A mappa mundi (Latin ; plural = mappae mundi; ; ) is any medieval European map of the world. Such maps range in size and complexity from simple schematic maps  or less across to elaborate wall maps, the largest of which to survive to modern times, the Ebstorf map, was around  in diameter. The term derives from the Medieval Latin words  (cloth or chart) and  (world).

Around 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscript books and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents.

Types of mappae mundi

Extant mappae mundi come in several distinct varieties, including:
 Zonal maps (sometimes called Macrobian maps)
 Tripartite maps (including "T-O" and "V-in-◻" maps)
 Quadripartite maps (including the Beatus maps)
 Complex maps
Medieval world maps which share some characteristics of traditional mappae mundi but contain elements from other sources, including Portolan charts and maps associated with Ptolemy's Geography are sometimes considered a fifth type, called "transitional mappae mundi".

Zonal maps
Zonal maps are pictures of the Eastern Hemisphere. Their purpose was to illustrate the concept that the world is a sphere with latitudinal climate zones, most often the five Aristotelian climes:
 The northern frigid zone
 the northern temperate zone
 the equatorial tropical zone
 the southern temperate zone
 the southern frigid zone

Of these, only the two temperate zones at middle latitudes were believed to be inhabitable, and the known world was contained entirely within the northern temperate zone's Eastern Hemisphere. As most surviving zonal maps are found illustrating Macrobius' Commentary on Cicero's Dream of Scipio (an excerpt of Cicero's De Re Publica), this type of map is sometimes called "Macrobian".  In their simplest and most common form, Zonal mappae mundi are merely circles divided into five parallel zones, but several larger zonal maps with much more detail have survived.

Tripartite maps

T-O maps, unlike zonal maps, illustrate only the habitable portion of the world known to medieval Europeans, limiting their perspective to a relatively small portion of the Earth's Northern Hemisphere. The landmass was illustrated as a circle (an "O") divided into three portions by a "T".  These three divisions were the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe.  The popularity of the Macrobian maps and the combination of T-O style continents on some of the larger Macrobian spheres illustrate that Earth's sphericity continued to be understood among scholars during the Middle Ages.

The V-in-square map depicts the Earth divided between the sons of Noah.

Quadripartite or Beatus maps
Quadripartite maps represent a sort of amalgam of the zonal and T-O maps by illustrating the three known continents separated by an equatorial ocean from a fourth unknown land, often called Antipodes.  Fourteen large quadripartite maps are found illustrating different manuscripts of Beatus of Liébana's popular Commentary on the Apocalypse of St John.  These "Beatus maps" are believed to derive from a single (now lost) original which was used to illustrate the missions of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ.

Complex maps
The "complex" or "great" world maps are the most famous mappae mundi. Although most employ a modified T-O scheme, they are considerably more detailed than their smaller T-O cousins. These maps show coastal details, mountains, rivers, cities, towns and provinces. Some include figures and stories from history, the Bible and classical mythology. Also shown on some maps are exotic plants, beasts and races known to medieval scholars only through Roman and Greek texts. Prior to its destruction in World War II, the Ebstorf map at  across was the largest surviving mappa mundi. Today that honour is held by the surviving centre portion of the Hereford map which is 147 cm across and 175 cm top to bottom. Other important maps in this group are the Cotton or Anglo-Saxon map, the Psalter map and the Henry of Mainz map. The somewhat later mappae mundi that accompany the popular Polychronicon of Ranulf Higden should probably be viewed as degenerate forms of the earlier complex maps.

Complex mappae mundi include:

Purpose of mappae mundi

To modern eyes, mappae mundi can look superficially primitive and inaccurate.  However, mappae mundi were never meant to be used as navigational charts and they make no pretence of showing the relative areas of land and water.  Rather, mappae mundi were schematic and were meant to illustrate different principles.  The simplest mappae mundi were diagrams meant to preserve and illustrate classical learning easily.  The zonal maps should be viewed as a kind of teaching aid—easily reproduced and designed to reinforce the idea of the Earth's sphericity and climate zones.  T-O maps were designed to schematically illustrate the three land masses of the world as it was known to the Romans and their medieval European heirs.

The larger mappae mundi have the space and detail to illustrate further concepts, such as the cardinal directions, distant lands, Bible stories, history, mythology, flora, fauna and exotic races.  In their fullest form, such as the Ebstorf and Hereford maps, they become minor encyclopedias of medieval knowledge.

In her study, Brigitte Englisch shows that the medieval world maps (the mappae mundi) both from their concept and in their concrete practice are founded on a systematically geometric projection of the known world. The basis of this projection, however, is not geographical surveying but the harmonious order of God's creation. Using regular geometric forms like circles and triangles which are also regarded as religiously perfect, they created a coherent planispheric system. This quite basically presents the known world in its real geographic appearance which is visible in the so-called Vatican Map of Isidor (776), the world maps of Beatus of Liebana's Commentary on the Apocalypse of St John (8th century), the Anglo-Saxon Map (ca. 1000), the Sawley map, the Psalter map, or the large mappae mundi of the 13th century (Hereford/Ebstorf).

End of the tradition
In the central Middle Ages a new type of map developed as an aid to navigating the Mediterranean Sea.  Known as "Portolan charts", these maps are characterized by extremely accurate coastlines with criss-crossing rhumb lines.  A particularly famous example is the Catalan Atlas attributed to Abraham Cresques in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.  During the late Middle Ages and with the coming of the Renaissance, western Europeans became reacquainted with the work of many ancient Greek scholars.  In the field of geography and map-making, the coordinate system which Claudius Ptolemy outlined in the Geography became extremely influential.  Over time maps influenced by these new ideas displaced the older traditions of mappae mundi.  The last examples of the tradition, including the massive map of Fra Mauro, may be seen as hybrids, incorporating Portolan-style coastlines into the frame of a traditional mappa mundi.

See also

Early world maps
Hereford Mappa Mundi
Virtual Mappa
Here be dragons
Terra incognita
Portolan chart

Notes

References

Further reading
 Peter Barber (ed.) (2005) The Map Book, London
 Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken (1992) Fines terrae: die Enden der Erde und der vierte Kontinent auf den mittelalterlichen Weltkarten  (MGH Schriften; 36). Hannover
 Crosby, Alfred W. (1996) The Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
 Evelyn Edson (1997) Mapping Time and Space: how medieval mapmakers viewed their world, London
 Brigitte Englisch (2002) Ordo orbis terrae: Die Weltsicht in den Mappae mundi des frühen und hohen Mittelalters, Berlin
 Conrad Rudolph, "'In Its Extraordinary Arrangement': Hugh of Saint Victor, the History of Salvation, and the World Map of The Mystic Ark," Restoration Through Contemplation: New Approaches to the Victorines, ed. Torsten Edstam and Robert Porwoll (2016)

External links
Modern Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons
Detailed Fra Mauro Mappa Mundi 1459/60 at bottom of article
Ancient World Maps
 1452 Mappamundi by Giovanni Leardo held at the American Geographical Society Library, UW Milwaukee
Mappa Mundi Hereford Digital Mappa Mundi exploration
 More information and Mappa mundi images can be found at the Cornell University: Persuasive Cartography: The PJ Mode Collection
 Discussion by Janina Ramirez and Peter Frankopan: Art Detective Podcast, 22 Mar 2017
 Virtual Mappa: Digital Editions of Early Medieval Maps of the World, edit. Martin Foys, Heather Wacha, et al. (Philadelphia, PA: Schoenberg Institute of Manuscript Studies, 2018): https://sims2.digitalmappa.org/36. DOI: 10.21231/ef21-ev82.

Map types
Historic maps of the world

Mappa mundi


Georg Ludwig Charbonnier (* 1678 in Osnabrück; † 4. August 1752 in Wienhausen) war ein deutscher Gartenkünstler des Barock.

Leben

Familie
Georg Ludwig Charbonnier war der Sohn von Martin Charbonnier und der ältere Bruder von Ernst August Charbonnier. Er war der Onkel von Matthias Charbonnier.

Werdegang und Werk
Georg Ludwig Charbonnier wurde in Osnabrück geboren, wo sein Vater seinerzeit im Dienst des späteren Kurfürsten Ernst August und dessen Ehefrau Sophie von der Pfalz stand und für den dortigen Residenzgarten zuständig war.

1715 wurde er am Jagdschloss in Wienhausen angestellt. Dort starb er im Alter von 76 Jahren.

Literatur
 A. Rothert, M. Peters: Hannoversche Biographie, Bd. 3: Hannover unter dem Kurhut, 1646–1815, Hannover 1916
 Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon, Bd. 18, S. 217f.
 Eduard Schuster: Kunst und Künstler in den Fürstentümern Calenberg und Lüneburg in der Zeit von 1636–1727, Hannover 1905
 Rainer Schomann (Hrsg.), Urs Boeck: Historische Gärten in Niedersachsen, Katalog zur Landesausstellung, Eröffnung am 9. Juni 2000 im Foyer des Niedersächsischen Landtages, anlässlich der Landesausstellung "Historische Gärten in Niedersachsen". Hannover, 2000, S. 75f.
 Helmut Knocke: Charbonnier. In: Dirk Böttcher, Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein, Hugo Thielen: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2002, ISBN 3-87706-706-9, S. 84, online über Google-Bücher
 Helmut Knocke: Charbonnier. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 110.

Einzelnachweise

Botaniker (17. Jahrhundert)
Botaniker (18. Jahrhundert)
Gärtner
Person (Osnabrück)
Wienhausen
Deutscher
Geboren 1678
Gestorben 1752
Mann

Georg Ludwig Charbonnier


Le Rallye d'Argentine 1984 (4º Marlboro Rally Argentina), disputé du  au , est la cent-trente-et-unième manche du championnat du monde des rallyes (WRC) courue depuis 1973, et la huitième manche du championnat du monde des rallyes 1984.

Contexte avant la course

Le championnat du monde

Ayant succédé en 1973 au championnat international des marques (en vigueur de 1970 à 1972), le championnat du monde des rallyes comprend généralement une douzaine manches, comprenant les plus célèbres épreuves routières internationales, telles le Rallye Monte-Carlo, le Safari ou le RAC Rally. Depuis 1979, le championnat des constructeurs a été doublé d'un championnat pilotes, ce dernier remplaçant l'éphémère Coupe des conducteurs, organisée à seulement deux reprises en 1977 et 1978. Le calendrier 1984 intègre douze manches pour l'attribution du titre de champion du monde des pilotes mais seulement dix sélectives pour le championnat des marques (le Rallye de Suède et le Rallye de Côte d'Ivoire en étant exclus). Les épreuves sont réservées aux catégories suivantes :

 Groupe N : voitures de grande production de série, ayant au minimum quatre places, fabriquées à au moins 5000 exemplaires en douze mois consécutifs ; modifications très limitées par rapport au modèle de série (bougies, amortisseurs).
 Groupe A : voitures de tourisme de grande production, fabriquées à au moins 5000 exemplaires en douze mois consécutifs, avec possibilité de modifications des pièces d'origine ; poids minimum fonction de la cylindrée.
 Groupe B : voitures de grand tourisme, fabriquées à au moins 200 exemplaires en douze mois consécutifs, avec possibilité de modifications des pièces d'origine (extension d'homologation portant sur 10% de la production).

