Penn & Teller: Bullshit! is an American documentary comedy television series hosted by magician and skeptic duo Penn and Teller that aired from 2003 to 2010 on the premium cable channel Showtime.

Overview

Penn & Teller: Bullshit! was hosted by professional magicians and skeptics Penn & Teller. Its format consisted of debating political topics, usually from a naturalist libertarian capitalist point of view (the political philosophy then espoused by both Penn and Teller) or aiming to debunk pseudoscientific ideas, paranormal beliefs, popular fads and misconceptions. The hosts criticize proponents of what they perceive as nonsense and dishonesty, often citing ulterior political or financial motives. In the first episode, Penn said the aim of the show is to "hunt down as many purveyors of bullshit as [they] can." As indicated by the show's title, the program adheres to Penn & Teller's characteristically blunt, aggressive presentation. The show was nominated for 13 Emmy Awards.

At the beginning of the first episode of the first season, Penn points out that the series will contain more obscenity and profanity than one would expect in a series dealing with scientific and critical inquiry, but explained that this was a legal tactic because, "if one calls people liars and quacks one can be sued... but 'assholes' is pretty safe. If we said it was all scams we could also be in trouble, but 'bullshit,' oddly, is safe. So forgive all the 'bullshit language', but we're trying to talk about the truth without spending the rest of our lives in court."

Paranormal subjects of episodes include alien abduction, alternative medicine, literal exegesis of the Bible, and ESP. Other episodes cover social issues, such as the War on Drugs, organic food, animal rights, gun control, and environmentalism. Penn & Teller approach the topics in the manner of Harry Houdini and James Randi (the latter of whom made multiple appearances on the show), who were known for debunking claims of supernatural powers.

The show began airing its 8th and final season on June 10, 2010. As of its 7th season, it was Showtime's longest-running series. The series achieved worldwide success, and was shown in countries including Argentina, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Ireland, Sweden, Venezuela and the United Kingdom.

Episodes

The series premiered on January 24, 2003, and 89 episodes aired over the course of the series in the span of 8 seasons, concluding on August 12, 2010.

Show format
In each episode, Penn and Teller debunk a chosen misconception such as cryptozoology, debate a controversial topic like gun control, or "expose the truths" of an organization like PETA. Sometimes their objective is not to completely dismiss the topic at hand but to decry certain aspects of the topic that they believe to be pernicious, misleading, unnecessary, or overemphasized. For example, in the case of college they argue that while college is a great place to learn, drink beer or train for a career, the concept of diversity is "bullshit" when used as an excuse to restrict free speech or selectively recruit to fill quotas. Or that "the casual asshole, or just plain dickhead, might do well in an anger management program" but teaching people they can relieve anger through attacking or screaming at inanimate objects is "bullshit", since this "venting" (as it's called in the industry) by an angry person in a social situation will lead to violence.

Proponents of the topic make their case in interviews; however, they often end up appearing fallacious or self-contradicting. For example, in "Safety Hysteria", a manufacturer of "radiation guards" for mobile phones admits that there is no proven link between mobile phone radiation and brain cancer, but assures viewers that "you can't be too safe" (mobile phones use conventional radio waves for communication, which are non-ionizing radiation). When he states his background is in advertising, not medical science, it is implied that he knows his product is useless but exploits people's fears to turn a profit. A second consecutive interview with another proponent is often started with the phrase: "And then there's this asshole..."

Penn Jillette has stated that those being interviewed know what show the interview is for and its purpose. One episode shows a video crew from the show going into a building to perform an interview, and Jillette points out that a member of the crew is wearing a Penn & Teller: Bullshit! baseball cap. Opponents are then interviewed and they offer rebuttals to the proponents' arguments. These are usually experts, celebrities, or sometimes speakers from the Center for Inquiry, the James Randi Educational Foundation, or the Cato Institute.

Penn and Teller often conduct informal experiments. For example, in the episode "Bottled Water", diners in an upscale restaurant are presented with a variety of apparently fancy bottled water brands. After the diners praise and pick a favorite, it is revealed that each bottle was filled by the same garden hose behind the restaurant. In one of their more serious experiments during the "Conspiracy Theories" episode, Teller fires a rifle at a melon wrapped in one-inch fiberglass tape to demonstrate that when a human head is shot, it is likely to be forced in the direction opposite to the bullet's trajectory. This demonstration was aimed at discrediting a John F. Kennedy conspiracy theory that points out that the fatal gunshot rocked Kennedy toward the shot through the use of simple principles of physics (i.e., "back and to the left", the fallacious belief that a shot from behind would cause a head to jerk forward is used as evidence that JFK must have been shot from the grassy knoll, in front of the vehicle). Penn and Teller look over the scene of the aftermath of the experiment to which Penn comments, "Second gunman my aching ass..."

Penn and Teller often have skits and stunts performed with them on set or use stock footage to combine reasonable arguments with straightforward, entertaining ridicule. For example, the "Sex, Sex, Sex" episode may be satirizing the media's obsession with sex appeal by having the hosts constantly surrounded by naked actors and actresses. Penn and Teller often close episodes with an impassioned ethical plea against whatever they are debunking, summarizing how this particular belief is harmful and should be resisted. The presenters distinguish between believers (often explaining that Penn and Teller themselves would like to believe these things are true, and showing compassion to the people who do think the things are true) and those they see as charlatans out for money or to advance a political agenda, at whom their anger is directed. For example, in their premiere episode, they debunk the idea that psychics can talk to the dead. While expressing the utmost sympathy towards people who are desperate for a chance to speak to a loved one who has died, they explain that charlatans take advantage of this love to get money from people, and deliver false messages that have nothing to do with the genuine character of the departed.

Cancellation
During the October 31, 2010, episode of Penn Point, Penn alluded to Bullshit! no longer being on Showtime, saying "it's where Penn & Teller's Bullshit! used to be", while referring to Showtime.

In an interview published November 3, 2010, by the Atlantic City Weekly, Teller states, "We are in the process of making a decision to continue with Showtime or move on to a new show on Discovery Channel." In April 2011, Jillette announced on Twitter that Bullshit! had ended and the duo would appear in a new Discovery Channel series, originally titled Penn & Teller: Secrets of the Universe but ultimately airing as Penn & Teller Tell a Lie. On the July 21, 2013 episode of Penn Jillette's podcast show Penn's Sunday School, he mentioned he would like to bring Bullshit! back, as he felt it was more important than ever, but Showtime's new management wanted a clean break and HBO would not associate with a previous Showtime show. He suggested Netflix as a possible return platform.

Title

Since the show's title contains an obscenity (by common standards in the United States), the series is often listed in newspaper television listings there under the alternate title B.S. Some printings of the show's DVD releases also carry this alternate title. Dish Network and DirecTV list the show as Penn & Teller: Bulls...! Comcast Digital Cable lists the show as "Penn & Teller: Bull!" Netflix lists it as "Penn & Teller: Bullsh*t", while the iTunes Store lists "Penn & Teller: BS" (though one of its graphic icons for it has "BULL SH T" with Teller standing about where the I should be).

In the "Profanity" episode, Penn tells the viewers that the planned title for Bullshit! was Humbug! This, Penn goes on to say, relates their skepticism (and TV show) to Harry Houdini's reactions to the popular misconceptions of his day; but the idea was scrapped because humbug had less of an impact than the more profane, more informal word, bullshit. It is also discussed during the profanity episode that humbug was considered as profane at one time as bullshit today. During that same episode, Penn and Teller themselves did not use any profanity, even changing the name of the show to Humbug! for that episode. At one point, Penn suggests the use of the phrase Jesus Christ! by a non-Christian is not profanity, but as Teller apparently drops a bowling ball on his foot just as he mentions the phrase, his yelling of the expression makes its use ambiguous. (See Wikiquote's transcription of the quote.)

When discussing Bullshit! on his radio show, Penn either broke the word in half, usually with a clap and a slight pause (Bulls[Clap]Hit), or change it to Bullshot. He frequently referred to how Criss Angel's show Mind Freak had "the perfect title, everyone knows what you mean and you can advertise", which they could not. On an episode of the public radio program Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, Penn referred to the show as Bushlit.

Showtime's official website for the program only displays the title Penn and Teller, despite the full title of the show appearing in its web address.

Proposed topics
Plans to make an episode focusing on Scientology were believed to have been rejected by Showtime executives to avoid provoking legal action by the Church of Scientology, though Penn later revealed on his radio show that this was not true, commenting that he has slight interest in dealing with Scientologists despite being critical of their practices. Matt Stone and Trey Parker, friends of Penn and Teller, were motivated by this to create their own long-planned, controversial South Park episode lampooning Scientology, "Trapped in the Closet". Another planned episode on airport security has been rejected from every season's topic list: "It turns out, to shoot anything on airport security, you are violating federal law. You're not allowed to shoot anything there," said Penn. He has done radio, film and print regarding airport security, but has been unsuccessful adapting it for television.

During a Q&A session at The Amaz!ng Meeting of 2005, he said that the episode about conspiracy theories did not cover Holocaust denial, since it should have its own episode.

Libertarianism
In addition to paranormal and pseudo-scientific claims, Penn & Teller take a skeptical view of government authority. In various episodes of their show, they have heavily criticized both the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as taken stances against regulations or prohibitions on things such as guns, drugs, tobacco, prostitution, nuclear energy, nudity, and profanity. Penn & Teller are both H. L. Mencken research fellows with the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank.

Criticism
In the episode "Family Values", Penn acknowledged his and Teller's biases, saying, "We're fair and we never take people out of context. We're biased, but we try to be honest." Still, Dennis Cass of Slate magazine has criticized the duo for resorting to the same sensationalism as their targets, stating in a review of the series, "One of the unwritten rules for winning an argument against an inflammatory, irrational opponent is to calmly adhere to a loftier set of rhetorical standards. Penn and Teller showily throw this notion into the trash."

Noel Murray, in an otherwise favorable review  The A.V. Club, opined that Penn & Teller, despite being skeptics, are not dedicated to fact-based debunking or inquiry data retrieval, commenting:

At The Amaz!ng Meeting 3 Penn and Teller were asked about the evidence for their secondhand smoke episode being faulty. Penn Jillette, with Teller sitting at his side, said "What we talked about during the show was where the stuff was there", meaning that he was using the data that the government had when they instituted the ban, then said regarding this episode they were "very likely" wrong. Penn went on to describe "a new study that came out of England, just recently, that seems to have more stuff about it" and "right now, as I sit here, there probably is danger in secondhand smoke". He went on to say that this was a small portion of the program, and their main point was their opposition to "outlawing" smoking in privately owned businesses, which they still "stand behind 100%".

Robert Todd Carroll, author of The Skeptic's Dictionary, originally sided with the show's conclusion that there was no link between secondhand smoke and cancer. But Carroll changed his conclusions after further investigation into the studies. Carroll concluded that the studies were biased, and consequently decided that secondhand smoke does have negative effects on people.

During an interview on the January 31, 2007, episode of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, Teller said that the final episode of the show would be about "the bullshit of Bullshit!" and would detail all the criticisms that they themselves had of the show; however, the series ended before such an episode could air.

Awards and nominations

Penn & Teller: Bullshit was nominated for 21 awards, winning two. The Writers Guild of America bestowed an award upon the program in 2004 recognizing excellence in its writing quality, and it received an award from the Independent Investigations Group in 2008, recognizing the show's contribution to public understanding of scientific skepticism and rational thinking.

Through its run, Penn & Teller: Bullshit! garnered thirteen Primetime Emmy Award nominations, five Writers Guild of America Award nominations and a Directors Guild of America Award nomination.

References

External links

2003 American television series debuts
2000s American documentary television series
2010 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Libertarian television and radio shows
Scientific skepticism mass media
Showtime (TV network) original programming
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by The Wolper Organization

Penn & Teller: Bullshit!


Patrick Salcher (* 7. Oktober 1991) ist ein österreichischer Naturbahnrodler. Er fährt im Einsitzer und startet seit 2012 im Weltcup.

Karriere
Salcher nimmt seit der Saison 2006/2007 an Interkontinentalcup-Rennen teil. Nach zahlreichen Top-10-Ergebnissen feierte er im zweiten Rennen der Saison 2010/2011 in St. Sebastian den ersten Sieg. 2008 wurde Salcher Österreichischer Juniorenmeister im Einsitzer. Im selben Winter nahm er an der Juniorenweltmeisterschaft in Latsch teil, bei der er Achter wurde. Danach fuhr er sowohl bei der Juniorenweltmeisterschaft 2010 in Deutschnofen als auch bei der Junioreneuropameisterschaft 2011 in Laas auf den sechsten Platz.

In der Saison 2011/2012 startete Salcher erstmals im Weltcup. Er fuhr beim Saisonauftakt in Latzfons auf Platz 14, kam eine Woche später in Olang erstmals in die Top-10 und erzielte weitere zwei Wochen später mit dem fünften Platz in Deutschnofen sein bestes Saisonergebnis. Im Gesamtweltcup belegte er Rang 15.

