El Stade de Franceville (en español: Estadio de Franceville) es un estadio ubicado en la ciudad de Franceville, en Gabón. Se construyó para la Copa Africana de Naciones 2012 y fue inaugurado en agosto de 2011.

El marco estructural para soportar la cubierta de tela fue diseñado por el fabricante serbio Amiga.

Historia

Construcción
El Estadio de la Renovación fue erigido para apoyar los proyectos de fiestas rotatorias impulsados por el presidente Omar Bongo, cuyo principio era extender la organización de la fiesta nacional hacia las diferentes provincias del país a razón de dos provincias por año. Como inauguración, acogió la Copa de Gabón.

Ampliación
Con una capacidad de 20 000 personas, el estadio, enteramente renovado, conserva el equipo deportivo anterior en su ubicación. El estadio, las gradas, las tribunas de prensa y los vestuarios son realizados de nuevo y ampliados.

El gobierno gabonés contrató a la empresa serbia Amiga, especializada en las construcciones metálicas, para realizar en sus instalaciones de Kraljevo, en Serbia, la cubierta del estadio.

El estadio tiene la capacidad de acoger simultáneamente cuatro equipos en sus vestuarios, y dispone de un mecanismo de recuperación del agua, permitiendo así reciclar  el agua de lluvia para reutilizarla para el riego.

Fuera de las competiciones de fútbol, el estadio tiene capacidad para dar cabida a varios eventos deportivos gracias a su pista de atletismo, y otros espacios diseñados para competiciones de alto nivel.

Características
Renovado y ampliado, añadiendo un techo sobre parte de las gradas, los asientos del estadio están pintados de los colores verde, azul y amarillo (los colores de la bandera de  Gabón).

Copa Africana de Naciones 2012

Primera fase

Segunda fase

Cuartos de final

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de Gabón

Referencias

Gabón en 2011
Estadios de fútbol de Gabón
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 2011
Estadios de la Copa Africana de Naciones 2012
Estadios de la Copa Africana de Naciones 2017
Estadios de atletismo de Gabón

Stade de Franceville


2015 ජනවාරි 7 වන දින මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය වේලාවෙන් පැය 11:00 ට පමණ (10:00 UTC), මුහුණ ආවරණය කරගත් තුවක්කුකරුවන් තිදෙනෙකු විසින්, ප්‍රංශ උපහාසාත්මක සඟරාවක් වූ චාලි හෙබ්දෝ සඟරාවට අයත් පැරිස්හී ප්‍රධාන කාර්යාලය තුළ දී පුද්ගලයෝ දොළොස් දෙනෙකු වෙඩි තබා ඝාතනය කරන ලදී. ගොඩනැගිල්ලට ඇතුළු වූ තුවක්කුකරුවෝ ස්වයංක්‍රීය ගිනි අවි භාවිතයෙන් වෙඩි පහර පනහක් පමණ එල්ල කොට, මෝටර් රථයකින් පළා ගොස් තිබිණි. 1989 වසරේ ක්‍රිස්ටියන් ඩෝනියර් විසින් සිදුකල සමූල ඝාතනයෙන් අනතුරුව සාමකාමී ප්‍රංශය තුල සිදුවූ දරුණුතම හා දෙවැනි මිලේච්ඡ ප්‍රහාරය ලෙස මෙය සඳහන් වේ.

සිදුවීම
2015 ජනවාරි 7 වන දින උදෑසන, මුහුණ ආවරණය කරගත් තුවක්කුකරුවන් තිදෙනෙකු විසින් චාලි හෙබ්දෝ කාර්යාල ගොඩනැගිල්ලට ඇතුළුව එල්ල කරන ලද වෙඩි ප්‍රහාර වලට ගොදුරු වීමෙන් පුද්ගලයෝ 12 දෙනෙකු ජීවිතක්ෂයට හා තවත් පස් දෙනෙකු දරුණු ලෙස තුවාල ලබන ලදී. මියගිය අය අතර පොලිස් නිලධාරීන් දෙදෙනෙකු ද විය. ප්‍රහාරක කණ්ඩායම රයිෆල, රොකට් විදින හා පතොරම් තුවක්කු වලින් සන්නද්ධව සිටි බවත්, ප්‍රහාරයෙන් අනතුරුව ඔවුහූ "අපි අපේ මුහම්මද් ශාස්තෘවරයා වෙනුවෙන් පලිය ගත්තා" යනුවෙන් කෑගැසූ බවද වාර්ථාවන්හී සඳහන් විය.

ප්‍රහාරයෙන් පසු තුවක්කුකරුවෝ, සිව්වැන්නෙකු විසින් පදවන ලද මෝටර් රථයකින් Porte de Pantin දක්වා ගමන් කොට, එතැන්හී තවත් කාරයක් පැහැරගනිමින් පලා යන ලදී.

විපතට පත්වූවන්
ප්‍රහාරයෙන් 12 දෙනෙකු මරණයට පත්ව තවත් පස් දෙනෙකු දරුණු ලෙස තුවාල ලබන ලදී. චාලි හෙබ්දෝ කාර්යාල ගොඩනැගිල්ල තුලදී 10 දෙනෙකුත්, පිටතදී පොලිස් නිලධාරීන් දෙදෙනෙකුත් ඝාතනය විය.

ප්‍රතිචාර
මෙම ප්‍රහාරය ප්‍රංශ ජනපති François Hollande, යුරෝපියානු කොමිෂන් සභාපති Jean-Claude Juncker, ජර්මන් චාන්සලර් ඇන්ජෙලා මර්කල්, ඉතාලි අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය Matteo Renzi, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ඩේවිඩ් කැමරන්, රුසියානු ජනපති ව්ලැඩිමියර් පූටින් ඉන්දියානු අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය නරේන්ද්‍ර මෝදි, සහ අමෙරිකා ජනපති බරාක් ඔබාමා යන අය විසින් හෙලා දකින ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

2015 චාලි හෙබ්දෝ වෙඩි තැබීම


Ischnosiphon gracilis, também conhecido como arumã, é uma espécie de planta do gênero Ischnosiphon e da família Marantaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1862 por Friedrich August Körnicke.
O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:
 Ischnosiphon bambusaceus  (Poepp. & Endl.) Körn.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola, formadora de bambu e herbácea.

Descrição
I. gracilis pode ser confundido com as demais espécies escandentes do gênero. Apresenta nervuras terciárias não visíveis na face abaxial foliar (visíveis em Ischnosiphon killipii); bainha com textura lisa (áspera em Ischnosiphon surumuensis); caule também de textura lisa (rugoso em Ischnosiphon puberulus); sem lâmina onduladas entre as nervuras secundárias (presente em alguns I. puberulus e em Ischnosiphon longiflorus).

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima e Sergipe.
A espécie é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de Campinarana, mata ciliar, mata de igapó, floresta de terra firme, floresta de inundação, floresta estacional semidecidual e floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de André, T. Ischnosiphon  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Ischnosiphon gracilis no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Ischnosiphon gracilis no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Ischnosiphon
Plantas descritas em 1862
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Ischnosiphon gracilis


Beşpınar-bucak merkezi, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
1955 yılına kadar "Çakal" olan mahallenin ismi 1955 yılından sonra meşhur çeşmeleri nedeniyle "Beşpınar" olmuştur.
Bir zamanlar Nahiye olan Beşpınar mahallesi Jandarma Karakolu ve Tarım Kredi Koo peratifi ile de bölgede önemli bir merkez konumundaydı fakat 1972 yılında yurt genelinde nahiyelerin kaldırılmasıyla Beşpınar mahallesinin de nahiyeliği sona ermiştir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 142 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Beşpınar, Vezirköprü


Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (17 March 1839 – 25 November 1901) was organist and composer from Liechtenstein, residing in Bavaria for most of his life. As court conductor in Munich, he was responsible for the music in the royal chapel. He is known for sacred music, works for organ and vocal works, such as masses, a Christmas cantata and the motet Abendlied; he also composed two operas and three  singspiele, incidental music, secular choral music, two symphonies and other instrumental works, chamber music, and works for organ.

Life and career
Josef Gabriel Rheinberger was born in Vaduz; his father was the treasurer for Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein. The boy showed exceptional musical talent at an early age.

When only seven years old, he was already serving as organist of the Vaduz parish church, and his first composition was performed the following year. In 1849, he studied with composer Philipp M. Schmutzer (31 December 1821 – 17 November 1898) in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg.

In 1851, his father, who had initially opposed his son's desire to embark on the life of a professional musician, relented and allowed him to enter the Munich Conservatorium. Not long after graduating, he became professor of piano and of composition at the same institution. When this first version of the Munich Conservatorium was dissolved, he was appointed répétiteur at the Court Theatre, from which he resigned in 1867.

Rheinberger married his former pupil, the poet and socialite Franziska "Fanny" von Hoffnaass (eight years his senior) in 1867. The couple remained childless, but the marriage was happy. Franziska wrote the texts for much of her husband's vocal work.

The stylistic influences on Rheinberger ranged from contemporaries such as Brahms to composers from earlier times, such as Mendelssohn, Schumann, Schubert and, above all, Bach. He was also an enthusiast for painting and literature (especially English and German).

In 1877, he was appointed court conductor, responsible for the music in the royal chapel. He was subsequently awarded an honorary doctorate by Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. A distinguished teacher, he numbered many Americans among his pupils, including Horatio Parker, William Berwald, George Whitefield Chadwick, Bruno Klein, Sidney Homer and Henry Holden Huss. Other students of his included important figures from Europe: Italian composer Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Serbian composer Stevan Stojanovic Mokranjac, and German composers Engelbert Humperdinck and Richard Strauss and the conductor (and composer) Wilhelm Furtwängler.  When the second (and present) Munich Conservatorium was founded, Rheinberger was appointed Royal Professor of organ and composition, a post he held for the rest of his life.

On 31 December 1892 his wife died, after suffering a long illness. Two years later, poor health led him to give up the post of Court Music Director.

Rheinberger was a prolific composer. His religious works include twelve masses (one for double chorus, three for four voices a cappella, three for women's voices and organ, two for men's voices and one with orchestra), a Requiem and a Stabat Mater. His other works include several operas, symphonies, chamber music, and choral works.

Today Rheinberger is remembered above all for his elaborate and challenging organ compositions; these include two concertos, 20 sonatas in 20 different keys (of a projected set of 24 sonatas in all the keys), 22 trios, and 36 solo pieces. His organ sonatas were once declared to be

Rheinberger died in 1901 in Munich, and was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof. His grave was destroyed during World War II, and his remains were moved to his home town of Vaduz in 1950.

Compositions

This list only mentions works that were assigned an opus number by Rheinberger himself.
 Sacred vocal works
 Cantatas, including the Christmas cantata Der Stern von Bethlehem (The Star of Bethlehem), Op. 164
 14 masses, including the 1881 Mass in A major, Op. 126, 3 requiem settings, 2 settings of the Stabat mater
 Motets, hymns, lieder
 among others, Abendlied (Op. 69, Nr. 3) after Luke 24,29 ("Bleib bei uns")
 Dramatic works
 2 operas (Die sieben Raben, Op. 20, after the Grimm fairy tale The Seven Ravens, Türmers Töchterlein, Op. 70)
 3 Singspiele
 2 pieces of incidental music
 Secular choral music
 Choir ballads
 Choral pieces with and without accompaniment
 Works for mixed choir
 e.g., Waldblumen (Op. 124) – eight songs after texts by
 Works for female and male choirs
 12 lieder for Voice and Piano
 Orchestral music
 2 symphonies
 3 overtures
 Piano concerto in A-flat, Op. 94 (1877)
 3 other concertos for instruments with orchestra (including two concertos for organ and orchestra)
 Chamber music
 String quartets, string quintets, piano trios, sonatas for solo instruments and piano
 e.g., Clarinet Sonata, Op. 105 in A major
 4 piano sonatas
 Works for organ
 2 organ concertos
 20 organ sonatas
 12 Fughettas, Op. 123
 12 Monologues, Op. 162
 12 Meditations, Op. 167
 Preludes, trios, character pieces
 Works for solo instruments (violin and oboe) with organ

Recordings
Rheinberger: Missae et Cantiones, Wolfgang Schäfer Choir Director, Edgar Krapp Organ, Klaus Mertens Baritone, Frankfurter Kantorei, Carus-Verlag 1998
Rheinberger: Organ Sonatas Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20: Bruce Stevens, organ; Raven Recordings; 4 CDs
Josef Gabriel Rheinberger: Motets, Masses and Hymns, Elizabeth Patterson, Director; Gloriae Dei Cantores; Paraclete Recordings 2011
Rheinberger: Geistliche Vokalmusik, Stuttgart Chamber Choir; Carus; 10 CDs
Rheinberger: Klavierwerke, Jürg Hanselmann; Carus; 10 CDs; 2011
The Complete Organ Sonatas of Josef Rheinberger – Roger Sayer plays The Organ of The Temple Church, London, Roger Sayer organ; Priory Records; 6 CDs; 2018
Rheinberger: Music for Voice and Organ, Patrick Parker, organ, Katie Pollorena, mezzo-soprano, Seven Eight Records, 2019.
Rheinberger: Sacred Choral Works, Phoenix Bach Choir, Kansas City Chorale, Charles Bruffy, conductor; Chandos Records, 2007.

References

Other sources

External links

 Internationale Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Gesellschaft – list of works

Free scores

 e-Partitions Newly edited and typeset organ scores.

