Raidul de la Entebbe, de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de Operațiunea Entebbe sau Operațiunea Trăsnet, a avut loc în noaptea de 3 spre 4 iulie 1976 pe aeroportul internațional din Entebbe, în Uganda. Organizat de către Israel, raidul a avut drept scop eliberarea ostaticilor unui avion deturnat de către un comandou compus din membri ai Frontului Popular pentru Eliberarea Palestinei (FPLP)și ai Celulelor Revoluționare. Reușind să elibereze pe aproape toți ostaticii, raidul este considerat un succes militar al Israelului.

Raidul a fost numit Operațiunea trăsnet de către forțele militare ale Israelului care l-au plănuit și executat, și retroactiv a fost numit Operațiunea Jonathan după moartea colonelului Jonathan Netanyahu, singurul soldat israelian ucis în timpul raidului, fratele mai mare al viitorului prim-ministru israelian Beniamin Netaniahu.

Salutat de către populația israeliană, a fost în schimb perceput ca o jignire de către Uganda și de către mareșalul președinte Idi Amin Dada, care a vrut să profite de luarea de ostatici pentru a recâștiga încrederea comunității internaționale.

Luarea de ostatici
La 27 iunie 1976, zborul Air France 139, al unui Airbus A300B4 înregistrat F-BVGG, venind de la Tel Aviv, în Israel, și care transporta 246 pasageri și doisprezece membri ai echipajului, decolează din Atena, Grecia, îndreptându-se spre Paris. La scurt timp după decolare, zborul a fost deturnat de patru teroriști. Cei patru erau: doi membri ai Frontului Popular pentru Eliberarea Palestinei și doi germani, membri ai Celulelor Revoluționare (Revolutionäre Zellen); ei preiau comanda aeronavei și o deturnează spre Benghazi în Libia. Acolo, avionul a rămas la sol timp de șapte ore pentru a se realimenta cu combustibil; o femeie ostatic (Patricia Heiman, o cetățeană britanico-israeliană) simulează iminența unui avort spontan și este eliberată. Avionul aterizează pe aeroportul internațional Entebbe în Uganda; Idi Amin Dada, mareșalul-președinte și dictator al țării, este avertizat (într-un mod indirect, de către ambasadorul Franței, Pierre-Henri Renard) de sosirea dispozitivului în momentul când avionul survolează deja Entebbe. Uganda a fost de acord să primească aparatul, oficial, pentru rațiuni umanitare.

La Entebbe, celor patru teroriști li s-au alăturat alți trei pirați. Comandoul pare a fi condus de membrii ai OEP, cei doi germani nefiind se pare acolo decât pentru a deturna avionul, și pentru a servi apoi ca supraveghetori. Amin Dada, care a venit în persoană pentru a vedea situația, a declarat că i-a fost refuzat accesul în avion de către comando, dar i-a convins pe pirați să părăsească avionul pentru a se instala într-un aeroport local. Ostaticii au fost apoi evacuați în holul de tranzit al unui fost terminal al aeroportului internațional Entebbe, escortați de militari ugandezi. Amin Dada le-a oferit hrană, apă și echipamente pentru a se instala corect în terminal; el afirmă a doua zi ambasadorului francez că el a încercat să neutralizeze teroriștii, dar că manevra lui nu a reușit. Comandoul apoi a făcut primul anunț oficial: se solicită eliberarea a 53 de prizonieri pro-palestinieni, prizonieri, pentru cea mai mare parte, în închisorile israeliene, dar, de asemenea, în Kenya, în Franța, în Elveția și în Germania.

Pe 30 iunie, 47 de pasageri, inclusiv femei, copii și vârstnici, sunt eliberați de răpitori, care dau un ultimatum: cererile lor trebuie să fie îndeplinite înainte de 3 iulie, ora 15, în caz contrar se va arunca în aer avionul și ostaticii rămași. Timpul părând să fie prea scurt, ultimatumul este amânat pe a doua zi, 4 iulie, la ora 11; un al doilea val de pasageri este eliberat: a rămas doar echipajul care a refuzat să plece fără toți pasagerii, adică deținătorii de pașaport israelian, dar, de asemenea, unii pasageri evrei care au o dublă cetățenie; un total de 106 persoane.

Negocierile

Guvernul Israelului, refuzând inițial să discute cu răpitorii, pare apoi să cedeze, după cele două valuri de eliberare și la presiunile exercitate de familiile pasagerilor încă ținuți ostatici. Comandoul, numește purtător de cuvânt pe ambasadorul Somaliei în Uganda, Hasni Abdullah Farah, "decanul ambasadorilor arabi". Guvernele vizate de cererile de terorism sunt reprezentate de ambasadorul Franței. Idi Amin joacă rolul de mediator în cadrul mesei rotunde; relațiile sale bune cu Organizația pentru eliberarea Palestinei și cu membrii ei care se antrenează în Uganda permit un dialog neostil cu membrii OLP. Acest avantaj nu compensează, cu toate acestea, neîncrederea Israelului față de Amin Dada, care, după ce a stabilit relații diplomatice cu Statul evreu la sosirea sa la putere, le-a rupt un an mai târziu. La 1 iulie, Israelul propune o primă eliberare de prizonieri pro-palestinieni, în timp ce doresc să pună negocierile sub auspiciile Organizației Națiunilor Unite. Cele două propuneri sunt respinse de comandou. Pe 3 iulie, Israelul susține că a început eliberarea prizonierilor, dar dorește ca aeroportul unde ar avea loc schimbul să fie pe teritoriu francez; propunerea este din nou respinsă.

În timp ce participă la aceste negocieri, guvernul israelian pregătește în secret o operațiune militară destinată eliberării ostaticilor rămași. La rândul lor, teroriștii se ceartă asupra a ceea ce negociatorul lor trebuie să ceară. Răpitorii, cu toate acestea, sunt gata de orice, inclusiv să arunce în aer aeroportul, așa cum amenință nemții din comandou. La sfârșitul operației, se constată că pirații nu dețineau explozibili, contrar declarațiilor lor.

Operațiunea de salvare
Mai mulți foști ostatici eliberați au fost chestionați de către Mossad, după ce au fost recuperați; terminalul dezafectat, în care s-au stabilit cei care au luat ostatici și victimele lor, este opera unei companii israeliene, care oferă planurile Țahalului. În timpul pregătirii operațiunii, a fost construită o replică a unei parți a aeroportului cu ajutorul civililor israelieni care au lucrat la construcția acestuia. Cu aceste informații, Statul Israel încearcă o operațiune care implică o călătorie de 4 000 de kilometri a forțelor sale.

Operațiunea este declanșată la data de 3 iulie, după-amiaza târziu, de către prim-ministrul Yitzhak Rabin. Trei avioane de transport C-130 Hercules ale forțelor aeriene israeliene au decolat de la baza din Sharm el-Sheikh, în vremea aceea sub control israelian. Ei au la bord vreo sută de militari israelieni, inclusiv pe Jonathan Netanyahu, conducătorul lor, și pe membrii de elită din comandoul Sayeret Matkal, sprijiniți de brigada Golani și, probabil, decâțiva oameni din Aman sau Mossad. Zburând la altitudine joasă, aparatele urmează traiectoria de zbor spre El-Al ce leagă Nairobi și Tel Aviv ; ajuns la lacul Victoria, avionul transportând majoritatea soldaților israelieni o ia înainte pentru a ateriza mai discret.

Avionul lui Netaniahu aterizează la ora 23 pe aeroportul Entebbe, fără a fi reperat de controlul traficului aerian din Uganda. Celelalte două avioane conțin, unul, echipamente medicale (și a aterizat pe Aeroportul Internațional Jomo Kenyatta din Nairobi, în Kenya), iar celălalt, postul de comandă al operațiunii (aterizat pe aeroportul din Entebbe). Ajunși la Entebbe, soldații israelieni debarcă trei mașini: două Land Rover și o Mercedes neagră, mașină utilizată în mod normal de Amin Dada pentru a vizita ostaticii. Datorită acestui șiretlic, israelienii ajung la terminalul dezafectat fără a fi deranjați.

Responsabilii ugandezi de la turnul de control sunt, se pare, păcăliți de acest truc atât de mult încât lasă Mercedesul și Land Roverele să se apropie de terminal.
Raidul a durat aproximativ douăzeci de minute: cei șapte teroriști sunt uciși, la fel trei ostatici și Jonathan Netaniahu însuși. Armata ugandeză pierde, se pare, douăzeci de oameni, chiar dacă Amin Dada invocă "vreo sută"; în plus, mai multe avioane de luptă ugandeze sunt scoase din luptă.  Ministrul ugandez al Afacerilor Externe vorbește de unsprezece avioane distruse, în timp ce ambasadorul Franței specifică  "3 sau 4 Mig-uri serios deteriorate, dar nu distruse". Avioanele citate sunt patru MiG-17 și, se pare, șapte aeronave MiG-21 (care ar fi reprezentat un sfert din aviația ugandeză).
Operațiuni militare ale Israelului

Operațiunea Entebbe


Glenea amoena é uma espécie de besouro da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrito por James Thomson em 1865.

Referências

Amoena
Coleópteros descritos em 1865

Glenea amoena


El Aeródromo de Los Martínez del Puerto,  es un aeródromo privado español situado en el municipio de Murcia (Murcia).

El aeródromo tiene una pista de aterrizaje de tierra, de 1250x60m.

Referencias

Véase también

 Aeropuertos de España

Los Martinez del Puerto
Los Martinez del Puerto
Transporte en Murcia

Aeródromo de Los Martínez del Puerto


Crambe, endüstride ticari olarak kullanılan bir bitki cinsi. Tohumunda bulunan yüksek orandaki erusik asit içeren endüstriyel yağ, ticari olarak önemlidir. Bitkinin üretimi ABD, Kanada, İtalya ve İspanya'da yapılıyor.

Turpgiller

Crambe


Konx Om Pax: Essays in Light is a publication by British occultist Aleister Crowley, first published in 1907.

The title, Konx Om Pax, is a phrase said to have been pronounced in the Eleusinian Mysteries to bid initiates to depart after having completed the tests for admission to the degree of epopt (seer). The origin and meaning of this phrase are obscure, although numerous theories have been proposed. Feidias Mpourlas claimed that the phrase is derived from a misunderstanding of onomatopoeic words in the entry "κογξ ομοίως παξ" of Hesychius' dictionary, where "ομοίως" might have been abbreviated to "ομ.". S. L. MacGregor Mathers claimed the phrase was derived from Khabs-am Pekht, which in the Egyptian language means roughly "light in extension" or "light rushing out in a single ray", which is used in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's Vernal and Autumnal Equinox ceremonies. This is the meaning which Crowley ascribes to the phrase within the book.

The front cover image, portraying the title Konx Om Pax in stretched letters, is said to have been designed by Crowley while smoking hashish.

Contents

Introduction

Syncretic materials introduce the work:

 Ave: in John Dee and Edward Kelley's Enochian language;
 the Egyptian hieroglyphs for the Stele of Ankh-f-n-khonsu

Three full pages of quotations introduce this work, signaling the syncretic intention of the author. Many sacred texts and sources such as Dante, Catullus, and Jesus are quoted.

The Wake World
An allegory for the ascent of a magical practitioner through the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, guided by their Holy Guardian Angel (the "Fairy Prince"). After the fashion of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Crowley uses the narrative as an explanatory jaunt through this metaphysical schema. It was originally written for Crowley's daughter, Lola Zaza, as a bedtime story.

Thien Tao, or, the Synagogue of Satan

This parodic essay casts a Crowley character (Master Kwaw) as a Taoist advisor to the Japanese "Daimio" (daimyō) in a time of crisis. Kwaw advises a course of study in which people shall be taught the antithesis of their natural tendencies: the prostitute to learn chastity, the prude to learn sexual expression, the religious bigot to learn Huxley's materialism, the atheist to learn ceremonial magick.

Ali Sloper, or, the Forty Liars: A Christmas Diversion
A play that is over-presented with title credits, but is generally a simple dialogue based on Crowley's conversation with a friend and his wife on Christmas Day. With only two main speakers Crowley satirizes himself as "Bowley", with the whole a means to present his inserted essay Ameth. The title is a mock of Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves, a tale from the classic One Thousand and One Nights.

