Alberto Radius, né à Rome le  et mort à San Colombano al Lambro le , est un guitariste, chanteur et producteur de musique italien.

Outre sa carrière solo, il est connu en tant que membre du groupe Formula 3 et pour sa collaboration avec des artistes comme Lucio Battisti et Franco Battiato.

Biographie
Né à Rome, Alberto Radius commence à se produire à la fin des années 1950 comme guitariste dans le groupe local White Booster. Après des expériences avec l'orchestre de Mario Perrone et avec le groupe I Campanino, il entre brièvement dans le groupe I Quelli (rebaptisé par la suite Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM)), remplaçant Franco Mussida pendant son service militaire.

En 1969, avec Gabriele Lorenzi et Toni Cicco, Radius forme le groupe Formula 3 avec lequel, sous la production de Lucio Battisti, il connaît le succès. Il devient également collaborateur de Battisti, servant de guitariste dans la plupart de ses œuvres de l'époque. En 1972, il fait ses débuts en solo avec l'album « Radius », qui comprend les prestations de musiciens de renom, dont Demetrio Stratos, Vince Tempera et ses anciens camarades de Premiata Forneria Marconi, Franz Di Cioccio et Giorgio Piazza.

Après la dissolution de Formula 3 en 1974, Radius fait partie de l'éphémère projet musical de rock progressif Il Volo et, à partir de 1976, il reprend une carrière solo. En 1978, il ouvre son studio d'enregistrement, Studio Radius et commence à collaborer avec d'autres artistes en tant que compositeur et producteur de disques. Entre la fin des années 1970 et le début des années 1980, il collabore avec Franco Battiato et des artistes produits à l'époque par Battiato tels que Milva, Alice et Giuni Russo. En 1980, il coécrit et enregistre la chanson disco Wojtyla Disco Dance, sous le nom de Freddy The Flying Dutchman.

Dans la seconde moitié des années 1980, Radius forme le groupe Cantautores avec lequel il sort deux albums et sert de « groupe de scène » dans des émissions de télévision ; en 1990, il rejoint les retrouvailles de la Formule 3.
Sa dernière apparition publique à lieu au festival de Sanremo 2021 aux côtés de Coma Cose.
Alberto Radius est mort le  à l'âge de 80 ans.

Discographie

Avec Formula 3

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1942
Naissance à Rome
Chanteur italien du XXe siècle
Chanteur italien du XXIe siècle
Décès à 80 ans
Décès à San Colombano al Lambro
Décès en février 2023

Alberto Radius


Rew er en film instrueret af Jan Krogsgård, Henrik Brahe.

Handling
REW er en lille sag for døve til glæde for dem, der prioriterer øjet som registreringsorgan nummer et. REW er tilbagespoling og fastholdelse i tid. Eller hvem er jæger og hvem bytte i negationens tegnsætning. REW hører til i THE HUNTER AND PREY COLLECTION.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1995

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Rew


Mandy Minella (født 22. november 1985) er en luxembourgsk tennisspiller. Hun har klaret sig bedst i double, hvor hun har vundet to WTA-titler. Hun har også to double- og én single-title i den såkaldte WTA 125-serie. Hendes bedste ranglisteplacering er nr. 66 i single og nr. 47 i double.

Tennisspillere fra Luxembourg

Mandy Minella


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 21. veljače: Henrik Dam, danski biokemičar i fiziolog († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Znanost u 1895.


La voïvodie de Płock (polonais : Województwo Płockie) était une division administrative du royaume de Pologne de 1495 jusqu'aux partages de la Pologne en 1795. Avec la voïvodie de Rawa et la voïvodie de Mazovie, elle formait l'ancien duché de Mazovie.

Zygmunt Gloger, dans son monumental ouvrage intitulé Géographie historique des terres de l'ancienne Pologne, donne une description détaillée de la voïvodie de Płock :

"Après la mort sans enfant de Janusz II, duc de Łomża, Ciechanów, Wizna et Płock, survenue le 16 février 1495, le duché de Płock, à l'exception du pays de Wyszogród, fut incorporé au royaume de Pologne et transformé en une voïvodie (...) Au , elle avait une superficie de 701 miles carrés, divisée en huit petits comtés : ceux de Płock, Bielsk, Raciaz, Sierpc, Płońsk, Szrensk, Niedzborz et Mława. Les trois derniers comtés, situés entre la rivière Wkra et la frontière prussienne, formaient le soi-disant pays de Zawkrze (...) La voïvodie comptait 67 paroisses catholiques romaines, 63 villes et . Le comté de Bielsk était le plus densément peuplé (...)

Les sejmiks locaux de la voïvodie avaient lieu à Raciąż, la ville située au centre de la province. Sous le règne du roi Stanisław II Augustus, les sejmiks furent déplacés à Płock. La voïvodie avait cinq sénateurs : l'évêque de Płock, le voévode de Plock, le châtelain de Płock et les castellans de Raciąż et de Sierpc. Les tribunaux fonciers étaient situés à Płock, Bielsk, et Sierpc (depuis 1726, également à Mława)".

Gouvernement municipal
Siège du voévode :
 Płock

Sièges au conseil régional (sejmik):
 Raciąż, plus tard Płock

Divisions administratives

 Comté de Płock,
 Comté de Bielsk,
 Comté de Raciąż,
 Comté de Sierpc,
 Comté de Płońsk.

Pays de Zawkrze, divisé en les comtés suivants :
 comté de Szreńsk,
 Comté de Niedzbórz,
 Comté de Mława.

Références
 Kazimierz Pacuski, Możnowładztwo i rycerstwo ziemi gostynińskiej w XIV i XV wieku, Warszawa 2009, p. 30.

Sources

 Voïvodie de Płock, description par Zygmunt Gloger

Płock
Histoire de la Pologne
Płock
Płock
Płock

Voïvodie de Płock (1495-1793)


Vogue je američki modni mjesečnik, najpoznatiji, najcjenjeniji i najutjecajniji modni časopis na svijetu. Zbog svoje se prepoznatljivosti i utjecaja na modnu industriju naziva "modnom Biblijom".

Prvo međunarodno izdanje časopisa za područje Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (British Vogue) pokrenuto je 1916. godine, dok se talijansko izdanje časopisa (Vogue Italia) smatra najboljim modnim časopisom na svijetu. Danas postoje 24 međunarodna izdanja. Časopis tiska izdavačka kuća Condé Nast. Američko izdanje izlazi u nakladi od 1,2 milijuna primjeraka.

Pojavljivanje na naslovnici časopisa predstavlja najveće postignuće za model u svijetu modne industrije, a uređivanje časopisa najveći doseg u modnom novinarstvu.

Izvori

Mjesečnici

Vogue


Odense cricketstadion er et idrætsanlæg for cricket i Odense indviet 1-2. august 1942. Arenaen ligger i Odense Idrætspark-området, som også har et fodboldstadion, idrætshal, atletikstadion, skøjtehaller, bowlinghal og cykelbane.

Odense cricketstadion er Fionia Cricket Odense og Odense Cricketklubs hjemmebane og var gennem en årrække hjemsted for cricketholdene fra B1909, B1913 og OB, der i kortere eller længere tid var med i Dansk Cricket Forbunds turneringer.

Fodnoter

cricketstadion
Cricketstadion
Etableret i 1942
Cricket

Odense cricketstadion


Drapelul național al Barbadosului a fost adoptat în mod oficial la 30 noiembrie 1966 prima Zi a Independenței a insulei, atunci când a fost ridicat pentru prima dată de către locotenent Hartley Dottin din Regimentul Barbados.

Design

Se compune dintr-un trei benzi verticale, două benzi de ultramarin, despre care se spune că reprezintă oceanul din jurul țării și cerul, separate printr-o bandă aurie, care reprezintă nisipul. Un cap de trident negru, numit în mod obișnuit tridentul rupt, este centrat pe banda de aur. Simbolul tridentului a fost preluat de pe insigna colonială a Barbadosului, în care tridentul lui Poseidon este prezentat fiind ținut de Britannia. Partea inferioară ruptă simbolizează o ruptură simbolică de statutul său de colonie. Cele trei puncte ale tridentul reprezintă cele trei principii ale democrației: 1) guvern al poporului, 2) guvern pentru oameni și 3) guvernarea realizată de către popor.

Designul drapelului a fost creat de Grantley W. Prescod și a fost ales printr-un concurs deschis organizat de guvernul Barbadosului. S-au primit peste o mie de propuneri.

Codurile de culori din codul de culori din standardul britanic sunt: ultramarin - BCC 148, Aur - BS O/002.

Steaguri istorice

Referințe

Legături externe

Barbados
Barbados

Drapelul Barbadosului


Revet ud af tilværelsen er en film instrueret af Frances Harvalik.

Handling
Filmen fortæller om hverdagen på plejehjemmet MARSKGÅRDEN og er samtidig en selvbiografisk skildring af, hvordan beboerne oplever det at være handicappet. Gruppen har selv tilrettelagt og optaget filmen. Som alle andre mennesker ønsker de at udtrykke sig selv - at være værdifulde i samfundet. Et indblik i de handicappedes fremtid.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1978

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Revet ud af tilværelsen


الذرعان مدينة وبلدية بدائرة الذرعان ولاية الطارف الجزائرية، تعتبر من أهم البلديات على مستوى ولاية الطارف، يعود تأسيسها إلى الحقبة الاستعمارية حيث كان أسمها موندوفي Mondovi في عهد الاستعمار الفرنسي للجزائر، أرتقت إلى بلدية سنة 1848 و بعد أستقلال الجزائر سنة 1962 أرتقت إلى دائرة عام 1974.

الاقتصاد
تتميز الذرعان بطابعها الفلاحي، التجاري والصناعي، حيث يوجد بها أكبر سوق أسبوعي في المنطقة وبها كذلك منطقتان للنشاط الصناعي.

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكان البلدية 37686 نسمة (إحصاء: 2008).

الآثار
بها عدة معالم أثرية كبرج نام.

الرياضة
للمدينة فريق يلعب الموسم 2016/2015 في الجهوي الثاني لرابطة عنابة، اسمه الشباب الرياضي لبلدية الذرعان C.R.B.DREAN والذي تأسس سنة 1932.

الأحياء والقرى
و يعتبر حي برج نام من أهم الأحياء وأجملها في البلدية نظرا لمناظره الجميلة حيث يسمى أيضا (حي المنظر الجميل)أو(La belle vue)
ويوجدبه أهم معلم أثري لبلدية الدرعان وهو سجن كان يعذب فيه الاحتلال الفرنسي المجاهدين لاستجوابهم ويحتوي أيضا على مقبرة الشهداء الخاصة بالدرعان ومقبرة للاحتلال الفرنسي (جبانة فرانسيس).
ومن أهم القرى قرية عين علام.