Commercial publishers

 Carus Verlag – complete works
 Editions Silvertrust – chamber music only

Free recordings
 Free recordings by Umeå Academic Choir:
 Kyrie
 Gloria
Rheinberger: Music for Voice and Organ, Patrick Parker, organ, Katie Pollorena, mezzo-soprano

1839 births
1901 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof
Catholic liturgical composers
Classical composers of church music
Composers for pipe organ
German classical organists
German male classical composers
German opera composers
German Roman Catholics
German Romantic composers
Liechtenstein composers
Liechtenstein Roman Catholics
Male opera composers
German male organists
People from Vaduz
Male classical organists
19th-century organists

Josef Rheinberger


Gurdimančaj (azerski: Girdımançay, ruski: Гирдыманчай) je rijeka u Azerbajdžanu. Duga je 88 km. Izvire na Babadagu. Lijeva je pritoka Kure.

Vanjske poveznice

Rijeke u azijskom dijelu Azerbajdžana
Pritoke Kure

Gurdimančaj


Eva Alexandra Gräfin Kendeffy (geb. 1948 als Eva Blümm) ist eine deutsche Diplomatin. Sie war zuletzt Generalkonsulin in Miami und ist 2013 in den altersbedingten Ruhestand getreten.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur studierte Gräfin Kendeffy Rechtswissenschaften, Anglistik und Romanistik an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, der Universität Hamburg, der Freien Universität Berlin sowie der Universität Genf.

Nach Abschluss des Studiums trat sie 1982 in den Auswärtigen Dienst ein und fand Ablegung der Laufbahnprüfung für den höheren Dienst von 1984 bis 1986 Verwendung als Referentin in der Politischen Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes sowie im Anschluss als Zweite Sekretärin für Presse und Kultur an der Botschaft in Costa Rica. Nachdem sie zwischen 1989 und 1994 Botschaftsrätin in der Politischen Abteilung der Deutschen Botschaft in den USA war, wurde sie stellvertretende Leiterin der Dienststelle Berlin des Auswärtigen Amtes.

1999 erfolgte ihre Akkreditierung als Botschafterin in der Dominikanischen Republik. Dieses Amt übte sie bis zu ihrer Ablösung durch Karl A. Köhler aus, der zuvor Ständiger Vertreter des Botschafters in Schweden war. Sie selbst war daraufhin zwischen 2004 und 2007 erstmals Generalkonsulin in Miami und danach bis 2010 Leiterin des Protokollreferats für Staatsbesuche und offizielle Besuche im Auswärtigen Amt.

Von 2010 bis Mitte 2013 war Eva Alexandra Gräfin Kendeffy erneut Generalkonsulin in Miami. Der Amtsbezirk des Generalkonsulats umfasst Florida, Puerto Rico und die Jungferninseln.

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf auf der Homepage des Generalkonsulats in Miami

Jurist im auswärtigen Dienst
Deutscher Botschafter in der Dominikanischen Republik
Träger des portugiesischen Ordens für Verdienst (Komtur)
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Frau

Eva Alexandra Gräfin Kendeffy


Daytona International Speedway er et motorsportsanlæg ved Daytona Beach i Florida, USA. Siden åbningen i 1959 er det berømte NASCAR-løb Daytona 500 blevet kørt her.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Daytona International Speedways officielle hjemmeside

NASCAR
Motorsportsanlæg i USA
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Florida
Sport i Florida
Etableret i 1959

Daytona International Speedway


Johan Laidoner (Viiratsi, 12. veljače 1884. – Vladimir, 13. ožujka 1953.), estonski je general i državnik. Laidoner je bio vrhovni zapovjednik estonske vojske tijekom Estonskog rata za neovisnost, kasnije i jedna od najutjecajnijih ličnosti estonske politike u međuratnom razdoblju.

Rođen je 1884. u mjestu Viiratsi, tadašnjoj Livonskoj guberniji Ruskog Carstva. Godine 1901. pridružio se Carskoj vojsci te je aktivno služio u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Nakon Oktobarske revolucije povjereno mu je zapovjedništvo nad estonskim jedinicama u sklopu ruske vojske. Godine 1918., Privremena vlada Estonije imenovala ga je vrhovnim zapovjednikom estonskih oružanih snaga u Estonskom ratu za neovisnost.

Nakon rata i potvrde neovisnosti, Laidoner je služio kao predsjednik u Riigikoguu od 1920. do 1929. U tom je razdoblju izgradio vrlo blisko prijateljstvo s Konstantinom Pätsom. Tijekom neuspjelog komunističkog puča 1924. ponovo je imenovan vrhovnim zapovjednikom oružanih snaga, a dužnost je ponovo obavljao od 1934. do 1940., za trajanja tzv. "Doba šutnje", odnosno Pätsove autoritarne vladavine. Laidoner je u tom razdoblju bio Pätsov zamjenik i potencijalni nasljednik.

Nakon sovjetske okupacije u lipnju 1940., Laidoner je smijenjen s dužnosti vrhovnog zapovjednika, a onda s obitelji deportiran u Rusiju. Nakon početka rata s Trećim Reichom, sovjetske su ga vlasti prvo stavile u kućni pritvor, a onda ga je NKVD i uhitio. U rujnu 1942. poslan je u zatvor u Moskvi, u kojem su tada bili Konstantin Päts i brojni drugi uhićeni protivnici sovjetske okupacije. Iz Moskve je premještan u druge zatvore, a 1952. osuđen je na 25 godina zatvora. Premješten je u Središnji zatvor u Vladimiru, gdje je i umro 13. ožujka 1953. Pokopan je na zatvorskom groblju, ali njegovi posmrtni ostaci nikada nisu pronađeni.

Njegova supruga, Maria Laidoner, puštena je iz zatvora 1954., te joj je dozvoljeno vratiti se u Estoniju. Preminula je 1978. u Jämejali.

Izvori

Literatura

Vanjske poveznice

 General Johan Laidoner — Estonian War Museum, pristupljeno 24. travnja 2022.
 Johan Laidoneri Selts (estonski), pristupljeno 24. travnja 2022.
 Johan Laidoner na mrežnim stranicama Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Estonije (estonski), pristupljeno 24. travnja 2022.
 Johan Laidoner  na Estonica, pristupljeno 24. travnja 2022.
 Johan Laidoner na International Encyclopedia of the First World War, pristupljeno 24. travnja 2022.

Vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Estonski političari

Johan Laidoner


الكلمات والأشياء (بالفرنسية: Les Mots et les choses) (بالإنجليزية: The Order of Things) بالفرنسية: Les Mots et les choses) كتاب صدر عام 1966. ترجم إلى الإنكليزية عام 1970، ونشر بالعربية أيضاً، وهو بحث حفري في العلوم الإنسانية، (كان فوكو يفضل أن ينشره بالفرنسية تحت عنوان L'Ordre des Choses «نظام الأشياء»، لكنه تراجع عن ذلك لوجود كتاب سابق يحمل هذا العنوان).

يبدأ الكتاب بنقاش مفصل وموسع حول لوحة الوصيفات للرسام دييغو فيلاسكيز، والترتيب المعقد للشخصيات المصورة فيها، بين الخفاء والظهور. ثم يتطور موضوعه الأساسي: كل مرحلة تاريخية تمتلك شروطاً خاصة للحقيقة تحدد ما هو مقبول وما هو غير مقبول، ومثال ذلك الخطاب العلمي، الذي جادل فوكو بأن شروط الخاطب العلمي تغيرت مع الزمن بقفزات مفاجئة وكبيرة، ما بين مرحلة معرفية إلى أخرى. لقد وضع كتاب «الكلمات والأشياء» ميشيل فوكو في بؤرة الضوء باعتباره شخصية ثقافية فرنسية شهيرة. وقد هاجم جان بول سارتر أعمال ميشيل فوكو واعتبره آخر أسوار البرجوازية.

من مقدمة الكتاب:'''لهذا الكتاب مكان ولادة في نص لـ بورخيس (Borges)، في الضحكة التي تهزّ لدى قراءته كل عادات الفكر- فكرنا، الفكر الذي له عمرنا وجغرافيتنا [أوروبا] – مزعزعة كل السطوح المنظّمة، والخطط التي تُعقِّل لنا التدفق الغزير للكائنات، وتجعل ممارستنا النقدية لـ "الذات" ولـ لآخر ترتعش وتقلق لمدة طويلة".

ويضيف «فوكو»: «يستشهد هذا النص» بموسوعة صينية معينة «كتب فيها أن الحيوانات تنقسم إلى» أ) يملكها الإمبراطور ب) محنطة ج) داجنة د) خنازير رضيعة ه) جنيات البحر و) خرافية ز) كلاب طليقة ح) ما يدخل في هذا التصنيف ط) التي تهيج كالمجانين ى) حيوانات لا تحصى ك) مرسومة بريشة دقيقة من وبر الجمل ل) إلى آخره م) التي كسرت الجرة لتوها ن) التي تبدو من بعيد كالذباب.

ونحن تحت تأثير انبهارنا أمام مثل هذا التقسيم [التصنيف] نصل بقفزة واحدة – بفضل المدافع عن هذا التقسيم [بورخيس] البادي لنا كسحر غرائبي لفكر آخر- نصل إلى الحد الأخير لفكرنا: الاستحالة العارية المطلقة لأن نفكر هكذا.."

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعمال ميشيل فوكو
كتب عن تحليل الخطاب
كتب غير خيالية 1966
كتب فرنسية غير خيالية
كتب فلسفية

الكلمات والأشياء


An Fimbristylis wetarensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Fimbristylis wetarensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis wetarensis


Lord-namjesnik je u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu (engleski: Lord-lieutenant) predstavnik je monarha u ceremonijalnim grofovijama. To je uglavnom počasna pozicija na koju je obično imenovan umirovljeni lokalni uglednik, stariji vojni časnik ili ugledni poslovni čovjek.

Povijest

Kralj Henrik VIII. imenovao je prvog Lorda-namjesnika 1540. godine u vrijeme kada je bio zabrinut radi prijetnje od invazije engleskih neprijatelja, koji su u različito vrijeme uključivali Škotsku, Francusku i Španjolsku. Da bi obranu napravio učinkovitom imenovao je Lordove-namjesnike koji su trebali novačiti i biti odgovorni za miliciju u svojim grofovijama. Milicija nije uključivala samo regularnu vojsku već i maloposjednike (slobodne seljake) i dobrovoljce.
Prvi Lord-namjesnik u Oxfordshireu bio je Charles Brandon, vojvoda od Suffolka, muž Marije Tudor, sestre Henrika VIII. Međutim, tek je 1586. godine kraljica Elizabeta I., u svjetlu predstojeće invazije iz Španjolske, proširila imenovanja Lordova-namjesnika tako da je do trenutka kada je Španjolska pokušala izvršiti invaziju svojom Armadom krajem svibnja 1588. godine, gotovo svaka grofovija imala imenovanog Lorda-namjesnika.

S izuzetkom engleskog Interregnuma, između 1649. i 1660. godine, u kojem vremenu nije bilo monarha, Oxfordshireu je imao svoga Lorda-namjesnika.

Naslov Lieutenant (namjesnik) nastao je za vrijeme Henrika VIII., uloga Lorda-namjesnika bila je doslovno da se 'zalaže za' kralja, kako na bojnom polju tako i drugdje. Važni dijelovi njegovih zadataka bili su da djeluje kao neplaćeni narednik za novačenje i da igra glavnu ulogu u održavanju reda i mira postavljanjem i upravljanjem sudaca. Lord-namjesnik također je bio odgovoran za brigu o državnim dokumentima u svojoj grofoviji, te pravovremenom obavještavanju kralja o svemu što se događa.

Moderno doba

Činjenica da je tijekom 150 godina ta uloga dominantno dodjeljivana vojnicima, a u Oxfordshiru vojvodi od Marlborougha, govori mnogo o onome što se dugo smatralo prikladnim životopisom. U 18. stoljeću su svi, osim jednog lorda-namjesnika, bili plemići, da bi u 19. stoljeću to bili svi. Danas, imajući na umu njihovu znatno promijenjenu ulogu, Lordovi-namjesnici sve više pripadaju kategorijama uglednih ljudi koji imaju različite životopise.

Dužnosti

Moderne odgovornosti Lordova-namjesnika uključuju:

Lord-namjesnik predstavlja monarha unutar namjesničkog područja;
dogovor o posjetama članova kraljevske obitelji i njihovih pratitelja;
dodjeljivanje medalja i odlikovanja u ime suverena te savjetovanja o nominacijama za počasti;
sudjelovanje u građanskim, dobrovoljnim i društvenim aktivnostima unutar namjesničkog područja;
veza s lokalnim jedinicama Kraljevske mornarice, Kraljevskih marinaca, Britanske armije i Kraljevskog zrakoplovstva;
upravljanje lokalnim pravosuđem kao predsjedavajući Savjetodavnog odbora: (rješavanje manjih slučajeva, sklapanje brakova, davanje dozvola i sl.);
predsjedavanje Savjetodavnim odborom za imenovanje općih poreznih povjerenika.

Uredovanje Lorda-namjesnika

Njegove su funkcije prilično slične funkcijama prefekta u Francuskoj. Kao predstavnik suverena u svojoj grofoviji, Lord-namjesnik mora zadržati apsolutnu političku neutralnost i ne može biti član, niti predstavljati bilo koju političku stranku tijekom svog mandata. Doživotni su delegati, ali mogu se povući s navršenih 75 godina međutim, u izuzetnim okolnostima, i suveren može povući svoj mandat.
Svakom Lordu-namjesniku pomaže prolord-namjesnik i zamjenici koje on delegira. Prolord-namjesnik zauzima mjesto zapovjednika u slučaju njegove odsutnosti, bolesti ili nesposobnosti. Lord-namjesnik ima između trideset i četrdeset podnamjesnika, ovisno o broju stanovništva grofovije.

Izvori

Monarhija
Povijest Engleske

Lord-namjesnik


Ernesto Ardura fue un periodista cubano. Colaboró en distintas revistas de su país y llegó a ser jefe de redacción del periódico El Mundo.