Ayant perdu le titre constructeurs 1983 face à la Scuderia Lancia, l'équipe Audi Sport semble cette année tenir sa revanche, le constructeur allemand ayant imposé son coupé Quattro à transmission intégrale dans quatre des six manches déjà disputées (Monte-Carlo avec Walter Röhrl, Portugal avec Hannu Mikkola, Acropole et Nouvelle-Zélande avec Stig Blomqvist), alors que la marque turinoise a uniquement remporté le Tour de Corse grâce à Markku Alén. Ayant de plus gagné le Rallye de Suède dans le cadre du championnat des pilotes, Blomqvist, avec huit points d'avance sur Alén, a de bonnes chances d'être sacré champion du monde à la fin de l'année, d'autant que Lancia a fait l'impasse sur la manche argentine, jugeant que le parcours de cette épreuve avantage trop les voitures à quatre roues motrices.

L'épreuve

Organisé pour la première fois en 1979 à l'initiative de la «Confederación Deportiva Automovilística Sudamericana» (Codasur), le rallye d'Argentine fut intégré l'année suivante au championnat du monde. Bénéficiant d'une organisation sans faille, il est généralement très apprécié des pilotes. À chaque nouvelle édition, son parcours est profondément remanié. Pour 1984 les secteurs sélectifs seront concentrés dans la province de Córdoba, alors que l'année précédente l'itinéraire se situait majoritairement en Patagonie. Les pistes argentines sont plutôt favorables aux voitures à transmission intégrale, et les Audi Quattro, qui avaient largement dominé en 1983, terminant aux quatre premières places, y seront une nouvelle fois favorites.

Le parcours

 départ :  de Buenos Aires
 arrivée :  à Córdoba
 distance : 2629,5 km, dont 948,58 km sur 23 épreuves spéciales (24 spéciales initialement prévues pour un total de 982 km)
 surface : terre et rocaille
 Parcours divisé en quatre étapes

Première étape
 Buenos Aires - Córdoba, du 27 au
 4 épreuves spéciales, 173,16 km

Deuxième étape
 Córdoba - Cosquín - Cruz del Eje - Córdoba, le
 7 épreuves spéciales, 319,93 km

Troisième étape
 Córdoba - La Falda - Villa Dolores - Córdoba, le
 7 épreuves spéciales, 279,19 km

Quatrième étape
 Córdoba - San Agustín - Córdoba, le
 5 épreuves spéciales, 176,3 km (6 spéciales initialement prévues pour un total de 209,72 km)

Les forces en présence

 Audi
Audi Sport a engagé deux Quattro A2 groupe B pour Stig Blomqvist et Hannu Mikkola, tandis que les pilotes locaux Jorge Recalde et Rubén Luis Di Palma, sous les couleurs de Volkswagen Argentine, prendront le départ sur des modèles identiques, mulets préparés par le constructeur d'Ingolstadt pour les reconnaissances de l'épreuve. Ces coupés de 1050 kg à transmission intégrale sont équipés d'un moteur cinq cylindres de 2121 cm3 placé à l'avant, alimenté par un système d'injection électronique Bosch associé à un turbocompresseur KKK. La puissance maximale est de 360 chevaux à 7000 tr/min. Les Audi sont équipées de pneus Michelin.

 Opel
Le pilote japonais Yasuhiro Iwase a racheté une ancienne Ascona 400 groupe B. Il s'agit d'une des voitures utilisées par Walter Röhrl en 1982. Cette berline à transmission classique pèse 1050 kg ; elle est dotée d'un moteur quatre cylindres de 2420 cm3, développé chez Cosworth. Alimenté par deux carburateurs double-corps, il développe 255 chevaux. Iwase utilise des pneus Michelin.

 Renault
La filiale argentine du premier constructeur français a préparé deux Renault 18 GTX groupe A, confiées à Ernesto Soto et Alejandro Moroni. Pesant 1100 kg, ces berlines ont un moteur deux litres délivrant 145 chevaux. Engagés à titre privé sur des Renault 12 TS groupe A (1050 kg, 1400 cm3, 115 chevaux), Carlos Celis, Gabriel Raies, Mario Stillo et Miguel Torrás bénéficient d'une assistance officielle.

 Peugeot

Peugeot Argentine aligne deux berlines 504 (1100 kg, moteur deux litres, 150 chevaux) pour Carlos Garro et Francisco Alcuaz. De nombreux autres pilotes locaux, engagés à titre privé, disposent de modèles identiques, notamment Jorge Maggi, Hugo Hernándes ou Carlos Bassi. Tous font confiance aux pneus Michelin.

 Ford
Plusieurs pilotes uruguayens (dont Domingo de Vitta, Luís Etchegoyen, Federico West, Gustavo Trelles) prennent le départ sur des anciennes Escort RS2000 groupe B (moteur deux litres, 160 chevaux).

 Citroën
Seul pilote français en lice, Dominique Mucherie prend le départ sur sa Citroën Visa Trophée groupe B (700 kg, traction, 1219 cm3, 100 chevaux, boîte cinq vitesses).

Déroulement de la course

Première étape

Les équipages s'élancent de Buenos Aires le vendredi soir, en direction de Córdoba. Huit cents kilomètres de parcours de liaison sont à parcourir de nuit, avant de disputer la première épreuve chronométrée, au nord d'Embalse. Comme prévu, les Audi écrasent la concurrence, Jorge Recalde devançant ses coéquipiers Hannu Mikkola et Stig Blomqvist. Rubén Luis Di Palma n'a cependant pas eu l'opportunité de briller devant son public : le pilote de la quatrième Audi Quattro a inauguré la liste des abandons, un boulon de bielle ayant lâché après seulement trois cents kilomètres. Blomqvist et Mikkola prennent rapidement l'avantage sur Recalde, les trois favoris ralliant Córdoba dans cet ordre, le samedi après-midi, moins de trente secondes les séparant. Les premiers poursuivants, emmenés par la Renault 18 d'Ernesto Soto (en tête du groupe A), sont à plus de douze minutes. Alors qu'il occupait la sixième place juste derrière la Peugeot 504 de Carlos Garro, Alejandro Moroni a dû renoncer en toute fin d'étape, une bielle de sa Renault 18 ayant coulé. Seul Français au départ, Dominique Mucherie n'a pu amener sa Citroën Visa à bon port, le retard généré par une triple crevaison ayant entraîné sa mise hors course, alors que Gustavo Trelles, le meilleur des pilotes uruguayens, n'a pas dépassé le stade de la deuxième épreuve spéciale après la casse de la boîte de vitesses de sa Ford Escort.

Deuxième étape
Après une journée de repos, les équipages repartent le lundi, au petit matin, pour une boucle au nord ouest de Córdoba. Si les trois pilotes Audi, hors de portée de leurs adversaires, ne prennent absolument aucun risque, derrière la bataille est vive pour la quatrième place. L'intensité de la lutte sera fatale aux Renault 12 de Gabriel Raies (transmission hors d'usage) et de Carlos Celis (boîte de vitesses cassée tout comme pour la Renault 18 de Soto), ainsi qu'à la 504 de Francisco Alcuaz (moteur cassé). Blomqvist conserve le commandement de la course avec quelques minutes d'avance sur Mikkola et Recalde (qui avait brièvement pris la seconde place au cours de la matinée). C'est finalement Eduardo Chiavarolle, quatrième à près de trois quarts d'heure de la première Audi, qui place sa Renault 18 en tête du groupe A, après avoir pris l'avantage sur la 504 de Garro.

Troisième étape

Les concurrents restant en course repartent le mardi matin, pour une nouvelle boucle autour de Córdoba. Sans forcer, Blomqvist augmente progressivement son avance sur ses coéquipiers, qui se contentent de maintenir leurs positions. Le pilote suédois va cependant perdre le commandement de la course dans le secteur de Villa Dolores, une crevaison lui coûtant près de quatre minutes. Pour quatre secondes, Mikkola se retrouve en tête mais dans la spéciale suivante il ralentit suffisamment pour permettre à son coéquipier (qui joue le titre mondial) de reprendre la tête avec une nette avance. À l'arrivée de l'étape, Blomqvist a un avantage de plus d'une minute et demie sur Mikkola, lui-m^^eme trois minutes devant Recalde. Toujours quatrième sur sa Renault 18, Chiavarolle est à plus d'une heure. Après l'abandon de la 504 de Garro, joint de culasse claqué, c'est désormais la Renault 12 de Mario Stillo qui occupe la cinquième place.

Quatrième étape
La dernière étape est la plus courte. Elle se déroule au sud de Córdoba, le mercredi. Les positions sont acquises et rien ne vient bouleverser le classement parmi les favoris, jusqu'à l'abandon de Chiavarolle, boîte de vitesses cassée à quelques encablures de l'arrivée. Il perd la quatrième place au profit de Stillo, qui prend la tête du groupe A. Sans surprise, les Audi terminent aux trois premières places, Blomqvist s'imposant devant Mikkola et Recalde. Le Suédois remporte sa quatrième victoire de la saison, confortant sa position au championnat du monde. Auteur d'une belle remontée après avoir accumulé les ennuis mécaniques la première journée, le pilote japonais Yasuhiro Iwase amène son Opel Ascona à la cinquième place au terme d'une belle remontée. Seulement trente-quatre voitures ont fini la course, dont treize non homologuées.

Classements intermédiaires
Classements intermédiaires des pilotes après chaque épreuve spéciale

Classement général

Équipages de tête
 ES1 :  Jorge Recalde -  Jorge Del Buono (Audi Quattro A2)
 ES2 à ES15 :  Stig Blomqvist -  Björn Cederberg (Audi Quattro A2)
 ES16 :  Hannu Mikkola -  Arne Hertz (Audi Quattro A2)
 ES17 à ES24 :  Stig Blomqvist -  Björn Cederberg (Audi Quattro A2)

Vainqueurs d'épreuves spéciales
  Stig Blomqvist -  Björn Cederberg (Audi Quattro A2) : 11 spéciales (ES 2, 5 à 7, 9 à 11, 13, 14, 19, 20)
  Jorge Recalde -  Jorge Del Buono (Audi Quattro A2) : 6 spéciales (ES 1, 4, 15, 17, 18, 21)
  Hannu Mikkola -  Arne Hertz (Audi Quattro A2) : 6 spéciales (ES 3, 8, 12, 16, 22, 23)

Résultats des principaux engagés

Classements des championnats à l'issue de la course

Constructeurs
 Attribution des points : 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux dix premières marques de chaque épreuve, additionnés de 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux huit premières de chaque groupe (seule la voiture la mieux classée de chaque constructeur marque des points). Les points de groupe ne sont attribués qu'aux concurrents ayant terminé dans les dix premiers au classement général.

 Seuls les sept meilleurs résultats (sur dix épreuves) sont retenus pour le décompte final des points.

Pilotes
 Attribution des points : 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux dix premiers de chaque épreuve.
 Seuls les sept meilleurs résultats (sur douze épreuves) sont retenus pour le décompte final des points.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Argentine
Argentine 1984
Rallye d'Argentine
1984 en Argentine
Sport en juillet 1984
Sport automobile en 1984

Rallye d'Argentine 1984


Synoptic may refer to:

Synoptic scale meteorology, a meteorological analysis over an area about 1000 kilometres or more wide
Synoptic Gospels, in the New Testament of the Bible, the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke
Synoptic philosophy, wisdom emerging from a coherent understanding of everything together
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, a wide-field reflecting telescope, currently under construction, that will photograph the entire available sky every few nights
SynOptics, an early computer-network equipment vendor that operated from 1985 until 1994, based in Santa Clara, California
Surface synoptic observations or SYNOP, a numerical code used for reporting weather observations
Synopticon, "surveillance of the few by the many", a reverse of Bentham's Panopticism

See also
 Synopsis (disambiguation)

Synoptic


Flibbertigibbet is a Middle English word referring to a flighty or whimsical person, usually a young woman. In modern use, it is used as a slang term, especially in  Yorkshire, for a gossipy or overly talkative person.

