FlixBus er et firma, som tilbyder primært (bus-) rejser mellem byer i Europa. Selskabet er grundlagt i 2013 af Daniel Krauss, Jochen Engert og André Schwämmlein efter lempelser af reguleringen af det tyske transportmarked. Fra 2015 begyndte FlixBus at ekspandere hastigt i Europa, støttet økonomisk af investorer som Daimler.

FlixBus køres på en international mobilitetsplatform gennem samarbejde med regionale SMV-busselskaber fra hele Europa. Disse lokale buspartnere er ansvarlige for den daglige drift af ruterne, mens FlixBus er ansvarlig for de officielle autorisationer der kræves for at drive et langdistancenetværk.

Med 200.000 daglige forbindelser i 26 lande og nationale netværk i bl.a. Tyskland, Frankrig, Italien, Kroatien og Holland udbyder Flixbus Europas største fjernbusnetværk.

Skandinavien

I 2016 udvidede Flixbus til også at omfatte Skandinavien. I første omgang Sverige, og fra 2017 Danmark blev det næste nationale marked i Flixbus koncernen.

Danmark
I februar 2017 blev det danske busselskab Abildskou, en familievirksomhed fra Aarhus, den første FlixBus-partner i Danmark. I juni 2017 blev også Rødbillet en af de lokale FlixBus-partnere.

I sommeren 2017 blev der oprettet nye ruter i Flixbus' netværk i Danmark. Disse ruter køres af lokale vognmænd. Busser forbinder 35 byer i Danmark med op til 26 afgange om dagen, ligesom der også er internationale afgange til flere lande i Europa. I samarbejde med lokale vognmænd håber Flixbus gennem datterselskabet Flixbus Danmark A/S at kunne fordoble det årlige antal af Fjernbusrejsende i Danmark.

Forbud i forbindelse med coronapandemien 2020
Efter kritik af fyldte busser fra Flixbus stedte Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet på transportminister Benny Engelbrechts anledning en bekendtgørelse, der foreskriver at fjernbusser fra 21. april 2020 kun må være halvt fyldte.

Kilder

Eksterne links

 FlixBus web site

Busselskaber i Danmark
Transportvirksomheder fra Tyskland

FlixBus


Izvori

 Sportsko društvo GRAFIČAR Osijek 1926. – 1981., monografija NK Grafičar Osijek

1953-54
1953-54
Osijek-1

1. razred NP Osijek 1953./54.


2. ŽNL Varaždinska u sezoni 2016./17. predstavlja 6. stupanj nogometnih natjecanja u Hrvatskoj te 2. na području Varaždinske županije. Za razliku od prošlih sezona, kad je 2. ŽNL bila podijeljena na skupine Istok i Zapad te na 1. ligu NS Ludbreg koje su dotad činile drugi rang lige u Varaždinskoj županiji, od ove je sezone uvedena jedinstvena liga.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio Polet iz Tuhovca.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom (1. – 13. kolo) dijelu lige
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (14. – 26. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

Poveznice
 Županijski nogometni savez Varaždin
 zns-varazdin.hr, 2. ŽNL Varaždinska
 2. ŽNL Varaždinska
 3. ŽNL Varaždin 2016./17.
 Liga NS Ludbreg 2016./17.
 Kup ŽNS Varaždin 2016./17.

Izvori

 zns-varazdin.hr, 2. ŽNL Varaždinska , pristupljeno 28. lipnja 2017.
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2016./17., 6. rang - 2. ŽNL
 zns-varazdin.hr, Nogomet - službeno glasilo ŽNS Varaždin / NS Ludbreg , pristupljeno 28. lipnja 2017.
 zns-varazdin.hr, Nogomet - službeno glasilo ŽNS Varaždin / NS Ludbreg, br. 1169, god. XIV, objavljeno 14. lipnja 2017., preuzeto 28. lipnja 2017.
 zns-varazdin.hr, Nogomet - službeno glasilo ŽNS Varaždin / NS Ludbreg, br. 1170, god. XIV, objavljeno 21. lipnja 2017., preuzeto 28. lipnja 2017.
  zns-varazdin.hr, Propozicije 2. ŽNL Varaždin – Seniori – 2016/17, objavljeno 3. kolovoza 2016., preuzeto 19. lipnja 2017.

Varazdin-2016-17
Varazdinka-2
Nogomet u Varaždinskoj županiji

2. ŽNL Varaždinska 2016./17.


Metlica (bazija; lat. Bassia), rod jednogodišnjeg raslinja i polugrmova iz poroodice štirovki smješten u potporodicu lobodovki (Chenopodioideae).

Postoji oko 20 vrsta raširenh po Euroaziji i sjevernoj Africi, ali su uvezene i na druge kontinente. U Hrvatskoj raste metlasta metlica, Bassia scoparia, polegnuta metlica (Bassia prostrata) i kritično ugrožena pješčarska metlica (Bassia laniflora)

Opis
Bassia, rod od oko 20 vrsta jednogodišnjih biljaka, porijeklom prvenstveno iz Euroazije. Mnoge vrste Bassia mogu tolerirati uvjete slanog tla i mogu biti otrovne za životinje koje pasu, osobito ovce. Nekoliko ih se smatra invazivnim vrstama u područjima izvan njihovog autohtonog areala, uključujući Bassia hyssopifolia i B. hirsuta, koje su unesene u Ameriku.

Članovi roda su tipično biljke ili grmovi i često su prekriveni gustim dlakama. Uski listovi su sjedeći (bez peteljke) i naizmjenično su raspoređeni duž stabljike. Dvospolni cvjetovi nose vrhove klasova, a mnogi imaju neobične kukaste ili stožaste dodatke. Plodovi su ahenije s malim smeđim sjemenkama.

Vrsta Bassia scoparia (Kochia scoparia), široko je uzgajana jednogodišnja biljka poznata kao vatreni grm ili gorući grm, je polugrm u obliku kugle s uskim dlakavim lišćem koje u jesen postaje ljubičastocrveno; često se uzgaja kao ukrasna ljetna živica.

