California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA) is a public university in Los Angeles, California. It is part of the California State University (CSU) system. Cal State LA offers 142 bachelor's degree programs, 122 master's degree programs, and 4 doctoral degrees: the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in special education in collaboration with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Educational Leadership, Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and Doctor of Audiology (AuD). It also offers 22 teaching credentials.

Cal State LA had a student body of 26,342 as of fall 2020, which includes 22,566 undergraduates, primarily from the greater Los Angeles area, and 3,776 graduate students. It is organized into 9 colleges that house a total of 4 schools and approximately 50 academic departments, divisions, and interdisciplinary programs. The university's forensic science program is one of the oldest in the nation. The Early Entrance Program (EEP) in the Honors College for gifted students as young as 12 is the only one of its kind in the United States in promoting a direct transitional scheme from middle and high school to college without intermediary remedial education. Cal State LA is a Hispanic-serving institution and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI).

The  hilltop campus core is home to the nation's first Charter College of Education, the Pat Brown Institute for Public Affairs, the Hertzberg-Davis Forensic Science Center, the Hydrogen Research and Fueling Facility, and the Luckman Fine Arts Complex.

It is also home to two high schools: the Marc and Eva Stern Math and Science School and the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts (LACHSA), the only arts high school in Los Angeles that allows students from any district within Los Angeles County to attend.

History

First half of 20th century

The university is located on the site of one of California's 36 original adobes, built in 1776 by Franciscan missionaries and destroyed by fire in 1908. When the Spanish Franciscans founded the San Gabriel Mission in 1771, they dubbed the small river El Rio Rosa de Castillo. These lands once were part of a Mexican land grant known as Rancho Rosa Castilla. Juan Batista Batz, a Basque rancher from northern Spain and his wife, Catalina settled here in the 1852. Batz used the land for farming and intensive sheep ranching. The inspiration for the name of the ranch, according to local historians, was the abundant amount of native wild Wood roses (Rosa californica) that grew near the ranch home along the creek. The Tongva Indians named this area, Ochuunga (Place of Roses). The main drive through the campus is known as Paseo Rancho Castilla, in acknowledgment of the university's historic heritage.

Cal State LA was founded on July 2, 1947, by an act of the California legislature and opened for classes as Los Angeles State College (LASC) on the campus of Los Angeles City College (LACC). LACC is a public community college in East Hollywood, Los Angeles located on Vermont Avenue south of Santa Monica Boulevard the former campus of UCLA and originally a farm outside Los Angeles. As president of LACC, P. Victor Peterson became the acting president of the state college. Since the college had opened in September, 1947, with 136 students, it had grown in two years to over 2,000 students. Most were studying under the GI Bill, which had been largely responsible for establishment of the college. The first class of seven students graduated in 1948.

In 1949, when Howard S. McDonald became president of both Los Angeles State College and Los Angeles City College, the state college upper division classes were being taught in borrowed spaces on the City College campus by mostly part-time faculty. He hired administrators to help him formally organize the colleges. Then he found a site within LA to house the new "Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences" (LASCAAS), which replaced the Los Angeles State College also in 1949 after being reconstituted by the Legislature. Howard S. McDonald enjoyed telling how some influential supporters of the University of Southern California (USC) opposed his selection of a piece of land in Baldwin Hills, and how the then Los Angeles Mayor Norris Poulson ran him out of Chavez Ravine so that he could lure the Dodger baseball team to Los Angeles. The college opened in its new location in 1958, Howard S. McDonald becomes first full-time president. When McDonald retired in 1962, seven academic buildings on the new campus were completed and an eighth structure (North Hall, later named King Hall) was nearing completion. North Hall opened in September 1962.

Second half of 20th century

In 1952, the state proposed a new satellite campus for Cal State LA, at the time known as Los Angeles State College, and in July 1958, the campus separated from Cal State LA and was renamed San Fernando Valley State College (now known as California State University, Northridge). The first master's degrees were awarded in 1952.

Since 1954, Cal State LA has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). The university's credential programs are approved by the Commission for Teacher Credentialing Committee on Accreditation.

In 1955, officials broke ground on the current location, dubbed the Ramona site at the time. The college then moved to its present campus in the northeastern section of the City of Los Angeles,  east of the Civic Center.

In 1957, the first Cal State LA time capsule is sealed in corner of Administration building (now Student Affairs) and a second Time capsule was buried during the Cal State LA 50th anniversary celebration September 1998.

In 1962, the college welcomed its third president Albert D. Graves who was vice president of Academic Affairs of LASCAAS. The college also entered into its first contract to prepare students for the U.S. Peace Corps. The first group of 65 volunteers was trained for service in the Dominican Republic in the areas of teacher training, music teacher training and urban community action. The first Commencement at new site takes place in June 1963.

On December 6, 1963, the California State College (now California State University) Board of Trustees named the library after the late 35th president of the United States John F. Kennedy. An edifice plaque was unveiled during the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library naming ceremony on February 12, 1964, and in November 1969 the library North Wing is dedicated.

In 1964, the Board of Trustees of the California State Colleges changed the name of the college to the "California State College at Los Angeles" (CSCLA),  and in 1968 to "California State College, Los Angeles", when it became part of the California State College (CSC) system. In 1972, CSCLA was awarded university status and was renamed California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA).

In 1968, Cal State LA established the nation's first Chicano Studies department.

In fall 1970, the South Tower and South Hall were completed and opened. July 1976 the CSU Board of Trustees approved the renaming of South Tower to Simpson Tower, in memory of Floyd R. Simpson, first dean of the School of Business and Economics. South Hall was renamed Salazar Hall in memory of slain Los Angeles Times journalist and news director for KMEX-DT Ruben Salazar.

The original mascot of the school was the Diablo. In 1980, new university president James Rosser adopted a new mascot, Eddie the golden eagle, designed to be more reflective of the campus' highly diverse community. The theme was extended to student facilities such as the student union and bookstore.

A Statue of Confucius, a gift of the Republic of China in Taiwan, was dedicated June 1987. The statue was moved to a new campus location in summer 2005. Its home is now on the grassy area, south of the State Playhouse.

In 1993, the California State University (CSU) Chancellor and Trustees approved development of Cal State LA's Charter College of Education, creating the first such college of higher education in the nation.

In October 1998, the Center for Environmental Analysis (CEA-CREST), first of its kind funded by the National Science Foundation on the West Coast, opened on campus.

21st century

In September 2000, California Governor Gray Davis chose the Cal State LA campus to hold a press conference at which he signed the historic bills expanding the Cal Grant program.

Cal State LA departments of Social Work and Nursing, located within the university's College of Health and Human Services, were granted the status of School in Winter 2002.

Cal State LA Downtown is a satellite campus opened in January 2016. Programs are provided through the university's College of Professional & Global Education.

Naming of the Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services took place during the university's 69th Commencement on June 11, 2016. The naming recognized the largest gift in the university's history and named in honor of the late Dr. Rongxiang Xu, who was a surgeon and expert in regenerative medicine.

The Patricia A. Chin School of Nursing was dedicated as the first named school at Cal State L.A. in April 2018. Patricia Chin taught nursing at the university, later serving as director and, upon her retirement, professor emerita.

A statue of Cal State LA alumna and world champion tennis legend Billie Jean King was installed on the grassy area in front of the Physical Education building. When Billie Jean King was in school at Cal State LA, she had already won Wimbledon.

University presidents

Campus life and cost of university

As of the fall of 2016, Cal State LA switched over from the quarter to the semester system. Tuition and fees for in-state is $6,745, $17,245 for out-of-state and room and board $11,723 as of the 2018–2019 academic year with a student/faculty ratio of 25:1. Classes are scheduled Monday through Saturday from 7 am until 10 pm.

Near the edge of the city of Los Angeles, adjacent to the western San Gabriel Valley cities of Alhambra and Monterey Park, the campus affords views of the mountains to the north, the San Gabriel Valley to the east, metropolitan Los Angeles to the west, and the Palos Verdes Peninsula and Catalina Island to the south.

The Harriet and Charles Luckman Fine Arts Complex, the campus' northern gateway, was dedicated in 1994. An architectural tour-de-force, the buildings house a 1,100-seat theater, a fine art gallery and the black box Intimate Theater, completed in 2004.

Construction on a $30 million University-Student Union (U-SU) building began in 2005; it opened in January 2009. The facility offers a place for students and faculty to congregate and interact before or after class. It replaced the 1975 U-SU building that was closed in 2004 due to seismic concerns. The U-SU offers a theater, a fitness center, and an array of other services dedicated to the student body. Its meeting rooms connect to those of The Golden Eagle building via a third floor bridge. The Golden Eagle includes a food court, a Barnes & Noble-operated bookstore and major conference facilities. The university food court is owned by the Coca-Cola Company, offering a selection of fast food restaurants that include El Pollo Loco, Carl's Jr., The Spot, and Juice It Up. The U-SU facility houses additional fast food options that include Sbarro and Starbucks. Various places inside the campus also serve food and coffee.

Cal State LA is one of only eight institutions in North and South America selected as a Rockefeller Foundation humanities fellowship residency site.

As of fall 2018 Cal State LA has the second largest enrollment percentage of Mexican Americans and Other Latino Americans that are not Mexican-American in the Cal State University system. Other Latinos Americans having heritage from Central America, South America and the Caribbean.

The HBO show Silicon Valley used the face of the U-SU as the building for the Hooli company.

Campus services

California State University, Los Angeles offers a number of student services including nonremedial tutoring, a women's center, a job placement service, a day care, health services, and health insurance. Cal State LA also offers campus safety and police services like 24-hour foot and vehicle patrols, late night transport/escort service, 24-hour emergency telephones, lighted pathways/sidewalks, and student patrols.

Students, faculty, and staff can get a wireless connection to the Internet by interconnected Wi-Fi hot spots throughout the campus.

Associated Students
Associated Students Incorporated (ASI) is the student government of California State University, Los Angeles. ASI is governed by a student board of directors who are elected each year by the student body of Cal State LA. ASI represents the interests of the student body and acts as the officially recognized voice of the students. In addition, ASI sponsors a number of campus events and activities using mandatory student fees.

Eagle Advocates a.k.a. Lobby Corps
Eagle Advocates, or ASI's Lobby Corps, is the sole student advocacy group representing the entire student body of the school. Each CSU campus has a lobby corps and is open to all students. Students are trained in advocacy and lobbying throughout the school year. A focus is aimed at the state legislature although local and federal issues are followed as well.

Janice Cordova Garden of Well-Being
Cal State LA dedicated the Janice Cordova Garden of Well-Being on April 21, 2022, named in honor of the late wife of alumnus Richard Cordova. The garden is located in the heart of campus, between the Center for Engagement, Service, and the Public Good and the Student Health Center. It is a peaceful space that features a meditative walking path, artwork, and more than 50 types of plant life that promote relaxation, healing, and transcendence. The idea for the garden initially came from students participating in WellBeingU roundtables, during which students in the university's Introduction to Higher Ed courses developed action plans for improving well-being on campus. "Student teams repeatedly imagined the creation of a space on campus defined by natural beauty where they could reflect, recharge and come together," said First Lady Covino said at the garden dedication. In many gardens, people have a practice of "forest bathing" in order to experience physical and mental well-being. The Garden can generate a sense of wonder and awe from experiencing something bigger than ourselves. Nature therapy, or ecotherapy, can strengthen the immune, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Relaxation can also improve blood sugar, mood, concentration, and sleep. Students can relax by sitting quietly in the garden and looking at the beautiful nature around them. The images in the garden have been reproduced from original oil paintings with permission from the artist Mika Cho. Mika M. Cho is a faculty member at Cal State LA and the director for the Ronald H. Silverman Fine Arts Gallery at the university.

Student housing

From 1964 to 1972, developer Louis Lesser built six off-campus, 10-story high-rise residential halls to house 3,600 students. The  campus lacked space for horizontal expansion, following the California State University expansion plan started in 1959. This doubled the university's housing capacity, making Cal State LA the largest in the California State University system. Maxwell Starkman & Associates, AIA, of Beverly Hills, designed the development plan. Unlike other components of the Cal State University system being developed in the 1960s, the residence halls were privately financed by Louis Lesser Enterprises, Inc. The first residential life complex phase I on-campus housing was opened in June 1984, and three years later, a second residential life complex Phase II was opened. Cal State LA has a student-housing complex where students can rent a house at double occupancy for $655.00 per month (as of November 2009). During 1984 Summer Olympics that took place in Los Angeles, Cal State LA student houses were upgraded and expanded because it housed the athletics of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Lesser also pioneered underground parking, with his Cal State LA development, at the time considered unusual enough to merit a separate newspaper section header, "Parking Underground", which described a two-level underground parking lot as a "concept" of "subterranean spaces".

