වේල්ස් කුමර–ශාන්ත සෙබස්තියන් ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලිය (රන් මහා සටන) යනු, වේල්ස් කුමර විදුහල සහ ශාන්ත සෙබස්තියන් විදුහල අතර 1933 වසරෙහි සිට ක්‍රීඩා කෙරෙන වාර්ෂික ක්‍රිකට් තරගයකි.

තරගමාලාවෙහි ක්‍රීඩා කල පවුල් සාමාජිකයන්

තරගමාලාවෙහි ක්‍රීඩා කල සොහොයුරන්

වේල්ස් කුමර විදුහල
1933 සහ 2006 අතර වේල්ස් කුමර විදුහල කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඩා කල සොහොයුරන්

කේ.පී. ජයසේකරකේ.එම්. ජයසේකර
ටෙරන්ස් පීරිස් ලොයිඩ් පීරිස්
ලසන්ත රොද්‍රිගූ රන්ජන් රොද්‍රිගූ
ගාමිනී සිල්වා සුදර්මන් සිල්වා
පෙම්ලාල් ප්‍රනාන්දු ශාන්තිලාල් ප්‍රනාන්දු
යසේන්ද්‍ර ද සිල්වා සරත් ද සිල්වා මන්ජුශ්‍රී ද සිල්වා බන්දුල ද සිල්වා
බ්‍රින්ඩ්ලි පෙරේරා එවරී පෙරේරා

සරත් ප්‍රනාන්දු නිල්මාල් ප්‍රනාන්දු
රේ ප්‍රනාන්දු වෙරේ ප්‍රනාන්දු
ඔමාර් ජයසේකර ප්‍රියන්ත ජයසේකර
ශ්‍රියාන් සමරරත්න සවින්ද්‍ර සමරරත්න
නිමල් කුරේ ලක්දාස් කුරේ ශ්‍රීනාත් කුරේ මහේෂ් කුරේ
චිත්‍රාල් මැන්දිස් හේමාල් මැන්දිස්

ලලින් භාරතී ලක්සිරි භාරතී
ශිරාන් ෆර්ඩිනන්දු ශාලින් ෆර්ඩිනන්දු
සුරන්ජිත් මැන්දිස් හේමාල් මැන්දිස් ජ්‍යෙ.අජිත් මැන්දිස්
අනුර ජයකොඩි රෝහණ ජයකොඩි
රවි රත්නපාල එරාජ් රත්නපාල
ප්‍රියන්ත විජේසූරිය නාලක විජේසූරිය

තරගමාලාවෙහි ක්‍රීඩා කල පියවරුන් සහ පුතුන්

වේල්ස් කුමර විදුහල
1933 සහ 2006 වසර අතර වේල්ස් කුමර විදුහල කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඩා කල පියවරුන් සහ පුතුන්

ජී.පී. ද සිල්වා සුනිල් ද සිල්වා

ලෙස්ලි ද සිල්වා ලක්ෂාන්ත ද සිල්වා

එච්.එෆ්.එෆ්. සේනාරත්නනිසල් සේනාරත්න

තරග පැවැත්වෙන ස්ථාන
ද සොයිසා ක්‍රීඩාංගණය, මොරටුව (පෙරදී හැඳින්වුනේ ටිරෝන් ප්‍රනාන්දු ක්‍රීඩාංගණය ලෙසිනි)

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

පාඨශාලාන්තර මහා තරග
 20වන සියවසෙහි ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට්
21වන සියවසෙහි ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට්


La Sonate pour clarinette seule est une œuvre composée par Edison Denisov en  et dédicacée au clarinettiste Lev Mikhailov.

La partition est publiée par Breitkopf & Härtel.

Histoire
Edison Denisov est considéré comme un pionnier de la composition d'avant-garde russe, en utilisant des techniques de jeu contemporaines pour la clarinette, qui étaient employées régulièrement par les compositeurs contemporains occidentaux comme les micro-intervalles, les glissandos ou les frullatos. Denisov a composé la Sonate pour clarinette seule en 1972 et a entretenu des liens actifs avec la scène musicale contemporaine d'Europe occidentale. Ses compositions étaient bien connues à l'étranger et jouées régulièrement en Europe et aux États-Unis. En Union soviétique, la carrière musicale de Denisov n'a pas été sans obstacles. Cependant, un certain nombre des compositions des « Sept de Khrennikov » figurent parmi les pièces du répertoire pour clarinette les plus intéressantes et les plus souvent interprétées de la période soviétique.

La Sonate pour clarinette seule est sans conteste l'œuvre pour clarinette seule la plus jouée en Union soviétique et l'une des rares œuvres de ce domaine à avoir trouvé sa place dans le répertoire contemporain de la clarinette. Cette pièce est caractérisée par les micro-intervalles, l'utilisation répétée de grands intervalles et de passages staccatissimo, ainsi que par des changements dynamiques rapides et extrêmes.

Structure
La sonate pour clarinette est une composition de musique sérielle et comprend deux mouvements contrastés :
 Lento, poco rubato
 Allegro giusto

Le premier mouvement, Lento, poco rubato, est lent et improvisateur, créant une atmosphère mystérieuse et de lamentations, entrecoupé de silences. Le premier thème est composé des lettres du nom de Denisov : D-enisov-E-dison , transposées pour la clarinette en si bémol : sol bémol — fa. L'utilisation des initiales était populaire parmi les compositeurs des Sept de Khrennikov ; Ielena Firsova a utilisé également ses initiales dans sa sonate pour clarinette. Une autre caractéristique d'écriture est le recours à des passages legato rapides construits sur la rangée sérielle du mouvement et un recours aux dynamiques avec une progression en spirales montantes et descendantes.

Le deuxième mouvement, Allegro giusto, est rapide et fortement rythmé sur sa totalité. L'écriture est totalement différente du premier mouvement aussi bien au niveau des rythmes et des intervalles, que dans le traitement des silences créant un sentiment de discontinuité particulier.

Enregistrements (sélection)
 Alain Damiens joue Stravinsky (Trois pièces) - Boulez (Domaines) - Denisov (Sonate) - Stockhausen (In Freundschaft) - Donatoni (Clair) - Berio (Sequenza IX, Lied ) (1988, Adda 581066 / Accord)

Notes et références

Liens externes
.

Œuvre d'Edison Denisov
Denisov, Sonate
Denisov, Sonate
Denisov, Sonate

Sonate pour clarinette de Denisov


Martha Nothmann (22 mai 1874 - 23 août 1967) était une collectionneuse d'art allemande persécutée par les nazis en raison de son héritage juif. La dissimulation de son histoire liée à l'Holocauste a été révélée dans le livre de 2021, The Contaminated Museum.

Biographie
Martha Nothmann, née Bender, est née le 22 mai 1874 à Hirschberg-des-Monts-des-Géants, province de Silésie, fille de Joseph Bender et Agnes Bender. Elle épousa Berthold Nothmann, né à Langendorf, Haute-Silésie (aujourd'hui Wielowieś, Pologne), le 27 décembre 1865. Après être devenu directeur de l'usine de tubes Hudschinsky (Röhrenwerke) à Gleiwitz (Gliwice, Pologne) et directeur général de la Société des aciéries de Haute-Silésie, il prend sa retraite en 1931. En 1932, le couple a déménagé de Düsseldorf à Berlin Wannsee. Les Nothmann n'avaient pas d'enfants.

Collectionneur d'art
Les Nothmann étaient des collectionneurs d'art réputés. Les Nothmann ont acheté le Dresden-Neustadt V de Kokoschka au début des années vingt, Paysage de Cézanne en 1926, Klosterhof mit Kreuzgang (Cour du monastère avec cloître) du paysagiste Carl Blechens en 1930 et Une femme lisant assise de Menzel (Portrait d'Emilie Fontane) en 1936, ainsi que de nombreuses autres œuvres d'art.

Persécution pendant le Troisième Reich
En raison des lois anti-juives de Nuremberg, le mari de Nothmann, Berthold, a dû démissionner du Verein Deutscher Hüttenleute (Union des métallurgistes allemands) en 1935. En 1939, Martha et Berthold ont émigré à Londres. Afin de financer le voyage et de pouvoir payer la taxe de fuite du Reich ou la taxe sur les biens juifs et divers autres frais imposés par les Nazis, ils ont été contraints de vendre des œuvres de la collection. En 1938, Klosterhof est vendu à la galerie Heinemann de Munich passant entre les mains d'un employé nazi, Friedrich Heinrich Zinckgraf en 1939 après l'aryanisation de la galerie.

Berthold mourut à Londres début février 1942. Martha a ensuite émigré en Amérique, vivant d'abord à New York et plus tard à Los Angeles où elle est décédée le 23 août 1967 à l'âge de 93 ans.

Héritage
Les archives de la famille Nothmann sont conservées au Centre d'histoire juive.

Demandes de restitution
Les œuvres d'art de la collection Nothmann sont apparus au musée Georg Schäfer et au musée de la Fondation Emil Bührle.

En 2020, la chercheuse de provenance du Georg Shäfer Museum a démissionné, déclarant au New York Times qu'elle avait "perdu confiance en son engagement à restituer les œuvres aux provenances entachées". L'une des œuvres d'art étudiées avait appartenu aux Nothmann.

Les Nothmann font partie des familles juives en conflit avec la Fondation Emil Bührle. Ils ont fait une demande de restitution concernant un paysage de Cézanne.

Le livre de 2021 d'Eric Keller, Das Contaminierte Museum, déclare que la Fondation Emil Buehrle a passé sous silence le sort des Nothmann en rédigeant la provenance de l'art provenant de la collection Nothmann. Selon Keller, le tableau de Paul Cézanne, "Paysage" a été déclaré à tort comme ayant une provenance limpide et sans problème, tout en cachant les circonstances dans lesquelles les Nothmann ont dû vendre le Cézanne. Keller écrit que la formulation employée crée la fausse impression que les œuvres d'art de la collection Nothmann n'ont été vendues qu'en exil. En 2015, l'historien de l'art Guido Magnaguagno avait identifié l'histoire de la peinture comme problématique dans le livre Das Schwarzbuch Bührle.

Articles connexes
 Aryanisation
 Histoire des Juifs en Allemagne
 Liste des restitutions d'œuvres d'art spoliées par les nazis

Notes et références

Collectionneur allemand d'œuvres d'art
Naissance en mai 1874
Naissance à Hirschberg-des-Monts-des-Géants
Naissance dans la province de Silésie
Décès en août 1967
Décès à 93 ans

Martha Nothmann


Die Pfarrkirche Mariä Himmelfahrt, auch Matreier Pfarrkirche, auch Wallfahrtskirche Unser Herr im Elend, ist eine römisch-katholische Kirche in Altstadt (Tirol) und Sitz der Urpfarre Matrei am Brenner.

Der spätgotische barockisierende Kirchenbau mit einem romanischen Südturm mit spätgotischen Schallfenstern steht östlich der Sill auf Pfoner Gemeindegebiet und ist von einem Friedhof umgeben.

Geschichte
Urkundlich erst 1311 genannt erfolgte 1470 ein spätgotischer Umbau durch den Meister Stefan. Von 1754 bis 1755 wurde die Kirche nach den Plänen des Hofmalers Josef Adam Mölk vergrößert und barockisiert.

Architektur

Das Langhaus hat einen dreiseitig geschlossenen Chor und links und rechts querschiffartige dreiseitig geschlossene Seitenkapellen und beidseits zwischen Chor und Seitenkapellen angebaute Sakristeien. Über den großen Rundbogenfenstern sind Obergadem mit kleinen gekuppelten Rundbogenfenstern. Der Südturm mit einem kurzen Spitzgiebelhelm steht bündig in der westlichen Giebelfassade, ist mit romanischen Rundbogenfriesen gegliedert, im Glockengeschoß sind spätgotische gekuppelte Maßwerkfenster. Die Westfassade hat ein spitzbogiges profiliertes Steinportal, darüber gekuppelte Rundbogenfenster. Seitlich vom Portal wurden 1925 spätgotische Freskenreste freigelegt, links Beweinung, rechts Geburt Christi und Verkündigung an die Hirten, welche Ludwig Konraiter 1482 schuf.

Im Emporenjoch ist eine Doppelempore mit gebauten Brüstungen. Das zweijochige Langhaus und der Chor ist mit einer Stichkappentonne überwölbt, die Vierung mit einer Flachkuppel überwölbt, die innen rund geschlossenen Seitenkapellen und Apis mit Halbkuppeln überwölbt. Die Wände sind mit Wandpfeilern mit vorgelegten Pilastern und einem gekröpften Gebälk gegliedert, die Fenster sind rundbogig, die Dreipassfenster und Oculi geschweift. In den Gewölbeansätzen ist ein Rokokoschmuck.

Die Deckenfresken schuf Josef Adam Mölk, in den Stichkappen des Chores Szenen aus der Legende des Matreier Schmerzensmannes, in den Zwickeln von links nach rechts die Heiligen Johannes und Lukas, Aloysius, Euphemia, Matthäus und Markus, im Querschiff Salomon geleitet die Königin von Saba zum Thron, an den Pendentifs die vier Weltteile, nördlich König Wenzel bricht den Stab über den hl. Johannes Nepomuk, südlich Herodes verurteilt Johannes den Täufer, im Langhaus Kaiser Karl VI. empfängt die Nachricht vom Sieg über die Türken, darüber die Gottesmutter und der hl. Domenikus, in den Zwickeln Jahel tötet Sisara, Abigail und David, Judith und Holofernes, Rahab und die Kundschafter. Das Deckenfresko Aufnahme Mariens in den Himmel im Chor schuf 1945 Waldemar Kolmsperger der Jüngere.