Vrste

 Bassia aegyptiaca Turki, El Shayeb & F. Shehata
 Bassia angustifolia (Turcz.) Freitag & G. Kadereit
 Bassia arabica (Boiss.) Maire & Weiller
 Bassia dinteri (Botsch.) A. J. Scott
 Bassia eriophora (Schrad.) Asch.
 Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze
 Bassia indica (Wight) A. J. Scott
 Bassia laniflora (S. G. Gmel.) A. J. Scott
 Bassia lasiantha Freitag & G. Kadereit
 Bassia littorea (Makino) Freitag & G. Kadereit
 Bassia muricata (L.) Asch.
 Bassia pilosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Freitag & G. Kadereit
 Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck
 Bassia salsoloides (Fenzl) A. J. Scott
 Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott
 Bassia stellaris (Moq.) Bornm.
 Bassia tianschanica (Pavlov) Freitag & G. Kadereit
 Bassia tomentosa (Lowe) Maire & Weiller
 Bassia villosissima (Bong. & C. A. Mey.) Freitag & G. Kadereit

Sinonimi
 Bushiola Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 95 (1915)
 Chenoleoides (Ulbr.) Botsch. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61: 1408 (1976)
 Echinopsilon Moq. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 2: 127 (1834), nom. illeg.
 Kirilowia Bunge in Index Seminum (TU, Dorpatensis) 1843: vii (1843)
 Kochia Roth in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): 307 (1801)
 Londesia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 2: 40 (1836)
 Panderia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 2: 46 (1836)
 Pentodon Ehrenb. ex Boiss. in Fl. Orient. 4: 925 (1879), pro syn.
 Pterochlamys Fisch. ex Endl. in Gen. Pl.: 294 (1837)
 Willemetia Maerkl. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): 329 (1801), nom. illeg.

Izvori

Lobodovke

Metlica (biljni rod)


Açumanu (Acumano, Asumano, Assumano, Acumanu) ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Liquiçá (Gemeinde Liquiçá).

Geographie

Açumanu liegt im Südosten des Verwaltungsamts Liquiçá. Westlich befindet sich der Suco Leotala, nördlich der Suco Dato und nordöstlich der Suco Darulete. Im Osten grenzt Açumanu an das Verwaltungsamt Bazartete mit seinem Suco Leorema und im Süden an die zur Gemeinde Ermera gehörenden Verwaltungsämter Ermera mit dem Suco Ponilala und Hatulia B mit seinen Sucos Lisapat und Urahou. Der Fluss Caicabaisala folgt zunächst der Grenze zu Darulete trennt den Norden Açumanus vom restlichen Suco ab und folgt dann grob der Grenze zu Leotala unter dem Namen Curiho bis er in den Gleno mündet, der wiederum die Südgrenze zu Ermera bildet. Die Flüsse gehören zum System des Lóis. Caicabaisala und Curiho bilden dabei Täler, die mehrere hundert Meter tiefer liegen, als die Berge, auf denen sich der Großteil der Besiedlung befindet. Auch zum Gleno hin sinkt das Land ab.

Açumanu hat eine Fläche von 10,88 km² und teilt sich in die vier Aldeias Caicasaico (Caicassico), Hatumatilu (Hatu Matilo), Quirilelo (Cirilelo) und Siscoelema (Sisicolema).

Der Großteil der Besiedlung von Açumanu besteht aus einzeln stehenden Häusern und kleinen Weilern. Eine Straße folgt von Osten her kommend den Bergrücken, der den Großteil des Sucos ausmacht. Über sie kommt man zu den Orten Siscoelema und Caicasaico. Auf einem südlichen Ausläufer des Berges befinden sich die Dörfer Hatumatilu und Quirilelo. Nördlich des Tals des Caicabaisala gruppiert sich um den Gipfel eines kleinen Berges das Dorf Boelema.

Der Sitz des Sucos und eine Grundschule befinden sich in Siscoelema. Das Hospital von Açumanu steht in Caicasaico.

Einwohner
In Açumanu leben 2.191 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 1.126 Männer und 1.065 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 394 Haushalte. 60 % der Einwohner geben Tokodede als ihre Muttersprache an. Fast 38 % sprechen Tetum Prasa, Minderheiten Mambai oder Habun.

Geschichte

Im Suco Açumanu setzte die UDT während des Bürgerkrieges gegen die FRETILIN am 13. August 1975 ihre Flagge in der Aldeia Caicasaico, brannte Häuser nieder und ermordete sechs Menschen in den Aldeias Siscoelema und Hatumatilu. Teile der Bevölkerung flohen nach Leorema, nach Maubara oder in den nahen Wald.

Ende 1979 gab es in Caicasaico ein sogenanntes Transit Camps, in denen die indonesischen Besatzer osttimoresische Zivilisten internierten.

Am 29. Mai 1997 fanden Wahlen statt, bei denen Vertreter Osttimors für das indonesische Parlament gewählt werden sollten. Im Umfeld kam es landesweit zu mehreren Attacken auf die indonesische Besatzungsmacht und ihre Unterstützer. In Açumanu wurde eine Handgranate in das Wahllokal geworfen. Ein Soldat wurde verwundet.

Bei einem Waldbrand am 2. und 3. Oktober 2019 kam es im Suco zu großen Zerstörungen.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Augusto dos Santos zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Pascual da Silva und 2016 Bernardino Martins.

Persönlichkeiten
 Maria de Lourdes Martins Cruz (* 1962), Nonne und Trägerin des Ramon-Magsaysay-Preises

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Açumanu (tetum; PDF; 8,2 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Açumanu (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Liquiçá (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Liquiçá (Gemeinde)
Liquiçá (Verwaltungsamt)

Açumanu


8636 Malvina este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8636 Malvina este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols de CERGA. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 3,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

8636 Malvina


2017 මැයි 19 දිනදී ඉරානයෙහි  ජනාධිපතිවරණය පැවැත්වුනු අතර, ඉරානයෙහි එවන් මැතිවරණයක් පැවැත්වුනු දෙළොස්වන වතාව විය. පළාත්පාලන මැතිවරණයද එවිටම පැවැත්විණි.

අපේක්ෂකයන්ගේ ලියාපදිංචිය සිදුවූයේ 2017 අප්‍රේල් 11සිට 15 දක්වා දිනවලදීය. වත්මන් ධූරන්දර ජනාධිපති හසාන්  රෝහානී හට යළි-මැතිවරණයකට මුහුණ දීමට සුදුසුකම් සහිත විය.