The housing expansion the Golden Eagle Apartments (GEA) for Graduate and Upper-Division Students are located one block north of campus.

The Student Housing East project was completed in 2021. The North Campus Project provides for new student housing facilities, new soccer fields, and a parking structure within the northern portion of the Cal State LA campus. Scope of the Work: The student housing facilities provide 1,500 beds for freshmen and sophomore students, as well as an associated dining facility.

Themed-living communities

Resident Scholars Housing
The goal of Resident Scholars Housing is to provide Cal State LA Honors College and academically achieving students with themed housing that supports the mission and vision of the Honors College and the Institutional Learning Outcomes by forming a strong community of students through shared Honors classes, providing learning opportunities and social engagement beyond the classroom and engaging in a student-directed community. It also increases the following: student interaction with Honors faculty, staff and fellow students; involvement in the larger Los Angeles and Cal State LA community; and retention and graduation rates.

Gender Inclusive Housing
Gender Inclusive Housing is for students interested in living with people of all gender identities and expressions. The Cal State LA Housing and Residence Life community defines Gender Inclusive Housing as an environment where students may choose to share a room with any other student regardless of sex, biological gender, gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation.

Halisi Scholars Living Learning Community
The Halisi Scholars Living Learning Community is designed to enhance the residential experience for students who are a part of or interested in issues regarding the Black community living on campus by offering the opportunity to connect with faculty and peers, and engage in programs that focus on academic success, cultural awareness and civic engagement.

Parking and public transportation

Cal State LA's parking received press coverage for pioneering the concept of underground parking to deal with the limitations of ground space for expansion under the initial California State expansion plans of the early 1960s. Developer Louis Lesser developed "underground parking" in his off campus residential housing development for the university in 1964, with only a two level underground parking structure considered so unusual as to merit a separate newspaper section header, "Parking Underground", and calling the parking "subterranean spaces."

Structure E, a 5-story open parking garage provides over 2,000 parking spaces and hosts electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, including 3 fast chargers for the Cal State LA community. Structure E is accessible to the upper level of campus through the existing Structure C in Lot 5. The Solar PV System installed atop Structure E generates 1 megawatt (MW) of renewable energy.

The school is home to the first commuter rail station on a college campus, the station of the same name on Metrolink's San Bernardino Line, which opened in October 1994. The school is also accessible from the El Monte Busway, which also services the station. The station is located at the south end of the campus. Metro Local lines 106, 256, 258 & 665, as well as neighborhood shuttles serve the school.

Construction is completed on a hydrogen fueling station on campus. The station will operate as a teaching resource for classes on alternative energy and fuel systems, as well as a public accommodation selling and dispensing hydrogen to those driving fuel cell vehicles. Cal State LA is one of only three organizations in the state to be awarded CARB funding for such a facility.

The displaced parking surface by The Student Housing East project facility with soccer fields was accommodated by a new parking structure located next to the existing Parking Structure C, on the site that is currently used as a surface parking lot. The four-level parking structure provides approximately 1,650 parking spaces, including up to 100 new parking spaces.

Organization and administration
Cal State LA is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. The CSU system is administered by a 25-member board of trustees, which adopts regulations and policies governing the entire system. The system's chief executive officer is Chancellor Timothy P. White, who assumed office in 2012. Joseph I. Castro was appointed on September 23, 2020, by the CSU board of trustees to succeed White starting on January 4, 2021.

University leadership
The chief executive of Cal State LA is President William A. Covino. The leadership team includes an executive vice president who also serves as chief operating officer and provost, and four vice presidents.

Affiliations
Cal State LA is a member of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities and the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities. The latter organization designated Cal State LA in 2018 as one of 33 U.S. universities that serve as "anchor institutions" driving economic growth in their communities.

Cal State LA's College of Business and Economics (CB&E) is divided into six departments: Accounting, Economics & Statistics, Finance Law & Real Estate, Information Systems, Management and Marketing. CB&E is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB International).

The College of Ethnic Studies, Racial, and Social Transformation opened during the fall 2020 semester. It houses the university's three ethnic studies departments: Asian and Asian American Studies, Chicana(o) and Latina(o) Studies, and Pan-African Studies.

Academics

The Charter College of Education's Division of Special Education and Counseling has a joint PhD program in Special Education with University of California, Los Angeles, and an independent Ed.D. program in Educational Administration as part of the Division of Applied and Advanced Studies in Education.

Cal State LA's School of Nursing launched the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) in the fall of 2012. The DNP has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). The Patricia A. Chin School of Nursing, forms part of the Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services. The graduate program offers a nursing education option and nurse-practitioner options in adult gerontology primary care, adult gerontology acute care, family, and family psychiatric/mental health.

With the nation's first Chicano Studies department (established in 1968), Cal State LA is a top source of bachelor's and master's degrees for Hispanic students in California.

The American Historical Association awarded the 2022 Institutional Equity Award to the Department of History at Cal State LA. For recruiting and retaining underrepresented racial and ethnic groups into the historical discipline.

The five most popular majors for 2020 graduates  Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services at 19%. Health Professions and Related Programs at 10%. Social Sciences at 10%. Education at 7%. Psychology at 6%. Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, Firefighting and Related Protective Services at 6%. Parks, Recreation, Leisure, Fitness, and Kinesiology at 6%. Engineering at 5%. English Language and Literature/Letters at 5%. Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services at 4%.

Colleges
 Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services
 College of Natural and Social Sciences
 College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology
 College of Business and Economics
 The Charter College of Education
 College of Arts and Letters
 The Honors College
 College of Professional and Global Education
 College of Ethnic Studies

Departments and Schools
 Department of Child and Family Studies
 Department of Communication Disorders
 Department of Public Health
 School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics
 School of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Food Science
 Patricia A. Chin School of Nursing
 School of Social Work

Television, Film and Media Studies Center
The Television, Film and Media Studies Center houses the Cal State LA Studios part of the College of Arts and Letters. The site of the former Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints includes a two-level parking structure and a multi-use room, classrooms, conference rooms, and office space.

LA BioSpace
Created by grants from Los Angeles County and the U.S. Economic Development Administration, LA BioSpace is a university incubator.

LA BioSpace is part of a larger grant project based out of Cal State LA, LABioStart. This project hosts networking events and runs a Bioscience Entrepreneur Boot camp in addition to this incubator.

Consortia

Ocean Studies Institute (OSI)
Opportunities for study in the coastal environment are provided by the Ocean Studies Institute (OSI), which comprises eight State University campuses: Fullerton, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Northridge, Pomona, San Bernardino, San Marcos and Dominguez Hills. The OSI operates out of the docks and laboratory facilities of the Southern California Marine Institute (SCMI), Fish Harbor, Terminal Island in the Los Angeles - Long Beach Harbor.

The OSI participates in training managers and scientists and educating the public by coordinating and facilitating marine educational and research activities. Seagoing research laboratory and instructional facilities are provided aboard the R. V. Yellowfin, oceangoing research vessel.

Several courses within the departments of Biological Sciences, Geological Sciences, Psychology and the College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology, among others, utilize the Yellowfin and other Consortium facilities. In addition, the eight campuses offer a course of study each fall at the USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies on Santa Catalina Island. Courses cover topics in marine biology and ecology, and a research experience.

Desert Studies Center
The Desert Studies Center is a field station of the California State University located in Zzyzx, California in the Mojave Desert. The purpose of the center is to provide opportunities to conduct research, receive instruction and experience the Mojave Desert environment. Is officially operated by the California Desert Studies Consortium, a consortium of 7 CSU campuses: Fullerton, Cal Poly Pomona, Long Beach, San Bernardino, Northridge, Dominguez Hills and Los Angeles.

Faculty
Cal State Los Angeles' faculty include two presidential award-winning professors and 13 faculty members honored with the CSU Trustees' Outstanding Professor Awards.

Professors
In December 1999 Raymond Landis, Dean of Engineering and Technology, was honored by the White House for outstanding student mentoring. The recognition earned the university its second presidential award.

In September 1996 chemistry professor Carlos G. Gutiérrez was among the first honorees named by President Bill Clinton to receive the newly established annual Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring, at a White House ceremony.

In fall 1995 chemistry professor Thomas P. Onak, was named California Professor of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education.

In 1992 chemistry professor Phoebe K. Dea, was named California Professor of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education.

Hal Fishman served as an assistant adjunct professor of political science for two years. Fishman won the Associated Press Television-Radio Association's first-ever Lifetime Achievement Award for his work as a Los Angeles local (KTLA) news anchor.

Ann Garry, Professor Emerita of Philosophy; early pioneer of the field of feminist philosophy.

Raphael Sonenshein, executive director of the Pat Brown Institute for Public Affairs

Distinguished Visiting Adjunct Professors
 Christopher Isherwood taught a course on Modern English Literature in 1961–1962. A noted author his Berlin Stories was the basis for the Broadway musical and film, Cabaret.
 Dorothy Parker taught a course in the English department in 1962–1963. Parker, a writer and founding member of the Algonquin Round Table, was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1959.

Trustee Professors
 Barry Munitz, fifth chancellor of the California State University system, and sixth president of the University of Houston

Rankings

The 2021 U.S. News & World Reports "America's Best Colleges" issue included the following rankings for Cal State LA in the category of regional universities in the Western United States: tied for 9th among public universities, tied for 26th among public and private universities, and ranked 11th in Best Value Schools. The business program in the College of Business and Economics continues to be one of the top 10 in California among public institutions. In a separate category, Cal State LA's undergraduate computer science program is ranked among the top 20 in California.

nurse.org ranked Cal State La 5th on its Top 10 Nursing Schools in California ranking 2021.

Washington Monthlys 2020 College Ranking Guide named Cal State LA 10th out of 614 schools nationally in the Master's University category. The magazine rates universities based on their contribution to the public good, considering factors that include research, service and social mobility. Also in the 2020 issue by Washington Monthly, Cal State LA ranked 3rd for "Best Bang for the Buck" out of 215 schools in the U.S. Western region.

Money ranked Cal State LA 31st for Best Colleges for Engineering Majors and 31st in its evaluation of its 2020 Best Colleges ranking.

Business Insider ranked Cal State LA #12 for its Best Return on Investment Business Insider 2020 rankings.

Forbes ranked Cal State LA 139th in its 2019 ranking of America's Best Value Colleges out of the 300 universities that were included.

CollegeNET ranked Cal State LA #2 Social Mobility Index.

In 2018, Cal State LA was ranked the 14th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNET's Social Mobility Index college rankings.

In January 2017, Cal State LA was ranked #1 in the country for the upward mobility of students. The Equality of Opportunity Project followed 30 million students enrolled at over 2,200 colleges and universities, from 1999 to 2013, and concluded that the institution with the highest "mobility rate" was Cal State LA.

Cal State LA was ranked 8th in the nation in the amount of B.A. degrees awarded in 2017 to Hispanics by Hispanic Outlook on Education Magazine.

The National Science Foundation lists Cal State LA as the top baccalaureate institution of origin for Latino science and engineering Ph.D. recipients among all undergraduate and master's colleges and universities in the continental U.S. The most recent findings cover 2008 through 2012 and were published in the NSF report, Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2015. The data come from surveys conducted by the NSF, the U.S. Department of Education, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Department of Labor.

In 2014 Cal State LA was listed as one of Time magazine's top 100 colleges and universities, according to new criteria proposed by the White House that is based solely on accessibility, affordability, and graduation rate. Ranked at #24, Cal State LA is one of the seven CSU campuses that made the list.

The American Council of Trustees and Alumni gives Cal State LA's General Education an overall score a B.

Engineering competitions
Founded in 1953 as the Department of Engineering, today's College of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology (ECST) was established in 2001. ECST was funded by NASA to advance aerospace technology and space research. Cal State LA's NASA University Research Center is the only one of its kind in the state of California. The objective of the program is to design and build a segmented reflector test-bed. The College of Engineering and Technology added the Department of Computer Science and officially became the College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology in June 2001.

Cal State LA's College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology is divided into five departments: the Departments of Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Technology. Collectively, these departments offer 12 undergraduate programs, four graduate programs and two teaching credentials in collaboration with the Charter College of Education.

The Solar Eagle
The college has achieved international recognition with its advanced vehicles. Cal State LA's Team Solar Eagle has built three cars that competed in solar car races in the United States and Australia, winning a national championship at the American Solar Challenge in 1997. The 1997 champion Solar Eagle III was the first solar and only Hot Wheels reproduction of a student-built vehicle. The Solar Eagle II is on display at the California Science Center in Los Angeles it place third in the nation. Cal State LA's Solar Eagle, the first solar-powered electric car designed and built by Engineering and Technology students, placed fourth in the nation and is first among California competitors in the transcontinental GM Sunrayce USA. The Solar Eagle is in display at the Cal State LA's Engineering, Computer Science and Technology building lobby.