Etymology
Its origin may lie in a meaningless representation of chattering.

In literature and culture
This word also has a historical use as a name for a fiend, devil, or spirit. In the 15th-century English morality play The Castle of Perseverance, the Bad Angel addresses the vice figure Detraccio (also called Backbiter and the messenger of the World) as Flyprgebet (line 1724). In William Shakespeare's King Lear (IV, i (1605)), he is one of the five fiends that Edgar claimed was possessing him, this one in the posture of beggar Tom o' Bedlam. Shakespeare got the name from  Samuel Harsnett's Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures (1603), where one reads of 40 fiends that Jesuits cast out and among which was Fliberdigibbet, described as one of "foure deuils of the round, or Morrice, whom Sara in her fits, tuned together, in measure and sweet ucadence."

It has been used by extension as a synonym for Puck. It is also used as a nickname for a character in Sir Walter Scott's Kenilworth, and has gained the meaning of an impish child. Victor Hugo made an adaptation of the novel Kenilworth titled Amy Robsart, where Flibbertigibet is one of the main characters in the story.

Flibbertigibbet similarly is featured as a name in a local legend about Wayland's Smithy. According to the tale, Flibbertigibbet was apprentice to Wayland the Smith and greatly exasperated his master. Eventually, Wayland threw Flibbertigibbet down the hill and into a valley, where he was transformed into a stone. Scott associates his Flibbertigibbet character in Kenilworth with Wayland Smith.

In 1942, author Roald Dahl wrote his first children's novel, The Gremlins, in which "Gremlins" were tiny men who lived on RAF fighters. In the same novel, Dahl called the wives of gremlins "Fifinellas", their male children "Widgets", and their female children "Flibbertigibbets".

The nuns describe free-spirited Sister Maria as, "A flibbertigibbet! A will-o'-the wisp! A clown!" in the show tune "Maria" from the 1959 Broadway musical The Sound of Music by Rodgers and Hammerstein, and in the subsequent 1965 movie.

In the 1969 book Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, Barbara Pilgrim, the daughter of the protagonist, is described as a "bitchy flibbertigibbet."

In the 1990 American romantic comedy film Joe Versus the Volcano, Meg Ryan's character Angelica refers to herself as a flibbertigibbet.

In the 2011 book Ready Player One, Art3mis, a famous female gunter and blogger, refers to herself as a Flibbertigibbet upon meeting the protagonist.

In 2018 British Author Chris Redmile released a children's book titled The Flibber-ti-gibbet, a read in rhyme book designed to educate children about the traits of ADHD.

In 2022 British politician Lord Cormack referred to Michael Gove as a "Flibbertigibbet" following disputes over the relocation of the House of Lords.

References

External links

Flibbertigibbet's heel mark
 Kenilworth passage mentioning Flibbertigibbet
 Grimm's Saga concerning the Flibbertigibbet

English folklore
Female characters in literature

Flibbertigibbet


Der Mönch (Originaltitel: Le moine) ist eine spanisch-französische Literaturverfilmung des Regisseurs Dominik Moll aus dem Jahr 2011. Sie basiert auf dem Roman The Monk von 1796 des britischen Schriftstellers Matthew Lewis.

Handlung
Vor den Pforten eines spanischen Klosters wird Ambrosio, ein kleines Kind, ausgesetzt. Als die Mönche den kleinen Jungen finden, nehmen sie ihn bei sich auf und erziehen ihn zu einem gottesfürchtigen Prediger. Diese Erziehung festigt Ambrosios Glauben sehr, sodass für ihn kein Zweifel daran besteht, über jede Versuchung erhaben zu sein. Die Überzeugung wird auf eine harte Probe gestellt, als ein mysteriöser Novize in das Kloster kommt. In den alten Gemäuern passieren auf einmal unerklärliche Dinge. Die Geschehnisse führen dazu, dass im Kloster Wahnsinn und Raserei Einzug halten und der Glaube seiner Bewohner auf eine harte Probe gestellt wird. Inmitten des Geschehens steckt der tiefgläubige Ambrosio. Er steht das erste Mal vor einer Macht, die sein religiöses Weltbild zu zerstören droht.

Hintergrund
Der Film wurde von Diaphana Films produziert. Das Budget betrug geschätzt 11 Millionen Euro. Dem steht ein weltweites Einspielergebnis von 1.809.527 US-Dollar gegenüber.

Kritik

Das Lexikon des internationalen Films bezeichnete den Film als "visuelle wie klanglich brillante", ferner "vorzüglich gespielte Adaption" der literarischen Vorlage.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Seite (Frankreich)
 Offizielle Seite (Spanien)

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2011
Französischer Film
Spanischer Film
Thriller
Filmdrama
Literaturverfilmung

Der Mönch (Film)


العُنْصُل البَحْرِيّ  أو البَاصُول أو العُنْصُلاَن أو بَصَل الفَأْر أو بَصَل الخِنْزِير أو بَصَل البَرّ أو البَصَل البَرِّيّ  نوع نباتي ينتمي إلى جنس العنصل من الفصيلة الهليونية. كان يعرف سابقًا باسم .

الموئل والانتشار
ينمو في منطقة غرب حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط والمشرق العربي وبعض مناطق أفريقيا.

الوصف النباتي
تظهر النبتة في بداية الخريف عند المطر الأول (لذلك تعد من مبشري الخريف) بظهور ساق بصلي رفيع وعليه ازهار تتعدد ألوانه حسب النوع من الأصفر إلى الأبيض والوردي تجدر الإشارة ان البدو في صحراء سيناء والنقب يسمونه الباصول ويستخدمونه كعلامة تفصل وتحد الحدود بين أراضيهم وأملاكهم نظرا لأنه يمد جذوره بعيدا في الأرض.
رأس الباصول يشبه رأس البصل لكنه أكبر حجما ولا يمتد بعيدا داخل الأرض أوراقه سامة جداً وهي خضراء وتصبح صالحة لمأكل الحيوانات عندما تجف. يعتبر مفيدًا من نواحٍ طبية ومعروف في عالم الطب والصيدلة إذ تفرز براعمه رحيقًا عسليًا كذلك يستخلص من النبات العديد من الأدوية مثل المسهلات. يقوي عضلات القلب ويساعد في منع التقيؤ.

معرض صور

المصادر

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
إشقيلاوات
الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
نباتات البرتغال
نباتات الشام
نباتات المغرب العربي
نباتات إسبانيا
نباتات إيطاليا
نباتات سامة
نباتات شمال إفريقيا
نباتات طبية
نباتات فرنسا
عنصل بحري
نباتات وصفت في 1753

عنصل بحري


Onthophagus juvencus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1835 por Klug.

Referências

Ligações externas

juvencus
Coleópteros descritos em 1835

Onthophagus juvencus


Kalemköy, Savaştepe - Balıkesir ili Savaştepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kalemköy, Kınık - İzmir ili Kınık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kalemköy, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Kalemköy


Erik Oña (* 20. November 1961 in Córdoba; † 14. September 2019 in Basel) war ein argentinischer Komponist, Dirigent und Musikpädagoge.

Werdegang
Oña studierte Musik an der Universidad Nacional de La Plata und an der State University of New York at Buffalo. Von 1989 bis 1993 war er Professor für Komposition und Orchestration an der Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 1995 hatte er eine Gastprofessur für Komposition und elektronische Musik am Kunitachi College of Music in Tokio inne. Von 1995 bis 2001 unterrichtete er Komposition an der University of Buffalo. Ab 2003 war er Professor für Komposition an der University of Birmingham, dann wurde er Professor für Komposition und Leiter des Studios für elektronische Musik an der Musikakademie Basel.

Ab 1994 war Oña Dirigent des Ensembles für zeitgenössische Musik an der State University of New York at Buffalo. Nachdem er 1996 eine CD-Aufnahme des Kölner Thürmchen Ensembles geleitet hatte, wurde er dessen Dirigent. Er arbeitete außerdem mit zahlreichen anderen Orchestern und Ensembles wie dem June in Buffalo Chamber Ensemble, dem JIB Brass Ensemble, dem New York New Music Ensemble, dem Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, dem Kammerensemble Neue Musik Berlin, dem Ensemble Resonanz, und der Basel Sinfonietta und leitete etwa 150 Uraufführungen von Werken zeitgenössischer Komponisten. Seine eigenen Kompositionen umfassen alle Genres von der Kammermusik bis zur Oper und wurden bei Festivals und in Konzertreihen in Europa, Japan und Amerika aufgeführt. Er erlag am 14. September 2019 in Basel einer Krebserkrankung.

Diskographie
Andere Stimmen / Tiger und Patriarch / Fünf Lieder / Alles Nahe werde fern / Jodeln / Euler Sonaten, Kompositionen Erik Oñas unter seiner eigenen Leitung
lys / nichts als geräusch / Resonanzen / weights and measures / Schwellen / Ein Ort für Zufälle, Erik Oña dirigiert Werke von Karin Haußmann
Massenbewegung, Kompositionen von Carsten Hennig
Und. Ging. Außen. Vorüber. Erik Oña dirigiert Kompositionen von Thomas Stiegler

Quellen
Thürmchen Ensemble - Erik Oña
Wergo - Diskographie Erik Oña

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Argentinien)
Dirigent
Musikpädagoge
Argentinier
Geboren 1961
Gestorben 2019
Mann

Erik Oña


Litra ABs er en dansk type styrevogn, der tilhører DSB. Vognene er udformet som toetagers personvogne (dobbeltdækkervogne) med 1. klasse foroven og flexrum med klapsæder og plads til cykler forneden. Der er anskaffet 25 vogne fordelt på 14 fra 2002 og 11 fra 2009. De er bygget på Bombardiers fabrik i Görlitz, Tyskland.

Styrevognene indgår i tog sammen med tilsvarende dobbeltdækkervogne med 2. klasse, litra B og Bk. De kører til dagligt på Kyst-, Syd- og Vestbanen med elektriske lokomotiver af litra EB. Styrevognene er altid i den ende af togene, der vender mod Helsingør.

Strækninger
 Helsingør - Nivå - Østerport Station - København H - Roskilde - Ringsted - Næstved

Kilder og henvisninger

 DSB køber 67 dobbeltdækkervogne 21. marts 2014 ing.dk

DSB

Litra ABs


A microbiologist (from Greek ) is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes. This includes study of the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors. Most microbiologists work in offices and/or research facilities, both in private biotechnology companies and in academia. Most microbiologists specialize in a given topic within microbiology such as bacteriology, parasitology, virology, or immunology.

Duties
Microbiologists generally work in some way to increase scientific knowledge or to utilise that knowledge in a way that improves outcomes in medicine or some industry. For many microbiologists, this work includes planning and conducting experimental research projects in some kind of laboratory setting. Others may have a more administrative role, supervising scientists and evaluating their results. Microbiologists working in the medical field, such as clinical microbiologists, may see patients or patient samples and do various tests to detect disease-causing organisms.