Referencias

Periodistas de Cuba

Ernesto Ardura


مارتن بينكا Martin Benka (1888 – 1971) رسام ومصور سلوفاكي، يعتبر مؤسس فن الرسم السلوفاكي الحديث في القرن العشرين. منح لقب "فنان الوطن"، ودفن في المقبرة الوطنية في مارتن. تأثر بينكا بالأجواء الشعبية وبالطبيعة والفولكلور السلوفاكي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

رسامو الفن الحديث
رسامون توضيحيون سلوفاكيون
رسامون سلوفاكيون
مواليد 1888
وفيات 1971
وفيات في مالاتسكي
مدفونون في المقبرة الوطنية في مارتن

مارتن بينكا


The Absorbing Man (Carl "Crusher" Creel) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and write-artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery #114 (cover dated March 1965), in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Carl Creel has the power to absorb and become any material he touched. Originally a supervillain, in later years, he has reformed into more of an antihero.

Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise such as trading cards. He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Brian Patrick Wade.

Publication history
The Absorbing Man debuted in Journey into Mystery #114 (March 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, by Saladin Ahmed.

Fictional character biography
Carl "Crusher" Creel was a boxer and jailed criminal who becomes the Absorbing Man when he drinks a liquid which the Asgardian god Loki laced with a mystical potion. Discovering that he could absorb the properties of anything he touched, Creel escapes prison by absorbing metal from the guards' bullets and goes on to battle Thor. When he escapes, he takes with him the ball and chain to which he was shackled, and uses the ball and chain as a weapon. Although he is only mortal, Creel's fantastic abilities make him a worthy opponent for Thor, who is later forced to end the battle due to Loki's kidnapping of Jane Foster. Creel then breaks into a house and attacks the occupants. Thor comes to the rescue and tricks Creel into changing his atomic structure into pure helium. Thor accomplishes this by using his hammer's powers to transform the ground's molecular makeup. As Creel is acquiring additional mass from direct contact with the Earth when this happens, he ends up drifting harmlessly into the atmosphere.

A short time later, Loki retrieves Creel from space using Asgardian technology after he has knocked out an Asgardian warlock and sends Creel back to battle Thor. After Creel is nearly beaten due to Thor's fighting skill, Loki transports him to Asgard and reveals the true source of his "absorbing" powers. After being humbled by Loki, Creel agrees to act as his agent, and he is directed to take over the city. The Absorbing Man defeats the Asgardian legions without too much trouble and eventually confronts Odin himself. Creel absorbs Odin's attacks and then the properties of Asgard itself, hoping to rule the universe, and he towers over Odin as Loki arrives to gloat. Thor is ordered by Odin not to keep attacking. Loki and Creel are then beaten by trickery; once given Odin's Rod of Rulership the two quarrel over it, with the Absorbing Man trying to absorb the rod, and the two find that they cannot let go. Odin then advises them that his power lies not in a mere object, but deep within himself. The pair are then banished into outer space.

The Absorbing Man eventually returns on a comet and battles the Hulk. Bruce Banner had been sent to divert the comet, as it was feared it was radioactive, but the Absorbing Man leaped aboard and began absorbing the Hulk's strength. He tries to bury the Hulk under a mountain, but when the Hulk turns back to human form, the Absorbing Man is unable to support the great weight and was buried.

However, Creel goes on to battle many other heroes, such as the Avengers, Daredevil, the Dazzler, the Hulk, and Spider-Man. He is one of the villains who participates in the Secret Wars, and also develops a romantic relationship with the super-strong villainess Titania. The pair also join the reformed fourth version of the Masters of Evil. Creel has several more battles with Thor (and the Eric Masterson Thor) and a skirmish with the cosmic hero Quasar. Although he assisted Crossbones in a plan to attack Captain America, when Absorbing Man learned that Crossbones intended to detonate a bomb in New York, he absorbed the properties of Captain America's shield to contain the blast, declaring that he was not a murderer.

Creel is later incarcerated in New York's experimental "Ant-Hill" prison called the Big House, where all prisoners are reduced in size via Hank Pym's "Pym Particles". An escape attempt is thwarted by She-Hulk.

The Absorbing Man escapes prison and allies with the Owl as an enforcer, but finds himself opposed by Spider-Man and new hero Ethan Edwards (later revealed to be a disguised Skrull). He is briefly trapped and converted into a new form of cocaine by one of the Owl's operatives when they become frustrated with his unprofessional approach, with the new drug briefly giving those who snort him a degree of his powers, but he eventually manages to reassemble himself in a sewer and goes after the Owl for revenge. Spider-Man manages to defeat Creel by tricking him into running a gauntlet where he absorbs multiple objects thrown at him, culminating in Creel absorbing two different chemicals that cause him to explode.

The Absorbing Man later battles and is apparently killed by the hero Sentry during the events of Civil War. However, he later appears at the funeral of the villain Stilt-Man.

Creel and Titania later come into conflict with the heroine She-Hulk and her Skrull partner Jazinda after they attempt to arrest Creel's cousin Rockwell "Hi-Lite" Davis.

During the Dark Reign storyline, Creel joins a new version of the Lethal Legion led by the Grim Reaper. After a defeat, Creel escapes prison and absorbs a shard of the Cosmic Cube.

The Absorbing Man suffers a setback when villain Norman Osborn uses an enchanted sword—provided by Loki—to remove his absorbing powers completely.

Creel is also revealed to be the father of the hero Stonewall.

Creel regains his powers and storms Avengers Tower to recover his ball and chain. He is defeated by Avengers' coordinators Maria Hill, Sharon Carter, and Victoria Hand after absorbing the latter's cold.

During the "Fear Itself" storyline, Creel and Titania encounter two of the divine hammers that contain the essences of the Worthy, generals to Odin's brother and adversary, Cul Borson. Coming into contact with the hammers, Titania and Creel were transformed into Skirn: Breaker of Men and Greithoth: Breaker of Wills, respectively. They later went on a rampage depicted in a number of Fear Itself tie-in issues, most prominently Avengers Academy #15–19 and Iron Man 2.0 #5–6, as well as that storyline's core miniseries.

During the "AXIS" storyline, Absorbing Man appears as a member of Magneto's unnamed supervillain group during the fight against Red Skull's Red Onslaught form. He is briefly converted to heroism when everyone on the island experiences a moral inversion as Doctor Doom and Scarlet Witch attempt to bring out the Charles Xavier in Red Skull, joining the new Astonishing Avengers assembled by Steve Rogers and Spider-Man to oppose the inverted heroes. Absorbing Man later reverts to villainy when the inversion is undone.

When Absorbing Man and Titania were robbing an armored car, the female Thor appeared to thwart their plans. Upon meeting the female Thor, Creel mocked her for being a woman and for having taken Thor's name for herself, which she answered by breaking his jaw. Titania then appeared to confront her but, in respect for what she was doing, she knocked out her husband with his own weapon and surrendered.

During the "Secret Wars" storyline of 2015, Absorbing Man is among the villains attending Kingpin's viewing party of the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610.

During the "Avengers: Standoff!" storyline, Absorbing Man was an inmate of Pleasant Hill, a gated community established by S.H.I.E.L.D. Using Kobik, S.H.I.E.L.D. transformed Absorbing Man into a man named Harold. During his time as Harold, Absorbing Man ran an ice cream parlor and was in love with Sheriff Eva. When Helmut Zemo and Fixer restored the memories of the inmates, Absorbing Man joined in on their uprising with Whirlwind. Illuminati members Hood and Titania arrived at Pleasant Hill to retrieve Absorbing Man. Although he was shaken from having a S.H.I.E.L.D.-induced normal life, Absorbing Man sides with the Illuminati as they work to assemble the other inmates to get revenge on S.H.I.E.L.D.

During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, Absorbing Man is recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

At some point, Absorbing Man was imprisoned in a deep space torture prison. He was defeated by Black Bolt in combat. Absorbing Man later made an acquaintance with Black Bolt and fellow inmates Blinky, Metal Master, and Raava. Upon taking in Black Bolt's sonic scream, Absorbing Man seemingly sacrifices himself to help destroy the torture prison's Jailer, enabling Black Bolt and the other inmates to escape. At the time when Jailer has possessed Blinky's mind to kill Black Bolt, Lockjaw took Titania to Parkwood Cemetery where Absorbing Man suddenly emerged from his grave. Absorbing Man and Titania helped Black Bolt fight a Jailer-possessed Blinky until they managed to drive Jailer out of him.

After Absorbing Man was imprisoned for another crime, his lawyer convinced him to join the U.S. Hulk Operations as an alternative to getting incarcerated for life. He gets injected with a Bannerman Gene-Enhancement Package that turned him into a gamma mutate able to absorb gamma radiation, at the cost of turning his skin a bright red color. When Absorbing Man - under the alias of Red Dog - fought Hulk at Los Diablos Missile Base, an entity, the One Below All entered his body after he absorbed most of the Hulk's gamma energy. The One Below All taunted Red Dog's astral body before ripping his physical one in half. Absorbing Man, still controlled by The One Below All, continues fighting Hulk. Absorbing Man ran off when Jackie McGee, Walter Langkowski, and Puck showed up. When the One Below All successfully opened the door to the Below Place, the lowest point of Hell, the entirety of New Mexico gets transported there as Absorbing Man weeps. With the help of Puck, Creel was able to transfer the gamma energy he had absorbed back into Hulk, who used his thunder clap to disperse the One Below All's cloud form and transport New Mexico back to Earth. Creel has since been free of the One Below All's influence, having transferred the gamma radiation back to the Hulk, joining Gamma Flight in the process.

Powers, abilities, and equipment
Carl Creel has the ability to mimic the matter or strength of anything nearby or anyone he is near. Most commonly, the Absorbing Man uses his powers to duplicate the qualities of anything that he touches—solids, liquids, gases, or even energy sources. This transformation also extends to the items that Creel was wearing and carrying when Loki's magic potion took effect (for example, if Creel touches the metal titanium, his body, clothes, and wrecking ball takes on its appearance and properties). He can absorb sufficient mass from a large object (e.g., a building) to attain the same height. While in different alternate forms, he still maintains his intellect, capacity for speech, and full physical movement (although his first attempt at absorbing water temporarily cost Creel's sanity when he tried to keep himself from drifting apart in the ocean). His body was able to reform itself after being broken or damaged, especially a severed arm which Wolverine cuts off during the Secret Wars.

Creel's overall power increases in direct proportion to the material he duplicates. There seems to be almost no limit to what Creel absorbs, as he have mimicked the properties of bronze; Odin's Cosmic Bolt and later cyclonic storm; diamond; glass; light; rock, silk, soil; spikes; steel; Thor's uru hammer Mjolnir; water; and even the whole realm of Asgard itself, although draining the Sentry's energies proved too much for Creel, causing him to become overloaded with it and nearly killing him. Creel is also now capable of combining previously absorbed abilities.

Reception

Critical response
Drew Atchison of Screen Rant included Absorbing Man their "Hulk's Main Comic Book Villains, Ranked Lamest To Coolest" list, writing, "Teaming up with the Inhuman king, Black Bolt, to siding with Gamma Flight to take on the Immortal Hulk, Carl's been through a lot and deserves to return to the MCU." Comic Book Resources ranked Absorbing Man 3rd in their "10 Strongest Marvel Henchmen" list, 4th in their "10 Villains Fans Hope To See In Marvel's She-Hulk Series" list, 4th in their "10 Best B-List Avengers Villains" list, 5th in their "Top 10 She-Hulk Villains" list, 5th in their "10 Strongest Marvel Human Villains" list, 6th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list, 7th in their "Hulk's 10 Most Powerful Villains" list, 8th in their "Marvel: 10 Villains Who Keep Getting Stronger" list, 9th in their "Thor: 10 Most Dangerous Villains He's Ever Fought" list, and 12th in their "Hulk's 20 Most Powerful Enemies" list.

Other versions

Age of Apocalypse
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears in the Age of Apocalypse reality. Absorbing Man works as a prison camp warden in Mexico.

Earth X
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears on Earth-9997 aka Earth-X. Carl Creel is also capable of absorbing knowledge, which he did upon absorbing Ultron's knowledge, and was eventually able to remember everything previously absorbed and to display any of these properties at will.

House of M
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears in the House of M reality. Absorbing Man is seen as a member of the Hood's Masters of Evil.

Marvel Zombies
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears in the Marvel Zombies reality. Carl Creel is a zombie working for the zombie Kingpin. He battles the interloper Machine Man while in stone form. He is tricked into absorbing the weak physicality of the zombie Karnak and Machine Man swiftly destroys his head.

Old Man Logan
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears on Earth-807128 aka Old Man Logan. An elderly Hawkeye reveals to Logan that Absorbing Man and Magneto were responsible for killing Thor. A flashback also showed that Mysterio used an illusion of him amongst other villains to trick Wolverine into killing his fellow X-Men. It is revealed on a map that a group modeled after Absorbing Man called the Creel Gang operates in Georgia. Logan was ambushed by the Creel Gang in Georgia upon his return to Earth-21923 in light of the power vacuum caused by the deaths of Red Skull and Hulk. They are shown to be bald-headed, wear striped prison pants, and wield ball and chains. Logan was able to fight them off. Absorbing Man was among the villains that laid a trap for the young heroes in Osborn City. They were killed by the insects that were summoned by Dwight Barrett's Ant-Man helmet.

Marvel Apes
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears in the Marvel Apes reality. This version of Absorbing Man is a mandrill called Absorbing Mandrill. He is a member of the Master Brotherhood of Evil Apes.

JLA/Avengers
An alternate version of Carl Creel appears in the JLA/Avengers crossover. Absorbing Man is among the mind-controlled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it.