Ausstattung

Der Rokokoaltar aus dem dritten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts hat ein hohes Sockelgeschoss mit Opfergangportalen und einen Säulenaufbau mit gekröpften Gebälk und zeigt das Altarblatt Himmelfahrt Mariens von Josef Adam Mölk aus 1755. Über dem Tabernakel ist die bekleidete Holzfigur Unser Herr im Elend aus dem Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts. Die Figuren sind links der hl. Dominikus, rechts die hl. Katharina von Siena, auf dem Gebälk sind Engel, im Auszug eine Dreifaltigkeitsgruppe. Die Querschiffaltäre aus dem dritten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts. Das linke Altarblatt hl. Johannes Nepomuk vor der Madonna, das rechte Altarblatt hl. Antonius von Padua, werden der Werkstatt Josef Adam Mölk zugeschrieben. Es gibt zwei klassizistische Nebenaltäre im Chor, links Altarblatt Unbefleckte Empfängnis, rechts Engelsturz, um 1837. Die klassizistische Kanzel aus der 1. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zeigt am Korb die Reliefs Kreuztragung, Jüngstes Gericht, Übergabe der Gesetzestafeln an Moses. Im Querschiff sind Ölgemälde hl. Petrus und hl. Maria Magdalena aus der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Kreuzwegstationen schuf 1840 der Maler Josef Renzler. Die geschnitzte Pietà in der Taufkapelle schuf 1936 der Bildhauer und Holzschnitzer Hans Buchgschwenter.

Das Hauptgehäuse der Orgel ist aus dem ersten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts, das Werk mit einem neuen Rückpositiv schuf 1976 der Orgelbau Reinisch-Pirchner.

An der südlichen Friedhofsmauer ist eine Bronzebüste zum Priester und Politiker Franz Kolb von Hans Buchgschwenter aus 1961. Auch den Brunnen vor der Pfarrkirche mit einer Madonnenfigur aus Kunststein schuf 1963 Hans Buchgschwenter.

Weblinks

 Pfarre Matrei am Brenner
Die Orgel der Pfarrkirche Matrei am Brenner Orgel-Verzeichnis

Nachweise
 Dehio Tirol 1980, Pfons, Pfarrkirche Mariae Himmelfahrt, Sitz der Urpfarre Matrei am Brenner, Seiten 605 f.
 Pfarrkirche Mariä Himmelfahrt, Webpräsenz der Pfarre Matrei am Brenner

Mariahimmelfahrkirche
Mariä-Himmelfahrt-Kirche
Kirchengebäude in Tirol
Pfarrkirche in der Diözese Innsbruck
Matrei, !

Gotische Kirche
Erbaut in den 1470er Jahren
Barockisierte Kirche
Hallenkirche
Kulturdenkmal (Tirol)
Matrei am Brenner

Pfarrkirche Matrei am Brenner


මහ එළිය හෙවත් හෝර්ටන්තැන්න  වනාහී දෙස් විදෙස් කාගේත් නෙත් සිත් ආකර්ශනය කළ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි අති සුන්දර භූමියකි. ඉමක් දැකිය නොහැකි ගෝලිය වස්තුවක් වූ මෙය ජෛව විවිධත්වයෙන් මෙන්ම පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක වටිනා කම අතින් ද ඉතා විශේෂ අසිරිමත් වූ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයකි. ලෝකාන්තය සොයා යන කෙනෙකුට අප රටෙ වෙනත් කිසිම පරිසර පද්ධතියක හමු නොවන අපූර්වතම හුදෙකලාවකින් යුත් සුන්දර තැනි තලාවක් හමු වෙයි. මෙම අති සුන්දර ජෛව විවිධත්වයෙන් යුතු වූ සීතල නුවර එළියේ පිහිටි වනෝද්‍යානය වනාහි හෝටන් තැන්නයි. (මෙය නැරබීමට මුදල් ගෙවිය යුතුයි. )

හෝටන් තැන්නේ පිහිටීම

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තෙත් කලාපයේ පිහිටි එකම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන හෝටන් තැන්න මහ එළිය නමින් මුලින්ම  හඳුන්වා ඇති අතර මෙය ලංකාවේ පිහිටි උසම තැනි තලා භුමිය යි. මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර් 1200-2300 පමණ උසින් මධ්‍යම කදුකරයේ පිහිටා ඇත. එසේම නොයෙක් විද්වතුන් මෙය විවිධාකාරයෙන් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. එල්.සී කුක් (1930)නිරක්‍ෂිය වනාන්තර හා පහත් තණ බිම් කාණ්ඩයට ද, චැමිපියන් (1936) කදුකර වනාන්තර ලෙසට ද, චැප්ටන් (1947) නිවර්තන සදා හරිත වනාන්තර ලෙසට ද හදුන්වා ඇත.

පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක වටිනාකම

1920 දශකයේ ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතික කපිතාන් විළියම් පිෂර් ,කර්නල් ඇල්බට් වොටිසන් යන දෙදෙනා විසින් මුලින්ම හෝටන් තැන්න සොයා ගෙන ඇත. එහෙත් මෙයට හෝර්ටන්තැන්න යන නාමය ලැබී ඇත්තේ ශ්‍රීමත් හෝර්ටන් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ සංචාරයෙන් පසුවයි. 1969 දී මෙම වනාන්තරය ස්වභාවික වනාන්තරයක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදි.

හෝටන් තැන්න පිළිබඳ ව කරන ලද පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ දෙස අවධානය යොමු කළහොත් 1992 අරබණ ලද පර්යේෂණවලදී හෝටන් තැන්නේ අතීත පාරිසරික තත්වය ,දේශගුණික තත්වය ,හා පැළෑටි වල ඉතිහාසය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කර තිබුණි.කැළණිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා පශ්චාත් උපාධි ආයතනයේ ස්වීඩනයේ ස්ටොන්හොම් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ චතුර්තක භූ ගර්භ විද්‍යා ආයතනය හා උත්සලා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ විද්වතුන් එකතු ව මෙම පර්යේෂණ සිදු කරන ලදි.

ජ්‍යේෂ්ඨ කථිකාචාර්ය ප්‍රේමතිලක මහතා සඳහන් කරන ආකාරයට මෙහි දී සොයා බලන ලද්දේ ලෝකයේ අවසාන ම අයිස් යුගයේ එනම් ප්ලයිස්ටොසීන යුගයේ ලංකාවේ පැවති පාරිසරික තත්වය පිළිබඳවයි. මෙහිදී අනාවරණය කර ගත් තොරතුරු අතර

 වසර 20000 කට පමණ පෙර ලංකාවේ කඳුකර වැසි වනාන්තරවල  ස්වභාවය
 මීවනශාක වල තත්වය
 මිනිසා ඇසුරේ වැඩුණ ශාක
 ක්‍රි.පූ.8000 තරම් ඈත යුගයේ වගා කටයුතු

ආදිය පිළිබඳව ලත් තොරතුරු ලක් ඉතිහාසයට වැදගත්ය. මෙහි දක්නට ලැබෙන යෝධ මී වන හා මහ රත් මල ඉතා ඈත අතීතයේ සිටම පැවති ඒ වාය.

එමෙන්ම මීට වසර 9000 කට පමණ පෙර පරිසර උශ්නත්නය ඉහළ යාම නිසා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වී විවිධ ස්ථානවල ඇති වූ ජලාශ හෝටන් තැන්නේ ද ඇති වූ බව සොයා ගැනුණී.මෙහි මධ්‍ය ශිලා යුගයේ (Mesolithc Man)මානවයා වාසය කළ බවත් ඔවුන් කෘෂිකාර්මික යුගයට පරිවර්තනය වූ බවත් මේ ආශ්‍රිතව කෙරුණ පර්යේෂණ වලින් සොයා ගෙන ඇත.එසේ ම හෝටන් තැන්න ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන් ද ඉතා වැදගත් වූවකි.

ජෛව විවිධත්වය

1992 දී සිදුකරණ ලද පර්යේෂණවලට අනුව මෙහි ශාක විශේෂ 101 ක් පමණ ඇත. ඉන් 49 ක්ම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට පමණක් ආවේනික ඒ වාය. බහුතරයක් හෝටන් තැන්නට පමණක් ආවේනික ඒවා වීම විශේෂ වුවකි. ඇතැමුන් මෙහි පොදු ශාකය ලෙස වල් කදුරු  (innamounonalifolium) හඳුන්වන අතර  ඇතැමුන් දඹ (Syzygium ravolutum) යැයි පවසති.
හෝටන් තැන්නේ ශාක ඝනත්වය එනම් හෙක්ටර්යාර එකක ඇති ශාක සංඛ්‍යාව 2.861 කි. මෙහි පක්ෂීන් විශේෂ 98 ක් ද ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 14 ක්,උභය ජීවීන් විශේෂ 16-20 ක් පමණ ද, සමනල විශේෂ 40 ක් ද දැනට හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. විශේෂයෙන්ම ගෝන රංචුව.

මෙහි දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂීන් අතර

මෙහි වෙසෙන තවත් ජීවීන් කහිප දෙනෙක්

මෙහි වනාන්තරය දෙස අවධානය යොමු කළ හොත් එම වනාන්තර කුරු වනාන්තර වල ස්වභාවය දරයි. එය එසේ වී ඇත්තේ එම ප්‍රදේශයේ ඇති දැඩි සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දිය හැකි වන පරිදිය.විශේෂයෙන් ජූනී මාසය වන විට පැයට කිලෝ මීටර 31 ක පමණ වේගයෙන් සුළඟ හමන බව පැවසේ.මෙහි ශාක සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මීටර 12-15 ක් පමණ උසට වැඩෙන අතර ගස් මුදුන කුඩයක හැඩයන් ගනු ලබයි.

හෝර්ටන් තැන්නේ ශාක ප්‍රජාව පිළිබඳ ව අවධානය යොමු කළ හොත් එහි භාර කාර ඒ.එච්. සුමනසේන මහතා මෙහි ශාක ප්‍රජාව ප්‍රධාන පරිසර පද්ධති හතරකට ගොනු කරයි. එනම්

 විශේෂ අනන්‍ය වූ වනාන්තර

 සදාහරිත මිශ්‍ර වනාන්තර

 තෙත් පහත තෘණ භූමි හා වගුරු බිම්

 ගංගා ධර ජලඦ පරිසර පද්ධති

මෙසේ ඉහත සඳහන් ආකාරයට පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක මෙන්ම ජෛව විවිධත්වයෙන් ද ඉතා පොහොසත් වූ සොබා දහමේ අපුර්ව දායාදයක් මෙන් ම ලෝක උරුමයක් ද වන හෝටන් තැන්න රැක ගැනීම පරිසර හිතකාමී අප කාගේත් වග කීමක් මෙන්ම යුතුකමක් ද වන්නේය.

 හෝටන් තැන්නේ සොඳුරු දසුන් කිහිපයක්*

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු

 හෝර්ටන් තැන්න
 Horton Plains
 Sri Lanka birds/Horton Plains
 සංචාරකයන් අතර  ජනප්‍රිය ස්ථාන

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
සරත් විජේසූරිය,පුරා විද්‍යාව

මිහිමඩල සඟරාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික උද්‍යාන

හෝර්ටන් තැන්න ජාතික උද්‍යානය


Comet 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, also known as Schwassmann–Wachmann 1, was discovered on November 15, 1927, by Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann at the Hamburg Observatory in Bergedorf, Germany. It was discovered photographically, when the comet was in outburst and the magnitude was about 13. Precovery images of the comet from March 4, 1902, were found in 1931 and showed the comet at 12th magnitude.

The comet is unusual in that while normally hovering at around 16th magnitude, it suddenly undergoes an outburst. This causes the comet to brighten by 1 to 5 magnitudes. This happens with a frequency of 7.3 outbursts per year, fading within a week or two. The magnitude of the comet has been known to vary from 18th magnitude to 10th magnitude, a more than thousand-fold increase in brightness, during its brightest outbursts. On 14 January 2021, an outburst was observed with brightness from 16.6 to 15.0 magnitude, and consistent with the 7.3 outbursts per year noted earlier. Outbursts are very sudden, rising to maximum in about 2 hours, which is indicative of their cryovolcanic origin; and with the times of outburst modulated by an underlying 57-day periodicity possibly suggesting that its large nucleus is an extremely slow rotator.

The comet is a member of a relatively new class of objects called "Centaurs", of which at least 500 are known. These are small icy bodies with orbits between those of Jupiter and Neptune. Astronomers believe that Centaurs have been recently perturbed inward from the Kuiper belt, a disk of trans-Neptunian objects occupying a region extending from the orbit of Neptune to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. Frequent perturbations by Jupiter will likely accumulate and cause the comet to migrate either inward or outward by the year 4000. A number of Centaurs appear to be dynamically and perhaps even physically related to 29P; such objects may traverse the coma of 29P when in outburst.

The dust and gas comprising the comet's nucleus is part of the same primordial materials from which the Sun and planets were formed billions of years ago. The complex carbon-rich molecules they contain may have provided some of the raw materials from which life originated on Earth.

The comet nucleus is estimated to be   in diameter.

29P reached perihelion on March 7, 2019. It came to opposition in late December 2022.

References

External links
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
 29P monitoring campaign - British Astronomical Association COMET MISSION 29P website
 29P at CometBase
 29P at Las Cumbres Observatory (8 Feb 2010 12:23, 60 seconds)
 29P (Joseph Brimacombe April 18, 2013)

Periodic comets
0029

19271115

29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann


පේරාදෙනිය රාජකීය උද්භිද උයනේ මෙම ශාකය ඉතා හො‍දින් රෝපණය කර ඇත. එහි සදහන් ආකාරයට තාල වර්ගයට අයත් විශේෂ 200 කට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් අතරින් විශේෂිතම වු මේ ශාඛය ඉතාමත් දුර්ලභ වදවී යෑමේ තර්ජනයට ලක්වූ ශාඛයකි. සීෂෙල්ස් දූපත්වලට පමණක් සීමා වී ඇති මෙම ගස එරට නීතිය මගින් ආරන්ෂා කර ඇත. මෙය මාල දිවයින් පොල් ලෙස හදුන්වන්නේ මුහුදේ පාවී විත් එරට වෙරලේ තිබී හමුවූ නිසයි. ක්‍රි. ව. 1500 දී පමණ ඉන්දියන් සාගරයේ පාවෙමින් තිබියදී දෙබිඩි පොල් බීජ සොයා ගත් නමුත් එම ශාඛය ප්‍රථම වරට සොයා ගන්නා ලද්දේ ක්‍රි. ව. 1743 දී සීෂෙල්ස් දූපත් වලදීය.

