مانويل غاسبار هارو  (مواليد 3 فبراير 1981 في مالقة - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى مالقا الإسباني منذ 2008 في مركز الظهير الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في قبرص
رياضيون من مالقة
لاعبو أتلتيكو مالقينيو
لاعبو أولمبياكوس نيقوسيا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو إلبالو
لاعبو كرة قدم أندلسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم من مالقة
لاعبو نادي ألميريا
لاعبو نادي قرطاجنة
لاعبو نادي ليفانتي
لاعبو نادي مالقا
مواليد 1981
مواليد في مالقة

مانويل غاسبار هارو


Gösta Lindh (født 8. februar 1924, død 4. januar 1984) var en svensk fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

På klubplan tilbragte Lindh hele sin karriere hos Örebro SK i sin fødeby.

Lindh spillede desuden 31 kampe og scorede to mål for Sveriges landshold. Han repræsenterede sit land ved OL 1952 i Helsinki, hvor svenskerne vandt bronze.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Fodboldspillere fra Örebro SK
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Sverige
Personer fra Örebro

Gösta Lindh


{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=280 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ Beni Departement
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |Motto: ¡Ventura, paz y unión!("Fremskridt, fred og enighed!")Hymne: Canta victorioso pueblo de leyenda
|-
| bgcolor="white" align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| Hovedstad || La Santísima Trinidad
|-
| Største by || La Santísima Trinidad
|-
| Officielle sprog| Spansk, Moxeno
|-
|Provinser|8
|-
| Areal - total - % af Bolivia
| Næststørste departement i Bolivia213.564km²19,44%
|-
| Indbyggere - Total (2012) - % af Bolivia - Tæthed
| Nr. 8 i Bolivia421.1964.48%2,0 indb./km²
|-
| Grundlagt || 18. november 1842
|-
| Guvernør || Alex Ferrier Abidar] (MAS)
|-
| Opkaldskode: || + (591) 3
|-
| ISO 3166-2 || BO-B
|-
| Forkortet || B
|-
|Website || http://www.beni.gov.bo
|
|}Beni, også kaldet El Beni' er med et areal på 213.564 km² det næststørste departement i Bolivia. Departementet er beliggende i lavlandet i det nordøstlige hjørne af Bolivia og blev etableret ved dekret den 18. november 1842 af General José Balliviáns regering. Ved folketællingen i 2012 havde departementet en befolkning på 213.564 indbyggere. Hovedstaden er Trinidad. På trods af, at departementet er rigt på naturressourcer, er departementet tyndt befolket og levestandarden lavere end i det øvrige Bolivia. Befolkningen udgøres hovedsagelig af efterkommere af kolonister fra Spanien og andelen af oprindelige indbyggere er relativt lav sammenlignet med Bolivias øvrige departementer.

 Historie

Beni var et vigtigt center i den præcolumbianske civilisation, der var kendt som Las Lomas ("bakkerne"), en kultur, der opførte mere end 20.000 menneskeskabte kunstige høje, der alle var forbundet med akvadukter, kanaler, diger, grøfter, kunstige søer og laguner, ligesom der blev opført terrasser. Mellem 4000 f.Kr. (og muligvis tidligere) og 1300-tallet var området hjemsted for organiserede samfund. Der blev i området dyrket afgrøder, der senere har spredt sig til hele verden, så som tobak, jordnødder, bomuld, kassava, vanilje m.v.

De første europæere, der kom til området, var spaniere. Spanierne var særdeles interesserede i området, da de formodede, at den sagnomspundne by El Dorado (også kaldet ''Paititi'') med sine rige forekomster af guld muligvis kunne ligge i området. De første spaniere tabte dog hurtigt interessen for området, og næste bølge af spaniere ankom i slutningen af 1700-tallet i form af jesuitter, hvis mål var at missionere og omvende den oprindelige befolkning til kristendommen. Den religiøse baggrund kan ses i mange af Benis byer, hvor der i de fleste er placeret en kirke på byens centrale plads, ligesom byernes navne vidner om en religiøs tilknytning.

I slutningen af 1880-tallet og de første år af 1900-tallet var Beni centrum for Bolivias produktion af rågummi. Forekomsten af gummitræer i området medførte en stor tilflytning til regionen, der fik arbejde i gummiplantagerne. Området havde sin storhedstid i denne periode, og ved slutningen af 1800-tallet var Bolivias bedst udstyrede hospital placeret i regionen. Gummieventyret sluttede dog omkring udbruddet af 2. verdenskrig, og mange af gummiplantagerne anvendes nu i stedet til kvægdrift.

 Regering og administration
I henhold til Bolivias nuværende forfatning er den højeste myndighed i departementet guvernøren. Tidligere var departementet ledet af en præfekt, der indtil 2006 blev udpeget af Bolivias præsident. I 2006 blev præfekten første gang valgt af befolkningen for en periode på fem år, og i 2010 var landets nye forfatning trådt i kraft, hvorved departementet ledes af en guvernør valgt ved direkte valg for en periode på fem år. Departementets guvernørpost har siden 2010 været omtumlet på grund af en korruptiopnsskandale, hvilket førte til guvernør Sattoris fratræden før tid. Nuværende guvernør er Alex Ferrier Abidar.

Beni har endvidere en Departemental Forsamling (Asamblea Departamental), der afløste det tidligere Departementale Råd (Consejo Departamental). Forsamlingen har begrænset lovgivende myndighed inden for udvalgte områder.

I den Departementale forsamling er det største parti det regionale parti "Primero el Beni" ("Beni først") med 11 mandater. MAS har 10 mandater og det revolutionære MNR har tre mandater. De oprindelige folk og bønderne er i henhold til forfatningen sikret to pladser hver i forsamlingen. I kraft af støtte fra repræsentanterne for de oprindelige folk og bønderne kontrollerer MAS forsamlingen.

 Repræsentation i Nationalforsamlingen
Bolivias nationalforsamling (Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional) består af to kamre: Deputerkamret Cámara de Diputados med 130 medlemmer og Senatet (Cámara de Senadores) med 36 medlemmer. Beni udpeger ni medlemmer til deputerkammeret og fire medlemmer til Senatet.

 Geografi

Beni grænser op til Brasilien mod nordøst og til departementerne Santa Cruz mod sydøst, La Paz mod vest og Pando mod nordvest og Cochabamba mod syd. Beni er for størstedelen dækket af regnskov, der strækker sig fra Andesbjergene i vest til grænsen mod Brasilien i øst (særlig i de nordlige og østlige dele af departementet) og græssletter (primært omkring provinsen Moxos i syd op imod Andesbjergenes fod).

Det meste af Beni ligger i en højde på ca. 150-160 meter over havets overflade. Det meste af departementet er fladt, men langs grænsen til La Paz rejser to bjergkamme sig, Eva Eva og Pelado.

Beni er gennemskåret af adskillige floder, der alle leder vand til Amazonbassinet. De største af floderne er Iténez (også kendt som Guaporé), Mamoré, Madre de Dios, Madera, Yata, Ivón, Machupo, Itonama, Baures, San Martín, San Miguel, San Simón, Negro, Sécure, Yacuma, Maniquí, Ibare og Apere, der alle er sejlbare.

 Klima

Beni ligger i lavlandet og har et tropisk og fugtigt klima med årlig nedbør mellem 1000 og 4000 mm. Departementet indeholder store vådområder. Om vinteren (juni og juli) kan temperaturerne falde drastisk når der blæser sydlige kolde vinde fra Patagonien i Argentina.

 Økonomi
Departementets økonomi er i vidt omfang baseret på landbrug, skovbrugog kvæghold. Departementet er efter Santa Cruz det næststørste center for landbrugsproduktion i Bolivia. Der dyrkes afgrøder som majs, yucca, solsikker, ris, kakao, kaffe og en lang række tropiske frugter. Udover afgrøder har Beni en stor produktion af kvæg. Officielle tal angiver, at der i regionen er omkring 2-2,5 millioner stykker kvæg.

De seneste år er økoturisme blevet en stadig større indtægtskilde for området.

 Demografi
Med en befolkning på 421.196 ved folketællingen i 2012 er Beni det tyndest befolkede af Bolivias departementer næst efter Pando.

Selvom Beni har mange naturressourcer er der udbredt fattigdom i området. På trods af den udbredte fattigdom har indbyggerne dog en mindre sygdomsfrekvens end indbyggerne i Andesregionerne og fejlernæring er mindre forekommende i regionen end i øvrige dele af Bolivia.

Indbyggerne (kaldet Benianos) er primært efterkommere af personer, Cruceños, der flyttede nordpå fra Santa Cruz langs området floder. Kulturen er lavlandskulturen "Camba", der også er forekommende i Santa Cruz og Pando, og adskiller sig således fra kulturen i Andesområdet.

Benianos anser sig selv for at være etnisk forskellige fra Andeskulturen og anser sig som mere "spanske" end befolkningen Andesregionerne, der i vidt omfang udgøres af aymara- og quechua-talende indbyggere med indiansk baggrund. Der er i dele af befolkningen en stærk modstan mod centralregeringen i La Paz, der efter mange Benianos' opfattelse ikke har gjort tilstrækkeligt for at udbygge vejnettet og integrere Beni i Bolivias økonomi. Beni har således støttet bevægelsen i Santa Cruz om løsrivelse eller autonomi fra centralregeringen i Bolivia.

 Provinser i Beni
Beni er inddelt i 8 provinser (provincias), der er yderligere inddelt i kommuner og 48 kantoner.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Provins
!Indbyggere  (2012 folketælling)
!Areal (km²)
!Administrativt centrum
!Kort
|-
|Cercado
|111.624
|12.276
|San Javier
| rowspan=8|
|-
|Vaca Díez
|130.778
|22.434
|Riberalta
|-
|José Ballivián
|82.700
|40.444
|Santos Reyes
|-
|Yacuma
|23.430
|34.686
|Santa Ana del Yacuma
|-
|Moxos
|22.163
|33.316
|San Ignacio de Moxos
|-
|Marbán
|16.331
|15.126
|Loreto
|-
|Mamoré
|12.817
|18.706
|San Joaquín
|-
|Iténez
|21.353
|36.576
|Magdalena
|-
|}

 Sprog

Det dominerende sprog i departementet er spansk. Som i andre dele af Bolivia tales blandt de forskellige befolkningsgrupper flere forskellige sprog. Antallet af personer fordelt på sprog er følgende:

 Flora og fauna

I regionens mange floder er der fundet mere end 400 forskellige arter af fisk. Trinidad har et helt museum Museo Ictícola'' med udstillinger af de forskellige fiske-fauna i området. De mest forekommende fisk, der fanges og spises i området er pacu, tambaquí, surubí, palometa (en slags piranha), sábalo, bagre (en malle) og blanquillo. Der jages også alligatorer for deres skind og kød. Alligatorkød anses som en delikatesse og indgår i som en naturlig bestandel af køkkenet i regionen.

Beni eksporterer endvidere store mængder af tømmer. De seneste mange års begrænsning i mulighederne for skovning af tropisk træ har dog reduceret eksporten.

Beni er hjemsted for flere af Bolivias nationalparker, herunder: .

 Beni Estación Biológica
 Isiboro-Secure nationalpark
 Pilón Lajas

Kilder
 Gonzalez Moscoso, Rene. 1984. Enciclopedia Boliviana: Diccionario Geográfico Boliviano. Editorial "Los Amigos del Libro", La Paz. 278pp.