In other media

Television
 The Absorbing Man appears in The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Tom Harvey.
 Carl Creel / Absorbing Man appears in The Incredible Hulk (1996) episode "They Call Me Mr. Fixit", voiced by Jim Cummings. This version is an enforcer for crime boss Miss Allure.
 The Absorbing Man appears in The Avengers: United They Stand episode "Command Decision", voiced by Oliver Becker. This version is a member of Baron Helmut Zemo's Masters of Evil.
 The Absorbing Man appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Rick D. Wasserman.
 The Absorbing Man appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man four-part episode "Contest of Champions", voiced by Jonathan Adams.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Avengers Assemble, initially voiced again by Jonathan Adams and by Gregg Berger in all subsequent appearances.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced by Jonathan Adams.
 Carl Creel appears in television series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
 Creel primarily appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Brian Patrick Wade. He first appears in the second season episodes "Shadows" and "Heavy is the Head" as a HYDRA operative. As of the third season episode "The Inside Man", Creel defected to the U.S. government and became Glenn Talbot's bodyguard. In the fifth season, Creel reluctantly rejoins HYDRA in their plot to save the world from Thanos, only to be absorbed by Talbot via gravitonium.
 Creel is mentioned in a flashback in the Daredevil episode "Cut Man", which is set in the 1990s while he was at the height of his boxing career. He is set to have a match with "Battlin' Jack" Murdock, with the latter being expected to drop in the fifth round at Roscoe Sweeney's "suggestion". Instead, Jack chooses to set a better example for his son Matt, and wins the fight off-screen via knockout. Series producer Jeph Loeb confirmed that this is the same Creel that appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. before gaining his abilities.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Yasuhiko Kawazu.
 The Absorbing Man appears in the Spider-Man episode "Screwball Live", voiced again by Gregg Berger.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Marvel Super Hero Adventures, voiced by Michael Dobson.

Film
The Absorbing Man was featured in several scrapped scripts for Hulk, with one seeing him being reimagined as a computer engineer named Robert Creel.

Video games
 The Absorbing Man appears in The Incredible Hulk (1994).
 The Absorbing Man appears as a boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by John DiMaggio.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced again by John DiMaggio.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 The Absorbing Man appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 The Absorbing Man appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
 The Absorbing Man appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.
 The Absorbing Man appears in Marvel Snap.

Notes

References

External links
Absorbing Man at Marvel.com

Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1965
Fictional characters from New York (state)
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional criminals
Fictional professional boxers
Marvel Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Marvel Comics characters with immortality
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics television characters
Thor (Marvel Comics)
Villains in animated television series

Absorbing Man


The Codebreakers – The Story of Secret Writing () is a book by David Kahn, published in 1967, comprehensively chronicling the history of cryptography from ancient Egypt to the time of its writing. The United States government attempted to have the book altered before publication, and it succeeded in part.

Overview
Bradford Hardie III, an American cryptographer during World War II, contributed insider information, German translations from original documents, and intimate real-time operational explanations to The Codebreakers.

The Codebreakers is widely regarded as the best account of the history of cryptography up to its publication. William Crowell, the former deputy director of the National Security Agency, was quoted in Newsday magazine: "Before he (Kahn) came along, the best you could do was buy an explanatory book that usually was too technical and terribly dull."

The Puzzle Palace (1982), written by James Bamford, gives a history of the writing and publication of The Codebreakers. Kahn, then a journalist, was contracted to write a book on cryptology in 1961. He began writing it part-time, and then he quit his job to work on it full-time. The book was to include information on the NSA and, according to Bamford, the agency attempted to stop its publication. The NSA considered various options, including writing a negative review of Kahn's work to be published in the press to discredit him.

A committee of the United States Intelligence Board concluded that the book was "a possibly valuable support to foreign COMSEC authorities" and recommended "further low-key actions as possible, but short of legal action, to discourage Mr. Kahn or his prospective publishers". Kahn's publisher, Macmillan and Sons, handed over the manuscript to the government for review without Kahn's permission on 4 March 1966. Kahn and Macmillan eventually agreed to remove some material from the manuscript, particularly concerning the relationship between the NSA and its counterpart in the United Kingdom, GCHQ.

The book finishes with a chapter on SETI. Because of the year of its publication, the book did not cover most of the history concerning the breaking of the German Enigma machine, which became public knowledge during the 1970s. Hence, not much was said of Alan Turing. It also did not cover the advent of strong cryptography in the public domain, beginning with the invention of public key cryptography and the specification of the Data Encryption Standard in the mid-1970s. The book was republished in 1996, and this new edition included an additional chapter briefly covering the events since the original publication.

See also
 Books on cryptography: other works which cover the later history in more detail.

References

Bibliography
 Secret War of Words; The Codebreakers. The Story of Secret Writing. By David Kahn. New York Times Book Review, Jan 7, 1968. pg. BR10

1967 non-fiction books
Cryptography books
History of cryptography
Books about the National Security Agency

vi:The Codebreakers

The Codebreakers


Komsomolskoje (, ) ist eine Siedlung innerhalb des Moskauer Rajons der Stadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg (Preußen)), der Hauptstadt der Oblast Kaliningrad (Gebiet Königsberg).

Geographische Lage
Komsomolskoje liegt im südöstlichen Bereich des Moskauer Rajons und ist fünf Kilometer vom Stadtzentrum entfernt. Durch den Ort verläuft die russische Fernstraße A 195 (ehemalige deutsche Reichsstraße 128), die von Kaliningrad nach Bagrationowsk (Preußisch Eylau) und weiter bis nach Polen führt. Die nächste Bahnstation ist der Haltepunkt Aiwasowskaja (bis 1945 "Seligenfeld") an der Bahnstrecke von Kaliningrad über Gussew (Gumbinnen) nach Litauen (Teilstück der ehemaligen Preußischen Ostbahn).

Geschichte
Das ehedem Schönfließ (nach 1820 Schönflies) genannte Dorf wurde 1874 in den neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Seligenfeld (heute russisch: Dalneje) eingegliedert und gehörte bis 1939 zum Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen) (1939 bis 1945 Landkreis Samland) im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen. Im Jahre 1905 wurde der auf dem rechten Ufer des Alten Pregels (russisch: Staraja Pregolja) sowie der südlich des Alten Pregels zu beiden Seiten der Chaussee (heute A 195) nach Preußisch Eylau (russisch: Bagrationowsk) gelegene Teil nördlich der Bahnlinie der Königlichen Ostbahn in die Stadtgemeinde und den Stadtkreis Königsberg (Preußen) (Kaliningrad) eingegliedert. Im Jahre 1910 betrug die Bevölkerungszahl von Schönfließ immerhin noch 354.

Am 14. Mai 1930 schlossen sich die drei Landgemeinden Adlig Neuendorf (russisch: Rschewskoje), Seligenfeld (Dalneje) und Schönfließ zum neuen Amtsbezirk Adlig Neuendorf zusammen. Drei Jahre später betrug die Zahl der Einwohner in Schönfließ 578.

Der 1. April 1939 brachte das "Aus" in der Selbständigkeit von Schönfließ: das Dorf wurde – wie auch Adlig Neuendorf und Seligenfeld – in die Stadtgemeinde und den Stadtkreis Königsberg (Preußen) eingemeindet.

Infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges kam das nördliche Ostpreußen mit Königsberg zur Sowjetunion. Schönfließ erhielt die russische Bezeichnung "Komsomolskoje". Seit 1993 ist es ein Stadtteil im Moskauer Rajon der Stadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg).

Kirche
Die bis 1945 überwiegend evangelische Bevölkerung von Schönfließ war in das Kirchspiel Seligenfeld (heute russisch: Dalneje) eingepfarrt und gehörte somit zum Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land I in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Der letzte deutsche Geistliche war Pfarrer Friedrich Lautsch.

Heute liegt Komsomolskoje im Einzugsbereich der Kaliningrader evangelisch-lutherischen Auferstehungskirche. Sie gehört zur neu gebildeten Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Kaliningrad

Komsomolskoje (Kaliningrad)


este o cometă cu perioadă lungă, de aproape , descoperită de către A. E. Thatcher. Ea este corpul părinte al ploii de meteori Lyride. Carl Wilhelm Baeker a găsit, în mod independent, această cometă. Cometa a trecut la  ( de kilometri) de Terra la 5 mai 1861, iar ultimul său periheliu a avut loc la 3 iunie 1861.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Comete neperiodice descoperite până în anul 1910

Comete

C/1861 G1 (Thatcher)


Loxogrammoideae, potporodica papratnjača, dio porodice Polypodiaceae. Saastoji se od tri roda.

Rodovi
 Dictymia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Loxogramme (Blume) C. Presl (39 spp.)

Izvori

Osladovke

Loxogrammoideae


Verbremser bezeichnet im Motorsport einen Fahrfehler durch zu spätes oder falsches Betätigen der Bremsen des Fahrzeugs.

Die Folgen eines Verbremsers hängen stark vom Ausmaß und der Streckenbeschaffenheit ab, sie reichen von kurzem Zeitverlust durch Verlassen der Ideallinie bis zu einem Verlassen der Strecke in eine Auslaufzone oder den Aufprall gegen die Streckenbegrenzung.

Im Automobilsport äußert sich ein Verbremser oftmals im Blockieren eines oder beider Vorderräder, da hier in der Regel die Verwendung eines Anti-Blockier-Systems nicht erlaubt ist. Dies kann, besonders auf festem Untergrund wie Asphalt, zu einem Bremsplatten meist des kurveninneren Vorderrades führen.

Weblinks

Fachbegriff (Motorsport)
Motorsport an Land

Verbremser


As eleições presidenciais bolivianas de 1993 foram realizadas no domingo, 6 de junho de 1993. Como nenhum candidato obteve mais da metade dos votos, coube ao Congresso Nacional escolher o presidente entre os mais votados. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada foi eleito presidente.

Ligações externas
 Corte Electoral de Bolivia

Eleições na Bolívia
1993 na Bolívia
Bolívia

Eleições gerais na Bolívia em 1993


Gasþoka eða geimþoka er skínandi miðgeimsefni sem samanstendur af vetni og geimryki.

Gasþoka


කළු කුහරයක් () යනු කිසිදු පදාර්ථයකට මෙන්ම ආලෝකයට පවා පිටවිය නොහැකි අභ්‍යවකාශයේ ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය ඉතාමත් ඝන වූ ස්කන්ධයක් විසින් අවකාශ-කාල විරූපී කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයකි. කළු කුහරය වටා පවතින්නේ හඳුනා ගත නොහැකි, සිද්ධි ක්ෂිතිජය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන, නැවත නොපැමිනී‍මේ සීමාව ලකුණු කරන මතුපිටයි. එය කළු ලෙස හඳුන්වන්නේ එය මතට පතිත වන කිසිදු විද්‍යුත් චුම්භක තරංගයක් හෝ අංශුවක්  පරාවර්තනය නොකර සම්පූර්ණයෙන් අවශෝෂණය කරගන්නා නිසාය. (තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ එන කෘෂ්ණ වස්තු (Black Body) වැනිය). ක්වොන්ටම් විද්‍යාවට  අනුව කළු කුහර, සීමිත උෂ්ණත්වයකින් යුතු වස්තුවක් මෙන්, හෝකින් කිරණ විහිදුවයි. මෙම උෂ්ණත්වය කළු කුහරයේ ප්‍රමාණය අනුව අඩු වන බැවින් විශාල ස්කන්ධයකින් යුතු කළු කුහර නිරීක්ෂණය කිරීම අපහසුය.එය අදෘශ්‍ය වුවත්, වෙනත් පදාර්ථ සමග සිදුවන අන්තර්ක්‍රියා මගින් කළු කුහර හඳුනාගත හැකිය. අවකාශයේ ප්‍රදේශයක් වටා පරිභ්‍රමණය වන තරු පොකුරක චලන රටා අධ්‍යනය කිරීමෙන් කළු කුහරයක පිහිටීම හඳුනාගත හැකිය. එමෙන්ම, තරු යුග්මයකින් විශාල කළු කුහරයකට පදාර්ථය ඇදගන්නා විට, එම වායු සර්පිලාකිරව හැඩගැසී, අධි උෂ්ණත්වයකට භාජනය වී නිකුත් කරන විකිරණය, ප්‍රථිවි-ගත දුරෙක්ෂක මගින් හඳුනාගත හැක.

තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් කළු කුහර තිබිය හැකි ස්ථාන විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් හඳුනාගෙන ඇති අතර, චක්‍රාවාට ම්‍ධ්‍යයේ supermassive කළු කුහර පැවතිය හැකි බවට සාධක සොයාගෙන ඇත. ක්‍ෂිර පථය මධ්‍යයේ Sagittarius A* ප්‍රදේශ‍යේ, සූර්ය-සකන්ධ මිලියන 2කට අධික  සුපිරි-විශාල කළු කුහරයක් (Supermassive Black Hole) පවතින බවට, 1998 වර්ශයේදී, විද්‍යාඥයින් හට ශක්තිමක් සාධක හමුවුනි. නමුත් මෑතකදි කරන ලද පරීක්ෂන වලට අනුව මෙය සූර්ය-සකන්ධ මිලියන 4කට අධික විය යුතු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත. විශ්වයේ ඇති විශාලතම කළු කුහර සූර්ය-සකන්ධ බිලියන ගණනක් විශාල වන අතර ඒවා අතිසුපිරි-විශාල කළු කුහර (Ultramassive Black Holes) ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.