මෙහි ස්ත්‍රී හා පුරැෂ ශාඛ වෙන වෙනම දක්නට ඇති අතර ස්ත්‍රී ශාඛවල හටගන්නා ඵල වල ඇති බීජ ශාඛ ලෝකයේ විශාලතම හා බරින් වැඩිම බීජයද වේ. ගෙඩියක සාමාන්‍ය බර කිලෝග්‍රෑම් 10 සිට 20 දක්වා වන අතර මේරීමට වසර 5 සිට 8 දක්වා කාලයක්ද බීජ පැලවීමට වසර 1 සිට 2 දක්වා කාලයක් ගතවේ. මෙම බීජ දෙබිඩි නිවුන් දරැවන් දෙදෙනෙකු ලෙස එකට ඈදුනු පොල් ගෙඩි දෙකක හැඩය ගනී.

මෙහි ලපටි මදය සීෂෙල්ස් වැසියන් ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර ඔසුවක් වශයෙන් චීනයට අපනයනප කෙරේ. මෙම දුර්ලභ ශාඛය පේරාදෙණිය උද්භිද උයනේ රෝපණය කර ඇත්තේ ක්‍රි. ව. 1850 දීය. (පේරාදෙණිය උද්භිද උයනේ ඇති විස්තර වලින් උපුටා ගැනුනි)

දෙබිඩි පොල්


Sancar, Samsun ilinin Alaçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Sincar olarak geçmektedir. Sancar; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 77 km, Alaçam ilçe merkezine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaçam'ın mahalleleri

Sancar, Alaçam


Escort er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Jonas Grum efter eget manuskript. Filmen er produceret på  Den Danske Filmskole som årets afgangsfilm.

Handling
Escort er historien om escortchaufføren Alex. Hans job er at fragte escortpiger fra kunde til kunde og beskytte dem. En aften sætter Lulu sig ind på Alexs bagsæde og sammen går de en skæbnesvanger nat i møde.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Escort


Gabriel de Henao est un jésuite et théologue espagnol, né à Valladolid en 1611, mort âgé de 92 ans en février 1704.

Biographie
Il entre dans la Compagnie de Jésus en 1627, et est professeur de philosophie et de théologie à l'Université de Salamanque, dont il devient recteur. Il y enseigne la théologie positive pendant plus de cinquante ans, et il faisait encore sa classe tous les jours à l'âge de quatre-vingt-dix ans. C'est là qu'il acquiert une grande renommée. Il est auteur d'un ouvrage tout à fait original, intitulé Empyreologia, seu philosophia christiana de empyreo cœlo duabus partibus, Léon, 1652, in-fol. Outre cette Philosophie chrétienne du ciel empyrée, il publie divers écrits de scolastique, estimés de son temps par les théologiens espagnols, tous écrits en latin, et dont le recueil forme onze volumes in-folio. Le seul que l'on consulte encore dans les pays étrangers, est son grand ouvrage sur les antiquités de la Biscaye : Averiguaciones de las antigüedades de Cantabria, enderazadas principalmente a descubrir las de Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya y Alaba, Salamanque, 1689-91, 2 vol. in-fol.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1611
Naissance à Valladolid
Décès en février 1704
Jésuite espagnol
Théologien catholique espagnol
Clergé espagnol du XVIIe siècle
Décès à 92 ans

Gabriel de Henao


Umemura ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Aya Umemura (* 1976), japanische Tischtennisspielerin
 Haruki Umemura (* 1995), japanischer Fußballspieler
 Rafael Masahiro Umemura (* 1952), japanischer Geistlicher, Bischof von Yokohama

Umemura


පෞද්ගලික තොරතුරු

සම්පූර්ණ 	-මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන්
සුරතල් නම	-	මුරලි
උපන් දිනය	                     -	1972 අප්රේල් 17. ශ්රී ලංකාවේ මහනුවර
ක්‍රීඩා විලාසය	                     -	පිට දඟ පන්දු යවන්නා
පිත්ත හසුරුවන විලාසය	-	දකුණත් පිතිකරු
පන්දු යවන විලාසය	-	Right arm off break

අන්තර්ජාතික තොරතුරු

පළමු ටෙස්ට් තරඟය	                     -	        1992 අගෝස්තු 28 ඕස්ට්රේලියාවට එරෙහිව.
අන්තිම ටෙස්ට් තරඟය	                     -	        2008 අප්රේල් 03 - බටහිර ඉන්දීය පිලට එරෙහිව.
පළමු එක්දින ජාත්යන්තර තරඟය	-	        1993 අගෝස්තු 12 - ඉන්දියාව සමග
එක්දින තරඟ වලදි කමිස නොම්මරය	-	        08

කණ්ඩායම් තොරතුරු

වසර	                            කණ්ඩායම

1991/92 - අද දක්වා	      ටැමිල් යූනියන් ක්රිකට් සහ ඇත්ලටික් ක්ලබ්
1999-2007	  ලැන්කැෂයර්
2003	          කෙන්ට්
2008	          චෙන්නායි සුපර් කිංග්ස්

වෘත්තීය සංඛ්යා ලේඛණ.
	        ටෙස්ට්		එක් දින	F/C		LA
තරඟ              	120		305	219	378
ලකුණු 	                      1156	        516	2087	693
පන්දු යැවීමේ සාමා:	11.56	5.86	11.28	6.41
                100/50	0/1		0/0	0/1	0/0
ඉහළම ලකුණු	67		27	67	27

යැවූ පන්දු	                     40035	16534	62929	20.095
විකට්	                      735		464	1309	575
පන්දු යැවීමේ සාමා:	21.95	23.00	19.06	22.97
ඉනිමකදී විකට් 5	63		8	115	10
 ඉනිමකදී විකට් 10	20		n/a	32	n/a
හොඳම පන්දු යැවීම	9/51	7/30	9/51	7/30
උඩ පන්දු/ස්ටම්ප්	68/-		120/-	119/-	142/-

  2008.04.08දින වන විට.
මූලාශ්‍රය.    Cricket Archive

මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් උපත ලද්දේ ශ්රී ලංකාවේ මහනුවරදී ය. බොහෝ විට ඔහු හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 'මුරලි' යනුවෙනි. 2002 වර්ෂයේ 'විස්ඩන් ක්රිකටර්ස්' සඟරාව විසින් ඔහු හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලබන්නේ මෙතෙක් පහළ වූ "ශ්රේෂ්ඨතම ටෙස්ට් පන්දු යවන්නා" ලෙසයි.

ඔහු ටෙස්ට් තරඟ වලදී ඉහළම විකට් ප්රමාණය ලබා ගත් පුද්ගලයාය. ෂේන් වෝන් විසින් දරා තිබූ එම වාර්තාව 2007 දෙසැම්බර් 3 වැනි දින මුරලිදරන් විසින් අභිබවන ලදි. බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් පිලේ කර්ට්නි වොල්ෂ් විසින් 2004  දී ලබා ගෙන තිබූ 519 විකට් ප්රමාණය අභිබවා යමින් මුරලිදරන් මෙම තත්වය ඊට කලින් ලබා ගෙන තිබුනද ඉන් පසුව උරහිසේ ආබාධයකට ලක් වීම නිසා ඔහු ඉක්මවා යාමට වෝන්ට අවස්ථාව පෑදුනේය. ඔහු එක් දින තරඟ වලදී වැඩිම විකට් ප්රමාණය ලබා සිටින දෙවැන්නාය.

එක් ටෙස්ට් තරඟයකදී විකට් හයකට වඩා සාමාන්යයක් හිමි කර ගෙන සිටින මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් ක්රිකට් ක්රීඩාවේ අති සාර්ථක පන්දු යවන්නන්ගෙන් එක් කෙනෙකු මෙන්ම ශ්රී ලංකා ක්රිකට් ඉතිහාසයේ  ශ්රේෂ්ඨතම ක්රීඩකයාය. ඔහු දේශීය වශයෙන් ටැමිල් යූනියන් ක්රිකට් සහ ඇත්ලටික් ක්ලබ් ක්රීඩා සමාජය වෙනුවෙන් ක්රීඩා කරන අතර විදේශීය වශයෙන් ලැන්කැෂයර් ප්රාන්ත කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් ක්රීඩාකරයි.

මුරලිදරන්ගේ ක්රීඩා ජීවිතය බොහෝ හැලහැප්පීම්, විවේචන, දෝෂ දර්ශන වලට ලක් වූ එකකි. ඔහුගේ පන්දු යැවීමේ විලාශය බොහෝ අවස්ථාවලදී ක්රිකට් විනිසුරුවරයින් හා ක්රිකට් ප්රජාවේ ඇතැම් කොටස් විසින් ප්රශ්න කරනු ලැබින. එහෙත් අන්තර ජාතික ක්රිකට් කවුන්සිලය විසින් පර්යේෂණාගාර පරික්ෂණ මගින් අවස්ථා දෙකකදී එනම් 1996 දී සහ 1999 දී පරික්ෂණ පවත්වා ඔහුට එල්ල වී තිබුනු චෝදනා වලින් නිදහස් කිරීමටත් ඔහුගේ ඉරියව් නිවැරදි බවටත් තීරණ ලබා දුන්නේය. ඔහුගේ දුස්රා  පන්දුවේ නීත්යානුකූල භාවය ගැන 2004 දී ප්රශ්න කෙරින. මෙම පන්දුව යැවීම පිළිබඳ නිල වශයෙන් කෙරුණු පරීක්ෂණ පදනම් කර ගෙන සියලු ක්රීඩකයන්ට ගැලපෙන පරිදි වැලමිට නැමිය යුතු සීමාවන් අන්තර් ජාතික ක්රිකට් කවුන්සිලය මගින් වෙනස් කරන ලදි. 2005 දී කරන ලද එම වෙනස් කිරීමෙන් දූස්රා චෝදනා වලින් මුරලි ගැලවුනේය. මුරලිද එම සීමාව තුලට වැටුනි.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan

මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන්ගේ තොරතුරු


Newport Folk Festival is an annual American folk-oriented music festival in Newport, Rhode Island, which began in 1959 as a counterpart to the Newport Jazz Festival. The festival was founded by music promoter and Jazz Festival founder George Wein, music manager Albert Grossman, and folk singers Pete Seeger, Theodore Bikel, and Oscar Brand. It was one of the first modern music festivals in America, and remains a focal point in the expanding genre of folk music. The festival was held in Newport annually from 1959 to 1969, except in 1961 and 1962, first at Freebody Park and then at Festival Field. In 1985, Wein revived the festival in Newport, where it has been held at Fort Adams State Park ever since.

History

Founding
The Newport Folk Festival was started in 1959 by George Wein, founder of the already-well-established Newport Jazz Festival, and owner of Storyville, a jazz club located in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1958, Wein became aware of the growing Folk Revival movement and began inviting folk artists such as Odetta to perform on Sunday afternoons at Storyville. The afternoon performances consistently sold out and Wein began to consider the possibility of a "folk afternoon embedded within the 1959 Newport Jazz Festival". Wein envisioned the program to be "similar in scope and tone to the highly successful blues and gospel shows" that had taken place at the Jazz Festival in previous years. Wein asked Odetta, Pete Seeger, and the Weavers to perform on the afternoon in addition to the Kingston Trio.  Some in the jazz community accused Wein of crass commercialism in booking these groups because they deviated from, and had a larger following than, most jazz musicians of the time. This pressure coupled with his various conversations with those in the folk community made it clear to Wein that an afternoon program at the Jazz Festival would not suffice and that there was demand for a full Folk festival.

Aware of his own limitations in the folk scene, Wein asked Albert Grossman, then Odetta's manager, to join him in planning and producing the festival. Grossman accepted and began working with Wein to book talent and organize the weekend. Pete Seeger was also involved with the founding of the festival. Theodore Bikel and Oscar Brand were also founders of the festival.

The inaugural festival, held at Freebody Park, included Pete Seeger, Earl Scruggs, the Kingston Trio, John Jacob Niles, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Odetta, The New Lost City Ramblers, and more. Perhaps the most notable performance was the surprise debut of the eighteen year old Joan Baez, who was brought on as a guest of Bob Gibson.

The festival returned in 1960 and was expanded to include three nights.  The lineup placed an emphasis on music diversity, booking performers from Africa, Scotland, Spain, Israel, and Ireland alongside "traditional" folk musicians such as Pete Seeger, Ewan McColl, John Lee Hooker, Cisco Houston and Tommy Makem.

A Tradition of Protest
The Newport Folk Festival has a rich connection to protest movements. In the 60's the festival became a platform for artists who played a substantial part in the civil rights and anti-war movements, including Pete Seeger, Arlo Guthrie, Joan Baez, Tom Paxton, Sweet Honey in the Rock, and the Staple Singers, among many others. In the mid-80s, a new generation of artists—from the Indigo Girls to Tom Morello—also provided keen social commentary from the Newport stage, advocating for women's rights, the LGBTQ community, peace, climate awareness, clean air and water, and the continued call for civil rights activism. In 1988, Ben & Jerry joined forces with Wein's Festival Productions, Inc. to sponsor the event through 1999, a partnership that helped the festival thrive and reinforced its progressive identity.