For microbiologists working in academia, duties include performing research in an academic laboratory, writing grant proposals to fund research, as well as some amount of teaching and designing courses. Microbiologists in industry roles may have similar duties except research is performed in industrial labs in order to develop or improve commercial products and processes. Industry jobs may also not include some degree of sales and marketing work, as well as regulatory compliance duties. Microbiologists working in government may have a variety of duties, including laboratory research, writing and advising, developing and reviewing regulatory processes, and overseeing grants offered to outside institutions. Some microbiologists work in the field of patent law, either with national patent offices or private law practices. Her duties include research and navigation of intellectual property regulations. Clinical microbiologists tend to work in government or hospital laboratories where their duties include analyzing clinical specimens to detect microorganisms responsible for the disease. Some microbiologists instead work in the field of science outreach, where they develop programs and materials to educate students and non-scientists and encourage interest in the field of microbiology for the younger generation
.

Education
Entry-level microbiology jobs generally require at least a bachelor's degree in microbiology or a related field. These degree programs frequently include courses in chemistry, physics, statistics, biochemistry, and genetics, followed by more specialized courses in sub-fields of interest. Many of these courses have laboratory components to teach trainees basic and specialized laboratory skills.

Higher-level and independent jobs like a clinical/Medical Microbiologist in a hospital  or medical research centre generally require a Masters in Microbiology along with PhD in any of the life-sciences (Biochem, Micro, Biotech, Genetics, etc) as well as several years experience as a microbiologist. This often includes time spent as a postdoctoral researcher wherein one leads research projects and prepares to transition to an independent career. Postdoctoral researchers are often evaluated largely based on their record of published academic papers, as well as recommendations from their supervisors and colleagues.

In certain sub-fields of microbiology, licenses or certifications are available or required in order to qualify for certain positions. This is true for clinical microbiologists, as well as those involved in food safety and some aspects of pharmaceutical/medical device development.

Job outlook
Microbiologists will continue to be needed to advance basic science knowledge and to contribute to development of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology products. However, job prospects vary widely by job and location.

In the United States, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that employment of microbiologists will grow 4 percent from 2014 (22,400 employed) to 2024 (23,200 employed). This represents slower growth than the average occupation, as well as slower growth than life scientists as a whole (6 percent projected).

See also
 Bacteriologist
 List of microbiologists

References

External links

Science occupations

Microbiologist


Crkva sv. Maksima u mjestu Jesenicama, općina Dugi Rat, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Maksima izgrađena na visokom grebenu Mošnice iznad sela Kruga spominje se već 1080. g. te se smatra jednom od najstarijih crkvica Poljica. Pravilno orijentirana jednobrodna crkva s polukružnom apsidom zidana je lomljenim kamenom i pokrivena dvostrešnim krovom od kamenih ploča te ima zidani zvonik na preslicu. Sjeverni joj je zid temeljen na podzidu od velikih kamenih blokova, a južni na stijeni. Brod je presveden bačvastim svodom, a apsida polukupolom. Bočni zidovi raščlanjeni su nišama, ožbukani i ukrašeni pučkim geometrijskim i florealnim motivima crvene boje te posvetnim križevima. U crkvi je ploča s pleternim ornamentom te stupić s ranokršćanskim križem. Obnovljena je 2006. g.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6283 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Dugi Rat

Crkva sv. Maksima u Jesenicama


ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උප්පත්තිය, ක්‍රිස්තුස් වහන්සේගේ උප්පත්තිය, ක්‍රිස්තුස් වහන්සේගේ උපත හෝ ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උපත ලූක් සහ මතෙව් යන බයිබලීය ශුභාරංචීයන් තුල විස්තර කර ඇත. මෙම විස්තර දෙකම එකඟ වන්නේ, ජේසුස් වහන්සේ උපත් ලද්දේ උන්වහන්සේගේ මෑණියන්වූ මරිය තුමියට දාව ජුදයාවෙහි,   බෙත්ලෙහෙම් නුවරදී  බවත්,  දාවිත් රජුගේ පරපුරින් පැවත එන ජුසේ නමැති පුද්ගලයෙකු හා මරිය තුමිය විවාහව සිටි නමුදු ජේසුස් තුමන්ගේ ජීවවිද්‍යාත්මක පියා ඔහු නොවන බවත්,  එතුමන්ගේ උප්පත්තිය සිදුවූයේ දිව්‍යමය මැදිහත්වීම නිසා බවත්ය.

දෙසැම්බර් 25 දිනදී සැමරෙන නත්තල යන  ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිවාඩු දිනයෙහි පදනම වන්නේ ක්‍රිස්තෝප්පත්තිය වන අතර, එය ක්‍රිස්තියානි ජනවන්දනාමය වර්ෂයෙහි ප්‍රධාන භූමිකාවක් ඉටු කරයි.

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
 Theology.lk කතෝලික දේවධර්ම ලිපි
 දෙසැම්බර් 25 නත්තල සැමරීම ශුද්ධ ලියවිල්ල ඇසුරින්?

ජේසුස් වහන්සේ

ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උප්පත්තිය


El County Championship (español: Campeonato de Condados), conocido commercialmente como el Specsavers County Championship, es una liga de críquet de primera clase en la que juegan las selecciones de los 18 condados de primera clase de Inglaterra y Gales. El campeonato consiste de dos divisiones: la Primera División (8 equipos) y la Segunda División (10 equipos). Los tres últimos condados descenderán a la Segunda División y, de ésta, ascenderán recíprocamente los dos primeros clasificados. Se disputa de primavera hasta otoño.

La primera temporada del County Championship fue en 1890 y fue ganado por Surrey. Unos 16 años después de su último victoria, Surrey volvió a ganar el campeonato en 2018, venciendo a Worcestershire por 3 wickets. Yorkshire ha ganado el más campeonatos, 30 y un compartido.

Equipos
 Derbyshire County Cricket Club
 Durham County Cricket Club
 Essex County Cricket Club
 Glamorgan County Cricket Club
 Gloucestershire County Cricket Club
 Hampshire County Cricket Club
 Kent County Cricket Club
 Lancashire County Cricket Club
 Leicestershire County Cricket Club
 Middlesex County Cricket Club
 Northamptonshire County Cricket Club
 Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club
 Somerset County Cricket Club
 Surrey County Cricket Club
 Sussex County Cricket Club
 Warwickshire County Cricket Club
 Worcestershire County Cricket Club
 Yorkshire County Cricket Club

Véase también

Referencias

Competiciones de críquet
Críquet en Inglaterra
Críquet en Gales
Competiciones deportivas entre selecciones provinciales
Eventos deportivos en Gales
Eventos deportivos en Inglaterra

County Championship


Thomas Jane (născut Thomas Elliott III;, ) este un actor american.

Biografie
Jane s-a născut în Baltimore, Maryland, ca fiul Cynthiei (née Jane), o vânzătoare de antichități și a lui Thomas Elliott Jr., un inginer genetic. În 1987, a absolvit Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School. La 18 ani, s-a mutat la Hollywood pentru a lucra ca actor. Inițial a fost fără casă și a locuit în mașina sa, în această perioadă   cânta pe străzi pentru bani.

Și-a început cariera debutând în filmul indian în limba Telugu Padamati Sandhya Ragam (1987), regizat de Jandhyala.

În 2009 debutează ca regizor cu filmul Țara întunericului (menționat în plus și ca actor și ca producător).

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Jocuri video

Discografie

Albume

Bibliografie

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de actori americani

Nașteri în 1969
Actori americani
Regizori de film americani

Thomas Jane


Onthophagus mixtidorsis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1905.

Referências

Ligações externas

mixtidorsis
Coleópteros descritos em 1905

Onthophagus mixtidorsis


Rubbery Figures was a satirical rubber puppet series and segment that screened in Australia in various forms from 1984 to 1990. The series ran on the ABC until 1988, when it was axed and subsequently revived as a segment on Seven Network's Fast Forward in April 1989. It featured puppets of major political and social characters.

Production

The Rubbery Figures programs were made in the Melbourne film studio of Peter Nicholson, who also made the puppets themselves. Almost all the character voices for the puppets were performed by Melbourne voice actor Paul Jennings.

Fast Forward's Rubbery Figures

Steve Vizard, the man behind Channel Seven's Fast Forward had seen Rubbery Figures on the ABC and thought they would make a good point of difference from competing comedy sketch series. Due to budget constraints, Peter Nicholson semi autonomously produced five minute segments that could be inserted into the programme. During this period the figures expanded into less current political satire; for example the puppets of Prime Minister Bob Hawke and then Treasurer Paul Keating played the parts of Captain Kirk and Mr Spock on board the enterprise.

Characters

Australian politicians

The primary characters of Rubbery Figures were politicians native to Australia. The Rubbery Figures political characters included:

Bob Hawke – portrayed as a self-centred, power-hungry opportunist
Paul Keating – depicted as Hawke's down-to-earth but ambitious crony
John Howard – an irritating, nerdy loser
Andrew Peacock – vain and snobbish, often seen filing his nails
Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen – senile and rambling, with a tendency for malapropism ("you mark my verbs")
John Elliott – a beer-swilling "yobbo", with his catchphrase of "pig's arse"

International politicians

Rubbery Figures also satirised prominent world politicians of the time, among them were:

Margaret Thatcher – the then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; an eccentric profiteer, eager to sell to the Australian government
Ronald Reagan – the then-President of the United States; portrayed as a lumberjack, making decisions based on his horoscope
Mikhail Gorbachev – former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; an easygoing liberal who was always giving himself time off
Muammar al-Gaddafi – former ruler of Libya, whose puppet was permanently impaled by a missile with the letters "USA" painted on one side

Comparison with Spitting Image
The Sunday Mail noted in 1988 that "People think creator Peter Nicholson borrowed the idea for Rubbery Figures from the British puppet show Spitting Image. But Nicholson quickly points out he created his puppets before Spitting Image was shown in Australia". Nicholson told the Herald: "The programs are from slightly different traditions...Ours springs more from the newspaper political cartoon than the comedy tradition of Spitting Image. They are probably more gratuitous. Their people are a bit unkind. They set out to deliberately make people look terrible, whereas I think our people should look a bit redeemable".

Music

In 1991, a music track called "The Recession Rap" with the rubbery figures was released. The music and lyrics were written by David Atkin, Peter Benson and Troy Hazard, the music was produced by David Atkin and Peter Benson and the characters were sung by Paul Jennings. It reached #60 on the ARIA Chart in August.

On Exhibition
Although no longer being viewed on television, the Figures appeared at several exhibitions in the 1990s. In 1993, they were recast and refurbished to take part in "The Exhibition We Had To Have" at the National Gallery of Victoria as part of the Melbourne Comedy Festival. In 1994, "The Rubbery Years" in conjunction with the National Museum ran for six months at Old Parliament House in Canberra.

Discography

Singles

Awards

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.

!
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1992
| "The Recession Rap"
| Best Comedy Release
|
|
|-

See also
 List of Australian television series

References

External links
 Official Site

1984 Australian television series debuts
1990 Australian television series endings
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
1980s Australian comedy television series
Australian satirical television shows
Australian television shows featuring puppetry

Rubbery Figures


Montenegrinsk Førsteliga i håndbold er kvindernes toprække i håndbold i Montenegro.

ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica, har vundet ligaen hvert år siden 2006.