أعلام

 ألبير كامو

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية الطارف
ذرعان

الذرعان


وادنيني بلدية من بلديات ولاية أم البواقي حيث تقع هذه الأخيرة في أقصى جنوب عاصمة الولاية. تحدها من الشرق بلدية عين الطويلة التابعة إدرايا لولاية خنشلة ومن الجنوب ولاية خنشلة، أما من الجهة الغربية تحدها بلدية أمتوسة التابعة هي أيضا من حيث التقسيم الإداري لولاية خنشلة، أما من الشمال فتحدها بلدية أفكرينة وبلدية عين البيضاء. تعتبر بلدية وادي نيني من أهم المدن في الولاية التي تشتهر بالفلاحة حيث تتميز بخصوبة أراضيها الشاسعة والسهلية التي تقع شمال المدينة. كما هناك مرتفعات جبلية في الجهة الجنوبية والتي تعتبر غير صالحة للزراعة حيث تستغل في الرعي. وهذا ما يجعل هذه البلدية مصدر رئيسي في الولاية لتوفير أنواع شتى من الخضر والفواكه والبقول. ومن أهمها القمح والشعير وثروات أخرى كاللحوم الحمراء والبيضاء

مراجع

وادنيني

وادي نيني


لوزامي بلدية ، وهي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة لا كرونيا إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة جليقية شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 4.035 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

بلديات قرجيطة

لوزامي


Valeriu Oisteanu, cunoscut ca Valery Oisteanu, () este un poet, critic de artă, eseist, fotograf și artist de performanță român american, al cărui stil artistic reflectă influența curentelor Dada și suprarealist.

Oișteanu este autorul a mai mult de o duzină de cărți de poezie, o carte de ficțiune scurtă și o carte de eseuri. Este fratele antropologului cultural, istoric al religiilor și scriitorului român Andrei Oișteanu.

Biografie
Oisteanu s-a născut în Karaganda, Kazahstan, fiind crescut și educat în România, unde a fost cunoscut sub numele de Valeriu Oișteanu. A absolvit Facultatea de Chimie Industrială a Institutului Politechnic din București.

În 1970 Oișteanu a debutat cu un volum de poeme intitulat Proteze. Datorită originii sale evreiești, regimul comunist i-a permis emigrarea în Statele Unite ale Americii (mai exact în New York City) cândva în intervalul 1972-1973. De atunci, Valeriu Oișteanu a devenit un scriitor de limbă engleză.

Oisteanu a adoptat Dada și Suprarealismul ca repere filozofice ale artei și vieții sale. A apărut regulat la evenimente de citit poezie la diferite evenimente desfășurate în orașul New York, unde a prezentat adesea performanțe realizate în manieră Zen și Dada, pe care le-a denumit "jazzoetry". Oisteanu este, de asemena, un critic de artă și membru permanent a mai multor reviste de artă, incluzând The Brooklyn Rail, NYArts, Rain Taxi, a publicației spaniole online art.es , și a revistei canadiene D'Art International.

Oișteanu este membru al organizației profesionale Poets and Writers Inc., din New York și fondatorul și președintele a PASS - Poets and Artists Surrealist Society.

Poezie în limba engleză
 Underground Shadows (Pass Press, New York, 1977)
 Underwater Temples (Pass Press, New York, 1979)
 Do Not Defuse (Pass Press, New York, 1980)
 Vis-a-vis Bali (poems and photographic collage; New Observation Press, New York, 1985)
 Passport to Eternal Life (Pass Press, New York, 1990)
 Moons of Venus (Pass Press, New York, 1992)
 Temporary Immortality (Pass Press, New York, 1995)
 ZEN DADA (Linear Art Press, New York, 1999)
 Perks in Purgatory (Fly by Night Press,New York, 2009)
 Anarchy for a Rainy Day (Spuyten Duyvil, New York, 2015)
 Lighter Than Air (Spuyten Duyvil, New York, 2017)
 In The Blink of a Third Eye (Spuyten Duyvil, New York,2020)

Poezie scrisă sau tradusă în limba română
 Proteze ("Prosthesis"), Editura Litera, București, 1970
 Poeme din Exil ("Poems from Exile"), Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2000
 Anarchie Pentru Zile Negre (CDPL,Bucuresti,2019)
 Privilegii in Purgatoriu (Itaca, Dublin,2020)

Note, referințe

Legături externe
 "The Drum Circle for Janine Pommy Vega" – this tribute to Janine Pommy Vega (1942–2010) on Pierre Joris's blog includes this homage-poem written by Oișteanu in honor of Pommy-Vega
 "The Life and Death of John Badum" & "Lorenzo Perrone — The Righteous Gentile"  – these 2 "stories" by Oisteanu are about two true life figures: fashion designer John Badum, who was murdered in May 1999; and Lorenzo Perrone, friend and "guardian angel" to the world famous writer and Holocaust survivor Primo Levi
 , Meditation/Mediation is described as "an ongoing project conceived by Daniel Rothbart in collaboration with Valery Oisteanu. Curated by Lisa Paul Streitfeld, The Lab Gallery, New York, NY, 24 aprilie 2005"</small>
 At The Caves of the Wind: Cretan Meditations  – an "essay-meditation" about Crete which Oisteanu first visited in July, 1977
 Vispo Collage from Valery Oișteanu – some poetry-collages (or visual poetry) by Oisteanu
 MARCEL BROODTHAERS, The Living Mirror – Oisteanu writes about Marcel Broodthaers for The Brooklyn Rail, published in October 2010
 Where have the Real Famous gone? to Andy Warhol  – a poem by Oisteanu

Nașteri în 1943
Nașteri pe 3 septembrie
Absolvenți ai Universității Politehnica din București
Americani de origine româno-evreiască
Artiști plastici ai colajului
Artiști performanți americani
Artiști performanți români
Artiști suprarealiști români
Avangarda artistică românească
Critici de artă americani
Critici de artă români
Dadaism
Eseiști americani
Eseiști români
Fotografi americani
Fotografi români
Fotografi români din secolul al XX-lea
Fotografi români din secolul al XXI-lea
Neo-Dadaism
Oameni din Karaganda
Oameni în viață
Poeți americani
Poeți români
Români expatriați în Statele Unite ale Americii
Scriitori români evrei
Scriitori români
Scriitori români din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori suprarealiști români
Suprarealism
Suprarealiști români

Valeriu Oișteanu


Brigada 14 Artilerie a fost o mare unitate de artilerie, de nivel tactic, care s-a constituit în prima parte a anului 1917, în cadrul procesului de reorganizare a armatei de la începutul anului 1917. Din compunerea brigăzii făceau parte Regimentul 24 Artilerie și Regimentul 29/4 Obuziere. Brigada a făcut parte din organica Divizia 14 Infanterie.  Brigada 14 Artilerie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul român, în perioada 1917 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1917

În campania din anul 1917 Brigada 14 Artilerie a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 14 Infanterie, participând la Bătălia de la Mărășești. În această campanie, brigada a fost comandată de colonelul Ioan Gheorghian.

Comandanți
 Colonel Ioan Gheorghian

Note

Bibliografie
 Dabija, Gheorghe (general), Armata română în răsboiul mondial (1916-1918), vol.I-IV, Tipografia "Lupta" N. Stroilă, București, 1932-1936
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Brigada 14 Artilerie (1916-1918)


Costco Wholesale Corporation (commonly shortened to Costco) is an American multinational corporation which operates a chain of membership-only big-box retail stores (warehouse club). As of 2023, Costco is the third largest retailer in the world and is the world's largest retailer of choice and prime beef, organic foods, rotisserie chicken, and wine . Costco is ranked #11 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

Costco's worldwide headquarters are in Issaquah, Washington, an eastern suburb of Seattle, although its Kirkland Signature house label bears the name of its former location in Kirkland. The company opened its first warehouse (the chain's term for its retail outlets) in Seattle  Through mergers, however, Costco's corporate history dates back to 1976, when its former competitor Price Club was founded in San Diego, California. , Costco has 861 warehouses worldwide: 591 in the United States, 107 in Canada, 40 in Mexico, 33 in Japan, 29 in the United Kingdom, 18 in Korea, 15 in Australia, 14 in Taiwan, five in China, four in Spain, two in France, and one each in Iceland, New Zealand, and Sweden.

History

Price Club

Costco's earliest predecessor, Price Club, opened its first store on July 12, 1976, on Morena Boulevard in San Diego, California. It was founded three months earlier by Sol Price and his son, Robert, following a dispute with the new owners of FedMart, Price's previous membership-only discount store. Price Club was among the first retail warehouse clubs, beginning with its Morena Boulevard store inside a series of old airplane hangars once owned by Howard Hughes. The store, known as Costco Warehouse #401, is still in operation today.

Price Club's sales model targeted small business owners, selling items in bulk for a discounted price at no-frills outlets that were accessible only with an annual membership fee. The company launched an initial public offering in 1980 and expanded to 24 locations in the Southwest and 1.1 million members by early 1986. Price Club expanded into Canada in 1986, opening a store in Montreal, followed by a Mexico City store in 1992 as part of a joint venture with hypermarket chain Controladora Comercial Mexicana. The company also announced plans to open stores in Spain and Portugal through their Canadian subsidiary.

Costco opens
Jim Sinegal and Jeffrey H. Brotman opened the first Costco warehouse in Seattle on September 15, 1983. Sinegal had started in wholesale distribution by working for Sol Price at FedMart; Brotman, an attorney from an old Seattle retailing family, had also been involved in retail distribution from an early age. During this time, small businesses were given an 8% or 9% discount on inventories. He began his retail involvement as a grocery bagger. A second store opened in Portland in October, and a third in Spokane in  The company went public in 1985 with 17 warehouses nationally and 1,950 employees. The company was initially headquartered at its first warehouse in Seattle but moved its headquarters to Kirkland in 1987.

The "PriceCostco" merger
In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations themselves after Price declined an offer from Walmart to merge Price Club with their warehouse store chain, Sam's Club. Costco's business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, which made the merger more natural for both companies. The combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16billion in annual sales. PriceCostco was initially led by executives from both companies, but in 1994, the Prices left the company to form PriceSmart, a warehouse club chain in Central America and the Caribbean unrelated to the current Costco.

Costco moved its headquarters from Kirkland to Issaquah in 1996; it chose to build a new headquarters campus next to a warehouse store to allow buyers to check sales and merchandise. They had originally planned to move by December 1993 to Redmond, another Eastside city, but delays in road construction near the warehouse site caused the company to reconsider. The former Kirkland headquarters, a  campus, was sold in late 1996.

The company began testing store conversions to Costco branding across the Southwestern United States in late 1996. It officially reverted to using the Costco name and stock symbol in February 1997, with all remaining Price Club locations subsequently rebranded as Costco.

Other company milestones

The first Costco warehouse in Seattle was replaced with a new building on an adjacent lot to the north in March 2005; the company was able to arrange to keep the same address for the new building, which was on land acquired from Seattle Public Schools. The original building was demolished and replaced by a parking lot, gas station, and car wash—the company's first—that opened in 2006.