Stone of the Philosophers Which Is Hidden in the Mountain of Abiegnus
A satirical conversation between a number of men, including "a socialist" and "a doctor", each one contributing a poem into their philosophical debate. Here Crowley takes the stance as "Basil Gray"; the work contains La Gitana, his popular love poem. It is thought that this work was inspired by the Zohar, where each Rabbi would contribute a commentary on the Tanakh.

Editions
Yoga Publication Society. June 1982.
Teitan Press. Reprint edition, March 1990.

See also
Works of Aleister Crowley
Libri of Aleister Crowley

References

External links
 Konx Om Pax PDF at Wikimedia Commons

Thelemic texts
Works by Aleister Crowley
1907 books
Eleusinian Mysteries

Konx Om Pax


Ni Por Favor Ni Ostias (NPFNO) es una banda de punk nacida en Burriana (Castellón). Desde septiembre de 2020 vuelve a estar en activo.

Historia

Ni Por Favor Ni Ostias (también abreviado NPFNO) se formó en Burriana, (provincia de Castellón) en el año 1992 con Jorge a la voz y a la guitarra; Josep al bajo y David a la batería. En noviembre de 1995 grabaron su primera maqueta en formato casete, titulada "Marijuana". Con este primer trabajo, empezaron las actuaciones en directo por toda España.

Unos meses después, Cuco pasaría a formar parte del grupo haciéndose cargo de la percusión, y dando un toque característico a las canciones de la banda.
Tres años después del lanzamiento de la maqueta, la banda graba en 1998 su segundo trabajo de la mano de Discos Suicidas: "Ni pa kaldo..." en formato CD/casete, y compuesto por 14 canciones. Este disco tuvo muy buena aceptación por parte del público.

A finales del año 2001 sacan, también con la discográfica Discos Suicidas, su tercer trabajo: "El demonio ke llevamos dentro". Este disco posee un carácter más agresivo y fuerte que el anterior. El número total de canciones de este disco son 17 (incluye una inédita del año 1998 como bonus track). El álbum fue la consagración del grupo en el panorama punk rock nacional. Poco después, el grupo entra en una pausa indefinida.

Después de cuatro años de descanso, el grupo anuncia la vuelta a los escenarios a mediados de 2006 y graba en octubre de ese año su cuarto trabajo: El disco en directo titulado "Direkto a la parrilla". Dicho álbum fue grabado en vivo en la sala de rock Salatal, ubicada en Villarreal, Castellón. Muchas canciones del disco en  directo pertenecen a los dos CDs anteriores; y alguna a la maqueta debut. También interpretan la canción "Ellos dicen mierda", tema que la banda versionó en tributo a La Polla Records. Para  la grabación del CD, entra en la banda el bajista Nano, en sustitución de Josep. Por aquel entonces, Nano formaba parte de El Último Ke Zierre, en donde tocaba la batería.

Cabe destacar que tras la publicación de este disco, Cuco (percusión) abandonaría temporalmente la banda.

Dos años después de la grabación del disco en directo, Ni Por Favor Ni Ostias regresa a los estudios en 2008 para grabar "13", un álbum mucho más maduro y trabajado que los anteriores, pero sin olvidar la crítica social que les ha caracterizado siempre. El  disco fue publicado en mayo de 2008 a través del sello Santo Grial Records.

En el verano de 2010, dos años más tarde, NPFNO lanza su sexto trabajo, "Bastardos unidos", haciendo una clara referencia y a la vez una crítica a los Estados Unidos. En este disco, el grupo mezcla en algunas canciones estilos como el ska o el reggae con el punk rock característico de la banda.

Poco después de la publicación del álbum, Cuco (percusión) regresa al grupo de nuevo. Los discos "13" y "Bastardos unidos" han sido grabados sin la presencia de este. Tras una serie de conciertos, la banda cesa su actividad indefinidamente en septiembre de 2011.

En septiembre de 2020 la banda anuncia su regreso tras 9 años de parón, esta vez con Juanlu al bajo en sustitución de Nano. En junio de 2022 se anuncia que Juanlu deja de formar parte de la banda, lo que marca la vuelta del bajista Nano al grupo. Seguidamente comienzan a grabar un nuevo disco, que fue publicado finalmente el 27 de enero de 2023 con el nombre de Tranquilos!!.

Componentes

Discografía

 Marijuana (Maqueta) - 1995. Inspector Kalleja Records.
 Ni pa kaldo... - 1998. Discos Suicidas.
 El demonio ke llevamos dentro - 2001. Discos Suicidas.
 Direkto a la parrilla - 2006. GOR Discos.
 13 - 2008. Santo Grial Records.
 Bastardos unidos - 2010. Producciones Salatal.
 Tranquilos!!! - 2023. Producciones Salatal

Enlaces
 Web oficial del grupo
 Reseña del nuevo disco de Ni Por Favor Ni Ostias publicada en Insonoro.com
 Facebook oficial

Referencias

Grupos de punk de la Comunidad Valenciana
Grupos de punk rock de España

Ni Por Favor Ni Ostias


Radu, potrivit lui Ion Mihai Pacepa, este o armă radiologică folosită de Departamentul Securității Statului, zis și Securitatea, împotrivă disidenților și criticilor lui Nicolae Ceaușescu. Numele de Radu provine de la cuvântul românesc radiație. Scopul armei era de a induce cancer, care să producă moartea în câteva luni de la expunere.

Potrivit lui Pacepa, arma a fost creată de către "Serviciul K" al Securității în primăvara anului 1970, folosind material radioactiv primit de la KGB. "Serviciul K" românesc, care a fost înființat în anii '50 de către sovietici folosind ca model KGB, era responsabil cu acțiunile josnice împotriva pușcăriașilor care erau considerați periculoși pentru regimul comunist. Unele acțiuni împotriva pușcăriașilor era monitorizarea prin utilizarea microfoanelor și înscenări pentru a da declarații incriminatorii. Acest serviciu se ocupa și cu lichidarea lor, declarând apoi decesele ca suicid sau moarte din cauze naturale.

Istoricul Mihai Pelin a susținut în cartea lui despre Radio Europa Liberă, Melița și Eterul, că nu a existat vreodată această armă, dar alții, precum jurnalistul REF Nestor Ratesh, argumentează că Pelin a susținut că nici în cazul atentatului de la Radio Europa Liberă, Securitatea nu a fost implicată, deși în final s-a dovedit că ea era cea ce l-a angajat pe Carlos Șacalul pentru acest lucru.

Critici ai lui Ceaușescu care au murit de cancer și sunt suspectați că ar fi fost iradiați de către Securitate folosind această armă:
 Noël Bernard, șeful departamentului de limbă română al Radio Europa Liberă
 Vlad Georgescu, șeful departamentului de limbă română al Radio Europa Liberă
 Mihai Cizmărescu, șeful departamentului de limbă română al Radio Europa Liberă
 Emil Georgescu, jurnalist la Radio Europa Liberă
 Amza Pellea, actor român
Mugur Călinescu, era elev în clasa a XI-a B la Liceul "August Treboniu Laurian

Referințe

Arme
Securitatea

Radu (armă)


En markise (fra fransk: marquise) er en form for solafskærmning. Når den ikke er i brug, er den rullet op på en stang, hvorfra den kan rulles ud, når der er behov for det. En markise er beregnet til at kaste en skygge med det formål at sænke temperaturen i det område skyggen falder. En markise kan dels være åben, hvor selve stofrullen ikke er beskyttet mod vejrliget (og derfor bør monteres under et udhæng), eller den kan være lukket, hvilket betyder, at der er en kasse rundt om den sammenrullede markise (dvs. når den er rullet ind). Når man skal rulle en markise ud og ind, kan dette enten foretages manuelt med et dertil beregnet håndsving, eller den kan være forsynet med en elektrisk motor, der kan rulle den ud og ind.

Hvor en parasol typisk står i en fod, hænger en markise på den udvendige side af en bygning og kan f.eks. være fremstillet af lærred eller kunststof.

Referencer

Bygningsdele

Markise


عبد الغنى السيد (1908 - 9 ديسمبر 1962) مطرب مصري، مولود في القاهرة، وهبه الله بصوت رخيم. لم يحظ بقدر من التعليم، فعمل «أسترجي» في معرض على خليل أحد معارض الموبيليا الشهيرة بالقاهرة فلعبت الصدفة دور كبير في دخوله عالم الفن حين سمعه الملحن (زكي مراد) صديق صاحب المعرض والد الفنانين (ليلى مراد، منير مراد)، وقرر تبنيه فنياً، وقدمه في العديد من الأفراح والمناسبات واكتشف موهبته كمطرب، ثم اشتهر بأغنياته في الأفراح، ولمع في الإذاعة المصرية مع افتتاحها عام 1934، وعمل في السينما في أفلام قليلة، وفي عام 1940 درس الموسيقى.

من أشهر أغانيه، «البيض الأمارة»، واغنية «ع الحلوة والمرة» وأغنية وله يا وله وقام بالغناء في أفلام مثل عريس من إسطنبول والبيت الكبير وعم أمين، وله بالأذاعة المصرية أكثر من 884 أغنية وغنى لعمالقة التلحين مثل رياض السنباطي ومحمود الشريف ومحمد عبد الوهاب ومحمد الموجي ومحمد القصبجي وبليغ حمدي وكمال الطويل.

وتزوج عبد الغني السيد ثلاث مرات وانجب ثلاث بنات وابن وحيد الذي ورثه في الصوت الجميل وله بعض الأعمال في التلحين والتوزيع.

من أعماله

 1938:شيء من لا شيء
 1943 شارع محمد علي
 1947: ليالي الأنس
 1947: نور من السماء
 1937: وراء الستارة
 1945: سفير جهنم
 1949: البيت الكبير
 1949: بنت العمدة

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مغنون من القاهرة
مغنون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1326 هـ
مواليد 1908
وفيات 1382 هـ
وفيات 1962
مواليد في القاهرة
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
ممثلو أفلام مصريون

عبد الغني السيد


Andrés Botero puede referirse a:
Jorge Andrés Botero (1975), patinador colombiano.
Andrés Botero Phillipsbourne (1945), dirigente deportivo colombiano.

Andrés Botero


La Compagnie des chemins de fer à voie étroite de Châteaubriant à Erbray et extensions est une société anonyme constituée en .

Histoire

Réseau

Tramway d'Erbray

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Revue de la Société historique Histoire et Patrimoine du Pays de Châteaubraiant "Route et rail Trains et automobiles au Pays de Châteaubriant"
 Henri Domengie, Les petits trains de jadis, Ouest de la France, Éditions du Cabri, Breil-sur-Roya, 1990 .

Ancienne compagnie de chemin de fer en France
Entreprise fondée en 1887
Transport à Châteaubriant


Vilnius University () is a public research university, which is the first and largest university in Lithuania, as well as one of the oldest and most prominent higher education institutions in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, it is Lithuania's leading research institution, ranked among the Top 29% Higher Education Institutions in the world.

The university was founded in 1579 as the Jesuit Academy (College) of Vilnius by Stephen Báthory. It was the third oldest university (after the Cracow Academy and the Albertina) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831), the university was closed down and suspended its operation until 1919. In the aftermath of World War I, the university saw failed attempts to restart it by the local Poles, Lithuanians, and by invading Soviet forces. It finally resumed operations as Polish Stefan Batory University in August 1919.

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, the university was briefly administered by the Lithuanian authorities (from October 1939), and then after Soviet annexation of Lithuania (June 1940), punctuated by a period of German occupation after Operation Barbarossa, from 1941 to 1944, when it was administrated as the Vilnius State University. In 1945, the Polish community of students and scholars of Stefan Batory University was transferred to Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it resumed its status as one of the prominent universities in Lithuania.

The university has facilities in Kaunas and Šiauliai. It is composed of fifteen academic faculties that offer more than 200 study programmes in a wide range of academic disciplines for over 24 000 students.

Vilnius University is known for its strong community ties, interaction and participation in additional activities offered by the non-academic departments of the University, such as the Cultural Centre, Health and Sports Centre, Library, Museum, Botanical Gardens, and other institutions.

Since 2016, Vilnius University has been a member of a network of prestigious universities – the Coimbra Group – and since 2019, it has belonged to the European University Alliance ARQUS. The alliance aims to create joint, long-term, sustainable structures and mechanisms for close inter-institutional cooperation in the fields of studies, science and social partnerships.

The Vilnius University Foundation was established on 6 April 2016, thus becoming the first university endowment in Lithuania. The Foundation supports scientific research of the highest quality and the creation of study programmes that correspond to global demands, while encouraging other high added-value projects.