Liste over vindere

Eksterne henvisninger
 Det Montenegrinske håndboldforbund

Førsteliga i håndbold (kvinder)

Montenegrinsk Førsteliga i håndbold (kvinder)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Sokolovce enthält die drei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Sokolovce im Okres Piešťany.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Sokolovce


Otto Kuphal (né le  à Greifenberg-en-Poméranie et mort le  à Rostock), est un homme politique allemand (SPD). En 1945/1946, il est maire de Rostock.

Biographie
Otto Kuphal suit un apprentissage de parajuriste, puis travaille dans un cabinet d'avocats de Rostock en tant qu'assistant, à partir de 1911 en tant que chef de bureau. En 1926, il rejoint le Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne (SPD). En tant qu'antifasciste, lui aussi est arrêté pendant un certain temps en 1933.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il employé le 11 juillet 1945 par le SMAD comme maire de Rostock. En novembre 1945, il devient maire de Rostock, succédant à Christoph Seitz. Il occupe ce poste jusqu'à sa mort en janvier 1946. Kuphal décède d'une crise cardiaque à l'âge de 55 ans.

Références

Liens externes

Bourgmestre de Rostock
Personnalité du Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne
Naissance en décembre 1890
Naissance à Gryfice
Naissance dans la province de Poméranie (1815-1945)
Décès en janvier 1946
Décès à Rostock
Décès à 55 ans

Otto Kuphal


Apabóla er smitandi veirusjúkdómur sem herjar á dýr og menn. Einkenni eru hiti, bólgnir eitlar og útbrot. Einkenni geta varað í 2-4 vikur og þau byrja 5-21 dögum eftir smit. Áhættuhópar eru börn, óléttar konur og fólk með bælt ónæmiskerfi. Rekja má veiruna sem veldur sjúkdóminum til hitabeltislanda Afríku. Þrátt fyrir nafnið eru apar ekki mesta uppspretta smita, frekar nagdýr.

Smit verða við náið samneyti einstaklinga.

Staðfest smit var fyrst í mönnum í Afríku 1970.

Faraldur 2022-2023

Í maí 2022 breiddist sjúkdómurinn út til Evrópu og fleiri heimsálfa og smituðust tugþúsundir.

Tenglar

Heimild

Tilvísanir

Veirusjúkdómar

Apabóla


Kar

Kar sözcüğü aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir;

 Kar, bir yağış türü, buzun kristal hali
 Kar, Orhan Pamuk'un bir romanı
 Kar, Cenap Şahabettin'in Kar olarak da tanınan şiiri "Elhan-ı Şita" (Kış Nameleri)
 Kar, Bir Cem Adrian şarkısı

Kâr

Kâr sözcüğü aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir;
 Kâr, ticari ve ekonomik bir terim.
 Kâr, dindışı klasik Türk musikisinin en büyük beste formu.
 Dügâh Kâr
 Mâhur Kâr
 Neva Kâr

Kar (anlam ayrımı)


Marko Čeko (2000.), hrvatski atletičar iz Knina. Član je AK Sveti Ante iz Knina. Aktualni (rujan 2000.) je hrvatski prvak u trčanju na 100 i 200 m, te u skoku u dalj. 2020. godine pobijedio je na 70. izdanju Hanžekovićeva memorijala. Na prvenstvu Hrvatske pobijedio je rezultatom s 8,04 metara što mu je osobni rekord, i četvrti je Hrvat koji je preskočio 8 metara uz Ergotićevih 8,23 iz 2002., Aračićevih 8,12 iz 2001 te Prugovečkovih 8,00 iz 2012. godine.

Izvori

Životopisi, Knin
Hrvatski atletičari

Marko Čeko


الإدارة العامة للإقامة وشؤون الأجانب التابعة لوزارة الداخلية تقدم الخدمات المتعلقة بالأمن وإجراءات الجنسية والإقامة وجوازات السفر في إمارة أبوظبي.

ومن أجل تحقيق هذه الأهداف تقوم الإدارة بما يأتي:

 إصدار جوازات السفر للمواطنين.
 إصدار أذونات الدخول وتبعاتها.
 إصدار الإقامات وتبعاتها.
 إجراءات الدخول والخروج.
 المتابعة والتحقيق.
 ضبط المخالفين.
 المشاركة في جميع المجالات الأمنية والإدارية والتقنية بالإمارة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
الموقع الرسمي لإدارة الجنسية والإقامة

وكالات حكومية في أبو ظبي

الإدارة العامة للإقامة وشؤون الأجانب (أبو ظبي)


Muzeul de Artă Contemporană - Château de Montsoreau (în ), situat în valea Loarei, este un muzeu privat de Artă Contemporană deschis publicului. Proiectul a fost inițiat în noiembrie 2014 și a fost inaugurat la 8 aprilie 2016. Muzeul deține colecția Philippe Méaille. Reunit de Philippe Méaille în ultimii 25 de ani, este cea mai mare colecție de lucrări ale conceptualiștilor radicali Art & Language. Art & Language a jucat un rol important în invenția artei conceptuale. Între 2010 și 2018, colecția Philippe Méaille a fost, de asemenea, în împrumut pe termen lung la MACBA din Barcelona, care a adus cele două instituții să colaboreze în mod regulat.

Castelul Montsoreau este listat ca Patrimoniu Mondial UNESCO din 2000.

Istorie
Primul credit pe termen lung al colecției Philippe Méaille cu MACBA face obiectul unei expoziții retrospective Art & Language Uncompleted: Colecția Philippe Méaille în octombrie 2014. Un catalog a fost realizat în strânsă colaborare cu artiștii din Art & Language (Michael Baldwin și Mel Ramsden), precum și cadre universitare precum Carles Guerra (curator șef la MACBA) și Matthew Jesse Jackson (profesor la Departamentul de Arte Vizuale și Istorie a Artei din cadrul Universității din Chicago).

Philippe Méaille, care a locuit timp de 15 ani la Anjou, a lucrat în paralel cu Christian Gillet, președintele departamentului Maine-et-Loire, pentru a studia posibilitatea de a crea un muzeu de artă contemporană în Anjou și a instala colecția sa în castelul Montsoreau, o proprietate departamentală. În același timp, ei au angajat o reflecție asupra artei contemporane ca prioritate culturală și turistică pentru dezvoltarea Maine-et-Loire.

Arhitectură
De mai bine de o mie de ani, castelul Montsoreau este poarta ținutului Anjou, iar acum este singurul castel de pe Loara care este un muzeu al artei contemporane. A fost construit de unul dintre ambasadorii regelui Carol al VII-lea al Franței, , care, împreună cu , a fost primul senior care a introdus Renașterea italiană în Franța. El a construit castelul Montsoreau între 1443 și 1453, chiar lângă malul Loarei, ca și palatele venețiene construite în aceeași perioadă.

Colectie
Colecția Philippe Méaille, care constituie colecția muzeului, este instalată în primele două etaje ale muzeului. Este alcătuită exclusiv din lucrări ale grupului de artiști Art & Language. Un acord cu Tate Modern din Londra autorizează difuzarea unui film co-produs de această instituție și fundației Bloomberg care va fi expus în interiorul Muzeului de Artă Contemporană Château de Montsoreau. Fondată în 1968, Art & Language - care își ia numele de la ziarul omonim Art-Language - este alcătuită din britanici, americani și australieni. Întrebările lor corosive privind statutul artistului, opera de artă sau chiar instituția însăși le face să fie văzute ca cele mai radicale figuri din istoria artei din a doua jumătate a secolului al XX-lea. Acest colectiv, la originea a ceea ce se numește acum artă conceptuală, este încă activ și în prezent este reprezentat de Michael Baldwin și Mel Ramsden.
Între anii 1965 și până acum, până la 50 de artiști s-au alăturat sau colaborat cu Art & Language, printre care: Terry Atkinson, David Bainbridge, Michael Baldwin, Ian Burn, Charles Harrison, Joseph Kosuth, Sol LeWitt, Philip Pilkington, Mel Ramsden, Dave Rushton, Lynn Lemaster, Mayo Thompson, Kathryn Bigelow, Dan Graham și Lawrence Weiner. În 1977, când Mayo Thompson, liderul trupei The Red Krayola, a părăsit colectivul, a fost compusă din Michael Baldwin, Charles Harrison și Mel Ramsden. Colecția Philippe Méaille este prezentată într-o multitudine de medii (picturi, sculpturi, desene, manuscrise, tapuscrits, instalații și videoclipuri) pe care Carles Guerra le va spune: "pe lângă faptul că este afectată de atitudinea artiștilor, Colecția Philippe Méaille afectate în continuare de perspectiva arheologică cu care a fost asamblat ". 800 de lucrări din colecția Philippe Méaille se află încă în împrumut pe termen lung la MACBA începând cu anul 2010. În 2014, MACBA consacră o expoziție retrospectivă majoră pentru Art & Language, sub conducerea lui Carles Guerra: Art & Language neterminat: Colecția Philippe Méaille.

Galerie

Expoziții
Expozițiile temporare oferă acces la arta contemporană din 1965 până în prezent.

Expoziții temporare

 2016: Agnès Thurnauer, o istorie a picturii.
 2017: Ettore Sottsass, Designer of the World.
 2018: Art & Language, Realitate (întunecată) Fragmente (lumină).
 2018: 1968: Sparta Dreaming Atena.
2019: Roman Signer
2019: Charlotte Moorman. Think Crazy

Evenimente

Premiul François Morellet
De la deschiderea sa, Muzeul de Artă Contemporană Château de Montsoreau colaborează cu Zilele naționale de cărți și vinuri din Saumur, pentru a recompensa un scriitor de artă cu premiul François Morellet.

 2016: Catherine Millet, critic de artă și redactor artistic în șef.
 2017: Michel Onfray, filozof.
 2018: Eric de Chassey, director al Institutului Național de Istorie a Artei.

Prelegeri
 2016: Jackson Pollock Bar (Performanța): Interviu cu Victorine Meurent.
 2016: Philippe Méaille, Forumidable, ENSCI, Paris.
 2016: Art & Language, Philippe Méaille, Guillaume Desanges, EXPO CHICAGO, SUA. [40]
 2017: Christophe Le Gac, Ettore Sottsass: super-eroi de proiectare, Castelul Montsoreau-Muzeul de Artă Contemporană, Montsoreau.
 2017: Philippe Méaille, Valoarea artei, Școala Națională de Arte Frumoase, Paris.
 2017: Fabien Vallos, Chloé Maillet, Louise Herve, Antoine Dufeu, Arnaud Cohen, Protest 1517-2017, Muzeul de Artă Contemporană din Montsoreau.

Publicații

 2016: Rod Mengham, Un tur al lui Agnès Thurnauer.
 2016: Art & Language, Interviu cu Victorine Meurend.
 2017: Art & Language, Poster: aproape o casă pentru lucrurile fără adăpost.
 2017: Fabien Vallos, Philippe Méaille, Antonia Birnbaum, Fabrice Hergott, Chloé Maillet, Louise Herve, Antoine Dufeu, O lume construită, Protest 1517-2017.
 2018: Art & Language, Matthew Jesse Jackson, Art & Language: Realitate (întunecată) Fragmente (lumină) .

Politica împrumuturilor

Muzeul de Artă Contemporană - Castelul Montsoreau susține un program activ de împrumuturi către alte instituții la nivel local și internațional.