EcoCar competitions
In April 2011 Cal State LA was chosen to become part of the 3-year AVTC EcoCAR2: Plugging into the Future competition managed by Argonne National Laboratory and sponsored by the US Department of Energy and General Motors. EcoCAR2 tasks 15 universities to modify a Chevrolet Malibu into a plug-in hybrid while maintaining safety and consumer acceptability. The university has chosen a parallel-through-the-road architecture as part of the competition. The competition is a collaboration between the College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology and the College of Business and Economics, with Engineering handling the design and implementation of the vehicle systems and the Business handling budgeting, fundraising and promotion of the program.

In May 2013 Cal State LA's EcoCAR 2 team came home 2nd place overall in Year Two of the EcoCAR 2: Plugging In to the Future collegiate engineering competition.

Continuing their participation in AVTCs, Cal State LA is involved with General Motors' new competition series called EcoCAR3. This is a four-year competition where 16 universities across northern America were donated a 2016 Chevy Camaro and are focused on converting this traditional fossil fuel vehicle into a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Cal State LA's team has focused on developing a post-transmission parallel architecture for their vehicle. Additionally, the team has decided to deviate from the standard expectation of marketing their developed vehicle to consumers and is instead targeting law enforcement fleets as a business to business focus. The EcoCar3 team will have four years (2014–18) to redesign and re-engineer a Chevy Camaro in an effort to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse emissions of the vehicle, while maintaining consumer acceptability, performance, utility and safety. At the end of the four years, the student-built vehicles will participate in an over-the-road event, raising the stakes for vehicle, dependability and safety.

AVTC competitions
In August 2006 Cal State LA became the first university west of the Mississippi and second overall to achieve successful flight powered by fuel cells. The unmanned aerial vehicle was developed by a team of mechanical engineering students working in Cal State LA's Multidisciplinary Flight dynamics and Control Laboratory (MFDCLab).

Programs

Early Entrance Program

The Early Entrance Program (EEP) is an early college entrance program for gifted individuals of middle school and high school ages. The unique educational program is specifically designed to permit young, highly gifted students to enroll in college as full-time students. The Early Entrance Program was established at California State University, Los Angeles in 1982. The program allows qualified students as young as 12 years of age the opportunity to excel at the university level. The program maintains a population of approximately 130 full-time highly gifted teenaged students known as "EEPsters." Every year, approximately 100 academically gifted students from all over the United States apply to EEP, with around 30 applicants admitted. Students must achieve a minimum score of 550 on the evidence-based reading and writing section and 570 on the mathematics section of the SAT; or at least a 22 in English and a 23 in mathematics on the ACT. After a preliminary interview with the EEP director, prospective students must also undergo a rigorous assessment period called a Provisional Quarter (or "Provie Summer") before final admission.

Forensic sciences
Cal State LA's growing forensic science program has been a part of the university curriculum since the founding of the school. It is home to one of the few and the longest-operating graduate Criminal Justice and Criminalistics program west of the Mississippi river, located in the new Los Angeles Regional Crime Lab. The new Hertzberg-Davis Forensic Science Center, which was dedicated on May 11, 2007, jointly house the LAPD's Scientific Investigation Division, the L.A. County Sheriff's Department Scientific Services Bureau and Cal State LA Criminal Justice and Criminalistics programs.

Sea floor engineering
Cal State LA also has a comprehensive seafloor-engineering program. Research is conducted at the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center in Port Hueneme, California. In 2003, Civil engineering professor Mark Tufenkjian led Cal State LA to receive over half a million dollars in grant money. The award of $594,253 is the largest grant ever received by Cal State LA's Department of Civil Engineering.

Cal State LA Experiential Learning
The Cal State LA spring water (bottled water), sold on campus, is the result of a partnership between the university's administration and the College of Business and Economics. Together the two branches of the university worked together to develop a product that would appeal to the student body and be affordable. The college has developed "experiential" learning projects, which students participate in during their final years of schooling. Other projects have included the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program, where students complete tax returns for small businesses and low-income community members, marketing and site selection research for the Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory and a case study for American Apparel.

Campus media

University Times
The University Times (UT) is a student-run newspaper. The first student newspaper, at that time called The College Times, was published in June 1948 for the first time. In 1965 The College Times was named the best newspaper by California Intercollegiate Press. On October 2, 1972 The College Times changed its name to University Times, in accordance with the change in university status. The name was the popular result of a campus-wide poll, with "Devil's Advocate" coming in second. Larry Hawthorne was the first editor-in-chief of the University Times.

Golden Eagle Radio
This webcast station started in 2015.

Golden Eagle Productions
Golden Eagle Productions (also known as GEP) is Cal State LA's primary film and television unit, composed of students creating and producing media content such as news and digital pieces, as well as original films and series.

Greek life

Excluding the Greek Council and Order of Omega, as of the summer of 2019, the Cal State LA Campus is home to 25 social fraternal organization chapters, 10 fraternities (two new colonies), 13 sororities, and 2 co-ed fraternities.

There are 4 representative governing bodies of the Greek community at Cal State LA; the Interfraternity Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, Multi-Cultural Greek Council, and the Panhellenic Council. These governing bodies are advised by the university through the Center for Student Involvement—a division of Cal State LA's University-Student Union. This division is under the auspices of both the university-Student Union and the Department of Student of Affairs. Cal State LA's Greek System began with the establishment of the Alpha Theta Pi (ΑΘΠ) sorority on November 15, 1948.

Intercollegiate Athletics

The Golden Eagles are members of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) for all sports except women's tennis, which is in the Pacific West Conference, and women's beach volleyball and Indoor Track & Field, which are in the NCAA Division II independent schools. Cal State LA is the only CCAA University who has beach volleyball as a sport. Cal State LA competes in the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Prior to January, 1981, Cal State LA was known as the Diablos; the change to Golden Eagles was made by then-President James Rosser to create a more inclusive, less stereotypical mascot.

The university fields as of 2019 fourteen intercollegiate teams for men or women in soccer, baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, volleyball, cross country, indoor track, and outdoor track and field. Cal State LA's more than  athletic facility is named the Billie Jean King Sports Complex. The sports complex—which was approved by the CSU Board of Trustees in September 2010—features the Eagle's Nest Arena, the University Stadium, Jesse Owens Track and Field, Reeder Field (baseball), the swimming pool, and tennis and basketball courts. Development project plans for the complex include a new gym, athletic field and the Rosie Casals / Pancho Gonzales tennis center. The center is a new two-story building which will include locker and training rooms on the ground floor with multi-use space and viewing areas on the second floor. It is 7,000 sq. ft. Completion date of fall 2021.

The Eagles Nest is home to the Cal State LA basketball and volleyball teams. The arena seats just over 3,200 fans at full capacity. In 1984, the Eagles Nest hosted the Summer XXIII (23rd) Olympics judo competition. In July 1984 the Olympic mural, Olympic Fantasy, a mosaic tile work by muralist Guillermo "Bill" Granizo, was installed on west side of the arena in remembrance of the event.

The Los Angeles Football Club (LAFC) of Major League Soccer selected Cal State LA in 2017 as the home of its new training facility, soccer operations headquarters, and youth academy.

The LAFC trains on the site at the northern gateway of the campus, though it plays its games at Banc of California Stadium, which opened in 2018 in Exposition Park in South Los Angeles. The arrangement with Cal State LA was approved by the California State University Board of Trustees.

Entering the 2017–2018 school year, Cal State LA has won a total of 75 conference championships in the university's history. This is in addition to the eighth national championships and 10 national runner-up finishes. Besides being located in close proximity to each other, Cal Poly Pomona and Cal State LA have competed heavily as conference rivals.

In 2021 Cal State LA men's soccer won the first national championship in program history. The national championship is the eighth from any sport in school history and Cal State LA's first since 1981.

The surface parking lots immediately south across Hellman Avenue were replaced with soccer fields. These South Fields will be used by the university students, including students living in the existing student residence halls on site, and supports the Athletics Department programs. The North Field is anticipated to be used as a training soccer field by a major league soccer team, and will also be used as a training field by the community youth soccer organizations.

 National Division II Championships Won

 Men's Tennis Team titles: 1963, 1964, 1965
 Football: 1964 (#1 on the UPI poll)
 Men's Track and Field: 1978
 Men's Archery: 1979
 Women's Badminton: 1981
 Men's Soccer: 2021

Cal State LA has won in Men's tennis singles four times in 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1968. In doubles Cal State LA has won once in 1963 of the NCAA Men's Division II Tennis Championship. In Women tennis singles Cal State LA was champion once in 1990 and once in doubles the same year in the NCAA Women's Division II Tennis Championship.

Symbols

University Seal
The university seal is reserved for legal, formal and ceremonial purposes, including commencement materials, diplomas, transcripts, formal events, presidential documents and gift items from the President's Office. The seal, available in full-color or black-and-white, cannot be used in combination with the Cal State LA logo.

University Mace
The university Mace is a ceremonial piece symbolizing the authority under which the university is chartered. It is identified with the Office of the President and is carried in academic processions for commencements and other official university gatherings. The honor of serving as mace-bearer is accorded to the Chair of the Academic Senate.

University badge
The shield, with its urban architecture angles, represents the enterprising, global city in which it resides. Inside the shield, you will find iconic buildings and landmarks from the Los Angeles skyline. They are drawn to scale and ascend upward, from left to right, pointing toward the future. The thick bordure (outer edge of the shield) has open corners that represent a campus that opens out to the region it serves. The 'A' in Cal State LA, features an eagle's beak at its tip.

Future developments
Administration and Student Affairs Building Abatement and Demolition

Plans and specifications for the abatement and demolition of the Administration and Student Affairs Buildings are being designed.  The overall scope will be to demolish the buildings including their foundations.

Notable alumni

Notable professors

See also

 Ernest E. Debs, Assembly member who sponsored bill establishing the university
 Hispanic Serving Institution

Notes

References

External links

 Cal State Los Angeles Athletics website

Universities and colleges in Los Angeles
Los Angeles
California State University, Los Angeles
Eastside Los Angeles
1947 establishments in California
Universities and colleges established in 1947
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges


Bianca Vanessa Andreescu (Mississauga, Kanada, 16. lipnja 2000.) kanadska je tenisačica rumunjskoga podrijetla.

Životopis
Rođena je u Mississaugi, Kanadi, 16. lipnja 2000. roditeljima rumunjskoga podrijetla.

Profesionalnu karijeru je započela 2017. godine. Najbolji plasman Andreescu na WTA listi je 5. mjesto koje drži od 9. rujna 2019. godine. Osvojila je ukupno po jednu WTA titulu u pojedinačnoj konkurenciji i u konkurenciji parova.

Prvi veći turnir je osvojila u Indian Wellsu 2019. godine, pobijedivši u finalu bivšu prvu igračicu svijeta Angelique Kerber s 2:1. U kolovozu 2019. godine osvojila je Kanada Masters, nako što joj je Serena Williams predala meč. Postala je prva Kanađanka koja je osvojila Kanada Masters u posljednjih 50 godina.

Osvojila je i US Open 2019. godine pobijedivši Serenu Williams u finalu.

Statistika

Finala Grand Slam turnira

Pojedinačno (1 naslov)

Ostali turniri

Pojedinačno (2 naslova)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil na web stranici WTA-e

Kanadski tenisači

Bianca Andreescu


بطولة دبليو دبليو إي ديفاز (بالعربية: بطولة دبليو إي دبليو إي مغنيات) هي حزام بطولة خاص بمصارعة المحترفين تملكه منظمة دبليو دبليو إي. والحزام خاص بمصارعات دبليو دبليو إي الإناث. صنعت البطولة عام 2008 وقدمت من قبل مدير عام سماكداون فيكي غيريرو كبطولة منافسة لبطولة دبليو دبليو إي النسائية التي كانت خاصة براو. أصبحت ميشيل مكول أولى بطلات هذه البطولة حين فازت على ناتاليا في حدث ذا غريت أميركان باش الذي أقيم في 20 يوليو، 2008. وبعد أن انتقلت حاملة اللقب ماريس إلى راو في انتقالات 2009، أخذت معها البطولة إلى راو. ميشيل مكول فازت في مباراة لتوحيد بطولة الديفاز وبطولة النساء في حدث ليلة الأبطال (2010) الذي أقيم في 19 سبتمبر، 2010، وصنعت بذلك بطولة يونيفايد ديفاز (بالعربية: بطولة المغنيات الموحدة). يتم التنافس على البطولة في مباريات مصارعة مكتوبة مسبقا.