Noter

Eksterne links

 Bolivian Music and Web Varieties
 Departmental Government of Beni
 Beni Department
 Information om Beni departementet

Departementer i Bolivia
Etableret i 1842

Beni


Robert Pereira da Silva (født 10. april 1985) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashiwa Reysol.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Robert Pereira da Silva


Hans Schumm ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hans Schumm (Schauspieler) (1896–1990), deutscher Schauspieler
 Hans Schumm (Politiker) (1927–2007), deutscher Kommunalpolitiker

Hans Schumm


Der Rotgegürtelte Runzel-Milchling oder Rotgegürtelte Milchling (Lactarius rubrocinctus) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). Er ist ein mittelgroßer bis großer Milchling mit einem orangebraunen bis ockerorangefarbenen Hut, der im Alter oder bei Trockenheit radial runzelig wird. An der Stielspitze hat er häufig eine schmale, rotbraun gefärbte, ringförmige Zone. Der Milchling wächst auf kalk- und nährstoffreichen Böden bei Rotbuchen. Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen von Ende Juli bis Oktober.

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale
Der Hut ist 7–12 cm breit, jung flach gewölbt, bald ausgebreitet bis leicht niedergedrückt und mitunter fast trichterförmig vertieft. Die Oberfläche ist jung glatt, später zunehmend höckerig und radialrunzelig. Die Mitte kann fast gehirnartig gefaltet sein. Der Hut ist zuerst orange- bis ockerbraun gefärbt, dann mehr rötlich braun. Zum glatten und scharfen Hutrand hin ist der Hut meist blasser gefärbt. Die Hutmitte ist oft dunkel- bis schwarzbraun gefleckt.

Die breit angewachsenen bis herablaufenden Lamellen sind jung cremefarben und später rosabräunlich bis rötlich braun, werden sie gedrückt, laufen sie braunviolett an. Sie sind häufig gegabelt und haben eine glatte Schneide. Das Sporenpulver ist weißlich-gelb bis cremefarben.

Der zylindrische, anfangs schwammige und später meist hohle Stiel ist 3–7 cm lang und 0,8–2,5 cm breit. Die Stielbasis kann teilweise etwas verjüngt sein. Er ist ähnlich gefärbt wie der Hut oder blasser, jung hell orangebraun, später weinbraun und dabei oft dunkel rotbraun punktiert. Typisch ist eine auffällige, rötliche bis dunkel weinbraune, kragenähnliche Zone unmittelbar am Lamellenansatz. Dort ist der Stiel auch oft in Fortsetzung der Lamellen leicht gestreift.

Das blasse bis cremefarbene, ziemlich feste Fleisch ist unter der Huthaut rotbraun gefärbt. Es riecht mehr oder weniger gummi- oder wanzenartig, ähnlich wie der Eichen-Milchling (Lactarius quietus), wenn auch nicht ganz so stark. Der Geschmack ist mild bis bitterlich und adstringierend, nach längerem Kauen kann es auch etwas scharf schmecken. Die Milch ist weiß und unveränderlich. Auch sie schmeckt mild, aber oft, wie auch das Fleisch, bitter und schwach adstringierend.

Mikroskopische Merkmale
Das Sporenornament besteht aus 0,5–1,0 (–1,2) µm hohen, gratig verlängerten Warzen und kurzen gratigen Rippen, die über feinere Linien miteinander zu einem sehr unvollständigen, leicht zebrastreifigen Netz verbunden sind. Geschlossene Maschen kommen nur sehr spärlich vor, während isoliert stehende Warzen häufig sind. Der Hilarfleck ist meist inamyloid.

Die meist viersporigen und ziemlich keuligen Basidien messen 30–51 × 8–13 µm. Pleuromakrozystiden kommen recht zahlreich vor. Sie sind 60–110 µm lang und 49–13,5 µm breit, spindelig, am oberen Ende spitz oder ziemlich spitz oder perlschnurartig eingeschnürt. Selten können die Pleuromakrozystiden auch gegabelt sein. Die Lamellenschneiden sind mehr oder weniger steril und mit zahlreichen, spindeligen bis pfriemförmigen Cheilomakrozystiden besetzt, die 25–85 µm lang und 5–11 (–13) µm breit sind. Das obere Ende ist spitz oder perlenkettenartig geschnürt und manchmal gegabelt.

Die Huthaut (Pileipellis) ist ein Hyphoepithelium oder ein Hymenoepithelium, das aus rundlichen bis ovalen oder birnenförmigen, 10–38 µm langen und 10–25 µm breiten Zellen besteht. Die Hyphenenden sind 20–70 µm lang und 3,5–10 µm breit und zylindrisch bis spindlig oder sackförmig bis keulig. Die Subpellis ist deutlich ausgebildet und besteht aus 20–25 (–35) µm breiten, runden bis mehr oder weniger isodiametrischen Zellen.

Artabgrenzung
Der seltene Milchling hat einige recht typische Merkmale, sodass man ihn von einigen recht ähnlichen Arten unterscheiden kann. Der ziemlich robuste Fruchtkörper hat bei Reife einen orangebraunen, runzeligen Hut und Lamellen, die sich auf Druck violettrot verfärben. Ebenfalls sehr typisch ist die kragenähnliche, weinbraune Ringzone an der Stielspitze. Mikroskopisch unterscheidet sich der Milchling von ähnlichen Arten durch die zellige Struktur der Huthaut, die langen Makrozystiden sowie die fast isoliert-warzigen Sporen, deren Rippen nicht oder nur sehr rudimentär netzartig verbundenen sind.

Besonders ähnlich ist der Orangefuchsige Milchling (Lactarius fulvissimus), dem aber die ringartige Zone an der Stielspitze fehlt und dessen Lamellen sich bei Verletzung nicht violettrot verfärben.

Ökologie
Der Rotgegürtelte Runzel-Milchling ist ein Mykorrhizapilz, der überwiegend mit Rotbuchen eine Partnerschaft eingeht. Man findet in auf frischen, mehr oder weniger kalkhaltigen, aber nährstoffarmen Böden in Rotbuchen- und Rotbuchen-Tannenwäldern. Selten wächst er unter eingestreuten Rotbuchen auch in Eschen-Bergahorn-Schatthang- oder Hainbuchen-Eichenwäldern. Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen einzeln bis gesellig von Ende Juli bis Oktober. Der Milchling kommt überwiegend kollin bis eumontan vor, steigt jedoch nicht über 900 m NN auf.

Verbreitung

Der Rotgegürtelte Runzel-Milchling ist eine rein europäische Art, die in Europa submeridional bis temperat verbreitet ist. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet entspricht dem der Rotbuche, seinem Mykorrhizapartner. In Südeuropa kann man die Art von Spanien über Italien bis in die Staaten des ehemaligen Jugoslawiens finden. Außerdem kommt der Milchling in Frankreich und Mitteleuropa vor. Im Norden wurde er im südlichen Norwegen und in Südschweden nachgewiesen.

In Deutschland kommt die Art locker gestreut in fast allen Bundesländern vor, in vielen Bundesländern ist er aber extrem selten. Im Hügel- und Bergland über Kalk ist der Milchling etwas häufiger, weshalb die Art im südlichen Deutschland etwas stärker verbreitet ist. Die Bestände sind infolge von Absauerung und Eutrophierung der Waldböden seit Jahren tendenziell rückläufig. Insgesamt ist die Art in Deutschland selten bis sehr zerstreut. Auch in der Schweiz ist der Milchling eher selten.

Systematik
Der Milchling wurde 1863 von Elias Magnus Fries als Lactarius rubrocinctus beschrieben. 1891 stellte Kuntze die Art als Lactifluus rubrocinctus in seine neu definierte Gattung Lactifluus.

Taxonomische Synonyme sind das 1960 durch Hora beschriebene Taxon Lactarius subsericeus, das 1954 durch Kühner beschriebene Taxon Lactarius iners und das Taxon Lactarius tithymalinus im Sinne von Neuhoff und Moser. Zu beachten ist, dass Neuhoff den Namen Lactarius rubrocinctus für das Taxon Lactarius fulvissimus den Orangefuchsigen Milchling verwendet. Das Artepitheton "rubrocinctus" leitet sich von rubrus (rot) und cingere (ring- oder gürtelartig umschließen) ab. Ein Hinweis auf die rötliche bis dunkel weinbraune, ringartige Zone, die die Stielspitze des Milchlings umgibt.

Infragenerische Systematik
Bon stellt den Rotgegürtelten Runzel-Milchling in die Sektion Mitissimi. Die Vertreter ähneln stark den Vertretern der Sektion Subdulces, aber ihre Hüte sind kräftiger orange gefärbt und die weiße Milch verfärbt sich auch nicht auf einem weißen Tuch. Heilmann-Clausen stellt den Milchling in die Sektion Tabidi die bei ihm in der Untergattung Russularia steht. Bei M. Basso steht der Täubling in die Sektion Ichorati, die in der Untergattung Rhysocybella steht.

Bedeutung
Der Milchling gilt als ungenießbar.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ungenießbarer Pilz
Milchlinge

Rotgegürtelter Runzel-Milchling


A Diocese de Tiruchirapalli (Latim:Dioecesis Tiruchirapolitanus) é uma diocese localizada no município de Tiruchirapalli, no estado de Tâmil Nadu, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Madurai na Índia. Foi fundada em 8 de julho de 1836 pelo Papa Gregório XVI como Vicariato Apostólico de Madurai e Costa de Coromandel. Com uma população católica de 273.744 habitantes, sendo 11,4% da população total, possui 73 paróquias com dados de 2020.

História

Em 8 de julho de 1836 o Papa Gregório XVI cria o Vicariato Apostólico de Madurai e Costa de Coromandel através do território da Diocese de São Tomé de Meliapor. Em 1850 o vicariato apostólico perde território para a formação do Vicariato Apostólico de Coimbatore e do Vicariato Apostólico de Mysore. Em 1886 o Vicariato Apostólico de Madurai e Costa de Coromandel é elevado a Diocese de Madurai. Em 1887 a diocese tem seu nome alterado para Diocese de Trichinopoly. Em 1923 a diocese perde território para a formação da Diocese de Tuticorin. Em 1938 perde novamente território, dessa vez para a formação da Diocese de Madura. Em 1950 a Diocese de Trichinopoly tem seu nome alterado para Diocese de Tiruchirapalli. Por fim, em 2003 a Diocese de Tiruchirapalli juntamente com a Arquidiocese de Madurai perdem território para a formação da Diocese de Dindigul.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação do vicariato apostólico em 1836, em 1886 é elevado a diocese.

Ligações externas

Tiruchirapalli
Tiruchirapalli

Diocese de Tiruchirapalli


Verklag mich doch! ist eine Rechtsstreit-Pseudo-Doku-Soap, welche von 2011 bis 2014 bei VOX ausgestrahlt wurde und seit 2023 auf dem Fernsehsender RTL gezeigt wird.

Inhalt
In jeder Episode der Sendung wird ein einzelner Streitfall behandelt. Bei diesem handelt es sich um vorgebliche Alltagssituationen wie Streitigkeiten in der Nachbarschaft oder auf der Arbeitsstelle, aus denen zumeist strafrechtliche und/oder zivilrechtliche Konsequenzen entstehen.

Im Vorspann werden zunächst die Ausgangssituation, die beteiligten Personen und das Hauptthema kurz vorgestellt. Im Anschluss erfolgt die ausführliche Darstellung des Streitfalles sowie verschiedener Entwicklungen und Nebenhandlungen, die sich thematisch teils deutlich von der eigentlichen Problematik abheben können. In der Regel verlaufen die einzelnen Episoden nach dem Schema, dass der Protagonist in diverse Probleme verwickelt wird und zunächst ungerechtfertigte (juristische) Nachteile in Kauf nehmen muss, bevor sich die Situation für den Protagonisten langsam zum Positiven wendet und die tatsächlichen Verantwortlichen überführt werden können. Im Abspann werden schließlich die juristischen Folgen für alle Beteiligten geschildert.