In undergrounds of old University's building is located the cenotaph of eleven Old Prussians tribes along with the small temple of four gods and four goddesses from baltic mythology.

History

Changes of the name
The university has been known by many names during its history. Due to its long history of Jewish, Polish and Russian influence or rule, the city portion of its name is rendered as Vilna (Latin), Wilna (German) or Wilno (Polish), in addition to Lithuanian Vilnius (see History of Vilnius).

 1579–1782: Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu. The Latin name is rendered into English as Jesuit Academy, Jesuit College, or Academy of Vilnius (Vilna/Wilna/Wilno).
 1782–1803: Schola Princeps Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae: Principal School of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the name was changed 8 years after Third Partition of Poland)
 1803–1832: Imperatorski Uniwersytet Wileński. Rendered into English as Imperial University of Vilnius (Vilna/Wilna/Wilno)
 1832–1919: Closed, originally by order of Tsar Nicholas I
 1919–1939: Stefan Batory University (Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego in Poland)
 1940–1943: Vilnius University (this period encompassed the first Soviet occupation and German occupation)
 1944–1955: Vilnius State University
 1955–1990: Vilnius State University of Vincas Kapsukas
 1971–1979: Vilnius Order of the Red Banner of Labour State University of Vincas Kapsukas (Vilniaus Darbo raudonosios vėliavos ordino valstybinis Vinco Kapsuko universitetas)
 1979–1990: Vilnius Orders of the Red Banner of Labour and Friendship of Peoples State University of Vincas Kapsukas (Vilniaus Darbo raudonosios vėliavos ir Tautų draugystės ordinų valstybinis V. Kapsuko universitetas)
 1990–present: Vilnius University

History by period

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

In 1568, the Lithuanian nobility asked the Jesuits to create an institution of higher learning either in Vilnius or Kaunas. The following year Walerian Protasewicz, the bishop of Vilnius, purchased several buildings in the city center and established the Vilnian Academy (Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu). Initially, the academy had three divisions: humanities, philosophy, and theology. The curriculum at the college and later at the academy was taught in Latin. The first students were enrolled into the academy in 1570. A library at the college was established in the same year, and Sigismund II Augustus donated 2500 books to the new college. In its first year of existence the college enrolled 160 students.

On April 1, 1579, Stefan Batory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, upgraded the academy and granted it equal status with the Kraków Academy, creating the Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu. His edict was approved by Pope Gregory XIII's bull of October 30, 1579. The first rector of the academy was Piotr Skarga. He invited many scientists from various parts of Europe and expanded the library, with the sponsorship of many notable persons: Sigismund II Augustus, Bishop Walerian Protasewicz, and Kazimierz Lew Sapieha. Lithuanians at the time comprised about one third of the students (in 1586 there were circa 700 students), others were Germans, Poles, Swedes, and even Hungarians.

In 1575, Duke Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł and Elżbieta Ogińska sponsored a printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in Latin and Polish and the first surviving book in Lithuanian printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in 1595. It was Kathechismas, arba Mokslas kiekvienam krikščioniui privalus authored by Mikalojus Daukša.

The academy's growth continued until the 17th century. The following era, known as The Deluge, led to a dramatic drop in the number of students who matriculated and in the quality of its programs. In the middle of the 18th century, education authorities tried to restore the academy. This led to the foundation of the first observatory in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (the fourth such professional facility in Europe), in 1753, by Tomasz Żebrowski. The Commission of National Education (), the world's first ministry of education, took control of the academy in 1773, and transformed it into a modern University. The language of instruction (as everywhere in the commonwealth's higher education institutions) changed from Latin to Polish. Thanks to the rector of the academy, Marcin Poczobutt-Odlanicki, the academy was granted the status of "Principal School" () in 1783. The commission, the secular authority governing the academy after the dissolution of the Jesuit order, drew up a new statute. The school was named Academia et Universitas Vilnensis.

Partitions

After the Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire. However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the academy until 1803, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia accepted the new statute and renamed it The Imperial University of Vilna (Императорскій Виленскій Университетъ). The institution was granted the rights to the administration of all education facilities in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Among the notable personae were the curator (governor) Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and rector Jan Śniadecki.

The university flourished. It used Polish as the instructional language, although Russian was added to the curriculum. It became known for its studies of Belarusian and Lithuanian culture. By 1823, it was one of the largest in Europe; the student population exceeded that of the Oxford University. A number of students, among them poet Adam Mickiewicz, were arrested in 1823 for conspiracy against the tsar (membership in Filomaci). In 1832, after the November Uprising, the university was closed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools: the Medical and Surgical Academy (Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna) and the Roman Catholic Academy (Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna). But soon they were closed as well with Medical and Surgical Academy transformed into Medical faculty of University of Kyiv (now Bogomolets National Medical University), and latter one being transformed into Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy (after the October Revolution of 1917 moved to Poland where it became Catholic University of Lublin). The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning the Polish and Lithuanian languages; all education in those languages was halted.

1918–1939
First attempts to reestablish scientific institution in Vilnius was made after the 1905 revolution, on 22 October 1906 the Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (TPN) was created by the Polish intelligentsia. After the outbreak of World War I and the German occupation of the city TPN made an attempt to recreate a university with a creation of so-called Higher Scientific Courses. Unfortunately both TPN and the Courses were soon closed by German officials.

Lithuania declared its independence in February 1918. The university, with the rest of Vilnius and Lithuania, was opened three times between 1918 and 1919. The Lithuanian National Council re-established it in December 1918, with classes to start on January 1, 1919. An invasion by the Red Army interrupted this plan. A Lithuanian communist, Vincas Kapsukas-Mickevičius, then sponsored a plan to re-open it as "Labor University" in March 1919 in the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (later, Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), but the city was taken by Poland in April 1919. Marshall Józef Piłsudski reopened it as Stefan Batory University (Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego) on August 28, 1919. The city would fall to the Soviets again in 1920, who transferred it to the Lithuanian state after their defeat in the battle of Warsaw. Finally, in the aftermath of the Żeligowski's Mutiny and 1922 Republic of Central Lithuania general election, the Vilnius Region was subsequently annexed by Poland. In response to the dispute over the region, many Lithuanian scholars moved to Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, the interwar capital.

The university quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Marian Zdziechowski, and Henryk Niewodniczański. Among the students of the university at that time was future Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz. The university grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations. Its library contained 600,000 volumes, including historic and cartographic items which are still in its possession.

In 1938 the university had:
 7 institutes
 123 professors
 104 scientific units (including two hospitals)
 3110 students

The university's international students included 212 Russians, 94 Belarusians, 85 Lithuanians, 28 Ukrainians and 13 Germans. Anti-Semitism increased during the 1930s and a system of ghetto benches, in which Jewish students were required to sit in separate areas, was instituted at the university. Violence erupted; the university was closed for two weeks during January 1937. In February Jewish students were denied entrance to its grounds. The faculty was then authorized to decide on an individual basis whether the segregation should be observed in their classrooms and expel those students who would not comply. 54 Jewish students were expelled but were allowed to return the next day under a compromise in which in addition to Jewish students, Lithuanian, Belarusian, and "Polish democratic" students were to be seated separately. Rector of the university, Władysław Marian Jakowicki, resigned his position in protest over the introduction of the ghetto benches.

World War II
Following the invasion of Poland the university continued its operations. The city was soon occupied by the Soviet Union. Most of the professors returned after the hostilities ended, and the faculties reopened on October 1, 1939. On October 28, Vilnius was transferred to Lithuania which considered the previous eighteen years as an occupation by Poland of its capital. The university was closed on 15 December 1939 by the authorities of the Republic of Lithuania. All the faculty, staff, and its approximately 3,000 students dismissed. Students were ordered to leave the dormitories; 600 ended in a refugee camp. Professors had to leave their university flats. Following the Lithuanization policies, in its place, a new university, named Vilniaus universitetas, was created. Its faculty came from the Kaunas University. The new charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. Lithuanian was named as the official language of the university. A new academic term started on 22 January; only 13 of the new students had former Polish citizenship.

Polish Law and Social Sciences, Humanities, Medical, Theological, Mathematical-Life sciences faculties continued to work underground with lectures and exams held in private flats until 1944. Polish professors who took part in the underground courses included Iwo Jaworski, Kazimierz Petrusewicz and Bronisław Wróblewski. The diplomas of the underground universities were accepted by many Polish universities after the war. Soon after the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, while some Polish professors were allowed to resume teaching, many others (along with some Lithuanian professors) who were deemed "reactionary" were arrested and sent to prisons and gulags in Russia and Kazakhstan. Between September 1939 and July 1941, the Soviets arrested and deported nineteen Polish faculty and ex-faculty of the University of Stefan Batory, of who nine perished: Professors Stanisław Cywinski, Władysław Marian Jakowicki, Jan Kempisty, Józef Marcinkiewicz, Tadeusz Kolaczyński, Piotr Oficjalski, Włodzimierz Godłowski, Konstanty Pietkiewicz, and Konstanty Sokol-Sokolowski, the last five victims of the Katyn massacre.

The city was occupied by Germany in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for Poles were closed. From 1940 until September 1944, under Lithuanian professor and activist Mykolas Biržiška, the University of Vilnius was open for Lithuanian students under the supervision of the German occupation authorities. In 1944, many of Polish students took part in Operation Ostra Brama. The majority of them were later arrested by the NKVD and suffered repressions from their participation in the Armia Krajowa resistance.

Soviet period (1945-1990)

Educated Poles were transferred to People's Republic of Poland after World War II under the guidance of State Repatriation Office. As the result, many former students and professors of Stefan Batory joined universities in Poland. To keep in contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of the newly founded Medical University of Gdańsk. The Toruń university is often considered to be the successor to the Polish traditions of Stefan Batory University.

In 1955 the university was named after Vincas Kapsukas. After it had been awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1971 and the Order of Friendship of Peoples in 1979, its full name until 1990 was Vilnius Order of the Red Banner of Labour and Order of Friendship of Peoples V. Kapsukas State University.

After 1990

On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared independence, and the university regained autonomy. Since 1991, Vilnius University has been a signatory to the Magna Charta of the European Universities. It is a member of the European University Association (EUA) and the Conference of Baltic University Rectors.

On July 12, 2023, President Joe Biden delivered a public speech in the Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University following the 2023 NATO summit.

Status today

In modern times, the university still offers studies with internationally recognized content. There are 3 Bachelor and 16 Master study programs in English.

As of 1 March 2020, there were 19,996 students attending Vilnius University.

The current rector is Professor Rimvydas Petrauskas.

The university, specifically the courtyard, was featured in the American TV series The Amazing Race 12.

Structure

Faculties
 Business School
 Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences - Established in 1784, The Department of Chemistry of the Vilnius University was established in 1784. it provides education and training for chemistry and geosciences specialists and organizes research in these scientific domains.
 Faculty of Communication
 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
 Faculty of History
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Philology
 Faculty of Philosophy
 Faculty of Physics
 Institute of International Relations and Political Science

 Life Sciences Center
 Vilnius University Šiauliai Academy

Other divisions

 Botanical garden
 Centre of Information Technology Development
 Centre of Property Management and Services
 Conference, seminar and leisure centre "Romuva"
 Cultural Centre
 Health and Sport Centre
 Library
 Museum
 Publishing House

Campus

The old campus of Vilnius University consists of 13 buildings and 13 courtyards. At present the Rector's Office, the Library, the Faculties of Philology, Philosophy, and History are situated there. The largest courtyards are:
 P. Skargos (The main) courtyard;
 M. K. Sarbievijaus courtyard;
 Library courtyard;
 Observatory courtyard.

Faculties of Physics, Economy, Law, and Communication, as well as Business School, Life Sciences Center, and Scholarly Communication and Information Centre are located in Saulėtekis district.

Ranking

Vilnius University is ranked 423 among World top universities by 2021 QS World University Rankings. In 2020 QS WU Rankings by Subject, Vilnius University is ranked 201–250 in Linguistics and 251–300 in Physics and Astronomy. In QS rankings of Emerging Europe and Central Asia, Vilnius University is ranked 18.

Vilnius University is ranked 635 in the world by Best Global Universities Rankings by U.S. News & World Report.