التاريخ
عندما انقسمت منظمة دبليو دبليو إي إلى قسمين راو وسماكداون! عام 2002، كانت بطولة دبليو دبليو إف النسائية تظهر في كلا القسمين. إلا أنها أصبحت لاحقًا تظهر فقط في راو. كنتيجة لذلك، أصبح قسم سماكداون! بدون بطولة نسائية. أثناء ذلك، حاولت مصارعات من قسم سماكداون! مثل توري ويلسون، وميلينا، وآشلي، ونيديا أن يفوزن بها إلا أنهن لم ينجحن.

نتيجة لذلك، أعلنت فيكي غيريرو مدير عام سماكداون صناعة بطولة الديفاز في 6 يونيو، 2008 في حلقة ليلة الجمعة سماكداون. ظهر تصميم الحزام لأول مرة في حلقة سماكداون التي جرت في 4 يوليو، 2008.أصبحت ميشيل مكول أولى بطلات هذه البطولة حين فازت على ناتاليا في حدث ذا غريت أميركان باش الذي أقيم في 20 يوليو، 2008. وعندما فازت ماريس بالبطولة من مكول في ديسمبر 2008، خلعت رضفة ركبتها أثناء حدث حي غير أن منظمة دبليو دبليو إي أبقت البطولة معها حتى عودتها في يناير 2009 في حالة مشابهة لحالة تريش ستراتس التي أصيبت بانزلاق غضروفي حين كانت بطلة البطولة النسائية عام 2005. وبسبب انتقالات 2009، انتقلت ماريس من سماكداون إلى راو وانتقلت معها البطولة أيضًا التي أصبحت بطولة خاصة في راو. أعلن على حلقة راو التي جرت في 30 أغسطس، 2010 أن بطولة الديفاز سيتم توحيدها مع بطولة النساء في مباراة تجري في حدث ليلة الابطال. ومع ذلك، فإن البطولة (التي عرفت لفترة وجيزة باسم: بطولة دبليو دبليو إي يونيفايد ديفاز) أصبحت تظهر في جميع برامج دبليو دبليو إي ولم تعد حصرًا لراو.

العهود

أولى بطلات هذه البطولة هي ميشيل مكول البطولة حين فازت على ناتاليا في حدث ذا غريت أميركان باش الذي أقيم في 20 يوليو، 2008 في ونيوندالي، نيويورك. ماريس كانت أول كندية تفوز ببطولة الديفاز. وهي حاصلة أيضًا على الرقم القياسي لأطول فترة احتفاظ بها في 216 يومًا. وهي أيضًا أولى المصارعات اللاتي يفوزن بالبطولة عدة مرات. جيليان كانت أقصر بطلة حيث حملت البطولة لمدة أربع دقائق وثلاثون ثانية. ميلينا كانت أول لاتينية أمريكية تفوز ببطولة الديفاز. أليشا فوكس كانت أول أميركية إفريقية تفوز ببطولة الديفاز. أكثر مُصَارِعة في عدد الفوز بالبطولة إيف توريس. البطلة الاخيرة هي شارلوت فلير

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 تاريخ بطولة دبليو دبليو إي ديفاز الرسمي

دبليو دبليو إي ديفا
دبليو دبليو إي ديفاز

بطولة الديفاز دبليو دبليو إي


පෙනහළු පිළිකා යනු  පෙනහැල්ලෙහි පටකයන්හී අපාලිත සෛල වර්ධනයෙන් ලක්ෂණනය  කෙරෙන්නාවූ රෝගයකි. ප්‍රතිකාර නොකොට තිබියහොත්, ස්ථානාන්තරණය නම් ක්‍රියාවලියක් ඔස්සේ පෙනහැල්ලෙන්  ඔබ්බෙහි අසබඩ ඇති පටකටන්ටද, අත්‍යන්තයේ දේහයේ අනෙකුත් කොටස් වලටද මෙම වර්ධනය පැතිරීයා හැක.පෙනහැල්ලේ ජනිත වන හා  ප්‍රාථමික පෙනහළු පිළිකා ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන බොහෝ පිළිකා,  අපිච්ඡද සෛල වලින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වන්නාවූ කාසිනෝමාවන් වෙති. පෙනහළු පිලිකා පිරිමීන් තුල පිලිකාවක් නිසා ඇති වන මරණ වලින් ප්‍රථම ස්ථානයද කාන්තාවන් දෙවන ස්ථානයද ගනී. එමගින් ලොව පුරා වසරක් තුල මිලියන 1.3 ක මරණ සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිදුවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය තුල කාන්තාවන් හා පිරිමීන් මාරාන්තික පිළිකා ඇති කරන ස්තාන අතරින් ප්‍රම්ඛස්තානය පෙනහළු වලට හිමිවේ. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන රෝග ලක්ෂණ වන්නේ හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුතාවද කැස්ස (ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවලදී ලේ මිශ්‍රිත සෙම සහිත කැස්ස) හා සිරුරේ බර අඩු වීමයි.

ප්‍රධානව පෙනහළු පිලිකා වර්ග දෙකකි. ඒවා Small cell පිලිකා (SCLC) හා non-small cell පෙනහළු පිලිකා (NSCLC) ලෙස බෙදිය හැකිය. මෙලෙස වර්ග කිරීම ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමේ පහසුව සඳහා උපයෝගී වේ. Non - small cell පෙනහළු පිලිකා (NSCLC) සැත්කමක් මගින්ද (small cell ) පෙනහළු පිලිකා (SCLC) වඩාත් හොදින් විකිරණ චිකිත්සාවට හා රසායනික චිකිත්සාවට පිලිතුරුදේ. පෙනහළු පිලිකා ඇති කිරීමට ප්‍රධානතම හේතුව දිර්ඝකාලීනව සිදු කරන දුම් පානයයි. දුම්පානය නොකරන්නන් තුල පෙනහළු පිලිකා ඇති වීමේ අවධානම 10% කි. පුවේනි ගත සාධක, විකිරණ ශීලි හා විශ වායු වර්ග, ඇස්බැස්ටොස්, වායු දුෂණය හා අක්‍රිය දුම්පානය ඔවුන් තුල පෙනහළු පිළිකා ඇති කිරීමට හේතුවේ.

පපුවෙහි එක්ස්-රේ ජායාපිටපතක් හා සී.ටී. ස්කෑන් ජායාරූප මගින් පෙනහළු පිලිකා හදුනාගත හැකිය. සැක කටයුතු කොටසෙන් ලබාගන්නා පටක කොටස් පරීක්ෂා කිරීමෙන් රෝග නිර්ණයට එළඹීමට පිලිවන. මෙය නාසයෙන් කැමරාවක් සවිකරන ලද බටයක් ඇතුලු කිරීමෙන් සිදුකරනු ලබන බ්‍රොන්කොස්කොපි පරීක්ෂණයක් මනින්නේ සී.ටී. ස්කෑන් ක්‍රමය උපන්ගි කර ගෙනද සිදු කෙරේ. ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමේ ක්‍රමය හා සුවකිරීමේ හැකියාව අදාල කොටසේ පටක වර්ෂාව, රෝගීන් ව්‍යාප්තිය හා රෝගියාගේ තත්ත්වය අනුව නිර්ණය කෙරේ. ශල්‍යකර්ම, විකිරණ චිකිත්සාව හා රසායනික චිකිත්සාව යන ප්‍රතිකාර සිදුකල හැකි ක්‍රමෝපායන් වේ. ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමෙන් පසුව වසර 5 ක් ජීවත් වීමේ සම්භාවිතාව 14% කි.

පෙනහළු පිලිකා වලක්වා ගැනීම.

පෙනහළු පිලිකා වලට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමේ වඩාත් ඵලදායි ක්‍රමය වන්නේ ඒවා වලක්වා ගැනීමයි. බොහෝ රටවල කාර්මික හා ගෘහාශ්‍රිත පිළිකාකාරකයක් හඳුනාගෙන තහනම් කොට ඇතත් දුම්පානය තවමත් බෙ‍හෝ දුරට ව්‍යාප්තව ඇත. පෙනහළු පිලිකා වලක්වා ගැනීමේ මූලික අවධානය යෙමු වී ඇත්තේ දුම්පානය මුළු මනින්ම වැලැක්වීම 1998 දී කැලිෆෝනියාවේදී ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන වල දුම්පානය කිරීම තහනම් කිරීම සඳහා ගෙන ගිය උද්ඝෝෂණ වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙසට ආපන ශාලා හා රැකියා ස්ථාන වලදී අක්‍රිය දුම්පානය වැළැක්වීම හා අවම කිරීම සඳහා පනත් සම්මත වී ඇත. මෙලෙස අයර් ලන්තයේ 2004 දී ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ 2006 දී, එංගලන්තයේ 2007 දී, පුංශයේ 2008 දී සහ නවසීලන්තයේ 2004 දී ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන වල දුම්පානය තහනම් කර ඇත.

භූතානය වසර 2005 සිට දුම්පානය සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම තහනම් කර ඇත. බෙහෝ රටවල කණ්ඩායම් මෙලෙස තහනම් කිරීමක් අරඹයා උද්ඝෝෂණ ව්‍යාපාර දියත් කර ඇත. නමුත් එලෙස කරනු ලබන උද්ඝෝෂණ මගින් දුම්පානය සාපරාධී ක්‍රියාවකත් බවට පත්කර ඇති බවත් එමගින් නීති විරෝධීව මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය රට තුලට ගෙන ඒම වැඩිවන බවත් එලෙස දුම්පානය තහනම් කිරීමේ නීති ඉදිරිපත් කළ නොහැකි බවටත් වාදවිවාද ඇත.

2008 දී 75000 කට අධික වයස්ගත පුද්ගලයින් ප්‍රමාණයක් යොදා ගනිමින් සිදුකරනු ලැබු අධ්‍යනයකදී හෙලිවී ඇත්තේ දීර්ඝකාලීනව භාවිතා කරන විටමින් වර්ග වන විටමින් C , E සහ ෆෝලික් අම්ලය පෙනහළු පිලිකා ඇති කිරීමේ අවධානම අඩු නොකරන බවයි. එමගින් හෙලිවී ඇත්තේ දීර්ඝකාලීනව භාවිතා කරන විටමින් E මගින් පෙනහළු පිලිකා වැඩි කරන බවයි.

පිළිකා
දුම්කොළ උරාබීම හේතුකාරකයක් වන රෝග
බෝ නොවන රෝග

පෙනහළු පිළිකා


තිහාරිය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල පිහිටා තිබෙන නගරයකි. තිහාරිය නගරයේ සිට ගම්පහ නගරයට කිලෝමීටර 9 ක පමණ දුරක් පවතී.

ගම්පහ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

තිහාරිය


Aceasta este o listă de filme britanice din 2018:

Lista

Ianuarie – martie

Aprilie – iunie

Iulie– septembrie

Octombrie – decembrie

Alte filme

Note

Legături externe
 Filme britanice din 2018 la Internet Movie Database

Vezi și
2018 în Marea Britanie
2018 în film
2018 în televiziune

 *Listă
britanice
Liste de filme britanice

Listă de filme britanice din 2018


TVO is a Canadian television network, formerly named TVOntario. It may also refer to:

Television
 Televisora de Oriente, a Venezuelan television station
 TV Osaka, a Japanese television station
 TVQ, which carried the on air branding of TV0 between 1983 and 1988

Other uses
 Teollisuuden Voima, a Finnish nuclear power company
 Theatre Versus Oppression, a UK-registered charity which uses applied theatre techniques
 Tom Voltaire Okwalinga, Ugandan social media personality
 Total value of ownership, an evaluation method
 Total viable organism, a term for determining the microbial content of a sample
 TVO engine or petrol-paraffin engine, a dual-fuel internal combustion engine
 Tractor vaporising oil, an engine fuel for British tractors

See also
 tvOS, an Apple operating system

TVO (disambiguation)


Cameron Mica Boyce (Los Ángeles, California; 28 de mayo de 1999-Ib., 6 de julio de 2019) fue un actor estadounidense principalmente conocido por su papeles como Luke Ross en la serie original de Disney Channel Jessie, Conor en la serie original de Disney XD Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything, y Carlos de Vil en la saga de películas originales de Disney Channel Descendants.

Biografía

Vida personal
Vivía en el área de Los Ángeles con su madre, su padre y su hermana menor. Le gustaba bailar breakdance y junto con cuatro de sus amigos era miembro del grupo de breakdancing "X Mob". Su padre es afroamericano y su madre es judía. Su abuela paterna, Jo Ann (Allen) Boyce, fue una de las Doce Clinton, los primeros afroamericanos a asistir a una escuela secundaria integrada en el sur, en 1956, según lo ordenado tras el caso Brown v. Board of Education.