Wichtige Geschehnisse und Handlungen werden dabei in Einblendungen von einem der Anwälte Karsten Dusse, Matthias Klagge oder Funda Bıçakoğlu aus juristischem Blickwinkel kommentiert.

Konzept
Analog zu anderen Scripted Reality-Formaten sind auch die in Verklag mich doch! dargestellten Fälle allesamt fiktiv und die handelnden Personen frei erfunden, wobei Letzteres auch am Ende jeder Episode in einem Text eingeblendet wird. Die Handlungen werden nach einem genauen Drehbuch von Laiendarstellern gespielt. Beim Zuschauer soll durch Zulassen von Versprechern, Sprechpausen oder Durcheinanderreden der Eindruck erweckt werden, es handele sich um eine normale Doku-Soap. Einzig bei den oben genannten Anwälten handelt es sich um reale Personen und tatsächliche Juristen.

Produktion und Ausstrahlung
Die Sendung wurde am 28. November 2011 erstmals vom deutschen Privatsender VOX ausgestrahlt. Die Produktion der Sendung wurde 2013 eingestellt; bis Mitte 2014 wurden noch die bereits vorproduzierten Episoden ausgestrahlt. Auf VOXup werden heute noch Wiederholungen gesendet. Seit dem 2. Oktober 2023 laufen neue Episoden der Serie im Nachmittagsprogramm von RTL.

Ableger
Im Jahr 2012 startete VOX die Serie Hilf mir doch! als Ableger.

Weblinks
 Verklag mich doch! auf VOX.de

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Deutschland)
Fernsehsendung (VOX)
Scripted Reality
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 2020er Jahre
Fernsehsendung (RTL)

Verklag mich doch!


Der Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen ist ein dem Bezirksgericht Grieskirchen unterstehender Gerichtsbezirk im politischen Bezirk Grieskirchen (Bundesland Oberösterreich).

Geschichte
Der Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen wurde durch einen Erlass des k.k. Oberlandesgerichtes Linz am 4. Juli 1850 geschaffen und umfasste ursprünglich die 32 Steuergemeinden Atschenbach, Damberg, Enzendorf, Forsthof, Gallspach, Gassen, Grieskirchen, Hofkirchen, Keneding, Korntnerberg, Mangelburg, Mauer, Mödlbach, Neumarkt, Parz, Pfleg, Pötting, Pollham, Roith, Sankt Georgen, Schalbach, Schlüsselberg, Schönau, Spielmansberg, Still, Tollet, Tolleterau, Tratteneck, Uttenthal, Wallern, Weinberg und Wiedeldorf (bzw. die heutigen Gemeinden Bad Schallerbach, Gallspach, Grieskirchen, Hofkirchen an der Trattnach, Neumarkt im Hausruckkreis, Pollham, Pötting, Sankt Georgen bei Grieskirchen, Schlüßlberg, Taufkirchen an der Trattnach, Tollet und Wallern an der Trattnach).

Der Gerichtsbezirk bildete im Zuge der Trennung der politischen von der judikativen Verwaltung
ab 1868 gemeinsam mit den Gerichtsbezirken Eferding, Lambach, Waizenkirchen und Wels den Bezirk Wels.

Per 1. Juni 1870 wurde dem Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen die Gemeinde Meggenhofen zugewiesen, die aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Lambach ausgeschieden worden war.

1907 wurde die Gemeinde Steinerkirchen am Innbach (heute Gemeinde Kematen am Innbach) aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Lambach ausgeschieden und Grieskirchen zugewiesen.

1911 wurde aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen gemeinsam mit dem Gerichtsbezirk Peuerbach und dem Gerichtsbezirk Haag am Hausruck der Bezirk Grieskirchen gebildet, wobei die Bezirkshauptmannschaft per 1. Juli 1911 seine Tätigkeit aufnahm.

Durch die Auflösung des Gerichtsbezirks Waizenkirchen im Bezirk Eferding wurden die Gemeinden des Gerichtsbezirks Waizenkirchen auf die Gerichtsbezirke Eferding, Grieskirchen und Peuerbach aufgeteilt, wobei dem Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen die Gemeinden Michaelnbach und St. Thomas zufielen.

Mit der Bezirksgerichts-Verordnung der Österreichischen Bundesregierung am 12. November 2002 wurde die Auflösung des Gerichtsbezirks Haag am Hausruck und die Zuweisung des Gebietes zum Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen beschlossen. Mit dem 1. Jänner 2003 trat die Verordnung in Kraft.
Dadurch wurde der Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen um die Gemeinden Aistersheim, Gaspoltshofen, Geboltskirchen, Haag am Hausruck, Pram, Rottenbach, Weibern und Wendling erweitert.

Am 1. Jänner 2014 wurde der Gerichtsbezirk Peuerbach aufgelöst und die Gemeinden Bruck-Waasen, Kallham, Peuerbach, Steegen und Waizenkirchen wurden dem Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen zugewiesen.

Gerichtssprengel
Der Gerichtssprengel umfasst seit 2018 mit den 28 Gemeinden Aistersheim, Bad Schallerbach, Gallspach, Gaspoltshofen, Geboltskirchen, Grieskirchen, Haag am Hausruck, Hofkirchen an der Trattnach, Kallham, Kematen am Innbach, Meggenhofen, Michaelnbach, Neumarkt im Hausruckkreis, Peuerbach, Pollham, Pötting, Pram, Rottenbach, Sankt Georgen bei Grieskirchen, Sankt Thomas, Schlüßlberg, Steegen, Taufkirchen an der Trattnach, Tollet, Wallern an der Trattnach, Waizenkirchen, Weibern und Wendling den südlichen Teil des Bezirkes Grieskirchen.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Statistik Austria: Ortsverzeichnis Oberösterreich 2005

Einzelnachweise

Bezirk Grieskirchen
Grieskirchen

Gerichtsbezirk Grieskirchen


The president of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is the head of state of Trinidad and Tobago and the commander-in-chief of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1976, before which the head of state was the Queen of Trinidad and Tobago, Elizabeth II. The last governor-general, Sir Ellis Clarke, was sworn in as the first president on 1 August 1976 under a transitional arrangement. He was formally chosen as president by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament on 24 September 1976, which is now celebrated as Republic Day.

The president's post was one of many temporarily suspended during the Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt lasting from 27 July 1990 - 1 August 1990 when it resumed. The current president of Trinidad and Tobago is Christine Kangaloo.

History
On 12 December 1969, at a sitting of the House of Representatives, the prime minister moved a motion on constitutional reform. He suggested that the House approve the appointment of a joint select committee of Parliament which would include representatives of all parties to consider whether it was desirable for Trinidad and Tobago to become a republic.

On 9 October 1970, the commission was appointed. They met once on 19 October 1970. However, in its report to Parliament, the committee stated that it wasn't able to complete consideration of the subject matter entrusted to it and recommended that in the following session a committee be appointed to complete action on this matter.

Hochoy announced the Government's decision to appoint a constitutional commission, which was mandated to make recommendations for the revision of the constitution and also to produce a draft constitution based on its enquiry. Two years and six months later, in 1974, the complete report with recommendations, and the draft constitution were presented to the Governor-General on 22 January.

On 13 June 1975, Prime Minister Dr. Eric Williams laid the draft constitution of the republic in Parliament. Both houses of Parliament passed the Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Act on 26 March 1976. Just before the voting, most of the opposition leaders left the chamber in protest. There was also an attempt to stop the Governor-General's assent to the bill, through a motion filed by a private citizen in the San Fernando Supreme Court, but it failed. The bill was assented to on 29 March by the Governor-General.

The new constitution was adopted on 1 August 1976, when Trinidad and Tobago became a republic within the Commonwealth with a president as its head of state.

Upon proclamation of the republic, the monarchy and the post of governor-general were abolished. Ellis Clarke, the last governor-general, was sworn in as the country's first president.

Electoral method
The President of Trinidad and Tobago is indirectly elected for a 5-year term by an electoral college comprising all 41 members of the House of Representatives and all 31 members of the Senate, plus the speakers of both chambers.

The president must be at least 35 years old (although no president has been younger than 59), a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, and at the time of nomination must have been resident in the country for an unbroken period of ten years.

To win the election a candidate must gain a plurality of votes cast, whereby a quorum comprising the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 10 Senators and 12 other member of the House of Representatives must be met for the election to be considered valid. If only one candidate should be nominated to run in the election, he or she shall be considered to have been elected president without the need for a vote to take place.

The oath for the due execution of the office of president is:

Constitutional role

The 1976 Constitution gives the country a Westminster parliamentary system of government based on that of the United Kingdom, wherein the role of the head of state is both legal and practical. Similarly to other parliamentary republics in the Commonwealth of Nations such as India and Barbados, but unlike continental European parliamentary states such as Germany and Italy, the president of Trinidad and Tobago is formally vested with great constitutional power extending to all three branches of government. Like the British sovereign (and heads of state in other Westminster systems), the president "reigns but does not rule". In practice, executive authority is exercised by the prime minister and his or her cabinet, on behalf of the president as per the as per the amended constitution, which states the president "shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet" except in certain circumstances, usually described as the reserve powers.

Executive powers
Under the amended constitution, the president is the nominal source of executive power. One of the main duties of the president is to appoint a prime minister, who thereafter heads the cabinet and advises the president on how to execute their executive powers over all aspects of government operations and foreign affairs. The president's role is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments and agencies operate, while the Cabinet directs the use of the president's executive power, which includes the privilege to declare war, as well as to summon and prorogue parliament and call elections.

However, it is important to note that the president's executive powers belongs to the president and not to any of the ministers, though it might have sometimes appeared that way, and the constitution allows the president to unilaterally use these powers in relation to the dismissal of a prime minister, dissolution of parliament, and removal of a judge in exceptional, constitutional crisis situations.

The president, to maintain the stability of the government of Trinidad and Tobago, appoints as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Representatives. The president additionally appoints other ministers, on the advice of the prime minister. The president is remains fully briefed through regular communications from the cabinet.

Foreign affairs
The president's executive power also extends to foreign affairs: the president may negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with their Cabinet However, The president, also accredits Trinidad and Tobago High Commissioners and ambassadors, and receives diplomats from foreign states.

Parliament

The president, along with the Senate and the House of Representatives, is one of the three components of parliament. Since the president is almost always required to act on the advice of the cabinet, the president's role in the legislative process is limited to assenting to bills and signing them into law. However, the president has the absolute power to withhold assent to Bills passed by Parliament (i.e. to veto without parliamentary override).

Further, the Constitution outlines that the president is responsible for appointing senators — 16 Government Senators appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, 6 Opposition Senators appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and 9 Independent Senators appointed on the discretion of the President from outstanding persons who represent other sectors of civil society.

The president additionally summons, prorogues, and dissolves parliament; after the latter, the writs for a general election are usually dropped by the president at President's House. In practice, these powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the cabinet.

Judicial powers
The president has the right to appoint judges on the joint recommendation of the prime minister and leader of the opposition, and pardon offenders.

Cultural role
In addition to the formal constitutional role and with most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the president has a representative and ceremonial role, though the extent and nature of that role has depended on the expectations of the time, the individual in office at the time, the wishes of the incumbent government, and the individual's reputation in the wider community. Presidents generally become patrons of various charitable institutions, present honours and awards, host functions for various groups of people including ambassadors to and from other countries, and travel widely throughout Trinidad and Tobago. Also as part of international relations, the president issues the credentials (called letter of credence) of Trinidad and Tobago ambassadors and consuls, when they visit foreign nations.