ඉරාන ජනාධිපතිවරණය, 2017


المؤتمر العربي الفلسطيني كان بمثابة المجلس النيابي للشعب الفلسطيني خلال فترة الانتداب البريطاني، إذ تكون من سبعة دورات تمثيلية منذ عام 1919 وحتى عام 1928، شارك فيها ممثلون عن مختلف مناطق فلسطين.

الدورة الأولى
كانت الدورة الأولى للمؤتمر العربي الفلسطيني عام 1919 بهدف رفض تقسيم سورية وسلخ فلسطين عنها ورفض مخططات إسكان اليهود في فلسطين. عقد المؤتمر في مبنى المتصرفية في القدس في أوائل كانون الثاني 1919 برئاسة عارف الدجاني، وانتخب محمد عزة دروزة سكرتيرا للمؤتمر.

شارك في المؤتمر الأول ممثلون عن مختلف مناطق فلسطين ذكر منهم محمد عزة دروزة في مذكراته:
 عن نابلس: محمد عزة دروزة، إبراهيم القاسم، رامز آغا النمر، أحمد الشكعة، إبراهيم عبد النور.
 عن غزة: سعيد الشوا، محمد الصوراني، خليل بسيسو.
 عن طولكرم: سعيد الكرمي، عبد اللطيف صلاح، عبد اللطيف الحاج إبراهيم.
 عن جنين: نافع العبوشي، حيدر عبد الرحمن عبد الهادي، عبد القادر اليوسف عبد الهادي.
 عن حيفا: رشيد الحاج إبراهيم، اسكندر منسي.
 عن عكا: الشيخ إبراهيم العكي.
 عن صفد: الشيخ أحمد النحوي.
 عن طبريا: الشيخ طاهر طبري.
 عن الناصرة: اسكندر كوزما، سيف الدين الزعبي.
 عن يافا: الشيخ راغب الدجاني، يوسف العيسى.
 عن بيت لحم: عيسى البندك.
 عن الخليل: الشيخ عبد الله طهبوب.
 عن بئر السبع: الشيخ فريح أبو مدين.
 عن القدس: عارف الدجاني الداودي، يعقوب فراج.

أصدر المؤتمر في ختام أعماله ميثاقا ضم البنود التالية:
 فلسطين هي سورية الجنوبية وجزء لا يتجزأ من سورية.
 الاستقلال التام لسورية جميعها بلا حماية ولا وصاية ولا احتلال وضمن الوحدة العربية.
 رفض وعد بلفور ورفض الهجرة اليهودية إلى فلسطين ورفض كل دعوى لليهود فيها.

تولّى محمد عزة دروزة مع زميل له إعداد مذكرة بخصوص هذا الشأن وتقديمها إلى الحاكم العسكري للبلاد لإرسالها إلى الحكومة في بريطانيا، وإلى مؤتمر السلم المنعقد في باريس.

انظر أيضًا
 المجلس الوطني الفلسطيني

مراجع

تاريخ سوريا
تاريخ فلسطين
تاريخ فلسطين الانتدابية
سياسة فلسطين
فلسطين في عقد 1920
قومية عربية
قومية عربية في فلسطين الانتدابية
قومية فلسطينية
منظمات سياسية مقرها في فلسطين

المؤتمر العربي الفلسطيني


Permanent Waves is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Rush, released on January 18, 1980, through Anthem Records. After touring to support their previous album, Hemispheres (1978), the band began working on new material for a follow-up in July 1979. This material showed a shift in the group's sound towards more concise arrangements and radio-friendly songs (such as "The Spirit of Radio" and "Freewill"), though their progressive rock blueprint is still evident on "Jacob's Ladder" and the nine-minute closer "Natural Science." Bassist/vocalist Geddy Lee also employed a more restrained vocal delivery compared to previous albums. Permanent Waves was recorded at Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec with production handled by the group and Terry Brown.

Permanent Waves received a mostly positive reception from critics, and became the band's most successful album at the time of its release, reaching No.3 in Canada and the UK and No.4 in the United States. The album was certified platinum in the latter by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling one million copies. Rush released "The Spirit of Radio" as a single in February 1980 and toured in support of the album in 1980.

Background and writing
In June 1979, the band finished its eight-month tour of the United States, Canada, and Europe in support of its sixth studio album, Hemispheres (1978). The tour had taken its toll on the group and, for the first time in the band's history, each member agreed to take a six-week break before starting work on a new album. They regrouped in mid-July 1979 at Lakewoods Farm near Flesherton, Ontario to write and rehearse new material for two weeks. They set up their equipment in the basement and put down what Peart described as "a giant hodge-podge of instrumental mish-mash," initially titled "Uncle Tounouse", during the first session. The piece was not developed further, but sections of it were used as the basis of passages on other songs they would record. A typical day's schedule involved Lifeson cooking breakfast for the trio, after which Lifeson and Lee worked on musical ideas while Peart gathered his notes and walked to a nearby cottage to write lyrics, with "Entre Nous" being the only set completed prior to their arrival at Lakewoods Farm. This routine had a productive effect on the three, with "The Spirit of Radio," "Freewill", and "Jacob's Ladder" being put down within several days without considerable effort. The new songs marked a shift in the group's musical style towards more concise arrangements and radio-friendly songs, though Peart denied that the band consciously set out to produce commercial music. Peart attempted to write a song based on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the 14th-century epic set in King Arthur's time, but it was abandoned after it was deemed too out of place with the other material.

With some material prepared for Permanent Waves, Rush moved into Sound Kitchen Studio in northern Toronto, Ontario with their producer Terry Brown to put their ideas onto tape. "The Spirit of Radio," "Freewill" and "Jacob's Ladder" were further polished on the warm-up tour during soundchecks, and by early September, "The Spirit of Radio" and "Freewill" were being performed live on the band's warm-up tour in August and September 1979.

Recording

In September 1979, Rush headed to Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec to record Permanent Waves with Brown and engineer Paul Northfield. Having recorded their previous two studio albums in Wales the band felt it was time for a change and initially chose Trident Studios in London, but cancelled due to the high costs of studio time and accommodation. The idea of working in a busy city environment became something they now wished to avoid and instead sought a remote location.