Carrera profesional
Boyce comenzó su carrera como modelo a los siete años de edad, apareciendo en el catálogo de Disney Store, y posteriormente en anuncios para revistas de Garnet Hill, Wilsons Leather, Jakks Pacific, Nestlé y K-Mart. También ha entrenado en varios estilos de danza, incluyendo breaking, hip-hop, jazz, moderno, tap y ballet.

En 2007, inició su carrera como actor a la edad de ocho años, apareciendo en anuncios de Kraft Macaroni and Cheese, Fruit Loops, y Bisquick. Al año siguiente, hizo su debut en el vídeo musical de la banda Panic! at the Disco That Green Gentleman (Things Have Changed), como un joven Ryan Ross. Más tarde, apareció en el vídeo musical de Ice Cube Yall Know How I Am y en el vídeo de Willow Smith Whip My Hair.

En julio de 2008, Boyce hizo su debut en televisión con un papel recurrente como Michael 'Stone' Cates Jr. en la serie General Hospital: Night Shift. En agosto de 2008 hizo su debut en el cine con un papel coprotagonista en la película de terror Mirrors, y también apareció en la película de misterio y suspenso Eagle Eye. En junio de 2010, Boyce coprotagonizó como Keith Feder, el hijo mimado de Adam Sandler en la comedia Grown Ups, y apareció más tarde ese mismo año haciendo gala de su destreza en el baile en la serie web The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers.

En abril de 2011, Boyce tuvo una aparición como invitado en la serie original de Disney Channel Good Luck Charlie y ese mismo mes fue uno de los bailarines que aparecieron en un homenaje a Royal Wedding, de la cadena ABC Dancing with the Stars. En junio de ese año tuvo un pequeño papel como uno de los compañeros de Judy en la comedia Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer y en agosto, fue uno de los bailarines en la serie original de Disney Channel Shake It Up, junto a la actriz y cantante Zendaya.

En septiembre de 2011, Boyce obtuvo un papel coprotagonista en la serie original de Disney Channel Jessie, como el hijo travieso de doce años de edad, llamado Luke Ross. Durante la preproducción del espectáculo, el papel de Luke fue pensado originalmente para ser un chico llamado Hiro, adoptado desde Corea, pero los directores de casting quedaron impresionados con Boyce durante el proceso de audición, y, finalmente, decidieron recrear el papel específicamente para él.

En 2013, Boyce coprotagonizó por segunda vez a Keith Feder en Grown Ups 2.
Más tarde, en 2015, es llamado para interpretar a Carlos de Vil, hijo de Cruella de Vil, en la película original de Disney Descendants, en 2017 interpreta nuevamente este papel en la película Descendants 2 y más tarde en 2019 vuelve a interpretar a Carlos de Vil en la película Descendants 3

Fallecimiento
Falleció el 6 de julio de 2019 a las 14:35 hora local, a la edad de 20 años en su casa en Los Ángeles. El deceso del actor se produjo mientras dormía, debido a una convulsión, resultado de una patología en curso por la que estaba siendo tratado. Luego se supo que el joven actor había sido previamente diagnosticado con epilepsia, por lo que se presumió que había tenido un status epilepticus que le provocó la muerte.

Se realizó una autopsia, pero la divulgación de la causa de muerte se aplazó, hasta que se realizara una investigación más a fondo. Los resultados de la autopsia fueron publicados por el Departamento Forense del Condado de Los Ángeles el 30 de julio de 2019, confirmando que la causa de la muerte de Boyce se debió a una muerte repentina e inesperada por epilepsia. Sus restos fueron cremados en el Forest Lawn Funeral Home y las cenizas fueron entregadas a su padre, Victor Boyce.

Filmografía

Discografía

Álbumes en bandas sonoras

Sencillos

Otras canciones listadas

Apariciones

Videos musicales

Premios y nominaciones

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Cameron Boyce en TVGuide

Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de voz de Estados Unidos
Actores infantiles de Estados Unidos
Actores afroamericanos
Actores judíos
Actores masculinos de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI
Cantantes masculinos de Estados Unidos
Actores de Los Ángeles
Artistas de Disney
Fallecidos por epilepsia
Fallecidos en Los Ángeles
Personas con epilepsia
Filántropos de Estados Unidos

Cameron Boyce


كانتا هامي  ، إقليم فنلندي؛ يشمل تاريخياً الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من منطقة هامي التاريخية. يحده أقاليم أوسيما وبايات هامي وبيركانما وستاكونتا وفارسينايس سوومي.

عاصمة الإقليم هي مدينة هامينلينا، الممتد على مساحة 5,204 كيلومتر مربع وعدد سكانه يبلغ 169,952 نسمة.

بلغ الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للإقليم في عام 2001 ما مجموعه 2968 مليون يورو.

المراجع

كانتا هامي
أقاليم فنلندا
فنلندا الجنوبية

كانتا هامي


Saniculeae, tribus štitarki.. Sastoji se od 7 rodova unutar 3 tribusa sa vrstama raširenih po svim kontinentima. Tipični rod je milogled ili zdravčica (Sanicula) Ostali poznatiji rodovi su lisjak ili zvjezdanka (Astrantia) i kotrljan (Eryngium ).

Tribus je opisan 1824.

Rodovi
 Arctopus L. (3 spp.)
 Alepidea F. Delaroche (30 spp.)
 Actinolema Fenzl (2 spp.)
 Astrantia L. (7 spp.)
 Eryngium L. (240 spp.)
 Petagnaea Caruel (1 sp.)
 Sanicula L. (46 spp.)

Izvori

Saniculoideae

Saniculeae


هذه قائمة بجامعات البحرين.

الجامعات الحكومية وومؤسسات التعليم العالي
 جامعة الخليج العربي
 كلية العلوم الصحية
 جامعة البحرين
 بوليتكنك البحرين

الجامعات الخاصة ومؤسسات التعليم العالي
 جامعة العلوم التطبيقية
 الجامعة الأهلية
 جامعة أما الدولية البحرين
 الجامعة العربية المفتوحة
 معهد البحرين للتكنولوجيا
 معهد البحرين للدراسات المصرفية والمالية
 جامعة بنتلي
 معهد بيرلا للتكنولوجيا والمركز الدولي
 جامعة دلمون للعلوم والتكنولوجيا وهي جامعة غير معترف بشهادتها من قبل وزارة التربية والتعليم.
 جامعة ديبول
 الجامعة الخليجية
 معهد نيويورك للتكنولوجيا
 الجامعة الطبية بالبحرين
 الجامعة الملكية للمرأة
 جامعة المملكة
 كلية البحرين الجامعية
 الجامعة الأوروبية
 الكلية الملكية للجراحين في ايرلندا

المراجع

جامعات البحرين
بحرين
قوائم الجامعات والكليات في آسيا
قوائم متعلقة بالتعليم البحرين

قائمة جامعات البحرين


Stórmæri (latína: Regnum Marahensium, gríska: Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Megale Moravia; tékkneska: Velká Morava;  slóvakíska: Veľká Morava; pólska: Wielkie Morawy, þýska: Grossmähren) eða einfaldlega Mæri var fyrsta stóra ríki Vestur-Slava sem varð til í Mið-Evrópu og stóð frá 833 til um 907. Það náði að öllum líkindum yfir landsvæði sem í dag eru hlutar af Tékklandi, Slóvakíu, Ungverjalandi, Austurríki, Þýskalandi, Póllandi, Rúmeníu, Króatíu, Serbíu og Úkraínu. Eina slavneska ríkið sem kom á undan því var Ríki Samós sem stóð frá 631 til 658.

Kjarnaland ríkisins var þar sem í dag heitir Mæri í austurhluta Tékklands, meðfram ánni Morava, sem það dregur nafn sitt af. Í þessu ríki myndaðist slavnesk bókmenning á kirkjuslavnesku og útbreiðsla kristni, fyrst með trúboðum frá Austur-Frankíu og síðan með komu Kýrils og Meþódíusar frá Miklagarði 863 og þróun glagólítísks leturs, fyrsta letursins sem gert var fyrir ritun slavneskra mála. Það þróaðist síðan í það sem var nefnt kýrillískt letur.

Ekki er vitað hvar landamæri ríkisins lágu nákvæmlega. Stórmæri náði hátindi sínum í valdatíð Svatopluks 1. sem ríkti frá 870 til 894. Klofningur og innanlandsátök eftir dauða hans leiddu til hruns þegar Magýarar réðust inn í ríkið og lögðu núverandi Slóvakíu undir sig. Nákvæmlega hvenær það gerðist er ekki vitað, en talið að það hafi verið milli 902 og 907.

Menningarleg vakning varð í Stórmæri í valdatíð Rastislavs konungs, með komu trúboðanna Kýrils og Meþódíusar árið 863. Róm hafði áður hafnað beiðni Rastislavs um trúboða, svo hann sneri sér til Býsantíum og óskaði eftir kennurum í bókmenntum og lögum. Bræðurnir Kýrill og Meþódíus þróuðu nýtt ritmál og messusöng á slavnesku. Hadríanus 2. páfi samþykkti það síðarnefnda að lokum. Kýrill þróaði líklega glagólítíska letrið sjálfur og byggði ritmál sitt á slavneskri mállýsku sem hann og bróðir hans þekktu frá Þessalóníku. Kirkjuslavneskan var því talsvert ólík þeirri slavnesku sem var töluð í Stórmæri, sem var undanfari slavnesku mállýskanna sem í dag eru talaðar í Mæri og vesturhluta Slóvakíu.

Seinna rak Svatopluk 1. lærisveina Kýrils og Meþódíusar frá Stórmæri og sveigði opinber trúarbrögð ríkisins aftur að vestrænum sið. Það hafði aftur mikil áhrif á þau lönd þar sem lærisveinarnir settust að og héldu trúboði sínu áfram, sérstaklega í Suðaustur-Evrópu og Austur-Evrópu. Kirkjuslavneska varð opinbert ritmál í Búlgaríu frá 893 og er stundum kölluð fornbúlgarska þar. Kýrillískt letur, sem var þróað í Búlgaríu, tók við af því glagólítíska þótt það notaði sum tákn þaðan.

Tilvísanir

Saga Tékklands
Saga Slóvakíu
Fyrrum Evrópuríki

Stórmæri


يُعد الاعتيان أو أخذ العينات  في الإحصاء وضمان الجودة والاستقصاء الإحصائي، اختيار مجموعة فرعية (عينة إحصائية) من الأفراد من داخل مجتمع إحصائي لتقدير خصائص المجتمع بأكمله. بشكل يحاول فيه الإحصائيون جعل العينات تمثّل السكان المعنيين. يوجد ميزتان لأخذ العينات، هما التكلفة المنخفضة وجمع البيانات بشكل أسرع من جمعها للسكان بالكامل.

تقيس كل ملاحظة علمية (كل رصد) خاصية واحدة أو أكثر (مثل الوزن والموقع واللون) للكيانات ممكنة الملاحظة والمميزة كأشياء أو أفراد مستقلين. في مسح أخذ العينات، يمكن وضع الوزن كأحد البيانات لضبط تصميم العينة، لا سيما في أخذ العينات الطبقية. تُستخدم نتائج من نظرية الاحتمالات والنظرية الإحصائية لتوجيه تطبيق أخذ العينات. في مجال الأعمال التجارية والبحوث الطبية، يُستخدم أخذ العينات على نطاق واسع لجمع المعلومات حول المجتمع الإحصائي. تُستخدم عينات القبول لتحديد ما إذا كانت دفعة من المواد المُنتجة تفي بالمواصفات المطلوبة.

تعريف المجتمع الإحصائي
تعتمد الممارسة الإحصائية الناجحة على التركيز على تعريف المشكلة. في أخذ العينات، يتضمن ذلك تحديد «المجتمع» الذي تُسحب منه عينتنا. يمكن تعريف المجتمع الإحصائي على أنه مجتمع يشمل جميع الأشخاص أو العناصر ذات الخصائص التي يرغب الباحث في فهمها. نظرًا لأنه نادرًا ما يكون هناك ما يكفي من الوقت أو المال لجمع المعلومات من الجميع أو عن كل شيء في المجتمع الإحصائي، يصبح الهدف إيجاد عينة تمثيلية (أو مجموعة فرعية) من ذلك المجتمع.

في بعض الأحيان يكون ما يعرّف المجتمع واضحًا. على سبيل المثال، تحتاج الشركة المصنعة إلى تحديد ما إذا كانت دفعة من المواد المُنتَجة ذات جودة عالية بما يكفي من أجل تصديرها للعميل، أو ينبغي الحكم عليها في حال كانت سيئة أو إعادة إنتاجها بسبب رداءة الجودة. في هذه الحالة، دُفعة من الإنتاج (مجموعة صغيرة) هي المجتمع.