Im Sommer nimmt Salcher auch an Wettbewerben im Rollenrodeln teil, sowohl im Einsitzer als auch im Doppelsitzer. Im Rollenrodelcup erreichte er im Einsitzer 2009 den zweiten Gesamtrang in der Juniorenklasse. In der Herrenklasse wurde er 2011 Gesamt-Zweiter und 2012 Gesamt-Dritter. Bei den Österreichischen Meisterschaften im Rollenrodeln erzielte Salcher 2011 den zweiten Platz im Einsitzer, ehe er 2012 erstmals Österreichischer Meister im Einsitzer wurde und zusammen mit Lea Geiger den zweiten Rang im Doppelsitzer belegte.

Erfolge

Juniorenweltmeisterschaften
 Latsch 2008: 8. Einsitzer
 Deutschnofen 2010: 6. Einsitzer

Junioreneuropameisterschaften
 Laas 2011: 6. Einsitzer

Weltcup
 2 Platzierungen unter den besten zehn

Weblinks

 Patrick Salcher beim Österreichischen Rodelverband

Naturbahnrodler (Österreich)
Sportler (Tirol)
Österreicher
Geboren 1991
Mann

Patrick Salcher


An Sobennikoffia fournieriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Sobennikoffia fournieriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sobennikoffia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sobennikoffia

Sobennikoffia fournieriana


Hermann Scheipers (Ochtrup, 24 de julio de 1913-2 de junio de 2016) fue un sacerdote católico alemán, que fue prisionero durante el nazismo en el campo de concentración de Dachau, entre 1941 y 1945. Durante su visita a Alemania en septiembre de 2011, el papa Benedicto XVI se reunió con Scheipers en Erfurt.

Biografía
Tras los estudios de teología en la Universidad de Münster, Scheipers fue ordenado sacerdote en 1937 por el obispo Petrus Legge y encarcelado tres años después durante seis meses por las autoridades de la Alemania nazi junto a presos políticos polacos condenados a trabajos forzados en Leipzig. Allí, la Gestapo le ofreció la libertad a cambio de abjurar de sus creencias, acuerdo que no aceptó. Siguió atendiendo como sacerdote al resto de prisioneros católicos y en 1941 fue enviado a Dachau, donde habían sido internados la mayoría de los católicos disidentes del III Reich, bajo la acusación de enemigo del Estado en estos términos: «Scheipers es un defensor fanático de la Iglesia, es propenso a generar intranquilidad a la población, por lo que ordenamos su internamiento en el campo de concentración de Dachau».

En Dachau fue encarcelado con el número 24255 en el «bloque de los sacerdotes» (Pfarrerblock), junto a otros religiosos católicos y protestantes como el beato Georg Häfner y el pastor Paul Richter. Según sus propias palabras, «El haber sobrevivido corporal y espiritualmente al infierno de Dachau se lo debo exclusivamente a  mi fe cristiana». Durante su internamiento fue amenazado en varias ocasiones con enviarle a las cámaras de gas, pero finalmente no fue ejecutado:

El 27 de abril de 1945, dos días antes de la liberación del campo de concentración de Dachau por las fuerzas de Estados Unidos, Scheipers sobrevivió a una marcha de la muerte. Recuperada la salud, en 1946 regresó a la diócesis de Dresde-Meissen, entonces parte de la República Democrática Alemana, donde pronto entró en conflicto con el Partido Socialista Unificado de Alemania. Trabajó como sacerdote en Dresde, Berggießhübel, Dresden Johannstadt, Freital, Wilsdruff y Bautzen. Desde 1960 hasta su regreso a Münster en 1983, fue párroco en la parroquia de Santa María Schirgiswalde.

En los últimos años, tras su jubilación, dio numerosas conferencias sobre su experiencia en Dachau y los totalitarismos, donde compara el nazismo con el comunismo soviético y chino en los siguientes términos:

Véase también
Jean Bernard
El noveno día

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Rudolf Siegel, Johannes Lubczyk, Hermann Scheipers: Blutzeuge der Wahrheit. Ein Gedenkblatt für den im KZ Dachau verstorbenen Jugendseelsorger des Bistums Meißen Dr. Bernhard Wensch, Morus-Verlag, Berlín 1949
 Hermann Scheipers: Gratwanderungen. Priester unter zwei Diktaturen, Benno-Verlag, Leipzig 1997, ISBN 3-7462-1221-9; en español: 'Sacerdote bajo dos dictaduras totalitarias; Por el borde del precipicio' ed. Voz de los sin Voz. Madrid (traducido del original por Mª Isabel Rodríguez Peralta)
 Hermann Scheipers in: Susanne Hahn [Hrsg.]: Hubertusburger Frieden - Ewiger Frieden?! 1. Hubertusburger Friedensgespräche. 21.-23. September 2006, Turnshare, London 2007, ISBN 978-1-903343-99-9
 Vázquez Allegue, Jaime, Hermann Scheipers. La fe me mantuvo vivo en Dachau, Revista Vida Nueva, nº 2756 (2011) 50.
 Westfälisches Landesmedienzentrum (Hg.): Dir gehört mein Leben. Die Geschichte von Anna und Hermann Scheipers. Zivilcourage und Gottvertrauen zwischen zwei Diktaturen. VHS-Video, Münster 2003.

Centenarios de Alemania
Sacerdotes católicos de Alemania del siglo XX
Sobrevivientes de campos de concentración nazis
Religiosos de Alemania del siglo XX
Religiosos de Alemania del siglo XXI

Hermann Scheipers


Hassel Island er en lille ø, der er en del af de Amerikanske Jomfruøer og ligger ud for havnen i Charlotte Amalie på Sankt Thomas. Øen er omkring 550.000 m² stor og har engang været en halvø på Sankt Thomas. Den fik navnet, mens øgruppen var dansk koloni, og øen indgik i familien Hassels gods. Danskerne gravede den kanal, der gjorde halvøen til en ø i 1860 for at lette adgangen for skibe til havnen i Charlotte Amalie.

Øen (halvøen) var besat af briterne under Napoleonskrigene, og de opførte i den periode (omkring 1802) flere befæstninger. Ruinerne af Fort Willoughby er blandt de synlige tegn på dette. I 1840'erne anlagde Sankt Thomas Jernbaneselskab et spor ud i vandet fra øen, Creque Marine Railway, til at få skibe op i tørdok trukket af et damplokomotiv. Den antages at være den ældste af den type konstruktion på den vestlige halvkugle. Sporene ligger stadig på stedet.

Nu er øen i privat eje, og der bor ganske få mennesker der.

Dansk Vestindien

Hassel Island


Balakhani (en azéri : Balaxanı) est une agglomération urbaine du district de Sabuntchu à Bakou, en Azerbaïdjan. Avant le boom pétrolier, les principales occupations de la population étaient l'agriculture, le jardinage et l'horticulture.

Situation géographique et histoire
C'est l'une des plus anciens districts de Bakou. Le village est connu comme le premier centre pétrolier de la péninsule d'Absheron. En 1813, le propriétaire de tous les puits Balakhani était le Baku khan Huseyn, à l'exception de deux appartenant aux frères Selimkhanov.

De plus, tous les puits sont acquis par le premier pétrolier russe Mark Tarumov. En 1837, l'ingénieur minier Nikolai Voskoboinikov a fondé une raffinerie de pétrole à Balakhani, où pour la première fois le pétrole a été chauffé au gaz naturel.

En 1871, le deuxième puits de pétrole de Russie (64 mètres) est foré mécaniquement. Le , le premier puits de forage pétrolier a frappé Balakhani. Sur ordre de la société des frères Nobel, le premier oléoduc de Russie est construit entre Balakhani et une raffinerie de pétrole dans la ville noire de Bakou.

En 1898, le photographe Alexandre Michon tourne un court métrage documentaire muet "Fontaine d'huile à Balakhani", connu comme le premier film de l'histoire du cinéma azerbaïdjanais.

Il est situé au nord-est de Bakou, au milieu de la péninsule d'Absheron, à côté de Sabuntchu, du village de Ramana, de Zabrat, des villages de Digah et de Mammadli. À une altitude dans la partie nord, il y a un ancien cimetière qui divise le village en deux quartiers - Haut et Bas. La partie nord de Balakhani est appelée quartier Rzagulu, la partie sud est appelée quartier Djanhuseyn par la population. À ce jour, le village a réussi à conserver sa structure en plan traditionnelle. À partir de 1989, une zone résidentielle appelée Yeni Balakhani a commencé à se former dans la partie ouest de la colonie.

Monuments historiques
Mosquée Hadji Chahla
La mosquée Hadji Chahla est un monument architectural du  construit sur une haute colline dans le cimetière de la colonie de Balakhani. La tombe se compose de deux parties - une salle intérieure et un grand portail.

Il y avait une inscription de deux lignes sur la porte d'entrée, dont le texte se lit comme suit : Ce bâtiment appartient à Hadji Chahla bin Shakir. Sept cent quatre-vingt-septième année (787-1385/86).

Tombeau de Chakir agha
La tombe de Chakir agha, située dans le cimetière de Balakhani, est construite en 1427-1428 et est située à six mètres de la mosquée Hadji Chahla, construite en 1385-1386. Le mausolée de Chakir agha est considéré comme le monument Balakhani le plus précieux en termes d'architecture.

Caravansérail Chah Safi
Le caravansérail Chah Safi est construit en 1635-36 par le maître Burhan et le commandant Behbud. Sa construction a été ordonnée par Ali Hussein Bahadirkhan Shah Safiaddin. Le bâtiment est fait de matériaux calcaires locaux et a un toit rectangulaire. Le monument, également appelé Khaja Ruhulla par les locaux, est situé au centre du village. Pendant de nombreuses années, ce caravansérail a été utilisé comme entrepôt. Cependant, grâce aux efforts des villageois, l'intérieur du caravansérail a été nettoyé et aménagé.

Il y avait une inscription sur la porte en bois voûtée du monument. Bien que cette inscription ne soit pas en place pour le moment, son photo-négatif est conservé dans les archives scientifiques de l'Institut d'Histoire de l'ANAS sous le nom de Chah Safi caravanserail sous le numéro d'inverseur 68-14.

L'emplacement du caravansérail à Balakhani pendant cette période est une preuve que la Grande Route de la Soie passait par cet endroit. Les marchands logeraient ici dans un hôtel.

Il est restauré en 1968-69 pour le conserver en tant que monument historique et culturel.

Après rénovation, le village de Balakhani a une chance de devenir un lieu touristique préféré.

Le village est reconstruit pour la première fois. Près de  ont été plantés dans la région. De plus, environ 100 petites entreprises visant à promouvoir l'artisanat, l'art du tissage de tapis, la poterie fonctionneront dans le village.

Personnalités
 Sadig Rahimov (1914-1975), homme d'État soviétique, est né ç Balakhani.

Liens externes

Références

Ville en Azerbaïdjan

Balakhani


Elza, Miltinho e Samba Vol. 2 é o décimo primeiro álbum de estúdio da cantora e compositora brasileira Elza Soares e o segundo em colaboração com o cantor brasileiro Miltinho, lançado em 1968 pela Odeon, com produção musical de Lyrio Panicali.

Antecedentes
Em 1967, Elza e Miltinho lançaram Elza, Miltinho e Samba, que foi um projeto de êxito. Em 1968, a cantora ainda produziu Elza Soares, Baterista: Wilson das Neves e, em seguida, retomou sua parceria com Miltinho.

Gravação
Elza, Miltinho e Samba Vol. 2 foi produzido pelo maestro Lyrio Panicali, com co-produção de Hermínio Bello de Carvalho e direção artística de Milton Miranda, além de orquestrações do maestro Nilsinho. Assim como o primeiro volume, o projeto traz vários medleys, com a junção de várias faixas em só uma. O repertório traz composições de Noel Rosa, Dorival Caymmi, Haroldo Lobo, Lupicínio Rodrigues, Gilberto Gil e outros.

Lançamento e legado
Elza, Miltinho e Samba Vol. 2 foi lançado em 1968 pela Odeon em vinil e não teve a mesma popularidade do primeiro volume, que historicamente se tornou o mais relevante da colaboração. Apesar disso, a dupla chegou a lançar mais um álbum juntos ainda.

Em 2003, o álbum foi relançado pela primeira vez em CD pela caixa de coleção Negra, com reedição de Marcelo Fróes.

A edição digital do álbum foi lançada nas plataformas digitais em 2018.