The recording sessions involved the band tweaking the settings of instruments and positioning of microphones. They recorded basic tracks with multiple takes until they captured the best performance. While Lee, Lifeson, and Brown began overdubs, Peart began attempting to write another longer song, and after enduring three days of writer's block, "Natural Science" was born. Fin Costello was then brought in to photograph the band in the studio. Cover art director Hugh Syme was also brought in and recorded a piano solo on "Different Strings". Music was composed for "Natural Science", with some parts reused from the discarded "Green Knight". The water sounds at the beginning of the song were created by splashing oars in the private lake, performed by Brown and studio assistant Kim Bickerdike, and the natural echo outside was used to record various instruments. The rough mixes on the album were complete, and the final mix was completed in two weeks at Trident Studios.

Upon the album's completion, Lifeson felt unsure about the record and for a period of time, could not listen to it due to his feeling that it failed to present any fresh ideas. His opinion changed when he first heard the album on the radio after its release, realising he had overreacted.

Songs
"The Spirit of Radio" featured the band's early experiments with a reggae style in its closing section, which was explored further on the band's next three albums, Moving Pictures, Signals, and Grace Under Pressure. The group had experimented with reggae-influenced riffs in the studio and had come up with a reggae introduction to "Working Man" on their tours, so they decided to incorporate a passage into "The Spirit of Radio," as Lifeson said, "to make us smile and have a little fun." Peart wrote the lyrics with Toronto radio station CFNY-FM in mind which had adopted the title as its slogan.

"Jacob's Ladder" uses multiple time signatures, and possesses a dark, ominous feel in its first half. Its lyrics are based on a simple concept: a vision of sunlight breaking through storm clouds. The title is a reference to the natural phenomenon of the sun breaking through the clouds in visible rays, which in turn is named after the Biblical ladder to heaven on which Jacob saw angels ascending and descending in a vision. Early in Rush's 2015 R40 Live Tour, Geddy Lee incorrectly stated that the song had never been played live before, but was corrected by fans on the internet (the song had been performed during the Permanent Waves tour and a live recording of the song was featured on Exit... Stage Left).

"Entre Nous", French for "Between us", did not receive heavy radio airplay and was not performed live until the Snakes & Arrows Tour in 2007.

While the band began stepping back from the epic song format on this album, the closing track "Natural Science" is more than nine minutes long and is composed of three distinct movements: I) Tide Pools, II) Hyperspace, and III) Permanent Waves. The lyrics are driven by concepts of natural science. It was featured, with a different arrangement, on the 1996 Test for Echo Tour, the 2002 Vapor Trails Tour, the 2007–2008 Snakes & Arrows Tour and the 2015 R40 Live Tour.

Artwork
The background scene comes from a photo, taken by Flip Schulke, of the Galveston Seawall in Texas during Hurricane Carla on September 11, 1961. The woman in the foreground is Canadian model Paula Turnbull, who is also featured on Exit... Stage Left (1981) and the man waving in the background is sleeve designer Hugh Syme. To create the appearance of Turnbull's skirt blowing in the wind, a fan was placed out of frame when she was photographed.

Release

Permanent Waves was released on January 18, 1980. It reached No. 3 in Canada and the UK and No. 4 in the US. In two months, the album had sold one million copies in the US.

Tour
Following the album's release, Rush supported Permanent Waves with a concert tour of Canada, the US, and the UK between January 17 and June 22, 1980. The group toured with a 25-member roadcrew who handled the 60 tons of equipment to stage the show, which included Boeing 707 landing lights, a $50,000 mixing console, and a screen projector behind the band. The tour cost $12,500 each day and each band member earned $1,000 per show.

Reissues

Track listing

Original release
All lyrics by Neil Peart except "Different Strings" by Geddy Lee. All music by Lee and Alex Lifeson.

40th Anniversary Edition (2020)

* Included on the vinyl release only
† Previously available on 2112 Deluxe Edition (2012)

Personnel
Credits are taken from the 1980 liner notes.

Rush
 Geddy Lee – lead vocals, bass guitar, Oberheim polyphonic synthesizer, Minimoog synthesizer, Taurus pedal synthesizer, Oberheim OB-1 synthesizer
 Alex Lifeson – electric and acoustic six- and twelve-string guitars, Taurus pedals
 Neil Peart – drums, timpani, timbales, orchestra bells, tubular bells, wind chimes, bell tree, triangle, crotales, cover concept

Additional personnel
 Terry Brown – arranger, producer, mixing
 Fin Costello – photography
 Robert Gage – hairdresser to the cover girl
 Bob Ludwig – remastering
 Adam Moseley – mixing assistant
 Craig Milliner – mixing assistant
 Paul Northfield – engineer
 Deborah Samuel – photography
 Flip Schulke – photography
 Ray Staff – mastering on original album
 Hugh Syme – piano, art direction, design, cover concept
 Paula Turnbull – cover girl (credited as "Ou La La")
 Robbie Whelan – assistant engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

1980 albums
Rush (band) albums
Anthem Records albums
Albums produced by Terry Brown (record producer)
Albums recorded at Le Studio
Albums recorded at Trident Studios

Permanent Waves


Campos Altos es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais.

Fue elevado a la categoría de municipio con la denominación de Campos Altos, por el decreto de ley estatal n.º 1.058, del 31 de diciembre de 1943, separado de los municipios de Ibiá y São Gotardo, con la constitución de tres distritos: Campos Altos (distrito sede) y el distrito de Pratinha, desmembrados del municipio de Ibiá y el distrito de Sao Jerônimo dos Poções, separado, entonces, del municipio de Sao Gotardo.

Su población estimada en 2004 era de  habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Campos Altos


بنك أبو ظبي الوطني من أول البنوك في أبو ظبي حيث أسسته الحكومة في عام 1968، حتى وصل لمكانته الحالية كبنك رائد في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة من ناحية الأصول والإيداعات وشبكة الفروع.