 2016: Art & Language - Kabakov, Lumea ne-obiectivă, Art Basel, Elveția.
 2016: Art & Language - Kabakov, Lumea ne-obiectivă, Galerie Sprovieri et Jill Silverman Van Coenegrachs, Londra, Marea Britanie.
 2016: Colecția MACBA 31, MACBA, Barcelona, Spania.
 2016: Art & Language, Picturi I, 1966 - Scenele 2016, Galeria Carolina Nitsch, New York, SUA
 2016: Art & Language, Made in Zurich, Galerie Bernard Jordan și Jill Silverman van Coenegrachs, Paris, Zurich, Berlin.
 2017-2018: Soulèvements, Jeu de Paume, Paris, Barcelona, Buenos Aires, Mexic, Montreal.
 2017: La comedie de limbă, Galerie Contemporaine, Chinon, Franța.
 2017: Art & Language, cangur, Fundația Vincent van Gogh, Arles Contemporain, Arles, Franța.
 2017: Luther und die avant-garde, Wittemberg, Berlin, Kassel, Germania.
 2017: Art & Language, Homelessstuff, Galerie Rob Tufnell, Köln, Germania.
 2017-2018: Art & Language, Zece postere: ilustrație pentru Art-Language, CCCOD, Tours, Franța.

Note

Legături externe

Castele de pe Valea Loarei
Montsoreau
Montsoreau
Muzee de artă
Palate din Franța
Fondări în 2015


Påskekyllinger bruges som symbol og pynt i forbindelse med påsken. Ligesom påskeæg er kyllinger et symbol på vækst og nyt liv, både i hedensk og kristen tradition. Kyllinger er endvidere et forårstegn, eftersom både æg- og kyllingeproduktion tidligere måtte sættes på pause om vinteren.

Påskekyllinger og høns er gennemgående som postkortmotiv og i forbindelse med chokoladepåskeæg i hele Norden i langt højere grad end påskeharen, som er den tilsvarende skikkelse i Tyskland. Påskeharen er især blevet kendt hos os gennem vareudbuddet til påske i forretninger som Aldi og Lidl, der er tyske. Påskekyllingen er en skandinavisk tradition.

Referencer

Kylling

Påskekylling


La Naissance de la Vierge est un tableau, une huile sur toile de  du peintre bolonais Annibale Carrache, réalisé entre 1605 et 1609 et conservé au musée du Louvre.

Historique de l'œuvre
En 1605 : Commandé par Cesare d'Este, duc de Modène, en 1605, la toile ne sera pas livrée par le peintre ;

En 1609 : Il est probable que la toile se trouve à Rome.

Avant 1633 : Appartenant aux héritiers de Francesco Cantucci, alors évêque du sanctuaire de Lorette, le tableau est présent dans la chapelle Cantucci de la basilique de la Santa Casa, dans les Marches italiennes.

En 1722, on retrouve l'œuvre déplacée dans la salle du Trésor du Palais apostolique de Loreto.

Elle sera ensuite transportée à Rome pour être copiée en mosaïque.

Entre 1772 et 1781 ; la toile est prélevée par les commissaires de la République française et emporté en France en 1797 ;

Elle est exposée au Musée Central des Arts à partir de 1801 ;

Laissée au Louvre lors des restitutions de 1815 ;

Elle est déposée au musée national du château de Compiègne de 1896 à 1954. Pourtant, une Naissance de la Vierge d'Annibale Carrache est bel-et-bien présente au musée de l'Ermitage de Saint-Petersbourg en 1877.

Description du tableau
Le tableau est une huile sur toile de .

Sa structure est celle d'un demi-cercle posé sur un rectangle dont les côté latéraux mesure une fois et demi le diamètre du demi-cercle formant ensemble un arc en plein cintre. Le cercle se divise en deux espaces différents, d'une part, le demi-cercle supérieur de l'espace divin dans lequel Dieu-le-père est allongé vers l'avant soutenu par des anges eux-mêmes reposant sur des nuages, d'où il surplombe de ses bras ouverts le reste de la composition en contrebas ; d'autre part, le demi cercle inférieur dans lequel figurent six des principaux personnages échangeant verbalement deux-à-deux.

Dans le carré inférieur, Marthe tient la Vierge Marie entourées de deux personnages féminins.

Analyse de l'œuvre
Comme nombre d'œuvres religieuses ou scènes de genre d'Annibale Carrache, cette Naissance de la Vierge annonce la grande peinture espagnole velazquezienne. On retrouve dans cette composition les prémices de la structure dite baroque de l'« image dans l'image », où la frontière entre le premier plan et le second plan est ambigüe à la manière d'une synthèse entre exigence narrative et fabrication d'icône. L'œuvre annonce  en cela  les Fileuses ou encore les Ménines de Velazquez sans l'introduction espagnole du clair-obscur, qui est, à l'époque de Carrache, la marque de fabrique du Caravage.

Contexte politique et religieux
Confisquée par les commissaires de la République française, l'oeuvre tirait la légitimité de sa présence dans la basilique de Notre Dame de Lorette par l'extension de la croyance relative à la Santa Casa, à savoir que cette dernière ne fut pas seulement la maison originelle de l'Annonciation, où le Verbe se fit chair, mais il fut considérer que la sainte maison où le Christ vit le jour fut également la maison où la Vierge naquit.

La confiscation de la présente peinture est concomitante des spoliations napoléoniennes et du traité de Tolentino durant lesquels Lorette fut pillée, le sanctuaire de Lorette, alors lieu majeur du pèlerinage marial européen, fut fermé sous scellé, les reliques (manteau, vaisselle) de la Vierge volées par Napoléon lui-même, et la statue de la Madone de Lorette confisquée puis apportée comme trophée lors de l'arrivée des butins de guerre à Paris.

Après cette sévère humiliation exercée sur le sanctuaire renommée des états pontificaux, le régime de Napoléon III tentera de réparer l'affront par l'édification de l'église de Notre-Dame-de-Lorette à Paris. Mais le mal est fait, le terme Lorette est désormais associé, dans l'inconscient collectif et la littérature parisienne, à une femme de mœurs légère échangeant ses services sexuels contre un logis.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Annibale Carracci ;
 École de peinture de Bologne ;
 Baroque ; Classicisme
 Lorette ; Sainte Maison de Lorette ;
 Église Notre Dame de Lorette de Paris
 Spoliations napoléoniennes ; Napoléon ; Napoléon III
 Musée du Louvre

Liens externes

Tableau d'Annibale Carracci
Tableau des années 1600
Carracci
Collection de peintures italiennes du Louvre

La Naissance de la Vierge (Carracci)


S' vetrom uz lice [sic], treći je studijski album srpske rock grupe Ekatarina Velika. Ovaj album je izdanje koje se smatra komercijalnim probojem za bend.

Pjesme
 "Budi sam na ulici" - 5:10
 "Ti si sav moj bol" - 3:54
 "Kao da je bilo nekad" - 4:28
 "Umorna" - 4:38
 "Novac u rukama" - 3:43
 "Sarajevo" - 2:52
 "Stvaran svet oko mene" - 2:46
 "Soba" - 4:27
 "Grad" - 4:09

Glazbenici
 Milan Mladenović - glas, gitara
 Margita Stefanović -klavir, klavijature
 Bojan Pečar - bas-gitara
 Ivan "Raka" Ranković - bubnjevi

Literatura
 Janjatović, Petar (2003). Ex YU rock enciklopedija. Beograd: Čigoja štampa

Albumi sastava Ekatarina Velika

S' vetrom uz lice


Ay Dede veya Ay Ata (Göktürkçe: 𐰖:𐱃𐰀) -  Tengricilik inancında Ay Tanrısı olarak görülebilecek bir kutsal varlıktır ve Gök Aleminin altıncı katında oturur. Bu inanca göre Ay Dede insanların ilk Büyükbabası ve Gün Ana ilk Büyükannesidir.

Diğer Türk dillerinde

Tuvaca: Ай Ата
Özbekçe: Oy Ota
Tatarca: Ай  Әти / Ата or Ay Ata
Kazakça: Ай Ата
Çuvaşça: Уйăх Атте or Уйӑх Ашшĕ
Başkurtça: Ай Атай
Yakutça: Ый Аҕа
Türkmence: Aý Ata
Uygurca:
Türkçe Ay Dede
Kırgızca: Ай Ата
Altayca: Ай Ада
Hakasça: Ай Аба or Ай Ада
Balkarça: Ай Ата

Tanımı
Günümüz Türkiye'sinde Gün Ana inancı artık kalmadıysa da, Ay Dede inancı çocuksulaştırılarak da olsa sürmektedir. Ay, çocuklara Ay Dede olarak tanıtılmaktır. Uyku ve uyku vakti ile özdeştirilir. Çocuğa "yatağına yatarsa, Ay Dede sana masal anlatacak" denir ve çocuğun yanında ya masal kitabı okunur ya da bir masal anlatılır.

Memlükler (Kölemenler) döneminde Mısır'da yaşamış olan Türk tarihçisi Aybek-üd Devâdârî'nin Türklerin kökeni üzerine anlattığı "Ay Atam Efsanesi"nde mağarada türeyiş motifi yer alır. Bu öyküye göre Türklerin ilk atası olan Ay Ata, bir mağarada ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu mağara Ay Ata'nın doğumuna (Aybek-üd Devâdârî'nin ifadesiyle) bir "ana rahmi"  görevi yapmıştır. Bozkurt Efsanesi'ndeki kurdun yaralı Türk'ü kaçırıp beslediği mağara da böyle bir Ata mağarasıdır ve her yıl bu mağarada törenler yapılırdı. Ata Mağarası inancı ve geleneği eski dönemlerde Türkler arasında oldukça yaygındır. İşte Ay Ata da böylesi bir mağarada vücut bulmuştur.

Yakutlarda Ay Tangara (Ay Tanrı) yaratıcı olarak görülür ve kartal kılığına girerek Yaşam Ağacının üzerinde dolaşır.

Ay Dede efsaneleri
Ay Dede ve Yetim Kız
Ay Dede ve Yedi Kafalı Dev Savaşı
Ay Dede ve Kurtlar
Babası Ay Olan Çocukların Efsaneleri

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Mitolojisi
 Tengri
 Yalçuk

Dış bağlantılar
 Kutsal Atalar Mağarası
 Ay ile Güneş Efsanesi - Sivas  (Türkiye Kültür Portalı) - Masalda Güneş güzel bir kızdır, Ay ise yakışıklı birk erkektir.