Faixas
A seguir lista-se as faixas de Elza, Miltinho e Samba Vol. 2:
Lado A
"Dialogo De Criolos"
"Alô Alô / Pelo Telefone"
"Semana Inteira / O Pau Comeu Na Casa De Noca"
"Vaidosa / Me Deixa Em Paz / Para Me Livrar Do Mal"
"Tem Pena De Mim"
Lado B
"Você Jà Foi À Bahia / Vestido De Bolero"
"Mancada / Vai Haver Barulho No Château"
"Promessa / Confessou / Quem Chorou Fui Eu"
"Pot Pourri de Imitação"

Álbuns de 1968
Álbuns de Elza Soares
Álbuns de Miltinho
Álbuns em língua portuguesa

Elza, Miltinho e Samba Vol. 2


Disproporsiyonlaşma, redoks reaksiyonunun bir çeşitidir. Eğer elektron alan ve veren aynı atom ise; ortalama bir oksidasyon basamağında bulunan element, iki ayrı oksidasyon basamağına geçer.

Örnek olarak;

Hg22+ + 2OH- → HgO + Hg + H20

Cıva (I) iyonu (1+) oksidasyon basamağından (2+) ve (0) oksidasyon basamaklarına geçmiştir.

Bir diğer örnek;

Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(s)

Klor gazı (0) oksidasyon basamağından (1-) ve (1+) oksidasyon basamaklarına geçmiştir.

Biyokimya
Kimyasal işlemler
Kimyasal reaksiyonlar
Organik reaksiyonlar

Disproporsiyonlaşma


(名古屋グランパス, Nagoya Guranpasu) (officielt kendt som  (名古屋グランパスエイト, Nagoya Guranpasu Eito)) er en japansk fodboldklub, der spiller i J1 League, efter oprykningen fra J2 League i 2017. Klubben er baseret i Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture og blev grundlagt som virksomhedshold af Toyota Motor Corp. i 1939. Klubben har hjemmebane både på Mizuho Athletic Stadion (kapacitet 27,000 og J. Leagues ældste stadion) og det meget større Toyota Stadium (kapacitet 45,000).

Holdet havde sin mest succesfulde sæson op til 1995, hvor det blev styret af Arsène Wenger, som er kendt for sine bedrifter for Arsenal. De vandt Emperor's Cup, og sluttede på andenpladsen i J. League med Dragan Stojković og Gary Lineker på holdet. 1995-succesen blev overskygget den 20. november 2010, da klubben vandt sit første J. League trofæ, under ledelse af Stojković.

Holdets navn stammer fra de to mest fremtrædende symboler for Nagoya: de to gyldne rissosdelfiner (Grampus griseus)  på toppen af Nagoya Castle, og Maru-Hachi (Cirkel otte), byens officielle symbol.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Spillere
Hold opdateret 29. juni 2018.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 J.League

Fodboldklubber i Japan

Nagoya Grampus


La prostitution aux Maldives est illégale, et se produit à petite échelle. Une enquête menée en 2014 par la Commission des droits de l'homme des Maldives estime que, sur les îles, il y a 1 139 femmes prostituées, dont 8 % sont mineures.

Dans le pays, le trafic sexuel est aussi présent.

Prostitution des enfants
La prostitution des enfants est un problème dans le pays, notamment à Malé et dans la région de l'atoll Hadhdhunmathi. Selon le psychologue Aishath Ali Naaz, elle est si courante dans certaines régions qu'elle est considérée comme "normal". Souvent, la prostitution est arrangée par des membres de la famille.

La Commission des droits de l'homme des Maldives (HRCM) estime que 8 % des prostituées de l'île sont mineures.

Situation juridique
L'article 88(a) du Code pénal maldivien de 1967 inclut la charia dans la législation du pays. Les relations sexuelles hors mariage sont interdites par la charia, tout comme les autres formes "d' immoralité", la prostitution est donc interdite.

Les lois sur l'ordre public et l'immigration sont également utilisées contre les travailleuses du sexe. Les étrangers qui se livrent à la prostitution peuvent s'attendre à être expulsés et les maldiviens peuvent être condamnés à une peine de prison.

Alors que les préservatifs peuvent être vendus aux couples mariés, ils ne peuvent pas être vendus aux célibataires. Les préservatifs et les lubrifiants sont parfois confisqués par la police et utilisés comme preuve de prostitution.

Fermeture des spas
À la suite de plaintes selon lesquelles des services sexuels sont proposés dans les spas des hôtels, et d'une manifestation dans la capitale, Malé, organisée par le parti d'opposition Adhaalath, le gouvernement ordonne la fermeture des spas dans 1 000 hôtels fin décembre 2011. Sous la pression de l'industrie touristique du pays, le président Mohamed Nasheed lève l'interdiction quelques jours plus tard.

Trafic sexuel
Les Maldives sont un pays de destination pour les femmes et les enfants soumis au trafic sexuel, et un pays source pour les femmes et les enfants soumis au trafic sexuel.

Un petit nombre de femmes d'Asie, d'Asie centrale et d'Europe de l'Est, ainsi que des filles du Bangladesh et des Maldives, sont victimes de trafic sexuel aux Maldives. Les femmes maldiviennes peuvent être victimes de trafic sexuel au Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka
En novembre 2016, le Sri Lanka Foreign Employment Bureau (SLFEB) arrête 2 hommes en lien avec le trafic de femmes sri-lankaises vers les Maldives, où elles travaillent dans des maisons closes. Plus de 100 femmes seraient impliquées. Un maldivien est également recherché.

Thaïlande
Certaines femmes entrent dans le pays en se faisant passer pour des touristes, mais se livrent ensuite au travail du sexe.
Un hôtelier thaïlandais rapporte en 2013 que des femmes thaïlandaises sont recrutées avec des offres pour de bons emplois aux Maldives, mais qu'à leur arrivée, elles sont contraintes à la prostitution.

Loi sur la prévention de la traite des êtres humains
La loi sur la prévention de la traite des êtres humains (PHTA) criminalise certaines formes de trafic sexuel, mais pas toutes. Pour la première fois, en 2016, le gouvernement prononce une condamnation en vertu de la PHTA. Trois ressortissants étrangers sont condamnés chacun à 10 ans de prison dans une affaire de trafic sexuel.

Classement américain
Le bureau de surveillance et de lutte contre la traite des personnes du département d'État des États-Unis classe les Maldives parmi les pays de "niveau 2 de la liste de surveillance".

Notes et références

Société maldivienne
Maldives

Prostitution aux Maldives


Shigetatsu Matsunaga (født 12. juni 1962) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||9||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||9||0
|-
|1993||14||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||6||0
|-
!Total||40||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shigetatsu Matsunaga


Marie Catherine Colvin (* 12. Januar 1956 in Astoria, New York City, New York; † 22. Februar 2012 in Homs, Syrien) war eine US-amerikanische Journalistin.

Leben
Colvin wurde als Tochter eines Lehrerehepaars geboren. Ihr Vater, ein ehemaliger US-Marine und Veteran des Koreakriegs, engagierte sich als Aktivist für die Demokraten unter John F. Kennedy. Marie Colvin organisierte in ihrer Heimatstadt Oyster Bay Proteste gegen den Vietnamkrieg. Sie studierte Amerikanische Literatur an der Yale University. Als Journalistin arbeitete sie zunächst für United Press International in New Jersey, anschließend in Paris.

1986 war sie die Erste, die nach den Angriffen auf Libyen Muammar al-Gaddafi interviewte, den sie in späteren Jahren noch mehrfach traf. Ab 1986 arbeitete Colvin als freie Mitarbeiterin für die Sunday Times und heiratete den Nahostkorrespondenten des Blattes, Peter Bishop, mit dem sie einige Jahre in Jerusalem lebte. In den nächsten Jahrzehnten berichtete sie für die Sunday Times aus den verschiedensten Krisen- und Kriegsgebieten, unter anderem über die Konflikte im Ersten Golfkrieg, Libanon, Kosovo, Israel und Jemen.

Während der Operation Donner half Colvin 1999 durch ihre Berichterstattung 1.500 Flüchtlinge im UN-Lager vor der Belagerung durch die indonesische Armee zu schützen. Vier Tage berichtete sie in Zeitungen und Fernsehen, bis die Flüchtlinge evakuiert wurden. Für ihren Bericht aus Tschetschenien wurde Colvin ausgezeichnet. Hier geriet sie unter den Beschuss russischer Flugzeuge.

Als Folge eines Angriffs in Sri Lanka verlor sie 2001 ihr linkes Auge und trug seitdem eine schwarze Augenklappe, an der man sie leicht wiedererkennen konnte. Ihre Arbeit während des 2. Golfkriegs im Irak neben vier anderen Journalistinnen wurde von Barbara Kopple in dem Dokumentarfilm Bearing Witness begleitet.

Am 22. Februar 2012 wurde Colvin während des Bürgerkriegs in Syrien bei einem Artillerieangriff der syrischen Armee auf ein Haus in Bab al-Amr, einem Stadtteil von Homs, getötet. Bei dem Angriff starb auch der Fotograf Rémi Ochlik. Weitere westliche Journalisten wurden verletzt.

Am 12. März wurde Colvin in ihrer Heimatstadt Oyster Bay beigesetzt. 2018 erschien mit A Private War ein biografischer Spielfilm, in dem Colvin von Rosamund Pike verkörpert wird.

Auszeichnungen
 2000: British Press Award – Best Foreign Correspondent of the Year
 2000: Courage in Journalism Award der International Women's Media Foundation
 2012: Anna-Politkowskaja-Preis der britischen Menschenrechtsorganisation Reach All Women in War (RAW)
 2019 (posthum): Medal des Ordem de Timor-Leste

Veröffentlichungen
 Marie Colvin: On the Front Line. The Collected Journalism of Marie Colvin. (Postum veröffentlicht) HarperPress, London 2012. ISBN 978-0-00-748796-7

Literatur
 Denise Leith: Bearing witness. The lives of war correspondents and photojournalists. Random House Australia, Milsons Point NSW 2004, S. 93ff. ISBN 1-74051-260-X.
 Lindsey Hilsum: In Extremis: The Life and Death of the War Correspondent Marie Colvin. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2018 ISBN 978-0-374-17559-7
 Rita Kohlmaier: Marie Colvin. In: Kriegsreporterinnen. Im Einsatz für Wahrheit und Frieden. Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag, München 2022, ISBN 978-3-949582-10-3, S. 118–123.

Weblinks

 Sherry Ricchiardi: Highway to the Danger Zone. American Journalism Review, April 2000
 Tributes paid to Sunday Times reporter Marie Colvin. BBC News, 22. Februar 2012
 Jörg Burger: Die Frau, die nicht wegsah. In: ZEITmagazin Nr. 10 vom 8. Februar 2013

Einzelnachweise

Absolvent der Yale University
Journalist (Vereinigte Staaten)
Kriegsreporter
Person im Bürgerkrieg in Syrien seit 2011
Träger des Ordem de Timor-Leste
Trägerin des Anna-Politkowskaja-Preises
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1956
Gestorben 2012
Frau

Marie Colvin


ملفوف أو يبرق أو سَرمة أو (نقحرة: سارما) حسب اللفظ التركي        هي طبخة ملفوف ورقة العنب

أو ورقة الكرنب أو البنجر (شمندر) وهو تقليدي في المطبخ العربي والتركي وبعض الدول الأخرى القريبة مثل: البوسنة والهرسك، كرواتيا، سلوفينيا، اليونان، هنغاريا، جمهورية مقدونيا، الجبل الأسود، مولدوفا، رومانيا، صربيا، وأوكرانيا. ويوجد أيضًا في المطبخ الروسي، الأذري، الإيراني، الكزخي، القرغيزي، الأوزبكي، التركمانستاني، البولندي.

التسمية
تسمى بالعربية ملفوف من اللف، وبالتركية سرمة هو اسم مشتق من الفعل التركي Sarmak والذي يعني «اللف» أو «التغطية»، وسرمة شبيهة بالدولمة (ورق العنب أو الدوالي)، والاسمان يستخدمان لوصف نفس الشيء في العديد من اللغات. بما ان التسمية تشير إلى عملية اللف، فان الكلمة سرمة تستخدم في تركيا كاسم لفطائر حلوة شبيهة بالبقلاوة، saray sarma و fıstık sarma. حيث تحضر بلف عجين الفيلو حول خليط من المكسرات المسحوقة والقطر.

التحضير
لحم مفروم (و يتنوع من لحم البقر، الخنزير، وحتى البط والوز), أرز، بصل، والعديد من البهارات، تتضمن الملح والفلفل المطحون ومختلف الاعشاب المحلية، وتخلط معاً وتلف داخل ورقة النبتة، والتي يمكن ان تكون ورقة كرنب (طازجة أو مخللة) أو حتى عنب أو شمندر، ومن ثم يتم غليها لعدة ساعات.
تختلف وصفات السرمة من منطقة لأخرى وعددها لايحصى، حتى ان وصفات للنباتيين وو صفات أخرى بالسمك موجودة.

سرت العادة في العديد من دول البلقان أن تقدم السرمة المعدة بلحم الخنزير في مواسم الاعياد مثل عيد الميلاد وعيد القيامة.