مصير البنك
تم دمجه رسمياً مع بنك الخليج الأول بعد مجموعة مفاوضات تحت اسم بنك أبو ظبي الأول في 30 مارس 2017 ميلادية

مجلس الإدارة
 ناصـر أحمد خليفـة السويـدي، رئيس مجلس الإدارة
 جوعـان سالـم الظاهـري، نائب رئيس مجلس الإدارة
 محمـد عمـر عبـد الله، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 خليفـة سلطـان أحمد السويـدي، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 هاشم فواز القدسي، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 ديفيد بو، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 سلطـان بن راشـد الظاهـري، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 أحمـد محمـد سلطـان الظاهـري، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 محمـد بن سيـف بن محمـد آل نهيـان، عضو مجلس الإدارة
 مطر حمدان العامري، عضو مجلس الإدارة

الرعايات
 جائزة أبوظبي الكبرى، 2010

الجوائز
 المرتبة 46 ضمن البنوك الـ50 الأكثر أمانا في العالم، غلوبال فاينانس، 2011

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة البنوك في الإمارات

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

بنوك الإمارات العربية المتحدة
بنوك انحلت في 2016
بنوك أسست في 1968
بنوك سابقة في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
تأسيسات سنة 1968 في إمارات الساحل المتصالح
شركات إماراتية أسست في 1968
شركات تمتلكها حكومة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
شركات تمتلكها حكومة أبو ظبي
شركات مدرجة في سوق أبوظبي للأوراق المالية
عمليات الدمج والاستحواذ 2016
انحلالات سنة 2016 في الإمارات العربية المتحدة

بنك أبو ظبي الوطني


An Fargesia qinlingensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tong Pei Yi ngan J.X.Shao. An Fargesia qinlingensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fargesia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fargesia

Fargesia qinlingensis


Das Gödel-Universum  oder R-Universum  bezeichnet eine von dem österreichischen Mathematiker Kurt Gödel 1949 entwickelte kosmologische Lösung der Gleichungen der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (ART). Es beschreibt ein rotierendes, geschlossenes, stationäres, homogenes Universum mit negativer kosmologischer Konstante und zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass in ihm Zeitreisen möglich sind; das heißt, es gibt geschlossene zeitartige Geodätische zu jedem Ereignispunkt. Da damit auch Zeitreiseparadoxien verbunden sind,  zeigt das Modell, dass für deren Vermeidung weitere Prinzipien über die ART hinaus notwendig sind.

Das Gödel-Universum verletzt auch das Machsche Prinzip in der ursprünglich von Einstein für die ART avisierten Form. Durch Betrachtung eines endlichen statt unendlichen Universums konstruierten Ozsvath und Engelbert Schücking 1962 eine Variante ohne Zeitreisen in die Vergangenheit, die aber immer noch das Machsche Prinzip verletzt.

Literatur
 Kurt Gödel: An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation, Rev. Mod. Phys., Band 21, 1949, S.  447–450, doi:10.1023/A:1001959224682.
 Kurt Gödel: Rotating universes in general relativity theory, in: Proc. Int. Congress of Mathematicians, Cambridge 1950, Band 1, S. 175–181, doi:10.1023/A:1001911308752.
 Kurt Gödel: A remark about the relation between relativity theory and idealistic philosophy, in Arthur Paul Schilpp: Albert Einstein - Philosopher, Scientist, Library of Living Philosophers 1949
 Hawking, Ellis: The large scale structure of space-time, Cambridge UP 1973
 Rüdiger Vaas: Tunnel durch Raum und Zeit. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, 6. aktualisierte Aufl. 2013, ISBN 3-440-09360-3.
 Palle Yourgrau: Gödel, Einstein und die Folgen: Vermächtnis einer ungewöhnlichen Freundschaft, C.H.Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-52914-3.

Einzelnachweise

Kosmologie

Gödel-Universum


Peljidiin Genden (; 1892 or 1895 – November 26, 1937) was a prominent political leader of the Mongolian People's Republic who served as the country's first President (1924 to 1927; Navaandorjiin Jadambaa was just the acting president) and the ninth Prime Minister (1932–1936). As one of three MPRP secretaries, Genden was responsible for the swift compulsory implementation of socialist economic policies in the early 1930s.  In 1932 he was granted Joseph Stalin's support to become Prime Minister, but then increasingly resisted pressure from Moscow to liquidate institutional Buddhism and permit increased Soviet influence in Mongolia.  His independent temperament, outspokenness (he became famous for fearlessly confronting Stalin during their public meetings in Moscow and was one of the few to stand up to Stalin's strong personality), and growing nationalist sentiments ultimately led to his Soviet-orchestrated purge in March 1936.  Accused of conspiring against the revolution and spying for the Japanese, he was executed in Moscow on November 26, 1937.

Early life and career

Peljidiin Genden was born in present-day Khujirt district of Övörkhangai Province in either 1892 or 1895 (sources differ). In 1922 he joined the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League (MRYL) and a year later he was appointed acting head of his local cell. He attended the first session of the Mongolian Great Khural in Ulaanbaatar in November 1924 as a delegate from Övörkhangai. There, Prime Minister Balingiin Tserendorj took notice of his outspokenness and based on his recommendation Genden was elected chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural or Baga Khural, the small assembly that controlled day-to-day matters of state. This made him the effective head of state of Mongolia, a position he would hold from November 29, 1924 to November 15, 1927, and served concurrently as the Chairman of the Central Bureau of Mongolia's Trade Unions.

Leftist Deviation

Genden served as one of three secretaries of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's Central Committee from December 11, 1928 to June 30, 1932. Together with fellow secretaries Ölziin Badrakh and Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (and later Zolbingiin Shijee) Genden urged for swift compulsory implementation of socialist economic policies such as forced collectivization, bans on private enterprise, the closure of monasteries and the forfeiture of their property. The policy proved disastrous as traditional herders were forced off the steppe and into badly managed collective farms, destroying one third of Mongolian livestock. Over 800 properties belonging to Mongolian nobles and Buddhist monasteries were confiscated and the heads of over 700 noble households were executed. As a result, open revolt broke out in several provinces between 1930 and 1932. In response, Moscow ordered the suspension of what it termed the "Leftist Deviation" policies of the Mongolian government and in May 1932 several party leaders (including Badrah, Shijee, and Prime Minister Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav) were purged for trying to implement socialist measures "prematurely".