Presence and duties

Official duties involve the president representing the state at home or abroad and participating in a government-organised ceremony either in Trinidad and Tobago or elsewhere. The president and/or his or her spouse have participated in events such as important milestones, anniversaries, or celebrations of Trinidad and Tobago culture; Independence Day; the openings of public events like sport games; award ceremonies; Remembrance Day commemorations; and the like.The president provides non-partisan leadership in the community, acting as patron of many charitable, service, sporting and cultural organisations, and attending functions throughout the country.The president also encourages, articulates and represents those things that unite Trinbagonians together. In this role, the president:

 frequently receives citizens on special occasions or celebrations, students of various schools, and visitors from other countries at President's House.
 attends church services, religious observances, and charitable, social, and civic events across the country.
 accepts patronage of many national, charitable, cultural, educational, sporting and professional organisations.
 issues congratulatory messages to organisations for special anniversaries and events, such as major national or international conferences, cultural festivals and sporting championships

Military duties

Under section 22 of the constitution, the president "...shall be the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces", consisting of the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment, the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard, the Trinidad and Tobago Air Guard and the Defence Force Reserves. The position technically involves issuing commands for Trinidad and Tobago troops, airmen, and sailors, though in practice the president does not play any part in the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force command structure other than following the advice of the Minister for Defence in the normal form of executive government. In practice the commander-in-chief is a ceremonial role in which the president will take part in military ceremonies, including, independence parades, inspections of the troops, and state arrival ceremonies for foreign heads of state.

Privileges

Salary
The president receives a monthly salary of $64,270TT, as of 2022.

Symbols
The presidential flag may be flown from a vehicle in which the president is travelling, or from a building in which the president is present or is residing. The flag in its present form was adopted in 1976 and is a blue field with the Trinidad and Tobago coat of arms surrounded by 11 petos on each side. It takes precedence over the national flag. The national flag is generally employed when the president undertakes a state visit abroad or on a national celebration. The national flag is also flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former president.

Precedence and title
In the Trinidad and Tobago order of precedence, the president outranks all other individuals. The president and their spouse are styled "His/Her Excellency" during the term in office, and the president their spouse are entitled to the style "His/Her Excellency" for life upon assuming the office. On presentation to the president, the correct form of address is "Your Excellency".

Residence

The official residence of the president is President's House, previously known as Government House when it was used by the governors-general and governors of the islands. Today, as well as being the President's private residence, the mansion is used for national awards and swearing-in ceremonies, as well as diplomatic receptions.

List of presidents

Under the 1976 Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the president replaced the monarch as head of state. The president was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate served as acting president.

See also
 First ladies and gentlemen of Trinidad and Tobago
 List of governors of Trinidad and Tobago
 List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago
 List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago

References

External links
 The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

Government of Trinidad and Tobago
1976 establishments in Trinidad and Tobago

President of Trinidad and Tobago


Hüsün ve Şiir (veya Hüsn ü Şiir), Nisan - Ekim 1910'da ilk üç sayısı Manastır'da, son beş sayısı Selanik'te olmak üzere toplam 8 sayı yayınlanmış edebiyat ve bilim dergisi.

5. sayıdan itibaren derginin başlığına "Musavver" (resimli) kelimesi eklenmiştir.

Derginin kurucuları ve sahipleri İsmail Suphi (daha sonra alacağı ve bugün daha çok tanındığı ismiyle Suphi Ethem) ve Hüseyin Hüsnü Beylerdir. İlk üç sayının sorumlu müdürü İsmail Hakkı Bey, son beş sayının sorumlu müdürü ise Abdullah Feyzi Bey'dir.

"Hüsün ve Şiir" daha çok, genç Rumelili aydınların yazdığı bir yayın organıdır. Derginin önemli yazarları arasında, (başyazar) Ali Canip Bey, İsmail Suphi (Suphi Ethem), Mustafa Nermi, Âkil Koyuncu, Kâzım Nami, Rasim Haşmet, Ömer Seyfettin Beyler vardır.

"Hüsün ve Şiir", yayınlandığı dönemde Rumeli'nin tek Türk edebiyat ve bilim dergisi olması açısından Türk basın tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ayrıca, "Genç Kalemler" dergisinin öncülü olması açısından da dikkate değerdir. "Hüsün ve Şiir" 8 sayı çıktıktan sonra ismi "Genç Kalemler" olarak değiştirilmiş ve "Genç Kalemler"in ilk sayısı, "Hüsün ve Şiir"in devamı olarak "1-9" şeklinde numaralandırılarak yayımlanmıştır. Derginin ismiyle birlikte sahipliği ve sorumlu müdürü de değişmiştir. Bununla beraber, içerik itibarıyla "Genç Kalemler"in birinci cildinin "Hüsün ve Şiir"den belirgin bir farklılığı olduğu söylenemez. Başyazarı ve yazar kadrosunun önemli bir bölümü de aynı kalmıştır.

"Hüsün ve Şiir" daha ziyade bir edebiyat dergisi olarak tanınsa da çok daha kapsamlı bir içeriğe sahiptir. Telif ve tercüme edebî ürünler dışında; toplumbilim, Darwin'in Evrim Kuramı, yabancı edebiyatlar (Latin edebiyatı tarihi, Çin ve Batı edebiyatları), anarşizm, eğitim ve kadın, güncel siyaset ve müzik derginin ilgi gösterdiği ve görece kapsamlı şekilde ele aldığı konu başlıklarıdır. "Hüsün ve Şiir"in isminin değiştirilmesi de bu isim ile dergi içeriğinin uyumsuzluğundan kaynaklanmıştır.

Osmanlı dergileri
1910'da kurulan yayınlar

Hüsün ve Şiir


York City Football Club is a professional association football club based in the city of York, North Yorkshire, England. The team compete in the National League, the fifth level of the English football league system, as of the 2023–24 season.

Founded in 1922, the club played seven seasons in non-League football before joining the Football League. York played in the Third Division North and Fourth Division until 1959, when they were promoted for the first time. York achieved their best run in the FA Cup in 1954–55, when they met Newcastle United in the semi-final. They fluctuated between the Third and Fourth Divisions, before spending two seasons in the Second Division in the 1970s. York first played at Wembley Stadium in 1993, when they won the Third Division play-off final. At the end of 2003–04, they lost their Football League status after being relegated from the Third Division. The 2011–12 FA Trophy was the first national knockout competition won by York, and they returned to the Football League that season before being relegated back into non-League football in 2016.

York are nicknamed the Minstermen, after York Minster, and the team traditionally play in red kits. They played at Fulfordgate from 1922 to 1932, when they moved to Bootham Crescent, their home for 88 years. This ground had been subject to numerous improvements over the years, but the club lost ownership of it when it was transferred to a holding company in 1999. York bought it back five years later, but the terms of the loan used to do so necessitated a move to a new ground. They moved into their current ground, the York Community Stadium, in 2021. York have had rivalries with numerous clubs, but their traditional rivals are Hull City and Scarborough. The club's record appearance holder is Barry Jackson, who made 539 appearances, while their leading scorer is Norman Wilkinson, with 143 goals.

History

1922–1946: Foundation and establishment in Football League

The club was founded with the formation of the York City Association Football and Athletic Club Limited in May 1922 and subsequently gained admission to the Midland League. York ranked in 19th place in 1922–23 and 1923–24, and entered the FA Cup for the first time in the latter. York played in the Midland League for seven seasons, achieving a highest finish of sixth, in 1924–25 and 1926–27. They surpassed the qualifying rounds of the FA Cup for the first time in 1926–27, when they were beaten 2–1 by Second Division club Grimsby Town in the second round. The club made its first serious attempt for election to the Football League in May 1927, but this was unsuccessful as Barrow and Accrington Stanley were re-elected. However, the club was successful two years later, being elected to the Football League in June 1929 to replace Ashington in the Third Division North.

York won 2–0 against Wigan Borough in their first match in the Football League, and finished 1929–30 sixth in the Third Division North. Three years later, York only avoided having to seek re-election after winning the last match of 1932–33. In the 1937–38 FA Cup, they eliminated First Division teams West Bromwich Albion and Middlesbrough, and drew 0–0 at home to Huddersfield Town in the sixth round, before losing the replay 2–1 at Leeds Road. York had been challenging for promotion in 1937–38 before faltering in the closing weeks, and in the following season only avoided having to apply for re-election with victory in the penultimate match. They participated in the regional competitions organised by the Football League upon the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939. York played in wartime competitions for seven seasons, and in 1942 won the Combined Counties Cup.

1946–1981: FA Cup run, promotion and relegations

Peacetime football resumed in 1946–47 and York finished the next three seasons in midtable. However, they were forced to apply for re-election for the first time after finishing bottom of the Third Division North in 1949–50. York pursued promotion in 1952–53, before finishing fourth with 53 points, which were new club records in the Football League. The club's longest cup run came when they reached the semi-final of the 1954–55 FA Cup, a campaign in which Arthur Bottom scored eight goals. In the semi-final, York drew 1–1 with Newcastle United at Hillsborough, before being beaten 2–0 at Roker Park in the replay. This meant York had become the first third-tier club to play in an FA Cup semi-final replay. With a 13th-place finish in 1957–58, York became founder members of the Fourth Division, while the clubs finishing in the top half of the North and South sections formed the new Third Division.

York only missed out on the runners-up spot in 1958–59 on goal average, and were promoted for the first time in third place. However, they were relegated from the Third Division after just one season in 1959–60. York's best run in the League Cup came in 1961–62, the competition's second season, after reaching the fifth round. They were beaten 2–1 by divisional rivals Rochdale. York had to apply for re-election for the second time after finishing 22nd in 1963–64, but achieved a second promotion the next season, again in third place in the Fourth Division. York were again relegated after one season, finishing bottom of the Third Division in 1965–66. The club was forced to apply for re-election in three successive seasons, from 1966–67 to 1968–69, after finishing in the bottom four of the Fourth Division in each of those season. York's record of earning promotion every six years was maintained in 1970–71, with a fourth-place finish in the Fourth Division.

York avoided relegation from the Third Division in 1971–72 and 1972–73, albeit only on goal average in both seasons. After these two seasons they hit form in 1973–74, when "three up, three down" was introduced to the top three divisions. After being among the leaders most of the season, York were promoted to the Second Division for the first time in third place. The club's highest-ever league placing was achieved in mid October 1974 when York were fifth in the Second Division, and they finished 1974–75 in 15th place. York finished in 21st place the following season, and were relegated back to the Third Division. York dropped further still, being relegated in 1976–77 after finishing bottom of the Third Division. The 1977–78 season culminated in the club being forced to apply for re-election for the sixth time, after ranking third from bottom in the Fourth Division. Two midtable finishes followed before York made their seventh application for re-election, after they finished bottom of the Fourth Division in 1980–81.

1981–2004: Further promotions and relegation from Football League

In 1981–82, York endured a club-record run of 12 home matches without victory, but only missed out on promotion in 1982–83 due to their poor away form in the second half of the season. York won the Fourth Division championship with 101 points in 1983–84, becoming the first Football League team to achieve a three-figure points total in a season. In January 1985, York recorded a 1–0 home victory over First Division Arsenal in the fourth round of the 1984–85 FA Cup, courtesy of an 89th-minute penalty scored by Keith Houchen. They proceeded to draw 1–1 at home with European Cup holders Liverpool in February 1985, but lost 7–0 in the replay at Anfield; York's record cup defeat. The teams met again in the following season's FA Cup, and after another 1–1 home draw, Liverpool won 3–1 in the replay after extra time at Anfield. Their finish of seventh in the Third Division in 1985–86 marked the fifth consecutive season York had improved their end-of-season league ranking.

