema de la edición 2013 fue: Magia, supersticiones y encantos. Se llevó a cabo del 13 al 17 de noviembre de 2013, en Pátzcuaro, Michoacán.

2014
La ciudad de Puebla, capital del estado de Puebla, México se convirtió en la nueva casa de Mórbido.

2016
Mórbido toma finalmente la ciudad de México como sede principal.

Invitados
 Richard Stanley
 Jauma Balaguero
 Takashi Murakami
 Eugenio Mira
 Elijah Wood
 David Gregory
 Russell Cherrington
 Rodrigo Gudiño
 Ricardo Islas
 Marcel Sarmiento
 Adrián García Bogliano
 Tim Luna
 Andreas Prochaska
 Travis Stevens
 Sergio Blasco
 Miguel Gómez
 Nacho Vigalondo
 Rene Cardona III
 Julio Cesar Estrada
 Emilio Portes
 Rodrigo Ordoñez
 Jorge Michel Grau
 Viviana García Besne
 Peter Koller
 Rigoberto Castañeda
 Agustín "El Oso" Tapia
 Sergio Arau
 Richard Elfman
 Carles Torrens
 Rafa Lara
 Rodrigo Aragao
 Isaac Ezban
 Patricio Valladares
 Diego Cohen
 Juan Manuel Cravioto

Radio Mórbido
En 2011 comenzó Radio Mórbido a través de la radiodifusora Ibero90.9FM de la Universidad Iberoamericana. Es una emisión semanal en vivo de 11:00pm a 12:00am hora central de México. El programa habla de cultura POP en general relacionándola con el terror y la fantasía. Es conducido por Pablo Guisa Koestinger, director de Mórbido, Ricardo Farias, docente de la Universidad Iberoamericana y Luis Roiz, diseñador gráfico y académico de la Universidad Iberoamericana, Centro y el Tecnológico de Monterrey. Cada programa tiene una temática, algunas de ellas han sido; Sexo, robots, arquitectura, moda, gastronomía, zombis, entre otros.

Mórbido TV
Desde 2009 Mórbido ha tenido un espacio en la televisión mexicana en Galavision Canal 9 con una cápsula semanal en la que se habla de cine fantástico y de terror. Entre los personajes que se han entrevistado para este espacio están:

Tony Todd
Paul Bettany
Paco Plaza
Anthony Hopkins
Mikael Hafstrom
Alice Braga
Guillermo del Toro
Jackie Earle Haley
Sam Bayer
Benicio del Toro
Kristen Stewart
Taylor Lautner
Doug Jones
Jaume Balaguero
Adriana Barraza
Isela Vega
Joaquín Cordero
Ignacio López Tarso

En 2015, Mórbido TV busca un espacio para tener un canal propio en Pay TV, para México y América Latina.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 www.morbidofest.com
 www.fb.com/Morbidofest
 Morbidofest en twitter.com

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La  est une gare ferroviaire située sur le territoire de la commune suisse d'Arnex-sur-Orbe dans le canton de Vaud.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare d'Arnex est située au point kilométrique  de la ligne de Cossonay-Penthalaz à Vallorbe, entre les gares de La Sarraz (en direction de Lausanne) et Croy-Romainmôtier (vers Vallorbe).

Elle est dotée de deux voies bordées par deux quais latéraux.

Histoire
La gare d'Arnex a été mise en service en  en même temps que l'inauguration de la ligne de Cossonay-Penthalaz à Vallorbe. Le bâtiment voyageurs date quant à lui de  et l'annexe du bâtiment voyageurs de .

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Gare des CFF, elle dispose d'un bâtiment voyageurs et d'un automate pour l'achat de titres de transport. Un passage souterrain sous les voies permet de circuler entre les deux quais.
À proximité directe de la gare se situe également un parc relais de  dédié au stationnement des automobiles.

La gare n'est pas accessible aux personnes à mobilité réduite.

Desserte
La gare fait partie du réseau RER Vaud qui assure des liaisons rapides à fréquence élevée dans l'ensemble du canton de Vaud. Arnex est desservie chaque heure par les lignes S3 et S4 qui relient Vallorbe et/ou Le Brassus (pour la ligne S4) à Aigle, voire Saint-Maurice.

Intermodalité
La gare d'Arnex est en correspondance à l'arrêt Arnex, gare avec les lignes interurbaines CarPostal  et  reliant respectivement la gare d'Yverdon-les-Bains à la gare d'Arnex via Orbe.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Suisse
 Réseau express régional vaudois
 Arnex-sur-Orbe

Liens externes

 .

Gare dans le canton de Vaud
Gare mise en service en 1870

Gare d'Arnex


Heinrich Gebhardt ist der Name folgender Personen:
* Heinrich Gebhardt (Uhrmacher) (1602–1661), deutscher Uhrmacher
 Heinrich Gebhardt (Altphilologe) (1798–1868), deutscher Altphilologe und Gymnasiallehrer; MdFN
 Heinrich Gebhardt (Architekt) (1848–1916), deutscher Architekt
 Heinrich Gebhardt (Verwaltungsjurist) (1873–1955), deutscher Verwaltungsjurist
 Heinrich Gebhardt (Offizier) (1885–1939), deutscher Marineoffizier
 Heinrich Gebhardt (Künstler) (* 1944), deutscher Künstler und Designer
 Heinrich Georg Gebhardt (1863–1899), deutscher Maler

Siehe auch:
 Heinz Gebhardt (* 1947), deutscher Fotograf

Heinrich Gebhardt


Conus barbara é uma espécie de caracol marinho, um molusco gastrópode marinho da família Conidae, os caracóis cone, conchas ou cones.