ඉතිහාසය

ඉතාමත් ඝන වස්තු මගින් ආලෝකයට පවා පිටවීමට නොහැකි අදහස මුලින්ම ඉදිරිපත් වූවේ භු විද්‍යාඥ ජෝන් මිසෂල් විසින් හෙන්රි කැවෙන්ඩිශ් හට 1783දී ලියූ ලිපියකිනි:

 1796දී ගණිතඤ පියර්-සයිමන් ලා‍ප්ලේස්, එම අදහසම, ඔහුගේ Exposition du système du Monde ග්‍රන්ථයේ පළමුවන සහ දෙවන සංස්කරණ වලින් ඉදිරිපත් කර තිබුනි (පසු සංස්කරණ වලින් එය ඉවත් කෙරිණි).  එවන් අඳුරු තාරකා පිළිබඳ අදහස 19 ශතකයේ විශාල වශයෙන් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප විණි. එම කාලයේ ගුරුත්වාකර්ශෂණය මගින් ආලෝකයට බලපෑම් කල නොහැකි බවට විශ්වාස කෙරිණි.

සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය
1915 දී ඇල්බට් අයින්ස්ටයින් විසින් සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය ඉදිරිපත් කලේ ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණය ආලෝකයේ ගමන් මාර්ගයට බලපෑම් කරන බව පෙන්වා දීමෙන් පසුවය. ඉන් මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව  Karl Schwarzschild විසින් ලක්ෂ්‍ය-ස්කන්ධයක සහ ගොලීය ස්කන්ධයක ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණයට විසඳුමක් ලබා දුන්නේය. තවත් මාස කිහිපයකට පසු Schwarzschild සහ Hendrik Lorentz ගේ ශිෂ්‍යයෙකු වූ Johannes Droste, තනි තනිවම ඒවාගේ ලක්ෂණ පිළිබඳව වැඩිදුර ලිව්වෝය. මෙම විසඳුම වර්තමානයේ ෂ්වාස්චයිල්ඩ් අරය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන සුවිශේෂී හැසිරීමක් ඇති අතර එය ඒකීය බවට පත් විය, එයින් අදහස් වන්නේ අයින්ස්ටයින් සමීකරණවල සමහර යෙදුම් අනන්තය බවට පත්ව ඇති බවයි. මෙම පෘෂ් of යේ ස්වභාවය එකල එතරම් අවබෝධ වී නොතිබුණි. 1924 දී ආතර් එඩින්ග්ටන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ ඛණ්ඩාංක වෙනස් වීමෙන් පසුව ඒකීයභාවය අතුරුදහන් වූ බවයි (එඩින්ටන් ඛණ්ඩාංක බලන්න), නමුත් 1933 වන තෙක් ජෝර්ජස් ලෙමාට්‍රේට මෙය තේරුණේ ෂ්වාස්චයිල්ඩ් අරයෙහි ඒකීය භාවය භෞතික නොවන ඛණ්ඩාංක ඒකීය භාවයක් බව වටහා ගැනීමටය..

891/5000

1931 දී සුබ්රමනියම් චන්ද්රසේකර විසින් සාමාන්ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදයෙන් ගණනය කරන ලද අතර ඉලෙක්ට්රෝන පරිහානිගත ද්රව්ය 1.04 ස්කන්ධ ස්කන්ධයන් (චන්ද්රසේකර සීමාව) බිඳවැටෙනු ඇත. ඔහුගේ තර්කවලට එඩින්ටන් සහ ලෙව් ලන්ඩෝ වැනි බොහෝ සමකාලීනයන් විසින් විරුද්ධ වූ අතර, තවමත් නොදන්නා යාන්ත්රණයක් බිඳවැටීම නතර කරන බවට තර්ක කළහ. ඒවා අර්ධ වශයෙන් නිවැරදියි: චන්ද්රසේකර් සීමාවට වඩා කුඩා විශාල වාමනාවක් නියුට්රෝන තාරකාවක බිඳ වැටෙනු ඇත, පාවුලි බැහැර කිරීමේ මූලධර්මය නිසා ස්ථායී වේ. එහෙත් 1939 දී රොබට් ඔප්න්හෙමාර් සහ අනෙකුත් අය අනාවැකි පළ කළේ සූර්ය ස්කන්ධ 3 ක් පමණ වන නියුට්රෝන තාරකා (ටෝල්මෑන්-ඔප්න්හයිමර්-වොල්කොෆ් සීමාව) කළු කුහර බවට කඩා වැටෙනු ඇති අතර, භෞතික විද්යාවේ කිසිදු නීතියක් මැදිහත් වීමට ඉඩ නොතබන බව නිගමනය කලේය. අඩුම තරමින් සමහර තරු කළු කුහර දක්වා කඩා වැටෙනු ඇත

.ඒවා අර්ධ වශයෙන් නිවැරදි ය: චන්ද්‍රසේකර් සීමාවට වඩා තරමක් විශාල සුදු වාමන නියුට්‍රෝන තාරකාවකට කඩා වැටෙනු ඇත. එය පෝලි බැහැර කිරීමේ මූලධර්මය නිසා ස්ථායී වේ. නමුත් 1939 දී රොබට් ඔපන්හෙයිමර් සහ තවත් අය අනාවැකි පළ කළේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් සූර්ය ස්කන්ධ තුනකට වඩා වැඩි නියුට්‍රෝන තාරකා (ටෝල්මන්-ඔපන්හෙයිමර්-වොල්කොෆ් සීමාව) චන්ද්‍රසේකර් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද හේතු නිසා කළු කුහර වලට කඩා වැටෙනු ඇති අතර භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ කිසිදු නීතියක් මැදිහත් නොවන බවත් නිගමනය කළ බවත්ය. අවම වශයෙන් සමහර තරු කළු කුහර වලට කඩා වැටීම නවත්වන්න

ඔපන්හෙයිමර් සහ ඔහුගේ සම කර්තෘවරු ෂ්වාස්චයිල්ඩ් අරයෙහි මායිමේ ඇති ඒකීයභාවය අර්ථකථනය කළේ මෙය කාලය නතර වූ බුබුලක මායිම බවයි. මෙය බාහිර නිරීක්ෂකයින් සඳහා වලංගු දෘෂ්ටි කෝණයකි, නමුත් වැරදි නිරීක්ෂකයින් සඳහා නොවේ. මෙම දේපල නිසා, කඩා වැටුණු තාරකාවන් "ශීත කළ තරු" ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. මක්නිසාද යත් බාහිර නිරීක්ෂකයෙකුට තාරකාවේ පෘෂ් surface ය කාලයාගේ ඇවෑමෙන් ශීත කළ බව පෙනෙනු ඇත. මෙය නූතන කළු කුහරවල දන්නා දේපලකි, නමුත් ශීත කළ තාරකාවේ මතුපිටින් ලැබෙන ආලෝකය ඉතා වේගයෙන් රතු පැහැයට හැරෙන අතර කළු කුහරය ඉතා ඉක්මණින් කළු පැහැයට හැරේ. බොහෝ භෞතික විද්‍යා ists යන්ට ෂ්වාස්චයිල්ඩ් අරය තුළ රැඳී සිටීම පිළිබඳ අදහස පිළිගැනීමට නොහැකි වූ අතර වසර 20 කට වැඩි කාලයක් තිස්සේ මෙම විෂය කෙරෙහි එතරම් උනන්දුවක් නොතිබුණි.

ස්වර්ණමය යුගය
1958 දී , ඩේවිඩ් ෆින්ස්කෙලේෂ්ටින්  අවබෝද කරගන්නා ලද   මෙය ඔපන්හයිමර්ගේ ප්‍රතිඵලවලට තදින්ම පටහැනි නොවූ නමුත්, නිරීක්‍ෂකයන්ගේ බලපෑමට ලක්වීමේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණය ඇතුළත් කිරීමට ඒවා දීර්ඝ කළේය.ෆින්ස්කෙලේෂ්ටින්  ගේ විසඳුම කළු කුහරයට වැටෙන නිරීක්ෂකයින්ගේ අනාගතය සඳහා Schwarzschild විසඳුම දිගු කළේය. සම්පූර්ණ දිගුවක් දැනටමත් මාටින් කෘස්කාල් විසින් සොයාගෙන ඇති අතර, එය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලෙස ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල පැමිණියේ සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්‍ෂතාවාදයේ ස්වර්ණමය යුගයේ ආරම්භයේදී වන අතර එය සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය සහ කළු කුහර පර්යේෂණයේ ප්‍රධාන විෂය ධාරාවන් බවට පත්වීම මගින් සලකුණු කර ඇත. වේගයෙන් භ්‍රමණය වන නියුට්‍රෝන තරු ලෙස පෙන්වූ වසර කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත 1967 දී පල්සර් සොයා ගැනීම මෙම ක්‍රියාවලියට උපකාරී විය. ඒ වන තරු, කළු කුහර වැනි නියුට්‍රෝන තාරකා, හුදෙක් න්‍යායික කුතුහලයන් පමනක් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබීය. නමුත් පල්සර් සොයා ගැනීම ඔවුන්ගේ භෞතික අදාළත්වය පෙන්නුම් කළ අතර ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ බිඳවැටීමෙන් සෑදිය හැකි සියලු වර්ගවල සංයුක්ත වස්තූන් කෙරෙහි තවදුරටත් උනන්දුවක් ඇති කළේය.

මෙම කාල පරිච්චේදය තුළ වඩාත් පොදු කළු කුහර විසඳුම් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. 1963 දී Roy Kerr විසින් භ්‍රමණය වන කළු කුහරයක් සඳහා නිවැරදි විසඳුම සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. වසර දෙකකට පසුව Ezra T. Newman විසින් භ්‍රමණය වන සහ විද්‍යුත් ආරෝපණය වන කළු කුහරයක් සඳහා අක්ෂ සමමිතික විසඳුම සොයා ගන්නා ලදී,

කළු කුහර ද්‍රාවණවල ඇති අමුතු ලක්‍ෂණ පනවා ඇති සමමිතික තත්ත්‍වයෙන් ව්‍යාධිජනක කෞතුක ද්‍රව්‍ය බවටත්, සාමාන්‍ය අවස්ථාවන්හිදී ඒකවචනයන් නොපෙන්වන බවටත් දීර්ඝ කාලයක් තිස්සේ සැක පහළ විය. මෙම මතය විශේෂයෙන්ම බෙලින්ස්කි, ඛලට්නිකොව් සහ ලිෆ්ෂිට්ස් විසින් පැවැත්විණි, ඔවුන් සාමාන්‍ය විසඳුම්වල ඒකීය බවක් නොපෙන්වන බව ඔප්පු කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, හැටේ දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී රොජර් පෙන්රෝස් සහ ස්ටීවන් හෝකින් විසින් ඒකීයත්වය සාමාන්‍ය බව ඔප්පු කිරීමට ගෝලීය ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම භාවිතා කළහ.

"කළු කුහරය" යන යෙදුම ප්‍රථම වරට ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ භාවිතා කරන ලද්දේ 1967 දී දේශනයකදී ජෝන් වීලර් විසිනි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම වාක්‍ය ඛණ්ඩය නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ ගෞරවය ඔහුට හිමි වුවද, එය ඔහුට වෙනත් අයෙකු විසින් යෝජනා කළ බව ඔහු නිතරම අවධාරනය කළේය. මෙම යෙදුමේ පළමු වාර්තාගත භාවිතය 1964 දී ඈන් එවින්ග් විසින් විද්‍යාවේ දියුණුව සඳහා වූ ඇමරිකානු සංගමයට ලියූ ලිපියකි. වීලර් විසින් මෙම පදය භාවිතා කිරීමෙන් පසුව, එය ඉක්මනින් සාමාන්‍ය භාවිතයේ දී සම්මත විය.

ලක්ෂණ සහ ව්‍යුහය

භෞතික ලක්ෂණ

සිද්ධි ක්ෂිතිජය

ලක්ෂ්‍ය-භාවය

සිද්ධි ක්ෂිතිජය යනු කලු කුහරයේ මධ්‍ය ලක්ෂය වේ.සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය මගින් විස්තර කර ඇති පරිදි එය කාලඅවකාශය අනන්තයටම වන කලාපයක් විය හැක. භ්‍රමණය නොවන කළු කුහරයක් සඳහා, මෙම කලාපය තනි ලක්ෂ්‍යයක හැඩය ගනී.එම ඒකීය කලාපයට අනන්ත ඝනත්වයක් ඇති බව සිතිය හැක. යම් කිසි මිනිසෙක් කලු කුහරය තුලට ඇදවැටුනහොත් ඔහු කෙටි දුරක් යන විටම අනන්ත ස්කන්ධය විසින් ඇද ඉරී යනු ඇත(මෙහිදී දෙපයට සාපේක්ශව සාපේක්ශව හිසට ක්‍රියාත්මක වන ගුරුත්වය අඩුය.එබැවින් දෙපයින් වැඩි බලයකින්ද හිසින් ඊට සාපේක්ශව අඩු බලයකින් අදිනු ලබයි. එවිට එම පුද්ගලයාව පරමාණු දක්වාම ඇදී ඉරී යයි.මෙය "noodle effect" ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.) එම ඇදගන්නා දෙය අනන්ත ස්කන්ධය මගින් ඇද තලා දාමා ඉන්පසු එය ගිලගනී. මෙසේ වස්තූන් ගිලගන්නා විට කලු කුහරයේ ස්කන්ධය තවදුරටත් වැඩි වෙයි. සිද්ධි ක්ෂිතිජයේදි විශ්වයේ අනිකුත් තැන් වල ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අප දන්නා භෞතික විද්‍යා නියම සියල්ල බිදවැටෙයි.(article by: Dulen S.L)

ෆෝටෝන ගෝලය

Ergo ගෝලය

බිහිවීම සහ සකස් වීම

ගුරුත්වාක්ෂණ හැකිළීම
ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ හැකිලීම සිදුවන්නේ යම් වස්තුවක අංශු අතර ඇතිවන ගුරුත්වාකර්ණයට ඔරොත්තු දීමට තරම් එහි අභ්‍යන්තර පීඩනය ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවීමය. තාරකාවකට මෙය සිදුවන්නේ න්‍යෂ්ටික-විලයනය මගින් එහි උෂ්ණත්වය පවත්වා ගැනීමට තරම් එහි ඉන්ධන ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවීම හෝ පිටතින් අමතර පදාර්ථයක් එක්වී එහි ස්කන්ධය වැඩි වීම නිසාය. මෙවන් අවස්ථාවකදී තාරකාවේ ගුරුත්වය මගින් තමාවම හකුලවාගැනීම වැලැක්වීමට එහි උෂ්ණත්වය අසමත් වෙයි.