على الرغم من أنه غالبًا ما يتكون المجتمع المطلوب من أشياء مادية، فمن الضروري أحيانًا أخذ عينات في أوقات أو أماكن مختلفة أو باختلاف زمني ومكاني معًا. على سبيل المثال، يمكن لتحقيق حول موظفي السوبر ماركت البحث في طول مدة الخروج خلال أوقات مختلفة، أو قد تهدف دراسة عن طيور البطريق المهددة بالانقراض إلى فهم استخدامها لمختلف مناطق الصيد بمرور الوقت. بالنسبة للبعد الزمني، يمكن التركيز على فترات أو مناسبات منفصلة عن بعضها زمنيًا.

في حالات أخرى، قد يكون «المجتمع» المدروس أقل وضوحًا. على سبيل المثال، درس جوزيف جاغر سلوك عجلات الروليت في كازينو في مونت كارلو، واستخدم ذلك لتحديد عجلة منحازة. في هذه الحالة، كان «المجتمع» الذي أراد جاغر الدراسة عنه هو السلوك العام للعجلة (أي التوزيع الاحتمالي لنتائجها على عدد لا نهائي من التجارب)، بينما كانت عينته عبارة عن النتائج المرصودة من تلك العجلة. تظهر اعتبارات مماثلة عند إجراء قياسات متكررة لبعض الخصائص الفيزيائية مثل التوصيل الكهربائي للنحاس.

غالبًا ما ينشأ هذا الموقف عند البحث عن المعرفة حول السببية التي جعلت المجتمع المرصود نتيجة له. في مثل هذه الحالات، قد تعامل نظرية الاعتيان المجتمع المرصود كعينة من «مجتمع أكبر». على سبيل المثال، قد يدرس الباحث معدل نجاح برنامج «الإقلاع عن التدخين» الجديد على مجموعة اختبار مكونة من 100 مريض، من أجل التنبؤ بآثار البرنامج في حال نُشر على الصعيد الوطني. يكون هنا المجتمع الأكبر هو «كل شخص مُتاح له الوصول إلى هذا العلاج في البلد»، فالمجموعة الأكبر غير موجودة بعد؛ لأن البرنامج غير متاح للجميع بعد.

قد لا يكون المجتمع الذي تُؤخذ منه العينات هو نفسه المجتمع الذي ترغب في الحصول على معلومات عنه. غالبًا ما يكون هناك تداخل كبير ولكن غير كامل بين هاتين المجموعتين بسبب مشاكل الإطار وما إلى ذلك (انظر أدناه). في بعض الأحيان قد تكون المجموعتان منفصلتان تمامًا. على سبيل المثال، قد يدرس المرء الفئران من أجل الحصول على فهم أفضل لصحة الإنسان، أو قد يدرس الشخص سجلات من مواليد 2008 من أجل وضع تنبؤات حول الأشخاص الذين ولدوا في عام 2009.

إطار أخذ العينات
في الحالة الأكثر وضوحًا، مثل أخذ عينات من دفعة من المواد المنتجة، سيكون من المرغوب فيه تحديد وقياس كل عنصر في المجتمع وتضمين أي منها في عينتنا. ومع ذلك، في الحالة العامة، لا يكون هذا ممكنًا أو عمليًا في العادة. إذ لا توجد طريقة للتعرف على جميع الفئران في مجموعة الفئران. عندما لا يكون التصويت إجباريًا، لا توجد طريقة لتحديد الأشخاص الذين سيصوتون في الانتخابات القادمة (قبل الانتخابات). هذه المجموعات الإحصائية غير الدقيقة ليست قابلة لأخذ العينات بأي من الطرق المعروفة، والتي يمكننا تطبيق النظرية الإحصائية عليها.

وأحد الحلول لذلك، السعي إلى إطار أخذ العينات الذي له خاصية تمكننا من تحديد كل عنصر على حدة وتضمين أي عنصر في العينة. أكثر أنواع الأُطر وضوحًا هو إطار قائمة عناصر المجتمع (ويفضل جميع عناصر هذا المجتمع) مع معلومات الاتصال المناسبة. على سبيل المثال، في استطلاع للرأي، تتضمن أطر أخذ العينات الممكنة السجل الانتخابي ودليل الهاتف.

العينة الاحتمالية هي عينة يكون فيها لكل وحدة في المجتمع فرصة (أكبر من الصفر) لاختيارها في العينة، ويمكن تحديد هذا الاحتمال بدقة. إن الجمع بين هذه السمات يجعل من الممكن إنتاج تقديرات غير متحيزة للمجتمع، من خلال ترجيح الوحدات المأخوذة من العينات وفقًا لاحتمالية اختيارها.مثال: نريد تقدير الدخل الإجمالي للبالغين الذين يعيشون في شارع معين. نزور كل منزل في ذلك الشارع، ونحدد جميع البالغين الذين يعيشون هناك، ونختار عشوائيًا شخصًا بالغًا من كل أسرة. (على سبيل المثال، يمكننا تخصيص رقم عشوائي لكل شخص، نختاره من توزيع موحد بين 0 و1، واختيار الشخص الذي لديه أكبر رقم في كل أسرة). ثم نجري مقابلة مع الشخص المختار ونسجل دخله.من المؤكد أنه سيُختار الأشخاص الذين يعيشون بمفردهم، لذلك فإننا ببساطة نضيف دخلهم إلى تقديرنا للإجمالي. لكن الشخص الذي يعيش في منزل مكون من شخصين بالغين لديه فرصة اختيار واحد من اثنين فقط. لنعكس ذلك، عندما نأتي إلى مثل هذه الأسرة، فإننا نحسب دخل الشخص المختار مرتين من الإجمالي. (يمكن اعتبار الشخص الذي اخترناه من تلك الأسرة على أنه يمثل أيضًا الشخص الآخر الذي لم نختره).

في المثال أعلاه، ليس لدى الجميع نفس احتمالية الاختيار؛ ما يجعلها عينة احتمالية هو حقيقة أن احتمال كل شخص معروف. عندما يكون لكل عنصر في المجتمع نفس احتمالية الاختيار، يُعرف هذا باسم تصميم «احتمالية متساوية الاختيار».  يشار إلى هذه التصميمات أيضًا باسم «الترجيح الذاتي» لأن جميع الوحدات المأخوذة من العينات تأخذ نفس الوزن.

يشمل أخذ العينات الاحتمالية: أخذ العينات العشوائية البسيطة، أخذ العينات المنتظم، أخذ العينات الطبقية، الاحتمال المتناسب مع أخذ عينات حجمية، وأخذ العينات العنقودية أو متعددة المراحل. تشترك هذه الطرق المختلفة لأخذ العينات الاحتمالية في شيئين مشتركين:

 كل عنصر له احتمالية غير صفرية ومعروفة لأخذ عينات.
 تتضمن الاختيار العشوائي في مرحلة ما.

أخذ العينات غير الاحتمالية
أخذ العينات غير الاحتمالية هو أي طريقة أخذ عينات بشكل لا يكون لبعض عناصر المجتمع فرصة للاختيار (يشار إليها أحيانًا باسم «خارج التغطية» / «غير مغطاة»)، أو بشكل لا يمكن تحديد احتمال الاختيار بدقة. ينطوي هذا النوع على اختيار العناصر بناءً على الافتراضات المتعلقة بالمجتمع المعني، والذي يشكل معايير الاختيار. ومن ثم، نظرًا لأن اختيار العناصر غير عشوائي، فإن أخذ العينات غير الاحتمالية لا يسمح بتقدير أخطاء أخذ العينات. تؤدي هذه الشروط إلى تحيز الاستبعاد، مما يضع قيودًا على مقدار المعلومات التي يمكن أن توفرها العينة عن المجتمع. المعلومات حول العلاقة بين العينة والمجتمع محدودة، مما يجعل من الصعب الاستقراء من العينة إلى المجتمع.مثال: نزور كل منزل في شارع معين، ونجري مقابلة مع أول شخص يجيب على الباب. في أي أسرة تحوي أكثر من ساكن واحد، هذه عينة غير محتملة، لأن بعض الناس أكثر عرضة للإجابة على الباب (على سبيل المثال، الشخص العاطل عن العمل الذي يقضي معظم وقته في المنزل من المرجح أن يجيب أكثر من زميل في المنزل قد يكون في العمل عندما يتصل المحاور) وليس من العملي حساب هذه الاحتمالات.تشمل طرق أخذ العينات غير الاحتمالية أخذ العينات الملائمة وأخذ عينات الحصص وأخذ العينات الهادف. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، قد تحوّل تأثيرات عدم الاستجابة أي تصميم احتمالي إلى تصميم غير احتمالي إذا كانت خصائص عدم الاستجابة غير مفهومة جيدًا، نظرًا لأن عدم الاستجابة يعدل بشكل فعال احتمالية أخذ عينات لكل عنصر.

مراجع

استعيان (إحصاء)
استقصاء إحصائي
المنهج العلمي

اعتيان


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter bei den Vereinten Nationen in Genf enthält alle Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bei dem Büro der Vereinten Nationen und bei anderen internationalen Organisationen in Genf. Bis zur Aufnahme der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die Vereinten Nationen im September 1973 hatten die Botschafter den Status eines Beobachters. Seitdem sind die Botschafter als Ständige Vertreter akkreditiert. Bis 1984 bekleideten die Ständigen Vertreter gleichzeitig das Amt des Generalkonsuls in Genf.

Siehe auch
 Liste der ständigen Vertreter bei den Vereinten Nationen in Genf
 Liste der Ständigen Vertreter Deutschlands bei den Vereinten Nationen in New York
 Liste der Ständigen Vertreter Deutschlands bei den Vereinten Nationen in Wien
 Ständige Vertretung der DDR bei den Vereinten Nationen in New York
 Ständige Vertretung der DDR bei dem Büro der Vereinten Nationen in Genf
 Ständige Vertretung der DDR bei dem Büro der Vereinten Nationen in Wien

Weblink

Einzelnachweise

!
Vereinte Nationen, Genf
Deutschland

Liste der Botschafter Deutschlands bei den Vereinten Nationen in Genf


Svijet

Otkrića
 27. veljače: U Josephstadtu, nakon radova na izračunavanju orbite, austrijski astronom Wilhelm von Biela otkrio Bielin komet.

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Astronomske pojave

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Astronomija u 1826.


කෝලම් කුට්ටම, ස්වර්ණවාහිනී රූපවාහිනියේ විකාශය වූ 2022 ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය අභිරහස්, ත්‍රාසජනක රූපවාහිනී කතා මාලාවකි. එහි අධ්‍යක්ෂණය ජයප්‍රකාශ් සිවගුරුනාදන්, සම නිෂ්පාදනය චේතනි විජේතුංග, ශ්‍රී ලාල් වික්‍රමගේ සහ රචනය සද්ධා මංගල සූරියබණ්ඩාර විසිනි. එය සෑම සතියේ දිනකම රාත්‍රී 9:30 සිට රාත්‍රී 10:00 දක්වා විකාශය විය. එය ජනප්‍රිය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වන නාඩගම්කාරයෝ හි සම්බන්ධිත පසු කතා මාලාවක් ලෙස 2022 අගෝස්තු 3 සිට විකාශය වේ.

කථා සාරාංශය
මෙම කතා මාලාව අම්බලන්ගොඩ ප්‍රදේශයේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික වෙස් මුහුණු සහ රූකඩ නාට්‍ය පාදක කරගනිමින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, ප්‍රවීණ රූකඩ ශිල්පියෙකු සහ වෙස්මුහුණු කපන ශිල්පියෙකු සහ අද්භූත පිටස්තරයින් දෙදෙනෙකු පාදක කරගනිමින් නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. රූපරත්න මාස්ටර්ගේ නාඩගම්කාරයෝ කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව කෝලම් කුට්ටම නැටුම් කණ්ඩායම සැක සහිත ලෙස ජයග්‍රහණය කරන නාඩගම්කාරයෝ හි අවසාන දර්ශනය සමඟින් මෙම කතාමාලාව ආරම්භ විය.