Ay tanrıları
Türk mitolojisi
Türk tanrıları
Altay ilahları
Altay mitolojisi
Türk ilahları

Ay Ata


Erdoğan ile başlayanlar
 Erdoğan Akduman (1944-), Türk oyuncu
 Erdoğan Aktaş (1967-), Türk gazeteci
 Erdoğan Arıca (1954-2012), Türk futbolcu ve futbol antrenörü
 Erdoğan Atalay (1966-), Türk asıllı Alman oyuncu
 Erdoğan Aydemir (1951-), Türk tiyatrocu ve oyuncu
 Erdoğan Bayraktar (1948-), Türk mühendis ve politikacı
 Erdoğan Bozok (1932-2015), Türk karikatürist
 Erdoğan Büyükkasap (1962-2010), Türk bilim insanı
 Erdoğan Demirören (1938-2018), Türk sanayici ve iş insanı
 Erdoğan Dikmen (1938-2002), Türk oyuncu
 Erdoğan Emir (1958-), Zaza asıllı Türk müzisyen
 Erdoğan Sezgin (1944-2012), Türk siyasetçi
 Erdoğan Şahinoğlu (1935-2003), Türk bürokrat
 Erdoğan Teziç (1936-2017), Türk hukukçu
 Erdoğan Toprak (1959-), Türk iş insanı ve siyasetçi
 Erdoğan Tuncel (1935-2012), Türk oyuncu
 Erdoğan Tünaş (1935-2007), Türk senarist ve film yapımcısı
 Erdoğan Yazıcı (1925-2009), Türk asker
 Erdoğan Yeşilyurt (1993-), Almanya doğumlu Türk futbolcu
 Erdoğan Yılmaz (1965-), Türk eski futbolcu ve antrenör
 Erdoğan Özlüşen (1930-), Türk bürokrat ve siyasetçi

Erdoğan ile bitenler
 Aslı Erdoğan (1967-), Türk fizikçi ve yazar
 Bekir Sıtkı Erdoğan (1926-2014), Türk şair
 Buğra Erdoğan (d.1985), Türk futbolcu
 Fatih Erdoğan (1954-), Türk yazar
 Fazıl Erdoğan (1925-2015), Türk bilim insanı
 İrfan Erdoğan (1945-), Türk iletişimci, bilimci
 Mehmet Erdoğan (1956 doğumlu siyasetçi) (1956-), Türk siyasetçi
 Mehmet Erdoğan (1964 doğumlu siyasetçi) (1964-), Türk milletvekili
 Mehmet Erdoğan (1966 doğumlu siyasetçi) (1966-), Türk veteriner ve siyasetçi
 Mehmet Şevket Erdoğan (1882-1964), Türk politikacı
 Murat Erdoğan (1976-), İngiltere doğumlu Türk futbolcu
 Mustafa Erdoğan (hukukçu), Türk akademisyen, hukukçu
 Mustafa Erdoğan (1965-), Türk sanat yönetmeni
 Nehir Erdoğan (1980-), Türk oyuncu
 Özdemir Erdoğan (1940-), Türk ses sanatçısı
 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Türkiye'nin 12. Cumhurbaşkanı
 Serkan Erdoğan (1978-), Türk millî basketbolcu
 Uğur Erdoğan (1987-), Türk futbolcu
 Yiğitcan Erdoğan (1984-), Türk futbolcu
 Yılmaz Erdoğan (1967-), Türk tiyatrocu, şair ve yazar
 Ömer Erdoğan (1977-), Almanya doğumlu Türk futbolcu

Yerleşimler
 Erdoğan, Bulancak, Giresun ili Bulancak ilçesine bağlı köy
 Erdoğan, Gürün, Sivas ili Gürün ilçesine bağlı köy
 Erdoğan, Hamur, Ağrı ili Hamur ilçesine bağlı köy
 Erdoğan, Kestel, Bursa ili Kestel ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Erdoğan, Varto, Muş ili Varto ilçesine bağlı köy

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Dil Kurumu' nda kelime arama

Türkçe soyadları

Erdoğan


Blažene mučenice iz Nowogródeka poljske su rimokatoličke časne sestre, članice redovničke zajednice "Svete obitelji iz Nazareta", koje je u Nowogródeku u Bjelorusiji u kolovozu 1943. likvidirao Gestapo. Katolička Crkva ih štuje kao blažene.

Godine 1929. časne sestre došle su u Nowogródek na zahtjev biskupa Zygmunta Łozińskog. U to je vrijeme Nowogródek bio dio Druge Poljske Republike. Godine 1939. grad koji se nalazi u zapadnoj Bjelorusiji postao je dio Sovjetskog Saveza i uključen je u sastav Bjeloruske SSR. Godine 1941. grad su okupirali nacisti u sklopu operacije Barbarossa. Unatoč okupaciji, časne sestre nisu prestale biti aktivne u vjerskim događanjima.

Nacistički teror u Nowogródeku započeo je 1942. godine progonom židovskog stanovništva u sklopu operacije Reinhard. U to vrijeme, Židovi su činili polovicu ukupnog gradskog stanovništva od 20,000 stanovnika. Nacisti su ubili oko 9,500 Židova, a ostalih oko 550 poslali u koncentracijski logor. Nakon toga uslijedio je porast uhićenja i ubojstvo ostalih 60 stanovnika, uključujući dva katolička svećenika. Ova situacija se ponovila 18. srpnja 1943. godine, kada je uhićeno i pogubljeno više od 120 ljudi.

Žene u gradu obratile su se časnim sestrama da mole za oslobođenje zatvorenika. Nakon rasprave o tome, časne sestre jednoglasno su izrazile želju da zatvorenicima ponude svoje živote za njihove. Predstojnica zajednice, majka Maria Stella, prenijela je odluku časnih sestara svećeniku Zienkiewiczu i rekla: "Bože moj, ako je potrebno žrtvovati život, primi to od nas i poštedit ćemo one koji imaju obitelji". Planovi su tada promijenjeni i zatvorenici su deportirani u radne logore u Njemačkoj. Neki od njih su čak i pušteni.

Dana, 31. srpnja 1943. lokalni Gestapo upao je u samostan časnih sestara, a sljedećeg jutra časne sestre su ukrcane u kombi i odvezene iz grada. Pogubljene su u šumi, oko 4,5 km izvan grada, nakon čega su pokopane u zajedničkoj grobnici. Danas se njihovi ostaci nalaze u crkvi Preobraženja Gospodnjeg, u župi poznatoj kao Biała Fara (Bijeli župni dvor).

Proglasio ih je blaženima papa Ivan Pavao II. u Vatikanu 5. ožujka 2000. godine.

Izvori

Kršćanski mučenici
Žrtve progona katolika u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću
Poljski blaženici
Katoličanstvo u Bjelorusiji
Katoličke redovnice

Mučenice iz Nowogródeka


Magnano in Riviera (furlanisch: Magnàn) ist eine nordostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Region Friaul-Julisch Venetien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 26 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Udine und ist Teil der Comunità Montana del Torre, Natisone e Collio.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Strada Statale 13 Pontebbana von Venedig nach Tarvisio.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in Friaul-Julisch Venetien
Ort im Einzugsgebiet Tagliamento
Julische Alpen
Weinbauort in Italien

Magnano in Riviera


Letni, Chamski Podryw este o trupă de muzică pop poloneză formată în 2009.

Discografie

Albume de studio
 Oranżada, koleżanki, petardy (2011)

Legături externe
  Pagina oficială Letni, Chamski Podryw

Maanam
Formații rock poloneze

Letni, Chamski Podryw


Vasile Falaus (n. 1886, Nadiș, Sălaj  județul Sălaj – d. 1971, Nadiș, Sălaj, județul Sălaj) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Membru fondator al căminului cultural "Nicolae Iorga", înființat după Unirea din 1918.
A fost reprezentantul S.A ,,Distribuția" din București pentru județul Sălaj. A fost decorat cu medalia "A- 50-a aniversare a Marii Uniri".

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1886
Decese în 1971
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Vasile Falaus


An Schoenus carsei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Frederic Cheeseman. An Schoenus carsei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenus

Schoenus carsei


, also known as severe social withdrawal, is total withdrawal from society and seeking  extreme degrees of social isolation and confinement. Hikikomori refers to both the phenomenon in general and the recluses themselves. The concept is primarily recognized only in Japan, although similar concepts exist in other languages and cultures. Hikikomori have been described as loners or "modern-day hermits". Estimates suggest that half a million Japanese youths have become social recluses, as well as more than half a million middle-aged individuals.

Definition
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare defines hikikomori as a condition in which the affected individuals refuse to leave their parents' house, do not work or go to school and isolate themselves away from society and family in a single room for a period exceeding six months. The psychiatrist Tamaki Saitō defines hikikomori as "a state that has become a problem by the late twenties, that involves cooping oneself up in one's own home and not participating in society for six months or longer, but that does not seem to have another psychological problem as its principal source".

More recently, researchers have developed more specific criteria to more accurately identify hikikomori. During a diagnostic interview, trained clinicians evaluate for:
 spending most of the day and nearly every day confined to home,
 marked and persistent avoidance of social situations, and social relationships,
 social withdrawal symptoms causing significant functional impairment,
 duration of exceeding six months,
 no apparent physical or mental etiology to account for the social withdrawal symptoms.

The psychiatrist Alan Teo first characterized hikikomori in Japan as modern-day hermits, while the literary and communication scholar Flavio Rizzo similarly described hikikomori as "post-modern hermits" whose solitude stems from ancestral desires for withdrawal.

While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for years or even decades. Often hikikomori start out as school refusers, or  in Japanese (an older term is ).

Hikikomori has been defined by a Japanese expert group as having the following characteristics:
Spending most of the time at home
No interest in going to school or working
Persistence of withdrawal for more than 6 months
Exclusion of schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and bipolar disorder
Exclusion of those who maintain personal relationships (e.g., friendships)

Common traits
While many people feel the pressures of the outside world, hikikomori react by complete social withdrawal. In some more severe cases, they isolate themselves in their bedrooms for months or years at a time. They usually have few or no friends. In interviews with current or recovering hikikomori, media reports and documentaries have captured the strong levels of psychological distress and angst felt by these individuals.

While hikikomori favor indoor activities, some venture outdoors occasionally. The withdrawal from society usually starts gradually. Affected people may appear unhappy, lose their friends, become insecure and shy, and talk less.

Prevalence
According to Japanese government figures released in 2010, there were at that time 700,000 individuals living as hikikomori within Japan, with an average age of 31. (Population of Japan in 2014 was 127.3 million.) Still, the numbers vary widely among experts. These included the hikikomori who were at that time in their 40s and had spent 20 years in isolation. This group is generally referred to as the "first-generation hikikomori". There is concern about their reintegration into society in what is known as "the 2030 Problem", when they will be in their 60s and their parents begin to die. Additionally, the government estimates that 1.55 million people are on the verge of becoming hikikomori. Tamaki Saitō, who first coined the phrase, originally estimated that there may be over one million hikikomori in Japan, although this was not based on national survey data. Nonetheless, considering that hikikomori adolescents are hidden away and their parents are often reluctant to talk about the problem, it is extremely difficult to gauge the number accurately.

A 2015 Cabinet Office survey estimated that 541,000 recluses aged 15 to 39 existed. In 2019, another survey showed that there are roughly 613,000 people aged 40 to 64 that fall into the category of "adult hikikomori", which Japan's welfare minister Takumi Nemoto referred to as a "new social issue".

While hikikomori is mostly a Japanese phenomenon, cases have been found in the United States, the United Kingdom, Oman, Spain, Germany, Italy, India, Sweden, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and France.

Hypotheses on cause

Developmental and psychiatric conditions
Hikikomori is similar to the social withdrawal exhibited by some people with autism spectrum disorder. This has led some psychiatrists to suggest that hikikomori may be affected by autism spectrum disorder and other disorders that affect social integration, but that their disorders are altered from their typical Western presentation because of Japanese sociocultural pressures. Suwa & Hara (2007) discovered that 5 of 27 cases of hikikomori had a high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HPDD), and 12 more had other disorders or mental diseases (6 cases of personality disorders, 3 cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2 cases of depression, 1 case of slight intellectual impairment); 10 out of 27 had primary hikikomori. The researchers used a vignette to illustrate the difference between primary hikikomori (without any obvious mental disorder) and hikikomori with HPDD or other disorder. Alan Teo and colleagues conducted detailed diagnostic evaluations of 22 individuals with hikikomori and found that while the majority of cases fulfilled criteria for multiple psychiatric conditions, about 1 in 5 cases were primary hikikomori. To date, however, hikikomori is not included in the DSM-5 (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), due to insufficient data.