මහා පිපිරුමේ ප්‍රථමාරම්භ කළු කුහර

අධි ශක්ති ඝට්ටනය

වර්ධනය
කළු කුහරයක් ඇතිවීමෙන් පසු එය පිටතින් පදාරථ උරා ගනිමින් වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගනී. ඕනෑම කළු කුහරයක් දිගින් දිගටම අවට ඇති වාතය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ දූවිලි මෙන්ම සර්වව්‍යාප්ත විශ්ව පසුබිම් විකිරණයද උරා ගනී. අධි-ස්කන්ධ කළු කුහර වරධනය වීමට ප්‍රාථමික දායක්ත්වය ලැබී ඇත්තේ මෙම කියාවලිය මගිනි. ගෝලාකාර තරු පොකුරු වල මධ‍්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ කළු කුහර සෑදී ඇත්තේද මෙමගින් බවට යෝජනා වී ඇත.

කළු කුහරයකට තාරකාවක් මෙන්ම තවත් කළු කුහරයක් සමග බද්ධ විමේ හැකියාවක් ඇත. කුඩා වස්තු කීපයක එකතුවකින් සෑදී ඇති අධි-ස්කන්ධ කළු කුහරවල ප්‍රථම අවදියේදී ඒවා වර්ධනය වීමට මෙවැනි දෑ වැගදත් වී ඇති බවට විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි. සමහරක් මධ‍්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ කළු කුහර ආරම්භය වීම සඳහා දායක වූ බවටද මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය යෝජනා වී ඇත.

වාෂ්පවීම

නිරීක්ෂණය කල සාක්ෂි

පදාර්ථ එකතුවීම

X-කිරණ තරු යුග්ම

Quiescence and advection-dominated accretion flow

Quasi-periodic oscillations

ගැමා කිරණ පිපිරුම්
 නියුට්‍රෝන තරු දෙකක් එකිනෙක ඝට්ටනය වීමේදී පිටවන අධිශක්ති විකිරණ ගැමා කිරණ පිපිරුමක් ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකිය  බොහෝ විට නියුට්‍රෝන තරු දෙකක් එකිනෙක හා වේගයෙන් ගැටීමේදී දෙපසට විහිදී යන අති විශාල ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණයකි එහි අඩංගු අධික ගැමා කිරණ ප්‍රමාණ නිසා එය ගැමා කිරලා පිපුරුමක් ලෙස හඳුන්වයි

චක්‍රාවාට කේන්ද්‍ර

 චක්‍රාවාට කේන්ද්‍රය එනම් චක්‍රාවාටය මැද බොහෝ විට කළු කුහරයක් පවතී. ක්ෂීරපථ මන්දාකිණිය වන අපගේ මන්දාකිණිය මධ්‍යයේ අති විශාල කළු කුහරයක් (supermassive black hole) පවතී. එහි පවත්නා අධික ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ බලය නිසා චක්‍රාවාට සම්පූර්ණ ස්කන්ධයන් ඒ වෙත ආකර්ෂණය වී ඇත. කෙටියෙන් කිවහොත් සූර්යයා ඇතුළු අපගේ සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලය ද ක්ෂීරපථ මන්දාකිණියේ වූ දහස් ගණනක් තාරකා ද එම කළු කුහරය වෙත ආකර්ෂණය වී පවතී.

ගුරුත්ව කාච

ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ කාචයක් නිරීක්ෂකයෙකු වෙත ගමන් කරන විට ආලෝකයේ ආලෝකය විහිදුවන හැකියාවෙන් දුරස්ථ ආලෝක ප්‍රභවයක් සහ නිරීක්ෂකයකු අතර යම් ද්රව්යයක් බෙදා හැරීම (පදාර්ථ පොකුරු වැනි) බෙදා හැරීමකි. මෙම බලපෑම ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ ආතතිය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. ඇල්බට් අයින්ස්ටයින්ගේ සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය පිළිබඳ සාමාන්‍ය න්‍යායේ පුරෝකථනයන්ගෙන් එකක් වන්නේ නැමීමේ ප්‍රමාණයයි.(සම්භාව්ය භෞතික විද්යාව ආලෝකයේ නැඹුරුවක් ද අනාවැකි පල කරයි, නමුත් සාමාන්ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදයෙන් පුරෝකථනය කරන ලද භාගය පමණයි.

විකල්ප

විවෘත විමසීම්

එන්ට්‍රෝපිය සහ thermodynamics

කළු කුහර ඒකීය භාවය
sf

මේවාත් බලන්න

 Black holes in fiction
 Black string
 Kugelblitz (astrophysics)
 List of black holes
 Susskind-Hawking battle

 Timeline of black hole physics
 White hole
 Wormhole

සටහන්

නිර්දේශන

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
Popular reading
 .
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University textbooks and monographs
 , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website .
 .
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Review papers

  Lecture notes from 2005 SLAC Summer Institute.

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Singularities and Black Holes" by Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich.
 "Black hole" on Scholarpedia.
 Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull - Interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute
 FAQ on black holes
 "Schwarzschild Geometry" on Andrew Hamilton's website
 UT Brownsville Group Simulates Spinning Black-Hole Binaries
 Advanced Mathematics of Black Hole Evaporation

Videos
 16-year long study tracks stars orbiting Milky Way black hole
 Yale University Video Lecture: Introduction to Black Holes  at Google Video.
 Movie of Black Hole Candidate from Max Planck Institute

News
 "Black Hole confirmed in Milky Way." Retrieved December 10, 2008
 Black Hole Research News

කළු කුහර
සාපේක්‍ෂතාව
අඳුරු පදාර්ථ
භෞතික විද්‍යාව

කළු කුහර


Julie Strain (Concord, California, 18 de febrero de 1962 - 10 de enero de 2021) fue una modelo de revistas para adultos y actriz de reparto estadounidense. Fue Pet of the Month de la revista Penthouse en junio de 1991 y que posteriormente fue elegida Pet of the Year en 1993. Su papel actoral más reconocible fue como actriz de voz para el personaje Julie, la protagonista de Heavy Metal 2000.

Primeros años
Strain nació en Concord, California. Graduada de Diablo Valley College, tenía una amplia experiencia atlética. Más tarde se mudó a Las Vegas y luego a Hollywood, California.

Carrera profesional
Julie Strain fue Pet of the Month de la revista Penthouse en junio de 1991 y Penthouse del año en 1993.

Con más de 100 películas en su haber, Strain fue apodada la "Reina de las películas B". Modeló para muchos artistas de cómics, incluidos Simon Bisley, Milo Manara y Kevin Eastman, con quien más tarde se casaría. Su imagen también se utilizó en animación. Prestó su voz para el personaje principal de la película animada Heavy Metal 2000 y fue modelo base para el videojuego de disparos en tercera persona vinculado, Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K. 2. Fue panelista invitada frecuente en convenciones de cómics tales como San Diego Comic-Con.

En 1997, Heavy Metal publicó la autobiografía de Strain, Six Foot One and Worth the Climb. Estaba profusamente ilustrado con fotografías de su carrera cinematográfica y como modelo, además de pinturas de los artistas Boris Vallejo, Julie Bell y Olivia De Berardinis.

Strain se hizo muy popular por su intervención en el programa Sex Court, en el canal para adultos Playboy TV.

Vida personal y fallecimiento
Strain medía 1,85 m de altura. Desde 1995 hasta 2006 estuvo casada con Kevin Eastman, cocreador de Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Eastman coprotagonizó varias de las películas de Strain, como Day of the Warrior y L.E.T.H.A.L. Ladies: Return to Savage Beach.

Gran parte de los recuerdos de Strain sobre su juventud se perdieron debido a la amnesia retrógrada, debido a una lesión en la cabeza que sufrió por una caída cuando estaba en sus 20 años.

En noviembre de 2018, su novio Dave Gram anunció públicamente que la actriz se encontraba en las últimas etapas de la demencia, la cual se cree que fue el resultado aquella caída suya y estaba recibiendo cuidados paliativos en su hogar. Sus amigos y familiares reportaron su fallecimiento el 10 de enero de 2021, a los cincuenta y ocho años.

Filmografía parcial

Véase también
 Lista de Penthouse Pets of the Year

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial

JulieStrain.com biography, Consultado el 25 de octubre de 2011
MySpace page, Consultado el 25 de octubre de 2011

Nacidos en Concord (California)
Modelos eróticas de Estados Unidos
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de voz de Estados Unidos
Actrices de California
Penthouse Pets
Penthouse Pets of the Year

Julie Strain


Aurélie Halbwachs (* 24. August 1986 in Curepipe) ist eine mauritische Radrennfahrerin. Bis einschließlich 2023 wurde sie acht Mal Afrikameisterin.

Sportliche Laufbahn
Aurélie Halbwachs begann Anfang der 2000er Jahre mit dem Radsport auf den Rat einer Ernährungsberaterin hin, da sie übergewichtig war. Mehrere Male wurde sie inzwischen Meisterin von Mauritius, wobei sie oftmals die einzige Frau im Peloton ist und sie die Rennen gegen Männer bestreiten muss.

2006 wurde Aurélie Halbwachs Afrikameisterin im Einzelzeitfahren. In den folgenden Jahren erreichte sie regelmäßig Podiumsplätze bei Afrikameisterschaften im Zeitfahren sowie im Straßenrennen. 2007 gewann sie in Frankreich ein Rennen des Ladys Berry Classic`s. 2012 wurde sie mauritische Meisterin auf dem Mountainbike.

Halbwachs startete bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2008 in Peking im Straßenrennen und belegte Platz 62; beim olympischen Straßenrennen 2012 in London konnte sie das Rennen nicht beenden. Bei den Afrikaspielen 2011 in Maputo errang sie die Silbermedaille im Straßenrennen.

2014 gewann Halbwachs gemeinsam mit ihrem Partner Yannick Lincoln das Cape Epic in der Kategorie Mixed Teams. 2017 wurde sie dreifache Afrikameisterin: im Einzelzeitfahren, im Straßen sowie im Mountainbike-Marathon. Bei den Afrikaspielen 2019 im marokkanischen Benslimane errang sie jeweils die Silbermedaille im Straßenrennen, Mountainbike XC und im Mountainbike-Marathon. 2023 wurde sie Afrikameisterin in Einzel- und Mannschaftszeitfahren.

Ehrungen
2006, 2008, 2010 und 2011 wurde Aurélie Halbwachs zur Sportlerin des Jahres von Mauritius gewählt.

Erfolge
2006
  Afrikameisterin – Einzelzeitfahren
2008
  Afrikameisterschaft – Straßenrennen, Einzelzeitfahren
2009
  Afrikameisterschaft – Einzelzeitfahren
2010
  Afrikameisterschaft – Einzelzeitfahren
  Afrikameisterschaft – Straßenrennen
2011
  Afrikaspiele – Straßenrennen
  Afrikameisterschaft – Straßenrennen, Einzelzeitfahren
  Mauritische Meisterin – Straßenrennen, Einzelzeitfahren
2012
  Afrikameisterschaft – Mountainbike/Downhill
2014
  Cape Epic – Mixed Team (mit Yannick Lincoln)
2015
  Afrikameisterschaft – Einzelzeitfahren
2017
  Afrikameisterin – Straßenrennen, Einzelzeitfahren
  Afrikameisterin – Mountainbike-Marathon
  Afrikameisterschaft – Mountainbike XC
2019
  Afrikaspiele – Straßenrennen, Mountainbike XC, Mountainbike Marathon
2020
  Mauritische Meisterin – Straßenrennen, Einzelzeitfahren
2022
  Mauritische Meisterin – Einzelzeitfahren
2023
  Afrikameisterin – Einzelzeitfahren, Mannschaftszeitfahren

Teams
 2012 Vienne Futuroscope

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Mauritius)
Olympiateilnehmer (Mauritius)
Afrikameister (Radsport)
Mauritischer Meister (Radsport)
Mountainbikefahrer
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Mauritius)
Teilnehmer an den Afrikaspielen (Mauritius)
Mauritier
Geboren 1986
Frau

Aurélie Halbwachs


هوسكفارنا (بالسويدية Huskvarna) وهي مدينة سويدية تقع على بعد 320 كلم جنوب غرب ستوكهولم.

أعلام
 إريك إدمان
 بيتر سفينسون
 كارين ألفتيجن
 بيورن أفزيليوس

مراجع

مدن السويد

هوسكفارنا
مدن في محافظة يونشوبينغ

هوسكفارنا


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Slovenská Ľupča enthält die 45 nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Slovenská Ľupča im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Slovenska Lupca


Hans Jørgen Haysen (født 14. januar 1976 i Kolding) er en dansk tidligere fodboldspiller og nuværende sportschef i SønderjyskE, hvor han tog over for Ole Nielsen i sommeren 2014. Tidligere har han været i administrationen i SønderjyskE, ligesom han også har været træner for U19 holdet.

Han blev pr. 1. Marts 2021 tilknyttet AGF, men stoppede den 4 marts.