مراجع

أطباق الملفوف
أطباق خضار
أطباق خضار محشوة
أطباق وطنية
أطعمة الصوم الكبير
أنواع الطعام
ثقافة كليفلاند
كلمات وجمل تركية
مطبخ أذربيجاني
مطبخ أرجنتيني
مطبخ أردني
مطبخ أرمني
مطبخ ألماني
مطبخ أوكراني
مطبخ البلقان
مطبخ إسرائيلي
مطبخ بلغاري
مطبخ بولندي
مطبخ بيلاروسي
مطبخ تركي
مطبخ تشيكي
مطبخ تشيلي
مطبخ روسي
مطبخ روماني
مطبخ سلافي
مطبخ سلوفاكي
مطبخ سلوفيني
مطبخ سوري
مطبخ سويدي
مطبخ شامي
مطبخ صربي
مطبخ صيني
مطبخ عالمي
مطبخ عثماني
مطبخ عربي
مطبخ فلسطيني
مطبخ فنلندي
مطبخ فيتنامي
مطبخ كوري
مطبخ لبناني
مطبخ لويزيانا
مطبخ ليتواني
مطبخ مولدوفي
مطبخ الجبل الأسود
مطبخ نمساوي
مطبخ هنغاري
مطبخ ياباني
مطبخ يهود أشكناز
مطبخ يهودي
مطبخ يوناني

ملفوف (طبخة)


ميدان الأبطال (بالمجرية Hősök tere) هو ميدان هام في العاصمة الهنغارية بودابست. يقع الميدان في نهاية طريق اندرساى والذي يعد أحد مواقع التراث العالمى. يطل على الميدان مبنيان فنيان هامان في العاصمة المجرية وهما متحف الفنون الجميلة وقصر الفنون بينما يطل على الميدان عن ناحية شارع اندرساى مبنيان أحدهما مبنى سكنى والآخر سفارة صربيا في بودابست (سابقا سفارة يوغسلافيا الاتحادية) والتي لجأ إليها رئيس الوزراء المجري السابق امري ناجي. في منتصف الميدان يوجد نصب تذكارى ضخم يعرف بنصب الألفية وهو يمثل قادة القبائل السبعة التي كونت المجر في القرن التاسع الميلادى.

بدأ إنشاء الميدان العام 1896 وانتهى انشاؤه عام 1929، وأخذ اسمه الحالى بعد ذلك. يحتوى الميدان على محطة للمترو تحمل اسمه وتعد من كبرى محطات المترو بالمدينة. شهد الميدان مظاهرات عنيفة وأعمال عنف ابان الثورة المجرية العام 1956.

صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 civertan.hu
 صور بالأبعاد الثلاثية

أبطال
بودابست
ساحات في بودابست
معالم المجر
معالم أثرية ونصب تذكارية في المجر
مواقع التراث العالمي في المجر
ميادين هنغاريا

ميدان الأبطال (بودابست)


Myxopyrum , rod maslinovki smješten u tribus Myxopyreae. Postoje četiri priznate vrste iz tropske Azije i južne Kine.

Vrste
 Myxopyrum nervosum Blume
 Myxopyrum ovatum A.W.Hill
 Myxopyrum pierrei Gagnep.
 Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume

Izvori

Maslinovke

Myxopyrum


Mišljenje Europske unije, vrsta pravnog akta Europske unije. Kao takvim, ostvaruju se njime ciljevi utvrđeni ugovorima EU-a. Instrument je kojim se institucijama omogućuje dati neobvezujuću izjavu bez nametanja ikakve pravne obveze onima kojima je upućeno. Mišljenje nije obvezujuće. Mogu ga izdati glavne institucije EU-a (Komisija, Vijeće, Parlament), Odbor regija te Europski gospodarski i socijalni odbor. Tijekom izrade zakonodavstva odbori daju mišljenje sa svog specifičnog regionalnog ili gospodarskog i socijalnog stajališta.

Izvori

Europsko pravo

Mišljenje Europske unije


Pamukova, Sakarya iline bağlı ilçedir.

Marmara Bölgesi'nin doğusunda, Sakarya ilinin güneyinde yer alır. Doğusunda Geyve, batısında Kocaeli, kuzeyinde Sapanca ve Merkez ilçe Adapazarı, güneyinde ise Bilecik iline bağlı Osmaneli ve Gölpazarı ilçeleri vardır.

İlçe nüfusunun tamamına yakınını Manavlar ve Balkan göçmenleri oluşturur. Köylerde Yörükler ile Karabağ ve Kars'tan göç eden Ahıska Türklerinin yaşadığı da görülür.

Coğrafya
Pamukova Ovası; doğu-batı doğrultusunda uzanır. D-B uzunluğu 28 km, K-G uzunluğu 6 km'dir. Alanı 170 km²'dir. Ova güneyden Taraklı-Karagöl Platosu, kuzeyden Samanlı Dağları ile çevrilidir. Denizden ortalama 80 m yüksekte olan ovanın ortasından Sakarya Nehri geçer. Karasu-Antalya arasında uzanan D 650 karayolu ovadan geçer.

Tarihçe

Pamukova çevresinde tarih öncesi çağlara ait höyükler bulunmaktadır. Bunlar yörenin Neolitik ve Kalkolitik Çağlardan itibaren yerleşim gördüğüne işaret etmektedir. MÖ 4. yüzyılda Bithynia yönetiminde ve burasının Tataion (Totaion) ismi ile tanınmıştır. Bizanslıların Optimation Theması'nın sınırları içerisindeki Sakarya bölgesi zaman zaman Arap istilalarına uğramıştır. 11. yüzyılın sonlarında Selçuklulardan Artuk Bey'in buradaki Bizanslıları yenmesi ile yöre Selçukluların eline geçmişse de 1072'de yeniden Bizanslılar yöreye hakim olmuşlardır. Bunun ardından 1097'de Haçlıların, Danişmendlilerin, Anadolu Selçuklularının ve İznik'te merkezi kurulan Nicaia İmparatorluğunun yönetimine girmiştir. Osman Gazi zamanında 1312'te Osmanlı topraklarına katılmıştır.Osmanlı döneminde, Akhisar ismiyle tanınan Pamukova Kocaeli'ne bağlı ilçe iken 1874'te Geyve ilçesine bağlı bir bucak hâline getirilmiştir. 1946 yılında belediye teşkilatı kurulmuş, 1987 yılında da Sakarya'ya bağlı ilçe konumuna getirilmiştir. 20 Temmuz 2004'de bölgede Pamukova tren kazası yaşanmıştır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Pamukova Kaymakamligi Resmi Web Sitesi
 Pamukova Belediyesi Resmi Web Sitesi

Pamukova


Danmarks Fiskeriforening Producent Organisation er en brancheforening der organiserer størstedelen af de danske erhvervsfiskere

Organisationen har medlemmer fra hele landet, og den dækker fiskeri af konsumfisk, industrifisk og skaldyr.

Danmarks Fiskeriforening PO er vokset ud af en række fusioner, senest i 1995, hvor Dansk Fiskeriforening (stiftet 1887) og Danmarks Havfiskeriforening (stiftet 1934)  fusionerede.

Formand for Danmarks Fiskeriforening er Svend-Erik Andersen.

Kilder og henvisninger

Organisationens websted
Brancheforeninger
Fiskeri

Danmarks fiskeriforening


Joey Guerra (n. 16 de junio de 1974 Houston, Texas) es el crítico de música pop para el Houston Chronicle. Su trabajo también ha aparecido y ha sido citado por varias publicaciones nacionales.

Inicios de su carrera y actualidad
Guerra comenzó su carrera mientras estudiaba en la Universidad de Houston, cuando era el editor [de la sección: entretenimiento] para el Cougar Daily, una publicación diaria para los estudiantes de esa universidad; durante ese entonces su trabajo obtuvo la atención de toda la ciudad, en especial en el gerente del diario Houston Chronicle, dónde llegó a trabajar en 1990 abarcando entrevistas a cantantes populares [de la época] como Lyle Lovett, Gloria Estefan o Olivia Newton-John. Subsiguientemente ha trabajado como «crítico musical» para el portal Amazon.com, incluyendo entrevistas y revisiones ha artistas como Gloria Estefan, Enrique Iglesias, Gloria Trevi, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, Britney Spears , Jonas Brothers, Bon Jovi, Gloria Gaynor, Carrie Underwood, Jordin Sparks, Miley Cyrus entre otros muchos. Además ha servido como editor «brevemente» de algunos periódicos como: HoustonVoice, un blog para American Idol.

Referencias

Alumnado de la Universidad de Houston
Críticos musicales

Joey Guerra


Providence Place is an American shopping mall in Providence, Rhode Island. With  of gross leasable area, it has been the largest shopping mall in Rhode Island since it opened in 1999.
As of 2022, the mall is anchored by Macy's, and Boscov's, and features premier brands such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Adore Me, J.Crew, Brooks Brothers, Tiffany & Co., and Free People.

History
Providence Place opened in 1999 with original anchors Lord & Taylor, Filene's, and Nordstrom. Lord & Taylor was repositioned and shuttered entirely in June 2004. The space was later filled by JCPenney in February 2005. Filene's became Macy's in 2006.

In September 2015, JCPenney closed down as part of a company decision to close 40 stores nationwide.

Throughout 2016, the mall would undergo major renovations. The area that JCPenney once took would be converted to parking, and a guidance system would be added in the garage to direct customers to open spots. Levels C, B, and A would be renamed to P1, P2, and P3. Levels 1M and 2M would become simply 1.5 and 2.5. Stateside Parking would be renamed to "North Garage", and Cityside Parking would be renamed to "South Garage".

On October 9, 2018, it was announced that Boscov's would replace Nordstrom, which would close on January 4 of the following year when its lease would expire.

On June 1, 2020, Providence Place suffered damage after people protesting the murder of George Floyd broke in and looted 12-18 stores.

Illegal Apartment

Michael Townsend, Adriana Yoto and six other artists covertly built an apartment in a  empty space in one of the mall's parking garages in 2003 after hearing an ad imagining living there and lived there for up to three weeks at a time while documenting mall life. A cinderblock wall was built to keep it under the radar. The apartment was burglarized at one point, with the PlayStation 2 being stolen. (Some sources report the security guards took it in an attempt to identify the occupants) It had no running water so the residents all used the mall bathrooms. Townsend was caught in 2007 after an artist from Hong Kong, Jaffa Lam, visited and they were detected by security guards. After the fully furnished apartment was discovered by mall security, Townsend, the head of the artists' cooperative, was initially charged with breaking and entering but it was reduced to trespassing. The story received national attention. Prior to the discovery, he was planning on building a kitchen, install wooden flooring, as well as adding a second bedroom. He pleaded no contest to trespassing and was sentenced to probation on October 2, 2007. The mall trespassed him for life, giving him a map with a red line he cannot  cross.

Architecture
The mall was built on land previously occupied by a dirt parking lot called "Ray's Park & Lock." The proposed design was met by opposition from residents on the city's East Side; developers changed the initial design to fit better into the neighborhood. The new design included more red and yellow brick and turrets on the roof, to reflect Providence's industrial past.

The design of the mall was partly done by the architect Friedrich St. Florian. He also built the skybridge that connected the mall with the Omni Providence Hotel (formerly the Westin Hotel).

In total, Providence Place consists of fifteen levels. The lowest three are labeled P1-P3 (C-A). Level P1 consists of Parking-Only North Garage (Stateside), and Street Level Restaurants Cityside. There is also a level D in the North Garage. Level P2 consists of DSW shoes and Restaurants, Old Navy stateside, Bed Bath & Beyond cityside and The Skybrige to the Westin. Level P3 consists of parking only, both cityside and stateside. Levels 1.5 and 2.5 also consist of parking only, both cityside and stateside. Cityside is the mall's southern end, facing Downtown. Stateside is the mall's northern end, facing state office buildings including the State Capitol.

The fifth through ninth levels are labeled 1, 1.5 (1M), 2, 2.5 (2M) and 3, which feature the indoor galleria (excluding the .5 levels). There is a Dave & Buster's, an IMAX theatre, and a 16-screen Showcase Cinemas on the seventh level. The mall also hosts two large parking garages labeled North Garage and South Garage, one stateside and the other cityside, anchored to its back end. Bridges connect the two sides over the Woonasquatucket River.

The mall's Winter Garden is a noticeable architectural feature. The four-level structure in the center of the mall spans the Woonasquatucket River and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor line. The area features large expanses of glass providing views of the city. The third level of the Winter Garden contains the food court and access to its fourth level, serving as the entrance to Dave and Buster's, the IMAX theater, and the cinema. Although not directly connected to the mall, Amtrak's Providence Station is located approximately 200 yards east of the mall, providing Acela Express and Northeast Regional service to Boston, New York City, and Washington, D.C.