Prime Minister

Genden deftly survived the purge by meeting with Joseph Stalin in 1932 and winning over the Soviet leader. Through Moscow's support, Genden was named (Chairman of the Assembly of People's Commissaries) on July 2, 1932, replacing the purged Jigjidjav. Genden was placed in charge of the implementation of Mongolia's "New Turn" or "New Reform" economic plan. The nation's new economic model was considered an easing of more strict communist economic principles. The plan was  closely modeled on Vladimir Lenin's 1921 Soviet New Economic Policy. This new policy in Mongolia included a reduction in taxes as well as lessened restrictions on private businesses and religious institutions. Genden's popularity increased as Mongolia's economy was strengthening and shortages were being reduced. For the first time since the revolution the government was in a more dominant position vis-à-vis the MPRP.

The Lkhümbe Affair

In 1933 a personal feud between two party functionaries led to trumped up accusations of widespread conspiring within the party with Japanese spies, especially among Buryats. Several of those arrested and interrogated by Soviet agents in Ulaanbaatar fingered Jambyn Lkhümbe, then secretary of the MPRP Central Committee, as their leader. Genden, party leader Eldev-Ochir, and Security Directorate Chief D. Namsrai backed the subsequent investigation that saw several hundred innocent persons, including Lkhümbe, arrested. 56 were eventually executed (including pregnant women), 260 were jailed for three to ten years and 126 were sent to the USSR. The vast majority of those persecuted were Buryats. Public opinion at the time held that Genden and D. Namsrai, head of the Internal Affairs Committee, had initiated the affair to purge political enemies, but there is evidence that the affair was driven in large part by Soviet agents looking to weaken the Buryat population in Mongolia.

Resisting Stalin

Ties between Stalin and Genden began to fray as early as 1934 when, at a meeting with Genden in Moscow, Stalin urged him to destroy Mongolia's Buddhist clergies. He told the Mongolian leader to exterminate more than 100,000 of his nation's lamas, whom Stalin called "the enemies within". Genden, a staunch Buddhist, was once quoted as saying "On earth there are two great geniuses – Buddha and Lenin." In 1933 Genden stated his intention to "not to fight against religion" and allowed Mongolian lamas to practice their religion in public, directly challenging Stalin's orders.

Suspicious of growing Soviet domination in Mongolia, Genden actively postponed both a 1934 bilateral gentlemen's agreement, in which the USSR promised to protect Mongolia from potential invasion, as well as the 1936 "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" that allowed for the stationing of Soviet troops in Mongolia. Genden hoped to stave off Soviet domination by exploiting the diplomatic strain between the USSR and Japan to Mongolia's benefit, but the policy would later prove to be his undoing as accusations surfaced in 1936 that he was working on the side of the  Japanese.   Genden likewise hesitated on Stalin's recommendations that he elevate Mongolia's internal affairs committee to a fully independent ministry and that he increase the size of Mongolia's military.

In December 1935, Genden was brought back to Moscow, where Stalin again rebuked him for failing multiple times to act on his guidance. Later, a heavily intoxicated Genden publicly scolded Stalin at a reception for the Mongolian Embassy, shouting "You bloody Georgian, you have become a virtual Russian Czar". Genden then reportedly slapped Stalin, broke his pipe, and hinted that Mongolia was considering an alliance with the Empire of Japan.

Purged

Upon Genden's return to Mongolia, Khorloogiin Choibalsan, acting under orders from Stalin, organized the second plenary meeting of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in March 1936 in Ulaanbaatar to permanently remove Genden from office. Party members led by Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav reprimanded Genden for his actions in Moscow and accused him of sabotaging relations with the Soviet Union. He was subsequently removed from his offices of both the prime minister and the foreign minister and then placed under strict house arrest. Anandyn Amar was appointed as the prime minister for the second time in Genden's place. With the purge of Genden, Choibalsan became Stalin's favored official in Ulaanbaatar and was named head of the new Internal Affairs Ministry, effectively making him the most powerful person in Mongolia.

Death

Genden was "invited" to the USSR, ostensibly for medical care, in April 1936. He then spent one year at the resort town of Foros on the Black Sea. In summer 1937, he was arrested during Stalin's Great Purge and under interrogation admitted to plotting with "lamaist reactionaries" and "Japanese spies."  By order from the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, Genden was executed in Moscow on November 26, 1937  for "his attempt to undertake a political coup and being a spy of Japan."

Rehabilitation

Genden was declared a nonperson in Mongolia; however, he would be rehabilitated in 1956 by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, nearly two decades after his death. Genden's actions and history remained obscured in Mongolia until the country's democratic revolution in 1990.

His daughter Tserendulam opened the "Memorial Museum for Victims of Political Repression" in his house in 1993. It offers information on the victims of the political prosecutions, which according to some estimates affected up to 14% of the population.

References

1890s births
1937 deaths
Mongolian communists
Great Purge victims from Mongolia
Executed prime ministers
Executed presidents
Mongolian People's Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Mongolia
Soviet rehabilitations
Chairmen of the State Great Khural
Heads of state of Mongolia
Mongolian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Communism in Mongolia
People from Övörkhangai Province
Mongolian people executed abroad
Executed communists

Peljidiin Genden


සමුද්‍ර මන්ථනය භගවත පුරාණයේ සහ විෂ්ණු පුරාණයේ විස්තර කර ඇති හින්දු ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් කථාංගයකි . සමුද්‍ර මන්ථනය අමෘතයේ ආරම්භය පැහැදිලි කරයි .