In 2014, Costco was the third largest retailer in the United States. That year Costco announced plans to open an online store in China using Alibaba Group.

Costco announced the opening of 29 new locations in 2016, the most in one year since 2007. Span Construction, led by King Husein, has constructed almost all of Costco's buildings since 1989.

Costco opened its first warehouse in China on August 27, 2019, in Shanghai. The store's opening garnered much attention, which led to its opening day being cut short over safety concerns.

The first Costco in New Zealand was first opened at West Auckland in September 2022, delayed from mid-August due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Costco today
In the United States, Costco's main competitors operating membership warehouses are Sam's Club (a subsidiary of Walmart) and BJ's Wholesale Club. Costco employs 304,000 full-time and part-time employees worldwide. Costco had 90.3million members in 2017. In 2020, Costco had 105.5million members. In 2021, the company had 111.6million members. , Costco had 124.7million members.

Costco was the first company to grow from $0 in sales to $3billion in sales in under six years. For the fiscal year ending on August 31, 2012, the company's sales totaled $97.062billion, with $1.709billion net profit. , Costco is ranked #14 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. The ACSI (The American Customer Satisfaction Index) named Costco number one in the specialty retail store industry with a score of 84 in 2014.

From December 2013, Costco's board of directors was chaired by co-founder Jeffrey H. Brotman and included James Sinegal, co-founder and director, and two officers of the company: president/CEO W. Craig Jelinek and CFO Richard A. Galanti. On August 1, 2017, Jeffrey Brotman died. , James Sinegal and W. Craig Jelinek remained on the board. Jim Sinegal stepped down in 2018.

Locations

, Costco has 861 warehouses worldwide:
 591 in the United States
 107 in Canada
 40 in Mexico
 33 in Japan
 29 in the United Kingdom
 18 in Korea
 15 in Australia
 14 in Taiwan
 5 in China
 4 in Spain
 2 in France
 1 in Iceland
 1 in New Zealand
 1 in Sweden

International locations

Warehouses outside the U.S. are similar to the company's domestic locations, featuring generally identical layout, signage, and even parking lot markings. Food court menus are tailored to international tastes, with meat pies on offer in Australia; poutine in Canada and France; seafood-topped pizza in Asian locations; pastor taco-topped pizzas in Mexico; clam chowder in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan; plokkfiskur in Iceland; and jacket potatoes in the UK. Additionally, Costco has led a strategic initiative to enhance the merchandise mix available at international warehouses by tailoring products to local tastes, offering a selection of both American and local products.

In Canada, it is a participant in the voluntary Scanner Price Accuracy Code managed by the Retail Council of Canada.

Largest and smallest locations
In 2005, the world's largest Costco by square feet was warehouse #692 in Hillsboro, Oregon. In 2015, Costco completed an expansion in Salt Lake City, Utah, making it the new largest Costco at . In 2019, Costco opened its biggest store in Canada, in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador; the store is .

In 2011, Costco's highest-volume store was in Seoul, South Korea. In 2018, the store in Taichung, Taiwan, ranked at the top in the number of members and was second in the world in sales volume, behind South Korea's Yangjae store in Seoul. Of the 14 Costco operations in Taiwan, three – Taichung, Neihu, and Chungho – ranked in the top 10 in the world in sales volume.

, the smallest Costco is in Juneau, Alaska.

Costco Business Centers

Costco Business Centers are warehouses similar to regular Costco warehouses, and are open to all Costco members, regardless of membership type. Their merchandise caters predominantly to enterprises, with a focus on small businesses. Business Centers do not carry most consumer items like clothing, jewelry, media, and tires, while carrying larger quantities and more options for the business products they do carry. More than 70% of the items that can be acquired from a Costco Business Center cannot be found in a typical Costco store. Some locations do have a food court, a gas station, or both. Unlike regular warehouses, most Costco Business Centers have a Print & Copy Center which provides printing professional services. They have large parking spaces for trucks and are capable of delivering goods to businesses in bulk quantities, with a delivery charge of $25 for orders that are below $250. Costco Business Center operating hours are shorter than regular warehouses (usually opening at 7:00 am on Mondays to Saturdays and closed on Sundays), while discounts and coupons for Business Centers are issued separately from regular warehouses.

The first Business Center was a converted Costco warehouse in Lynnwood, Washington that reopened in October 1996 following renovations; the change was made after a conventional Costco warehouse had opened in nearby Everett.

Locations
, there are 22 Costco Business Centers in the United States, located in Orlando, Florida; Texas (Stafford, and Dallas); Minneapolis, Minnesota; Phoenix, Arizona; California (Commerce, Hawthorne, Hayward, North Hollywood, Sacramento, San Diego, South San Francisco, Ontario, Westminster, San Marcos, and San Jose); Denver, Colorado; Morrow, Georgia; Bedford Park, Illinois; Hackensack, New Jersey; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Washington (Lynnwood, and Fife). A Business Center in San Marcos, California opened in March 2022.

The first Costco Business Center outside the U.S. opened in Canada in Scarborough, Toronto, in March 2017. In September 2020, the second Canadian Costco Business Centre opened in Saint-Hubert, Quebec, near Montreal. A third Canadian Business Centre opened in the Ottawa neighborhood of Gloucester in March 2021.

Finances

For the fiscal year 2023, Costco reported earnings of US$6.292billion, with an annual revenue of $242.29billion.

Business model

Costco is a membership-only warehouse which generates a majority of its revenue from retail sales and a small percentage from membership fees. Customers must buy memberships to access the warehouse and make purchases. This is executed through the direct sourcing and efficient inventory management techniques.

Costco divides its business into three segments: United States Operations, Canadian Operations, and Other International Operations. These three business segments are reported by revenue and operating income. Of the three, the United States Operations was the largest, followed by Canadian Operations.

Sales model
One company rule states that no regular item may be marked up more than 14% over cost and no Kirkland Signature item may be marked up more than 15% over cost. The company runs very lean, with overhead costs at about 10% of revenue and profit margins at 2%. Costco's annual membership fees (US$60/year for Gold Star, US$120/year for Executive ) account for 80% of Costco's gross margin and 70% of its operating income.

If Costco feels the wholesale price of any individual product is too high, they will refuse to stock the product. For example, in November 2009, Costco announced that it would stop selling Coca-Cola products because the soft-drink maker refused to lower its wholesale prices. Costco resumed selling Coca-Cola products the following month.

Although the brand engages in visible efforts to reduce costs, the stores themselves are expensive. In 2013, Costco spent approximately $80million on each of the new stores it opened. The cost is partly driven by the cost of real estate, as each new store means that they need enough space to support a building of approximately  in size, a large parking lot, and often a gas station.

Lighting costs are reduced on sunny days because most Costco locations have several skylights. During the day, electronic light meters measure how much light is coming in the skylights and turn off an appropriate percentage of the interior lights. During an average sunny day, it is normal for the center section of the warehouse not to have interior lights in use. The company has no public relations department and buys no outside advertising. A typical Costco warehouse carries only 3,700 distinct products, while a typical Walmart Supercenter carries approximately 140,000 products.

Rotisserie chickens are a major driver of customer traffic and sales for Costco, which has sold them since 1994 amid the then-rising popularity of Boston Market. In response to the annual growth of per-capita chicken consumption in the United States, Costco opened a factory in Nebraska in 2019 that implemented vertical integration across all aspects of poultry production in a bid to keep their pricing intact while maintaining consistent quality control of them. In some international markets, Costco also offers sushi that is made in-warehouse; the Issaquah warehouse became the first U.S. store to have in-house sushi in 2023.

Costco is known for its "exit greeters", who briefly compare receipts against shopping cart contents as customers exit. They are trained to quickly count cart contents and serve as a form of customer service to verify that customers were charged correctly, have redeemed any voucher-based items (e.g., tickets), and have not missed items placed in their cart's lower racks. Costco has used exit greeters since its first store in 1983.

Online shopping
Costco primarily focuses on getting members to come in to a warehouse for purchases, instead of ordering products online. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Costco's online sales increased dramatically, with more online sales growth in 2020 than the previous five years combined.

The company launched its online shopping site, Costco Online, at www.costco.com in November 1998. The site expanded to incorporate B2B e-commerce on April 17, 2001.

Instacart offers Costco delivery in a select number of states, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and the District of Columbia.

Similarly, in March 2017, Costco initiated a partnership with Shipt, an online grocery delivery service. Unlike Instacart, Shipt charges its own membership fee, $99 a year or $14 a month, in exchange for free delivery on orders over $35. , Shipt offers Costco delivery in select Florida markets.

In October 2017, Costco launched same-day and two-day grocery delivery options for members.

In June 2023, Costco in Iceland opened up for click-and-collect alcohol sales, having previously only been open to businesses.

Products
Costco has a frequently changing inventory and is known for carrying products for a time, then discontinuing them or using them as seasonal products. Over the years, Costco has gradually expanded its range of products and services. Initially, it preferred to sell only boxed products that could be dispensed by simply tearing the stretch wrap off a pallet. It now sells many other products that are more difficult to handle, such as art, books, caskets, clothing, computer software, fine wine, furniture, home appliances, home electronics, hot tubs, jewelry, perishable items (such as dairy, fresh baked goods, flowers, fresh produce, meat, seafood), solar panels, tires, and vacuum cleaners. Many warehouses also have gas stations, pharmacies, hearing aid centers, optometrists, eye and sunglass centers, photo processors, and tire garages.

Some locations have liquor stores kept separate from the main warehouse in order to comply with liquor license restrictions, while in some states alcohol is sold in the warehouse with the rest of the merchandise. In some states (such as Texas), the liquor store must be owned and operated by a separate company with separate employees. In 2006, Costco lost a lawsuit against the state of Washington in which it was seeking to purchase wine directly from the producer, bypassing the state retail monopoly. In Australia, Costco has to comply with regulations set by each state they choose to trade in; their first store in the Australian state of Victoria benefits from liberal-oriented alcohol licensing laws in that country, with retailers permitted to sell alcohol on shelves within the store in a manner similar to most European countries. In New Zealand, the country's sole warehouse in West Auckland cannot sell alcohol due to The Trusts' monopoly on liquor stores in the area.

Kirkland Signature

Kirkland Signature is Costco's private label brand, used for a variety of products sold at Costco's warehouses and website. Costco introduced Kirkland Signature in 1995, deriving the name from the location of Costco's then corporate headquarters, Kirkland, Washington. It accounts for almost a third of all Costco sales and is growing faster than Costco sales.

The idea for the private label was to provide the appearance of brand name quality products at discounted prices. To counteract the consumer confidence problem common in private labels, some of its products are co-branded with the name brands of their manufacturers, such as Chinet, Jelly Belly, Keurig Green Mountain, Ocean Spray, Stearns & Foster, and Starbucks. Some Kirkland Signature products still carry white-label brands but are otherwise manufactured by a partner, such as Duracell and Niagara Bottling.