Civil Rights Movement
In 1962, two young members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed a gospel vocal quartet named the Freedom Singers. And in 1962, Pete and Toshi Seeger assisted the Freedom Singers in organizing a nationwide collegiate tour. As a result, the civil rights movement became deeply embraced by the folk music community. In 1963, the Freedom Singers performed on the first night of the Newport Folk festival, and on the second night Joan Baez joined SNCC activists and roughly 600 festival-goers on a march through Newport. The crowd walked past the Bellevue Avenue mansions and into Touro Park, where SNCC's executive secretary James Forman and Freedom Singers leader Cordell Reagon delivered speeches, rallying support for the March on Washington scheduled for the following March.

For the final performance on Friday Wein had scheduled Peter, Paul and Mary. But under the persuasion of Albert Grossman, who was managing Peter, Paul and Mary, Wein decided to allow Bob Dylan (whom Grossman was also managing) to close the night. After Peter, Paul and Mary finished their afternoon set, Wein announced that they would reappear at the end of the evening. Dylan performed a set consisting of particularly topical songs: "With God on Our Side", "Talkin' John Birch Society Blues", and "A Hard Rain's Gonna Fall". Peter, Paul and Mary then returned and performed an encore of "Blowin' in the Wind". Amidst a "deafening roar of applause" they brought to the stage Dylan, Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, Theo Bikel and the Freedom Singers. The singers stood in a single line facing the audience with crossed arms and clasped hands and began to sing a variation on the Baptist hymn "I'll Overcome Some Day". The hymn's new incarnation - "We Shall Overcome" - had become an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement.

Revival of Mississippi John Hurt
In 1928, Mississippi John Hurt, a self-taught amateur musician and farmer, recorded 13 songs for Okeh Records which failed to achieve commercial success. Believing his musical career to be over, Hurt continued farming, apparently thinking little of his brief recording gig.

Post WWII, few records cut by southern musicians in the 1920s were commercially available. Hurt's records were particularly rare, since few had been manufactured in the first place. But Harry Smith, a member of a tiny subculture of obsessive, cranky collectors, put two John Hurt cuts on his influential 1952 Anthology of American Folk Music, prompting many blues hobbyists to begin searching for him. In 1963, Tom Hoskins and Mike Stewart acquired a tape of Hurt's Avalon Blues through their informal network of tape traders. Hurt had recorded Avalon Blues at the end of a week-long stay in New York that spanned Christmas 1928. Apparently homesick in the big city, Hurt included a line about his home in Avalon being always on his mind.

Hoskins and Stewart were able to locate Avalon and track Hurt down. After asking Hurt to perform, to ensure he was actually who he claimed to be, Hoskins convinced Hurt to move to Washington, D.C., and embark on a national tour.

The tour culminated on Saturday evening of the 1963 Newport Folk Festival, when Mississippi John Hurt performed alongside Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry and John Lee Hooker for a blues workshop at the Newport Casino. The performance is considered to be a seminal moment for the folk revival and caused Hurt to rise to fame. He performed extensively at colleges, concert halls, and coffeehouses and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Electric Dylan controversy

Bob Dylan's 1963 and 1964 performances solo and with Baez had made him popular with the Newport crowd, but on July 25, 1965, festival headliner Dylan was booed by some fans when he played with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band as his backing band.

It is usually said that the reason for the hostile reception by a small number of fans was Dylan's "abandoning" of the folk orthodoxy, or poor sound quality on the night (or a combination of the two). The controversy regarding the reaction of the audience at this event is often overplayed, as it was not the general reaction of the audience, but rather that of a small number of folk "purists", including Pete Seeger. The reaction of "the crowd" to Dylan's performance, certainly from eyewitness accounts, was generally quite enthusiastic. This performance, Dylan's first live "plugged-in" set of his professional career, marked the shift in his artistic direction from folk to rock, and had wider implications for both genres. The performance marked the first time Dylan performed "Like a Rolling Stone" in public.

Despite the musical transition, Dylan's growing status within the larger counterculture ensured that his place in the expanding movement would remain secure.

Dylan did not return to Newport until 2002, when he played a headlining performance while wearing a wig and fake beard.

Johnny Cash Introduces Kris Kristofferson
In 1969, the Johnny Cash troupe was to perform on opening night of the festival. Cash had recently become aware of Kris Kristofferson, a young, relatively unknown country singer-songwriter, and convinced George Wein to allow Kristofferson to join him onstage. Kristofferson's performance of "Me and Bobby McGee" and other songs gave him a launch into his musical career. The 1969 festival also included the debut festival performance of James Taylor, who performed "Carolina in My Mind" to a standing ovation during a "young performers" showcase. However, Taylor only performed for 15 minutes before Wein ended the festival early with the announcement that Apollo 11 had landed on the Moon.

End of Folk Festival, hiatus and return
The Folk Festival did not return to Newport in 1970, due to financial issues and local controversies involving the Newport Jazz Festival. Following a riot at the jazz festival in 1971, Wein moved his jazz festival to New York, but the folk festival was dormant for over a decade.

In 1981 Wein returned to Newport with his Jazz Festival at a new waterfront site: Fort Adams State Park. Robert L. Jones, Wein's longtime producer, ran the shows. Jones worked for Wein as both a road manager and producer of jazz and blues events. But his life in music began in Boston folk clubs with artists such as Joan Baez, Tom Rush, Eric von Schmidt, and Bob Dylan, and he first came to Wein's attention as a talent scout, traveling across the country with folklorist Ralph Rinzler to bring undiscovered artists of all kinds to the Newport stage. It was Jones's dream to revive the folk event, and in 1985, he persuaded the Weins to bring back the Newport Folk Festival.

1985-2006
With Jones at the helm, Newport Folk programs honored traditional forms of American roots music (blues, bluegrass, Cajun, gospel, and more) alongside a wide range of contemporary songwriters, classic Americana bands such as Little Feat and The Band, world music artists, early jam bands, AAA artists, Irish and British folk-rock, Mardi Gras Indians, and alt-country groups. The festival inaugurated a Friday night concert, established Song Circles with songwriters such as Shawn Colvin, Sarah McLachlan, and Buddy Miller in the round, and expanded to three stages. Other groundbreaking sets included a teenaged Alison Krauss's major festival debut, iconic blues performances from B.B. King, Susan Tedeschi, and Bonnie Raitt, early incarnations of the Indigo Girls, Mary-Chapin Carpenter, and Joan Baez as Four Voices in Harmony, classic performances by Weir & Wasserman, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Joan Armatrading, Elvis Costello, Willie Nelson, and Wilco, and in 2005, an extended collaborative set with Bright Eyes, Jim James and M. Ward. The festival sold out on only a few occasions in those years, but remained commercially strong enough to continue growing and to attract strong audiences for both traditional and contemporary artists.

Michelle Shocked V-J Day Protest
The Newport Folk Festival has, throughout various points in its history, remained connected to protest movements. In the 60's the festival played a substantial part in the civil rights movement. In the early 80's the Newport Folk Festival was one of the first festivals to serve as a platform for climate change protest.

In the 1990s, playing on Victory Day (originally "Victory over Japan Day" or "V-J Day") folk musician Michelle Shocked asked the entire standing audience to drop to the ground on cue to show what it would look like when crowds died on "Hiroshima Day."  This was relevant to the locale of the festival as Rhode Island is the only US state which still officially celebrates the holiday, and the Naval War College is also in Newport, a mere two miles from the Fort Adams State Park where the festival is held.

Return of Bob Dylan
In 2002, Bob Dylan returned to the Newport Folk Festival for the first time since his iconic performance in 1965, when he went electric. George Wein noted that the anticipation in 2002 was intense. "The question is what will he do at Newport? We have never asked. Whatever it is, it will be all right with me." Rick Massimo, music writer, recalls Dylan took the stage in "a white cowboy hat, a fake beard, and a long, stringy-haired wig" in what seemed a wry acknowledgment of the legions of music journalists and photographers who came to document his return. Backstage guests included Al Gore and Richard Gere, alongside dozens of other musicians who flocked to hear the set. Dylan and his band (including Larry Campbell and Charlie Sexton) launched into "Roving Gambler" then played a series of classics alongside his newer material: a set markedly in keeping with the rest of his tour. Peter Stone Brown wrote, "The guy underneath the hat may have looked a little strange, but in the end it was the music that mattered and just maybe that's what he's been trying to say all along."

Films and Books
In 2005, alternative rock band The Pixies came to Newport with an acoustic performance, a concept that referenced Dylan's going electric. The set was recorded and turned into a feature film directed by Michael B Borofsky, titled Pixies: Acoustic: Live in Newport.

In 2013, NAKA producers Alyson Young and Beverly Penninger released The Newport Effect, a documentary exploring the impact of the Newport Folk Festival since its inception in 1959. The film features interviews, performances, and behind-the-scenes footage of the event. Narrated by Joan Armatrading, with segment narrators Rosanne Cash, Michael Doucet, Steve Earle, Angelique Kidjo, Pokey LaFarge, Tom Morello, Mavis Staples, and Lucinda Williams.

In 2003, Da Capo Press published Myself Among Others: A Life in Music, a memoir by George Wein and coauthor Nate Chinen.

In 2017, Wesleyan University Press published I Got A Song, A History of the Newport Folk Festival by Rick Massimo.

Establishment of Foundation

The Newport Folk Festival has existed in various forms since its creation; founded as a not-for-profit, the festival became a for-profit in the mid-eighties. However, in 2011, the festival announced it would return to its non-profit status under the umbrella of the Newport Festivals Foundation. The Foundation not only strived to sustain the Newport Folk and Newport Jazz Festival, but also expand the impact of its Festivals through educational initiatives that celebrate innovation while preserving the deep traditions inherent in Jazz and Folk music.

50th Celebration
By 2006, after an autoimmune syndrome left Jones partially paralyzed, he was no longer able to produce the festival. In 2008, Executive Producer, George Wein hired Jay Sweet as an associate of the festival. Sweet brought the Black Crowes and Trey Anastasio, frontman of Phish, as headliners and other artists on the bill included Stephen Marley and Damian Marley, sons of reggae icon Bob Marley. The Festival was well attended and received favorable press, despite folk purists questioning the modernization of the festival. In 2009, Wein asked Jones and his team to work with Sweet for the 50th anniversary of the festival, and their collaboration resulted in a multi-generational celebration.

New Era
The success of the 2009 festival marked a new era in the festival's history. Under Sweet's direction, the festival has reclaimed its place at the center of American music, with surprise sets by Dolly Parton and Joni Mitchell among other standout performances. In 2011 the two day festival sold out Saturday and in 2012 the festival sold out both days. In 2013 the festival expanded to three days and sold out both Saturday and Sunday. In 2014 the festival sold out all three days months in advance. The festival has sold out every year since.

65 Revisited
In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Bob Dylan going electric at Newport, the Festival scheduled a program titled 65 Revisited on the final night of the 2015 festival. The program's details and performers were kept secret prior to the performance - prompting various rumors including the return of Bob Dylan.

Instead, the program featured an array of more contemporary musicians, including Taylor Goldsmith of Dawes, Gillian Welch and David Rawlings, Willie Watson, Hozier and Klara Soderberg of First Aid Kit, John McCauley and Ian O'Neil of Deer Tick, Robyn Hitchcock and the Preservation Hall Jazz Band of New Orleans. The ensemble performed a collection of Dylan's material, ending the performance with "Rainy Day Women No. 12 and 35,".

COVID-19 Pandemic
The 2020 edition of the festival was canceled due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Artists who were scheduled to perform at the festival were invited to return for the 2021 edition.

In March 2021, Rhode Island governor Dan McKee announced that the state was working with the Newport Festivals Foundation to hold the folk and jazz festivals in the summer with modified capacities and a different format. Instead of its typical format, the 2021 Newport Folk Festival was instead formatted as two three-day events in July featuring performances, storytelling and workshops.

2022: Joni Mitchell surprise appearance
The 2022 festival marked a return to normal operations. A highlight was when Brandi Carlile introduced a surprise appearance by Joni Mitchell as the festival's closing act. This was the 78 year old Mitchell's first full-length public performance since the early 2000s and her first appearance at the festival since 1969.

Programming style
In recent years, the Newport Folk Festival has developed a reputation for selling out of tickets before announcing the lineup. Unlike most festivals, the festival "rolls out" their lineup over the course of the year instead of releasing a lineup poster on one day.
The festival has also developed a reputation for programming surprise, unannounced artists. Past instances include the 65 Revisited program (2015), in which Gillian Welch and Dave Rawlings, Dawes, and Willie Watson appeared unannounced. Other surprise moments include My Morning Jacket (2015), James Taylor (2015), Kris Kristofferson (2016), Roger Waters (2017), Mumford & Sons (2018), Dolly Parton (2019), Paul Simon (2022), and Joni Mitchell (2022).  Like 65 Revisited in 2015, 2018's A Change Is Gonna Come closing set paired guests from the weekend with unannounced guests including Leon Bridges, Chris Thile, and Mavis Staples.

Setting
The Newport Folk Festival takes place every year at Fort Adams State Park, in Newport, Rhode Island. Fort Adams houses four stages, the Fort Stage which sits looking out at Newport harbor and the famous Claiborne Pell Bridge, the Harbor Stage, The Quad Stage, and The Museum Stage. The festival is known for its beautiful setting- as the music blog Consequence of Sound puts it, "Located at the gorgeously scenic Fort Adams, in Newport, Rhode Island, glimmering, clear blue water surrounds the small vivid green peninsula. Look out from the fort towers and you'll see hundreds of beautiful boats rocking along the water." (Consequence of Sound).
My Morning Jacket frontman Jim James told Spin Magazine, "You've got the sun on your skin and the breeze in your hair. It's magical here... It's just magical." (SPIN at Newport Folk 2010) Brandi Carlile says "It's one of my favorites so far if not my favorite." (Brandi Carlile Interview)

WMVY began streaming the festival in 2005 and was joined by NPR Music in 2008. WMVY's Archives contains both performances and interviews from Newport Folk and NPR music has recorded sets available for listening here: NPR at Newport Folk 2010.