නළු නිළියන් සහ චරිත

ප්‍රධාන චරිත

 සුමනපාල ගුරුන්නාන්සේ ලෙස නලින් ප්‍රදීප් උඩවෙල
 ඩෝලේ මහත්තයා ලෙස සම්පත් ජයවීර දොළපිහිල්ල
 සෙනාල් ලෙස චමීර ලියනගේ
 මිණිමුතු හෙවත් සුද්දි ලෙස කාවින්ද්‍යා දුල්ෂානි
 හිරුණි ලෙස අනුරාධා එදිරිසිංහ

සහය චරිත

 ලොකු හාමුදුරුවෝ ලෙස රහල් බුලත්සිංහල
 ජීනා ලෙස තීක්ෂණ ශ්‍රී විජේසිංහ
 හිච්චි නෝනා ලෙස මාලි ජයවීරගේ
 චුටා ලෙස මෞලි ෆර්ඩිනැන්ඩෝ
 සිරිමාන්න, සංගීත විශාරද ලෙස සරත් කුලංග
 සබීතා ලෙස නිරෝෂා තලගල
 රන්මුතු, හිරුණිගේ පෙම්වතා, සුද්දිගේ සහෝදරයා ලෙස නිනෝ අරලිය
 මාස්ටර්ගේ බිරිඳ ලතා ලෙස නිල්මිණි කෝට්ටේගොඩ
 ගුණපාල ගුරුන්නාන්සේ ලෙස සිසිර තාඩිකාර

සුළු චරිත

 පාසල් ගුරුවරයා ලෙස ඇන්ටන් කුරේ
 හෝකන්දර ලෙස චමින්ද බටුකොටුව
 සබීතාගේ සැමියා සේන ලෙස මයුර කාංචන
 නිමල් ජයසිංහ
 තිලාන් වර්ණජිත්
 ඔරුකාරයා, ඊතිපාල ලෙස මනෝජ් යාලේගම
 මධුෂාන් හත්ලහවත්ත
 දුමින්ද සඳරුවන්
 හින්නි මහත්තයා ලෙස ගන්දර තූර්‍ය සංඛ
 මලීෂා දක්ෂිණ
 භානුක සේනාධීර
 ආදිත්‍ය අනුරාදනායක
 විරාජ් සිල්වා
 මිතුන් තිලකරත්න
 සජිත් සියඹලාගොඩ
 භාග්‍යා ලෙස සුජානි මදුවන්ති
 තිළිණි කෞෂල්‍යා
 වරුෂානි රාජතේවා
 ජෙනීෂා දිල්රුක්ෂි
 සඳුනි කෞෂල්‍යා
 දේවින්දි කාංචනා
 දිලිනි වීරසිංහ
 සයුරි දිසානායක
 රනීෂා පතිරණ
 හිරුණි දයාරත්න
 යෂාර බණ්ඩාර
 කේෂි රාජපක්ෂ
 අංජලී ජයසිංහ
 සිතාරා කුලතුංග

යොමු කිරීම්

කෝලම් කුට්ටම


An Agrostis liebmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Agrostis liebmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis liebmannii


Canta Sanremo este un album al lui Al Bano publicat în Italia în 2013 cu ocazia participării sale ca oaspete de onoare la a 63-a ediție a Festivalului Sanremo. Este o compilație cu cele mai reprezentative melodii din istoria festivalului. Conține câteva melodii de pe albumul cu aceeași temă, Il mio Sanremo publicat în 2006, 3 melodii prezentate de Al Bano în cadrul festivalului în perioada 2007-2011 și câteva cover-uri din repertoriul altor cântăreți care au fost lansate în trecut pe scena Festivalului Sanremo.

Track list

 Come sinfonia (Pino Donaggio)  Piove (Domenico Modugno, Dino Verde)
 In controluce (Al Bano, Paolo Limiti)  Con te partirò (Lucio Quarantotto, Francesco Sartori)
 Come saprei (Adelio Cogliati, Eros Ramazzotti, Giorgia Todrani, Vladimiro Tosetto)  Amanda è libera (Fabrizio Berlincioni, Al Bano, Alterisio Paoletti)
 Cambiare (Alex Baroni, Massimo Calabrese, Marco Rinalduzzi, Marco D'Angelo)  13, storia d'oggi  (Al Bano, Vito Pallavicini)
 Nel perdono (Renato Zero, Vincenzo Incenzo, Alterisio Paoletti, Yari Carrisi)  Perdere l'amore (Giampiero Artegiani, Marcello Marrocchi)
 È la mia vita (Maurizio Fabrizio, Pino Marino)  L'amore è sempre amore (Maurizio Fabrizio, Guido Morra)
 Volare (Domenico Modugno, Franco Migliacci)  Felicità (Cristiano Minellono, Dario Farina, Gino De Stefani)

Albume pop
Albume de Al Bano
Albume din 2013

Canta Sanremo


Mjeda (talijanski: Miedia), albanska plemićka obitelj podrijetlom iz Albanije koja je stoljećima imala istaknutu ulogu u političkom i društvenom životu Albanije i Kosova.

Podrijetlo
Rodonačelnik obitelji Mjeda je Bardhi Kryeziu. Kryeziu su jedna od tri ogranka Buzëzezë (Bucceseos), feudalnog albanskog aristokratskog plemena, koji od 11. stoljeća nosi bizantsku titulu Sebastos. Milan Šufflay piše o Savastu Tanusiju Bessosiji (1274.), kao jednom od vodećih albanskih velikaša 13. stoljeća. Ostala dva ogranka plemena su Bushati i Buzuku. Područja plemena uključivala su dio ravnice Zadrima, gorje Pukë i luku Shëngjin zajedno s obalom do Velipojë. Grb Buzëzezë bio je jednoglavi orao.

Kasni srednji vijek
Ogranak Kryeziu osnovan je u 14. stoljeću i naslijedio je vlastelinstvo Pukë. U 15. stoljeću, Pal Ziu (Kryeziu), također poznat kao Paolo Zenta, dao je sagraditi katoličku crkvu u Pukëu, posjedovao je dvorac u blizini grada i, prema Marinu Barletiu, bio je rođak Lekë Dukagjinija.

Osmansko razdoblje
Ogranak obitelji Kryeziu naselio se u Đakovicu početkom 17. stoljeća, a ubrzo nakon toga postali su begovi. Početkom 18. stoljeća, drugi ogranak obitelji doselio se iz Pukëa u selo Bardhet, koje je kasnije dobilo ime Kryeziu. Tijekom 18. i 19. stoljeća ovaj je ogranak upravljao regijom Pukë, u skladu s tradicionalnim zakonima Kanuna Pukëa. Osmanska vlast im je priznala drevne privilegije i srednjovjekovno plemstvo, a jedina im je obveza bila čuvanje puta Vau-Dejës – Kukës.

Naselivši se u Skadar iz sela Kryezi u regiji Pukë, Bardhi Kryeziu je uzeo prezime Mjeda od sela u blizini Skadra gdje je obitelj imala posjede. Obitelj Mjeda danas se sastoji od dvije grane: prizrenske i skadarske. U Prizrenu su bili vodeća katolička obitelj, s plemićkom titulom efendije, a bavili su se trgovinom između talijanskog poluotoka, Carigrada i Balkana.

Tijekom stoljeća članovi obitelji su bili trgovci, zemljoposjednici, svećenici i političke vođe. Danas uglavnom žive u Albaniji i Hrvatskoj.

Poznati članovi

 Ndre Mjeda (1866. – 1937.), albanski intelektualac, isusovac, filolog, pjesnik i zastupnik u Narodnoj skupštini Albanije. Delegat na Bitolskom kongresu.
 Lukë Simon Mjeda (1867. – 1951.), trgovac, zemljoposjednik i predstavnik grada Prizrena na Drugoj prizrenskoj ligi (1943.)
 Lazër Mjeda (1869. – 1935.), biskup Sapa (1900. – 1904.), nadbiskup Skopja (1904. – 1909.), nadbiskup Skadra (1921. – 1935.)
 Kolë Mjeda (1885. – 1951.), gradonačelnik Skadra (1924. – 1925.), potpredsjednik Narodne skupštine Albanije, prefekt od Dibrskog okruga.
 Luigj Pashko Mjeda (1890. – 1962.), trgovac, zemljoposjednik, glavni urednik novina "Ora e Maleve", načelnik porezne uprave općine Skadar i suosnivač Kazališnog društva Bogdani u Skadru.
 Jak Mjeda, izvršni direktor tvrtke Filigran, koja je zapošljavala 153 zlatara u Prizrenu.

Bilješke

Literatura
 Šufflay, Milan, Srbi i Arbanasi, Učiteljska tiskarna u Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 1925.

Albanci
Plemstvo

Mjeda


محرك الممانعة هو إحدى أنواع المحركات الكهربية التي تحول الطاقة الكهربائية) إلى طاقة حركية (طاقة ميكانيكية، وهو محرك خطوة، ويقوم مبدأ عمل هذا المحرك على ظاهرة عزم البروز (حيث يشتد المجال المغناطيسي على الجزء المدبب من القطب أكثر من أن يكون سطح القطب مسطحا). وتكون حركة فطعة مغناطيسية أو قطعة حديدية المغنطة فإنها تلجأ إلى سلوك أيسر الطرق وأقلها ممانعة لمرور خطوط المجال المغناطيسي ومعاكسة له. «الممانعة» هي المكافئء المغناطيسي للمقاومة الكهربية، فيمكننا القول «محرك الممانعة المغناطيسية».

في محرك الممانعة ينشأ عزم الدوران في العضو الدوار عن طريق قوة الممانعة وليس بصفة أساسية بسبب قوة لورنتز كما هو الحال في محركات الإثارة. أي أن محرك الممانعة لايحتوي على مغناطيسات ذاتية ولا يوجد ملف حهربائي في العضو الدوار. لهذا يتميز محرك الممانعة بعدم وجود استهلاك للفرش الناقلة للتيار أو استهلاك لحلقات مبادل كهربائي. يتكون العضو الدوار فيه من عدة أقطاب (غير ممغنطة) مصنوعة من مادة حديدية قابلة للمغنظة مثل رقائق من الحديد. ويتحرك العضو الدوار في اتجاه أقل ممانعة.

بالمقارنة بالمحرك الذي يعمل بمغناطيس ذاتي مثل محرك تزامن تكون كثافة عزم الدوران في محرك الممانعة أقل. أي أن عزم الدوران الناتج منه يكون أقل بالنسبة لحجم المحرك. ولكن يمكن تشغيل محرك الممانعة بطريقة تزامنية بواسطة محول تردد، بذلك ترتفع كفاءته عن المحركات الأخرى من محركات تزامن ووالمحركات غير التزامنية، ويكون بذلك أقل تكلفة.
.

مبدأ عمله

تنشأ الحركة من كون العضو الدوار يتبع اتجاه أقل ممانعة مغناطيسية. ويمكن تصور ملف كهربائي على حدوة حصان وتوجد قطعة حديد بين قطبيه (أنظر الشكل). فبسبب قوة الممانعة فإن قطعة الحديد سوف تتخذ الموضع الذي تكون فيه الممانعة المغناطيسية أقل ما يمكن (أي يصل الـتأثير المغناطيسي أشده). ويشكل في محرك الممانعة قطبين في العضو الثابت وقطبين في العضو الدوار «حلقة» (مثلما في مثالنا) حيث يتحرك العضو الدوار بحيث تكون الممانعة المغناطيسية أقل ما يمكن (أي يكون القطبان موازيين لخطوط المجال المغناطيسي لأقطاب العضو الثابت).

الميزات

لمحرك الممانعة ميزة أن استهلاك الكهرباء يكون في العضو الثابت فقط، وسهولة تبريده من الخارج. ولذلك تستطيع محركات الممانعة العمل بشدة إذا لزم ذلك بين حين وآخر. ونظرا للبنية البسيطة للعضو الدوار من دون ملفات أو مواد خاصة (مثلما تحتاجها مغناطيسيات ذاتية تدخل في موادها عناصر أرضية نادرة)، فيمكن تكوين العضو الدوار من مادة صلبة تتحمل الدوران بأكثر من معدل الدوران الإسمي من وقت لآخر.

المساويء

من مساويء محرك الممانعة هو عزم دورانه النابض، وهذا يختص بالمحرك الذي يكون فيه عدد الأقطاب صغيرا. كما تنشأ فيه قوى شعاعية نابضة أيضا بين أقطاب العضو الثابت واقطاب العضو الدوار، مما يؤثر على المحملات علاوة على بعض الضجيج الذي ينشأ بسبب النبض.

أنواعه
لمحرك الممانعة عدة أنواع تخضع لنفس نظرية العمل ولكنها تختلف في أجزاء وأهم أنواعه هو:
 محرك الممانعة التزامني

و هو عملي وفعال بالنسبة إلى التطبيقات والأجهزة الصغيرة
 محرك الممانعة المتناوب

مميزاته وعيوبه
 يمتاز هذا المحرك لإن تركيبه بسيط ويخلو من الفرش والمغانط
 يملك موثوقية عالية مقارنة بمحرك التيار المستمر ومحرك التيار المتردد
 يتمتع بعزم ابتدائي عالِ
 قدرته الكبيرة على التكيف وتحمل درجات الحرارة.