Publications

Costco Connection
Costco Connection is a magazine sent free to the Costco executive members; it can also be accessed online by anyone, free of charge.

The magazine was established in 1987 as a newsprint publication and converted to a magazine in 1997. It features articles which regularly tie into the corporation along with business, celebrity features, cooking, entertaining, health, home improvement, and social articles, as well as coupons and ads. MediaPost reports: "While about 90% of the magazine's advertising is co-op, increasingly national advertisers such as Procter & Gamble are buying space, notes Roeglin -- presumably because of the pub's gargantuan reach and the data it has on its subscribers (whose average household income is $156,000 a year). 'We see about 56% of our subscribers a month buy something at one of our stores based on something they've read in the magazine,' says Roeglin." The magazine is one of the largest-circulation print monthlies in the United States and is the third in circulation figures in the United States after AARP The Magazine and AARP Bulletin.

Services

Concierge service
Costco offers a free "concierge" service to members who purchase electronics, to help answer questions regarding setup and use and avoid potential returns due to not understanding how to use the products.

Costco Auto and Home Insurance
Costco has an agreement with CONNECT, powered by American Family Insurance, for auto insurance, home insurance and umbrella insurance.

Costco Optical
Costco Optical ranks as the fifth-largest optical company in the US, . Optometrists working at Costco locations will see patients without Costco memberships, although a membership is required to fill a prescription at the optical department.

Costco Travel
Costco Travel is a wholly owned subsidiary of Costco Wholesale and offers leisure travel to Costco members of the United States and Canada.

The program offers vacation packages to the Caribbean, Europe, Florida, Hawaii, Las Vegas, Mexico, and the South Pacific.

Food service

In 1985, Costco started to sell freshly prepared food through a hot dog cart at its original Seattle warehouse. Most Costco locations now have a food court. They can be indoors or outdoors, but the menu is essentially the same: hot dog with drink (one of the most popular items), pizza, frozen yogurt/ice cream, Pepsico beverages, baked items, and sandwiches. Costco offers its signature quarter-pound 100% beef hot dog and  drink (with refills) for , the same price since 1985. Some US locations also offer Polish sausage or bratwurst in addition to hot dogs, at the same $1.50 price. The hot dog sausages were kosher and supplied by Hebrew National and Sinai Kosher until 2009, when supply issues and low profit margins led Costco to start producing them in-house under the Kirkland Signature label to maintain the $1.50 price. In Australia and New Zealand, the hot dog is made of pork and is sold with a large soda for $1.99 (AUD/NZD). In Canada, the price for a hot dog and soda with refills is C$1.50. In Mexico, the hot dog is made of 100% beef and includes a drink (with refills) for MXN$35. In the UK, the hot dog is also made from beef and customers also get a drink (with refills) for £1.50. Costco sold more than 137million quarter-pound (113 g) hot dogs in its food courts in 2017. In Taiwan and Japan, the hot dog is made of pork as well. Japan's price for their 120-gram hot dog & refillable 600-ml drink is ¥180.

As of June 2022, cheese or pepperoni pizza (along with pre-ordering of full pizzas to take home), chicken bakes, ice cream (vanilla), ice cream sundae (vanilla, with very berry or chocolate sauce toppings), fruit smoothies, latte freeze (without chocolate), mocha freeze (with chocolate), and twisted churros (in select stores) are offered at all United States locations. Some food court items are only available in certain countries. For example, the bulgogi bake and mango boba tea are only available in Australia, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan; poutine is available in Canada and France. There are, however, temporary menu items available exclusively in several countries, like the pastor taco-topped pizzas in Mexico.

Due to slow sales, in 2009, the pretzel was replaced by the churro. In April 2013, Pepsi replaced all Coca-Cola fountain drinks at U.S. locations because Coke had raised its prices; this helped keep the hot dog combo with soda at its original  price.

Costco started selling a cheeseburger with a  patty at select stores across Western Washington and Southern California in mid-2017 as a test item, with comparisons drawn to those of Shake Shack. The cheeseburger was not successful; its availability only spread to around a dozen locations before it was discontinued in 2020.

Diced onion was discontinued in March 2020 but returned as a topping in May 2023.

Costco credit card

On April 1, 2016, in US, Citigroup became the exclusive issuer of Costco's branded credit cards. Prior to that, Costco credit cards had been issued by American Express since 2001, and Costco accepted only American Express cards for credit transactions. After the switch of its co-branded cards to Citi, Costco ceased accepting AmEx and began exclusively accepting Visa. AmEx cited the reason for the split that Costco was asking for lower transaction fees than AmEx was willing to grant. In Canada, Costco ended its AmEx relationship in 2014, and starting in 2015, it partnered with Capital One Mastercard for branded credit cards. In 2020, Capital One announced it would be ending the partnership in late 2021. It was announced that beginning in March 2022, Costco will begin a partnership with CIBC Mastercard. Costco branded credit cards from both issuers also serve as alternate Costco membership cards, with a customized reverse side containing membership info.

Costco Audiobook App
In March 2021, Costco started selling audiobooks and launched a corresponding iOS and Android app to listen to purchases. The app is free, however the books are exclusive to Costco members. The retailer sells audiobooks in bundles grouped by genre or author, with prices ranging from $5 to $50. Audiobooks are currently only available at U.S. locations.

Labor relations

Employee rights

While some former Price Club locations in California and the northeastern United States are staffed by Teamsters, the majority of Costco locations are not unionized, although there was a drive in 2012 to unionize some locations in Canada. The Teamsters claim that over 15,000 Costco employees are union members. The non-union locations have revisions to their Costco Employee Agreement every three years concurrent with union contract ratifications in locations with collective bargaining agreements. The Employee Agreement sets forth such things as benefits, wages, disciplinary procedures, paid holidays, bonuses, and seniority. The Employee Agreement is subject to change by Costco at any time and offers no absolute protection to the workers. As of June 2022, non-supervisory hourly wages ranged from $17.50 to $28.45 in the U.S., $16.00 to $28.70 in Canada, and £9.75 to £13.90 in the United Kingdom. In the U.S. , eighty-fivepercent of Costco's workers had health insurance, compared with less than fifty percent at Walmart and Target. Health benefits include coverage through Aetna, remote primary care through Teladoc, second opinions and clinical navigation by Grand Rounds, varieties of health insurance agencies with Custom Benefit Consultants Inc. (CBC), and wellness coaching by Omada.

In February 2021, Costco announced that it would be raising the starting rate for its hourly store workers in the United States to $16 an hour. Costco has been actively raising their minimum wage starting with $14 during 2018, and into $15 during 2019. They further add that 20% of their hourly employees will be subject to the minimum wage change.

Contractors
Costco contracts exclusively with two independent companies to provide employees for product demonstrations (e.g., food samples) at Costco stores: Club Demonstration Services (CDS) and Warehouse Demo Services (WDS). Demonstration employees receive a pay and benefit package that is less than that of Costco employees. , demonstrations/samples are provided by CDS in Canada. Product demonstrations at Costco stores in the United States were halted in March 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, with some Costco CDS employees shifted to cleaning tasks before all were laid off when CDS temporarily ceased operations the following month; they were rehired as Costco started resuming demonstrations at select stores in June 2020, with all U.S. stores resuming demonstrations by June 2021.

Discontinued concepts

Costco Home
The first Costco Home warehouse opened in December 2002, in Kirkland, Washington. The warehouse's concept was to combine the value, setting and members-only elements of Costco's warehouse clubs with the product array one would find at an upscale home store, such as Fortunoff or Crate & Barrel. The Costco Home warehouses sold furniture, housewares, kitchen products and accessories from higher-end brands such as Lexington, Ralph Lauren and Waterford in a warehouse-club setting. A second warehouse opened in 2004 in Tempe, Arizona.

On April 2, 2009, the company announced that it would be abandoning its Costco Home concept, closing the two existing stores in Kirkland, Washington and Tempe, Arizona on July 3, 2009, and abandoning plans for a third warehouse in Portland, Oregon.

Costco Fresh

A grocery-centered format, named Costco Fresh, was announced in September 1999 for a  two-story space in Manhattan, New York City. The company pulled out of an agreement to build the Manhattan store later that year after cost increases and local protests. The concept was revived in late 2002 for a store in Bellevue, Washington, near its Issaquah headquarters, at a former Kmart. The new store would primarily sell fresh produce, meats, seafood, and baked goods instead of bulk items, but would also have several features from normal Costco warehouses; it would also have a modified logo, with a fruit stem growing from the first "o" in the Costco name. The concept was dropped the following year, but the company retained interest in building a normal Costco store at the Bellevue site until 2008, when they abandoned the plans due to zoning regulations that would have required daylighting an underground creek.

Controversies
In 2010, Mercy for Animals conducted an undercover investigation at Buckeye Veal Farm, a veal supplier to Costco. Immediately following the investigative release, Costco adopted a policy against purchasing veal from producers that use the crate-and-chain production method. The case prompted Ohio lawmakers to vote in favor of a veal crate phase-out in the state.

In 2012, Mercy for Animals conducted another undercover investigation of a pork supplier to major retailers such as Costco, Walmart, Safeway, Kroger, and Kmart. Before the public release of the investigation, Costco announced they would begin requiring their pork suppliers to phase out gestation crates.

In 2014, The Guardian reported that Costco is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. Over six months, The Guardian traced down a supply chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers. Costco has published a statement saying it has had a supplier code of conduct since 1999 which does not allow this practice, and that independent auditors check for violations regularly.

In 2015, the Humane Society of the United States conducted an undercover investigation at an egg supplier to Costco. An undercover worker at Hillandale Farms, a major egg supplier to Costco, filmed conditions in which egg-laying hens lived in tiny wire cages. Following the investigations, several celebrities including Brad Pitt and Ryan Gosling publicly wrote to Costco to address this issue. Following efforts by animal protection nonprofits including The Humane League, Costco released an updated commitment to source exclusively cage-free eggs in its operations.

In 2016, a follow-up to Costco's shift to cage-free eggs by animal rights group Direct Action Everywhere (DxE) reported cannibalism and high mortality at a cage-free Costco egg supplier. Costco denied the allegations, but the video sparked a discussion about animal welfare problems continuing to exist at cage-free egg farms. Writing in The Huffington Post, DxE co-founder Wayne Hsiung argued that the new investigation, rather than suggesting that Costco should keep birds in cages, indicated that hens should have the right not to be raised for food or kept on farms at all.

In January 2017, Costco was brought to court in the US for lax pharmacy controls by violation of the Controlled Substances Act. Allegations such as Costco "filling prescriptions that were incomplete", or were for substances "beyond various doctors' scope of practice". The case was settled after Costco paid .

In August 2017, a federal judge ordered a "deceptive" Costco to pay Tiffany & Co. $19.4million for misleading consumers into thinking they could buy legitimate Tiffany merchandise at warehouse club prices.