List of anchor stores

Gallery

References

External links
Official site

Brookfield Properties
Shopping malls in Rhode Island
Shopping malls established in 1999
Buildings and structures in Providence, Rhode Island
Tourist attractions in Providence, Rhode Island
1999 establishments in Rhode Island

Providence Place


Der Große Preis von Großbritannien 1951 fand am 14. Juli in Silverstone statt und war das fünfte Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1951.

Hintergrund
Der ursprünglich für Mai geplante Große Preis von Großbritannien wurde um zwei Monate nach hinten verschoben. Gerüchteweise geschah dies, um den geplanten Einstieg von B.R.M. zu ermöglichen, die im Mai noch nicht startklar waren. Dass auch dieser Termin kaum gehalten werden konnte, zeigte sich, als die B.R.M. erst am Renntag ohne eine einzige Trainingsrunde gefahren zu sein, auf der Strecke erschienen. Es wurde ihnen gestattet, aus der letzten Reihe zu starten.

Alfa Romeo trat wieder mit vier Fahrzeugen an, das vierte fuhr Felice Bonetto, der Luigi Fagioli ersetzte. Fagioli hatte sich nach dem Grand Prix von Frankreich mit Alfa Romeo überworfen, als er seinen Wagen an Juan Manuel Fangio abtreten musste, der ihn zum Sieg steuerte.

Ferrari wartete mit drei Fahrzeugen auf, wobei das Dritte, von José Froilán González gesteuert, nur einen Vergaser hatte und folglich etwas weniger Leistung entfaltete, rund 350 statt 380 PS. Peter Whitehead meldete zudem einen privaten Ferrari. Bedingt durch die relativ kurzen Geraden in Silverstone stand zu erwarten, dass die Ferrari mit den Alfa Romeo mithalten konnten. Allerdings mussten beide nur jeweils einmal zum Nachtanken kommen, da die Renndistanz mit 418 km für damalige Verhältnisse relativ kurz war.

Die übrigen 10 Teilnehmer verteilten sich auf 4 Talbots (alle privat), 3 Maserati, 2 ERA und Joe Kellys Alta.

Training
In Training waren die Ferrari wie erwartet auf Augenhöhe mit den Alfa Romeos. Gonzalez konnte sich mit dem schwächsten Fahrzeug mit 1:43,4 Minuten die Pole-Position sichern und war damit eine Sekunde schneller war als sein argentinischer Landsmann Fangio im Alfa Romeo. Dies war das erste Mal, dass kein Alfa Romeo bei einem Weltmeisterschaftslauf auf der Pole-Position stand. Die erste Startreihe komplettierten Giuseppe Farina (Alfa Romeo) und Alberto Ascari (Ferrari). Nur 18 Fahrzeuge nahmen am Training teil, da B.R.M. erst am Renntag erschien.

Rennen
Der beste Start gelang Bonetto, der mit seinem Alfa Romeo aus der zweiten Reihe an die Spitze schoss und diese auch über die erste Runde hin verteidigen konnte. Bis zur neunten Runde fiel er aber dann auf den fünften Platz zurück. Erstaunlich gut führten sich die unerprobten B.R.M. ein. Reg Parnell hatte nach der zweiten Runde bereits das halbe Feld überholt und lag auf dem neunten Platz. Peter Walker gelang ein ähnliches Manöver. In der zehnten Runde verdrängte Fangio González vom ersten Platz, konnte ihn aber maximal um 5 Sekunden distanzieren. In der 38. Runde konnte er Fangio wieder vom ersten Platz verdrängen. Farina lag an dritter Stelle und hatte Ascari überholt. Obwohl er die schnellste Runde drehte, konnte er nicht zum Führungsduo aufschließen. Als die Alfa Romeo gegen Halbzeit des Rennens zum Auftanken an die Box kamen, vergrößerte sich González Vorsprung auf 72 Sekunden. Erst in der 55. Runde musste mit Ascari der erste Ferrari nachtanken, nur um kurz darauf mit Getriebeschaden stehen zu bleiben. Als González zum Nachtanken kam, sprang er zunächst aus dem Wagen, im Glauben, das Fahrzeug an Ascari übergeben zu müssen. Doch er durfte weiterfahren. Danach änderten sich die Positionen mit der Ausnahme von Farinas Aufgabe in Runde 76 infolge einer defekten Kupplung, nicht mehr. González gelang mit über 50 Sekunden Vorsprung der erste von seinen insgesamt zwei Siegen in einem Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaftslauf, was gleichzeitig auch der erste Sieg für die Scuderia Ferrari in dieser Kategorie war. Mit Platz 5 (Parnell) erreichte B.R.M. ein erstaunlich gutes Resultat für ihr Debüt bei einem Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaftslauf.

Meldeliste

Klassifikation

Startaufstellung

Rennergebnis

WM-Stand nach dem Rennen
Die ersten fünf bekamen 8, 6, 4, 3 bzw. 2 Punkte; einen Punkt gab es für die schnellste Runde. Es zählen nur die vier besten Ergebnisse aus acht Rennen. (*) schließt den Punkt für die schnellste Runde ein, gleichfarbig markierte Felder zeigen eine Fahrzeugübernahme (Punkteteilung) an.

Trivia
Der Große Preis von Großbritannien 1951 war das erste Automobilrennen, das der damalige Holzhändler Ken Tyrrell miterlebte. Das Rennen begründete nach eigenen Worten sein Interesse am Motorsport und führte dazu, dass Tyrrell zunächst eine Amateurkarriere als Rennfahrer begann und 1960 ins Motorsportmanagement wechselte. Daraus entstand das spätere Formel-1-Team Tyrrell Racing Organisation.

Literatur
 Lang, Mike; Grand Prix 1950 - 1965; Haynes Publishing Group, Sparkford Sommerset 1981 S31f. (ISBN 0-85429-276-4) (engl.)
 Christian Moity, « L'année 1951 : championnat an II », dans L'Année Automobile 1999-2000, no 47, 1999, S. 122 (ISBN 2-88324-055-8) (franz.)

Weblinks
 Ergebnisse
 Gonzalez Bericht über seinen ersten Sieg

Einzelnachweise

1951
Grossbritannien
Sportveranstaltung in West Northamptonshire

Großer Preis von Großbritannien 1951


An Pariana maynensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Huber. An Pariana maynensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pariana, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pariana

Pariana maynensis


Vincent Grant Gill (born April 12, 1957) is an American country music singer, songwriter and musician. He has achieved commercial success and fame both as frontman of the country rock band Pure Prairie League in the 1970s and as a solo artist beginning in 1983, where his talents as a vocalist and musician have placed him in high demand as a guest vocalist and a duet partner.

He has recorded more than 20 studio albums, charted over 40 singles on the U.S. Billboard charts as Hot Country Songs, and has sold more than 26 million albums. He has been honored by the Country Music Association with 18 CMA Awards, including two Entertainer of the Year awards and five Male Vocalist Awards. As of 2022, Gill has also earned 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other male country music artist. In 2007 he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 2016, Gill was inducted into the Guitar Center Rock Walk by Joe Walsh of the Eagles. In 2017, he and Deacon Frey were hired by the Eagles in place of the late Glenn Frey.

Early life
Gill was born in Norman, Oklahoma. He had an elder maternal half-brother, Bob Coen.

His father, J. Stanley Gill, was a lawyer and administrative law judge who played in a country music band part-time and encouraged Gill to pursue a music career. His father encouraged him to learn to play banjo and guitar, which he did along with bass, mandolin, Dobro and fiddle.

Gill attended high school at Oklahoma City's Northwest Classen High School. While there he played on the golf team and performed bluegrass in the band Mountain Smoke, which built a strong local following. After graduating from high school in 1975, he moved to Louisville, Kentucky, to join the band Bluegrass Alliance. Afterwards he spent a brief amount of time in Ricky Skaggs's Boone Creek band before moving to Los Angeles to join Sundance, a bluegrass group fronted by fiddler Byron Berline.

Career
Gill debuted on the national scene with the country rock band Pure Prairie League in 1979, appearing on that band's album Can't Hold Back. He is the lead singer on their song "Let Me Love You Tonight". Mark Knopfler once invited him to join Dire Straits, but he declined the offer (although he sang backup on the Dire Straits' album On Every Street).

Gill left Pure Prairie League in 1981 to join Cherry Bombs, the stage band that backed Rodney Crowell. There he worked with Tony Brown and Emory Gordy Jr., both of whom would later produce many of his albums. He recorded a bluegrass album, Here Today, with David Grisman and friends before signing a solo deal with RCA with whom he achieved some success including the singles, "Victim of Life's Circumstance" (U.S. Country Top 40) and Country Top Ten with "If It Weren't for Him", "Oklahoma Borderline" and "Cinderella". However his albums achieved only moderate sales and in 1989, Gill left RCA to sign with MCA Records. Here, reunited with Tony Brown as producer, he sold over a million copies of his label debut, 1989's When I Call Your Name, of which several songs, including the title track, made the U.S. Country charts' Top Ten / Top Twenty. This was followed by the similarly successful albums, Pocket Full of Gold (1991) and I Still Believe in You, of which the title track went to U.S. Country No. 1.

Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s Gill continued to release highly successful albums, capitalizing on the virtuoso quality of his electric and acoustic guitar playing, his pure, high and soulful tenor voice, and the excellent quality of his songwriting. According to his biography on AllMusic, Gill has won more CMA Awards than any performer in history, and as of 2018 has also won 21 Grammy Awards, which represents the most ever by a country artist.

Gill has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since August 10, 1991. He celebrated his 25th Opry anniversary with a tribute show on August 13, 2016.

In 1997, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

In 2010, Gill officially joined the country swing group The Time Jumpers.

In July 2011, Gill appeared as a guest on NPR's news quiz show Wait, Wait...Don't Tell Me. Also in 2011, he appeared on the second of two bluegrass tribute albums for the British rock band the Moody Blues: Moody Bluegrass TWO... Much Love (2011). In May 2011, Carrie Underwood was one of the seven women to be honored by the Academy of Country Music at the Girls' Night Out: Superstar Women of Country special. At the ceremony, Gill introduced Underwood and presented her with the special award. He sang one of her hits, "Jesus, Take The Wheel", and joined Underwood on a rendition performance of "How Great Thou Art". The video of the performance went viral within two days.

In February 2012, Gill announced, "For the first time in 30 years, I don't have a record deal. Don't know that I want one."

In March 2012, he performed at the Southern Kentucky Performing Arts Center in Bowling Green, Kentucky, for its opening night. He was recruited for the show at the 11th hour when singer LeAnn Rimes canceled the day before the opening. Gill drove up from Nashville that night with only his guitar and played to repeated standing ovations from a standing-room only house.

In April 2012, it was confirmed that Gill had been working with Bonnie Tyler on her upcoming album, performing a duet with her entitled "What You Need from Me".

In June 2012, he was touring and performing only bluegrass songs.

Gill received the 2,478th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on September 6, 2012.

Gill was featured in a song by Kelly Clarkson titled "Don't Rush", which appears on Clarkson's Greatest Hits – Chapter One.

In 2014, Gill received the Country Music Awards Irving Waugh Award of Excellence. Gill was only the sixth recipient since the inception of the award in 1983..

In 2016, Gill was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on Forever Country, which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.

In his career Gill has sold more than 26 million albums and accumulated more than 50 Top 40 hits.

Gill joined the Eagles, alongside Deacon Frey, following the death of Glenn Frey. Gill serves as co-lead guitarist, in addition to providing rhythm guitars, singing background, and frequently handling lead vocals in place of Glenn Frey's role. He initially started touring with the band in 2017, and continues to serve as a member of the band.

Personal life
In 1968, Gill's older half-brother, Bob Coen, was involved in a severe car crash. Bob was 22 years old at the time, while Gill was 11. The accident left Bob in a coma for three months with irreversible brain damage. He subsequently struggled in life and would lose contact with his family and friends. He died in 1993. Gill wrote the song "It Won't Be the Same This Year" for his brother. He dedicated his 1993 Christmas album Let There Be Peace on Earth and his first televised Christmas special that year to Bob.

Gill met country music singer Janis Oliver of Sweethearts of the Rodeo in Los Angeles when they were both starting out in music. The two married in 1980. Their daughter Jennifer was born in 1982. In 1983 the couple moved to Nashville. Gill worked as a session guitarist, sang back-up, and continued to write songs while his wife's career took off. Occasionally Gill would mix sound for his wife's band. The two divorced in 1997.

Gill met Christian music artist Amy Grant in 1993 when he asked her to perform in his first televised Christmas special. Grant and then husband Gary Chapman began divorce mediation in 1998, with Grant moving out of the home and filing for divorce in early 1999. The divorce was finalized in June 1999. Gill and Grant began to see each other publicly a few months later. In March 2000 they were married. Together they have one daughter, Corrina.