Esses caracóis são predadores e venenosos. Eles são capazes de "picar" humanos.

Descrição
O tamanho da casca varia entre 20 milímetros e 40 milímetros.

Distribuição
Esta espécie marinha ocorre ao largo da Austrália Ocidental.

 Monnier E., Limpalaër L. & Robin A. (2013) Revisão do complexo Pionoconus achatinus. Descrição de três novas espécies: P. koukae n. sp. de Omã, P. arafurensis n. sp. do norte da Austrália e P. rouxi n. sp. da Austrália Ocidental . Xenophora Taxonomia 1: 3-39.

Ligações externas

 Para o Registro Mundial de Espécies Marinhas
 Cone Shells - Cavaleiros do Mar

Conus

Conus barbara


Cette bibliographie sur la commune de Gassin, non exhaustive, propose une liste d'ouvrages et d'articles en français classés par thème et, à l'intérieur de chaque thème, du plus ancien au plus récent.

Ouvrages généraux consacrés à Gassin
 Colette Peirugues, Gassin. Au fil du temps…, mairie de Gassin, 1994, 188 p.
 Mireille Rey-Brot, Gassin. Vigie mystérieuse du golfe de Saint-Tropez, éd. CPM, 1993, 142 p.
 Chiffres clés publiés par l'institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). Dossier complet
 Chemin de traverse : Gassin, sur la route des templiers, par francetvinfo
 Gassin sur www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/
 Rapport de sondage, Golf de Gassin

Gassin au cœur de la presqu'île de Saint-Tropez
 Raymond Bernardi, Les villages du golfe de Saint-Tropez : Saint-Tropez, Ramatuelle, Gassin, La Croix-Valmer, Cavalaire, Le Rayol-Canadel, La Môle, Grimaud, Cogolin, La Garde-Freinet, Le Plan-de-la-Tour, Sainte-Maxime, Barbentane, Équinoxe, « Le temps retrouvé », 1998, 320 p.

Histoire

Préhistoire
 J. Bérato, M. Borréani, C. Gébara, J.-M. Michel, « L'âge du Fer dans la dépression Permienne des Maures et de l'Estérel (Var) », in Documents d'Archéologie Méridionale, n° 18, 1995, p. 45-77.
 J.-P. Brun, J.-M. Michel, « Sanctuaires de l'Âge du Fer dans le Var », in Le Temps des Gaulois en Provence, à l'occasion du  tenu à Martigues par l'Association Française pour l'Étude de l'Âge du Fer et l'exposition au Musée Ziem, 2000, p. 260-263.
 Jean-Pierre Brun, Jean-Marie Michel, « Sanctuaires de l'Âge du Fer dans le Var », in Le Temps des Gaulois en Provence, Chausserie-Laprée, Jean Ed., Martigues, Ville de Martigues / Musée Ziem, 2000, p. 260-263.
 S. Burri, « Campagne de relevés dans le massif des Maures », Bulletin scientifique du SRA PACA, 2010, SRA PACA, Aix-en-Provence, pp. 206-207.
 Jean Courtin, Gabriel Chabaud, « Nouvelles stations néolithiques de la côte varoise, environs de Saint Tropez (Var) », in Bulletin du Musée d'histoire naturelle de Marseille, 42, 1982, p. 19-33.
 Commandant Laflotte, « Les Mégalithes du Var », Mémoires de l'Institut Historique de Provence, Congrès de Toulon, 1928, pages 328 à 363.
 Florian Mothe, « Les dolmens du massif des Maures », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, n°6, n°10, 2012-2013.
 Patrick Orsolini, Hervé Chamley, « Alluvionnement argileux et dynamique sédimentaire dans la région de Saint-Tropez », in Géologie méditerranéenne, 7 fasc. 2, 1980, p. 155-159 Quaternaire

Antiquité

Économie

Viticulture
 Jean-Pierre Brun, « Vinum vetus : de la viticulture antique dans le Var », in Centre archéologique du Var, 2001, p. 133-146.
 Jean-Pierre Brun, « La Viticulture antique en Provence », in Gallia, 58, 2001, p. 69-89. (lire en ligne)
 Jean-Pierre Brun, Philippe Aycard, Gabriel Cazalas, Pascal Lecacheur, Martine Leguilloux, György Pálfi, « La villa romaine des Platanes à Saint-Tropez (Var) », in Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, tome 30, 1997. pp. 203-217. (lire en ligne)
 Gaëtan Congès, Pascal Lecacheur, « Exploitation et domaine sur la côte varoise à l'époque romaine : l'exemple de la plaine de Pardigon (Cavalaire, Croix-Valmer) », in Travaux du Centre archéologique du Var 1996-1997 : hommage à Pascal Lecacheur, 1996-1997, p. 53-66.
 Gaëtan Congès, Pascal Lecacheur, «  Exploitation et domaine sur la côte varoise à l'époque romaine : exemple de la plaine de Pardigon, Cavalaire, Croix-Valmer, Var », in Documents d'archéologie française, 42, p. 279-287
 Martine Leguilloux, Sébastien Lepetz, « L'élevage en Narbonnaise et en Gaule du Nord : continuités ou ruptures ? », in Le  en Gaule Narbonnaise. Données régionales sur la crise de l'Empire (Table ronde du GDR 954, Aix-en-Provence, 15-), 1996, p. 257-275.
 Martine Leguilloux, « La Faune des villae gallo-romaines dans le Var : aspects économiques et sociaux », in Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, 22, 1989, p. 311-322. (lire en ligne)

Autres
 Jacques Bérato, Franck Dugas, Michel Pasqualini, « Les Tuiles romaines dans le Var », in Annales de la Société des sciences naturelles et d'archéologie de Toulon et du Var, 40 fasc. 3, 1988, p. 133-142.
 Jean-Pierre Brun, « L'oléiculture antique en Provence d'après les recherches archéologiques récentes », Classical views, 28, fasc. 2, 1984, p. 249-262.