Sustainability
The festival has made efforts in being green-friendly, teaming with many groups to do so.
They partnered with Clean Water Action and Rhode Island Resource Recovery to collect 1.5 tons of recyclables. CWA worked onsite picking up trash and recycling, and set up composting stations to curb the waste generated during the event. A portion of beer and wine sales went to CWA to support their work.
The official beer of the festival, Vermont-based Magic Hat used plant-based, 100% compostable cups.
The festival also partnered with CLIF Bar, who set up a bike valet to encourage people to cycle to the event and participate in their 2-Mile Challenge.
They worked with New England Wind Fund to offset power used during the festival, and Klean Kanteen to provide reusable water bottles.
They also partnered with Farm Fresh Rhode Island to incorporate local foods into the vendors' fare.

Awards
 In 2015, the Newport Folk Festival was named Music Festival of the Year by Consequence of Sound.
 In 2012, the Newport Folk Festival was named Music Festival of Year by Pollstar.
 In 2014, the Newport Folk Festival was named Music Festival of Year by Pollstar.
 In 2015, the Newport Folk Festival was named Music Festival of Year by Pollstar.

Albums recorded at the festival
 The Newport Folk Festival, 1959 [3 Volumes] – Vanguard Records
 The Kingston Trio Live at Newport – Vanguard Records (1959 performance released in 1994)
 The Newport Folk Festival, 1960 [2 Volumes] – Vanguard Records
 The Folk Lore of John Lee Hooker (Vee-Jay 1961) – features two tracks recorded at 1960 Festival
 Live at Newport – Phil Ochs (Compilation from '63, '64, '66)

Albums issued by Vanguard Records after the 1963 Newport Folk Festival
 Newport Broadside (Topical Songs) – VRS-9144 (Mono) and VSD-79144 (Stereo) Joan Baez, Bob Davenport, Bob Dylan, The Freedom Singers, Jim Garland, Sam Hinton, Peter La Farge, Ed McCurdy, Phil Ochs, Tom Paxton, Pete Seeger
 Blues at Newport – VRS-9145 (Mono) and VS-79145 (Stereo) Rev. Gary Davis, John Hammond, John Lee Hooker, Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, Mississippi John Hurt
 Country Music and Bluegrass At Newport – VRS-9146 (Mono) and VSD-79146 (Stereo) Clarence "Tom" Ashley, Clint Howard, Jim and Jesse and the Virginia Boys, Tex Logan, The Morris Brothers, The New Lost City Ramblers, Fred Price, Doc Watson, Mac Wiseman, and The Country Boys.
 Old Time Music At Newport –- VRS-9147 (Mono) and VSD-79147 (Stereo) Clarence "Tom" Ashley, Doc Boggs, Maybelle Carter, Jenes Cottrell, Dorsey Dixon, Clint Howard, Fred Price, Doc Watson
 The Newport Folk Festival 1963 – The Evening Concerts: Vol. 1 – VRS-9148 (Mono) and VSD-79148 (Stereo)
 The Newport Folk Festival 1963 – The Evening Concerts: Vol. 2 – VRS-9149 (Mono) and VSD-79149 (Stereo)
 Live at Newport (John Lee Hooker album)

Albums issued by Vanguard Records after the 1964 Newport Folk Festival
 The Newport Folk Festival 1964 – Evening Concerts: Vol. 1 – VRS-9184 (Mono) and VSD-79184 (Stereo)
 The Newport Folk Festival 1964 – Evening Concerts: Vol. 2 – VRS-9185 (Mono) and VSD-79185 (Stereo)
 Long Journey Home – VCD-77004 (Stereo) The Kentucky Colonels (Clarence White, Roland White, Billy Ray Lathum, and Roger Bush) with Doc Watson and Bill Keith
 Festival: The Newport Folk Festival 1965
 Ben & Jerry's Newport Folk Festival '88 Live
 Ben & Jerry's Newport Folk Festival, Vol. 2 (1990)
 Turn of the Decade 1989-90: Ben & Jerry's Newport Folk Festival []

Festival lineups
Notable past performers at the Newport Folk Festival include:

First incarnation (1959–1969)
 1959: The Kingston Trio, Pete Seeger, Bob Gibson with Joan Baez, Odetta, Earl Scruggs, Jean Ritchie, The New Lost City Ramblers, Bo Diddley, Reverend Gary Davis, Barbara Dane, Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, John Jacob Niles, Tommy Makem, Oscar Brand, Ed McCurdy, Cynthia Gooding, Leon Bibb, Martha Schlamme, The Stanley Brothers.
 1960:  Pete Seeger, The New Lost City Ramblers, John Lee Hooker, Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, Peggy Seeger, Ewan MacColl, Bob Gibson, Jimmy Driftwood, Ed McCurdy, Tommy Makem, Cisco Houston, Bill Lee, Theodore Bikel, Jean Carignan, Alan Mills.
 1961: No festival.
 1962: No festival.
 1963: Bob Dylan, Judy Collins, Joan Baez, Freedom Singers, Peter, Paul & Mary, Pete Seeger, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, John Lee Hooker, Doc Watson, Mississippi John Hurt, Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, Clarence Ashley, John Hammond, Dave Van Ronk, Reverend Gary Davis, Bill Monroe, Jim & Jesse.
 1964: Bob Dylan, Jose Feliciano, Joan Baez, Judy Collins, Pete Seeger, Johnny Cash, Peter, Paul & Mary, Phil Ochs, Theodore Bikel, The Stanley Brothers, The Staple Singers, Jesse Fuller, Robert Pete Williams.
 1965: Bob Dylan, The Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Joan Baez with Donovan, Peter, Paul & Mary, Gordon Lightfoot, Maybelle Carter, Pete Seeger, Memphis Slim and Willie Dixon, Oscar Brand, Richard and Mimi Fariña, Reverend Gary Davis, Son House, The New Lost City Ramblers, Theodore Bikel, Lightnin' Hopkins, Jean Ritchie, The Chambers Brothers, Hamilton Camp, Ian & Sylvia, Bill Monroe.
 1966: Chuck Berry, Richie Havens, Judy Collins, Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, Pete Seeger, The Lovin Spoonful, Phil Ochs, Tom Paxton, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Skip James, Bukka White, Son House, Dixie Hummingbirds, Dorothy Love Coates & The Original Gospel Harmonettes, The Swan Silvertones, Hazel Dickens & Alice Gerrard, Jim & Jesse.
 1967: Muddy Waters, Joan Baez, Judy Collins, Joni Mitchell, Leonard Cohen, The Chambers Brothers, Arlo Guthrie, Maybelle Carter, Janis Ian, Mimi Fariña, The Staple Singers, The Incredible String Band, Jean Ritchie, Gordon Lightfoot, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Theodore Bikel, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Dave Dudley, Merle Travis, Grandpa Jones.
 1968: Big Brother and the Holding Company, Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Buddy Guy and Junior Wells, B.B. King, Joni Mitchell, Arlo Guthrie, Taj Mahal, Ralph Stanley, Elizabeth Cotten, Roy Acuff, Theodore Bikel, Tim Buckley, George Hamilton IV, Jerry Merrick, Janis Ian, Buell Kazee, Eric Von Schmidt, Doc Watson, Mimi Fariña, Jim Kweskin, Fred McDowell, Joe Heaney, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, John Hartford, The Young Tradition, Frederick Douglass Kirkpatrick, Pete Seeger, Bread and Puppet Theater.
 1969: Johnny Cash with June Carter and Kris Kristofferson, Carl Perkins and The Tennessee Three, Big Mama Thornton, The Everly Brothers, Buffy Sainte-Marie, James Taylor (performance interrupted after 15 minutes), Arlo Guthrie, Muddy Waters, Joni Mitchell, Taj Mahal (did not show), Van Morrison, Pete Seeger, Pentangle, Jesse Fuller, Buddy Moss and Brownie McGhee, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Son House, Sleepy John Estes, Jerry Jeff Walker.

Second incarnation (1985–2010)
 1985: Joan Baez, Arlo Guthrie, Bonnie Raitt, Judy Collins, Taj Mahal, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Merle Watson, Tom Paxton, Dave Van Ronk, Peter Rowan, Mimi Fariña, New Grass Revival.
 1986: Odetta, Tom Rush, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Richie Havens, Patty Larkin, Alison Krauss, John Sebastian, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Nanci Griffith, Bill Staines.
 1987: Arlo Guthrie, Joan Baez, Judy Collins, Tom Paxton, Bonnie Raitt, Johnny Copeland, Billy Bragg, Alison Krauss, The Bobs, Katie Webster, Maria and Geoff Muldaur, John Sebastian, Patty Larkin, John Hammond, New Grass Revival.
 1988: Los Lobos, Robert Cray Band, Richard Thompson, Taj Mahal, Dr. John, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Tom Paxton, Shawn Colvin, Queen Ida, Artie and Happy Traum, Doc Watson, Cheryl Wheeler, Patty Larkin.
 1989: Pete Seeger, Emmylou Harris, Odetta, B.B. King, Ry Cooder, Leon Redbone, The Clancy Brothers, John Lee Hooker, Theodore Bikel, John Prine, John Hiatt, Buckwheat Zydeco, Laura Nyro, Shawn Colvin, Cheryl Wheeler, Chris Smither.
 1990: Joan Baez, Indigo Girls, Richard Thompson, The Roches, Michelle Shocked with Tower of Power, Ry Cooder and David Lindley, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Robert Earl Keen, Luka Bloom, Flaco Jiménez, The Wild Magnolias with Rebirth Brass Band, Chris Smither, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Christine Lavin.
 1991: John Prine, Randy Newman, Indigo Girls, Richard Thompson, Nanci Griffith, Suzanne Vega, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, The Staple Singers, John Hiatt, Shawn Colvin.
 1992: Four Voices in Harmony (Joan Baez, Mary Chapin Carpenter and Indigo Girls), Loudon Wainwright III, The Band, Bruce Cockburn, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Suzanne Vega, Iris DeMent, Shawn Colvin, Patty Larkin, David Wilcox.
 1993: The Band, Peter, Paul & Mary, Mary Chapin Carpenter, John Prine, Indigo Girls, Joan Baez, Alison Krauss & Union Station, Sarah McLachlan, Nanci Griffith, Daniel Lanois, Sweet Honey in the Rock.
 1994: Sarah McLachlan, Indigo Girls, Richard Thompson, Fairport Convention, Randy Newman, Arlo Guthrie, Dar Williams, Michelle Shocked, Iris DeMent.
 1995: Joan Baez, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Indigo Girls, Bill Morrissey, Keb' Mo', John Hiatt, The Jayhawks, Ani DiFranco, Victoria Williams, Wilco, Bob Weir and Rob Wasserman, Mary Black, Patty Larkin, Cheryl Wheeler, Luka Bloom.
 1996: Indigo Girls, Bruce Cockburn, Lisa Loeb, Ani DiFranco, Joan Armatrading, John Hiatt, Michelle Shocked, Suzanne Vega, John Gorka, Patty Larkin, Cheryl Wheeler, Peter Rowan, Jerry Douglas, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, Cordelia's Dad, David Wilcox, Maura O'Connell.
 1997: James Taylor, Little Feat, Joan Baez, John Hiatt, Janis Ian, Violent Femmes, Rosanne Cash, Dar Williams, Richard Shindell, Gillian Welch, Mary Black, Moxy Früvous, Jonatha Brooke.
 1998:  Lyle Lovett, Joan Baez, Violent Femmes, Lucinda Williams, Loudon Wainwright III, Marc Cohn, Béla Fleck, Trina Hamlin, Rodney Crowell, David Bromberg.
 1998 Travelling Festival: Rotating lineup that included some or all of the acts above plus The Staple Singers, Wilco, Rickie Lee Jones, John Hiatt, Nanci Griffith, Leo Kottke, Mark Eitzel, Jimmie Dale Gilmore.
 1999: Joan Armatrading, Wilco, Indigo Girls, Suzanne Vega, Steve Earle, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Beth Orton, Susan Tedeschi, Robert Earl Keen, Cry Cry Cry, Patty Griffin, Lori McKenna, Mary Black, Stacey Earle, Ray Wylie Hubbard.
 2000: Willie Nelson, Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, Natalie Merchant, Shawn Colvin, Guy Clark, The String Cheese Incident, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Richard Shindell, Dar Williams, Lucy Kaplansky, Cheryl Wheeler, John Gorka, Stacey Earle, Peter Rowan.
 2001: Emmylou Harris, Indigo Girls, David Rawlings and Gillian Welch, Joan Osborne, Mike Doughty, Michelle Shocked, Kelly Willis, Mary Lou Lord, Patty Larkin,  David Johansen, Victoria Williams and Mark Olson, North Mississippi Allstars with Robert Randolph and John Medeski, The Flatlanders, Jonatha Brooke, Susan McKeown.
 2002: Bob Dylan, Shawn Colvin, Arlo Guthrie, Dar Williams, Bruce Cockburn, Richard Shindell, The Blind Boys of Alabama, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, John Gorka, Maura O'Connell, The Waifs.
 2003: Lyle Lovett, Aimee Mann, John Hiatt, Ani DiFranco, John Prine, Joan Armatrading, Keb' Mo', Angélique Kidjo, Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion, Guy Clark and Joe Ely, Ellis Paul.
 2004: Crosby, Stills & Nash, Steve Earle, Lucinda Williams, Wilco, Rufus Wainwright with Kate McGarrigle, Joan Osborne, Doc Watson, Old Crow Medicine Show, The Dixie Hummingbirds, Garth Hudson and Levon Helm, Lori McKenna, Ron Sexsmith, Mindy Smith, Corey Harris, Laura Cantrell.
 2005: Pixies, Elvis Costello and The Imposters, Emmylou Harris, Bright Eyes, Richard Thompson, Odetta, Arlo Guthrie, M. Ward, Jim James, Ray LaMontagne, Patty Griffin, Del McCoury, Teddy Thompson, Old Crow Medicine Show, Béla Fleck, Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion, Jane Siberry, Kaki King, Buddy Miller, Jim Lauderdale.
 2006: David Gray, Indigo Girls, Odetta, Rosanne Cash, David Rawlings and Gillian Welch, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Chris Smither, Bettye LaVette, The Meters, Rosalie Sorrels, Sonny Landreth, Keller Williams, The Wood Brothers, Patty Larkin, Ronan Tynan, Cherish the Ladies.
 2007: The Allman Brothers Band, Linda Rondstadt, Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss & Union Station, Ralph Stanley, John Butler Trio, Martha Wainwright, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Alejandro Escovedo, Carolina Chocolate Drops, Cheryl Wheeler, The Nightwatchman, Amos Lee, Elvis Perkins.
 2008: Brian Wilson, Jimmy Buffett, The Black Crowes, Levon Helm, The Avett Brothers, Cat Power, Jim James, She & Him, Brandi Carlile, Trey Anastasio, Jakob Dylan, Steve Earle and Allison Moorer, Stephen and Damian Marley, Richie Havens, Gillian Welch, Calexico, Jesca Hoop, Kaki King, Son Volt, Young@Heart Chorus, Cowboy Junkies.
 2009: Pete Seeger, Judy Collins, The Decemberists, Fleet Foxes, Joan Baez, Arlo Guthrie, Gillian Welch, Billy Bragg, Iron & Wine, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Neko Case, Mavis Staples, The Nightwatchman, The Low Anthem, Ben Kweller, Deer Tick, Del McCoury, Langhorne Slim, Elvis Perkins, Brett Dennen, Josh Ritter.
 2010: Steve Martin and the Steep Canyon Rangers, John Prine, Jim James, Andrew Bird, Brandi Carlile, The Swell Season, Levon Helm, Richie Havens, Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings, Punch Brothers, Sarah Jarosz, Calexico, The Low Anthem, Blitzen Trapper, Justin Townes Earle, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeroes, Doc Watson and David Holt, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, O'Death, Pokey LaFarge.