أما أبرز عيوبه فهي:
 علاقة التيار مع العزم غير خطية، الأمر الذي يسبب مشاكل في عملية التحكم.
 يسبب ضجيجا عاليا.

استخداماته

تناسب محركات الممانعة الاحجام المتوسكة من المحركات (بين 100 مليمتر إلى 300 مليمتر) وتحتاج إلى وقت قصير لتشغيلها. ونظرا لبساطتها وبنيتها القوية فهي تناسب الأعمال في أوسط صعبة. وهي لا تصلح كمحركات صغيرة الحجم حيث أن كثافة قوتها قليلة نسبيا وبهذا تكون كفاءتها منخفضة (نسبة عزم دورانها إلى حجمها).
وللا تصلح أيضا كمحركات كبيرة حيث أن كفاءتها منخفضة. وحاليا توجد منها أنواع تعمل حتى 400 كيلو فولط أمبير.

يكثر استخدامها في صناعة المنسوجات حيث تقوم بامداد الخيوط بطريقة متزامنة.

كما تستخدم في السيارات الهجين التي تعمل فترة بمحرك كهربائي وتسير فترة بالبنزين.

ومن ميزات محرك الممانعة التزامني قلة تكلفة تصنيعه.
 كذلك ما تحتاجه من إجزاء إلكترونية فقد انخفضت تكاليفا أيضا. ويستخدم منها محركات للأجهز المنزلية مثل الغسالات الكهربائية والمكانس الكهربائية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Real-Time Simulation of Switched Reluctance Motor Drives Technical Paper

اقرأ أيضا
 محرك خطوي
 محرك كهربائي
 السيرفو

كهرومغناطيسية
محركات كهربائية

محرك الممانعة


Smrt, također poznata i kao Kosac, je čest element u kulturi i povijesti. Kao utjelovljena sila smrt je zamišljena na mnogo različitih načina. Popularni prikaz smrti kao ljudskog kostura koji nosi veliku kosu i odjeven je u crni plašt s kapuljačom prvi put se pojavio u 14. stoljeću u Engleskoj, a naziv "Kosac" je prvi put utvrđen 1847. godine.

U nekim mitologijama, Kosac uzrokuje smrt žrtve, došavši ju pokupiti. S druge strane, ljudi se u nekim pričama pokušavaju zadržati na životu izbjegavanjem posjeta smrti, ili boreći se da odbiju Smrt podmićivanjem ili trikovima. Ostala uvjerenja drže da je prikaza Smrti samo psihopomp koji služi da razreže posljednje veze između duše i tijela, te vodi pokojnika u zagrobni život, bez bilo kakve kontrole nad kada i kako će žrtva umrijeti. U mnogim mitologijama, Smrt je prikazana u muškom obliku, dok se u drugima smrt doživljava kao žena.

Mitološki likovi

Smrt (lik)


تلبيرة هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى السهل في عكار.
رئيس البلدية الأستاذ عبد الحميد سقر.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
سهل عكار
قرى لبنان

تلبيرة


Freiherr Philipp Jakob Lenk von Wolfsberg (* 15. November 1766 in Platz an der Naser; † 29. Juni 1837 in Budweis) war ein österreichischer Offizier in den Napoleonischen Kriegen und Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresia-Ordens.

Biographie
Obwohl sein erster Name Philipp ist, ist er meist unter seinem Zweitnamen Jakob bekannt. Sein Vater war Joseph Lenk von Wolfsberg. Seine Karriere begann 1780 als 13-jähriger Tambour und endete als k.k. Oberst und Kommandeur des 1. k.k. Artillerie-Regiments mit seinem Tod 1837.

Er nahm an zahlreichen Schlachten teil, in Holland 1783, gegen die Türken 1788 und 1790, erneut in den Niederlanden, in Frankreich und am Rhein 1792–1796, in Italien 1799–1800, in den napoleonischen Kriegen 1805 sowie 1809 bei Aspern und Wagram  und 1813, 1814 bei der großen Armee, u. a. der Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig, gegen Piemont 1815. Dabei konnte er stets die Lage für die k. k. Armee positiv beeinflussen.

Als junger Feuerwerker verhinderte er 1796, die Überquerung der Sieg bei Siegburg durch den Feind und wurde dafür mit der silbernen Tapferkeitsmedaille ausgezeichnet.

1809, an der Donau, sollte der Brigade Hohenfels der Rückzug von Landshut nach Altötting verhindert werden. Daraufhin postierte Lenk seine Geschütze so perfekt, dass er mit seinem Feuer die Gegner in die Flucht schlug. Für diese Tat wurde er im Kapitel des Jahres 1810 mit dem Ritterkreuz des Militär-Maria-Theresia-Ordens dekoriert.

Am 21. Mai des gleichen Jahres, in der Schlacht bei Aspern, bewährte er sich erneut. Beim Angriff von Hirschhausen gegen Aspern nötigte er mit zwei Batterien die Franzosen zum Rückzug. Nachdem sich diese abends wieder in Aspern eingenistet hatten, ließ er, ohne Befehl, eine sechspfündige Kanone ans Ende des Dorfes transportieren und beschoss die Feinde derart, dass sie erneut abzogen. Noch auf dem Feld wurde er vom Generalissimus zum Oberleutnant befördert.

Weiters half er in der Schlacht bei Wagram beim Rückzug der Armee.

Nicht minder zeichnete er sich 1813 in der Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig aus. Zuerst verhinderte er mit seiner Kavallerie-Batterie das Vorrücken der Franzosen von Dresden nach Leipzig, wo er sie zurück über die Flöha, einem Nebenfluss der Zschopau, trieb, ihnen schwere Verluste zufügend und so der eigenen Infanterie den Weg ebnend.
Später zeichnete er sich bei Liebertwolkwitz, Holzhausen, Fuchsheim und dem "großen Schlachtentag" aus, woraufhin ihn Kavalleriegeneral Graf Johann von Klenau unter den Helden des Tages nannte.

Schließlich stand Lenk 1815 als Hauptmann in der Armee im Piemont und erhielt für die mustergültige Übergabe der Zitadelle von Turin, nachdem er dort sämtliches bewegliches Kriegsgerät in Sicherheit gebracht hatte, vom König den Sardinischen Ritterorden der hl. Mauritius und Lazarus.

Am 10. Juli 1829 (Diplom  vom 20. September des Jahres) wurde Major Philipp Jakob Lenk von Wolfsberg laut Allerhöchster Entschließung von Kaiser Franz I. zu Wien der Freiherrenstand verliehen.

In der Prager Zeitung erschien dazu folgendes Kommunique: "Seine k. k. Majestät haben den Major im Bombardier-Korps und Marien-Theresien-Ordens-Ritter Jakob Lenk von Wolfsberg in Rücksicht seiner vieljährigen und ausgezeichneten Militär-Dienstleistungen den Freiherrnstand des österreichischen Kaiserstaates allergnädigst taxfrei zu verleihen geruhet."

1832 rückte Lenk zum Oberstleutnant, 1835 zum Oberst und Inhaber des I. k.k. Artillerieregiments.

Er wurde auf dem Militärfriedhof nächst dem Strahower Tor zu Prag beerdigt.

Auszeichnungen

Jakob erhielt im Laufe seines Lebens mehrere Orden für seine Verdienste, darunter im Jahre 1796  die SilberneTapferkeitsmedaille 1. Klasse, 1810 das Ritterkreuz des Militär-Maria-Theresia-Ordens, 1814 den  Kaiserlich russischen St.-Anna-Orden 2. Klasse  sowie 1815 das Komturkreuz des königlich italienischen Ordens der Hl. Mauritius und Lazarus.

Die Stadt Wien benannte im Jahre 1911 die Lenkgasse im 22. Bezirk ihm zu Ehren.

Der Ausmusterungsjahrgang der Militärakademie Wiener Neustadt 2022 benannte sich nach ihm.

Familie
Er heiratete zum ersten Mal am 26. November 1804 in Kolditz Wilhelmine Carlotta Scholl (* 21. März 1781 in Kolditz; † 3. November 1813 in Wien), Tochter eines k. k. Offiziers. Aus dieser Ehe entstammte Sohn (Nikolaus) Wilhelm Lenk von Wolfsberg, der gleichfalls in den Militärdienst eintrat und bis zum Feldzeugmeister aufstieg.

Jakob ehelichte beim zweiten Mal im Jahre 1820 Franziska, deren Nachname nicht verbürgt ist (* 27. Dezember 1800 in Prag; † 14. Oktober 1882 in Prag).
Aus dieser Ehe stammte Sohn August Lenk von Wolfsberg, der die Diplomatenlaufbahn beschritt.

Wappen
1829: Schild rot und blau quergeteilt. Im oberen roten Felde ein gebogener, gold-geränderter, geharnischter Arm mit einem bloßen Schwerte in der Hand, Im unteren blauen Felde auf einem Berge von natürlicher Farbe ein rechtsgekehrter natürlicher Wolf. Auf dem Schilde ruht die Freiherrnkrone, auf welcher sich drei gekrönte Turnierhelme erheben. Die Krone des rechten Helms trägt den nach innen gekehrten Arm des oberen Feldes, jene des mittleren einen einfachen schwarzen Adler mit rot ausgeschlagener Zunge, ausgebreiteten Flügeln und von sich gestreckten Fängen; jene des linken Helms drei wallende Straußenfedern, eine blaue zwischen zwei silbernen. Die Helmdecken sind: die des mittleren rechts rot links blau, beiderseits mit Silber, jene des rechten Helms rot, jene des linken blau, beiderseits mit Silber belegt. Die Schildhalter sind zu beiden Seiten zwei aufrechtstehende goldene Löwen mit offenem Rachen, rotausgeschlagenen Zungen und über dem Rücken aufgeschlagenem Schwanze.

Literatur
 J. Hirtenfeld, Militär-Maria-Theresien-Orden und seine Mitglieder, 14. Teil, Verlag der k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1857.

 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Häuser 1913, 1941.

Einzelnachweise

Oberst (Kaisertum Österreich)
Militärperson (österreichische Habsburger)
Person in den Türkenkriegen
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Österreich)
Träger des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens (Ritter)
Träger des Ordens der hl. Mauritius und Lazarus (Komtur)
Träger des Ordens der Heiligen Anna
Jakob
Freiherr
Geboren 1766
Gestorben 1837
Mann

Jakob Lenk von Wolfsberg


An Carex spicata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Hudson. An Carex spicata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. s. andresii
 C. s. spicata

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

hsb:Kałačkata rězna

Carex spicata


An Philodendron standleyi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael Howard Grayum. An Philodendron standleyi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Philodendron

Philodendron standleyi


Mullengandra est un village de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud dans le sud-est de Riverina.

Géographie

Il est situé à  au nord-est de Bowna et à  au sud-ouest de Woomargama sur le Hume Highway.

Histoire

Le village a été fondé par Bushranger dans le milieu des années 1850. Une église anglicane y est consacrée en 1876 et un bureau de poste y ouvre le 16 mai 1888.

En 1871 y est créée une école publique qui a été fermée en 2017.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Localité en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud

Mullengandra


Camillo Migliori, mieux connu sous le nom de Camillo Milli (né à Milan le  et mort à Gênes le ) est un acteur italien de théâtre, de cinéma et de télévision.

Biographie
Né à Milan, Camillo Milli est formé par Giorgio Strehler au Piccolo Teatro di Milano, où il fait ses débuts en 1951 et où il est actif jusqu'en 1953. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, il travaille avec le metteur en scène Luigi Squarzina et au Teatro Stabile de Gênes, se spécialisant dans le répertoire de Carlo Goldoni. Camillo Milli est également actif en tant qu'acteur de genre dans des films, principalement dans des rôles humoristiques, souvent en tant qu'acolyte de Paolo Villaggio. À la télévision, il est surtout connu pour le rôle d'Ugo Monti dans la série télévisée de Canale 5 .

Camillo Milli est décédé à Gênes des complications du COVID-19 le , à l'âge de 92 ans.

Filmographie partielle
 1955 : La Chasse aux maris
 1972 : L'Affaire Mattei
 1973 : Nous voulons les colonels
 1974 : Service compris
 1977 : Au nom du pape roi
 1980 : La Locandièra
 1981 : Le Marquis s'amuse
 1982 : Sogni mostruosamente proibiti
 1983 : Fantozzi subisce ancora
 1987 : Rimini Rimini
 1988 : Casa mia, casa mia...
 1990 : Au nom du peuple souverain
 2002 : I banchieri di Dio
 2008 : L'allénatore nel pallone 2
 2011 : Habemus papam

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur italien de cinéma
Naissance en août 1929
Naissance à Milan
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Italie
Décès à 92 ans
Décès à Gênes
Décès en janvier 2022

Camillo Milli