York only avoided relegation with a draw in the last match of 1986–87, but did go down the following season after finishing second from bottom in the Third Division. In 1992–93, York ended a five-year spell in the Third Division by gaining promotion to the Second Division via the play-offs. Crewe Alexandra were beaten in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium, with a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory following a 1–1 extra time draw. York reached the Second Division play-offs at the first attempt, but lost 1–0 on aggregate to Stockport County in the semi-final. York recorded a 4–3 aggregate victory in the 1995–96 League Cup second round over the eventual Premier League and FA Cup double winners Manchester United. This included a 3–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford against a strong United team that included some younger players, and a more experienced United team was unable to overcome the deficit in the second leg, York losing 3–1. They then beat Everton in the second round of the following season's League Cup; they drew the first leg 1–1 at Goodison Park, but won the second leg 3–2 at home.

York were relegated from the Second Division in 1998–99, after dropping into 21st place on the last day of the season. In December 2001, long-serving chairman Douglas Craig put the club and its ground up for sale for £4.5 million, before announcing that the club would resign from the Football League if a buyer was not found. Motor racing driver John Batchelor took over the club in March 2002, and by December the club had gone into administration. The Supporters' Trust (ST) bought the club in March 2003 after an offer of £100,000 as payment for £160,000 owed in tax was accepted by the Inland Revenue. Batchelor left having diverted almost all of the £400,000 received from a sponsorship deal with Persimmon to his racing team, and having failed to deliver on his promise of having ST members on the board. York failed to win any of their final 20 league fixtures in 2003–04 and finished bottom of the Third Division. This meant the club was relegated to the Football Conference, ending 75 years of Football League membership.

2004–present: Return to and relegation from Football League

York only avoided relegation late into their first Conference National season in 2004–05, before reaching the play-off semi-final in 2006–07, when they were beaten 2–1 on aggregate by Morecambe. Having only escaped relegation towards the end of 2008–09, York participated in the 2009 FA Trophy final, and were defeated 2–0 by Stevenage Borough at Wembley Stadium. They reached the 2010 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium, but were beaten 3–1 by Oxford United. York won their first national knockout competition two years later, after they beat Newport County 2–0 in the 2012 FA Trophy final at Wembley Stadium. A week later they earned promotion to League Two after they beat Luton Town 2–1 at Wembley Stadium in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off final, marking the club's return to the Football League after an eight-year absence.

York only secured survival from relegation late into 2012–13, their first season back in the Football League. They made the League Two play-offs the following season, and were beaten 1–0 on aggregate by Fleetwood Town in the semi-final. However, York were relegated to the National League four years after returning to the Football League, with a bottom-place finish in League Two in 2015–16. York were further relegated to the National League North for the first time in 2016–17; however, they ended the season with a 3–2 win over Macclesfield Town at Wembley Stadium in the 2017 FA Trophy final. The club was promoted back to the National League at the end of the 2021–22 season via the play-offs, with a 2–0 victory over Boston United in the final. The ST purchased JM Packaging's 75% share of the club in July 2022 to regain its 100% shareholding, before transferring 51% of those shares to businessman Glen Henderson, who took over as chairman of the club.

Club identity
York are nicknamed "the Minstermen", in reference to York Minster. It is believed to have been coined by a journalist who came to watch the team during a successful cup run, and was only first used officially in literature in 1972. Before this, York were known as "the Robins", because of the team's red shirts. They were billed "the Happy Wanderers", after a popular song, at the time of their run in the 1954–55 FA Cup.

For most of the club's history, York have worn red shirts. However, in the club's first season, 1922–23, the kit comprised maroon shirts, white shorts and black socks were worn. Maroon and white striped shirts were worn for three years in the mid 1920s, before the maroon shirts returned. In 1933, York changed their maroon jerseys to chocolate and cream stripes, a reference to the city's association with the confectionery industry. After four years they changed their colours to what were described as "distinctive red shirts", with the official explanation that the striped jerseys clashed with opponents too often. York continued to don red shirts before a two-year spell of wearing all-white kits from 1967 to 1969.

York resumed wearing maroon shirts with white shorts in 1969. To mark their promotion to the Second Division in 1974, a bold white "Y" was added to the shirts, which became known as the "Y-fronts". Red shirts returned in 1978, along with the introduction of navy blue shorts. In 2004, the club dropped navy from the kits and instead used plain red and white, until 2008 when a kit mostly of navy was introduced. For 2007–08, the club brought in a third kit, which comprised light blue shirts and socks, with maroon shorts. A kit with purple shirts was introduced for a one-off appearance in the 2009 FA Trophy final. Red shirts returned in 2010, and have been worn with red, navy blue, light blue and white shorts.

York adopted the city's coat of arms as their crest upon the club's formation, although it only featured on the shirts from 1950 to 1951. In 1959, a second crest was introduced, in the form of a shield that contained York Minster, the White Rose of York and a robin. This crest never appeared on the shirts, but from 1969 to 1973 they bore the letters "YCFC" running upwards from left to right, and from 1974 to 1978 the "Y-fronts" shirts included a stylised badge in which the "Y" and "C" were combined. The shirts bore a new crest in 1978, which depicted Bootham Bar, two heraldic lions and the club name in all-white, and in 1983 this was updated into a coloured version.

When Batchelor took over the club in 2002, the crest was replaced by one signifying the club's new name of "York City Soccer Club" and held a chequered flag motif. After Batchelor's one-year period at the club, the name reverted to "York City Football Club" and a new logo was introduced. It was selected following a supporters' vote held by the club, and the successful design was made by Michael Elgie. The badge features five lions, four of which are navy blue and are placed on a white "Y" shaped background. The rest of the background is red with the fifth lion in white, placed between the top part of the "Y".

Tables of kit suppliers and shirt sponsors appear below:

Grounds

Fulfordgate

York's first ground was Fulfordgate, which was located on Heslington Lane, Fulford in the south-east of York. With the ground not ready, York played their first two home matches at Mille Crux, Haxby Road, before they took to the field at Fulfordgate for a 4–1 win over Mansfield Town on 20 September 1922. Fulfordgate was gradually improved; terracing replaced banking behind one of the goals, the covered Popular Stand was extended to house 1,000 supporters, and a small seated stand was erected. By the time of York's election to the Football League in 1929, the ground was estimated to hold a capacity of 17,000. However, attendances declined in York's second and third Football League seasons, and the directors blamed this on the ground's location. In April 1932, York's shareholders voted to move to Bootham Crescent, which had been vacated by York Cricket Club, on a 21-year lease. This site was located near the city centre, and had a significantly higher population living nearby than Fulfordgate.

Bootham Crescent

Bootham Crescent was renovated over the summer of 1932; the Main and Popular Stands were built and terraces were banked up behind the goals. The ground was officially opened on 31 August 1932, for York's 2–2 draw with Stockport County in the Third Division North. It was played before 8,106 supporters, and York's Tom Mitchell scored the first goal at the ground. There were teething problems in Bootham Crescent's early years: attendances were not higher than at Fulfordgate in its first four seasons, and there were questions over the quality of the pitch. In March 1938 the ground's record attendance was set when 28,123 people watched York play Huddersfield Town in the FA Cup. The ground endured slight damage during the Second World War, when bombs were dropped on houses along the Shipton Street End. Improvements were made shortly after the war ended, including the concreting of the banking at the Grosvenor Road End being completed.

With the club's finances in a strong position, York purchased Bootham Crescent for £4,075 in September 1948. Over the late 1940s and early 1950s, concreting was completed on the terracing in the Popular Stand and the Shipton Street End. The Main Stand was extended towards Shipton Street over the summer of 1955, and a year later a concrete wall was built at the Grosvenor Road End, as a safety precaution and as a support for additional banking and terracing. The ground was fitted with floodlights in 1959, which were officially switched on for a friendly against Newcastle United. The floodlights were updated and improved in 1980, and were officially switched on for a friendly with Grimsby Town. A gymnasium was built at the Grosvenor Road End in 1981, and two years later new offices for the manager, secretary, matchday and lottery manager were built, along with a vice-presidents' lounge.

During the early 1980s, the rear of the Grosvenor Road End was cordoned off as cracks had appeared in the rear wall, and this section of the ground was later segregated and allocated to away supporters. Extensive improvements were made over the mid 1980s, including new turnstiles, refurbished dressing rooms, new referees' changing room and physiotherapist's treatment room being readied, hospitality boxes being built to the Main Stand and crash barriers being strengthened. The David Longhurst Stand was constructed over the summer of 1991, and was named after the York player who collapsed and died from heart failure in a match a year earlier. It provided covered accommodation for supporters in what was previously the Shipton Street End, and was officially opened for a friendly match against Leeds United. In June 1995, new floodlights were installed, which were twice as powerful as the original floodlights.

In July 1999, York ceased ownership of Bootham Crescent when their real property assets were transferred to a holding company called Bootham Crescent Holdings. Craig announced the ground would close by 30 June 2002, and under Batchelor York's lease was replaced with one expiring in June 2003. In March 2003, York extended the lease to May 2004, and proceeded with plans to move to Huntington Stadium under the ownership of the Supporters' Trust. The club instead bought Bootham Crescent in February 2004, using a £2 million loan from the Football Stadia Improvement Fund (FSIF).

The ground was renamed KitKat Crescent in January 2005, as part of a sponsorship deal in which Nestlé made a donation to the club, although the ground was still commonly referred to as Bootham Crescent. The deal expired in January 2010, when Nestlé ended all their sponsorship arrangements with the club. There had not been any major investment in the ground since the 1990s, and it faced problems with holes in the Main Stand roof, crumbling in the Grosvenor Road End, drainage problems and toilet conditions.

York Community Stadium

Per the terms of the FSIF loan, the club was required to have identified a site for a new stadium by 2007, and have detailed planning permission by 2009, to avoid financial penalties. York failed to formally identify a site by the end of 2007, and by March 2008 plans had ground to a halt. In May 2008, City of York Council announced its commitment to building a community stadium, for use by York and the city's rugby league club, York City Knights. In July 2010, the option of building an all-seater stadium at Monks Cross in Huntington, on the site of Huntington Stadium, was chosen by the council. In August 2014, the council named GLL as the preferred bidder to deliver an 8,000 all-seater stadium, a leisure complex and a community hub. Construction started in December 2017, and after a number of delays, was completed in December 2020. The club officially moved into the stadium in January 2021, with the first match being a 3–1 defeat to AFC Fylde on 16 February, which was played behind closed doors because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. The stadium holds an all-seated capacity of 8,500.

Supporters and rivalries

The club has a number of domestic supporters' groups, including the East Riding Minstermen, Harrogate Minstermen, York Minstermen, York City South and the Supporters' Trust. The now-disbanded group Jorvik Reds, who were primarily inspired by the continental ultras movement, were known for staging pre-match displays. The York Nomad Society is the hooligan firm associated with the club.

For home matches, the club produces a 60-page official match programme, entitled The Citizen. York have been the subject of a number of independent supporters' fanzines, including Terrace Talk, In The City, New Frontiers, Johnny Ward's Eyes, Ginner's Left Foot, RaBTaT and Y Front. The club mascot is a lion named Yorkie the Lion and he is known for performing comic antics before matches. John Sentamu, the Archbishop of York, became the club patron for 2007–08, having become a regular spectator at home matches as a season ticket holder.