Third, non-profit incarnation (since 2011)
 2011: The Decemberists, Emmylou Harris, Elvis Costello, Gillian Welch, Tegan and Sara, Mavis Staples, Earl Scruggs, M. Ward, Gogol Bordello, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Wanda Jackson, The Civil Wars, Carolina Chocolate Drops, The Head and the Heart, Delta Spirit, Pokey LaFarge, Justin Townes Earle, Trampled by Turtles, PS22 Chorus, Amos Lee, The Secret Sisters, Freelance Whales, The Felice Brothers, The Devil Makes Three, Dar Williams, John Gorka, Brown Bird, David Wax Museum, Middle Brother.
 2012: My Morning Jacket, Jackson Browne, Conor Oberst, Iron & Wine, Patty Griffin, Arlo Guthrie, Alabama Shakes, The Head and the Heart, Deer Tick,  Charles Bradley, Tune-Yards, Of Monsters and Men, Sharon Van Etten, Dawes, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Gary Clark Jr., Punch Brothers, City and Colour, Spirit Family Reunion, The Tallest Man on Earth, Sara Watkins, First Aid Kit, Tom Morello, Brown Bird, Elizabeth Mitchell, Trampled by Turtles.
 2013: Beck, The Avett Brothers, Feist, Jim James, Colin Meloy, Andrew Bird, The Mountain Goats, The Lumineers, Father John Misty, Bonnie "Prince" Billy and Dawn McCarthy, Jason Isbell, Amanda Palmer, Old Crow Medicine Show, Justin Townes Earle, The Felice Brothers, Beth Orton, Frank Turner, Langhorne Slim, The Low Anthem, Lord Huron, Trombone Shorty, Iris DeMent, Sarah Jarosz, Hurray for the Riff Raff, Shovels & Rope, Phosphorescent, Elizabeth Mitchell, JD McPherson, The Milk Carton Kids, Black Prairie, Houndmouth.
 2014: Jack White, Ryan Adams, Band of Horses, Jimmy Cliff, Mavis Staples, Jeff Tweedy, Jenny Lewis, Sun Kil Moon, Nickel Creek, Kurt Vile, Conor Oberst, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Robert Hunter, The Devil Makes Three, Lake Street Dive, Deer Tick, Shovels & Rope, Dawes, Anaïs Mitchell, Lucius, J Roddy Walston and the Business, Hurray for the Riff Raff, John C. Reilly, Hozier, Shakey Graves, Thao & The Get Down Stay Down, Lucero, Valerie June, Reignwolf, Benjamin Booker, Pegi Young, Pokey LaFarge, Aoife O'Donovan, Houndmouth, The Haden Triplets.
 2015: Roger Waters, James Taylor, The Decemberists, My Morning Jacket, Leon Bridges, Hozier, Sturgill Simpson, Sufjan Stevens, Iron & Wine and Ben Bridwell, Jason Isbell, Brandi Carlile, Courtney Barnett, Laura Marling, Béla Fleck and Abigail Washburn, Nathaniel Rateliff and the Night Sweats, J Mascis, Jon Batiste, Langhorne Slim, Robyn Hitchcock, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Lord Huron, First Aid Kit, Calexico, Brian Fallon, Angel Olsen, Tommy Stinson, Hiss Golden Messenger, Shakey Graves, José González, The Lone Bellow, The Felice Brothers, Madisen Ward and the Mama Bear, Spirit Family Reunion, The Tallest Man on Earth, Joe Pug.
 2016:  Patti Smith, Elvis Costello, Norah Jones, Alabama Shakes, Ryan Adams, Flight of the Conchords, Graham Nash, Father John Misty, case/lang/veirs, Margo Price, Nathaniel Rateliff and the Night Sweats, Violent Femmes, Ray LaMontagne, Frightened Rabbit, Rayland Baxter, Glen Hansard, Del McCoury and David Grisman, The Texas Gentlemen with Joe Ely and Kris Kristofferson, The Arcs, The Strumbellas, John Moreland, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros, Aoife O'Donovan, Julien Baker, Brian Fallon, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Basia Bulat, Brett Dennen, Fruit Bats, Raury, Ruby Amanfu, River Whyless, Songhoy Blues, Lady Lamb, Middle Brother.
 2017: Wilco, Fleet Foxes, Regina Spektor, John Prine with Roger Waters and Lucius, Jim James, Drive-By Truckers, Ben Gibbard, The Avett Brothers, Offa Rex (The Decemberists with Olivia Chaney), Billy Bragg and Joe Henry, Rhiannon Giddens, Suzanne Vega, Grandma's Hands Band (Justin Vernon with Natalie Prass, Patterson Hood, and Hiss Golden Messenger), Angel Olsen, Dr. Dog, Hurray For the Riff Raff, Chicano Batman, Margaret Glaspy, Shovels & Rope, Pinegrove, Whitney, I'm With Her, John Paul White, Big Thief, Mandolin Orange, Michael Kiwanuka, Julia Jacklin.
 2018: Mumford & Sons, Sturgill Simpson, Jason Isbell & The 400 Unit with David Crosby, Jon Batiste and The Dap-Kings, St. Vincent, Margo Price, Cheech & Chong, Courtney Barnett, Ben Harper and Charlie Musselwhite, Brandi Carlile, Jenny Lewis, Glen Hansard, Gary Clark Jr., Passenger, Lucius, Langhorne Slim, Nels Cline, Hamilton Leithauser and Rostam, Phoebe Bridgers, Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real,  Toots and the Maytals, Nicole Atkins, Fantastic Negrito, Low Cut Connie, Valerie June, The Lone Bellow, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Amanda Shires, Hiss Golden Messenger, JD McPherson, Shakey Graves, Moses Sumney, Tank and the Bangas, Jen Cloher, Tuck & Patti, This Is the Kit, Curtis Harding.
 2019: Dolly Parton, Kacey Musgraves, Trey Anastasio, Sheryl Crow, Portugal. The Man, Kermit the Frog with Jim James and Janet Weiss, Phil Lesh, Jeff Tweedy, Amy Ray, Hozier, Judy Collins, Maggie Rogers, Stephen Marley, Lucy Dacus, Dawes, Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real, Haley Heynderickx, Lake Street Dive, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Noname, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Benmont Tench, Cedric Burnside, I'm with Her, Todd Snider, Courtney Marie Andrews, Warren Haynes, Gregory Alan Isakov, The Highwomen, Bonny Light Horseman (Anaïs Mitchell, Eric D. Johnson, and Josh Kaufman), Our Native Daughters (Rhiannon Giddens, Allison Russell, Leyla McCalla, and Amythyst Kiah), The Infamous Stringdusters, The Milk Carton Kids, Parker Millsap, Liz Cooper & The Stampede, Kevin Morby, Mountain Man, John Cohen, Phosphorescent, Billy Strings and Molly Tuttle, Adia Victoria, Jade Bird, Susto, Alice Gerrard, Jupiter & Okwess, Charley Crockett, Yola, Rayland Baxter, J.S. Ondara, Nilüfer Yanya, The Down Hill Strugglers, Ari Hest, Angie McMahon, Erin Rae.
 2020 Event canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Lineup prior to cancelation included The National, Randy Newman, Drive-By Truckers, Big Thief, Son Volt, Brittany Howard, Waxahatchee, Nathaniel Rateliff, Phoebe Bridgers, Andrew Bird, Sharon Van Etten, Grace Potter, Ed O'Brien, Mandy Moore with Taylor Goldsmith and Mike Viola, Sylvan Esso, Black Pumas, The Secret Sisters, Watkins Family Hour, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Sampa the Great, Yola, Alexi Murdoch, Delta Spirit, Rainbow Kitten Surprise, Daughter of Swords, Puss n Boots, Vagabon, Mandolin Orange, The Marcus King Band, Lee Fields, Caamp, Ian Noe, Steve Gunn and William Tyler, Early James, Joseph, Sunny War.
 2021: Beck, Randy Newman, Waxahatchee, Nathaniel Rateliff and the Night Sweats, Allison Russell with Chaka Khan and Amythyst Kiah, Margo Price, Lucy Dacus, Brothers of a Feather (Chris and Rich Robinson) Ben Gibbard, Bleachers, Grace Potter, Deer Tick, Lake Street Dive, Sharon Van Etten, Dimmer Twins (Mike Cooley and Patterson Hood), Yola with Brandi Carlile, Julien Baker, Fred Armisen, Chris Thile, Shakey Graves, Langhorne Slim, Courtney Marie Andrews, Bonny Light Horseman, Watchhouse, Joy Oladokun, Middle Brother, Erin Rae with Haley Heynderickx and MC Taylor, Vagabon, Hiss Golden Messenger, Billy Strings, Andrew Bird and Jimbo Mathus, Kevin Morby, The Marcus King Band, Devon Gilfillian, Fruit Bats, Aoife O'Donovan, Natalie Hemby, Black Joe Lewis, Steve Gunn, Emma Swift, Caamp, Jonathan Russell, Early James, Katie Pruitt, S.G. Goodman, Yasmin Williams, Celisse, Ida Mae, Sunny War, Tré Burt, Resistance Revival Chorus.
 2022: Brandi Carlile with Joni Mitchell, The National, The Roots, Japanese Breakfast, Maren Morris, Lucy Dacus, Dinosaur Jr., Béla Fleck with Sam Bush and Jerry Douglas, Bleachers, Courtney Barnett, Anaïs Mitchell, Lucius, Valerie June, Clairo, American Tune Review (Nathaniel Rateliff and the Night Sweats with Paul Simon, Natalie Merchant, Adia Victoria, Lee Fields, The Silk Road Ensemble, Lukas Nelson, Marcus Mumford, Lucius, Midlake, and Courtney Marie Andrews) Sylvan Esso, Taj Mahal, Hurray for the Riff Raff, Midlake, Taylor Goldsmith, The Felice Brothers, John Moreland, Arooj Aftab, Joy Oladokun, The Silk Road Ensemble with Rhiannon Giddens, Langhorne Slim, Cassandra Jenkins, Black Opry Revue, Goose, The Linda Lindas, Lee Fields, Adia Victoria, Blake Mills, Phil Cook's Love Will Go All the Way: A Spiritual Helpline Gospel Revue, Carm, Hannah Georgas, DakhaBrakha, John Craigie, Madi Diaz, Skullcrusher, Sierra Ferrell, Faye Webster, Hermanos Gutiérrez, Neal Francis, The Dead Tongues, The Ballroom Thieves, Árný Margrét, The Backseat Lovers, Bendigo Fletcher, The A's (Amelia Meath and Alexandra Sauser-Monnig), Buffalo Nichols, Leith Ross.
 2023: Lana Del Rey, James Taylor, My Morning Jacket, Jon Batiste, The Hold Steady, Jason Isbell & The 400 Unit, Los Lobos, Aimee Mann, Nickel Creek, Maggie Rogers, Angel Olsen, Billy Strings, John Oates and Guthrie Trapp, M. Ward, Mdou Moctar, The Beths, Goose, Bartees Strange, Indigo De Souza, Black Opry Revue, Nanna, Madison Cunningham, Remi Wolf, Caamp, Eastern Medicine Singers with Yonatan Gat and Lee Ranaldo, Dawn Landes, Turnpike Troubadours, Jupiter & Okwess, Alice Phoebe Lou, Slaughter Beach, Dog, Gregory Alan Isakov, The Earls of Leicester, Mereba, Ron Gallo, Jaime Wyatt, The Backseat Lovers, The Harlem Gospel Travelers, Abraham Alexander, Orchestra Gold, Danielle Ponder, Peter One, Free Range, The Heavy Heavy, Willi Carlisle, Bella White, Senora May, Thee Sacred Souls, Sumbuck, Laden Valley, The Huntress and Holder of Hands, Dan Blakeslee.