Costco was criticized in 2019 by the Natural Resources Defense Council and SumOfUs for using virgin Canadian boreal forest to make its toilet paper. NRDC says that over the previous twenty years, 28 million acres of Canadian boreal forest had been cut down to make toilet paper.

In September 2020, CBS News reported that Costco has stopped selling Palmetto Cheese after the owner of the pimento cheese brand called Black Lives Matter a "terror organization." Costco posted a note to the item in their Myrtle Beach location indicating that the item will not be reordered, and over 120 Costco's throughout the US will no longer be carrying the item.

In October 2020, Costco dropped Chaokoh coconut milk over the allegations of forced monkey labor. PETA accused the manufacturer, Theppadungporn Coconut Co., of using forced monkey labor, finding cruelty to monkeys at their farms and facilities. Ken Kimble, Costco's Vice President of Corporate Food and Sundries, stated Costco has launched an investigation regarding the issue and have ceased purchasing from the supplier/owner of the brand Chaokoh condemning the use of monkey labor. Kimble also stated that Costco will continue to monitor the implementation of the harvest policies and once satisfied will resume purchasing.

In December 2020, Costco announced plans to end the use of eggs from caged chickens throughout its operations worldwide. It became the first US retailer to issue a global policy on the confinement of animals in its supply chain. Josh Dahmen, Costco financial planning and investor relations director also said: "We are in the process of making that transition to cage-free eggs. We will continue to increase the percentage over time, with a goal of eventually getting to 100%."

In June 2023, an employee named Kim Dong Ho in Hanam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea who was assigned to organize shopping carts, died of heatstroke while at work. South Korean government guidelines state that outdoor workers be given a 10 to 15-minute break every hour during heatwave advisories; however, these guidelines were not strictly followed or enforced at the Costco store where Kim worked and he was given 15-minute breaks every 3 hours without a regular supply of drinking water.

-GDPR (UK)-
In August 2023, Costco continue to use an application form that is not compliant with the UK Data Protection Act and PECR. The online application form is completed by the Primary Member. Data is collected from the Primary Member of a Spouse or Partner.(Secondary Member)

The Secondary Member is not provided with a method to object to marketing, yet receives marketing via Email.

PECR requirements for the soft opt in requires that the data is collected directly from the individual, and that an opportunity to object is provided at the time of data collection.

On 6 Sept 2023 The ICO outcome of case IC-234427-Y9H5, available from the ICO  states "It is noted from your correspondence and from the membership sign up page for Costco, it would appear that it asks for the primary and secondary member's details and marketing preferences to be wholly applied, rather than individually selected for each member. With this in mind, it is unlikely that Costco can rely upon soft opt-in to be able to have opted you in to marketing in this instance."

See also

 Bulk foods
 Costco bear
 Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.
 Price Club
 Retail
 Wholesaling

References

External links

 Official UK website
 Why every Costco product is called 'Kirkland Signature'? – CNN

1983 establishments in Washington (state)
American companies established in 1983
Companies based in King County, Washington
Discount stores of the United States
Online retailers of the United States
Organizations based in Issaquah, Washington
Retail companies established in 1983
Supermarkets of the United States

Costco


Scarlett Bowman (Windsor, Berkshire; 10 de diciembre de 1985) es una actriz inglesa conocida por haber interpretado a Maddie Morrison en la serie Hollyoaks.

Carrera
En 2009 se unió al elenco de la serie The Cut donde interpretó a Rosa Willis, hasta el final de la serie en 2010.

El 21 de junio de 2011 se unió al elenco de la exitosa serie británica Hollyoaks donde interpretó a la malvada Madison "Maddie" Morrison, hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2012 luego de que su personaje muriera al ser golpeada por una puerta que salió volando luego de que la van que manejaba chocara y explotara.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Scarlett Bowman

Actores de televisión de Inglaterra

Scarlett Bowman


Kvantni Hallov učinak ili kvantni Hallov efekt je odstupanje Hallova otpora od linearne ovisnosti o jakosti magnetskoga polja pri Hallovu učinku u ekstremnim uvjetima. Uočio ga je K. von Klitzing 1980. Pojavljuje se pri magnetskoj indukciji većoj od 10 T, temperaturi manjoj od 1 K i ograničenosti gibanja elektronskoga plina na dvije dimenzije, to jest onemogućenosti gibanja elektrona u smjeru magnetskoga polja. Za mjerenje kvantnoga Hallova učinka nužni su poluvodiči koji omogućuju smještanje slobodnih elektrona u vrlo tank sloj paralelan s površinom uzorka. Diskretne vrijednosti Hallova otpora (Hallovi platoi) koje se opažaju u tim uvjetima ne ovise o materijalu uzorka i mogu se izraziti preko temeljnih prirodnih konstanti:

gdje je: q - racionalni broj, h - Planckova konstanta, e - elementarni električni naboj.

Klaus von Klitzing je dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku (1985.) za otkriće kvantnoga Hallova učinka (Klitzingov učinak ili efekt). To je učinak analogan Hallovu učinku, ali na niskim temperaturama manjim od 1 K i jakosti magnetskog polja oko 10 T, na primjer u kanalima tranzistora s učinkom polja metalno-oksidno-poluvodičkoga sastava (MOSFET). U tim je uvjetima Hallov električni otpor (RH) kvantiziran:

gdje je n = 1, 2, 3, … Tako na primjer za n = 1 iznosi RH = 25 813 Ω.

Hallov učinak

Hallov učinak ili Hallov efekt (po E. H. Hallu koji ga je uočio 1879.) je pojava u tankoj metalnoj ili poluvodičkoj pločici kojom teče električna struja gustoće Jx, pod djelovanjem okomitoga magnetskoga polja indukcije Bz, stvaranja transverzalnoga električnoga polja jakosti:

(RH je Hallova konstanta ili Hallov otpor) i poprečnoga električnoga napona. Električna struja, magnetsko polje i električno polje međusobno su okomiti i, ako tvore desni koordinatni sustav, Hallov učinak je normalan (konstanta RH je negativna). U obratnom slučaju (konstanta RH je pozitivna) učinak je anomalan. Hallov je učinak jači za poluvodiče, a slabiji za električne vodiče. Objašnjenje anomalnoga Hallova učinka bila je jedna od najvećih teškoća klasične elektromagnetske teorije. Protumačila ga je tek kvantna teorija čvrstih tijela.

Hallov pretvarač ili Hallov generator
Hallov pretvarač  ili Hallov generator izveden je na temelju Hallova učinka, a primjenjuje se u mjernoj i računalnoj tehnici: za mjerenje jakosti magnetskoga polja reda 10–5 A/m do reda 105 A/m, za pretvorbu neelektričnih veličina u električne, analizu spektra električnih i magnetskih signala, mjerenje razlike faza, istraživanje magnetskih tokova, pretvorbu signala i slično.

Izvori

Fizika čvrstog stanja
Kvantna mehanika
Elektromagnetizam
Elektronika

Kvantni Hallov učinak


</ref> que possuía projeto semelhante, e que passaram a desenvolver em conjunto.

Entre 2015 e 2016, fazem a captação de recursos para o documentário, no que foi o maior financiamento coletivo para um filme na história do Brasil, com arrecadação de R$ 350 mil entre 2.800 investidores individuais. As filmagens foram realizadas durante o ano de 2015, nos Estados Unidos, em Richmond, Virgínia. A estreia ocorreu em 31 de maio de 2017, tendo grande repercussão na mídia, sobretudo pela disputa entre seguidores e opositores de Olavo. No mesmo ano, a obra conquistou os prêmios de melhor filme e melhor montagem no 21º Cine PE.

Durante o ano de 2017, Bazzo volta-se para um empreendimento próprio, a Minha Biblioteca Católica, um clube de assinatura de livros voltado ao público católico. No primeiro mês de operações, a iniciativa bateu o estoque, exigindo o fechamento do site por dois dias. Atualmente, conta com 30 mil assinantes, tendo impresso 2 milhões de livros, entre grandes clássicos religiosos como História de uma Alma, de Teresa de Lisieux, Teologia do Corpo, do São João Paulo II e Castelo Interior, de Santa Teresa d'Ávila.

Em 2019, Matheus funda a Lumine, plataforma de streaming com conteúdo direcionada à população católica. O serviço reúne produções clássicas de Charles Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, entre outros e, também, filmes e séries religiosas, incluindo obras originais realizadas pela Lumine. A primeira foi Filhos de Cister, série de três episódios que registra a vida de um grupo de monges no interior do Rio Grande do Sul.

Em três anos, tornou-se a maior plataforma católica de streaming da América Latina. Em 2021, lançou o filme Apóstolo do Brasil: a missão de São José de Anchieta, docudrama baseado no livro Anchieta, de Joaquim Thomaz Paiva. Já em 2022, foram lançadas as obras Um santo entre nós, sobre a visita de São Josemaria Escrivá ao Brasil, em 1974, e o documentário A vida interior — resgatando uma história com sentido, série de três episódios que tem a participação do padre Paulo Ricardo.

Vida pessoal
Matheus se converteu ao catolicismo em 2013. É casado desde 2019 com a roteirista e diretora Julia Sondermann, com quem tem dois filhos.

Filmografia

Cinema

Ligações externas

Referências

Cineastas do Brasil
Documentaristas do Brasil
Naturais de Passo Fundo
Homens
Empresários do Brasil
Fotógrafos do Brasil
Naturais do Rio Grande do Sul

Matheus Bazzo


Dem og kun de to er en dansk kortfilm fra 2010, der er instrueret af Simone Jørgensen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Dem og kun de to


الهَرَع أو الهستيريا  هي مرض نفسي عصابي تظهر فيه اضطرابات انفعالية مع خلل في أعصاب الحس والحركة وهو اضطراب تحتوي فيه الانفعالات المزمنة على ظهور أعراض جسمية ليس لها أي أساس عضوي وهي تحدث لهدف عند الفرد الهستيري قد تكون بهدف الهروب من الصراع النفسي أو من القلق أو من موقف مؤلم بدون أن يدرك الدافع لذلك، وعدم إدراك الدافع يميز مريض الهستيريا عن المتمارض الذي يظهر المرض لغرض محدد مفيد.
ـ وفي الهستيريا تصاب مناطق الجسم التي يتحكم فيها الجهـاز العصبي المركــزي (الإرادي) مثل الحواس وجهاز الحركة، وهذا غير المرض النفسي الجسمي حيث تصاب الأعضاء التي تحكم فيها الجهاز العصبي الذاتي (اللاإرادي).
ويطلق البعض على الهستيريا اسم «الهستيريا التحويلية» أو «رد فعل التحويل» أي التي تعني تحويلا جسميا لأمور نفسية نظرا لأنها تعتمد على حيلة دفاعية نفسية أساسية هي التحويل حيث تحول الانفعـالات والصراعـات إلى أعراض جسمية كحل رمزي للصراع.