The 2003 Football Fans Census revealed that no other team's supporters considered York to be among their club's main rivals. Traditionally, York's two main rivalries have been with Hull City and Scarborough. While York fans saw Hull as their main rival, this was not reciprocated by the East Yorkshire club, who saw Leeds United as their main rival. York also had a rivalry with Halifax Town and they were the team most local to York when the two played in the Conference. A rivalry with Luton Town developed during the club's final years in the Conference as both clubs met regularly in crucial matches, accompanied by a series of incidents involving crowd trouble, contentious transfers, and complaints about the behaviour of directors.

Records and statistics

The record for the most appearances for York is held by Barry Jackson, who played 539 matches in all competitions. Jackson also holds the record for the most league appearances for the club, with 428. Norman Wilkinson is the club's top goalscorer with 143 goals in all competitions, which includes 127 in the league and 16 in the FA Cup. Six players, Keith Walwyn, Billy Fenton, Alf Patrick, Paul Aimson, Arthur Bottom and Tom Fenoughty, have also scored more than 100 goals for the club.

The first player to be capped at international level while playing for York was Eamon Dunphy, when he made his debut for the Republic of Ireland against Spain on 10 November 1965. The most capped player is Peter Scott, who earned seven caps for Northern Ireland while at the club. The first York player to score in an international match was Anthony Straker, who scored for Grenada against Haiti on 4 September 2015.

York's largest victory was a 9–1 win over Southport in the Third Division North in 1957, while the heaviest loss was 12–0 to Chester City in 1936 in the same division. Their widest victory margin in the FA Cup is by six goals, which was achieved five times. These were 7–1 wins over Horsforth in 1924, Stockton Malleable in 1927 and Stockton in 1928, and 6–0 wins over South Shields in 1968 and Rushall Olympic in 2007. York's record defeat in the FA Cup was 7–0 to Liverpool in 1985.

The club's highest attendance at their former Fulfordgate ground was 12,721 against Sheffield United in the FA Cup on 14 January 1931, while the lowest was 1,500 against Maltby Main on 23 September 1925 in the same competition. Their highest attendance at Bootham Crescent was 28,123, for an FA Cup match against Huddersfield Town on 5 March 1938; the lowest was 608 against Mansfield Town in the Conference League Cup on 4 November 2008.

The highest transfer fee received for a York player is £950,000 from Sheffield Wednesday for Richard Cresswell on 25 March 1999, while the most expensive player bought is Adrian Randall, who cost £140,000 from Burnley on 28 December 1995. The youngest player to play for the club is Reg Stockill, who was aged 15 years and 281 days on his debut against Wigan Borough in the Third Division North on 29 August 1929. The oldest player is Paul Musselwhite, who played his last match aged 43 years and 127 days against Forest Green Rovers in the Conference on 28 April 2012.

Players

First-team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Squad correct as of 31 October 2023.

Former players

Clubmen of the Year

Club officials
Ownership

394 Sports (51%) / York City Supporters' Society (49%)

Board

Co-chairs: Julie-Anne Uggla and Matthew Uggla
Chief executive: Alastair Smith
Director: James Daniels

Management and backroom staff

Manager: Neal Ardley
Assistant manager: Neil Cox
Coaches: Tony McMahon and Rich Taylor
Goalkeeping coach: Joe Stead
Lead sports therapist: Lewis Bulmer
Head of recruitment: David Stockdale
Sports scientist: Paddy McLaughlin

Former managers

Honours
York City's honours include the following:

League
Third Division (level 3)
Promoted: 1973–74

Fourth Division / Third Division (level 4)
Champions: 1983–84
Promoted: 1958–59, 1964–65, 1970–71
Play-off winners: 1993

Conference Premier (level 5)
Play-off winners: 2012

National League North (level 6)
Play-off winners: 2022

Cup
FA Trophy
Winners: 2011–12, 2016–17
Runners-up: 2008–09

References
Infobox kits

Specific

External links

Association football clubs established in 1922
Football clubs in North Yorkshire
1922 establishments in England
Sport in York
Midland Football League (1889)
English Football League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom

York City F.C.


بلدية أُبال ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.824 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات قرطبة

أوبيخو (قرطبة)


Lophophorus é um género de aves da família Phasianidae.

Espécies
São reconhecidas três espécies:

 Monal-de-cauda-ruiva, Lophophorus impejanus
 Monal-de-cauda-branca, Lophophorus sclateri
 Monal-de-cauda-azul, Lophophorus lhuysii

Phasianidae
Lophophorus

Lophophorus


Aziz Yakup'un Yılı (Galiçyaca: Ano Santo Xacobeo), İsa'nın havarilerinden Zebedi oğlu Yakup'a (Santo Xacobeo, Santiago) adanan yıllara verilen isimdir.

25 Temmuz'un (Aziz Yakup'un Günü olarak kutlanır) Hristiyanlıkta kutsal olan pazar gününe denk geldiği yıllar, Año Santo Jacobeo unvanını alırlar. Bu olay 6-5-6-11 yıllık aralıklarla gerçekleşir. Yani her yüzyılda 14 defa Aziz Yakup'un Yılı kutlanır. Bu yıllarda Katolikler dini kutlamalara katılabilirler. Katılmak için şunları yapmak gerekir:

 Galiçya'da bulunan Santiago de Compostela Katedralini ziyaret ederler. İnanışa göre Zebedi oğlu Yakup'un kabri burada bulunmaktadır.
 Bazı duaları ve kutsal metinleri okurlar, Santa Misa'ya katılmak tavsiye edilir.
 Komünyon ve kefaret ayinlerine katılırlar. (toplamı 15 gün olmalıdır.)

Bu ibadeti gerçekleştirmekte aranan fazilet, işlenilen günahlardan arınmak ve günahlardan mutlak bir pişmanlık ve acı duymaktır.

Aziz Yakup'un Yılı ilk defa Papa Calixto II tarafından 1126 yılında kutlandı. En son iki kutlama 1999 ve 2004 yıllarında yapıldı, bir sonraki ise 2010 yılında olacaktır.

Kaynakça
 İspanyolca Vikipedi, 29 Eylül 2006 tarihli Año Santo Jacobeo maddesi

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hristiyanlık
 Galiçya

Galiçya (İspanya)
Hristiyan liturji, ayin ve ibadetleri
Dinî bayramlar
Temmuz'da belirli gün ve haftalar
Katolik dini bayramlar

Havari Yakup'un Yılı


O aulă este o sală de conferințe de mari dimensiuni într-o clădire publică (institut de cultură, universitate).
La unele universități se numește Aula Magna.

Originea aulei se află în arhitectura greacă și romană, aceasta fiind o intrare descoperită într-un edificiu important sau un peristil în interiorul caselor.

Etimologie
Substantivul românesc aulă are etimologie multiplă: : "curte interioară"; "încăperea principală", "atriu"; "curte a unui prinț", "palat" și : "aulă", "sală de festivități"

Note

Bibliografie
 G. Guțu, Dicționar latin-român, Editura Științifcă și Enciclopedică, București, 1983;
 Mihai Isbășescu, Dicționar german-român,  Editura Teora, București, 1993 ISBN 973-601-083-x
 Ioan Oprea, Carmen-Gabriela Pamfil, Rodica Radu, Victoria Zăstroiu, Noul dicționar universal al limbii române, Ediția a doua, Editura Litera Internațional, București - Chișinău, 2007 ISBN 978-973-675-307-7

Încăperi
Elemente arhitecturale

Aulă


Spring break, known variously as Easter vacation, Easter holiday, Easter break, spring vacation, mid-term break, study week, reading week, reading period, Easter week or March break, is a vacation period including Easter holidays in early Northern Hemisphere spring at universities and schools, which has been observed in Europe since the late 19th century, was introduced during the 1930s in the US, and is observed in many other countries.
Spring break is frequently associated with extensive gatherings and riotous partying in warm climate locations, attended regardless of participants' educational standings.

By country

Asia

Japan
In Japan, the spring break starts with the end of the academic year in late March and ends around April 7 with the beginning of a new academic year.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong follows the British tradition of an Easter break of about one and a half weeks.

Iran
In Iran, spring break starts at Nowruz and ends on Sizdah Bedar, All Iranians have the same spring break.

Macau
Macau follows the Portuguese tradition of Easter break.

South Korea
In South Korea, the spring break originally lasted for two weeks in February with the new school year starting afterwards in March. However, due to a change in the academic calendar in 2015, the spring break was changed to a 1-week break in the first week of May, around Children's Day (although some schools still keep it in February).

Colleges only take the Children's Day itself off.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, spring break usually refers to the consecutive days off of Tomb Sweeping Day and Children's Day.

UAE (United Arab Emirates)
In UAE, spring break is usually two or three weeks long from late March to early/middle of April. It usually depends on the school or the emirate.

Europe

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, only primary and secondary school students have a spring break. The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Czech Republic (Czechs usually travel to the mountains to ski there). The counties are divided into six groups, each group containing counties evenly distributed across the country. The first group starts the holiday on the first Monday of February, the last group starts the holiday five weeks later (usually in early March). The last group of counties becomes the first one to have the spring break the next year.

Georgia
Before 2017, the spring break in Georgia was typically an Easter holiday, lasting from Thursday to Tuesday in Holy Week. In 2017 Minister of Education and Science Aleksandre Jejelava instead set the period from March 8 to 15 as a holiday  for those in education, from preschool to university.

Germany
In Germany, universities typically schedule a semester break of five to eight weeks around March. The Whitsun (Pentecost) holidays around late May or early June are also considered a spring break.

Greece
In Greece, spring break takes place during Holy Week and the week following.

Lithuania
In Lithuania, spring break (called Easter holidays or spring holidays) takes place one week before Easter and one day after it (as it is the second day of Easter), all school students have this vacation. Primary school students have another week of holidays after Easter.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, a week-long break is given to high school students and students in higher education in the early stages of spring (February-March). There are regional differences between mostly the north and south of the country in when this break takes place, because of carnival, which is mostly celebrated in the southern parts of The Netherlands.

Portugal
In Portugal, spring break is mostly known as "Easter Holidays" and it gives two weeks to all students around the country.

Russia
Before 1917 there was an Easter Break in schools. In the Soviet Union, spring break was always from March 24 to 31. Now, many schools in Russia still have the spring break, but the exact date is decided by the school itself. In the majority of cases it is set in the middle of April. Also, the public holidays in May, connected with Labour day and Victory day, can be an accurate equivalent of the spring break.

Slovakia
Slovakia gives a week-long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the months of February and March. Instead of vacationing in warm weather destinations, the Slovaks mostly associate spring breaks with skiing. The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from region to region to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Slovak Republic. The regions are divided into three groups, the first group starts the holiday on the end of February, the last group starts the holiday two weeks later (in early March).

There is also another shorter Easter break from Holy Thursday to the following Tuesday.

Spain
In Spain, there is no spring break as such; Holy Week is celebrated, and students usually have holidays during these days.

United Kingdom
The Easter break in the United Kingdom is from two to three weeks around Easter (depending on the local council and school policy) for primary and secondary schools, and for two to four weeks for university students. Good Friday and Easter Monday (except in Scotland) are bank holidays, making a four-day long weekend for many adults.

North America

Canada
Canadian provinces give a one or two-week-long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the month of March, with the time varying from province to province; New Brunswick and Quebec, for example, place their March breaks during the first week of March; Nova Scotia, and British Columbia schedule theirs during the second or third week; the break in Alberta and Manitoba usually occurs in the last week of March. In Canada, spring Break for post-secondary students is called 'reading week' or 'reading break,' depending on the duration. However, the formal title of Mid-term Break has been the preferred generic term. Reading Week in Canada usually occurs in the month of February, usually coinciding with Family Day.