See also
American folk music revival
Festival!, 1967 film
No Direction Home, 2005 Martin Scorsese documentary on Bob Dylan
Kerrville Folk Festival
Philadelphia Folk Festival
Newport Music Festival

References

Further reading
 Massimo, Rick. I Got a Song: A History of the Newport Folk Festival (2017). Wesleyan University Press.
 Reed, James, "Founder pitches to again lead Newport fests: Promoter's financial woes prompt return of George Wein", The Boston Globe, March 4, 2009 (archived 2009)

External links

 Festival Network
 The Fariña Files: about the early 1960s Newport Folk Festivals
 Newport Folk Festival discography
 Newport Folk Festival webcasts at NPR Music
 Well-Rounded Radio's 2009 audio interview with Co-Producer Jay Sweet
 Well-Rounded Radio's 2010 audio interview with Founder + Producer George Wein

Music festivals in Rhode Island
Folk festivals in the United States
Folk Festival
Music festivals established in 1959
Performing arts in Rhode Island
1959 establishments in Rhode Island

Newport Folk Festival


Presidential elections were  held in France  on 23 April, with a second round on 7 May.

Background
The Socialist incumbent president François Mitterrand, who had been in office since 1981, did not stand for a third term. He was 78, had terminal cancer, and his party had lost the 1993 French legislative election in a landslide defeat. Since then, he had been "cohabiting" with a right-wing cabinet led by Prime Minister Edouard Balladur, a member of the neo-Gaullist RPR party. Balladur had promised the RPR leader, Jacques Chirac, that he would not run for the presidency, but as polls showed him doing well and he had the support of many right-wing politicians, he decided to run. The competition within the right between Balladur and Chirac was a major feature of the campaign.

Meanwhile, the left was weakened by scandals and disappointments regarding Mitterrand's presidency along with the unemployment rate hovering around 10%. In June 1994, former Prime Minister Michel Rocard was dismissed as leader of the Socialist Party (PS) after the party's poor showing in the European Parliament elections. Then, Jacques Delors decided not to stand as a candidate because he disagreed with the re-alignment on the left orchestrated by new party leader Henri Emmanuelli. This left the field wide open for numerous potential candidacies: among those who are known to have considered a run, or were strongly urged by others, are Jack Lang, Pierre Joxe, Laurent Fabius, Ségolène Royal and Robert Badinter. Former party leader and education minister Lionel Jospin was chosen by PS members as the party's candidate in a primary election pitting him against Emmanuelli. He promised to restore the credibility and moral reputation of his party, but his chances of winning were seen as being thin. The economy was also still struggling with a depression which began in mid-1990, and the government's policies were widely blamed for both the recession and its slow recovery.

The French Communist Party (PCF) tried to stop its electoral decline. Its new leader Robert Hue campaigned against "king money" and wanted to represent a renewed communism. He was faced with competition for the far left vote by the Trotskyist candidacy of Arlette Laguiller, who ran for the fourth time. Both of these candidates had a better result than their parties had in 1988, but came nowhere near being able to participate in the next round. In choosing Dominique Voynet, the Greens opted for their integration with the left.

On the far-right, Jean-Marie Le Pen tried to repeat his surprising result that he obtained in the 1988 presidential election. His main rival for the far-right vote was Philippe de Villiers, candidate of the eurosceptic parliamentary right. Both candidates primarily focused over the financial situation.

In January 1995, when he announced his candidacy, Balladur was the favourite of the political right. According to the SOFRES polls institute, he held an advantage of 14 points over Chirac (32% against 18% for the first round). He took advantage of his "positive assessment" as Prime Minister and advocated a moderately liberal economic policy. Chirac denounced the "social fracture" and criticised the "dominant thought", targeting Balladur. Chirac argued that "the pay slip is not the enemy of employment". Indeed, unemployment was the main theme of the campaign. From the start of March, Chirac gained ground on Balladur in the polls.
Another factor that contributed to Balladur's fall in popularity was the revelation of a bugging scandal which had implicated Balladur.<ref>Opinion poll shows Balladur in big trouble New Straits Times, 22 February 1995. At Google News</ref>

Chirac's campaign slogan was "La France pour tous" ("France for everyone"); Balladur's "Believe in France"; and Jospin's "A clear vote for a more just France".

Opinion polls
 First round

Results

First round
Lionel Jospin won the first round, in what appeared to be an electoral recovery for the Socialist Party. His right-wing challenger for the runoff vote on 7 May was Jacques Chirac and not Edouard Balladur. Defeated, Balladur endorsed the RPR candidate. Jean-Marie Le Pen repeated his good result of the previous presidential election.

By department

By region

Second round
During the TV debate between the two finalists, they disagreed about the presidential term. Jospin wanted to reduce it to five years whereas Chirac was in favour of the seven-year term. The PS candidate responded: "The choice is five years with me or seven years with Jacques Chirac, which will be very long". Eventually, the presidential term was reduced to five years after the 2002 election.

Chirac was elected President and Balladur resigned as prime minister. Foreign minister Alain Juppé succeeded him.

By department

By region

See also
Angolagate

References

 Further reading
 Cole, Alistair. "La France pour tous?—The French Presidential Elections of 23 April and 7 May 1995." Government and Opposition 30.3 (1995): 327–346. online
 Dow, Jay K. "Voter choice in the 1995 French presidential election." Political Behavior 21.4 (1999): 305–324.
 Elgie, Robert, ed. Electing the French President: 1995 Presidential Election (1996)
 Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Kevin Chlarson. "Party, ideology, institutions and the 1995 French presidential election." British Journal of Political Science 32.3 (2002): 489–512. online
 Maarek, Philippe J. "New trends in French political communication: the 1995 presidential elections." Media, Culture & Society 19.3 (1997): 357–368.
 Schlesinger, Joseph A., and Mildred S. Schlesinger. "Dual-ballot elections and political parties: the French presidential election of 1995." Comparative Political Studies'' 31.1 (1998): 72–97.

External links
 Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/Lionel Jospin
 Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

France
President
Mitterrand–Pasqua affair
Presidential elections in France

1995 French presidential election


Monocarpus, monotipski rod jetrenjarnica smješten u vlastitu porodicu Monocarpaceae, dio je reda Sphaerocarpales.

Jedina vrsta M. sphaerocarpus otkrivena je u Zapadnoj Australiji i kasnije u Africi

Izvori

Sphaerocarpales

Monocarpus


أنيتا بورغ  عالمة كمبيوتر أمريكية (17 يناير، 1949-6 أبريل، 2003). ولدت أنيتا بورغ نافز في شيكاغو إيلينوي. وترعرعت في بلاتين، إلينوي، كانيوه، هاواي، موكيلتو، وواشنطن.

حياتها المهنية
كانت د. بورغ من الإناث القلائل الذين اهتموا بالحصول على شهادة الدكتوراه في علوم الحاسوب. حصلت عليها من جامعة نيويورك سنة 1981. كان لها أطروحة على نظام تشغيل كفاءة المزامنة.
.بعد حصولها ع الدكتوراه قضت بورغ اربع سنوات في بناء تسامحا لنظام يونكس القائم خطأ.أولا عملت على بناء نظام اوغان كورب في نيو جيرسي ومن ثم في حوسبة نيكس دورف في ألمانيا  .عملت في عدة شركات للكمبيوتر ثم أمضت 12 عاما في مختبر البحوث الغربي للمعدات الرقمية  طورت وأخذت براءة اختراع لابتكارها طريقة للمعالجة الكاملة لتتبع العناوين استخدمت لتحليل وتصميم نظم ذاكرة عالية السرعة.كان لها تجربة في توسيع قائمة بريدية وعملت كرئيسة في مجال الاتصالات بريد إلكتروني. كمهندسة استشارية في مختبر نظم الشبكات في بالو ألتو، كاليفورنيا. كانت مسؤوليتها الرئيسية اتصالات المجتمع افتراضي ومشروع نظام معلومات MECCA.

في عام 1997 غادرت بورغ مؤسسة التجهيزات الرقمية وبدأت العمل كرئيسة قسم التكنولوجيا في بارك  بعد فترة وجيزة من العمل في زيروكس، بدأت مؤتمر تقني للمرأة، دعي احتفال غريس هوبر للمرأة في الحوسبةفي عام 1994.

معهد انيتا بورغ للمرأة والتكنولوجيا
ABI، واسمه في الأصل معهد المرأة والتكنولوجيا (IWT)، تأسس في عام 1997 من قبل أنيتا بورغ. وقد تم تغيير الاسم في عام 2003 بعد وفاة أنيتا. كانت تدعمه وتموله شركة اكروكس. كانت الأهداف الأساسية للمعهد ثلاث:
 جلب النساء غير التقنيات إلى عملية التصميم.
 تشجيع المزيد من النساء ليصبحن عالمات.
 مساعدة الصناعة، والأوساط الأكاديمية، والحكومة على التسريع في هذه التغيرات.

تلقى المعهد تمويل بـ 150,000 دولار من زيروكس (Xerox) وشركة صن مايكروسيستمز (Sun Microsystems)، بالإضافة إلى التحفيزات والموارد من برنامج لوتس (الآن قسم من آي بي إم)، وجامعة بوسطن، وجامعة كارنيجي ميلون. زيروكس تصرفت كحاضنة لهذا المعهد، الذي كان مستقلا من جهة أخرى.

استمر المعهد بالنمو في كل سنة. وفي عام 2007 تضاعف عدد المؤسسات التي ترعى المشروع إلى 14 وبرامجه وصلت النساء في 23 بلدا في جميع أنحاء العالم.

الجوائز والتقديرات

في عام 1999، عينها الرئيس الاميركي بيل كلينتون في لجنة رئاسية للنهوض بالمرأة والأقليات في مجال العلوم والهندسة والتكنولوجيا. وكانت مكلفة باسترتيجيات موصى بها للأمة لزيادة اتساع مجالات المشاركة للمرأة.

تلقت بورغ جائزة أوغستا آدا لفليس من رابطة المرأة في مجال الحوسبة لعملها لصالح المرأة في مجال الحوسبة في عام 1995.

في عام 1996، أدخلت كزميلة في رابطة أجهزة الحوسبة.

حصلت الدكتورة بورغ على جوائز إضافية واعتراف من جانب مؤسسة الريادة الإلكترونية، وفتيات الكشافة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وكانت مدرجة على لائحة مجلات الحوسبة «أفضل 100 مرأة في الحوسبة».

في عام 2009 تكريم من King of tech Rabih elatharm

في عام 2002، حصلت على جائزة هاينز السنوية الثامنة للتكنولوجيا، والاقتصاد والتوظيف.

قدمت مدرسة UNSW لعلوم الحاسوب جائزة انيتا بورغ على شرفها.

لتكريم مهمة الدكتورة بورغ، انشئت غوغل (منحة غوغل انيتا بورغ) في عام 2004، التي يؤمل من خلالها تشجيع المرأة على التفوق في مجال الحوسبة والتكنولوجيا، ليصبح لها دور فاعل وقيادي في هذا المجال.

ونقلا عن بورغ قولها أنها أحبت دائما الرياضيات والعلوم، وقالت إن ذلك يرجع إلى اهتمام والدتها. حيث قالت: «والدتي علمتني أن الرياضيات كانت ممتعة، حتى ظننت أنها يمكن ان تكون هكذا».

توفيت الدكتورة بورغ من جراء إصابتها بسرطان في الدماغ عام 2003.

المراجع

الروابط الخارجية
 معهد انيتا بورغ للمراة والتكنولوجيا
 Systers
 احتفال جريس هوبر للمرأة في مؤتمر الحوسبة

أشخاص من بلاتين (إلينوي)
أشخاص من موكيلتو (واشنطن)
أشخاص من هونولولو
أشخاص من هونولولو (هاواي)
المرأة في التقانة
خريجو معهد كورانت لعلوم الرياضيات
ديجيتال إكوبمينت
زملاء رابطة مكائن الحوسبة
عالمات أمريكيات في القرن 20
عالمات أمريكيات في القرن 21
عالمات القرن 20
عالمات حاسوب أمريكيات
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 21
علماء حاسوب أمريكيون
علماء في بارك
علماء كمبيوتر نساء
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مهندسون من إلينوي
مهندسون من كاليفورنيا
مهندسون من هاواي
مهندسون من ولاية واشنطن
مواليد 1949
مواليد في شيكاغو
مؤسسون أمريكيون
نساء مؤسسات
وفيات 2003
وفيات السرطان في كاليفورنيا
وفيات بسبب ورم الدماغ
وفيات سرطان الدماغ في الولايات المتحدة
وفيات سرطان الدماغ في كاليفورنيا
وفيات في سونوما (كاليفورنيا)

أنيتا بورغ


Zoo Station es una canción de la banda de rock U2. Es la primera canción del álbum de 1991 Achtung Baby, en el que el cuarteto mostraba su reinvención musical al exponer un sonido totalmente diferente a sus discos anteriores de 1988, Rattle and Hum y de 1987 The Joshua Tree, mostrando influencias de rock alternativo, música industrial y electrónica. Esta, al ser la canción introductoria, mostraba claramente la intención del grupo en esta nueva entrega: efectos que simulaban una "explosión" de ruido, que le hacían creer al radioescucha que sus altavoces se habían averiado, voces distorsionadas para lograr una confusión auditiva y al mismo tiempo realzar la temática de las letras, las cuales hablan sobre historias surrealistas. Su nombre procede de la estación Zoologischer Garten del metro de Berlín

La canción es una de las más fácilmente reconocibles de la banda, y con ella abrieron todos los conciertos del Zoo TV Tour, tocada en 156 ocasiones, al igual que otras nueve canciones de su discografía, solamente desplazada en un ensayo público realizado el siete de agosto de 1992 en Hershey, Pensilvania por "Sunday Bloody Sunday" antes de iniciar el tercer leg denominado "Outside Broadcast". En el Vertigo Tour, se reincorporó nuevamente a los setlist en vivo y fue tocada 69 veces, ubicada como primera canción en los encores.
En lo general, recibió críticas positivas, las cuales enunciaban que en esta canción se notaba el nuevo estilo que la banda quería tener.