Moyen Âge

Généralité
 A. Bucaille, « Les Templiers dans le Var », in Bulletin de la Société des amis du Vieux Toulon, 1941, pages 137 à 159.
 Albert Germondy, « Géographie historique du Freinet du  au , simples notes », Bulletin trimestriel de la Société des sciences, belles lettres et arts du département du Var, 32e et , 1864-1865.
 Élisabeth Sauze, Philippe Sénac, Un pays provençal, le Freinet ; de l'an mille au milieu du , Minerve, 1986.
 Élisabeth Sauze, « Cavalaire au Moyen Âge », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, 4, 2003.
 [Franciscus Laurentius Simonin], Inventaire général des titres, papiers, chartres, documents, brevets de chevallerie, pensions et grâce accordés à l'illustre maison de Castellane de Provence renfermés dans les archives du château de Grimaud, précédé d'une histoire de la maison de Castellane de Provence, pour servir à celle de Castellane St-Jeurs et Grimaud, fait en l'année 1781, Marseille, Impr. St-Léon, 1902, XV-203 p. (lire en ligne)
 Gassin sur provence7.com/

Architecture et habitat
 M.-L. Barthélémy, Procès-verbal de la visite en 1323 des fortifications des côtes de Provence, Mélanges historiques, T. IV, Paris, 1882.
 Roderic Béra, Christophe Claramunt, « Can relative adjency contribute to space syntax in the search for a structural logic of the city », in Geographic Information Science, volume 3234, série Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 38 à 50.
 P. Bernardi et Élisabeth Sauze, Gassin, le développement urbain d'après les cadastres d'Ancien Régime, rapport dactylographié inédit.
 Jacques Félix Girardin, « Notice ou description historique du diocèse de Fréjus », in Bulletin de la Société d'études scientifiques et archéologiques de Draguignan, 1871, 8, p. 1-311.
 M. Guérard, Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint Victor de Marseille, collection des cartulaires de France, Typographie de Ch. Lahure, Paris, 1857.
 B. Hillier. et J. Hanson, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984,  , poche ,  [dans la théorie de la syntaxe spatiale, Gassin a été l'un des modèles utilisé dès l'origine par B. Hillier. Cet exemple est repris depuis dans de nombreuses études se fondant ou utilisant la syntaxe spatiale]
 Bernard Romagnan, « Datations nouvelles des édifices religieux de Saint-Tropez », Freinet pays des Maures, n° 3, 2002, p. 21-32.
 Bernard Romagnan, « La chapelle N.-D. L'Annonciade de Cavalaire », Freinet pays des Maures, n° 3, 2002, p. 9-19.

 Élisabeth Sauze, « Le phénomène castral dans le massif des Maures » in Freinet, pays des Maures,  6, 2005-2006, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, La Garde-Freinet [lire en ligne].

Incursions sarrasines
 Amargier P.-A., « La capture de Saint-Mayeul de Cluny et l'expulsion des Sarrazins de Provence », Revue Bénédictine, Paris, 1963, p. 316-323.
 Fernand Benoît, « Documents historiques sur le incursions des Sarrazins et des Barbaresques en Camargue au Moyen Âge », Revue tunisienne, p. 301-306.
 Pierre Guichard, « Les débuts de la piraterie andalouse en Méditerranée occidentale (798-813) », Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, t. 35, 1983, p. 55-76.
 Didier Hamoneau, L'histoire méconnue de l'Islam en Gaule () - La Gaule arabo-berbère de l'émirat de Narbonne à La Garde-Freinet, La Ruche.
 Philippe Jansen, Annliese Nef et Christophe Picard, La Méditerranée entre pays d'islam et monde latin, SEDES, « Regards sur l'histoire », 2000.
 P. Malausséna, « Promissio redemptionis : le rachat des captifs chrétiens en pays musulman, à la fin du  », in Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 80, N°88, 1968. pp. 255-281. (en ligne [archive]
 Bernard Romagnan, « Morisques en Provence, les chemins de l'exil », in Les Sarrasins en Méditerranée au Moyen Âge, Qantara n° 90, 2014, p. 50-54.
 Philippe Sénac, Provence et piraterie sarrasine, Paris, 1982.
 Philippe Sénac, « Le califat de Cordoue et la Méditerranée occidentale au  : le Fraxinet des Maures », in Zones côtières littorales dans le monde méditerranéen au Moyen Âge : défense, peuplement, mise en valeur, Rome-Madrid, éd. J.-M. Martin, 2001, p. 113-126.