Projects
Recent and ongoing projects at Vilnius University include:

"Laser Spectrometer for Testing of Coatings of Crystals and Optical Components in Wide Spectral and Angle Range". NATO Science for Peace programme project. NATO SfP-972534. 1999–2002.
"Cell biology and lasers: towards new technologies". Vilnius University - UNESCO Associated Centre of Excellence.
"Science and Society: Genomics and Benefit Sharing with Developing Countries - From Biodiversity to Human Genomics (GenBenefit)". Doc. E. Gefenas (Faculty of Medicine). 2006–2009.
"Citizens and governance in a knowledge-based society: Social Inequality and Why It Matters for the Economic and Democratic Development of Europe and Its Citizens. Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective (EUREQUAL)." Doc. A. Poviliūnas (Faculty of Philosophy). 2006–2009.
"Marie Curie Chairs: Centre for Studies and Training Experiments with Lasers and Laser Applications (STELLA)" A. Dubietis (Faculty of Physics). 2006–2009.
"Research Infrastructure Action: Integrated European Laser Laboratories (LaserLab-Europe)". Prof. A. Piskarskas (Faculty of Physics). 2004–2007.
"Nanotechnology and nanoscieces, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes and devices: Cell Programming by Nanoscaled Devices (CellPROM)". Prof. A. Kareiva (Faculty of Chemistry). 2004–2009.
Advanced European Infrastructures for Detectors at Accelerators - AIDA-2020 (Institute of Applied Research, Faculty of Physics). J.V.Vaitkus, G. Tamulaitis. 2015–2019.
EU-STRAT - The EU and Eastern Partnership Countries: An Inside-Out Analysis and Strategic Assessment (EU-STRAT) (Institute of International Relations and Political Science). R.Vilpišauskas. 2016–2019.
European Network of Research Ethics and Research Integrity. European Ethics and Research Integrity Network. E. Gefenas (Faculty of Medicine). 2016–2019.

International relations
Vilnius University has signed more than 180 bilateral cooperation agreements with universities in 41 countries.
Under Erasmus+ programme the university has over 800 agreements with 430 European and 55 agreements with partner country universities for the academic exchanges.

University students actively participate in such exchange programmes as ERASMUS+, ERASMUS MUNDUS, ISEP, AEN-MAUI and CREPUQ

The university is a signatory of the Magna Charta of European universities and a member of the International Association of Universities, European University Association, the Conference of Baltic University Rectors, the Utrecht Network, UNICA Network, and the Baltic Sea Region University Network. In addition, Vilnius University has been invited to join the Coimbra Group, a network of prestigious European universities, from 1 January 2016.

People

Nobel Prize winners
 Czesław Miłosz, poet, The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980

Notable professors of Vilnius University
 Alfredas Bumblauskas, professor, historian
 Edvardas Gudavičius, professor, historian
 Henryk Łowmiański, professor, historian
 Lev Karsavin, professor, philosopher, and historian
 Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt, astronomer
 Šarūnas Raudys, professor, data analyst
 Jan Rustem, professor of painting
 Ferdynand Ruszczyc, professor of painting
 Joseph Saunders (engraver), English printmaker and original professor of Art history (1810-1821)
 Piotr Skarga, theologian
 Jan Śniadecki, philosopher and astronomer
 Konstantinas Sirvydas, professor
 Andrius Vaišnys, professor and journalist
 Laima Vaitkunskienė, archaeologist
 Zigmas Zinkevičius, professor, linguist-historian.

See also
 List of early modern universities in Europe
 List of Universities in Lithuania
 Utrecht Network
 Protmušis
 Vilnius University Folklore Ensemble "Ratilio"
 History of Vilnius
 List of Jesuit sites

References

Bibliography
 Studia z dziejów Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego 1579–1979, K. Mrozowska, Kraków 1979.
 Uniwersytet Wileński 1579–1979, M. Kosman, Wrocław 1981.
 Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1579–1803, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1976, 316 p.
 Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1803–1940, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1977, 341 p.
 Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1940–1979, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1979, 431 p.

External links

 Institute of International Relations and Political Science
 Universitas Vilnensis 1579-2004, well written and illustrated book (92 pages)
 History of Vilnius University by Tomas Venclova
  Vilniaus universitetas (reprezentacinis leidinys)
  Uniwersytet Wileński 1579-2004
  A. Srebrakowski, Studenci Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie. 1919-1939, Wrocław 2008 – part one
 Vilnius University Students' Representation
 Vilnius University Cyber Security Competition "VU Cyberthon"

Universities in Lithuania
Defunct universities and colleges in Poland
Educational institutions established in the 1570s
1579 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Public universities
1579 establishments in Lithuania
Universities and colleges in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Legal education in Lithuania
Universities and colleges in Lithuania
Education in Vilnius

Vilnius University


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ධෞලි කඳු () පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඉන්දියාවේ ඔඩිෂාවේ භුබනේස්වර් සිට 8 km දකුණින් දයා ගංගා ඉවුරේ ය. විශාල විවෘත ප්‍රදේශයකින් සමන්විත මෙම කඳුගැටයේ මුදුන තෙක් දිවෙන මාර්ගයේ පසෙක වූ ගිරි කුළක අශෝක අධිරාජයාගේ ප්‍රධාන රාජාඥාවක් සඳහන්ව ඇත. ධෞලි කඳු ප්‍රදේශය කාලිංග යුද්ධය සිදුවූ ප්‍රෙද්ශය යැයි අනුමාන කෙරේ.

මෙහි හමුවන ශිලා ආඥා අතරට අංක I-X, XIV ශිලා ලිපි සහ වෙනත් කාලිංග ආඥා දෙකක්ද ඇතුළත් වේ. කාලිංග ආඥාව VI තුළ, "සමස්ත ලෝකයටම සෙත සැලසීම" සඳහා තමන් තුළ ඇති අභිප්‍රාය නිරූපණය වේ. රාජාඥාවලට ඉහළින් ගලෙන් නෙළන ලද හස්ති රුව ඔඩිෂාවෙන් පැරණිතම බෞද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා නිර්මාණය ලෙස සැලකේ. මෙම හස්ති රුවේ දැක්වෙන්නේ අලියාගේ ඉදිරි කොටස පමණි. නමුත් එහි ස්වරූපය සහ ජංගම ස්වභාවය මැනවින් නිරූපණය කොට ඇත.

සටන සිදුවූ ධෞලි සම්බන්ධයෙන් අශෝකගේ විශේෂ දුර්වලතාවක් පැවතිණි. සටනේ දී දයා ගංගාවේ ජලය රතු පැහැයට හැරුණු බවත්, බොහෝ ජනයා මියගිය බවත් පැවසේ. මේ නිසා අශෝක යුද්ධය සමග සම්බන්ධ නිරර්ථක බව වටහා ගත්තේ ය. මේ නිසා ධෞලි බෞද්ධ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වැදගත් මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් බවට පත් විය. එහි ඔහු චෛත්‍ය, ස්තූප සහ ස්තම්භ පිහිටුවී ය. භික්ෂූන් සඳහා ආරාම තැනවූ ඔහු නිලධාරීන් සඳහා උපදෙස් සෙල් ලිපි පිහිටුවී ය. මහජනයා සඳහා දණ්ඩනීතිවල මූලික සිද්ධාන්ත ගෙනහැර දැක්වී ය. ධෞලියේ ස්තූප ඇතුළු සිය නව රාජධානිය සඳහා ඔහු විශේෂ තත්ත්වයක් ලබාදුන්නේ ය.

1970 දශකයේ දී ජපන් බුද්ධ සංඝ සහ කාලිංග නිපොන් බුද්ධ සංඝ සංවිධාන විසින් කන්ද මුදුනෙහි අලංකාර සුදු පැහැ සාම ස්තූපයක් ගොඩනංවන ලදී.

යාබද ප්‍රදේශයේ ද අශෝකානු ආඥා හමුවන අතර, තංකපාණි මාවතේ භාස්කරේශ්වර් දේවාල භූමියෙන් ස්තූපයක යැයි සිතිය හැකි නටබුන් හමු නොවේ. ධෞලිගිරි කන්දේ පුරාතන ශිව දේවාලයක් ද පිහිටි අතර, ශිව රාත්‍රී උත්සවයේ දී එය රැස්වීම් ස්ථානයක් ලෙස ද භාවිතා වේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

බෞද්ධ කලාව
ඔඩිෂාවේ ඉතිහාසය
ඉන්දියාවේ ස්තූප
බුදු පිළිම
භුබනේස්වර්හි සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයන්
ඔඩිෂාවේ පුරාවිද්‍යා අඩවි
ඔඩිෂාවේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ස්මාරක
ඔඩිෂාවේ බෞද්ධ අඩවි

ධෞලි


Prof. Dr. João Ubiratan Moreira dos Santos (13 de octubre de 1954) es un profesor, y botánico brasileño.

Antecedentes profesionales
En 1974, obtuvo una licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas - Modalidad Medicina, por la Universidad Federal de Pará; en 1984, una M.Sc. en Biología Vegetal por la Universidad Estatal de Campinas, y en 1992 el doctorado en Biología Vegetal, por la misma alta casa de estudios, defendiendo la tesis: O Genero Aspilia Thouars. (Compositae-Heliantheae) no Brasil. En la actualidad es un investigador - Museo Goeldi, un investigador del Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, profesor adjunto efectivo en la Universidad Federal Rural de Amazonia]. Tiene experiencia en el campo de la botánica, con énfasis en la taxonomía de Fanerógamas, actuando sobre los siguientes temas: bancos de arena, taxonomía, Compositae, Heliantheae.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2011. Acmella marajoensis G.A.R.Silva & J.U.M.Santos: Uma nova espécie de Asteraceae para a Amazônia brasileiraa. Acta Amazónica 41: 191-194

 ----------------------------------------------, ---------------------------------. 2010a. Novos Registros de Espécies da Subtribo Ecliptinae (Heliantheae-Asteraceae) para a Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amazónica 40: 499-508

 . 2010b. Atividade alelopática de extratos brutos de três espécies de Copaifera (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae). Planta Daninha 28: 1-9

 . 2010c. The coastal restinga vegetation of Pará, Brazilian Amazon: a synthesis. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 33: 1-21

 . 2008. Restingas do Litoral Amazônico, Estados do Pará e Amapá, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Série Ciências Naturais 3: 35-67

 . 2006a. Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb. (Myristicaceae): Aspectos Morfológicos do fruto, semente, germinação e da plântula. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Série Ciências Naturais 1 ( 1): 37-46

 . 2006b. A Importância das Plantas Medicinais para a Comunidade Pesqueira de Algodoal. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Série Ciências Naturais, Belém 1 ( 1): 69-80

 . 2006c. Arquitetura Foliar de Espécies de Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae), da Restinga de Algodoal/Maiandeua-Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Série Ciências Naturais, Belém 1 ( 2): 29-36

 . 2006d. Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D.Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex A.DC.) Gentry: Aspectos morfológicos do Fruto, semente , germinação e da plântula. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Série Ciências Naturais 1 ( 1): 113-120

 . 2006e. Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae): morfológicos do fruto, da semente e da plântula. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Série Ciências Naturais 1: 103-112

 . 2005. Flórula Fanerogâmica das Restingas do Estado do Pará, Ilhas de Algodoal e Maiandeua - 2. Myrtaceae A. L. de Jussieu. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Série Ciências Naturais, Museu Paraense 1 ( 1): 31-48

 . 2001a. Aspectos Taxonômicos de espécies arbustivas e arboreas ocorrentes em Moitas - Restinga do Crispim, município de Marapanim, Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém 17 ( 1): 21-73

 . 2001b. Fitossociologia das formações herbáceas da restinga do Crispim, Marapanim - Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Botânica, Belém 17 ( 1): 163-188

 . 2001c. O gênero Paspalum L. (Gramineae / Poaceae) na restinga da praia da Princesa, APA de Algodoa / Maiandeual. Maracnã, Pará, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Botânica, Belém 17 ( 1): 189-210

 . 2001d. A Vegetação da Ilha Canelas, Municipio de Bragança, Pará, Brasil. (No prelo). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Botânica, Belém 16 ( 2): 00-00

 . 2001e. Anatomia dos folíolos de Swartzia brachyrhachis Harms var. snethlageae (Ducke) Ducke e Swartzia laurifolia Benth. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), ocorrentes na restinga de Algodoal / Maiandeua - Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Zoologia, Belém 17 ( 2): 345-360

 ------------------, -------------------------, --------------------------------------------. 2001f. Arquitetura foliar de Swartza brachyrachis Harms var. Snethlageae (Ducke) Ducke e Swartza laurifolia Benth. (Leguminosae - Papilonoideae), ocorrentes na Restinga de Algodoal / Maiandeua - Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Zoologia

 Libros
 . 2007. Campos e Florestas das Bacias dos Rios Atua e Anajás. Ilha do Marajó, Pará. 1ª ed. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coleção Adolpho Ducke, vol. 1. 110 pp.