In primary and secondary school, this break is called 'March break' and in university/college it is usually 'reading week.' Neither example is commonly associated with the party culture of American spring break.

Jamaica
In Jamaica, the spring break starts in the first week of Good Friday. The break may range from one week to two weeks, often two. This break starts depending on which month the Easter holiday begins, March or April.

Mexico
In Mexico, spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it.

United States

In the mid-1930s, a swimming coach from Colgate University decided to take his team down to Florida for some early training at a brand-new Olympic-size pool in sunny Fort Lauderdale. The idea clicked with other college swim coaches and soon the spring training migration became an annual tradition for swimmers nationwide. Now, spring break is an academic tradition in various mostly western countries that is scheduled for different periods depending on the state and sometimes the region.

In the United States, spring break at universities, colleges, and many K-12 school systems can take place from March to April, depending on term dates and when Easter holiday falls. Spring break is usually a week or two long, although some schools  schedule it for the last week of March, with separate days off for the Easter holiday.

Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras
In Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, it takes place during Easter; schoolchildren have a week off, and teaching staff typically three days.

South America

Colombia
In Colombia, the Easter break is Holy Week and the following week, in the southern hemisphere autumn.

Chile
In Chile, many schools and universities take vacations in the middle of September in the southern hemisphere spring, coinciding with the celebration of the country's Patriotic Holidays.

Spring break festivals

Large annual spring break festivities take place in various countries, often in the form of music festivals and joined by special nightclub parties, beach activities and accommodation offers. People on the Easter break may travel to other countries.

Pacific
The South Pacific takes spring break in November. Some tour companies  charter out entire island resorts for the festivities.

Fiji
 Fiji

Cook Islands
 Rarotonga

Europe
European party destinations are increasingly becoming popular for international spring break guests. Tour agencies have cited the lower drinking ages in these places and that even then, they are rarely enforced. Some tour companies put on special chartered flights for spring break at discounted rates.

Croatia

 Novalja (Zrće Beach)

Germany
 Pouch
 Rugia (Binz/Prora) and Usedom islands (Kaiser Spa)

Greece
 Mykonos

Hungary
 Siófok (Lake Balaton)

Italy
 Rimini

Spain
 Ibiza
 Lloret de Mar
 Magaluf (Mallorca)
 Salou

North America

Caribbean
 Montego Bay, Jamaica
 Nassau, Bahamas
 Punta Cana, Dominican Republic

Mexico
 Acapulco
 Cancún
 Cabo San Lucas

United States
In the US, many people take the holiday off. The holiday is celebrated near Easter, and many families hold easter egg hunts, or celebrate with Easter activities.

Panama City Beach, Florida
Starting in the late '90s, Panama City Beach began advertising the destination hoping to attract crowds that had formerly gone to Fort Lauderdale and then Daytona Beach before those communities enacted restrictions.  From 2010 to 2016 an estimated 300,000 students traveled to the destination. The spawn of social media and digital marketing helped boost the beach town into a student mecca during March. Following well publicized shootings and a gang rape in 2015, several new ordinances were put into effect prohibiting drinking on the beach and establishing a bar closing time of 2 am. Central Time. Reports showed a drop in Panama City Beach's spring break turnout in March 2016 followed by increased family tourism in April 2016.  Both are attributed to the new ordinances by the Bay County Community Development Corporation (CDC).

Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Fort Lauderdale's reputation as a spring break destination for college students started when the Colgate University men's swim team arrived to practice there over Christmas break in 1934. Attracting approximately 20,000 college students in the 1950s, spring break was still known as 'Spring vacation' and was a relatively low key affair. This began to change when Glendon Swarthout's novel, Where the Boys Are was published in 1960, effectively ushering in modern spring break. Swarthout's 1960 novel was quickly made into a movie of the same title later that year, Where the Boys Are, in which college girls met boys while on spring break there. The number of visiting college students immediately jumped to over 50,000. By the early 1980s, Ft. Lauderdale was attracting between 250,000 and 350,000 college students per year during spring break. Residents of the Fort Lauderdale area became so upset at the damage done by college students that the local government passed laws restricting parties in 1985. At the same time, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted in the United States, requiring that Florida raise the minimum drinking age from 18 to 21 and inspiring many underage college vacationers to travel to other competing locations in the United States for spring break. By 1989, the number of college students traveling to Fort Lauderdale fell to 20,000, a far cry from the 350,000 who went four years prior.

South Padre Island, Texas
In the early 1980s, South Padre Island became the first location outside of Florida to draw a large number of college students for spring break. With only a few thousand residents, South Padre Island has consistently drawn between 80,000 and 120,000 spring breakers for the last 30 years.

Corporate marketing
It is common for major brands that cater to the youth market, such as Coca-Cola, Gillette, MTV, and branches of the United States Armed Forces, to market at spring break destinations.

See also
 Girls Gone Wild (franchise)
 Schoolies week
 Senior Week
 Wet T-shirt contest

References

External links

Types of secular holidays
Spring (season)
Student culture
Types of tourism

Spring break


Junatie est une rue des quartiers d'Hermanni et Sörnäinen à Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation
La Junatie est la route reliant Teollisuuskatu et l'Itäväylä et elle est l'une des principales voies routières d'Helsinki.
Elle commence à l'intersection de Teollisuuskatu et de Vääksyntie peu avant le pont d'Hämeentie et se termine à la station de métro Kalasatama dans l'Itäväylä.

Le métro d'Helsinki circule en une voie de surface au nord de Junatie.
À l'extrémité ouest de la rue se trouve le bâtiment d'entrepôt en briques rouges Sörnäinen kruununmakasiini, construit en 1892, à côté duquel Junatie se connecte à Lautatarhankatu.

La rue s'étend dans la section Hermanninmäki d'Hermanni et la section Kalasatama de Sörnäinen.

La rue Junatie est empruntée par les lignes de bus à haut niveau de service 500 et 510.

Bibliographie

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Junatie, carte des rues d'Helsinki

Liens internes

Rue à Helsinki
Hermanni
Kalasatama

Junatie (Helsinki)


Die Frühreifen ist ein deutsches Filmdrama von Josef von Báky aus dem Jahr 1957.

Handlung
Inge arbeitet in einem Warenhaus als Verkäuferin in der Abteilung für Damenmode. Sie leidet unter der Enge des Elternhauses, in dem gespart wird, da der cholerische Vater, ein Bergmann, von einem eigenen Haus im Grünen träumt. Sie verachtet das Leben im Ruhrgebiet, in dem die Luft stets rußschwarz ist. Außerdem ist sie in ihrer Beziehung zum Bergmann Wolfgang unzufrieden, der wie ihr Vater spart, um beiden später ein gemeinsames Leben zu ermöglichen. Ein plötzlicher Wandel tritt ein, als ihr Chef im Warenhaus eine Modenschau veranstaltet. Eine von ihm persönlich ausgesuchte Gruppe weiblicher Angestellter und Verkäuferinnen dürfen hierbei als Mannequins auftreten. Inge wird aufgrund ihrer Figur und ihres Aussehens gelobt und darf am Ende der Modenschau sogar das Hochzeitskleid präsentieren. Wolfgang will sie nach der Modenschau überraschen: hat er sich auch für sie ein Motorrad (auf Pump) gekauft. Inge ist jedoch kurz angebunden, da sie mit den anderen Mannequins nach der Modenschau vom gut situierten Günther zu einer Party bei ihm zu Hause eingeladen wurde ("sturmfreie Bude").

Günther gehört zu einer Gruppe verwöhnter reicher Jugendlicher, die sich ihre Freizeit neben der Schule gerne mit Autodiebstählen, Glücksspiel und Alkohol "aufpimpen". Günthers Eltern sind stets irgendwo auf Reisen, so dass er die elterliche Villa weitgehend allein bewohnt. Sein Freund Freddy wiederum ist Scheidungskind, lebt allein und ist von seinem Leben so gelangweilt, dass er sogar (im Gespräch mit Inge und Vikar Englert beiläufig erwähnt) Selbstmord als möglichen Ausweg ansieht. Auf der Party bei Günther erscheinen die "Mannequins" des Kaufhauses, aber auch die erst 15-jährige Hannelore, die auf Inges Bitte hin mitkommen durfte. Günther und die anderen verabreichen allen Frauen Alkohol. Er beginnt irgendwann, einige Mädchen ins Nebenzimmer zu bitten, wo er eine vorher auf seine Anweisung vorbereitete Filmkamera laufen lässt. Auch Hannelore darf allein ins Zimmer gehen und kommt nach einiger Zeit völlig überdreht wieder heraus. Als Günther die sich wehrende Inge ins Zimmer ziehen will, geht Freddy dazwischen. Er fährt Inge zu seiner Wohnung, doch sie läuft davon. Zu Hause angekommen erwartet sie, bereits außer sich ob des nächtlichen Ausfluges, ihr cholerischer Vater. Als er sieht, dass Inges Kleid am Dekolleté zerrissen ist, schlägt er sie. Inge flieht in ihr Zimmer, verschließt die Tür, packt daraufhin wütend ihre Sachen und geht. Ihre Mutter versucht vergeblich sie zum Bleiben zu bewegen.

Am nächsten Tag versucht Inge, im Warenhaus bei ihren Kolleginnen einen Platz für die Nacht zu organisieren, doch niemand kann oder will sie unterbringen. Nachts steht sie schließlich im strömenden Regen vor Freddys Haus. Der nimmt sie auf und organisiert ihr die Wohnung über seiner, da der Mieter gerade auf eine vierwöchige Reise geht. Zwar versucht Inges Mutter, sie im Warenhaus zur Rückkehr zu überreden, doch  Inge bleibt hart, da sie nicht nach Hause zu ihrem gewalttätigen Vater zurückkehren will. Als sie auch Wolfgang um Rat fragt und er ihr zuredet, zurück zu ihrer Familie zu gehen, trennt sich Inge von ihm. Sie lebt nun mit Freddy zusammen, der jedoch zunehmend von Inges Fürsorglichkeit / Spießbürgerlichkeit gelangweilt ist. Dazu kommt, dass auch der Geistliche der Gegend, Vikar Englert, mit Freddy und Inge ein ernstes Wort spricht. Im Laufe des Gespräches rät er unter anderem Freddy, endlich etwas aus seinem Leben zu machen, anstatt immer nur über die Elterngeneration zu schimpfen. Günther erzählt bei einem Tennisspiel, dass er anlässlich seines Geburtstages wieder eine große Feier in seinem Haus veranstalten werde. Für die Männer habe er ein besonderes Highlight: er will die Filmaufnahmen von Inges Kollegin Hannelore im geschlossenen Rahmen vorführen.