අර්ථය
 සාගර මන්ථන Sāgara manthana (सागरमन्थन) සාගරය යනු මුහුද යන්නට තවත් වචනයක් වන අතර එහි තේරුම මුහුද හෝ විශාල     ජල කඳක් යන්නයි.
 ක්ෂීරසාගර මන්ථන Kshirasāgara manthana (क्षीरसागरमन्थन) ක්ෂීරසාගර යනු කිරි සයුරයි. ක්ෂීරසාගර = ක්ෂීර (කිරි) + සාගර (මුහුද)

සාගර මන්ථනයට හේතුව
ස්වර්ග රාජ්‍යයේ රජු වූ ඉන්ද්‍ර දෙවියන්ට දුර්වාස මුනිවරයා හමු වූ අතර, ඔහු තමාට ලැබුණු විසින් දෙන ලද විශේෂ මල්මාලයක් (සමහර මූලාශ්‍රවල එය ශිව දෙවියන් විසින් ලබාදෙන ලද පර නොවන මල් මාලයක් ලෙස සඳහන් වේ) ඉන්ද්‍ර දෙවියන්ට පිරිනැවීය.ඉන්ද්‍ර දෙවියන් මල් මාලය පිළිබඳව වැඩි සැලකිල්ලක් නොදක්වා, එය ලබාගෙන තම වාහනය වූ ඓරාතව ඇතාට ලබාදුන් අතර ඓරාවත එය විනාශ කළේය.වහා කිපෙන සුළු සෘෂිවරයෙක් වූ දුර්වාස සෘෂිවරයා කෝපයට පත්විය.එතුමා ඉන්ද්‍ර ඇතුළු සියලු දෙවිවරුන්ට සියලු ශක්තිය, බලය සහ වාසනාව අහිමි වන ලෙස ශාප කළේය.

මෙම සිදුවීමෙන් පසු ඇති වූ සටන්වලදී, දේවයන් පරාජයට පත් වූ අතර , බලිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් අසුරයන් විශ්වයේ පාලනය ලබා ගත්හ .දෙවියන් විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ගෙන් පිහිට පැතූ අතර එතුමාගේ උපදෙස් පරදි  අමරණීයත්වයේ අමෘතය සඳහා සමුද්‍රය කැළඹීමටත් එයින් ලැබෙන සම්පත් බෙදා ගැනීමටත් දෙවියන් හා අසුරයන් අතර එකඟතාවක් ඇති කර ගත්තේය.

මන්ථනය සිදු කළ ආකාරය

මන්දාර පර්වතය දණ්ඩක් සේ යොදා ගෙන ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ ගෙලවටා එතී සිටින වාසුකී නාග රාජයා කඹයක් සේ යොදා සාගරය කැළඹීය. මෙහිදි දෙවියන්ට වාසුකීගේ වලිගය කොටසත් අසුරයන් වාසුකිගේ හිස කොටසත් ලැබුණි. අසුරයන්ට හිස කොටස ලබා දීමට හේතුව මන්තනය අතරතුරදී වාසුකීගේ මුවෙන් විෂ පිටවීම නිසාය.

සාගර මන්තනය තුළ ශිව හා විෂ්ණු දෙවිවරුන්ගේ භූමිකාව

විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ගේ කුර්ම අවතාරය

මන්දාර පර්වතය කිරි සයුරේ තැබූ විට එය ගිලෙන්නට පටන් ගත්තේය.දෙවිවරු විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ගේ සහය පැතූ අතර විෂ්ණු දෙවියන් කුර්ම අවතාරය (කැස්බෑවෙකුගේ ස්වරූපයක්) ලබාගෙන මන්දාර පර්වතය දරා ගෙන සිටියේය.

ශිව දෙවියන්ට සමුද්‍ර මන්තනයේදී ලැබුණු නාමයන්

1.නීලකණ්ඨ

සාගර මන්ථනයේදී ශිව දෙවියන් හලාහල විෂ පානය කල ලෝකයට යහපත සැලසීය. මෙහිදී මෙම මාරාන්තික විෂ ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ පාර්වතියගේ (සමහර ග්‍රන්ථ වලට අනුව තාරා දේවියගේ) උපකාරය හේතුවෙන් ශිව උගුරේ රැදුණු අතර එම සිදුවීමෙන් පසු ශිව දෙවියන්ට නීලකණ්ඨ යන නම ලැබුණි

සාගර මන්ථනයේදී පහළ වූ රත්නයන්

සාගර මන්ථනයේ දී වටිනා රත්නයන් පහළ වූ අතර ඒවා අසුරයන් හා දේවයන් අතර බෙදී ගියේය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් රත්නයන් 14 ක් ලෙස ගණන් ගත හැකි වුවද, සමහර ලියවිලිවල ලැයිස්තුව රත්න 9 සිට 14 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.බොහෝ ලැයිස්තුවලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:

• ලක්ෂ්මි දේවිය: සෞභාග්‍යයේ දේවිය. විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ගේ පතිනිය බවට පත්විය

•අප්සරා : රම්බා , මේනකා , පුන්ජිස්ථලා වැනි විවිධ දිව්‍ය අප්සරාවන් දේවලෝකයට පිටත් විය.

•වරුණි : ඇය අයිති වූයේ අසුරයන්ටය.

•කාමධේනු හෝ සුරභිධේනුව: සෘෂිවරුන්ට ලබා දුන්බව ඇතැම් ග්‍රන්ථ වල සඳහන් වේ.

•ඓයිරාවත:ඉන්ද්‍ර දෙවියන්ගේ වාහනය බවට පත්විය.

•උච්චයිශ්‍රවස් : දිව්‍ය හිස් හතක් ඇති අශ්වයා, අසුර රජ බලීට දෙන ලදී.

•කෞස්තුභ : විෂ්ණු විසින් පැළඳ සිටින ලෝකයේ වටිනාම මාණික්‍ය (දිව්‍ය ආභරණය).

•කල්පවෘක්ෂය: දේවයන් විසින් ඉන්ද්‍රලෝකයට ගෙන ගිය කිසිදා මැකී නොයන හෝ මැලවී යන මල් සහිත දිව්‍ය ප්‍රාර්ථනා ඉටු කරන ගසකි.

•ශාරංග : විෂ්ණුට දුන් බලවත් දුන්නකි.

•චන්ද්‍ර : ශිවගේ හිස අලංකාර කළ චන්ද්‍රයා.

•ධන්වන්තරි : අමරණීයත්වයේ අමෘතය සමඟ "දේවයන්ගේ වෛද්‍ය" . (සමහර විට, වෙනම රත්න දෙකක් ලෙස සැලකේ )

•හලාහල : ශිව විසින් ගිල දැමූ විෂ.