 . 2003a. Desafios da Botânica Brasiliera no Novo Milênio: Inventário, Sistematização e Conservação da Diversidade Vegetal. 1ª ed. Belém: Sociedade Botânica do Brasil, vol. 1. 294 pp.

 . 2003b. Vegetação da Restinga: Aspéctos botânicos e uso medicinal. 1ª ed. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, vol. 1. 23 pp.

 . 2001. O gênero Aspilia Thou (Compositae - Heliantheae) no Brasil''. 1ª ed. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, vol. 1. 301 pp.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Brasil
Profesores de Brasil
Escritores en portugués
Escritores en inglés del siglo XXI
Alumnado de la Universidad Estatal de Campinas
Profesores de la Universidad Federal Rural de Amazonas

João Ubiratan Moreira dos Santos


ටස්කිගී සිෆිලිස් පරීක්ෂණය යනු ඇමෙරිකාවේ ඇලබාමා ප්‍රාන්තයේ ටස්කිගී ව්ල කළු ජාතික පිරිමින් 600 දෙනෙක් භාවිතා කරමින් සිදුකරන ලද සිෆිලිස් රෝගය පිළිබඳ පරීක්ෂණයකි. ටස්කිගී විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ ඇමෙරිකානු ප්‍රජා සෞඛ්‍ය ආයතනය මෙයට අනුග්‍රහය දක්වන ලදී.

ටස්කිගී සිෆිලිස් පරීක්ෂණය


La Cromatografía Líquida Desnaturalizante de Alto Rendimiento o DHPLC, de sus siglas en Inglés (Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) es una técnica de rastreo de mutaciones usada en el diagnóstico molecular basada en la diferente capacidad de elución a través de una columna de cromatografía de moléculas bicatenarias de ADN formadas por la renaturalización de las moléculas simples obtenidas por PCR.

Introducción
La cromatografía líquida es un método físico de separación basado en la distribución de los componentes de una mezcla entre dos fases inmiscibles, una fija o estacionaria y otra móvil. En la cromatografía líquida, la fase móvil es un líquido (bien un solvente puro o una mezcla de varios solventes) que fluye a través de una columna que contiene la fase fija. La fase estacionaria es un sólido tanto física como químicamente inerte. En función de sus propiedades químicas, se habla de diversos tipos de cromatografía (intercambio iónico, de fase reversa, etc).
La fase sólida se empaca en una columna de vidrio para ser posteriormente atravesada por la fase líquida. Con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia en las separaciones, el tamaño de las partículas de la fase sólida se va disminuyendo hasta alcanzar un tamaño del orden de micras. Este reducido tamaño generó la necesidad de utilizar altas presiones para lograr que fluyera la fase móvila través de la sólida. De esta manera, nació la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución o HPLC  que requiere de instrumental especial que permita trabajar con las altas presiones requeridas y se utiliza fundamentalmente para el análisis de sustancias proteicas.
La HPLC desnaturalizante o DHPLC es una técnica de análisis derivada de la anterior, basada en una columna de elución de fase reversa, y utilizada para la separación diferencial de secuencias nucleotídicas, previa a la cual (como su nombre indica) precisa
la desnaturalización de la muestra a analizar mediante temperatura.

Procedimiento experimental
El primer paso comienza con la extracción del ADN a analizar. A continuación, se amplifica por PCR el fragmento del gen concreto y  se desnaturaliza a 95 °C durante 3 minutos. Pasado este tiempo, se disminuye gradualmente la temperatura de 95 °C a 65 °C durante 30 minutos, dando lugar a la renaturalización de las hebras de ADN separadas.
Este proceso permite detectar las mutaciones en función de las diferentes uniones de los fragmentos de gen amplificados formadas en el proceso de renaturalización ya que se forman dos tipos de dúplex:
Homodúplex: hebras iguales a las originales, es decir, una doble hebra de ADN silvestre, no enfermo; y la doble hebra con la mutación.
Heterodúplex: unión de combinaciones de las cadenas sentido y antisentido de la hebra silvestre con la mutada.

La DHPLC detecta las mutaciones según los diferentes homodúplex y heterodúplex originados a partir del fragmento de gen estudiado, tras el proceso de desnaturalización-renaturalización.
Las moléculas de ADN bicatenario quedan retenidas en la columna según su longitud, tras lo cual son eluídas haciendo pasar por la columna un solvente orgánico como el acetonitrilo. Dicha elución es detectada mediante un sensor de radiación ultravioleta a una absorbancia de 254nm y, mediante un software apropiado, se traduce en la elaboración de un cromatograma.
El tiempo de retención del ADN en la columna varía con la temperatura de ésta:
A temperaturas menores de 50 °C el orden de elución depende únicamente de la longitud de la doble cadena de ADN.
Por el contrario, a temperaturas mayores de 50 °C las moléculas de ADN se desnaturalizan, separándose en dos cadenas simples complementarias. La desnaturalización en los heterodúplex es más extensa que la correspondiente a los homodúplex que, gracias a su perfecto emparejamiento de sus bases, son menos termolábiles; como resultado, los heterodúplex se retienen menos, eluyendo antes que los homodúplex. En el correspondiente cromatograma, esto se refleja como la presencia de uno o más picos adicionales, dependiendo del número de mutaciones que existan. La inestabilidad térmica de los heterodúplex estará en función de los
puentes de hidrógeno entre las bases que produzcan la mutación y de la influencia de la secuencia próxima.

Ventajas y limitaciones
Una de las principales características de esta técnica es que su sensibilidad se mantiene con tamaños de fragmentos comprendidos entre 150 y 700 pares de bases. Además, las distintas estructuras conformacionales que pueda tomar el dúplex afecta a la detección de mutaciones por DHPLC. Por otra parte, la secuenciación directa está considerada el "patrón de oro" en el análisis de mutaciones, sin embargo, dicha técnica falla en la determinación de alelos mutantes poco frecuentes. Por el contrario, la DHPLC detecta fiablemente alelos mutantes presentes a frecuencias tan bajas como el 10%.

El principal factor que afecta sobre la sensibilidad de la DHPLC a la hora de detectar mutaciones es la temperatura. Inicialmente, la temperatura para el análisis de una secuencia concreta de ADN se establecía empíricamente, realizando repetidas inyecciones de una muestra y aumentando gradualmente la temperatura de la columna hasta que los picos del cromatograma comenzaban a aparecer a tiempos de retención más cortos. A partir de este punto, la presencia de mutaciones se detecta por la aparición de uno o más picos que eluyen inmediatamente antes que los homodúplex. Sin embargo, esta forma empírica para establecer la temperatura de análisis adecuada, presenta la limitación experimental de que los fragmentos ricos en dominios AT (los cuales poseen baja temperatura de desnaturalización), no se detecten debido a la completa separación de las 2 hebras.

Referencias

Bing Y, Sawyer NA, Chiu C, Oefner PJ, Peter A (2006) DNA Mutation Detection Using Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC. Current Protocols in Human Genetics. Chapter 7:Unit7.10.

Genética

Cromatografía líquida desnaturalizante de alto rendimiento


Auguste Fernand Albert Benier dit Fernand Besnier né à Orléans le  et mort à Saint-Cyr-l'École le , est un peintre, graveur et illustrateur français.

Biographie
Fils d'un plâtrier originaire d'Orléans, Besnier commence sa carrière comme illustrateur. D'abord, au début des années 1880, dans des périodiques comme Le Salon de la Mode et La Vie moderne. Il travaille pour des éditeurs comme Marpon & Flammarion et Édouard Dentu, produisant des centaines de vignettes pour des ouvrages illustrés. Certaines de ces images sont parfois gravées par lui sous forme d'eau-forte.

Sa présence au Salon des artistes français est attestée à partir de 1909 ; il est dit élève de Isidore Pils et Tony Robert-Fleury et y présente jusqu'en 1911 des lithographies de reproduction. Il expose ensuite au Salon des indépendants, de 1912, jusqu'au début des années 1920.

Il épouse Gabrielle Françoise Vallet le 22 juillet 1911 en la mairie du  arrondissement de Paris.

Fantaisiste et parfois grivois, il illustre également quelques livres destinés aux enfants.

Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il réalise des cartes postales illustrées représentant des batailles, pour l'éditeur Carrier.

Œuvre

Affiches
 Bescherelle, nouveau dictionnaire national illustré, lithographie, Impr. Paul Dupont, 1896.
 Dictionnaire général des sciences théoriques et pratiques, lithographie, Impr. Paul Dupont, 1897.
 Duchesse Laurianne. Pour être aimée conseils d'une coquette, s.d.

Principaux ouvrages illustrés

 Jeanne Thilda, Péchés capiteux, Marpon & Flammarion, 1881.
 Voyage à travers l'Impossible, suite de dessins pour L'Illustration, 1882.
 Léon Cladel, Pierre Patient, préface de Jean-Bernard Passerieu, Henry Oriol, 1883.
 Catulle Mendès, Pour lire au bain, 154 dessins, E. Dentu, 1883.
 Catulle Mendès, Monstres parisiens, série I et II, Marpon & Flammarion, 1883-1885.
 René Maizeroy, La Joie d'aimer, Marpon & Flammarion, 1884.
 Œuvres complètes de Alfred de Musset. Mélanges de littérature et de critique, tome IX, avec une eau-forte (Faire sans dire), Morgand & Charpentier, 1884.
 Auguste Saulière, Ce qu'on ose pas dire, frontispice, vignettes de Henry Somm, E. Dentu, 1884.
 Catulle Mendès, La Légende du Parnasse contemporain, avec une eau-forte, Auguste Brancart, 1884.
 Properce, Les élégies, images gravées sur bois par Fortuné Méaulle, Jouaust / Maison Albert Quantin, 1885.
 Catulle Mendès, Tous les baisers, six séries, E. Dentu, 1884-1885.
 Louis Leriche, Souvenirs d'un vieux libraire, avec Paul Adolphe Kauffmann, E. Dentu, 1885.
 Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Contes pour les baigneuses, 19 dessins gravés, E. Dentu, 1886.
 Gustave Aimard, Le Brésil nouveau, E. Dentu, 1888.
 Gustave Aimard, Le Roi des placères d'or, E. Dentu, 1889.
 Dubut de Laforest, Contes à la lune, E. Dentu, 1889.
 Richard Lesclide, La Diligence de Lyon, E. Dentu, 1890.
 Georges Bois, Les damnés, avec Henri Laissement et Émile Bourdelle, E. Dentu, 1890.
 Charles Nodier, Contes choisis, 120 dessins gravés, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1890.
 Dubut de Laforest, Contes à Panurge, E. Dentu, 1891.
 Dubut de Laforest, Contes pour les hommes, E. Dentu, 1892.
 Louis Mainard, Fils de l'océan, dessins gravés par Edmond Boulenaz et Eugène Delâtre, E. Dentu, 1893.
 Alfred Hannedouche, La Bonne Tante, avec 16 gravures, A. Picard et Kaan, [1894].
 Dubut de Laforest, Le Cocu imaginaire, E. Dentu, 1895.
 Constant Améro, Blanche-Neige : scènes de la vie norvégienne, 70 gravures, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1895.
 Jeanne Leroy, Drichette, 25 gravures, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1897.
 Albert Meyrac, Les contes de nos aïeux, 16 gravures, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1897.
 William Raymond et Jules Gros, Les Robinsons de la montagne, avec 101 dessins gravés, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1899.
 Henri Lavedan, Leur beau physique, Fayard frères, 1899.
 Louis Mainard, Histoire d'un mauvais sujet qui finit bien, 13 gravures, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1899.
 Gustave Vallat, Les récits de la côte, gravures, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1900.
 Anomyme, Confession d'une horizontale, coll. « Les trucs de ces dames », fascicules, Corbeil, Imprimerie Crété, 1903.
 Mme W. de Coninck, La Fille du chiffonnier, Librairie d'éducation nationale, 1905.
 Gilbert Machard, Les mémoires de Sac-à-Puces, Librairie Illustrée Jules Tallandier, 1906.
 Marc Anfossi, Le Cousin Nath. Bastien tête de loup, gravures avec Notor, Alcide Picard et Kaan, 1909.
 Coll. « Pour apprendre six langues », série La Maison / La Ferme par un peintre polyglotte, Les Magasins du Bon Marché, [1910].