الشخصية الهستيرية
(مقالة رئيسية: اضطراب الشخصية الهستيرية)

تسمى شخصية مريض الهستيريا قبل المرض باسم «الشخصية الهستيرية» وهي شخصية الأطفـال.. ولو تأملت سلوك الشخص الهستيري لوجدته سلوك «طفل كبير».
ومن سمات الشخصية الهستيرية
 العاطفية الزائدة، والقابلية الشديدة للإيحاء، والمسايرة، وحب المجاملة والمواساة والانفعال، وتقلب المزاج، وعدم النضج، وعدم التحكم في الانفعالات، والسذاجة، وسطحية المشاعر، وعدم النضج النفسـي الجنسـي.
 وأيضا التمركز حول الذات، والأنانية، ولفت الأنظار، واستدرار العطف، والاعتزاز بالنفس وحب الظهور، والاستعراض، وفي بعض الأحيان الانبساط، والاجتماعية، وحب الاختلاط، وعدم الاستقرار، وأيضاً الاعتماد على الآخرين، والتوكل، والانقياد، والشعور بالنقص.
 المبالغة والتهويل والاستغراق في الخيال، والسلوك يكون أقرب إلى التمثيل والاستعراض والتكلف والاندفـاع وعدم النضج.
 الاعتماد على الكبت كدفاع أساسي، والاستعداد لتكثيف الانفعالات وتحويلها إلى أعراض جسمية.

أسباب الهستيريا
 تلعب الوراثة دورا ضئيلاً للغاية، وبينما تلعب البيئة الدور الأكبـر، ويرجـع «بافلـوف» ومحللي التفسيـر الفسيولوجي (الهستيريا) إلى ضعف قشرة المخ بسبب الاستعداد الوراثي، وعادة ما يكون المريض الهستيري ذا تكوين جسمي نحيف واهن.
 الأسباب النفسية تنحصر في الصراع بين الغرائز والمعايير الاجتماعية، والصراع الشديد بين ألانا الأعلى بين اللهو (خاصة الدوافع الجنسية) والتوفيق عن طريق العرض الهستيري، والإحباط وخيبة الأمل في تحقيق هدف أو مطلب، والفشل والإخفاق في الحب، والزواج غير المرغوب فيه والزواج الغير سعيد، والغيرة، والحرمان ونقص العطف والانتباه وعدم الأمن، والأنانية والتمركز حول الذات بشكل طفلي.وعدم نضج الشخصية وعدم النضج الاجتماعي، وعدم القدرة على رسم خط الحياة، وأخطاء الرعاية الوالديـه مثل التدليل المفرط والحماية الزائدة
 كون أحد الوالدين شخصية هراعية فيأخذ الطفل عنه (اكتسابا) سمات الشخصية الهراعية.
 ومن الأسباب المعجلة أو المباشرة فشل في حب أو صدمة عنيفة أو التعرض لحادث أو جرح أو حرق بليغ.. الخ.

أعراض الهستيريا
 الأعراض الحسية
العمى الهستيري، الصمم الهستيري، فقدان حاسة الشم، فقدان حاسـة الذوق، فقـدان الحساسية الجلدية في عضو أو في عدة أعضاء.
 الأعراض العقلية
اضطراب الوعي، الطفليه الهستيرية (السلوك أو التكلم كالأطفال).
 الأعراض العامة
المرض عند بداية المدرسة أو عند الامتحانات، ردود الفعل السلوكية المبالغ فيها للمواقف المختلفة.

تشخيص الهستيريا
يجب التفريق بدقة بين الهستيريا والمرض العضوي، وعلى الأخصائي التأكد من خلو من الأسباب العضوية للأعراض، واستبعاد وجود مرض عضوي، ونحن نعلم أن العرض الهستيري يختلف عن العرض العضوي في انه غير دقيق من الناحية التشريحية، وقد يكون العرض الهستيري مجرد امتداد تاريخي لمرض عضوي سابق، وعلى سبيل المثال يمكن التفريق بين مريض الصرع الهستيري ومريض الصرع العضوي، فنجد انه في حالة الصرع الهستيري يصاب المريض بالنوبة وسط الناس ويقع في مكان أمن بحيث لا يصاب وهو لا يتبول لا إراديا أثناء النوبة ولا يعض لسانه ولا تختفي الانعكاسات لديه، بينما في مريض الصرع العضوي الصرع العضوي نجده يقع في أي مكان ودائما نجد فيه إصابات وكسورا وجروحا وقد يتبول لا إرادي أثناء النوبة وقد يعض لسانه ونجد هناك اضطرابا في موجات المخ الكهربائية يوضحها برسم المخ الكهربائي.

وعلى العموم تمثل المؤشرات الآتية على حالة الهستيريا
 حدوث المرض فجأة أو في صورة درامية.
 نقص قلق المريض بخصوص مرضه وعدم مبالاته وهدوئه النفسي وهو يتحدث عن أعراض مرضه.
 الضغط الانفعالي قبل المرض.
 تغير الأعراض بالإيحاء.
 اختلاف شدة الإعراض في فترة وجيزة.
 عدم النضج الانفعالي في الشخصية قبل المرض.
 نقص الارتباط بين الأعراض والناحية التشريحية للأعصاب الحسية والحركية.

علاج الهستيريا
 في بعض الحالات قدتكون الهستيريا وقتيا ويشفى تلقائيا وخاصة إذا لم يحقق هدفه، ويستحسن علاج مرض الهستيريا بالعيادة الخارجية ويحسن إبقاء المريض في مكان عمله.
 العلاج النفسي
ويتناول تركيب الشخصية بهدف تطويرها ونموها، وقد يستخدم الأخصائي التنويم الإيحائي لإزالة الأعراض، ويلعب الإيحاء والإقناع دورا هاما هنا، ويستخدم التحليل النفسي للكشف عن العوامل التي سببت ظهور الأعراض، والدوافع اللاشعورية وراءها ومعرفة هدف المرض، ويقوم المعالج بالشرح الوافي والتفسير الكافي للأسباب ومعنى الأعراض كذلك يفيد العلاج النفسي التدعيمي ومساعدة المريض على استعادة الثقة في نفسه وتعليمه طرق التوفيق النفسي السوي والعيش في واقع الحياة.
و يستخدم العلاج الجماعي خاصة مع الحالات المتشابهة ويجب أن يعمل المعالج باستمرار على إثارة تعاون المريض وتنمية بصيرته ومساعدته في أن يفهم نفسه ويحل مشكلاته ويحاربها بدلا من أن يهرب منها.
 الإرشاد النفسي للوالدين والمرافقين كالزوج أو الزوجة
وينصح بعدم تركيز العناية والاهتمام بالمريض أثناء النوبات الهستيرية فقط لأن ذلك يثبت النوبات لدى المريض لاعتقاده أنها هي التي تجذب الانتباه إليه.
 العلاج الاجتماعي البيئي
وتعديل الظروف البيئية المضطربة التي يعيش فيها المريض بما فيها من أخطاء وضغوط أو عقبات حتى تتحسن حالته.
 العلاج الطبي للأعراض
و يستخدم علاج التنبيه الكهربائي أو علاج الرجفة الكهربائية، وفي بعض الأحيان يلجأ المعالج إلى استخدام الدواء النفسي الوهمي ويفيد فائدة كبيرة.
 نهاية الهستيريا
يلاحظ أن حوالي 50% من مرضى الهستيريا يتم شفاؤهم تماماً مع العلاج المناسب، وان حوالي 30% يتحسنون تحسنا ملحوظا، وأن حوالي 20% يتحسنون تحسناً بسيطا أو تستمر معهم الأعراض.
وعلى العموم يكون مآل الهستيريا أفضل كلما كان بدء المرض فجائياً وحادا واستمر لمدة قصيرة قبل بدء العلاج، وكلما كان المكسب من وراء المرض ليس كبيرا، وكلما كانت العلاقات الشخصية والأسرية سليمة نسبيــا، وكلما كان المريض متوافقا مهنيا

مراجع

أعراض وعلامات المعرفة والإدراك والحالة العاطفية والسلوك
اضطرابات عقلية وسلوكية قديمة وتاريخية
تاريخ علم النفس
خوف
دخيل إغريقي
رحم
مشاعر

هستيريا


Um país fictício também chamado de país alternativo ou de país imaginário é um país que é feito de histórias fictícias, e não existe na vida real, ou um país em que as pessoas acreditam sem provas. Os marinheiros sempre confundiram nuvens baixas com massas de terra, e em tempos posteriores foi dado o nome de capas holandesas. Outras terras fictícias aparecem mais comumente como cenários ou assuntos de mitos, literatura, filmes ou videogames. Elas também podem ser usadas por razões técnicas na realidade real para uso no desenvolvimento de especificações, tais como o país fictício da Bookland, que é usado para permitir que os códigos de "país" EAN 978 e 979 sejam usados para números ISBN atribuídos a livros, e o código 977 seja atribuído para uso para números ISSN em revistas e outros periódicos. Além disso, o código de país ISO 3166 "ZZ" é reservado como um código de país fictício.

Os países fictícios aparecem comumente em histórias de ficção científica iniciais (ou romance científico). Tais países supostamente fazem parte da paisagem normal da Terra, embora não estejam localizados em um atlas normal. Contos semelhantes posteriores ocorreram com freqüência em planetas fictícios..

O protagonista de Jonathan Swift, Lemuel Gulliver, visitou vários lugares estranhos. Edgar Rice Burroughs colocou aventuras de Tarzan em áreas da África que, na época, permaneciam em sua maioria desconhecidas para o Ocidente e para o Oriente. Ilhas isoladas com estranhas criaturas e/ou costumes gozaram de grande popularidade na época destes autores. No século XIX, quando os exploradores ocidentais haviam pesquisado a maior parte da superfície da Terra, esta opção estava perdida para a cultura ocidental. Posteriormente, sociedades fictícias utópicas e distópicas tenderam a surgir em outros planetas ou no espaço, seja em colônias humanas ou em sociedades alienígenas originárias de outros lugares. Países fictícios também podem ser usados em histórias ambientadas num futuro distante, com outras fronteiras políticas do que hoje.

Os quadrinhos de super-heróis e agentes secretos e alguns thrillers também usam países fictícios na Terra como cenários de fundo. A maioria desses países existe apenas para uma única história, um episódio da série de TV ou uma edição de uma história em quadrinhos. Há exceções notáveis onde os países fictícios aparecem como elementos de enredo recorrentes, como por exemplo: Qumar e Kundu Equatorial (The West Wing); Latvéria (Marvel Comics); e Qurac e Bialya (DC Comics).