Économie
 H. Amouric, « Pratiques et usages de la forêt provençale au Moyen Âge », in La vida medieval a les dues vessants del Pirineu. Actes del 12 curs d'arqueologia d'Andorra 1988 i 1989, Patrimoni artistic nacional, Andorra, 1991, pages 77 à 89.
 S. Burri, « La saisonnalité des techniques : l'exemple de la levée du liège dans le massif des Maures à la fin du Moyen Âge », Artisanats et métiers en Méditerranée, Ouerfelli (M.) ed., Presses universitaires de Provence, Le Temps de l'Histoire (2014).
 S. Burri, « Production et commerce de la poix et de l'huile de cade en basse Provence au Moyen Âge », in Des hommes et des plantes. Exploitation et gestion des ressources végétales de la Préhistoire à nos jours. Session Usages et Symboliques des plantes, Actes des s Journées internationales d'archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibes. 22-, Delhon (C.), Théry-Parisot (I.) et Thiébault (S.) eds, Antibes.

Époque moderne

Architecture et habitat
 Caroline Espigues, « Château Minuty : une chapelle privée en terre gassinoise (Var) », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no5, 2004.

Économie
 Marie-Pierre Berthet, « Activités minières et métallurgiques dans le massif des Maures », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no5, 2004.
 Étienne Juillard, « La côte des Maures. Son évolution économique et sociale depuis cent ans, étudiée dans la région de Saint-Tropez », Revue de géographie alpine, 1957, Volume 45, Numéro 2, pp. 289-350. (lire en ligne)
 Bernard Romagnan, « Gestion de la mouture du blé dans une communauté de la Provence orientale à l'Époque moderne : Saint-Tropez (fin XVe-début XIXe) », in Agriculture méditerranéenne, variétés des techniques anciennes, Cahier d'histoire des techniques n°5, Publication de l'Université de Provence, 2002, p. 197-208.
 Bernard Romagnan, « À quoi servait l'augue sur la presqu'île de Saint-Tropez du  au début du  ? », Freinet pays des Maures, n° 4, 2003, p. 9-12.
 Bernard Romagnan, « L'exploitation de la feuille d'arbousier dans le massif des Maures à l'époque moderne (s) », in Plantes exploitées plantes cultivées, cultures, techniques et discours, Cahier d'histoire des techniques n°6, Publication de l'Université de Provence, 2003, p. 139-146.
 Bernard Romagnan, « Le liège à tout faire : l'exemple des Maures », in Le bois, l'écorce et la sève, les artisans forestiers et l'identité des terres rurales en Méditerranée, Collection du Monde alpin et rhodanien, 2012, p. 78-93.
 Bernard Romagnan, « L'exploitation du liège dans les massifs des Maures et de l'Estérel au cours des périodes médiévale et moderne », Provence historique, fascicule 251, 2013, p. 51-63.
 Nathalie Leydier, « L'art du foudrier », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no3, 2002.
 L. Tregaro, « Les Maures et l'Estérel, étude de géographie humaine », in Bulletin de la société languedocienne de géographie, t. II, 1931.

Faune et flore

 Laurent Boudinot, « L'apiculture à La Garde-Freinet et dans le massif des Maures de la fin du  au milieu du  », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no6, no9, 2010-2011.

 Romain Garrouste, « La Diane, un papillon des zones humides méditerranéennes qui mérite d'être protégé plus efficacement », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no7, 2007.
 Denis Huin, Dominique Rombaut et Antoine Catard, « Les mares et les ruisseaux temporaires dans les Maures », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no5, 2004.
 Denis Huin, « Le retour des grands rapaces dans les Maures », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no6, 2005-2006.
 André Joyeux, « Typologie et particularités du cortège amphibien du massif des Maures », in Freinet Pays des Maures, Conservatoire du patrimoine du Freinet, no7, 2007.

 Inventaire national du patrimoine naturel de la commune

Notes et références

Gassin
Gassin

Bibliographie sur Gassin


Petru Chereșlădan ( n. 1884, Giula– d.1968 ) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Petru Chereșlădan a absolvit patru clase primare. A devenit agricultor, iar la 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat titular al cercului electoral Gyula la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia. După unire, Petru Chereslădean s-a mutat la Arad, unde a lucrat ca funcționar la primărie, ceea ce înseamnă că probabil și-a completat, între timp, educația primară. A decedat la 1 iunie 1968 la Arad.

Activitate politică
A fost delegat din partea cercului Giula, comitatul Bichiș (județul Mureș) la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din  1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, p. 98

Lectură suplimentară

 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1884
Decese în 1968
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Petru Chereșlădan


Anatoly Yuriyovych Onoprienko (; , Anatoly Yuryevich Onoprienko; July 25, 1959 – August 27, 2013) was a Soviet and Ukrainian serial killer and mass murderer. Known by the nicknames The Beast of Ukraine, The Terminator, and Citizen O, Onoprienko confessed to killing fifty-two people upon being apprehended in April 1996.

Early life
Anatoly Onoprienko was born in the village of Lasky in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. He was the younger of two sons; his brother, Valentin, was thirteen years older. His father, Yuri Onoprienko, was decorated for bravery while serving on the Eastern Front during the Second World War.

Onoprienko's mother died when he was four years old. He was cared for by his grandparents and aunt for a time before being handed over to an orphanage in the village of Pryvitne, Volyn Oblast. According to Onoprienko, he resented the fact that he had been given away by his father, while his brother continued to stay under his care. In one interview, he later alleged that it was this that predetermined his destiny, and remarked that seventy percent of those brought up in orphanages end up in prison as adults.

Victims
When finally arrested by police, Onoprienko was found to be in possession of a total of 122 items, including a sawed-off TOZ-34 shotgun, a number of other weapons which matched those used in several of killings, and a number of items which had been removed from victims. He eventually confessed to eight killings between 1989 and 1995. He initially denied other charges, but ultimately confessed to the killing of fifty-two victims over a six-year period. While in custody, Onoprienko claimed that he killed in response to commands he was given by inner voices.