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Peintre français du XXe siècle
Aquafortiste français
Lithographe français du XXe siècle
Illustrateur français du XIXe siècle
Illustrateur français du XXe siècle
Illustrateur érotique
Naissance à Orléans
Naissance en août 1850
Décès en Seine-et-Oise
Décès en février 1927
Décès à 76 ans

Fernand Auguste Besnier


Le Geste est un film muet français réalisé par Georges Denola, sorti en 1917.

Il s'agit de l'adaptation du roman éponyme de Maurice Montégut, roman de mœurs publié par Paul Ollendorff Éditeur, en 1896.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Le Geste
 Réalisation : Georges Denola
 Scénario : Georges Denola d'après le roman de Maurice Montégut
 Photographie :
 Montage :
 Société de production : Société cinématographique des auteurs et gens de lettres (S.C.A.G.L.)
 Société de distribution : Pathé frères
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : français
 Métrage :  mètres
 Format : Noir et blanc — 35 mm — 1,33:1 — Muet
 Genre : Film dramatique
 Durée : 43 minutes 30
 Dates de sortie :
  :

Distribution
 Henri Bosc : Gabriel Morsalines
 Véra Sergine : Raymonde Chantrier
 Jean Ayme : le docteur Deschellerin
 Suzy Depsy : Madame Morsalines
 Jacques Volnys

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Henri Bousquet, De Pathé frères à Pathé Cinéma (1915-1927), Bures-sur-Yvette, Editions Henri Bousquet, 1994-2004
 Pathé Journal, n° 34
 Ciné-Journal, n° 386/82, 6 janvier 1917

Articles connexes
 Liste de films français sortis en 1917

Liens externes

 Le Geste sur le site de la Fondation Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé

Film français sorti en 1917
Moyen métrage français
Film dramatique français
Film réalisé par Georges Denola
Adaptation d'un roman français au cinéma
Film en français
Film muet français
Film français en noir et blanc
Film distribué par Pathé
Février 1917

Le Geste


DHI er en uafhængig, international rådgivnings- og forskningsorganisation. DHI er specialister i vandmiljø og arbejder med beslægtede områder såsom kemikalier og fødevaresikkerhed. DHI er godkendt som teknologisk serviceinstitut (GTS) af ministeriet for Forskning, Innovation og Videregående Uddannelser og er en del af GTS-netværket. DHI tilbyder rådgivningsydelser, modelleringsværktøjer, laboratorietest, fysiske modelforsøg samt feltopmålinger og moniteringsprogrammer. DHI, som er selvejende, har på verdensplan mere end 1.100 vidensmedarbejdere i 30 lande.

Dansk Hydraulisk Institut (DHI) blev etableret i 1964 som Vandbygningsinstituttet under Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, men omdøbt til Dansk Hydraulisk Institut i 1971. Instituttet, der især arbejdede med udvikling af hydrauliske modeller til simulering af vandområder i ind- og udland, fusionerede i 2000 med Vandkvalitetsinstituttet (VKI) til DHI - Institut for Vand og Miljø.

Miljøvirksomheder i Danmark
Hydrologi
Danske virksomheder etableret i 1964

DHI


Gennem Kamp til Sejr er en dansk stumfilm fra 1910 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
En læges husholderske bliver gift med malersvend. Han dør, og hun bliver gift med lægen.

Medvirkende
 Axel Boesen
 Petrine Sonne
 Lauritz Olsen
 Franz Skondrup
 Maggi Zinn
 Gudrun Kjerulf
 Anton Seitzberg

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1910

Gennem Kamp til Sejr (film fra 1910)


1999 yılında Natalia Oreiro'nun kendi adıyla piyasaya sunulan ve sanatçıya platin plak ödülü kazandıran ve "Muñeca brava"  dizisi için hazırlanan tema şarkısı Cambio Dolor'u da barındıran albümdür. Albüm içinde Türkiye, Amerika ve İsrail'in de bulunduğu tam 35 ülkeye satıldı.

Albümün çıkış şarkısı olan Cambio Dolor'a ilk video klip çekildi. Ayrıca  Me Muero de Amor, Vengo del Mar, Que Sí, Que Sí şarkıları albümde önplana çıkan şarkılardır. Natalia'nın ilk sinema filmi olan Un Argentino en New York'ın soundrack parçası olan Que Sí, Que Sí albüme bonus track olarak eklendi. Ayrıca albüm Cnn.Com da yılın en başarılı 100 albümü arasında girmeyi başardı.

Şarkı Listesi

Singlelar

Video Klipler
 De tu Amor
 Cambio Dolor
 Me Muero de Amor
 Que si Que si

Satış
 Arjantin - 400.000  kopya
 İspanya - 300.000  kopya
 Avrua - 700.000  kopya
 Latin Amerika - 200.000 kopya
 Toplam=: 1.600.000 (10 x Platin ödül)

Dış bağlantılar
 Demo Parçalar
 Amazon.co.uk

1998 albümleri
Natalia Oreiro albümleri

Natalia Oreiro (albüm)


Volkmar Wolters (* 1953 in Bremen) ist ein deutscher Biologe und Professor für Tierökologie und spezielle Zoologie an der Universität Gießen.

Forschung und Lehre
Nach dem Studium der Biologie, Psychologie und Philosophie an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen promovierte Wolters 1985 mit einer Arbeit über die Rolle von Wirbellosen im Boden in den Ökosystemen der gemäßigten Breiten. Er wurde Professor für Umweltwissenschaften an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. 1995 ging er an die Universität Gießen. Dort ist er AG-Leiter mit einem Forschungs-Schwerpunkt auf die Bodenökologie, Tier-Biodiversität, Landschaftsökologie und Molekulare Ökologie.

Wolters ist Präsident der Gesellschaft für Ökologie in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (GfÖ) und war Vize-Dekan der Fakultät für Biologie & Chemie. Er koordinierte mehrere EU-Projekte und nimmt am Programm SOILSERVICE (7. Rahmenprogramm der EU) teil. Er arbeitet im Rahmen der Biodiversitäts-Exploratorien an der Tierökologie in der Kulturlandschaft und koordiniert das Projekt BIOLOG Europa des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung.

Fernsehauftritte
Wolters verfasst humorvolle Kurzgedichte, die auf verschiedene Weise von Elefanten handeln ("Elefantengedichte"). Mit einigen von ihnen trat er 2012 in den vier Folgen der Reihe Reim gewinnt! auf ZDFkultur auf.

Schriften
 Untersuchung zur Habitatbindung und Nahrungsbiologie der Springschwänze (Collembola) eines Laubwaldes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Funktion in der Zersetzerkette. Dissertation, Universität Göttingen 1985.
 Steuerung mikrobieller Stoffumsätze in Böden durch Invertebraten. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Göttingen 1991.
 mit Andreas Krüß als Bearbeiter: Naturschutz und Ökologie. Ausgewählte Beiträge zur GfÖ-Jahrestagung 2007 in Marburg (= Naturschutz und biologische Vielfalt. Heft 60). BfN-Schriften-Vertrieb im Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 2008.
 als Hrsg.: Book of abstracts / 40th Anniversary Conference "The Future of Biodiversity: Genes, Species, Ecosystems" Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 30th August – 03rd September 2010. GfÖ c/o Inst. für Ökologie, TU Berlin, Berlin 2010.
 mit Stefan Hotes als Hrsg.: Fokus Biodiversität. Wie Biodiversität in der Kulturlandschaft erhalten und nachhaltig genutzt werden kann. oekom verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86581-172-1.

Belege

Weblinks
 Institut für Tierökologie und Spezielle Zoologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen: Prof. Dr. Volkmar Wolters, abgerufen am 26. April 2012

Biologe
Naturforscher
Hochschullehrer (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1953
Mann

Volkmar Wolters


Kellinghusen, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 18,81 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 8060 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Helga Nießen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.kellinghusen.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Kellinghusen


Dalibor Motejlek (Vysoké nad Jizerou, Češka, 17. travnja 1942.), bivši češki skakač skijaš i trener skijaša skakača. Radio je u više klubova, pored ostalih SK Harrachov. Postavio je rekorde skakaonica u Oberstdorfu (skakaonica Heini Klopfer, dužina skakaonice 225 metara) od 142 metra, koji je držao od 15. do 16. veljače 1964., i time je izjednačio svjetski rekord. Sutradan ga je srušio Talijan Niko Zandanel. Drugi rekord skakonice je onaj u Bischofshofenu (skakaonica Paul Außerleitner, dužina skakaonice 140 metara) od 104,5 metra, koji je držao od 6. siječnja 1965. do 5. siječnja 1974. godine. Sudionik ZOI 1964. u Innsbrucku u objema skakačim disciplinama. Na maloj skakaonici doskočio je do 19. mjesta, a na velikoj skakaonici do 10. mjesta.

Prvi se put u međunarodnoj konkurenciji okušao na Turneji četiriju skakaonica 1960./61. U Partenkirchenu je 1. siječnja 1963. prvi je put ušao u najboljih deset, skokovima za 9. mjesto. Na Turneji četiriju skakonica 1964./65. sedmim mjestom u Oberstdorfu, petim u Innsbrucku i drugim mjestom u Bischofshofenu došao je do ukupno trećeg mjesta. Drugo mjesto u Bischofshofenu bio je njegov jedini plasman na postolje na Turneji. Sljedeće je sezone na Turneji, 1965./66. bio ukupno šesti. Na zadnjem svojem nastupu na Turneji, 1967./68., bio je ukupno deveti. Nakon aktivne skakačke karijere prešao je u športske dužnosnike. Bio je dužnosnik i trener i bio je među ostalim tehnički direktor skijaških skokova u natjecanjima Kontinentalnog pokala.

U reprezentaciji od 1960. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Dalibor Motejlek - Međunarodni skijaški savez (eng.)
Dalibor Motejlek  - Sports-Reference (eng.)

Češki skijaši skakači
Skijaški treneri

Dalibor Motejlek


La tortuga de pantano del este (Kinosternon subrubrum) o tortuga de pantano común es una especie de tortuga de la familia Kinosternidae de Estados Unidos.

Descripción
La tortuga de pantano del este es de pequeño tamaño, mide de 7,6 a 10,2 centímetros de longitud. El caparazón carece de cualquier patrón, y varía en color desde el amarillo hasta el negro. El plastrón es grande y tiene doble bisagra, y puede ser de color amarillento a marrón, y a veces puede tener una imagen oscura. El mentón y la garganta son de color gris amarillento, con rayas y manchas de color marrón, mientras que las extremidades y la cola son grises. El iris del ojo es de color amarillo con nubosidad oscura, y sus pies son palmeados.

Hábitat y ecología
Las tortugas de pantano del este habitan en las charcas y otros hábitats de agua dulce. Se alimentan principalmente de insectos y peces pequeños. Los mapaches son conocidos por comer huevos de esta especie, mientras que las garzas y los cocodrilos a menudo cazan los adultos.

Distribución
Las tortugas de pantano del este se encuentran en los estados de Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Luisiana, Maryland, Misisipi, Misuri, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Carolina del Norte, Oklahoma, Pensilvania, Carolina del Sur, Tennessee, Texas y Virginia.

Subespecies
 Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (especie tipo) - Tortuga de pantano del este.
 Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrpis - Tortuga de pantano del Misisipi.
 Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri - Tortuga de pantano de Florida. Recientemente se la ha considerado una especie distinta.

Referencias

 Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status". Chelonian Research Monographs 5: 000.98. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125632/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf.

Enlaces externos
 Eastern mud turtle - Kinosternon subrubrum Species account from the Towson University Reptiles of Maryland Web Page

Reptiles de Estados Unidos
Kinosternidae
Fauna endémica de Estados Unidos
Taxones descritos por Pierre-Joseph Bonnaterre
Animales descritos en 1789

Kinosternon subrubrum


Friedrich Gottfried Houck (auch: Fredericus Godefridus Houk, Friedrich Gotfried Huck; * 19. August 1708 in Burgsteinfurt; † 28. Juni 1767 in Utrecht) war ein deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler.