According to Michael Zielenziger's book, Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation, the syndrome is more closely related to posttraumatic stress disorder. The author claimed that the hikikomori interviewed for the book had discovered independent thinking and a sense of self that the current Japanese environment could not accommodate.

The syndrome also closely parallels the terms avoidant personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder (also known as "social phobia").

Social and cultural influence
Sometimes referred to as a social problem in Japanese discourse, hikikomori has a number of possible contributing factors. Alan Teo has summarized a number of potential cultural features that may contribute to its predominance in Japan.  These include tendencies toward conformity and collectivism, overprotective parenting, and particularities of the educational, housing and economic systems.

Severe social withdrawal in Japan appears to affect men and women equally. However, because of differing social expectations for maturing boys and girls, the most widely reported cases of hikikomori are from middle- and upper-middle-class families; sons, typically their eldest, refuse to leave the home, often after experiencing one or more traumatic episodes of social or academic failure.

In The Anatomy of Dependence, Takeo Doi identifies the symptoms of hikikomori, and explains its prevalence as originating in the Japanese psychological construct of amae (in Freudian terms, "passive object love", typically of the kind between mother and infant). Other Japanese commentators such as academic Shinji Miyadai and novelist Ryū Murakami, have also offered analysis of the hikikomori phenomenon, and find distinct causal relationships with the modern Japanese social conditions of anomie, amae and atrophying paternal influence in nuclear family child pedagogy. Young adults may feel overwhelmed by modern Japanese society, or be unable to fulfill their expected social roles as they have not yet formulated a sense of personal honne and tatemae – one's "true self" and one's "public façade" – necessary to cope with the paradoxes of adulthood.

The dominant nexus of hikikomori centres on the transformation from youth to the responsibilities and expectations of adult life. Indications are that advanced industrialized societies such as modern Japan fail to provide sufficient meaningful transformation rituals for promoting certain susceptible types of youth into mature roles. As do many societies, Japan exerts a great deal of pressure on adolescents to be successful and perpetuate the existing social status quo. A traditionally strong emphasis on complex social conduct, rigid hierarchies and the resulting, potentially intimidating multitude of social expectations, responsibilities and duties in Japanese society contribute to this pressure on young adults. Historically, Confucian teachings de-emphasizing the individual and favouring a conformist stance to ensure social harmony in a rigidly hierarchical society have shaped much of East Asia, possibly explaining the emergence of the hikikomori phenomenon in other East Asian countries.

In general, the prevalence of hikikomori tendencies in Japan may be encouraged and facilitated by three primary factors:

Middle class affluence in a post-industrial society such as Japan allows parents to support and feed an adult child in the home indefinitely. Lower-income families do not have hikikomori children because a socially withdrawing youth is forced to work outside the home.
The inability of Japanese parents to recognize and act upon the youth's slide into isolation; soft parenting; or codependency between mother and son, known as amae in Japanese.
A decade of flat economic indicators and a shaky job market in Japan makes the pre-existing system requiring years of competitive schooling for elite jobs appear like a pointless effort to many.

Role of modern technology
Although the connection between modern communication technologies (such as the Internet, social media and video games) and the phenomenon is not conclusively established, those technologies are considered at least an exacerbating factor that can deepen and nurture withdrawal. Previous studies of hikikomori in South Korea and Spain found that some of them showed signs of Internet addiction, though researchers do not consider this to be the main issue. However, according to associate professor of psychiatry at Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Takahiro Kato, video games and social media have reduced the amount of time that people spent outside and in social environments that require direct face to face interaction. The emergence of mobile phones and then smartphones may also have deepened the issue, given that people can continue their addiction to gaming and online surfing anywhere, even in bed.

Japanese education system

The Japanese education system puts great demands upon youth. There is high competition to pass entrance exams into the next tier of education in what could be termed a rigid pass-or-fail ideology, which could induce a high level of stress. Echoing the traditional Confucian values of society, the educational system is viewed as playing an important part in society's overall productivity and success.

In this social frame, students often face significant pressure from parents and the society in general to conform to its dictates and doctrines. These doctrines, while part of modern Japanese society, are increasingly being rejected by Japanese youth in varying ways such as hikikomori, freeter, NEET (Not currently engaged in Employment, Education, or Training), and parasite singles. The term "Hodo-Hodo zoku" (the "So-So tribe") applies to younger workers who refuse promotion to minimize stress and maximize free time.

Beginning in the 1960s, the pressure on Japanese youth to succeed began successively earlier in their lives, sometimes starting before pre-school, where even toddlers had to compete through an entrance exam for the privilege of attending one of the best pre-schools. This was said to prepare children for the entrance exam of the best kindergarten, which in turn prepared the child for the entrance exam of the best elementary school, junior high school, high school, and eventually for their university entrance exam. Many adolescents take one year off after high school to study exclusively for the university entrance exam, and are known as ronin. More prestigious universities have more difficult exams. The most prestigious university with the most difficult exam is the University of Tokyo.

Since 1996, the Japanese Ministry of Education has taken steps to address this 'pressure-cooker' educational environment and instill greater creative thought in Japanese youth by significantly relaxing the school schedule from six-day weeks to five-day weeks and dropping two subjects from the daily schedule, with new academic curricula more comparable to Western educational models.  However, Japanese parents are sending their children to private cram schools, known as juku, to 'make up' for lost time.

After graduating from high school or university, Japanese youth also have to face a very difficult job market in Japan, often finding only part-time employment and ending up as freeters with little income, unable to start a family.

Another source of pressure is from their co-students, who may harass and bully (ijime) some students for a variety of reasons, including physical appearance, wealth, or educational or athletic performance. Refusal to participate in society makes hikikomori an extreme subset of a much larger group of younger Japanese that includes freeters.

Impact

Japanese financial burden
Some organizations, such as the non-profit Japanese organization NPO lila have been trying to combat the financial burden the hikikomori phenomenon has had on Japan's economy. The Japanese CD and DVD producer Avex Group produces DVDs of live-action women staring into a camera to help hikikomori learn to cope with eye contact and long spans of human interaction. The goal is to ultimately help hikikomori reintegrate into society by personal choice, thereby realizing an economic contribution and reducing the financial burden on parents or guardians.

"80–50 problem"
The "80–50 problem" refers to hikikomori children from earlier days now entering their 50s, as their parents on whom they rely, enter their 80s. It was first described in Japanese publications and media in the late 2010s.

In 2019, Japanese psychiatrist Tamaki Saitō held a press briefing at the Foreign Press Center Japan on the subject of hikikomori. In view of their rising age, he recommended practical advice to parents with older hikikomori, such as drawing up a lifetime financial plan for them, so they will be able to get by after the parents are gone. He also recommended that parents should not fear embarrassment or be concerned about appearances as they look at the options, including disability pensions or other forms of public assistance for their children. Tamaki emphasized the urgency and necessity for families in these situations to plan ahead; the Japanese government failed to see the urgency of the problem and demonstrated no motion toward developing substantive policies or systems like special safety nets related to the ageing group of hikikomori.

Treatment programs
When it comes to psychosocial support, it is hard for therapists to attain direct access to hikikomori; research to find different and effective treatment plans to aid hikikomori has been ongoing. One such treatment plan is focused on the families of hikikomori. Such focus primarily includes educational intervention programs (e.g. lectures, role-play, etc.) that are geared towards reducing any averse stigma that family members have towards psychiatric disorders like hikikomori. These educational programs are derived from other established family support programs, specifically Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT). CRAFT specifically trains family members to express positive and functional communication, whereas MHFA provides skills to support hikikomori with depression/suicidal like behaviour. Studies so far that have modified the family unit's behavioral response to a hikikomori has yielded positive results, indicating that family behavior is essential for recovery, however further research is still needed.

Although there has been a primary emphasis on educating family members, there are also therapy programs for the hikikomori themselves to participate in, like exercise therapy. The individual psychotherapy methods that are being stressed in current research are primarily directed towards cultivating self-confidence within the hikikomori. However, studies have delineated that efficacious treatment of hikikomori requires a multifaceted approach rather than the utilization of one individual approach, such as individual psychotherapy or family therapy.

COVID-19 pandemic impact
Based on prior outbreaks (e.g. SARS, MERS, etc.), studies have shown that due to increased loneliness, quarantined individuals have heightened stress-related mental disturbances. Considering that political, social, and/or economical challenges already bring people to express hikikomori-like behavior, researchers theorize that since all the aforementioned factors are by-products of a pandemic, a hikikomori phenomenon may become more common in a post-pandemic world. In fact, people who do experience mental disturbances in Japan generally view seeking the help of a psychiatrist as shameful or a reason for them to be socially shunned. Experts predict an increase in focus on issues such as the mental health problems now affecting youth, and specifically through effective telemedicine services to either the affected individual and/or their respective family unit.

Furthermore, with hikikomori becoming more prevalent amid a pandemic, experts theorize that it will bring out more empathy and constructive attention towards the issue.

See also

 Acedia
 Asociality
 Avolition
 Fushūgaku
 Herbivore men
 Jouhatsu
 Monasticism
 Recluse literature
 Tang ping
 Tokyo!, 2008 movie in three parts, the third part of which, Shaking Tokyo, shows the life of a hikikomori
 Welcome to the N.H.K., a Japanese novel, manga, and anime series about a young man who is a hikikomori

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

 Media

External links

Academic pressure in East Asian culture
Autism spectrum disorders
Demographics of Japan
Economy of Japan
Education in Japan
Japanese culture
Japanese family structure
Japanese words and phrases
Society of Japan
Words and phrases describing personality

Hikikomori


بيرنارد لهومي (25 ديسمبر 1942 في مويوفري)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز الظهير . ساهم في تتويج نادي ليون ببطولة كأس فرنسا موسم 1972-1973 كما ساهم في احتلاله المركز الثاني لنفس البطولة في موسم 1970-1971 .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
مواليد 1942

بيرنارد لهومي


A lentiginose generalizada é uma condição cutânea que ocasionalmente se apresenta sem outras anormalidades associadas. Ela pode ser causada por complexo de carney, síndrome de Noonan com múltiplos lentigos ou síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers.

Veja também

 Lentigo
 Lesão na pele

Referências

Doenças da pele

Lentiginose generalizada


Diese Liste enthält alle Nummer-eins-Hits in den Mainstream Top 40 Charts im Jahr 2012. Sie werden vom US-amerikanischen Magazin Billboard veröffentlicht.

Weblinks
 Aktuelle und zurückliegende Billboard-Charts: Pop-Songs (englisch)

Nummer Eins Hits Mainstream Top 40
Musik 2012

Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den Mainstream Top 40 (2012)


Školjić (Donji Školj) je nenaseljeni otočić u Velebitskom kanalu, sjeverno od naselja Ražanca, od kojeg je udaljen oko 3.5 km.

Površina otoka je 3.119 m2, a visina 3 metra.

Izvori

Sjevernodalmatinski otoci

Školjić (Ražanac Veli)