These are the following murders confessed by Onoprienko, in chronological order:

1–10. In 1989, a family of ten  two adults and eight children  were killed during an attempted robbery. Onoprienko confessed that he and an accomplice, Sergei Rogozin, committed the murders with weapons that they carried for self-defense. He also stated that he cut off all contact with Rogozin afterwards.

11–15. In that same year, five people, including an 11-year-old boy, were shot dead while sleeping in a car before their bodies were burned. Onoprienko stated that the murders were unintentional and that he had planned only to burglarize the car.

16–19. On December 24, 1995, the Zaichenko family of four were killed with a sawed-off double-barreled shotgun during a robbery in their home at Garmarnia, a village in central Ukraine, which was set ablaze afterwards.

20–24. On January 2, 1996, a family of four were shot and killed. The murders were quickly followed by that of a male pedestrian whom Onoprienko killed in order to eliminate potential witnesses.

25–28. On January 6, 1996, Onoprienko allegedly killed four people in three separate incidents on the Berdyansk-Dnieprovs'k highway, by stopping cars before killing the drivers. The victims were Kasai, a Ukrainian Navy ensign; Savitsky, a taxi driver; Kochergina, a kolkhoz cook; and an unidentified victim.

29–35. On January 17, 1996, the Pilat family of five were shot and killed in their home, which was then set ablaze. Two potential witnesses were then killed, a 27-year-old railroad worker named Kondzela and a 56-year-old pedestrian named Zakharko.

36–39. On January 30, 1996, Marusina, her two sons, and a 32-year-old visitor named Zagranichniy were all shot dead in the Fastiv, Kyiv Oblast, region of Ukraine.

40–43. On February 19, 1996, the Dubchak family were killed in their home in Olevsk, Zhytomyr Oblast. According to Onoprienko, he shot and killed the father and the son, mauled the mother to death with a hammer, and demanded money from the daughter before mauling her to death as well when she refused.

44–48. On February 27, 1996, the Bodnarchuk family were killed in their home in Malyn, Lviv Oblast. According to Onoprienko, he fatally shot the parents and then hacked the daughters, aged seven and eight, to death with an axe. An hour later, Onoprienko then allegedly shot and killed a neighboring businessman named Tsalk who was wandering around the Bodnarchuk property, hacking his corpse with the axe afterwards.

49–52. On March 22, 1996, the Novosad family of four was Onoprienko's last alleged victims. According to him, he shot and killed all of the family members and set their home on fire to eliminate any traces of evidence.

Methods
Onoprienko's modus operandi consisted of choosing an isolated house and gaining the attention of the occupants by creating a commotion. He would kill all occupants starting with the adult male, before going to find and kill the spouse and finally the children. He would then usually set the buildings alight in an attempt to cover the evidence. He would also kill any potential witness to cross his path during his murderous rampages.

Capture and conviction
In March 1996, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) and Public Prosecutor's Office specialists detained 26-year-old Yury Mozola as a suspect of several brutal murders. Over the course of three days, six SBU members and one representative of the Public Prosecutor's Office tortured Mozola. Mozola refused to confess to the crimes and died during the torture. Seven responsible for the death were sentenced to prison terms. Seventeen days later, the real murderer, Onoprienko, was found after a massive manhunt, seven years after his first murder. This happened after he moved in with one of his relatives and his stash of weapons was discovered. Onoprienko was forced to leave the house. Days later, from the information received, Onoprienko was captured.

Onoprienko was sentenced to death, but had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment; in 1995 Ukraine had entered the Council of Europe and thus (at the time) it undertook to abolish capital punishment.

Death
Onoprienko died of a heart attack in Zhytomyr prison on August 27, 2013, at the age of 54.

See also
 List of serial killers by country
 List of serial killers by number of victims

Notes

References

External links
 Full Onoprienko's biography
 Village Laski – birthplace of serial killer Onoprienko. PHOTOS
 Anatoly Onoprienko at crimelibrary.com
 The interview of Onoprienko's lawyer Ruslan Moshkovsky in Russian
 Onoprienko's murder weapon

1959 births
2013 deaths
Family murders
People convicted of murder by Ukraine
People from Zhytomyr Oblast
Prisoners sentenced to death by Ukraine
Prisoners who died in Ukrainian detention
Serial killers who died in prison custody
Serial mass murderers
Soviet mass murderers
Soviet serial killers
Ukrainian mass murderers
Ukrainian murderers of children
Ukrainian people convicted of murder
Ukrainian people who died in prison custody
Ukrainian prisoners sentenced to death
Ukrainian serial killers

Anatoly Onoprienko


Tüketim toplumu, tüketimcilik, tüketicilik veya alıcılık, hizmetler ve üretim sektörü ekseninde olmaktan ziyade boş zamanın ve üretilen malların tüketimi ekseninde örgütlü hale gelen ya da örgütlenen toplumları ve bu eylemi açıklayan sosyoloji terimi. Bu kavram sosyoloji içerisinde net bir açıklığa sahip olmasa da tüketimcilik çoğunlukla zenginliğin, bireyciliğin ve popüler kültür özelliklerinin arttığı, toplumsal sınıfların sınırlarının azaldığı toplumlarda görülür.

Kaynakça

Ekonomi
Sosyoloji kavramları

Tüketim toplumu


Die 91. French Open 1992 waren ein Tennis-Sandplatzturnier der Klasse Grand Slam, das von der ITF veranstaltet wurde. Es fand vom 25. Mai bis 7. Juni 1992 in Roland Garros, Paris, Frankreich statt.