Zur Geburtstagsfeier erscheinen auch Inge und Freddy. Freddy zeigt Inge im Laufe des Abends deutlich, dass er von ihr gelangweilt ist und kündigt an, zu gehen. Inge solle sich doch Günther gefällig zeigen – Inge zieht sich weinend zurück. Hannelore, die in Günther ihre erste Liebe sieht, schenkt diesem zum Geburtstag einen Gartenzwerg, hat er ihr doch den Spitznamen "Gartenzwerg" gegeben. Höhnisch lachend zerstören Günther und seine Freunde das Geschenk vor den versammelten Gästen und ziehen sich anschließend zum Filme schauen zurück. Hannelore (bereits verletzt durch Günthers Reaktion auf ihr Geschenk) schaut heimlich durch ein Fenster zu und muss entsetzt feststellen, dass der Film sie zeigt, wie sie sich alkoholisiert vor der Kamera entkleidet. Völlig fassungslos und geschockt läuft sie davon. Die Feiergesellschaft findet sich kurze Zeit später erneut zusammen und angeheitert begeben sich alle mit zwei Autos zur Zeche, wo sie mit den Abraumloren (Seilbahn) Karussell fahren wollen. Inge fragt mehrfach nach, wo Hannelore sei, wird jedoch an eine der Loren gestoßen, die sich in Bewegung setzt. Sie hält sich reflexartig fest, hängt außen an der Lore, ruft um Hilfe, kann sich aber rechtzeitig fallen lassen, ohne dass ihr Schlimmeres passiert. Wolfgang und seine Freunde, die gerade Schichtende haben, kommen, durch Inges Hilferufe aufmerksam geworden, auf die Situation zu und wollen Günther und seine Freunde zur Rechenschaft ziehen. Nach einem kurzen Handgemenge kann die Feiergruppe in ihren Autos flüchten. Bei Günther zu Hause wartet bereits die Polizei und führt ihn und Inge aufs Revier. Günther und Inge sollen zu Hannelore aussagen, doch gibt Günther vor, sie kaum zu kennen. Vom verhörenden Beamten darauf angesprochen erwartet er zur Gegenüberstellung geführt zu werden. Inge begleitet ihn. Die Gegenüberstellung fällt allerdings ganz anders aus als beide sich gedacht hatten: Hannelore hat sich aus Verzweiflung und Scham vom zwölften Stock eines Hochhauses in den Tod gestürzt. Günther bricht zusammen und auch Inge besinnt sich. Sie macht sich auf den Weg zu ihrem Elternhaus, zögert aber hineinzugehen. In dieser Situation wird sie von Vikar Englert angetroffen. Der spricht kurz mit ihr, vergibt ihr zögernd, nachdem sie vom Tod Hannelores und ihrer Verzweiflung berichtet hat und schickt sie zuerst zur Aussöhnung zu Wolfgang auf die Zeche. Englert wiederum geht zu Inges Eltern und macht vor allem dem Vater klar, dass er seine Tochter zukünftig respekt- und verständnisvoller zu behandeln habe – wie auch seine Ehefrau.

Produktion
Die Frühreifen basiert auf dem Roman Wer glaubt schon an den Weihnachtsmann von Peter Heim und Klaus Bloehmer. Der Film wurde vom 29. Juli bis September 1957 in Essen gedreht. Er erlebte am 17. Oktober 1957 im Biberbau in Frankfurt am Main seine Premiere.

Peter Kraus singt im Film den Titel Ich will nicht wissen, woher du kommst von Erwin Halletz (Musik) und Hans Bradtke (Text).

Kritik
Der Spiegel schrieb anlässlich der Filmpremiere, dass im Film die Jugend "aus Hallodris mit gutgeschnittenen Anzügen und verderbten Herzen [besteht, die] harmlose Großstadtkinder im Konfirmandenalter mit Whisky und Sekt … enthemmen, um sie dann – wenn sie sich lüsternen Spielen hingeben – heimlich filmen zu können. Der Verdacht, dass dies alles nur als Karikatur gemeint sein könne, täuscht jedoch, denn die Drehbuchautoren Heinz Oskar Wuttig und Gerda Corbett haben Höheres im Sinn gehabt: einen Film mit einem 'Anliegen', das dann auch so ausgiebig und gemütvoll aus den Mündern der Darsteller quillt wie Spruchbänder aus den Figuren von Comic-Strips."

Der film-dienst nannte Die Frühreifen einen "Jugend-Problemfilm nach der Mode der Zeit." "Probleme von gestern, mit Ex-Teen-Idol Peter Kraus", fasste Cinema zusammen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1957
Deutscher Film
Literaturverfilmung
Schwarzweißfilm

Die Frühreifen


Glazba u 2008. godini.

Svijet

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.

Koncertne turneje
Održane koncertne turneje.
 Radiohead – In Rainbows Tour, 2008. – 2009.

Istaknuti koncerti
Povijesno važni koncerti, prvi povijesni koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta ili posljednji (oproštajni) koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta.

Europska natjecanja
Europska glazbena natjecanja.

 Pjesma Eurovizije:
 Dječja Pjesma Eurovizije:

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba i sl.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Hrvatska

Dora

Festivali i smotre
Održana prva smotra pučkih marijanskih pjesama K nebu leti, pjesmo moja.

Nagrade

Istaknuti koncerti
Iron Maiden kolovoza 2008. na Poljudskom stadionu u Splitu.

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba i sl.

 Đavoli objavili kompilacijski album The Ultimate Collection – Neno Belan & Đavoli .
 Đavoli objavili kompilacijski album Đavoli 3CD Box .

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Izvori

2008.
Godine 21. stoljeća

Glazba u 2008.


Kang Soon-duk (kor. ; * 29. Oktober 1974) ist eine südkoreanische Langstreckenläuferin.

Leben
1995 siegte sie beim Chuncheon-Marathon. Als Dritte des Dong-A-Marathons 1996 qualifizierte sie sich für den Marathon der Olympischen Spiele in Atlanta, bei dem sie nicht das Ziel erreichte.

2006 siegte sie beim Halbmarathonbewerb des Austin-Marathons auf einer abschüssigen und zu kurzen Strecke in 1:10:02 h. 2008 wurde sie Sechste beim Philadelphia-Halbmarathon.

1998 und 2006 wurde sie nationale Meisterin über 10.000 m, 2006 außerdem über 5000 m.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 5000 m: 16:00,59 min, 11. Oktober 2008, Yeosu
 10.000 m: 33:19,45 min, 14. Oktober 2008, Yeosu
 Halbmarathon: 1:11:33 h, 21. September 2008, Philadelphia
 Marathon: 2:32:55 h, 24. März 1996, Gyeongju

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt von Kang Soon-duk bei der IAAF (englisch)
 Athletenporträt bei Tilastopaja OY

Marathonläufer (Südkorea)
Langstreckenläufer (Südkorea)
Olympiateilnehmer (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Südkoreaner
Geboren 1974
Frau

Kang Soon-duk


Simeon II., građanskim imenom Simeon Borisov Saskokoburggotski (bug. Симеон Борисов Сакскобургготски) (*Sofija, 16. lipnja 1937.), posljednji bugarski kralj (zapravo car) od 1943. do 1946. godine iz dinastije Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha i bugarski političar u postkomunističkom periodu u Bugarskoj.

Životopis

Bugarski car

Rođen je kao pripadnik bugarske kraljevske obitelji njemačkog podrijetla, kao jedini sin kralja Borisa III. i kraljice Giovanne Savojske. Poslije iznenadne smrti svoga oca 1943. godine, naslijedio je krunu kao šestogodišnji dječak zbog čega je osnovano tročlano regentsko vijeće, sastavljeno od Borisova brata, princa Kirila, generala-pukovnika Nikolaja Michova i bivšeg premijer Bogdana Filova.

Nakon što je Bugarska istupila iz Sila Osovine i bila pregažena trupama sovjetske Crvene armije, sva trojica regenata su uhićena i 2. veljače 1945. godine smaknuta kao kolaboracionisti nacističke Njemačke. Uspostavljeno je novo regentsko vijeće, međutim, u rujnu 1946. godine proglašeno je ukidanje monarhije poslije čega kraljica Giovanna odlazi sa sinom Simeonom u izgnanstvo.

Život u izbjeglištvu

Simeon je otišao s majkom u Egipat, gdje se nastanio njen otac, svrgnuti talijanski kralj Viktor Emanuel III. Godine 1951. Simeon je dobio azil u Španjolskoj te se naselio u Madridu, gdje je pohađao Lycée Français. Godine 1955. s nastupanjem punoljetnosti javno je objavio svoju zakletvu bugarskom narodu kao bugarski kralj. Tri godine kasnije otišao je u SAD gdje se upisao na Valley Forge Military Academy and College koji je završio s činom drugog poručnika. Nakon diplomiranja, vratio se u Španjolsku gdje je studirao pravo i poslovnu ekonomiju.

Dana 21. siječnja 1962. godine vjenčao sa španjolskom plemkinjom Doñom Margaritom Gómez-Acebo s kojom je dobio četiri sina i jednu kćer.

Povratak u Bugarsku

Padom komunističkog režima u Bugarskoj, Simeon se napokon mogao vratiti u domovinu. Godine 1996. posjetio je Bugarsku, prvi put nakon pedeset godina u izbjeglištvu i uskoro mu je država vratila obiteljsku imovinu. Godine 2001. nastanio se u Bugarskoj i sudjelovao kao politički kandidat na parlamentarnim izborima u kojima je pobijedio 24. srpnja 2001. godine te je postao predsjednik vlade Republike Bugarske, što je bio neobičan obrat situacije, ne samo zato što se nije formalno bio odrekao prava na krunu, već i stoga što je stvorena neobična politička situacija u kojoj je bivši monarh, u položaju predsjednika vlade podređen predsjedniku republike. Vladao je zemljom kao premijer do 2005. godine, a na čelu stranke ostao je do 2009. godine.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Simeon Saxecoburggotski - Britannica Online

Bugarski vladari
Predsjednici bugarske vlade
Bugarski političari
Životopisi, Bugarska
Sachsen-Coburg-Gothaevci

Simeon II.


Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi (辰口 信夫, Tatsuguchi Nobuo), às vezes erroneamente referido como Nebu Tatsuguchi (31 de agosto de 1911 - 30 de maio de 1943), foi um soldado e cirurgião japonês que serviu no Exército Imperial Japonês (IJA) durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial . Ele foi morto durante a Batalha de Attu na Ilha Attu, Alasca, Estados Unidos, em 30 de maio de 1943.

O pai de Tatsuguchi, Shuichi Tatsuguchi, nasceu e foi criado em Hiroshima, Japão, antes de partir para os EUA em 1895 para "explorar o novo mundo". Ele participou Healdsburg College, mais tarde renomeado Pacific Union College, em Angwin, Califórnia. Enquanto freqüentava a faculdade, ele foi batizado na Igreja Adventista do Sétimo Dia. Em 1907, após completar um curso de odontologia no College of Physicians and Surgeons em San Francisco, Shuichi Tatsuguchi retornou a Hiroshima com planos de servir como médico missionário.

Ver também

Militares do Japão
Campanha das Ilhas Aleutas

Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi


ويد–جيلز  نظام من أنظمة كتابة ية بحروف ، مستعمل في بكين. طور هذا النظام وأنتجه في عام 1859 البريطاني توماس فرنسيس ويد، ثم وسعه، في قاموسه الصيني–الإنكليزي مواطنه هربرت ألن جيلز في عام 1892. كما عرف نظام ويد–جيلز مراجعة جديدة وإعادة تحرير بمدينة لندن في 1912.

جداول مقارنة

مراجع

استحداثات 1892
رومنة الصينية

ويد–جيلز


Chalmers may refer to:

People
 Chalmers (surname), people with the surname Chalmers
 Chalmers Tschappat, American football player
 David Chalmers, Australian philosopher

Places
 Chalmers, Indiana, a US town
 Port Chalmers, Dunedin, New Zealand
 Port Chalmers (New Zealand electorate), a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate
 Chalmers Institute, a historic building in Holly Springs, Mississippi, USA.

Organizations
 Allis-Chalmers, a manufacturing company
 Chalmers Automobile, a former U.S. car company
 Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

Chalmers