Ha aparecido en los lanzamientos en vivo para DVD de Zoo TV: Live From Sydney y Vertigo: Live From Chicago

Escritura y grabación
Luego de difíciles sesiones de grabación en Hansa Studios en Berlín a fines de 1990, U2 emprendió la segunda fase de las sesiones de grabación para Achtung Baby en Dublín. Lucharon con la canción "Lady With the Spinning Head" (más tarde lanzada como B-side), pero se derivaron tres pistas separadas, "Zoo Station", "Ultraviolet (Light My Way)" y "The Fly". La banda finalmente decidió tomar "Zoo Station" en una dirección más industrial que "Lady With the Spinning Head".

"Zoo Station" se unió cerca del final de las sesiones de grabación cuando el ingeniero de audio Flood estaba mezclando la canción e introdujo distorsión en la batería. La dirección de la canción fue influenciada en gran medida por el equipo de producción de Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno y Flood. El vocalista principal Bono se había decepcionado con su voz de las primeras sesiones de grabación para el álbum y le dijo al equipo de producción: "Probemos algo que me pondrá en un lugar completamente diferente". Después de que distorsionaron su voz para hacerla sonar como si viniera de un megáfono, Bono se inspiró para cantar en persona, ya que el efecto le dio a su voz una "sensación emocional" diferente. Flood mezcló la pista final con la ayuda de Shannon Strong. Junto con Robbie Adams, Strong también ayudó a Flood con la ingeniería. Lanois proporcionó guitarra adicional durante la grabación.

Con Achtung Baby, el grupo buscó recuperar algunos de los personajes dadaístas y travesuras escénicas con las que habían incursionado a fines de la década de 1970 cuando eran adolescentes. U2 había abandonado estas ideas por temas más literales en la década de 1980. Sin embargo, para el nuevo álbum, la banda estaba interesada en dejar de tener un sentido obvio. En consecuencia, la letra de "Zoo Station" se inspiró en el surrealismo de una historia sobre Berlín durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial que escuchó Bono. Los animales escaparon del zoológico de la ciudad después de que fue dañado por los bombardeos durante la noche, y como resultado, rinocerontes, pelícanos y flamencos deambularon a la mañana siguiente mientras la gente buscaba entre los escombros. Bono también se inspiró en la estación de tren Berlín Zoologischer Garten, también conocida como "Estación del zoológico", anteriormente la estación de tren principal en Berlín Occidental. La estación era conocida por ser un lugar frecuentado por traficantes de drogas, prostitutas y proxenetas, carteristas y transitorios, particularmente antes de la reunificación alemana, cuando era administrada por el ferrocarril de Alemania Oriental. Comparó la canción con la estación, diciendo "fue escrita como una canción de apertura, las bestias saliendo de sus jaulas", y estaba interesado en usar el zoológico como metáfora y se inspiró más en la estación de metro que representaba Europa en una encrucijada.

Durante la grabación, Eno creó varias mezclas prototipo de la canción. The Edge recordó cómo estas diferentes mezclas ayudaron a la banda a crear la versión final de la pista. Una de estas primeras versiones fue lanzada más tarde con el título "Bottoms (Watashitachi No Ookina Yume)" como una canción adicional en los lanzamientos promocionales del Reino Unido y Japón del álbum experimental de 1995 Original Soundtracks 1 de Passengers, un proyecto paralelo de U2 y Eno, así como un lado B en algunas versiones del sencillo "Miss Sarajevo". "Bottoms (Watashitachi No Ookina Yume)" es una pista instrumental y fue descrita por The Edge como una mezcla "loca". Agregó que '' Bottoms '' se hizo en Japón, y nosotros solo creamos esa mezcla. A veces puedes terminar con algo completamente distintivo".

Aunque "Zoo Station" no se lanzó como single, se incluyó en una grabación promocional de 12 pulgadas para promocionar el Tour de TV de U2 en América del Norte, junto con versiones de estudio y remix de "Lady with the Spinning Head".

Composición
Como la primera canción en un álbum que fue una reinvención importante para la banda, "Zoo Station" fue una introducción al nuevo sonido de U2. La canción presenta capas de guitarra y voces distorsionadas, y percusión de influencia industrial. El periodista de rock irlandés Bill Graham cita el álbum de David Bowie Low como una gran influencia en "Zoo Station", que llamó una "nueva marca de glam rock" con "ritmos espartanos y repentinas ráfagas de melodía".
"La apertura de 'Zoo Station' hace una declaración poderosa: en su uso deliberado de sonidos 'industriales' que no nos recuerdan en absoluto a los instrumentos convencionales, en el primer plano de la tecnología al comienzo de la canción, de hecho, al hacer de este el declaración inicial del álbum: no puede haber ningún error en que U2 ha adoptado recursos de sonido nuevos para ellos. Pero el hecho de que sea un gesto deliberadamente vacilante lo pone claramente en el ámbito de la sátira. Quizás satiriza la tecnología en sí, o la nueva tecnología de U2 abrazando la tecnología ".—Susan Fast

La canción se reproduce a un ritmo de 130 beats por minuto en un compás 4/4, pero solo un elemento de la introducción de la canción, una textura similar a la marimba, se reproduce en tiempo común. Este sonido, que se ha comparado con el de un tictac del reloj, se logró al elegir la cuerda D de la guitarra detrás del puente y el stopbar. En la segunda mitad del tercer tiempo, entra el riff de guitarra característico de la canción, un glissando descendente distorsionado. El glissando desciende más allá de la octava en la que comienza en un segundo mayor antes de regresar a él. Después de la segunda vez que se toca, se escucha una "explosión" de percusión, tocando el ritmo cuatro de cada segundo compás en dos ocasiones. Este sonido de percusión, interpretado por Flood, entra temprano por tercera vez y se reproduce en el tiempo dos. Luego entran los tambores, antes de detenerse y comenzar de nuevo. Al igual que los sonidos de guitarra de la canción, el timbre de la batería es notablemente diferente de las canciones anteriores de U2, ya que exhibe un "sonido frío y procesado, algo así como golpear una lata". En medio de capas de varios sonidos de guitarra, entra el bajo, la parte que se juega en la introducción y los versos que consisten en repetir notas G y A, imitando la parte ascendente del riff de guitarra después de que el glissando sobrepasa la octava. Después de que comienza el bajo, se establece el ritmo regular de la canción. A las 0:45, la progresión del acorde cambia. Quince segundos después, la canción vuelve a la progresión de acordes anterior y termina la introducción.

El guitarrista The Edge explicó que algunos de los sonidos en la introducción que se parecen a los teclados fueron creados por él en la guitarra. Sobre la introducción de la canción, el bajista Adam Clayton dice: "Cuando la gente puso el disco, queríamos que su primera reacción fuera 'este disco está roto' o 'este no puede ser el nuevo disco de U2, ha habido un error'. Así que hay una introducción extendida bastante dramática en la que simplemente no sabes lo que estás escuchando ". El autor Albin Zak, en su libro The Poetics of Rock, dice de la introducción:" Antes de que se canten las palabras, el suena solo alertar al oyente de que la banda se ha mudado a un nuevo territorio expresivo ".

Después de la introducción, la canción sigue una forma convencional de verso-coro. El primer verso comienza un minuto después de la canción, con Bono anunciando: "Estoy listo, estoy listo para el gas de la risa". Durante los versos, canta principalmente en un rango medio a bajo y su voz es tratada con un procesamiento pesado, que saca el fondo del sonido y "emascula [s]" su voz. El procesamiento también introduce una calidad vacilante en su voz. El glissando de guitarra se sigue tocando durante los versos. El primer coro comienza a las 1:44, y la música refleja el cambio en la progresión de acordes de los últimos 15 segundos de la introducción. El primer coro comienza a las 1:44, y la música refleja el cambio en la progresión de acordes de los últimos 15 segundos de la introducción. La voz de Bono también se vuelve más dinámica en el coro, presentando capas de canto "garganta abierta" y recitación de letras monótonas, así como voces procesadas y no procesadas.

Junto con la presentación del nuevo sonido de la banda, la canción abre el álbum como una declaración de intenciones. Líricamente, se sugieren nuevas anticipaciones y apetitos ("Estoy listo para lo que vendrá después"), como lo es la disposición a arrojar precaución al viento y asumir riesgos ("Estoy listo para soltar el volante" ). Algunas de las letras, particularmente aquellas en el puente antes del coro final, usan la estación de metro del mismo nombre como una metáfora del tiempo: "El tiempo es un tren / Hace el futuro el pasado / Te deja parado en la estación / Tu cara presionada contra el cristal". Bono cita el disfrute de su primer hijo nacido en 1989 como una gran influencia en Achtung Baby, al igual que el segundo embarazo de su esposa durante la grabación del álbum de 1991. Bono dice que los bebés influyeron en las líneas del primer verso, "Estoy listo para decir que estoy contento de estar vivo / Estoy listo, estoy listo para el empujón".

Recepción y legado
Tras el lanzamiento de Achtung Baby, "Zoo Station" fue alabado por muchos críticos. Steve Morse de The Boston Globe dijo que la canción era una en la que "los asaltos sónicos se unen con voces procesadas en sueños que recuerdan la psicodelia de los Beatles". El Orlando Sentinel lo llamó "ampollas" y alabó la baja mezcla de las voces de Bono, lo que permitió que la "nueva versatilidad" de The Edge en la guitarra atrajera más atención. BBC Music disfrutó de "La guitarra y la electrónica de The Edge" creando un "sonido denso [que] es irresistible", y señaló que "Zoo Station" era una pista en la que la estrategia "crea estados de ánimo en lugar de melodías". Jon Pareles de The New York Times declaró que la canción "anuncia un cambio, comenzando con un sonido metálico, un zumbido de guitarra y un crujido electrónico repetido, nada etéreo". También señaló que la voz de Bono estaba "enmascarada electrónicamente y el viejo estilo de la banda cambió por una línea de bajo agresiva y un sonido de percusión, aunque U2 no puede resistir algunos interludios más dulces".

Rolling Stone fue complementario de The Edge, comparando su estilo de tocar la guitarra en la canción con el uso de un instrumento de ritmo al "repetir una frase oscura y vibrante que impulsa el ritmo". Allmusic revisó la canción favorablemente, diciendo que "hay capas en las letras de Bono" y que al final de la canción, la canción y la banda están "en alza". Greg Kot, del Chicago Tribune, comparó la introducción de la canción a "tratar de demoler al Ministerio" con "una percusión de metal sobre metal y una guitarra eructante". Comentó que el "despertar grosero" que la canción proporciona en el álbum como la canción de apertura solo se puede comparar con el "ruido de guitarra de las uñas en la pizarra" de "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" de Neil Young de Rust Never Sleeps. Posteriormente, la canción apareció como una de las siete canciones de U2 en el libro de referencia musical de 2006 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories, and Secrets.

"Zoo Station" aparece en la película de comedia y drama británica de 2002 About a Boy. En una escena, el personaje principal, Will (Hugh Grant), sube el volumen de la canción como un "esfuerzo sin hijos" para ignorar a Marcus (Nicholas Hoult), un niño que toca el timbre de Will, lo que lleva a Marcus a tocarlo al unísono con el ritmo de la canción.

La canción fue cubierta por la banda estadounidense de rock industrial Nine Inch Nails en el álbum de portada de 2011 AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered.

En directo
"Zoo Station" hizo su debut en vivo en la noche de apertura del Zoo TV Tour el 29 de febrero de 1992 en Lakeland, Florida, y fue interpretada como la canción de apertura en cada uno de los 156 conciertos de Zoo TV. Durante las presentaciones de "Zoo Station", Bono apareció en el escenario recortado contra una pantalla gigante de ruido de video azul y blanco, haciendo su entrada como su personaje de escenario "The Fly", revestido de cuero. The Edge describió las imágenes visuales que se muestran para la canción en el contexto de la "sobrecarga sensorial" de Zoo TV que pretendía ser un comentario en los medios de comunicación: "'Zoo Station' es cuatro minutos de un televisor que no está sintonizado en cualquier estación, pero que te da interferencia y 'shash' y casi una imagen de televisión ".

"Zoo Station" no se tocó en los dos posteriores tours PopMart y Elevation, pero volvió a las listas establecidas del grupo en el Vertigo Tour de 2005-06. La canción se interpretó con mayor frecuencia durante el primer bis, junto con The Fly y otras canciones de Achtung Baby, como parte de una puesta en escena con mini-televisor de Zoo TV que rendía homenaje a aquella gira de la banda. Hizo su última aparición en noviembre de 2006, y no se volvió a tocar en vivo hasta el concierto del 24 de septiembre de 2015, en el marco del Innocence + Experience Tour.

Las actuaciones en vivo de la canción aparecen en los lanzamientos de video Zoo TV: Live from Sydney y Vértigo 2005: Live from Chicago. Una versión en vivo de "Zoo Station" del Vértigo Tour también aparece como un lado B en el maxi sencillo de "Window in the Skies".

Personal
 Bono - voz
 The Edge - guitarra eléctrica, segunda voz
 Adam Clayton - bajo eléctrico
 Larry Mullen Jr. - batería, percusión
 Brian Eno - teclado
 Daniel Lanois - guitarra adicional

Referencias

Canciones de U2
Canciones en inglés

Zoo Station


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