Gill has played golf since early childhood. A scratch golfer, he has organized and participated in many charity events centered around golf and was inducted into the Tennessee Golf Hall of Fame in 2005. In 1993 Gill founded the Vinny Pro-Celebrity Golf Invitational, which serves as the primary beneficiary for the Tennessee Golf Foundation. In 2003 the PGA awarded him the PGA Distinguished Service Award for his work in charity and in promoting junior golf. Gill was honored with the 2022 Old Tom Morris Award by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, for his lifetime commitment to the game of golf and help molding the welfare of the game.

Gill is a member of the board of directors of the Nashville Predators Foundation charity organization, affiliated with the Nashville Predators National Hockey League team.

Gill currently lives in Nashville, Tennessee. He also has a home studio there.

Discography

Studio albums
 The Things That Matter (1985)
 The Way Back Home (1987)
 When I Call Your Name (1989)
 Pocket Full of Gold (1991)
 I Still Believe in You (1992)
 Let There Be Peace on Earth (1993)
 When Love Finds You (1994)
 Souvenirs (1995)
 High Lonesome Sound (1996)
 The Key (1998)
 Breath of Heaven: A Christmas Collection (1998)
 Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye (2000)
 'Tis the Season (with Olivia Newton-John) (2000)
 Next Big Thing (2003)
 These Days (2006)
 Guitar Slinger (2011)
 Bakersfield (with Paul Franklin) (2013)
 Down to My Last Bad Habit (2016)
 Okie (2019)
 Sweet Memories (with Paul Franklin) (2023)

Selected awards and honors

Academy of Country Music
 1984 Top New Male Vocalist
 1992 Song of the Year with John Barlow Jarvis – "I Still Believe in You"
 1992 Top Male Vocalist
 1993 Top Male Vocalist

Country Music Association
 1990 Single of the Year – "When I Call Your Name"
 1991 Male Vocalist of the Year
 1991 Song of the Year - "When I Call Your Name" with Tim DuBois
 1992 Male Vocalist of the Year
 1992 Song of the Year with Max D. Barnes – "Look at Us"
 1993 Album of the Year – "I Still Believe in You"
 1993 Male Vocalist of the Year
 1993 Song of the Year with John Barlow Jarvis – "I Still Believe in You"
 1993 Entertainer of the Year
 1994 Entertainer of the Year
 1994 Male Vocalist of the Year
 1995 Male Vocalist of the Year
 1999 Vocal Event of the Year with Patty Loveless – "My Kind of Woman, My Kind of Man"
 2014 Award of Excellence
 2017 Humanitarian Award

Grammy Awards
Gill has won 22 awards from 44 nominations.

 1990 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male – "When I Call Your Name"
 1991 Best Country Vocal Collaboration with Ricky Skaggs and Steve Wariner – "Restless"
 1992 Best Country Song with John Barlow Jarvis – "I Still Believe in You"
 1992 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male – "I Still Believe in You"
 1993 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Asleep at the Wheel, Chet Atkins, Eldon Shamblin, Johnny Gimble, Marty Stuart, and Reuben "Lucky Oceans" Gosfield – "Red Wing"
 1994 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male – "When Love Finds You"
 1995 Best Country Song – "Go Rest High on That Mountain"
 1995 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "Go Rest High on That Mountain"
 1996 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "Worlds Apart"
 1996 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Alison Krauss and Union Station – "High Lonesome Sound"
 1997 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Randy Scruggs – "A Soldier's Joy"
 1997 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "Pretty Little Adriana"
 1998 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "If You Ever Have Forever in Mind"
 1999 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Tommy Allsup, Asleep at the Wheel, Floyd Domino, Larry Franklin, and Steve Wariner – "Bob's Breakdowns"
 2001 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Jerry Douglas, Glen Duncan, Albert Lee, Steve Martin, Leon Russell, Earl Scruggs, Gary Scruggs, Randy Scruggs, Paul Shaffer and Marty Stuart – "Foggy Mountain Breakdown"
 2002 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "The Next Big Thing"
 2005 Best Country Gospel Album – "Rock of Ages... Hymns and Faith"
 2006 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "The Reason Why"
 2007 Best Country Album – "These Days"
 2008 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Brad Paisley, James Burton, John Jorgenson, Albert Lee, Brent Mason, Redd Volkaert and Steve Wariner – "Cluster Pluck"
 2017 Best American Roots Song – "Kid Sister"
 2021 Best Country Solo Performance – "When My Amy Prays"

Hall of fame inductions
 1997: Oklahoma Hall of Fame
 2005: Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
 2007: Country Music Hall of Fame
 2012: Hollywood Walk of Fame

See also
 Best selling music artists

References

External links

 How to Capture Vince Gill's Guitar Tone
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Gill, Vince

1957 births
Living people
American country guitarists
American country mandolinists
American country singer-songwriters
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American mandolinists
American session musicians
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Country musicians from Oklahoma
Country pop musicians
Grammy Award winners
Grand Ole Opry members
MCA Records artists
Members of the Country Music Association
Musicians from Norman, Oklahoma
Northwest Classen High School alumni
RCA Records Nashville artists
Resonator guitarists
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
The Notorious Cherry Bombs members
Guitarists from Oklahoma
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Eagles (band) members
Pure Prairie League members
Lyle Lovett and His Large Band members

Vince Gill


Fjallnykra (fræðiheiti Potamogeton alpinus) er fjölær vatnajurt af nykruætt. Hún vex víða á norðurhveli og á Íslandi er hún frá láglendi upp í 600 til 700m hæð yfir sjó. Hún er mjög breytileg eftir vaxtarsvæðum og veldur það fjölda samheita.

Tilvísanir

Vatnaplöntur
Nykruætt
Plöntur á Íslandi

Fjallnykra


El decálogo () es una serie dramática polaca de 1988 originalmente concebida para la televisión, dirigida por Krzysztof Kieślowski y coescrita por Kieślowski junto con Krzysztof Piesiewicz, y musicalizada por Zbigniew Preisner.

La serie consiste en diez capítulos de una hora de duración, cada uno en representación de uno de los Diez Mandamientos (de acuerdo a la tradición cristiana). En ellos se explora el posible significado de cada mandamiento, varias veces de una manera ambigua o contradictoria, dentro de una historia ficticia ubicada en la Polonia moderna. Es el trabajo más aclamado de Kieślowski, y ha ganado varios premios internacionales, pese a no haber sido distribuida en varios países fuera de Europa hasta finales de la década de 1990.

Producción

Aunque cada película es independiente, comparten mayormente la misma configuración (un gran complejo de edificios de Varsovia) y varios de los personajes se conocen entre sí. El tono, al igual que en la mayoría de los trabajos de Kieślowski, es de melancolía, a excepción del capítulo final, que comparte características de comedia negra con otra película del director, Tres colores: Blanco y que además cuenta con los dos mismos actores principales, Jerzy Stuhr y Zbigniew Zamachowski.

La idea de Decálogo surgió cuando Krzystof Piesiewicz vio una obra de arte del siglo XV en el que se ilustraban los Mandamientos en escenarios de ese periodo de tiempo y sugirió la idea de un equivalente moderno. Kieślowski se interesó en el desafío filosófico y también quería ilustrar los problemas de la sociedad polaca, evitando deliberadamente los problemas políticos de sus anteriores producciones. En un principio, pensó en contratar a diez directores diferentes, uno por cada episodio, pero finalmente optó por dirigirlos todos él mismo, aunque con diferente director de fotografía, excepto los episodios III y IX.

Temas

Las películas se titulan simplemente con el título genérico Decálogo, seguido del número del episodio (ejemplo: Decálogo: Uno). Según la introducción al DVD de Roger Ebert, Kieślowski dijo que cada episodio no se correspondía exactamente a los mandamientos y nunca usaron los nombres de estos. En la serie nos encontramos con momentos de melodrama, moral e incluso una farsa cómica. Todas las películas se caracterizan por una fuerte psicología y una narración oscura. El Decálogo estaba en la lista del Vaticano de 45 películas que promueven valores religiosos, morales o artísticos, estando ésta en la categoría de valores morales.

Episodios

Hay también un personaje sin nombre (Artur Barciś) que aparece en todos los episodios, exceptuando el VII y el X, y que observa silencioso a los protagonistas en algunos de sus momentos claves, pudiendo ser una figura sobrenatural.

Recepción

El decálogo fue muy admirado por importantes figuras de la industria del cine, como el director estadounidense Stanley Kubrick.
La versión editada en DVD tiene un porcentaje de votos positivos del 100% en Rotten Tomatoes basado en 40 opiniones. También ha sido elogiada por críticos de renombre, como Roger Ebert o Robert Fulford.
En una encuesta realizada por la revista Sight and Sound en 2002 para determinar las diez mejores películas de los últimos 25 años, Kieślowski fue nombrado segundo mejor director en la lista, dividiéndose los votos entre su películas Tres colores: Azul, Tres colores: Rojo y La doble vida de Verónica.
Ese mismo año, El decálogo fue incluido entre las 100 mejores "películas esenciales" por la National Society of Film Critics y en el puesto 36 por la revista Empire de las "100 mejores películas de cine mundial".

Véase también
 No amarás
 No matarás

Referencias

Películas en polaco
Películas de 1988
Televisión en 1988
Películas religiosas
Películas dirigidas por Krzysztof Kieślowski
Películas sobre judíos y judaísmo
Películas ambientadas en Varsovia

Dekalog


2. veljače
Četnici u Zadar željezničkom prugom uputili vagon pun eksploziva, koji je, na sreću, eksplodirao pred tunelom u selu Debeljak.
Ministarsko vijeće EZ podržalo Vance-Owenov plan o BiH i zaprijetilo Srbiji jačim sankcijama.
Stalno odgađanje primjene Vanceova plana izaziva veliko i opravdano ogorčenje hrvatske javnosti, stoji u pismu Odbora za vanjsku politiku hrvatskog Sabora parlamentima prijateljskih zemalja.
Srbi će se morati pomiriti s porazom u zadarskom zaleđu, ili će morati pretrpjeti nove poraze, rekao u intervjuu za Der Spiegel dr. Franjo Tuđman.
Slomljena nova četnička agresija na zadarsko zalede, izjavio za Hrvatsku televiziju zapovjednik Glavnog stožera Hrvatske vojske general zbora Janko Bobetko.
Izetbegović prešućuje istinu u pismu kojeg je uputio dr. Tuđmanu stoji u priopćenju HVO Hrvatske zajednice Herceg-Bosna iz Mostara.
Pripadnici HVO u Busovači uhitili više od 200 snajperista, među kojima nema civila.
Šef austrijske diplomacije Alois Mock izjavio u Bruxellesu da je plan za BiH neprovediv.
Washington sumnjičav prema Vance-Owenovom planu za BiH jer bi mogao ozakoniti srpsko etničko čišćenje.
Predsjednik SRJ Dobrica Ćosić u pismu predsjedniku Rusije Borisu Jeljcinu istaknuo ulogu demokratske Rusije u jugoslavenskoj krizi.

4. veljače
Zbog rata u BiH međunarodna zajednica donekle zapustila rješavanje problema u Hrvatskoj, izjavio novinarima u Zagrebu Cedric Thomberry.
Tijekom siječnja na ličkom bojištu neprijatelj 90 puta narušio primirje.
U pismu Alije Izetbegovića upućenom dr. Franji Tuđmanu iznesene neistinite tvrdnje i predstavljaju grubu objedu HVO, stoji u priopćenju iz ureda člana Predsjedništva BiH Mire Lasića.
Komisija UN za istraživanje ratnih zločina na području bivše Jugoslavije bez stručnjaka i novca, a rad je uglavnom dobrovoljan.
U New Yorku počeli neformalni razgovori Vancea i Owena s predstavnicima triju nacionalnih zajednica u BiH - Bobanom, Silajdžićem i Karadžićem.
Rusija i Ukrajina međusobno se optužuju i prebacuju odgovornost za isporuke goriva Srbiji.

5. veljače
Branu Peruču spasio engleski časnik, koji je prije eksplozije 30 tona eksploziva podigao preljevni kanal, rečeno na konferenciji za novinstvo u Hrvatskoj elektroprivredi u Zagrebu.
Pri podjeli nasljeđa bivše Jugoslavije Hrvatska zastupa stav da predmet sukcesije može biti samo onaj dio infrastrukture koji je građen zajednički nakon donošenja Ustava 1974. godine, jer je tada infrastruktura podijeljena po republikama, ističe za Večernji list koordinator hrvatskog projekta sukcesije Božo Marendić.

6. veljače
Mirovni plan za BiH čeka odluku Washingtona.
Vance izjavio u New Yorku da je mirovni plan UN i EZ najbolji mogući plan, a lord Owen u intervjuu za BBC rekao da SAD ne mogu blokirati jedini postojeći plan i objavljivati da neće sudjelovati u snagama UN.
Srbi kod Karlovca pokušali srušiti njemački zrakoplov s humanitarnom pomoći za Sarajevo.