Hans Jørgen blev i 2019 gift med Jane Gerber, som nu hedder Jane Gerber Haysen

Karriere
I sin spillerkarriere, spillede han kant for blandt andet HFK Sønderjylland og senere FC Fredericia og på SønderjyskE's Danmarksserie-hold. Han spillede i Fredericia, fra 2005 til 2010 og i SønderjyskE fra 2010 til 2011 inden han fik fuldtidsjob i administrationen i klubben.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra SønderjyskE
Fodboldspillere fra FC Fredericia
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Kolding

Hans Jørgen Haysen


Vincent "Vinny" Lecavalier (born April 21, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who is currently a special advisor of hockey operations for the Montreal Canadiens. Lecavalier played seventeen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1998 and 2016. He  was the captain of the Tampa Bay Lightning for the 2000–2001 season and again from 2008–2013 and spent his first 14 NHL seasons with the Tampa Bay Lightning before being bought out following the 2012–13 season and signing with the Philadelphia Flyers for $22.5 million over 5 years. He was chosen first overall by the Lightning in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft and was a member of their 2004 Stanley Cup championship team. He won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2007 as the NHL's leading goal scorer. On February 10, 2018, the Tampa Bay Lightning retired his number 4 jersey.

Playing career
As a youth, Lecavalier played in the 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from the North Shore of Montreal.

Rimouski Océanic
Lecavalier played two years of junior hockey for the Rimouski Océanic of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his tenure, he quickly established himself as one of the NHL's top prospects. In his first season with the Océanic, he won the Michel Bergeron Trophy as the QMJHL's top rookie forward, and the RDS Cup as the top rookie overall.

Tampa Bay Lightning (1998–2013)
Lecavalier was drafted first overall by Tampa Bay in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft, during which new Lightning owner Art Williams proclaimed that Lecavalier would be "the Michael Jordan of hockey".

On March 1, 2000, following his sophomore season, he was named captain, becoming the youngest captain in NHL history at 19 years and 314 days (since surpassed by Sidney Crosby in May 2007,  Gabriel Landeskog in September 2012, and Connor McDavid in October 2016). Previously, Steve Yzerman had held that honour, having been named captain of the Detroit Red Wings at 21 years, 5 months.

However, Lecavalier did not fulfill expectations and was later stripped of the captaincy before the 2001–02 NHL season when Lightning management decided he was too young even as a high calibre player. Around that time, he clashed frequently with head coach John Tortorella.

Tortorella has since noted that Lecavalier matured since losing the team captaincy. During the 2003–04 NHL season, while Martin St. Louis led in regular season scoring and Brad Richards led in the playoffs, Lecavalier played a key role in the team's Stanley Cup victory, assisting on the Cup-clinching goal. He was named MVP of the Canadian National Team in the 2004 World Cup of Hockey, which Canada won.

During the lock-out which cancelled the 2004–05 NHL season, Lecavalier, along with Lightning teammates Nikolai Khabibulin and Brad Richards, played for Ak Bars Kazan in the Russian Superleague. Lecavalier scored 15 points as Kazan finished 4th in the league and lost in the first round of the playoffs.

Lecavalier was chosen to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Olympics, but returned to Tampa without a medal.

Lecavalier broke the all-time Tampa Bay Lightning record for most points in a season by scoring his 95th point on March 16, 2007, against the Buffalo Sabres. The record was previously held by Martin St. Louis, who had 94 points during the 2003–04 NHL season. His record of 108 points was since surpassed by future Lightning forward Nikita Kucherov, who recorded Art Ross trophy-winning 128 points (41 goals, 87 assists) during the 2018-19 NHL season and holds the record at this point.

On March 30, 2007, in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes, Lecavalier became the first Lightning player to record 50 goals in a season. He finished the season with 52 goals, edging Ottawa's Dany Heatley, who scored 50 goals, to earn the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy as the NHL's top goal scorer for the 2006–07 season.

During the 2007–08 NHL season, Lecavalier recorded 8 straight multipoint games, being the first to do so since Jaromír Jágr in 1996.  The scoring streak put him first in the NHL scoring race, until he was surpassed by Ottawa Senators' captain, Daniel Alfredsson, who scored 7 points in the final game before the All-Star break. He was named captain of the Eastern Conference at the 2008 NHL All Star Game. At the end of the season he was named the winner of both the King Clancy Memorial Trophy and the NHL Foundation Player Award for his tremendous charity work in the community.

In the 2007–08 offseason, Lecavalier underwent shoulder surgery to repair a fracture from taking a hit against Matt Cooke of the Washington Capitals. He underwent another surgery on his left wrist later in the summer.

On July 12, 2008, Lecavalier agreed to an eleven-year, $85 million contract extension with the Lightning. His new contract began after the 2008–09 season, and ran through the 2019–20 season.

He was renamed captain of the Tampa Bay Lightning on September 18, 2008.

In mid-January 2009, rumours were swirling around a possible trade which would send Lecavalier to the Montreal Canadiens, his hometown, but Brian Lawton later stated that Lecavalier would rather stay in Tampa Bay for the rest of his career. Lecavalier confirmed in his own words his preference of playing in Tampa Bay over his native Montreal. On January 24, at the NHL's superskills competition, Lecavalier received a standing ovation from the Montreal crowd that lasted for 30 seconds when he was being introduced.

Lecavalier underwent season-ending wrist surgery on April 3, 2009.

On January 21, 2013, Lecavalier played in his 1000th NHL game, becoming the 280th NHL player to reach that milestone. His 1,000 games were all with the Tampa Bay Lightning.  The team honoured him on January 25, their next home game, with several gifts including an engraved silver stick.

In June 2013, the New York Post reported that the Lightning and Toronto Maple Leafs had discussed a trade which would have sent Lecavalier to Toronto; the Maple Leafs would receive an asset in exchange for buying out Lecavalier's contract and he would then be free to re-sign with Tampa as an unrestricted free agent at a lower salary cap hit. Though the Maple Leafs denied the report, NHL Deputy Commissioner Bill Daly promptly sent out a memo to all 30 league teams, warning them to avoid transactions deemed a circumvention of the collective bargaining agreement. The CBA prevents teams from re-signing players they've bought out for a minimum of one year. One day later, the Lightning announced that it was buying out Lecavalier's contract, allowing their longest serving player to become an unrestricted free agent. The buyout would pay Lecavalier a total of $32.67 million and rid the Lightning of his $7.727 million salary cap hit.

Philadelphia Flyers (2013–2016)
On July 2, 2013, less than a week after being bought out by the Lightning, Lecavalier signed with the Philadelphia Flyers who agreed to pay him $22.5 million over a five-year contract; which is in addition to the $2.33 million he will receive annually from the Lightning for the next 14 years. Lecavalier chose to wear number 40 with the Flyers as his usual number 4 had been retired by the Flyers in honour of Barry Ashbee. On November 27, 2013, Lecavalier made his first return to Tampa as a member of the Flyers and was welcomed with a tribute video as well as a long, standing ovation from Lightning fans. He scored a goal in his homecoming and was awarded the game's 3rd star. Lecavalier finished the season registering 20 goals and 17 assists, and scored his 400th career goal against the Boston Bruins on March 30, 2014. The Flyers qualified for the 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs, before being eliminated in seven games by the New York Rangers, in which Lecavalier had one goal and an assist in the series.
The 2014-15 NHL season began quite poorly for Lecavalier, and on December 2, 2014 he was a healthy scratch for the first time in his career.

On April 9, 2015 in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes, Lecavalier fought twice against Hurricanes rookie Keegan Lowe, who was playing his first NHL game. Lecavalier didn't play the third period and may have suffered a concussion.

Los Angeles Kings (2016)
During the 2015–16 season, having played sparingly for the previous two seasons within the Flyers organization, Lecavalier was traded alongside Luke Schenn to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Jordan Weal and a third round pick on January 6, 2016. One of the stipulations of the trade was that Lecavalier would retire at the end of the season to keep the Kings from being saddled with his hit to the salary cap. With number 4 being retired for Rob Blake, Lecavalier chose number 44 for the Kings. He officially announced his retirement on June 21, 2016.

Personal life
Lecavalier went to John Rennie High School in Pointe-Claire, Quebec for two years (1992–1993) before transferring to Athol Murray College of Notre Dame in Wilcox, Saskatchewan. He has been friends with former teammate Brad Richards, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 2004 as Most Valuable Player of the NHL playoffs, since the age of 14, when they met at Notre Dame, where they were roommates and became best friends. Since then they have gone on to become teammates with the Rimouski Océanic, the Tampa Bay Lightning and also with Ak Bars Kazan. Lecavalier currently resides in Tampa's Davis Island.

Lecavalier began dating Caroline Portelance in 2001. After ten years of dating, the two were married in 2011. The couple have three children together, Olivia, Gabe, and Amelia.

He is featured in The Rocket: The Maurice Richard Story where he portrayed legendary Montreal Canadiens centre, Jean Béliveau. He wore number 4 to honour Béliveau.

EA Sports' video game NHL 06 featured Lecavalier as the cover athlete.

In October 2007, Lecavalier pledged $3 million to a new All Children's Hospital facility under construction in St. Petersburg, Florida. The facility was named the Vincent Lecavalier Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center in his honour.

On February 10, 2018, the Tampa Bay Lightning retired Lecavalier's number 4 jersey. Lecavalier is the second player in franchise history to have his jersey retired, the first being Martin St. Louis.

On March 17, 2023, Lecavalier was inducted into the Tampa Bay Lightning Hall of Fame, as a member of its inaugural class.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

International

Awards and honors

Junior
 QMJHL All-Rookie Team – 1997
 Michel Bergeron Trophy (QMJHL Offensive Rookie of the Year) – 1997
 RDS Cup (QMJHL Rookie of the Year) – 1997
 CHL All-Rookie Team – 1997
 CHL Rookie of the Year – 1997
 QMJHL first All-Star team – 1998
 Mike Bossy Trophy (QMJHL Top Draft Prospect) – 1998
 CHL first All-Star team – 1998
 CHL Top Draft Prospect Award – 1998

NHL
 Stanley Cup champion – 2004
 EA Sports NHL cover athlete - 2006
 Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy – 2007
 NHL second All-Star team – 2007
 King Clancy Memorial Trophy – 2008
 NHL Foundation Player Award – 2008
 NHL All-Star Game – 2003, 2007, 2008 (captain), 2009
 Tampa Bay Lightning #4 retired

International
 World Cup of Hockey – 2004
 World Cup of Hockey All-Star team – 2004
 World Cup of Hockey MVP – 2004

See also
 List of NHL players with 1000 games played

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Ak Bars Kazan players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of French descent
French Quebecers
Ice hockey people from Montreal
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
King Clancy Memorial Trophy winners
Los Angeles Kings players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-overall draft picks
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
People from L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève
Philadelphia Flyers players
Rimouski Océanic players
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning draft picks
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia

Vincent Lecavalier


An Melica hyalina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann es Christoph Christian Döll. An Melica hyalina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Melica, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Melica

Melica hyalina


In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.

Nomenclature
Systematic names are formed as "substrate group-lyase." Common names include decarboxylase, dehydratase, aldolase, etc. When the product is more important, synthase may be used in the name, e.g. phosphosulfolactate synthase (EC 22.214.171.124, Michael addition of sulfite to phosphoenolpyruvate).
A combination of both an elimination and a Michael addition is seen in O-succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase (MetY or MetZ) which catalyses first the γ-elimination of O-succinylhomoserine (with succinate as a leaving group) and then the addition of sulfide to the vinyl intermediate, this reaction was first classified as a lyase (EC 184.108.40.206), but was then reclassified as a transferase (EC 126.96.36.199).

Classification
Lyases are classified as EC 4 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Lyases can be further classified into seven subclasses:
EC 4.1 includes lyases that cleave carbon–carbon bonds, such as decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1), aldehyde lyases (EC 4.1.2), oxo acid lyases (EC 4.1.3), and others (EC 4.1.99)
EC 4.2 includes lyases that cleave carbon–oxygen bonds, such as dehydratases
EC 4.3 includes lyases that cleave carbon–nitrogen bonds
EC 4.4 includes lyases that cleave carbon–sulfur bonds
EC 4.5 includes lyases that cleave carbon–halide bonds
EC 4.6 includes lyases that cleave phosphorus–oxygen bonds, such as adenylyl cyclase and guanylyl cyclase
EC 4.99 includes other lyases, such as ferrochelatase

Membrane-associated lyases
Some lyases associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or anchored through a single transmembrane helix.

See also
List of EC numbers of enzymes belonging to category EC 4

References

 EC 4 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London

Lyase


15522 Trueblood este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
15522 Trueblood este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Fountain Hills (Arizona) de Charles W. Juels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,32 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 9,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 15001-16000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

15522 Trueblood


Jern Henrik er en dansk kortfilm fra 1991 med instruktion og manuskript af Albert Hytteballe Petersen.

Handling
Portræt af Erik Jørgensen, 16 år, Svendborg. Erik spiller guitar, går modvilligt i skole, har konflikter med forældrene og tjener lommepenge ved fritidsjob. Han arbejder blandt andet på virksomheder, der giver pokker i regler om løn og sikkerhed. Erik misbruges, og en dag går det galt. En utraditionel og uhøjtidelig ungdomsfilm, hvor filmholdet sætter sig som opgave at finde ud af, hvad der gik galt for Erik.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1991

Jern Henrik (kortfilm)


O pato-arlequim (Histrionicus histrionicus) é uma ave anseriforme da familia dos anatídeos, presente no nordeste e noroeste da América do Norte, este da Rússia, ilhas Aleutas, sul da Gronelândia e Islândia. É a única espécie do género Histrionicus e não tem subespécies.