Leben
Der Sohn des Gymnasialprofessors August Houck und dessen Frau Anna Wilhelmine Bachmann, die Tochter des Oberstleutnants Dr. jur. utr. Gottfried Bachmann und dessen Frau Anna von Wildenraet, hatte die Stadtschule seiner Heimatstadt und das Gymnasium Arnoldinum ebenda besucht. Nachdem er eine umfangreiche Grundausbildung erhalten hatte, immatrikulierte er sich am 19. Dezember 1726 an der Universität Groningen, um ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften zu absolvieren. Seine prägenden Lehrer wurden dort Jean Barbeyrac und Peter de Toullieu (1669–1734) für das natürliche Recht und Arnold Rotger (1684–1752) im Zivilrecht. 1733 wechselte er an die Universität Utrecht, wo er bei Karl Andreas Duker die Vorlesungen zur Geschichte besuchte und unter der Anleitung von Arnold Drakenborch mit den römischen Altertümern vertraut gemacht wurde.

Sein prägendster Lehrer in den Rechtswissenschaften wurde Everard Otto, unter dem er 1733 mit der Abhandlung de officio Praefecti vigilem circa incendia (Utrecht 1733) disputiert hatte und unter welchem er am 5. November 1734  mit der juristischen Abhandlung de rationibus veterum jctorum falso suspectis (Utrecht 1734, Bremen 1769) zum Doktor der Rechte promovierte. Danach kehrte er in seine Heimatstadt zurück, wo er Professor am Gymnasium Arnoldinum wurde. Am 23. Juni 1738 wechselte er als Professor der Rechte an das Gymnasium Illustre Athenaeum in Deventer, welche Tätigkeit er mit der Rede pro legislatoria Justiniani Imperatoris prudentia antrat.

Nachdem man ihn bereits 1744 eine Hochschullehrerstelle an der Universität Harderwijk angedacht hatte, beriefen ihn nach dem Tod von Abraham Wieling die Kuratoren der Universität Utrecht am 9. Mai 1746 zum Professor des Zivilrechts, welches Amt er am 20. Juni 1746 mit der Rede de proprio obligationum jure, ex variis causarum figuris antrat. In dieser Eigenschaft beteiligte er sich auch an den organisatorischen Aufgaben der Utrechter Hochschule und war 1748/49 Rektor der Alma Mater, welches Amt er mit der Rede Quaenam verosimilior sit sententia de secundo capite Legis Aquiliae niederlegte.

Literatur
 Abraham Jacob van der Aa: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Verlag J. J. van Brederode, Haarlem, 1867, Bd. 8, 2. Teil S. 1308 (Online, niederländisch)
 van Kuyk: HOUCK (Friedrich Gotfried) In: Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen, Petrus Johannes Blok: Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. (NNBW), Verlag A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, Leiden, 1912, Bd. 2, Sp. 606 (niederländisch)
 Ersch/ Gruber: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Verlag F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1834, 2. Sektion, 11. Teil, S. 219
 Johann Georg Meusel: Lexikon der vom Jahr 1750 bis 1800 verstorbenen teutschen Schriftsteller. Gerhard Fleischer d. J. Leipzig, 1806, Bd. 6, S. 141 (Online)
 Christoph Weidlich: Zuverlässige Nachrichten von denen jetztlebenden Rechtsgelehrten. Verlag Karl Christian Kümmel, Halle/Saale, 1757,  Teil 1, 377–379 (Online)
 Johann Christoph Adelung: Fortsetzung und Ergänzungen zu Christian Gottlieb Jöchers allgemeinem Gelehrten-Lexiko, worin die Schriftsteller aller Stände nach ihrem vornehmsten Lebensumständen und Schriften beschrieben werden. Verlag Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, Leipzig, 1787, Bd. 2, Sp. 2164 (siehe: Houk)

Weblinks
 Houck im Catalogus Professorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae
 Kurzvita Professoren der Hohen Schule Steinfurt

Rechtswissenschaftler (18. Jahrhundert)
Rektor (Universität Utrecht)
Deutscher
Geboren 1708
Gestorben 1767
Mann

Friedrich Gottfried Houck


La torpille Mark 13 est la torpille aérienne la plus courante de l'US Navy pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. C'est la première torpille américaine conçue à l'origine pour être lancée à partir uniquement d'un avion, bien qu'elle fût également utilisée à bord des PT boat.

Les Mark 13 Mod 0 se révélés trop fragile pour les vitesses plus élevées des bombardiers-torpilleurs Douglas TBD Devastator et du Grumman TBF Avenger entrés en service après leur conception. La conception de base a été renforcée et le Mod 10 était probablement la meilleure torpille lourde déployée durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec une vitesse de largage de plus de 400 Nœuds et la capacité de chuter de  au début de 1944.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Torpille
 Listes des armes de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
 – This film shows examples of several attack profiles developed by the US navy using Caltech research.

Arme américaine de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Torpille des Forces armées des États-Unis

Torpille Mark 13


Fernando Ferrão (* 8. Januar 1959 in Odivelas) ist ein portugiesischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Ferrão absolvierte eine Schauspielausbildung am Centro Cultural de Benfica und war dort unter anderem Schüler von Francisco Nicholson und António Feio. Sein Debüt gab er 1986. Seither ist er regelmäßig in verschiedenen Fernsehrollen zu sehen.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1994: A Grande Noite
 1995: Barba e Cabelo
 1996–2003: Os Malucos do Riso
 1997: Era uma Vez…
 1999: O Fura-Vidas
 1999: Der Clown
 1999: Um Sarilho Chamado Marina
 2000: As Pupilas do Sr. Doutor
 2004: Maré Alta
 2006: Floribella
 2008: Chiquititas
 2008–2009: Podia Acabar o Mundo

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Portugiese
Geboren 1959
Mann

Fernando Ferrão


Bobby Ellsworth poznatiji kao Blitz (New Jersey, SAD, 5. svibnja 1959.) američki je glazbenik i pjevač, najpoznatiji kao pjevač američkog thrash metal-sastava Overkill. Jedan je od osnivača te skupine s D. D. Vernijem. Njih dvojica danas su jedini preostali izvorni članovi te grupe.

Diskografija

Overkill (1980. – danas)

 Feel the Fire (1985.)
 Taking Over (1987.)
 Under the Influence (1988.)
 The Years of Decay (1989.)
 Horrorscope (1991.)
 I Hear Black (1993.)
 W.F.O. (1994.)
 The Killing Kind (1996.)
 From the Underground and Below (1997.)
 Necroshine (1999.)
 Bloodletting (2000.)
 Killbox 13 (2003.)
 ReliXIV (2005.)
 Immortalis (2007.)
 Ironbound (2010.)
 The Electric Age (2012.)
 White Devil Armory (2014.)
 The Grinding Wheel (2017.)
 The Wings of War (2019.)

Odabrana gostovanja

 Destruction – The Curse of the Antichrist - Live in Agony (2009.)
 Destruction – A Savage Symphony - The History of Annihilation (2010.)

The Cursed (2006. – danas)

 Room Full of Sinners (2007.)

Izvori

Američki pjevači heavy metala

Bobby Ellsworth


آسِيَة بنت مُزاحِم هي امرأة فرعون التي تلقت النبي موسى من اليم وآمنت به وأسندت رضاعته لأمه. عاشت في أعظم القصور في ذلك الزمن، يخدمها العديد من الجواري والعبيد، أما زوجها فرعون فقد طغى وتجبر، ونصب نفسه إلهاً وأمر شعبه أن يعبدوه ويقدسوه ولا أحد سواه، وأن ينادوه بفرعون الإله، وكانت آسيا قد تلقت النبي موسى من اليم، وأقنعت فرعون بالاحتفاظ به، وتربيته كابن لهما، في البداية لم يقتنع بكلامها، ولكن إصرارها جعله يوافقها الرأي وعاش النبي موسى معهما وأحبته حب الأم لولدها.

مكانتها في الإسلام
يقول ابن كثير في كتابه «البداية والنهاية»:

في القرآن

ذكرها القرآن مثالًا للنساء المؤمنات، جاء في سورة التحريم:  سورة التحريم، الآية 11

في السنة النبوية
 قال أحمد بن حنبل:
 ورد في الصحيحين من حديث شعبة عن عمرو بن مرة عن مرة الهمداني عن أبي موسى الأشعري

تعذيب فرعون لها
هان على آسية امرأة فرعون ملك الدنيا ونعيمها، فكفرت بفرعون وألوهيته، فعذبها زوجها فصبرت حتى الموت، وقد ذكر ابن جرير الطبري تعذيب فرعون لها وقال:

انظر أيضًا
 موسى في الإسلام
 موسى
 فرعون

المراجع

أشخاص أعدمتهم مصر القديمة
ابنة فرعون
الإسلام والنساء
شخصيات الكتاب المقدس في الإسلام
شخصيات بدون أسماء من الكتاب المقدس
شخصيات ذكرت في القرآن
قصص القرآن الكريم
ملكات مصر القديمة
ملكيون معدومون
ملكة فرعونية
موسى
نساء مبجلات في الإسلام
يهوديات

آسية بنت مزاحم


Pervari (), Siirt ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Coğrafya
Pervari ilçesi, Siirt ilinin kuzey doğusunda yer almaktadır. İlçenin kuzeyini Hizan ve Bahçesaray ilçeleri, doğusunu Çatak ve Beytüşşebap ilçeleri, güneyini Şırnak ili ve Eruh ilçesi, batısını ise Tillo ve Şirvan ilçeleri çevrelemektedir. İlçe merkezi Şakiran ve Adiyan adlı iki mahalleden oluşur. Herekol Dağı ilçe sınırları içinde yer alır. Eskiden Bervade adıyla anılan kasaba, ilçenin kuzey kesiminde yer alır.

92 kilometrelik uzun bir yolla Siirt'e ulaşılan Pervari Belediyesi 1927 yılında kurulmuştur.

Nüfus
22 Kasım 2000 tarihinde yapılan nüfus sayımına göre ilçenin toplam nüfusu 31.093'tür. İlçe merkezi nüfusu 7453'tür. İlçeye bağlı toplam 40 köy ve bu köylere bağlı 25 mezrada toplam 23.640 kişi ikâmet etmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Pervari Kaymakamlığı
 Pervari Belediyesi

Pervari


Joseph Force Crater (January 5, 1889 – disappeared August 6, 1930; declared legally dead June 6, 1939) was an American lawyer who served as a New York State Supreme Court Justice and mysteriously vanished shortly after the state began an investigation into corruption in New York City. Despite massive publicity, the missing person case was never solved and was officially closed forty years after Crater was declared dead.

Early life and education
Joseph Crater was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, the eldest of four children of the former Leila Virginia Montague and Frank Ellsworth Crater, a produce market operator and orchard owner. Both had immigrated from Ireland. He was educated at Lafayette College (class of 1910) and Columbia University, where he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. During his time at Columbia, he met Stella Mance Wheeler, who was at the time married, and helped her get a divorce. They married seven days after her divorce was finalized, in spring 1917.

Career
Crater opened an office at the Equitable Building in Manhattan, joined Tammany Hall district leader Martin J. Healys Cayuga Democratic Club, and spent time organizing election workers and representing the club in election law cases.

Four months before his disappearance, on April 8, 1930, Franklin D. Roosevelt, then New York governor, appointed Crater as Justice of the New York Supreme Court for New York County, which is a trial court, despite the designation "supreme" (New York State's highest court is the Court of Appeals). He issued two published opinions: Rotkowitz v. Sohn, July 11, 1930 involving fraudulent conveyances and mortgage foreclosure fraud; and Henderson v. Park Central Motors Service, dealing with a garage company's liability for an expensive car stolen and wrecked by an ex-convict.

Attention was later drawn to Crater's liquidating investments worth $16,000 and withdrawing $7,000 from his bank account that spring (together equivalent to about US$ in ), a possible pay-off for his judgeship. He had also given the congratulatory speech at the dinner celebrating George Ewald's judgeship in 1927; accusations of Tammany Hall corruption in that appointment were an initial impetus in the opening of what would become the Seabury Commission in mid-1930.

Disappearance
In summer 1930, shortly after the anti-corruption inquiry began, Crater and his wife were vacationing at their summer cabin in Belgrade, Maine. In late July, Crater received a telephone call. He told his wife nothing about the call other than to say that he had to return to New York City "to straighten those fellows out". The next day, he arrived at his apartment at 40 Fifth Avenue in Greenwich Village, but instead of dealing with business he went to Atlantic City, New Jersey with showgirl Sally Lou Ritz.