Objetivos

Os países fictícios muitas vezes se assemelham ou até representam algum país do mundo real ou apresentam uma utopia ou distopia para comentários. Variantes do nome do país às vezes deixam claro o país que realmente têm em mente. Ao usar um país fictício ao invés de um país real, os autores podem exercer maior liberdade na criação de personagens, eventos e cenários, ao mesmo tempo em que apresentam um local vagamente familiar que os leitores podem reconhecer. Um país fictício deixa o autor livre das restrições da verdadeira história, política e cultura de uma nação real, e pode, assim, permitir maior liberdade na construção de tramas e ser isento de críticas por difamar uma nação, partido político ou povo real. A fictícia "Tomania" (uma paródia da Alemanha nazista com o nome de ptomaine) serve de cenário para O Grande Ditador de Charlie Chaplin e espeta um regime infame de fanatismo religioso, militarismo, racismo, intimidação diplomática e violações das liberdades civis.

Países fictícios também são inventados com o propósito de cenários de treinamento militar, por exemplo, ao grupo de ilhas ao redor do Havaí foram atribuídos os nomes "Blueland" e "Orangeland" no exercício marítimo internacional, RIMPAC 98.

Em pesquisa de opinião
Países fictícios foram criados para fins de pesquisa de opinião. Quando pesquisados em abril de 2004, 8% dos britânicos acreditavam que o país [fictício] de Luvania logo aderiria à União Européia. Na Pesquisa Social Geral de 1989, os respondentes americanos foram convidados a classificar o status social das pessoas de origem "Wisian", uma herança nacional fictícia. Enquanto a maioria dos entrevistados disse que não podia colocar os Wisians na hierarquia social dos EUA, aqueles que classificaram seu status como bastante baixo, dando uma média de 4,12 em uma escala de 9 pontos, onde 9 era a posição social mais alta. "Uma vez que você deixa os Wisianos entrarem, o bairro vai para a panela", respondeu a revista Time.

Casos questionáveis
Países de histórias, mitos, lendas, que alguns acreditam existir, ou ter existido em algum momento:

 Atlântida
 Aztlán
 Eldorado
 Lemúria (continente)
 Lyonesse
 Mu (continente)
 Ofir (em 1946, um fragmento de cerâmica inscrito foi encontrado em Tell Qasile (na atual Tel Aviv) datado do século VIII a.C. Ele traz, em escrita paleo-hebraica, o texto "ouro de Ofir para/para Beth-Horon ... 30 shekels". A descoberta confirma que Ofir era um lugar de onde o ouro era importado, embora sua localização permaneça desconhecida.)
 Shangri-La ou Shambhala

Livros

 Alberto Manguel & Gianni Guadalupi: O Dicionário dos Lugares Imaginários. ISBN  0-15-626054-9
 Brian Stableford: O Dicionário de Lugares de Ficção Científica . Simon & Schuster, 1999. ISBN 978-0684849584

Referências
Países fictícios

País fictício


تياريت هي مقاطعة من مقاطعات نواكشوط التسعة ومن أكثرها كثافة سكنية ونشاط تجاريا وتنقسم ألى عدة أحياء هي:أمگيزيرة , دار البركة هذابالنسبة للجزء السفلى أما بالنسبة للجزء العلوي فهو .كصادو أبكين المشروع عين الطلح.

أماكن مأهولة في موريتانيا
بلديات موريتانيا
مدن موريتانيا
مقاطعات موريتانيا
نواكشوط

تيارت (بريميير)


Noua Serbie ( (Nova Serbiya) sau Новосербія (Novoserbiya);  (Novaya Serbiya) sau Новосербия (Novoserbiya);  sau Новосрбија / Novosrbija; slavonă-sârbă Нова Сербія sau Ново-Сербія) a fost o frontieră militară a Rusiei Imperiale între 1752 și 1764 subordonată direct Senatului și Colegiului Militar.

A fost în cea mai mare parte situată în teritoriul de azi Kirovohrad Oblast din Ucraina, deși unele dintre părțile sale au fost amplasate în actualele teritorii  ale regiunilor  Cerkasî, Poltava și Dnipropetrovsk. Centrul administrativ al Noii Serbii a fost Novomirgorod (literalmente "Noul Mirgorod"), care este acum Novomîrhorod, Ucraina.

Istoria
Regiunea a fost numită după sârbii care au migrat în 1752 în Imperiul rus din jurul graniței militare a Imperiului Habsburgic. Autoritățile ruse au dat acestor coloniști sârbi  un teritoriu, care astfel a căpătat numele de Noua Serbie la scurt timp după Războiul de Succesiune Austriac. Ca și Frontiera Panonică, Noua Serbie a fost, și ea, organizată într-o provincie militară situată pe frontiera ruso-poloneză și în ținutul Buhogard palanka, Zaporizhian Sich. Scopul politic a fost o apărare a frontierelor sudice ale imperiului rus, precum și participarea la operațiunile militare rusești în apropiere de această regiune. Comandantul Noii Serbii a fost Jovan Horvat.

Demografia
Înainte de formarea Noii Serbii, teritoriul său a fost în mare parte populat de ucraineni și includea 3,710 case de coloniști din Hetmanat, Slobojanșcina și Zaporijia, 643 case ale locuitorilor nativi și 195 de case ale coloniștilor ucraineni din Polonia și Moldova. Atunci când Noua Serbie s-a format, senatul rus a ordonat ca toți acești coloniști, cu excepția locuitorilor nativi, să se întoarcă la locurile unde au trăit anterior.

După formarea Noii Serbii, inițial, noii coloniști au fost sârbi, dar, de asemenea, mulți moldoveni și alți români (mocani din Transilvania), ucraineni, bulgari  s-au stabilit în zonă.

Unii dintre coloniștii ucraineni care au părăsit Noua Serbie s-au stabilit în regiunile de sud ale actualei Ucraina. În 1745, înainte de formarea Noii Serbii, teritoriul a fost populat de 9,660 de locuitori, în timp ce în 1754, numărul locuitorilor a fost de 3,989.

Din cauza numărului mare de coloniști moldoveni, cel mai mare grup etnic din provincie în 1757 nu au fost sârbii, ci moldovenii. În 1757, populația din Noua Serbie număra 5,482 de locuitori, din care:
 75.33% moldoveni
 11.56% sârbi
 13.11% alții

Noile așezări

Noile așezări din Noua Serbie
În noua lor patrie, noii veniți au înființat noi așezări și, firește, le-au dat aceleași nume cu cele ale localităților  din care veneau, cele mai multe din Câmpia Panoniei, care actualmente este împărțită între Serbia, Croația, România și Ungaria. Ba chiar au schimbat vechile nume ale unor localități preexistente, dându-le nume sârbești, românești sau ungurești. Din cele 41 de localități din Noua Serbie, 26 existau dinainte.

 (1.) Numele rusești și ucrainene sunt transpuse în alfabet latin
 (2.) Localitatea sârbă Turia (Turija) era situată în ceeea ce sursele descriu a fi fost teritoriul de drept al Poloniei. Frontiera între Noua Serbie și Polonia a fost frecvent disputată și instabilă.

Originea numelor noilor așezări
Prezentăm mai jos nume de localități din Noua Serbie care pot fi întâlnite și în Câmpia Panoniei:
 Sombor, numit după Sombor in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Sentomash (Sentomaš), numit după Sentomaš, astăzi Srbobran in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Slankamin (Slankamen), numit după Slankamen in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Vershats (Vršac), numit după Vršac in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Subotitsa (Subotica), numit dupăSubotica in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Moshorin (Mošorin), numit după Mošorin in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Senta, numit dupăSenta in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Kanizh (Kanjiža), numit după Kanjiža in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Martonosh (Martonoš), numit după Martonoš in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Panchevo (Pančevo), numit după Pančevo in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Nadlak, numit după Nădlac in Romania
 Turiya (Turija), numit după Turija in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Vukovar, numit după Vukovar in Croația
 Fedvar (Feldvar), numit după Feldvar/Feldvarac, astăzi Bačko Gradište in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Chongrad (Čongrad), numit după Csongrád in Ungaria.
 Zemun, numit după Zemun, astăzi cartier al Belgradului, in Serbia.
 Varazhdin (Varaždin), numit după Varaždin in Croația.
 Kovin, numit după Kovin in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Vilagosh (Vilagoš), numit după Vilagoš, astăzi Șiria in Romania
 Becha (Bečej), numit după Bečej in Vojvodina, Serbia
 Semlik (Semlak), numit după Semlac (?) in Romania.
 Petroostriv (Petrovo Ostrovo), numit după Petrovo Ostrovo (?) in Romania
 Bechka (Pečka), numit după Pecica in Romania
 Mandorlak, numit după Mandorlac(?) in Romania
 Glogovats (Glogovac), numit după Glogovăț(?) in Romania
 Pavlish (Pavliš), numit după Pavliš in Vojvodina, Serbia.
 Chonad (Čanad), numit după Cenad in Romania
 Sholmosh (Šoljmoš), numit după Șoimuș(?) in Romania/

Vezi și
 Slavo-Serbia
 Peter Tekeli
 Jovan Šević
 Jovan Albanez

Referințe

 Mita Kostić, Nova Srbija i Slavenosrbija, Novi Sad, 2001.
 Pavel Rudjakov, Seoba Srba u Rusiju u 18. veku, Beograd, 1995.
 Olga M. Posunjko, Istorija Nove Srbije i Slavenosrbije, Novi Sad, 2002.

Legături externe
 Noua Serbie și Slavenoserbia
Desființări în 1764
Regiuni istorice ale Ucrainei
Istoria sârbilor
Subdiviziunile Imperiului Rus

Noua Serbie


La Ruta Estatal de Arizona 66, y abreviada SR 66 (en inglés: Arizona State Route 66) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Arizona. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la  hacia el Este en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 107,2 km (66.59 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Arizona 66 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Arizona por sus siglas en inglés ADOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de ADOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Arizona
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos de Arizona

Ruta Estatal de Arizona 66


O Rio Yhagüy () é um rio pequeno que corre de norte a sul no Departamento de Cordillera, Paraguai.

Em alguns lugares é pouco mais que um córrego e também é conhecido como Arroyo Yhaguy-Guazú e Arroyo Yhaguy.

Referências

 Yhaguy River at GEOnet Names Server

Rios do Paraguai

Rio Yhaguy


Marele Premiu al Germaniei din 2018 (cunoscut oficial ca Formula 1 Emirates Großer Preis von Deutschland 2018) a fost o cursă de Formula 1 care s-a desfășurat între 20-22 iulie 2018 pe Circuitul Hockenheimring în Hockenheim, Germania. Cursa a fost cea de a unsprezecea etapă a Campionatului Mondial de Formula 1 din 2018 fiind pentru a șapte zeci și șaptea oară când a avut loc această cursă.

Clasament

Calificări

Note
  – Daniel Ricciardo a primit o penalizare de 20 de secunde pentru depășirea numărului de elemente la motor.
  – Pierre Gasly a primit o penalizare de 20 de secunde pentru depășirea numărului de elemente la motor.