Titelverteidiger im Einzel waren Jim Courier bei den Herren sowie Monica Seles bei den Damen. Im Herrendoppel waren John Fitzgerald und Anders Järryd, im Damendoppel Gigi Fernández und Jana Novotná und im Mixed Helena Suková und Cyril Suk die Titelverteidiger.

Herreneinzel

Setzliste

Dameneinzel

Setzliste

Herrendoppel

Setzliste

Damendoppel

Setzliste

Mixed

Setzliste

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz

French Open 1992


Valmiera Football Club (fra og med 2020) er en fodboldklub fra Letland. Klubben spiller i den bedste lettiske liga Virslīga og har hjemmebane på J. Dalina stadions i byen Valmiera.

Historie
Klubben blev stiftet i 1996.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver

Trup
Pr. 28. april 2022

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 valmierasfk.lv
 foot.dk
 soccerway

Noter

Fodboldklubber i Letland
Etableret i 1996

Valmiera FC


Kráľova hoľa (njem.: Königsberg; mađ.: Király-hegy) najviša je planina (1946 m) istočnoga dijela Niskih Tatri u središnjoj Slovačkoj.

Značajke
U podnožju planine izviru četiri rijeke: Čierny Váh, Hnilec, Hornád i Hron. Vrh je lako dostupan pješačkim stazama iz Telgárta i asfaltiranom cestom iz Šumica (zatvorenom za javnost, osim za gorsku službu spašavanja i radnike koji održavaju TV odašiljač na vrhu) i pruža panoramski pogled na Spiš, Tatre, Liptov i gornju dolinu Hron. Početkom 19. stoljeća šuma sa obronaka planine uvelike je iskrčena nekontroliranom eksploatacijskom sječom, ali je zalaganjem šumarskoga inženjera i poduzetnika Ludwiga Greinera u drugoj polovici tog stoljeća linija šume vraćena na svoju prirodnu nadmorsku visinu od oko 1650 m.

Kráľova hoľa česta je tema u slovačkome folkloru i romantičnom pjesništvu kao sigurno utočište heroja i razbojnika, posebice Juraja Jánošíka. Kao metafora domovine u narodnim baladama (kao što je Na Kráľovej holi), a posebice u jednoj od najpoznatijih slovačkih pjesama Smrt Jánošíka (1862.) Jána Bottoa planina je postala jedna od neformalnih slovačkih nacionalnih simbola, isto kao i drugi planinski vrh Kriváň.

Tijekom antinacističkoga Slovačkog narodnog ustanka, partizanska skupina Jánošík izgradila je svoja skloništa ispod vrha planine. Na vrhu planine je 1960. sagrađen 137,5 metara visok TV odašiljač. Tu je i meteorološka stanica te stanica gorske službe spašavanja.

Izvori

Planine u Slovačkoj

Kráľova hoľa


යමුනා යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු ආගමේ එන පූජනීය ගංගාවක් වන අතර එය හින්දු ආගමේ පාරිශුද්ධතම ගංගාව ලෙස සැලකෙන ගංගා දෙවඟනගේ (ගංගා නම් ගඟෙහි) අතු ගංගාවක් ද වේ. මෙම ගංගාව ද යමුනා නම් හින්දු දේවතාවියක ලෙස වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර වේ. වේද තුළ යමුනා යමි ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතට පසුකාලීන සාහිත්‍යය තුළ ඇයව කාලින්දි ලෙස හඳුන්වා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 මණිමේඛලා

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
මරණයේ දෙවඟනෝ
පාතාලයේ දෙවඟනෝ
මුහුදු සහ ගංගා දේවතාවෝ
ක්‍රිෂ්ණගේ භාර්යාවෝ
හින්දු ආගම තුළ ජලය

හින්දු ආගම තුළ යමුනා


Lincoln County may refer to:

Australia
Lincoln County, New South Wales
the former name of Lincoln Land District, Tasmania

Canada
Lincoln County, Ontario, one of the historic counties of Ontario

United Kingdom
The archaic term "County of Lincoln" refers to Lincolnshire in modern usage

United States
Lincoln County, Arkansas
Lincoln County, Colorado
Lincoln County, Georgia
Lincoln County, Idaho
Lincoln County, Kansas
Lincoln County, Kentucky
Lincoln County, Maine
Lincoln County, Minnesota
Lincoln County, Mississippi
Lincoln County, Missouri
Lincoln County, Montana
Lincoln County, Nebraska
Lincoln County Sheriff's Office (Nebraska)
Lincoln County, Nevada
Lincoln County, New Mexico
Lincoln County, North Carolina
Lincoln County, Oklahoma
Lincoln County, Oregon
Lincoln County, South Dakota
Lincoln County, Tennessee
Lincoln County, Washington
Lincoln County, West Virginia
Lincoln County, Wisconsin
Lincoln County, Wyoming

Other uses
Lincoln County (song), a song by Dave Davies which reached #15 in the UK charts in 1968
Lincoln County War, New Mexico

See also
Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, United States

United States county name disambiguation pages

Lincoln County


Gondomar Portekiz'de Vila Verde belediyesine bağlı olan, 3,02 kmkm2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 87 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Verde'nin bucakları

Gondomar (Vila Verde)


الليبية الفضائية كانت أول قناة تلفزيونية ليبية مملوكة لمؤسسة القذافي تديرها شركة الغد للخدمات الإعلامية. بدأت إرسالها في 15 أغسطس 2007م ثم توقف إرسالها، ثم عاودت الإرسال في 15 أغسطس 2008م. بثت في تلك الفترة عددا من البرامج بينها برامج مثل قلم رصاص لحمدي قنديل.