After returning to Maine on August 1, Crater traveled back to New York on August 3, promising his wife that he would return by her birthday on August 9. She stated that he was in good spirits and behaving normally when he left. On the morning of August 6, Crater spent two hours going through his files in his chambers, reportedly destroying several documents. He then had his law clerk, Joseph Mara, cash two checks for him that amounted to US$5,150 (equivalent to about US$ in ). At noon, Crater and Mara carried two locked briefcases to Crater's apartment, where Crater told Mara to take the rest of the day off.

That evening, Crater went to a Broadway ticket agency run by a friend, Joseph Gransky, and reserved one seat for a comedy called Dancing Partner at the Belasco Theatre; Gransky was surprised because he and Crater had already seen a preview of the show. Crater then ate dinner at Billy Haas's Chophouse at 332 West 45th Street, with Ritz and William Klein, a lawyer friend. Crater's dinner companions gave differing accounts of his departure from the restaurant. Klein initially testified that "the judge got into a taxicab outside the restaurant about 9:30 p.m. and drove west on Forty-fifth Street." This account was initially confirmed by Ritz: "At the sidewalk Judge Crater took a taxicab." Klein and Ritz later changed their story and said that they had entered a taxi outside the restaurant, but Crater had walked down the street.

Crater's disappearance did not elicit any immediate reaction. When he did not return to Maine after ten days, his wife began making calls to their friends in New York, asking whether anyone had seen him. His fellow justices became alarmed when Crater failed to appear for the opening of the courts on August 25; they started a private investigation but failed to find any trace of him. The police were notified on September 3, and after that the missing judge was front-page news.

Investigation
Detectives discovered that the judge's safe deposit box had been emptied and the two briefcases that Crater and Mara had taken to his apartment were missing. These promising leads were quickly lost amid thousands of false reports from people claiming to have seen the missing justice. A grand jury convened in October 1930 called 95 witnesses and amassed 975 pages of testimony. Mrs. Crater refused to appear. The jury concluded that "the evidence is insufficient to warrant any expression of opinion as to whether Crater is alive or dead, or as to whether he has absented himself voluntarily, or is the sufferer from disease in the nature of amnesia, or is the victim of crime."

Crater enjoyed the city's nightlife; in addition to a long-term mistress, Connie Marcus, he socialized with many showgirls. Two of these women left town abruptly in the aftermath of his disappearance. Sally Lou Ritz (real name, Sarah Ritzi; 1907/1908–2000), who had dined with Crater the evening that he vanished and was also rumored to be his mistress, left New York in August or September 1930. She was found in late September 1930, living in Youngstown, Ohio, with her parents; she said that she had left New York because she had received word that her father was ill. She was still being subjected to interviews by police investigating the Crater case in 1937, by which time she was living in Beverly Hills, California. June Brice, another showgirl, had been seen talking to Crater the day before he disappeared. A lawyer acting for Crater's wife argued that Brice had been at the center of a scheme to blackmail Crater (the reason for the bank withdrawals on the day of his disappearance) and that a gangster boyfriend of Brice had killed the justice. Brice disappeared the day that a grand jury was to convene on the case. In 1948, she was discovered in a mental hospital.

Crater's jacket was reportedly found in the apartment of a third woman, Vivian Gordon. Gordon was involved in high-end prostitution and linked to madam Polly Adler. Gordon had liaisons with a large number of influential businesspeople, and was the owner, on paper at least, of a number of properties believed to be fronts for illegal activity. She was also seen around town with gangster Jack "Legs" Diamond, with whom Crater was rumored to socialize. Crater had known Diamond's former boss, organized crime figure Arnold Rothstein, and had been extremely upset at Rothstein's murder. Gordon was angry about a conviction that had resulted in her losing custody of her 16-year-old daughter. On February 20, 1931, she met with a lawyer for the Seabury Commission and offered to testify about police graft. She was murdered five days later. The publicity surrounding Gordon's killing led to the resignation of a policeman whom she had accused of framing her, and the suicide of her daughter. The scandal also refocused attention on the corruption investigation, which ultimately led to the resignation of Mayor Jimmy Walker and largely eliminated Tammany Hall's hold on the city, previously weakened by Rothstein and the conflict over his former empire.

On January 20, 1931, six months after Crater's disappearance, his wife found envelopes containing checks, stocks, bonds, and a note from the justice in a dresser drawer that had been empty when searched by police. The discovery led to new but ultimately inconclusive leads, and no further trace of Crater was ever found. The case was officially closed in 1979.

Subsequent events
Mrs. Crater remained at their vacation home in Maine during the search for her husband, until her discovery of the hidden envelopes. She was evicted from the Fifth Avenue apartment for non-payment of rent. In July 1937, when she was reportedly living on $12 per week (approximately $239.26 in 2022) working as a telephone operator in Maine, she petitioned to have the justice declared officially dead. She married Carl Kunz, a New York City electrical contractor, in Elkton, Maryland, on April 23, 1938. Kunz's first wife had hanged herself eight days before the wedding. Crater was declared legally dead in 1939; his widow received $20,561 in life insurance (approximately $430,751.46 adjusted in 2022). She separated from Kunz in 1950 and died in 1969 at age 70.

Mrs. Crater expressed her belief that her husband had been murdered in her own account of the case, The Empty Robe, which was written with freelance writer and journalist Oscar Fraley and published by Doubleday in 1961.

On August 19, 2005, authorities revealed that after Queens resident Stella Ferrucci-Good's death at age 91, they had received notes she wrote in which she claimed that her husband, NYPD detective Robert Good, had learned that Crater was killed by Charles Burns, an NYPD officer who also worked as a bodyguard of Murder, Inc. enforcer Abe Reles, and by Burns' brother, Frank. According to the letter, Crater was buried near West Eighth Street in Coney Island, Brooklyn, at the current site of the New York Aquarium. Police reported that no records had been found to indicate that skeletal remains had been discovered at that site when it was excavated in the 1950s. Richard J. Tofel, the author of a 2004 book on the Crater case, Vanishing Point, expressed skepticism of Ferrucci-Good's account.

Popular culture
The phrase "to pull a Judge Crater", or simply "to pull a Crater", means to disappear. It is no longer widely used. For many years following Crater's disappearance, "Judge Crater, call your office" was a standard gag of nightclub comedians. As a publicity stunt for their 1933 film Bureau of Missing Persons, First National Pictures promised in advertisements to pay Crater $10,000 () if he claimed it in person at the box office. Crater's last letter, possibly written on the day of his disappearance, was sold at auction on June 22, 1981, for $700. The letter was marked "confidential" and began: "The following money is due me from the persons named. Get in touch with them for they will surely pay their debts." It was incorrectly reported that this letter was Crater's will.

See also

 List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

Further reading

References

External links
Judge Crater Disappearance Possibly Solved August 19, 2005; Fox News via Wayback Machine
Judge Crater, is that you?; August 19, 2005; MSNBC (includes video)

1889 births
1930 deaths
1930s missing person cases
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
Columbia University alumni
Lafayette College alumni
Missing person cases in New York City
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
New York Supreme Court Justices
People declared dead in absentia
Politicians from Easton, Pennsylvania

Joseph Force Crater


تأثير أوجيه (Auger) هو ظاهرة فيزيائية يتسبب فيها إصدار إلكترون من ذرة إلى إصدار إلكترون آخر كإصدار ثانوي.

عندما يزال إلكترون من طبقة تحت سطحية في الذرة تاركا مكانه شاغرا، فإن إلكترونا من مستوى طاقة أعلى يملأ المكان الشاغر مسببا تحرر طاقة.
وعلى الرغم من أنه في بعض الأحيان تتحرر هذه الطاقة عبر إصدار فوتون، إلا أن الطاقة قد تنتقل إلى إلكترون آخر مسببا باقتلاعه من الذرة.يسمى الإلكترون الثاني المقتلع باسم إلكترون أوجيه.

يقوم مطيافية إلكترون أوجيه بإصدار إلكترونات أوجيه عن طريق صدم عينة إما بأشعة إكس أو بإلكترونات فعالة، ويتم قياس شدة إلكترونات أوجيه كدالة لطاقة إلكترونات أوجيه.

مراجع

أساسيات فيزياء الكم
تقانة علمية
فيزياء ذرية
مطيافيات

تأثير أوجيه


Almira Osmanović (Bijeljina, 21. kolovoza 1958.) je hrvatska balerina i glumica.

Životopis
Almira Osmanović baletnu edukaciju započela je u Zagrebu kod prof. Silvije Hercigonje, a usavršavala u Akademijskoj koreografskoj školi "Agripina Vaganova" u Petrogradu kod Ljudmile Safranove, gdje je i diplomirala. Stalnom članicom Baleta Hrvatskoga narodnog kazališta u Zagrebu postala je 1977. godine, a solisticom 1979. godine. Nakon povratka iz Petrograda, postaje prvakinja Baleta Hrvatskoga narodnog kazališta u Zagrebu, pleše vodeće uloge u svim baletima klasičnog, modernog i nacionalnog repertoara, te stječe titulu nacionalne prvakinje.
Nastupala je u HNK Split, HNK Rijeka, INK Pula, Osijeku, Varaždinu, Čakovcu, Zadru i dr.
Gostovala je u mnogim gradovima po svijetu. Ostvarila je i nastupe u filmovima, TV dramama i koreodramama. Osvojila je brojne nagrade na državnoj i međunarodnoj razini. Dužnost ravnateljice Baleta HNK u Zagrebu obnašala je od 1994. do 2002. a od 2002. je ravnateljica Baleta HNK u Splitu.

Uloge

Filmske uloge
 "Koko i duhovi" kao Ruža (2011.)
 "Sjećanje na Georgiju" kao Sanja (2002.)
 "Ne zaboravi me" (1996.)

Nagrade
1995. -  Nagrada hrvatskoga glumišta za najbolje umjetničko ostvarenje, za ostvarenje naslovne uloge Swanilde u baletu "Coppelia" u izvedbi Baleta Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta iz Zagreba
1999. -  Nagrada Ana Roje - Oskar Harmoš za najbolje baletno ostvarenje u sezoni
 Red Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Bijeljina
Životopisi, Zagreb
Životopisi, Split
Hrvatske balerine
Hrvatski filmski glumci

Almira Osmanović


Stefánsdóttir ist ein isländischer Name.

Bedeutung
Der Name ist ein Patronym und bedeutet Tochter des Stefán. Die männliche Entsprechung ist Stefánsson (Sohn des Stefán).

Namensträgerinnen
 Erla Stefánsdóttir (1935–2015), isländische Elfenbeauftragte
 Greta Salóme Stefánsdóttir (* 1986), isländische Popsängerin und Violinistin
 Ingibjörg Stefánsdóttir (* 1972), isländische Sängerin und Schauspielerin
 Sóley Stefánsdóttir (* 1987), isländische Musikerin und Komponistin
 Þórey Rósa Stefánsdóttir (* 1989), isländische Handballspielerin
 Unnur Ösp Stefánsdóttir (* 1976), isländische Schauspielerin

Patronym
Isländischer Personenname

Stefánsdóttir


Sandra Ortega Mera (née le 19 juillet 1968) est une héritière femme d'affaires espagnole.

Jeunesse
Sandra Ortega Mera est la fille de Amancio Ortega Gaona, fondateur du groupe textile international Inditex, et de sa première femme, Rosalía Mera. Ortega a obtenu diplôme en psychologie de l'Université de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle.

Carrière
À la mort de sa mère Rosalía Mera en 2013, Ortega a hérité de sa participation de 7 % dans Inditex, car son frère Marcos est né avec une paralysie cérébrale. Elle est devenue la femme la plus riche d'Espagne avec une valeur nette de 7,3 milliards de dollars .

Ortega passe du temps à travailler avec la fondation que sa mère a fondée pour les personnes handicapées mentales et physiques, Fundación Paideia Galiza.

Vie privée
Ortega est marié et mère de trois enfants et vit à La Corogne, en Espagne.

Notes et références

Étudiant de l'université de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle
Personnalité liée à La Corogne
Milliardaire espagnol
Femme milliardaire
Personnalité espagnole du monde des affaires
Naissance en juillet 1968

Sandra Ortega Mera