Cursa

Note
  – Carlos Sainz Jr. a terminat pe locul 10, dar a primit o penalizare de 10 secunde pentru depășirea în momentul în care safety car era pe traseu.
  – Fernando Alonso s-a retras din cursă, dar a fost inclus în clasament întrucât a parcurs mai mult de 90% din distanța cursei.

Clasament campionat după cursă

Clasament piloți

Clasament constructori

Referințe

Germania
2018 în Germania
Marele Premiu al Germaniei

Marele Premiu al Germaniei din 2018


Marabastad (also called Asiatic Bazaar or Location) is a business area near the city centre of Pretoria, South Africa. The original Maraba Village, situated just to the south of the present Marabastad, was founded and ruled by the Ndebele Chief Maraba. The name Marabastad is the Afrikaans word meaning Maraba's Town.

Background

Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark. Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre. These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously. Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.

The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945), the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968). There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.

History

Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter. During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.

An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba's village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south. There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year. They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.

The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad. Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof. This resulted in the development of 'New Marabastad' in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Indians and Coloured people.

Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches. The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships. In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year. The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system. New Marabastad didn't have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.

In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location. Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn't achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses. Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed. The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.

Removals

The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality. It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site. The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the 'New Location' started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality. By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.

The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding. By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first. In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe. There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.

An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own. The war slowed the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete.

References

External links

 A short history of Marabastad
 A newspaper description of Marabastad today

Suburbs of Pretoria

Marabastad, Pretoria


Sómalíska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu er fulltrúi Sómalíu í knattspyrnu og er stjórnað af knattspyrnusambandi landsins. Liðið hefur hvorki komist í úrslitakeppni HM né Afríkukeppnina.

Afrísk knattspyrnulandslið
Karlalandslið í knattspyrnu
Sómalía

Sómalíska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu


Nacionalni muzej palače (kin. 國立故宮博物院) nalazi se u Taipeiju i Taibau u okrugu Chiayi, Tajvan, te posjeduje stalnu kolekciju od skoro 700.000 drevnih kineskih carskih artefakata i umjetničkih djela, što ga čini jednim od najvećih muzeja tog tipa na svijetu. Zbirka obuhvaća 8.000 godina povijesti kineske umjetnosti od neolitika do suvremene umjetnosti. Veći dio kolekcije čine visoko-kvalitetni komadi koje su sakupili kineski carevi. Nacionalni muzej palače ima zajedničke korijene s Muzejom palače u Zabranjenom gradu, čija je obimna kolekcija umjetničkih dela i artefakata izgrađena na temelju carske kolekcije dinastija Ming i Qing

Povijest

Nacionalni muzej palače izvorno je osnovan kao Muzej palače u Zabranjenom gradu 10. listopada 1925. godine, ubrzo nakon proterivanja Pu Yia, posljednjeg kineskog cara. Predmeti u muzeju sastojali su se od dragocijenosti negdašnje carske obitelji.

God. 1931., ubrzo nakon Incidenta u Mukdenu, Nacionalistička vlada generalisimusa Čang Kaj Šeka naredila je muzeju da izvrši pripreme za evakuaciju njegovih najdragocijenijih djela iz grada kako bi se spriječilo da padnu u ruke carske japanske vojske. Kao rezultat toga, od 6. veljače do 15. svibnja 1933. godine 13.491 sanduka Muzeja palače i 6.066 sanduka predmeta iz Izložbenog ureda za antičke umjetnine, Ljetne palače i Carske akademije Hanlin (Chang'an) preseljeni su u pet grupa u Šangaj. Godine 1936., zbirka je preseljena u Nanjing nakon završetka izgradnje skladišta u taoističkom samostanu Chaotian palače. Kako je carska japanska vojska napredovala dalje u unutrašnjost tijekom Drugog kinesko-japanskog rata, koji se nastavio u veći sukob, Drugi svjetski rat, kolekcija je tri puta premještana zapadnije, na nekoliko mjesta, uključujući Anshun i Leshan do predaje Japanu 1945. godine. Godine 1947., vraćen je u skladište u Nanjingu. Kineski građanski rat nastavio se nakon predaje Japanaca, što je na kraju dovelo do odluke generalisimusa Čang Kaj Šeka da evakuira umjetničke predmete na Tajvan, koji je bio pod kontrolom Kine 1945. god. Kada su se 1948. godine pogoršale borbe između komunističke i nacionalističke vojske, Muzej palače u Pekingu i drugih pet institucija donijeli su odluku da neke od najvrednijih predmeta pošalju na Tajvan. Han Lih-wu, kasniji ravnatelj muzeja, nadgledao je transport nekih zbirki od Nanjinga do luke u Keelungu na Tajvanu, od prosinca 1948. do veljače 1949. god. Do trenutka kada su predmeti stigli u Tajvan, komunistička vojska je već preuzela kontrolu nad kolekcijom Muzeja palače u Pekingu, tako da nije cijela zbirka mogla biti poslana na Tajvan. Ukupno 2.972 sanduka s artefaktima iz Zabranjenog grada preseljenih na Tajvan činili su samo 22% sanduka koji su prvobitno prebačeni na jug; ali su ti predmeti bili neki od najboljih iz kolekcije.

Kolekcija je bila uskladištena u zabačenom mjestu Beigou dok nije dovršena mala izložbena dvorana u proljeće 1956. godine. Izložbena dvorana, otvorena u ožujku 1957., bila je podijeljena u četiri galerije u kojima je bilo moguće izložiti više od 200 predmeta. Zahvaljujući donaciji SAD-a 1960. god., Republika Kina je pristupila izgradnji muzeja u predgrađu Taipeija, Waishuanxiju, koji je dovršen u kolovozu 1965. god.

Tijekom 1960-ih i 1970-ih, Kuomintang je, naglašavajući kineski nacionalizam, koristio Nacionalni muzej palače kako bi naglasio svoj stav kako je Republika Kina jedini čuvar tradicionalne kineske kulture usred društvenih promjena i Kulturne revolucije u kontinentalnoj Kini i stoga jedina legitimna vlada cijele Kine.

S druge strane, Vlada Narodne Republike Kine je tvrdila kako je zbirka ukradena i da legitimno pripada Kini, iako je Tajvan svoju kolekciju branio kao neophodan čin zaštite od uništenja, osobito tijekom Kulturne revolucije. Međutim, odnosi u vezi s ovim blagom poboljšali su se posljednjih godina, a muzej u Pekingu pristao je pozajmiti neke relikvije Nacionalnom muzeju palače za izložbu 2009. godine. Kustos Muzeja palače je izjavio kako su artefakti u muzejima na kopnu i na Tajvanu "kineska kulturna baština u zajedničkom vlasništvu ljudi širom tajvanskog tjesnaca"

Zgrade muzeja

Sjeverni ogranak

Glavnu zgradu Nacionalnog muzeja palače dizajnirao je Huang Baoyu, a građena je od ožujka 1964. do kolovoza 1965. god. Zbog nedovoljnog izložbenog prostora za više od 600.000 umjetnina, muzej je proširen 1967., 1970., 1984. i 1996. god. God. 2002., muzej je imao veliku obnovu koja je koštala 21 milijun američkih dolara, kako bi se muzej učinio prostranijim i modernijim. Službeno je ponovno otvoren u veljači 2007. god.

Stalne izložbe slika i kaligrafija mijenjaju se svaka tri mjeseca. Oko 3.000 komada iz muzejske zbirke može se pogledati u svakom trenutku. Iako kratke, ove izložbe su izuzetno popularne. God. 2014., muzej je organizirao tri najbolje posjećene izložbe širom svijeta, uključujući slike i kaligrafske radove Tang Yina, kao i portrete cara Qianlonga iz dinastije Qing, koje su reinterpretirali suvremeni umjetnici.

Južni ogranak

Južni ogranak Muzeja Nacionalne palače nalazi se u Taibaou, u okrugu Chiayi, i smješten je na 70 ha uz jezero i azijski vrt. Planiranje južnog ogranka počelo je 2000. godine, a zgradu je trebao projektirati arhitekt Antoine Predock. Međutim, zbog ozbiljnih kašnjenja u izgradnji i sporova između izvođača i muzeja, u kolovozu 2010. godine odabrana je nova tvrtka Artech Inc. i arhitekt Kris Yao. Zgrada je koštala 268 milijuna $ i prostire se na 9.000 kvadratnih metara, te je otporna na zemljotrese i poplave.

Kolekcija

Muzej je prikupio skoro 700.000 umjetnina značajne povijesne ili umjetničke vrijednosti. S kolekcijom ove veličine, samo 1% zbirke je izloženo u bilo kom trenutku. Ostatak kolekcije čuva se u trezorima pod kontroliranom temperaturom.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

National Palace Museum: službene stranice
 Southern Branch of the National Palace Museum: službene stranice

Građevine u Tajvanu
Umjetnički muzeji i galerije
Kineska umjetnost

Nacionalni muzej palače


Le monument aux héros de la Première Guerre mondiale est un monument inauguré sur le mont Poklonnaïa à Moscou le  pour célébrer le centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale. Le monument a été conçu par sculpteurs A. Kovaltchouk, P. Lioubimov, V. Ioussoupov et les architectes M. Korsi et S. Chlionkina.

Historique
La décision d'ériger un monument aux héros de la Première Guerre mondiale à Moscou a été prise en avril 2013, il a été décidé d'installer le monument sur mont Poklonnaïa, entre l'Arc de Triomphe et le Musée de la Grande Guerre Patriotique. Le projet d'Andreï Kovaltchouk a été retenu, sa construction a été financée par une collecte de 97 millions de roubles par la Société historique militaire russe et 74 millions venant du budget municipal de Moscou

Inauguration
Le monument est inauguré le , cent ans après le début de la Première Guerre mondiale, par le président russe Vladimir Poutine. Parmi les invités figurent le ministre de la défense Sergueï Choïgou, le maire de Moscou Sergueï Sobianine et le patriarche Cyrille.

Description
Selon le sculpteur Andreï Kovaltchouk, le monument se compose de .

La figure en bronze du soldat, montée sur une colonne de , est de style classique. Il porte sur l'épaule une capote militaire roulée et un fusil Mossine-Nagant, et sa poitrine est décorée de croix de Saint-Georges. Le piédestal est orné d'une croix de Saint-Georges dorée.
Derrière le soldat se trouve une composition à plusieurs figures : sur fond du drapeau russe tricolore, un officier mène des soldats à l'attaque. À proximité, une infirmière (« sœur de la miséricorde ») secourt un blessé. Dans le groupe de soldats se trouve le cosaque Kozma Krioutchkov, premier récipiendaire de la Croix de Saint-Georges pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Dans l'image de la sœur de la Miséricorde, on peut reconnaître la grande-duchesse Elisabeth Feodorovna.

Notes

Monument en Russie
Sculpture en plein air en Russie
Moscou
Moscou

Monument aux héros de la Première Guerre mondiale à Moscou