ظلت القناة تبث برامجها حتى تم ماوصف ب«تأميمها» وضمها إلى الهيئة العامة لإذاعات الجماهيرية العظمى في مايو 2009م ليتغير اسمها لاحقا إلى قناة «الجماهيرية 2».

عقب ثورة 17 فبراير في ليبيا والمطالبات الشعبية برحيل العقيد القذافي وأسرته تم إعادة القناة بنفس الشعار لتبث من مركزها في طرابلس وتوقفت لاحقاً بعد سقوط نظام القذافي في سبتمبر 2011م.

في سبتمبر 2013م ظهرت على أحد أقمار البث الفضائي قناة تحمل نفس الاسم وذات الشعار ويعتقد أنها تحت إدارة مناصرين للقذافي لتحل مكان «قناة الخضراء» التي ظهرت بعد سقوط نظام القذافي مباشرة.

انظر أيضاً
 قناة المتوسط الفضائية

مراجع

ليبية فضائية
قنوات تلفزيونية ليبية سابقة

الليبية الفضائية


Ein E-Mail-Konto bzw. E-Mail-Postfach, oft auch engl. E-Mail-Account, hat für E-Mail etwa dieselbe Funktion wie das Postfach bei einem Postunternehmen im Rahmen der traditionellen Briefpost: Es bewahrt eingehende Nachrichten solange auf, bis der Kunde sie liest bzw. abholt.

E-Mails werden über ein weltumspannendes Netz von Mailservern, die über das Internet miteinander verbunden sind, verschickt. Um E-Mails versenden und empfangen zu können, benötigt man daher ein E-Mail-Konto bei einem E-Mail-Anbieter (auch: E-Mail-Provider). Ein E-Mail-Anbieter verfügt über einen solchen Mailserver und richtet seinen Kunden ein E-Mail-Postfach, in dem alle eingehende E-Mails an den Kunden bzw. Benutzer gespeichert werden, auf diesem Mailserver ein.

Einrichten eines E-Mail-Kontos
In dem Augenblick, in dem sich der Benutzer beim E-Mail-Anbieter ein Benutzerkonto als Zugangsberechtigung zulegt, richtet ihm der E-Mail-Anbieter ein E-Mail-Postfach ein. Hierbei wählt der Benutzer einen Benutzernamen (häufig ein Pseudonym) und ein Passwort. Beides benötigt der Benutzer später, wenn er auf sein E-Mail-Postfach zugreifen möchte, um sich gegenüber dem E-Mail-Anbieter als Besitzer des E-Mail-Postfachs zu identifizieren.

Sowohl der Benutzername als auch der E-Mail-Anbieter können sich in der E-Mail-Adresse widerspiegeln, hat sie doch die Form kontakt@domain. Rechts vom @-Zeichen steht dabei der Name des E-Mail-Anbieters (genauer: der Domain-Name der Organisation, der der Mailserver gehört), links vom @-Zeichen typischerweise der Benutzername des Besitzers des E-Mail-Kontos. (Ausnahmen von dieser Regel stellen z. B. Alias-Adressen (siehe unten), E-Mail-Verteiler und Mailinglisten dar.)

Allerdings kann man sich bei einigen E-Mail-Anbietern statt eines reinen Benutzerkontos auch eine eigene Domain einrichten lassen. Der Domainname ist dabei frei wählbar, sofern er noch nicht belegt ist. Es wird zwar weiterhin der Mailserver des Anbieters genutzt, dessen Name erscheint dann aber nicht mehr in der Adresse. Die Verwaltung der Domain (und den i. d. R. damit möglichen mehreren Postfächern) liegt dann beim Benutzer. Der Vorteil hierbei, dass bei einem Anbieterwechsel die Domain mitgenommen werden kann, die E-Mail-Adressen also erhalten bleiben.

Da viele Anbieter die Identität des Benutzers nicht prüfen, ist es möglich, sich E-Mail-Kontos unter falschem Namen zuzulegen. Daher kann man sich bei einer eingehenden E-Mail zunächst nicht sicher sein, ob sie tatsächlich von derjenigen Person stammt, die die E-Mail-Adresse als Absender suggeriert.

Verwendung und Zugriff auf ein E-Mail-Postfach
Der Benutzer kann auf die E-Mails in seinem E-Mail-Postfach mittels eines E-Mail-Programms, via Webmail oder – bei mobiler Nutzung – mit einer gerätespezifischen App zugreifen, je nachdem, welche Zugriffsarten der E-Mail-Anbieter unterstützt.

Verfügt man über mehrere E-Mail-Postfächer – sei es beim selben, sei es bei verschiedenen E-Mail-Anbietern –, so ist es möglich, es so einzurichten, dass all diese E-Mail-Postfächer über ein einziges verwaltet werden können. Greift man über ein E-Mail-Programm auf seine E-Mail zu, so muss man zu diesem Zweck lediglich all seine E-Mail-Konten hinzufügen. Verwendet man Webmail, so erstellt man in seinem bevorzugten E-Mail-Postfach einen sogenannten POP3-Sammeldienst. In beiden Fällen werden daraufhin alle in den verbundenen E-Mail-Postfächern eingehenden E-Mails im Posteingang angezeigt.