7. veljače
U Hrvatskoj održani izbori za Županijski dom Sabora i lokalna predstavnička tijela.
Njemački zrakoplov 'Transal C 160, koji je prevozio humanitarnu pomoć u Sarajevo, pogođen projektilom, izjavio u Zagrebu pukovnik Hope Reinhardt, zapovjednik transportne jedinice. I mnogi Karlovčani potvrdili da je humanitarni avion UN, čim je prešao rijeku Koranu, nakon pucnja iz protuzrakoplovnog topa počeo gubiti visinu uz čudan zvuk motora.
Njemačka do daljnjeg obustavlja sve humanitarne letove u Sarajevo.
Srbija nastoji promičbenim ratom u američkim medijima učiniti nemoguće - izmijeniti sadašnji zločinački imidž Srbije.
Istekao rok koji su Vance i Owen odredili bosanskim Muslimanima i Srbima da prihvate cjelovit plan o BiH. Hrvati plan prihvatili još u Ženevi.
Alija Izetbegović u Sarajevu izjavio da odbija mirovni plan za BiH, jer on nagrađuje agresiju i etničko čišćenje, što provode bosanski Srbi. Oni koji budu u Vijeću sigurnosti digli ruku, glasovat će za etničko čišćenje, istakao Izetbegović.

 8. veljače
Hrvatska će sve učiniti za mirno rješenje krize, no to ne znači da će unedogled trpjeti okupaciju, a da ima snaga i za drukčija rješenja, Hrvatska je pokazala u zadarskom zaleđu, rekao na redovitoj mjesečnoj konferenciji za novinare u Zagrebu dr. Franjo Tuđman.
Prema privremenim rezultatima glasovanja za Županijski dom Sabora, Hrvatska demokratska zajednica dobila 59 posto zastupničkih mjesta.
UNPROFOR u Istočnom sektoru opskrbljuje četnike robom iz slobodnih dijelova Hrvatske, pišu nezadovoljni prognanici osječke općine generalu Satishu Nambiaru.
Četnici iz istočne Hercegovine protjerali 20.000 Muslimana i Hrvata i to pred očima promatrača i UNPROFOR-a, koji šute.
Zračni most sa Sarajevom ponovno uspostavljen, nakon što je nedavno prekinut zbog napada Srba na zrakoplov UNHCR kod Karlovca.
Vijeće sigurnosti preuzima teret odlučivanja o ratu u BiH, nakon propasti Vance-Owenovog plana o mirnom rješenju krize u BiH.
Izetbegović iz Kaira pozvao islamske zemlje da zatraže ukidanje embarga na isporuke oružja BiH.

 9. veljače
Srpska strana nije došla u New York na sastanak s predstavnicima Vlade Republike Hrvatske jer ne želi mir, priopćila stalna misija Republike Hrvatske pri UN u New Yorku.
Muslimanski čelnici i dalje iznose na radiju i televiziji najteže optužbe na račun Hrvata u svezi sa sukobom Armije BiH i HVO-a u Prozoru.
Američki ambasador i član Komisije UN za ljudska prava K. Blackwell izjavio u Ženevi kako ima sve više dokaza da su viši srpski časnici u BiH naredili sustavno silovanje Muslimanki.
Vance i Owen, u svojoj novoj inicijativi o statusu Sarajeva, zahtijevaju da se glavni gradi BiH podijeli između Muslimana, Srba i Hrvata, piše njemački list General Anzeiger.
Čitava Srbija bruji o Teslinom tajnom srpskom oružju, kojim bi se u jednom potezu potopila Šesta flota ili preorali neprijateljski gradovi.

 10. veljače
Poznati potpuni rezultati izbora za Županijski dom Sabora Hrvatske, HDZ-u 37 mandata, oporbi 26 mandata.
Četnici u istočnoj Slavoniji legaliziraju zločine odobrenjima za pljačku, koja izdaju tzv. srpska oblast Slavonije, Baranje i zapadnog Srema.

 11. veljače
UNPROFOR ne može na terenu osigurati primjenu Rezolucije 802 Vijeća sigurnosti, koja podrazumijeva prekid oružanih sukoba u Hrvatskoj, te se rješenje pokušava naći na političkoj razini u New Yorku, rekao novinarima u Zagrebu zapovjednik UNPROFOR-a general Nambiar.
U otvorenom pismu grupa muslimanskih intelektualaca građana Hrvatske traži prestanak sukoba Muslimana i Hrvata u BiH i apelira da se eventualni nesporazumi rješavaju mirnim dogovorima.
Veleposlanik SAD u NATO-u Reginald Bartholomew imenovan za američkog izaslanika na Mirovnim pregovorima o BiH.
Američki predsjednik Bill Clinton izjavio u Washingtonu da še se SAD aktivnije uključiti u mirovne pregovore o BiH, ali bez angažiranja svojih kopnenih trupa.
Američki plan o BiH primljen u Moskvi sa zadovoljstvom, jer su SAD odustale od namjere bombardiranja iz zraka srpskih položaja i ukidanja embarga na uvoz oružja u BiH.
Turska ocijenila američki plan za BiH značajnim, ali nepotpunim, te da američka inicijativa ne odgovara očekivanjima Turske.

 12. veljače
Glavni tajnik UN Boutros Ghali u novom izvješću najavio da bi se UNPROFOR mogao povući iz Hrvatske, ako se ne bude poštovao mirovni plan UN i Rezolucija 802 Vijeća sigurnosti.
Visoki komesar UN za izbjeglice Sadako Ogata uputila prosvjed Radovanu Karadžiću jer Srbi već tjednima ne propuštaju humanitarnu pomoć u opkoljene gradove u istočnoj Bosni.
U Sarajevu potpisom zajednički dogovor načelnika Glavnog štaba Armije BiH i načelnika Glavnog stožera HVO, Sefera Halilovića i Milivoja Petkovića, o formiranju jednog zapovjedništva u srednjoj Bosni, koje će imati zadaću izdati zapovijed o prekidu neprijateljstava između HVO i Armije BiH.
U matičnim knjigama iz pravoslavnih mjesta (parohija) u Hrvatskoj nema pravoslavnih rođenih prije 1750. godine.
Mandat UNPROFOR-u u četiri UNPA područja u Hrvatskoj trebalo bi produljiti, ali je očito da ga treba preispitati da bi UNPROFOR bio sposoban za provedbu Vanceovog plana, izjavio na američkoj TV-mreži pomoćnik državnog tajnika SAD Thomas Niels.
Tri humanitarne organizacije pokrenule pred federalnim sudom u masovnih silovanja i drugih zločina.
U Osijeku poveden istražni postupak protiv bivšeg gradonačelnika Vukovara Slavka Dokmanovića zbog ratnog zločina protiv civilnog stanovništva.

 13. veljače
Potpredsjednik hrvatske Vlade Vladimir Šeks uputio pismo glavnom tajnih UN Boutrosu Ghaliju u kojem traži od njega brzu i javnu osudu ilegalnih srpskih vlasti krajine zbog njihovog grubog kršenja međunarodnog humanitarnog prava.
Nacionalni park Plitvice već treću godinu propada, a umjesto turista zaposjeli ga teroristi.
Novi izvještaj posebnog izvjestitelja Komisije UN za ljudska prava Tadeusza Mozowieckoga objavljen u Ženevi optužuje srpske paravojne snage u BiH za najteža zvjerstva.

 14. veljače
Predstavnici HVO i Armije BiH dogovorili u Gornjem Vakufu nove točke sporazuma o primirju, po kojima bi se obje vojske počele povlačiti od 15. veljače u 8 sati.
Američki predsjednik Bill Clinton zatražio od Njemačke da utječe na Hrvatsku kako bi se suglasila s produženjem mandata UNPROFOR-u, izjavio njemački ministar inozemnih poslova Klaus Kinkel.

 15. veljače
Zapadne aviokompanije vraćaju se na zagrebački aerodrom, tjedan dana nakon što je pucano na njemački zrakoplov s humanitarnom pomoći za Sarajevo.
Ugledni francuski filozof Alain Finielkraut postao dopisnim članom Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti.
Načelnik Glavnog stožera francuskih oružanih snaga admiral Jacques Lanxade izjavio u Parizu kako će obnova mandata UNPROFOR-a 21. o. m. u Hrvatskoj obuhvatiti nove snage plavaca.

 16. veljače
Iz dijelova BiH koji su pod srpskom okupacijom stižu srpski dobrovoljci u Knin, rekli novinarima u Zagrebu europski promatrači.
Ako će se Vanceov plan doista provoditi i ako iza njega budu međunarodna jamstva, Hrvatska je spremna ići na produljenje mandata na šest mjeseci, rekao u intervjuu BBC-u hrvatski veleposlanik u UN Mario Nobilo.
Nov način velikosrpskog terora u BiH, nakon etničkog čišćenja Srbi primjenjuju novo borbeno sredstvo - glad, tvrdi u izvješću Liječničke komisije UN objavljenom u Beču.

 17. veljače
Zbog agresije i ratnih razaranja hrvatski turizam samo u društvenom sektoru pretrpio štetu od 335 milijuna dolara, a posredni gubitak veći je od 3,5 milijardi američkih dolara.
Balkanski problem posve je jednostavan - treba obuzdati Srbiju, rečeno u Zagrebu na sastanku hrvatskih i britanskih parlamentaraca o sukobu u bivšoj Jugoslaviji.
U istočnoj Bosni ima primjera ljudožderstva, izjavio u sjedištu UN u New Yorku bosanski ambasador Muhamed Šaćirbej.

 18. veljače
Etničko čišćenje okupiranih područja sjeverne Dalmacije četnici dovršavaju naočigled cijeloga svijeta, broj Hrvata koji je preostao na tim područjima postao je simboličan, rečeno u Šibeniku nakon posljednje evakuacije 375 prognanih Hrvata iz Knina i njegove okolice.
Pomoć obnoviti što prije - izjava je Vijeća sigurnosti UN nakon što je visoka povjerenica za izbjeglice UN Sadako Ogate odlučila uskratiti humanitarnu pomoć BiH.
Ambasador najsiromašnije zemlje na svijetu, Ekvatorijalne Gvineje, prema Tanjugu, preložio u Beogradu predsjedniku tzv. SR Jugoslavije Ćosiću da JAT u njegovoj zemlji osnuje zajedničku zrakoplovnu kompaniju.
Vrhovni sovjet Rusije usvojio odluku kojom od vlade zahtijeva pokretanje inicijative u Vijeću sigurnosti UN za uvođenje sankcija protiv Hrvatske.
Njemački ministar obrane Volker Ruhe izjavio u Washingtonu da će SAD krenuti u vojnu provedbu zone zabrane letova nad BiH.

 19. veljače
Vijeće sigurnosti dogovorilo se o planu rezolucije kojom se privremeno, do 31. ožujka, produljuje mandat UNPROFOR-a u Hrvatskoj. Sve će snage UNPROFOR-a biti obuhvaćene mandatom u skladu s poglavljem 7. Povelje UN, koje predviđa primjenu sile.
Delegacija Republike Hrvatske u New Yorku istaknula u razgovoru s Cyrusom Vanceom i Davidom Owenom da neće prihvatiti nijedno rješenje kaje ugrožava suverenost Hrvatske ili sužava njezin teritorijalni integritet, kad je u pitanju produženje mandata UNPROFOR-a.
Iz Pariza najavljeno osnutak posebne radijske postaje na Jadranu za razbijanje medijskog monopola u bivšoj Jugoslaviji.
Visoka povjerenica UN za izbjeglice Sadako Ogata zatražila od glavnog tajnika UN Boutros Ghalija da naredi ponovnu uspostavu humanitarnih operacija u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Odbor ministara Vijeća Europe u Strasbourgu osudio upurabu silovanja kao ratnog sredstva u bivšoj Jugoslaviji.

 20. veljače
Turski predsjednik Turgut Ozal u službenom posjetu Hrvatskoj.
Svaki srpski milicajac, ako poželi imati neku vredniju stvar iz hrvatske kuće, ili pak cijelu kuću na okupiranom području, dobiva od nepostojeće države potvrdu o ulaženju u tuđi stan, priča u Vinkovcima prognani Hrvat iz Mirkovaca.
Vijeće sigurnosti UN donijelo Rezoluciju 807, kojom se djelovanje UNPROFOR-a u Hrvatskoj odsada određuje poglavljem 7. Povelje UN.
List Guardian, navodeći povjerljive izvore iz NATO-a, piše kako će snage NATO-a u BiH biti raspoređene u sljedećih deset godina s 40-50.000 pripadnika mirovnih snaga UN.