Descrição
O pato-arlequim é um pequeno pato marinho, com 36-51 cm de comprimento. Os machos têm uma plumagem colorida, de onde vem a referência no seu nome ao arlequim. Atingem a maturidade aos 2 anos e vivem 12-14 anos.

Anatidae

Pato-arlequim


Nova Ponte es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais.

La ciudad tiene 70 años de historia.
A mediados de 1993/1994 la antigua ciudad fue inundada y fue creada la nueva ciudad en la parte más alta de la región, al lado de donde hoy se encuentra la represa de la central hidroeléctrica de Nova Ponte.

Geografía

Su población en 2010 era de 12586 (IBGE - Censos 2010). Es un municipio nuevo, totalmente planificado. Nova Ponte posee algunas comunidades distantes de la ciudad como Almeida Campos; con 1400hab (50 km de distancia), Jatobá, Lucas, Teixeira, Parque de las Arvores.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Nova Ponte


Dilâver Cebeci (d. 1943, Kelkit, Gümüşhane - ö. 28 Mayıs 2008), Türk şair, yazar, ilahiyatçı, akademisyen ve düşünür.

1943 yılında Gümüşhane'nin Kelkit ilçesinin Dayısı köyünde dünyaya gelmiştir. 1948 yılında Kırıkkale'ye yerleşmişlerdir. 1970 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Aydın'da öğretmenlik ve Halk Eğitimi Başkanlığı, İstanbul Ortaköy Eğitim Enstitüsü'nde öğretim görevliliği, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı'nda neşriyat uzmanlığı, Üsküdar Kız Lisesi'nde öğretmenlik yaptı. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi'nde İktisat Tarihi yüksek lisansı ve sosyoloji doktorası yapan Cebeci, Marmara Üniversitesi'nde öğretim üyesi olarak çalıştı. Özellikle bestelenen Türkiyem şiiriyle adını geniş kitlelere duyurmuştur. 2 çocuk babası olan Cebeci, 29 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde öldü.

İlk şiiri 1965 yılında Defne dergisinde çıktı. Şiirleri, hikâyeleri, mensureleri ve mizah yazılan Devlet, Töre, Bozkurt, Türk Edebiyatı, Türk Yurdu, Güney Su, Ortadoğu, Hergün, Yeni Düşünce, Ayrıntılı Haber, Türkiye dergi ve gazetelerinde yayınlandı. Dilâver Cebeci, millî ve tarihi motiflerle bezeli lirik şiirleriyle tanınır. Türk edebiyatına "Seyyah-ı Fakir Evliya Çelebi" mizahî tipini kazandırdı. Seyyah-ı Fakir Evliya Çelebi imzasıyla yazdığı yazılarında Türk sosyal hayatına bir 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı vatandaşı gibi bakarak, bu hayatın Türk kültürüne yabana yönlerini latif bir üslupla hicvetti. Türk edebiyatında uzun ve hikâyemsi mensure türünü denedi ve bu denemelerinde milli romantizmi vermeye çalıştı.

2008 yılında kalp krizinden vefat eden şair İstanbul'da Çengelköy Mezarlığına defnedilmiştir.

Eserleri

KAYNAKÇA:

Türk ilahiyat akademisyenleri
Resim aranan yazarlar
1943 doğumlular
2008 yılında ölenler
Kelkit doğumlular
İstanbul'da ölenler
Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk öğretmenler
Marmara Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Çengelköy Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Dilaver Cebeci


Helena Gamulin-Brida (Selca, Brač, 6. ožujka   Zagreb, 4. srpnja ), hrvatska zoologinja, morska biologinja. Kći liječnika Vojtjeha Bride i supruga biologa Ćire Gamulina.

Životopis
Rodila se je u Selcima na otoku Braču. U Dubrovniku je završila Učiteljsku školu 1929. godine i potom je radila pet godina kao učiteljica u osnovnoj školi u Vrisniku i Jelsi. Od 1944. predavala je na Visu. U Splitu je završila 1947. godine Višu pedagošku školu, a od 1946. je šest godina predavala na Realci u Splitu i zatim tri godine na učiteljskoj školia u Zagrebu. U Zagrebu je studirala biologiju na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu i diplomirala 1954., a 1960. doktorirala tezom Biocenoze dubljeg litorala u kanalima srednjeg Jadrana.
Od 1958. je u Splitu bila voditeljicom laboratorija za bentos Instituta za oceanografiju i ribarstvo. Predavala je u Zagrebu sistematsku zoologiju i zoogeografiju na Prirodoslovno-matematičkome fakultetu od 1968. godine. Bavila se je najviše jadranskom bentoskom biocenozom. Napisala je više od sedamdeset znanstvenih i preko pedeset stručnih i didaktičnih radova u listovima Priroda, Acta Adriatica, Acta Biokovica i drugima. Autorica srednjoškolskog udžbenika za biologiju (suautor Z. Pavletić) koji je doživio više izdanja.

Izvori

Životopisi, Selca
Hrvatski zoolozi
Hrvatski morski biolozi

Helena Gamulin-Brida


Kabinett außer Kontrolle ist eine britische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 2009 und Spin-off der mehrfach ausgezeichneten BBC-Fernsehserie The Thick of It.

Handlung
Während eines Radiointerviews auf BBC Radio 4 antwortet der häufig ungeschickte Entwicklungsminister Simon Foster auf die Frage, ob die USA bald Krieg im Nahen Osten führen werden, dass dies "unvorhersehbar" sei. Malcolm Tucker, Kommunikationsdirektor des Premierministers, ist entsetzt über dieses PR-Desaster und macht den jungen Berater Toby Wright an dessen erstem Arbeitstag dafür verantwortlich, Foster auf "Linie des Ministers" zu bringen. Dank seiner Freundin Suzy, die für Außenminister Michael Rodgers arbeitet, kann Toby seinen Chef Foster in ein bilaterales Treffen des Außenministeriums mit Vertretern der USA einschleusen. Während die amerikanische Assistant Secretary of State Karen Clark dort verdeutlicht, dass kein Krieg bevorstünde und den Frieden bewahren möchte, versucht Foster seinen Fehler aus dem Radiointerview wiedergutzumachen, verheddert sich dabei jedoch in weiteren missverständlichen Formulierungen. Durch die beiläufige Erwähnung eines anderen Mitarbeiters aus dem US-Außenministerium erfährt Clark, dass es offenbar ein geheimes Komitee zur Vorbereitung einer Invasion gibt.

Zurück im US-Außenministerium forscht Clark mit Hilfe ihrer Assistentin Liza Weld diesem Verdacht nach und muss feststellen, dass ihr Kollege Linton Barwick tatsächlich hinter ihrem Rücken unter der verharmlosenden Bezeichnung "Future Planning Comittee" Gespräche organisiert, die ihre Bemühungen um Frieden unterlaufen. Clark bittet ihren alten Freund Lt. General Miller um Rat und will den Vorgang "internationalisieren", indem sie den britischen Minister Foster hinzuzieht. Dieser reist mit seinem Mitarbeiter Toby nach Washington, wobei Toby einem alten Freund bei CNN gegenüber die bislang geheime Existenz des Komitees ausplaudert. Lintons Widersacher nutzt nun Fosters unglückliche Formulierungen für seine Zwecke und wirbt weiterhin für den Krieg. Linton übt Druck aus auf Tucker, der daraufhin Argumente gegen ein militärisches Eingreifen verschwinden lässt und Linton so die gewünschte britische Begründung liefert. Damit geht der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten zu den Vereinten Nationen, wo es ihm gelingt, dass eine UN-Resolution für den Krieg verabschiedet wird. Selbstverständlich spricht auch der Premierminister des Vereinigten Königreichs seine Solidarität aus und erklärt den Krieg.

Während Clark aus Protest ihren Rücktritt einreicht, beschließt ihr Freund Miller zu ihrer Enttäuschung im Amt zu bleiben und den Krieg mitzutragen.

Zuvor hatte Foster aus Skrupel angesichts der Kriegstreiberei das Gerücht streuen lassen, er denke über seinen Rücktritt nach. Dann jedoch weigert er sich zunächst, wird dann aber von Tucker wegen eines unbedeutenden Konfliktes in seinem Wahlkreis gefeuert.

Kritik

Auszeichnungen
 eine Nominierung bei der Oscarverleihung 2010 für das Beste adaptierte Drehbuch
 zwei Nominierungen bei den British Academy Film Awards 2010 (Bester britischer Film, bestes adaptiertes Drehbuch)
 eine Auszeichnung als Bester Film bei den British Comedy Awards 2010
 Chlotrudis Award bestes Ensemble

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2009
Britischer Film
Filmkomödie

Kabinett außer Kontrolle


Sotsgorodok  es un posiólok del raión de Labinsk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en el borde septentrional del Gran Cáucaso, en la orilla derecha del río Labá, tributario del Kubán, 20 km al sur de Labinsk y 154 km al sureste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 186 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Zásovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Соцгородок (Краснодарский край).
El municipio en un sitio web no oficial del raión .
Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net]

Localidades del raión de Labinsk del krai de Krasnodar

Sotsgorodok (Krasnodar)


Cowper Phipps Coles CB (* 1819; † 6. September 1870 vor Kap Finisterre) war ein britischer Ingenieur und Marineoffizier.

Leben

Coles war dritter Sohn eines anglikanischen Pfarrers aus Hampshire. Er trat 1830 in die Royal Navy ein, bestand 1838 das Offiziersexamen aber erhielt erst im Januar 1846 einen Offiziersposten und die Beförderung Lieutenant. Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1. Baron Lyons machte ihn im Oktober 1853 zu seinem Adjutanten an Bord der HMS Agamemnon. In dieser Funktion erlebte er während des Krimkriegs die Belagerung von Sewastopol. Am 13. November 1854 wurde er Commander und befehligte den Raddampfer Stromboli im Schwarzen Meer. Während dieser Zeit erregte er Aufmerksamkeit dadurch, dass er ein mit einer Kanone bestücktes Floß entwickelte. Er wurde nach Großbritannien zurückbeordert, um weitere Exemplare dieser Waffe zu bauen. Allerdings endete der Krieg, bevor ihre Konstruktion beendet wurde. Bereits am 27. Februar 1856 wurde er zum Captain befördert. Im August 1856 wurde er als Kommandeur der französischen Ehrenlegion und im April 1858 mit dem osmanischen Mecidiye-Orden fünfter Klasse ausgezeichnet.

Auf Halbsold vom aktiven Marinedienst freigestellt, widmete er sich der Entwicklung eines gepanzerten Kriegsschiffs mit niedrigem Freibord und einem oder mehreren drehbaren Panzertürmen (Vorläufer des modernen Geschützturms). Der Gedanke wurde in den Vereinigten Staaten zeitgleich von John Ericsson verfolgt, dem Konstrukteur der USS Monitor, nach der dieser Schiffstyp häufig benannt wird.

Coles' Ideen wurden von einflussreichen Mitgliedern der Admiralität und Vertretern der britischen Industrie unterstützt, weshalb sich die Royal Navy für seinen Turmtyp entschied. Neben britischen verfügten auch andere in England gebaute Turmschiffe über Panzertürme nach dem System Coles', so die dänische Rolf Krake (1862) und die preußische Arminius (1864). Coles leitete in den Jahren von 1862 bis 1864 den Umbau der Royal Sovereign nach seinen Plänen und baute mit dem 1865 an die peruanische Marine ausgelieferten eintürmigen Monitor Huáscar erstmals ein ganz seinen Vorstellungen entsprechendes, seetaugliches Panzerturmschiff, das sich bewährte. In Anerkennung seiner Erfindungen ernannte ihn Königin Victoria im März 1867 zum Companion des Order of the Bath.

Unter dem Druck von Meinungsverschiedenheiten innerhalb der Admiralität über ein tragfähiges Zukunftskonzept für den Kriegsschiffbau und in Konkurrenz zu anderen Konstrukteuren, insbesondere dem Chefkonstrukteur der britischen Marine Edward James Reed, entwarf Coles zuletzt die 1869 fertiggestellte HMS Captain, deren Konstruktion schon im Vorfeld wegen ihres im Verhältnis zum Gewicht der beiden Panzertürme zu niedrigen Freibords kritisiert wurde. Coles schenkte den Bedenken keine große Beachtung und hielt das Schiff für seetauglich. Kurz nach Indienststellung geriet die Captain am 6. September 1870 auf ihrer Jungfernfahrt zu einem Seemanöver nach Spanien vor Kap Finisterre in einen Sturm und sank. Dabei kamen fast 500 Menschen ums Leben, darunter auch Coles selbst.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ingenieur, Erfinder, Konstrukteur
Captain (Royal Navy)
Companion des Order of the Bath
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Kommandeur)
Träger des Mecidiye-Ordens
Brite
Geboren 1819
Gestorben 1870
Mann

Cowper Phipps Coles


30 Minutes or Less (30 minutos o menos en España e Hispanoamérica) es una película de 2011 dirigida por Ruben Fleischer protagonizada por Jesse Eisenberg, Aziz Ansari, Danny McBride y Nick Swardson. Está producida por Columbia Pictures y financiada por Media Rights Capital.

Sinopsis
Dwayne y Travis secuestran a Nick, un repartidor de pizzas, le colocan una bomba en el torso, y le informan que tiene pocas horas para robar un banco. Dwayne y Travis tenían planeado conseguir cien mil dólares para contratar a un sicario mexicano, Chango, para poder matar al padre de Dwayne y así heredar su dinero ganado en la lotería, todo esto para poner un negocio de prostitución y bronceado.

Reparto

Referencias

Películas de 2011
Películas cómicas de los años 2010
Películas en inglés
Películas basadas en hechos reales
Películas de Columbia Pictures

30 Minutes or Less