Alias-Adressen und Wegwerf-E-Mail-Adressen
Auf einem E-Mail-Konto kann sich der Besitzer meist mehrere E-Mail-Adressen ("Alias-Adressen") einrichten. Die E-Mails an all diese zusätzlichen E-Mail-Adressen werden in dasselbe E-Mail-Postfach zugestellt wie E-Mails an die erste E-Mail-Adresse (Hauptadresse) des E-Mail-Kontos. Auf diese Weise kann man mit verschiedenen Adressaten unter unterschiedlichem Absendernamen kommunizieren, die eingehenden E-Mails aber alle im selben E-Mail-Postfach zusammen abrufen.
Die Alias-Adresse kann gelöscht werden, wenn über sie zunehmend Spam-E-Mail ins Postfach gelangt. Werden hingegen einer E-Mail-Adresse mehrere E-Mail-Postfächer zugewiesen, so nennt man diesen Alias auch Verteiler.

Wegwerf-E-Mail-Adressen sind E-Mail-Adressen, die nur zeitlich begrenzt gültig sind. Diese Adressen werden vorrangig genutzt, um Spam zu vermeiden. Eingesetzt werden sie unter anderem in Foren, Chats und anderen Seiten, bei denen bei einer Registrierung eine E-Mail-Adresse verlangt wird. Der Abruf geschieht meist über einen Browser direkt auf der Website des Anbieters (Webmail). Es gibt jedoch auch Dienste, die die E-Mails an andere Postfächer weiterleiten, wodurch dann der Abruf via E-Mail-Programm möglich ist. In einigen Fällen verfallen die Adressen nach einer bestimmten Zeit oder nach einer bestimmten Zahl eingegangener Mails von selbst, in anderen Fällen werden sie manuell abgemeldet oder einfach nicht mehr genutzt. Einen ähnlichen Ansatz benutzen Dienste wie Spamgourmet und Sneakemail. Eine Ansicht der empfangenen E-Mail ist bei den meisten Anbietern als Text- und HTML-Version möglich. Vereinzelt ist auch der Empfang und das Herunterladen von E-Mail-Anhängen möglich.

Sicherheit und Datenschutz

E-Mails sind in Dateiform auf dem Mailserver gespeichert. Entsprechend können sie von jedem Administrator des Mailservers – sofern sie nicht verschlüsselt übertragen wurden – eingesehen werden. Der Zugriff auf diese Daten ist jedoch nur für Administrationszwecke gestattet (Fernmeldegeheimnis, vergleiche auch E-Mail-Provider).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Wegwerf-E-Mail-Adresse gegen Spam

E-Mail

E-Mail-Konto


Çelikli, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski adı çifte köprüdür. Adını çeltik yapan bir köy olduğu için çel den çelikli koyulmuş
ve mahallesim gerçek adı gömen olarak bilindigi gibi sonradan çelikli gömen olarak degiştirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 29 km, Çarşamba ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

-

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Çelikli, Çarşamba


الآنسة مارى فرين هي أول عارضة أزياء و كانت بائعة في إحدى المحلات الكبرى للملابس ولقد عرض عليها رئيسها في العمل تشارلز فريدريك وورث أن تعرض بعض تصميماته وذلك عام 1846م. نجحت هذه الفكرة في جذب الزبائن. وعندما تزوجها أصبح منزلهما يستضيف من وقت إلى آخر أنيقات المجتمع وتقوم السيدة وارت (مارى فرين) بعرض الأزياء وفيما استعانت بغيرها وهكذا انتشرت عادة عرض الأزياء.

عارضات أزياء فرنسيات
مواليد في كليرمون فيران
وفيات بعمر 72

ماري فرين


Asparagoideae, potporodica šparogovki kojoj pripada najvažniji rod u porodici, Asparagus, s preko 200 vrsta raširenih po ogromnm prostranstvima Euroazije, Afrike i Australije. Drugi rod je Hemiphylacus s pet vrsta iz Meksika

Rodovi
 genus Asparagus L. (219 spp.)
 genus Hemiphylacus S. Watson (5 spp.)

Izvori

Šparogovke

Asparagoideae


1117 (MCXVII) pazartesi günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar
 Murâbıtlar Coimbra'yı (bugünkü Portekiz) fethetti.

Doğumlar
 Hacı Murad-ı Veli (ö. 1207)

Ölümler
 14 Şubat - Bertrade, Fransa kraliçesi (d. 1070)

Günü bilinmeyen
 Faritius, İtalyan hekim

1117


ثوب كوكتيل أو فستان كوكتيل هو الزي الذي ترتديه المرأة في حفلات كوكتيل، وشبه الرسمية من المناسبات.

طول فساتين الكوكتيل يختلف باختلاف الموضة والعرف المحلي. طولها يتراوح من فوق الركبة إلى أن يلامس الكاحل.

في المناسبات شبه الرسمية، يكون الفستان أقل تفصيلا، ويمكن أن يكون أقصر طولا، عندما يكون السادة في بدلات داكنة. قبل منتصف القرن العشرين هذا النوع من اللباس كان يعرف باسم «فستان بعد الظهيرة». بينما السادة في بدلات الأعمال.

مراجع

الموضة في القرن 19
الموضة في القرن 20
الموضة في القرن 21
تاريخ الموضة
ثقافة شرب الكحول
حفلات
فساتين
ملابس نسائية
وجبة عشاء

فستان كوكتيل


An Hohenbergia lemei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harry Edward Luther ngan K.F.Norton. An Hohenbergia lemei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hohenbergia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hohenbergia

Hohenbergia lemei