21. veljače
U zajedničkoj izjavi za tisak u Zagrebu predsjednici Hrvatske i Turske, dr. Tuđman i Ozal, dali punu podršku novoj američkoj inicijativi za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, te pozvali Hrvate i Muslimane u BiH da prestanu s nesuglasicama i da se uključe u zajedničke redove protiv srpske agresije.
Premda se upotreba oružja plavim snagama veže uz samoobranu, između redaka Rezolucije 807 može se očitati peace making, rekao u intervjuu za Večernji list veleposlanik Republike Hrvatske u UN dr. Mario Nobilo.
Međunarodna Helsinška federacija za ljudska prava (IHF) na godišnjoj skupštini u Ljubljani primila u svoje redove Hrvatski helsinški odbor.

22. veljače
Vijeće sigurnosti UN osniva po prvi put u povijesti Međunarodni sud za ratna zlodjela na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije, koji će suditi osobama optuženim za teška kršenja humanitarnog prava.
Republika Hrvatska i Republika Ghana uspostavile diplomatske odnose na razini ambasada.
U Zagrebu promovirano hrvatsko izdanje knjige Ivana Marijana Tomića Čija je Bosna i Hercegovina?, izdane u Londonu 1990. na engleskom jeziku.
Njemačke zrakoplovne snage uspostavile iz Ancone ponovno zračni most do Sarajeva.

23. veljače
Američki predsjednik Clinton odlučio da se humanitarna pomoć opkoljenim Muslimanima u istočnoj Bosni dostavlja padobranima.
Rezolucija 807 Vijeća sigurnosti pružit će više vremena za političke pregovore, a UNPROFOR-u u Hrvatskoj će omogućiti učinkovitiju zaštitu vojnika, kazao u intervjuu HINI glavni zapovjednik zaštitnih snaga UN na području bivše Jugoslavije indijski general Satish Nambiar.

24. veljače
U Zagrebu obilježena treća obljetnica Prvog općeg sabora Hrvatske demokratske zajednice.
U Republici Hrvatskoj upisano 55 političkih organizacija, priopćeno iz Ministarstva pravosuđa i uprave.
Dramatične vijesti o kritičnom položaju hrvatskih vojnika, tzv. somoborske grupe, koji su već 13 mjeseci u zatvoru Okružnog suda u Somboru.
Ruski predsjednik Jeljcin objelodanio svoja nečela za rješavanje rata u BiH. Plan ima osam točaka i apsolutna je podrška Vanceovoj i Owenovoj viziji budućeg ustrojstva i administrativne podjele BiH.
Komisija UN za ljudska prava donijela dvije rezolucije o kršenju tih prava na području bivše Jugoslavije, u kojima je srpska strana oštro optužena kao glavni krivac.
Bill Clinton i Boutros Ghali u Bijeloj kući postigli suglasnost o planu zračne operacije dopreme humanitarne pomoći za stanovnike Bosne pod okriljem UN.

25. veljače
Trenutačno nam je najvažnije oslobađanje triju skupina zarobljenika - tzv. somborske grupe, kostajničke, u kojoj su ljudi zatočeni još od jeseni 1991., te jedne skupine s Manjače, rekao za Večernji list predsjednik Komisije za zarobljenike Republike Hrvatske Josip Kardum.
Na područje Bihaća od početka rata do sredine siječnja o. g. stiglo 37.520 izbjeglica s okupiranih područja.
Srbijanske teglenice blokirale Dunav, javio Reuter iz Bukurešta.
Vijeće sigurnosti pozvalo vođe bosanski Hrvata, Muslimana i Srba da odmah nastave mirovne pregovore u Ujedinjenim narodima.

26. veljače
Molitvenim križnim putom ulicama i središtem Osijeka nastavljena akcija hrvatskog humanitarnog foruma Oslobođenje svih zarobljenika iz srpskih logora.
U glavnom gradu Australije Canberri otvorena hrvatska ambasada.
Od oko 17.000 Hrvata, koliko ih je prije rata živjelo u obrovačkoj i benkovačkoj općini, računa se da ih tamo ima samo još oko 700, rečeno novinarima u Zadru.
Hrvatski radio dosad zabranio osam UNPROFOR-ovih emisije, izjavila u Zagrebu novinarima UNPROFOR-ova glasnogovornica Shannon Boyd.
Hrvatski branitelji odbili žestok napad četnika u zaleđu Vodica, nanijevši im težak poraz.
Banjalučki biskup dr. Franjo Komarica uputio u svijet dramatičan apet, u kome upozorava na potpunu obespravljenost, nezaštićenost i stradanja katoličkih vjernika i Katoličke crkve u Banjolučkoj biskupiji.
Ako Srbi u Hrvatskoj nisu zadovoljni pravima koja im garantiramo Ustavom, Ustavnim zakonom i međunarodnim konvencijama koje smo potpisali, spremni smo razgovarati sa Srbijom i o većem stupnju prava za srpsku manjinu, ali na bazi reciprociteta, tako da Srbija dade ista takva prava Hrvatima u Srbiji, rekao za Večernji list potpredsjednik hrvatske Vlade i predsjednik Ureda za suradnju s UNPROFOR-om Ivan Milas.
Predsjednik Clinton potpisao naredbu američkoj vojsci da počne isporuku humanitarne pomoći BiH padabranima.
Šezdeset francuskih zastupnika različitih stranačkih pripadnosti potpisalo u Parizu peticiju za mir u Hrvatskoj.

27. veljače
NATO zrakoplovi AWACS za zračno nadgledanje poduprijet će američku operaciju dostave humanitarne pomoći istočnoj Bosni iz zraka.

28. veljače
Četnici, nakon nekoliko napada teškim dalekometnim topovima, na Šibenik ispalili raketne projektile tipa orkan sa zabranjenim kasetnim punjenjem. Jedna osoba teže ranjena, više ih lakše, a materijalna šteta znatna.
Pripadnici Armije BiH izazivaju u srednjoj Bosni nove incidente, koji mogu biti razlogom novih oružanih sukoba između Hrvata i Muslimana priopćeno s izvanredne sjednice HVO Hrvatske zajednice Herceg Bosna u Mostaru.
Ako se u tzv. SR Jugoslaviji nastavi inflacija YU-dinara kao dosad, godišnja stopa inflacije dostići će fantastičnu brojku od milijun posto!
Rusko oružje, uključujući i suvremene rakete, krijumčari se u Srbiju i na okupirana područja Hrvatske i BiH, temeljem tajnog ugovora od prije mjesec dana, tvrdi londonski Observer u ekskluzivnom izvješću iz Ženeve.
Švedskog generala Larsa-Erica Wahlgrena imenovao u New Yorku glavni tajnik UN Boutros Ghali za zapovjednika UNPROFOR-a u privremenom razdoblju od 3. do 31. ožujka, kada istječe mandat UNPROFOR-u.

Izvori

1993/2

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: veljača 1993.


In-Gall (var. In Gall, In-Gall, In-Gal, Ingal, Ingall) é uma cidade na região de Agadez, no departamento de Tchirozerine, no nordeste do Níger. Conhecida por seus oásis e salinas, In-Gall é o ponto de encontro do festival Cure Saleé de pastores tuaregues e Wodaabe para celebrar o fim da estação chuvosa, que ocorre todo mês de setembro. Durante o festival, a população de In-Gall cresce para vários milhares de nômades, oficiais e turistas. A partir de 2011, a comuna tinha uma população total de 47.170 pessoas.

In-Gall tinha sido uma paragem nas principais estradas entre a capital do Níger, Niamey (600 km a sudoeste) e a cidade mineira de Arlit (200 km a nordeste, 150 km da fronteira com a Argélia) ou a capital provincial Agadez (100 km a leste). Na década de 1970, a estrada principal foi repavimentada para transportar urânio das minas de propriedade francesa em Arlit, mas a nova estrada contornou In-Gall, encerrando seu uso como estação intermediária. Desde então, sua população caiu de quase 5.000 pessoas para menos de 500 pessoas.

Durante a insurgência tuaregue da década de 1990, In-Gall foi uma das principais fortificações das forças armadas do Níger e, quando a paz foi concluída, em 2000, o antigo forte teria sido abandonado.

Descrição
" In-Gall, uma cidade oásis em uma zona semidesértica que forma a porta de entrada para o Saara. InGall é um aglomerado de casas de taipa, cujos jardins, em contraste com a paisagem árida em que se insere a vila, estão repletos de árvores de fruto e hortas."

História
A história, a arqueologia e a cultura da área de In-Gall foram extensivamente estudadas, principalmente pelo casal francês de antropólogos e arqueólogos, Suzanne e Edmond Bernus.

In-Gall não é apenas um proeminente centro sazonal tuaregue, para o qual certos clãs retornam a cada ano, mas também tem uma história como uma parada no comércio transaariano, foi um posto avançado oriental do Império Songai no século XVI, foi um importante centro do Sultanato de Aïr depois disso, e se tornou um forte colonial francês em uma região muitas vezes hostil, no início do século XX.

Pré-história
Evidências arqueológicas mostram a área como um centro de populações pré-históricas que remontam a cerca de oito mil anos, quando ficava no meio do agora seco vale do rio Azawagh, alimentado pelo maciço de Aïr e fluindo para o sul até o rio Níger. De particular interesse foram milhares de túmulos de pedra da era pré-comum que sugerem uma cultura comum na área. Os arqueólogos também encontraram na região de In-Gall muitas das primeiras mesquitas no Níger, que remontam às primeiras ocupações berberes, antes de 1000 EC.

Extração de sal
In-Gall está intimamente ligada à indústria de sal nas proximidades de Teguidda-n-Tessoumt, por volta de 15 km ao norte. Teguidda, no local de um antigo leito de lago, inunda à medida que a água desce do Maciço de Aïr para o leste a cada ano, produzindo lagoas naturais de sal. A população de In-Gall mantém e colhe das lagoas de evaporação aqui, enviando trabalhadores dos clãs locais para trabalhar o sal e transportá-lo de volta para In-Gall no final da temporada. In-Gall está perto o suficiente para que, ao contrário da cidade oásis de Fachi, onde os lotes são propriedade de clãs tuaregues baseados em Agadez e trabalhados por uma população permanente, os trabalhadores de Teguidda retornam a In-Gall pelo resto do ano. Teguidda também carece de um oásis estável, que fornece a In-Gall hortas e cultivo de tamareiras o ano todo. Antes de seu declínio no século XX - por causa da menor escala dos mercados de sal de In-Gall, bem como de seu fácil acesso por estrada - In-Gall já foi um destino das caravanas de sal Azalai, nas quais os mercadores tuaregues transportavam sal de os mercados aqui em todo o Sahel para usos agrícolas e medicinais.

Mineração de urânio
Em 2004, uma corporação canadense obteve uma licença do governo para minerar urânio na área. A Northwestern Mineral Ventures recebeu as concessões de Irhazer e In-Gall, cada uma 2.000 km² de tamanho. As minas seriam supostamente minas a céu aberto. Mais de 100 licenças de exploração de urânio foram concedidas na área de Azawagh desde 2004 a empresas estrangeiras da China (mais de 40%), Canadá e Índia. Desde 2007, um consórcio de mineração chinês, cuja licença cobre uma área ao norte de In-Gall, realiza trabalhos de infraestrutura para a nova mina de urânio em Azelik, cerca de 85 km ao norte de In-Gall, que inclui a extensão de estradas de In-Gall até o local. Grupos nigerianos de direitos humanos, ambientais e tuaregues argumentaram que as atividades de mineração nessa região são uma ameaça aos escassos recursos hídricos, dos quais dependem os pastores. A curta estação chuvosa na área de Azawagh, ao norte e oeste de In-Gall, torna a região o destino do norte para um ciclo de transumância de pastoreio de gado e camelos, que faz com que as comunidades viajem para o sul até Burkina Faso durante os meses de seca.

Dinossauros
In-Gall também é famosa por forasteiros por suas escavações paleontológicas, principalmente a Jobaria tiguidensis e os restos de florestas petrificadas que datam de 135 milhões de anos.

Ver também

 Cure Salée
 Tuaregues
 Wodaabe

Tuaregue
Deserto do Saara
Comunas do Níger

In-Gall


I nattens hede er en socialrealistisk drama/krimi fra 1967. Filmen er baseret af romanen af samme navn skrevet af John Ball. Filmen takler racisme mod afro-amerikanere i USA. Den var et vigtigt indspark i borgerrettighedsbevægelsen.

Plot

Den sorte betjent Virgil Tibbs er taget til sydstaterne for at besøge sin mor. Da en lokal rigmand bliver myrdet, bliver han arresteret alene på baggrund af sin hudfarve. Efterfølgende tvinges Tibbs til at blive og hjælpe med opklaringen. Det er ikke nemt for intet er tilsyneladende som det synes i den racistiske provinsby.

Rollebesætning

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1967
Film baseret på bøger
Oscar for bedste film
Golden Globe for bedste film - drama
Film instrueret af Norman Jewison
Dramafilm fra USA
Kriminalfilm fra USA

I nattens hede