මෙම ලැයිස්තුව පුරාණයෙන් පුරාණයට වෙනස් වන අතර රාමායණයේ සහ මහා භාරතයේ ද තරමක් වෙනස් වේ . පහත රත්න එකතු කිරීමෙන් ලැයිස්තුව සම්පූර්ණ කෙරේ :

•ශංඛ : විෂ්ණුගේ හංකාව

•අලක්ෂ්මී: අවාසනාව දේවතාවිය

•වරුණ දෙවියන් ලබා ගත් කුඩය

•ඉන්ද්‍ර දෙවියන් විසින් අදිතට ලබා දුන් කරාබු

යොමු කිරීම්

සාගර මන්ථනය


Den Gamle Smedje eller Skottes Smedje er teknisk arbejdende museum i Nakskov på det vestligste Lolland, der fremviser smedning og traditionelt værktøj og håndværk. Det ligger i en bygning i den gamle håndværkergade i byen, som har fungeret som smedje i byen i over 250 år.

Historie
Tilegade er den første gade, som blev anlagt i Nakskov, og der har aldrig ligget andet end en smedje på Den Gamle Smedjes adresse, i den tid Nakskov har eksisteret.

I 1855 havde smedens bolig samme udseende som i dag, mens en sidebygning i gården blev ombygget i 1886. Bygningen havde en stald med plads til husdyr. I 1911 var der 8 svende og 3 lærlinge ansat i smedjen.

I 1987 blev Fonden for bevarelse af Skottes Smedje oprettet.

Udstilling
Udover selve essen findes også værktøj fra smedjen, som er over 200 år gammelt. På loftet fandt man en samling redskaber fra 1833, og disse er overført til byens lokalhistoriske arkiv.

Udover den normale formidling i smedjen deltager museet også i arrangementer i byen og nærområdet. I 2016 fremviste man eksempelvis smedehåndværket på havnen i forbindelse med et stort arrangement i pinsen. Dette foregik i samarbejde med en smed fra Middelaldercentret på det østlige Lolland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Den gamle Smedie i Nakskov. Film af det arbejdende værksted på YouTube
 Museet, Den gamle smedie i Tilegade - Nakskov -Lolland - Danmark. Film af det arbejdende værksted på YouTube

Museer i Nakskov
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Nakskov
Tekniske museer i Danmark
Museer etableret i 1995

Den Gamle Smedje (Nakskov)


"Too Late for Love" er en sang af den svenske sanger John Lundvik. Sangen blev opført for første gang til Melodifestivalen 2019, hvor den kom til finalen. Det er Lundviks første single siden "My Turn". Sangen vandt i sidste ende Melodifestivalen 2019, og skal repræsentere Sverige i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv, Israel.

Referencer

Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Sverige
Sange fra Sverige
Nummer-et hits i Sverige

Too Late for Love


UoSAT-2, which is also known as UO-11 and OSCAR-11, is a British satellite orbiting in Low Earth Orbit. The satellite functions as an amateur radio transmitter (known as an OSCAR) and was built at the University of Surrey. It launched into orbit in March 1984 and remains orbital and active, though unstable with irregular periods of transmission. All of the Analog telemetry channels have failed, making telemetry from OSCAR 11 useless.  The satellite was still heard transmitting telemetry in 2015, thirty years after launch.

It was operated by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL).

Characteristics
The satellite was the second in the UoSAT series of satellites built by University of Surrey; preceded by UoSAT-1 and followed by UoSAT-3.

The satellite carries a Digitalker speech synthesiser, magnetometers, a CCD camera, a Geiger-Müller tube, and a microphone to detect the vibrations of micrometeoroid impacts. Like UoSAT-1 it transmits telemetry data on the VHF beacon at 1200 baud, using asynchronous AFSK, though now all analogue telemetry channels have failed; on an FM receiver the audio signal resembles the cassette data format of the contemporary BBC Micro computer. Actually it is a BASICODE signal, but no citation. Slight modulation had also been observed on the S band beacon.

UoSAT-2's solar arrays were bought at a premium compared to those of UoSAT-1, the design having been space tested by its predecessor.

Support
The British affiliate of AMSAT distributed a library of software for the BBC Micro to track UoSAT-2 and other satellites and analyse telemetry broadcasts. A commercial fixed-frequency receiver, Astrid, was also produced by British firm MM Microwave for the education market, with accompanying BBC Micro software to display raw telemetry frames.  For versatility the Astrid set included a demodulator to load signals through the serial port of any computer.

South Atlantic anomaly

As it went around the Earth it encountered data upsets, geo-located around the South Atlantic anomaly.

Status
According to a February 2008 status report the satellite had no viable battery backup, operating only from its solar panels, and a watchdog timer on board was suspending activity for up to three weeks following any power anomaly. At the time of the report it was experiencing continuous sunlight for the last time, with the prediction that "permanent eclipses" in its orbit would begin in the middle of March 2008, limiting transmissions to "a short time, possibly less [than] a single orbit, every 21 days." By April 2008 the updated prediction was that eclipses would continue until 2019.

After a 21-month gap in observations, UoSAT-2 resumed sending telemetry sometime before 10 December 2009, and is apparently continuing the watchdog-controlled transmission regime, though now on a ten-days-on, ten-days-off schedule.  Its condition has not otherwise improved apart from some recovery of battery power, allowing broadcasts to continue into each eclipse.

Current observation reports for UoSAT-2 can be viewed and logged at the Oscar Satellite Status Page.

1988 Ski-Trek arctic expedition
The satellite was instrumental in providing a communications link, known as Nordski Comm, from the Ski-Trek support teams to the expedition party.  The position of the skiers' emergency beacon was calculated daily by Cospas-Sarsat ground stations and relayed to them, and thousands of amateur radio listeners, as a spoken message from the Digitalker on board UoSAT-2.  The message could also serve as an emergency channel to the skiers in the event that all other radio links failed.

References

External links

AMSAT-UK
Twenty years in space... the UoSAT-2 launch video
Homepage DD1US / Sounds from Space – Recordings of UO-11 speech and telemetry

University of Surrey
Satellites orbiting Earth
Amateur radio satellites
Satellites of the United Kingdom
Spacecraft launched in 1984

UoSAT-2


La route régionale 858 () est une route régionale allant de Pintamo à Pudasjärvi jusqu'à Kuha à Ranua en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 858 est une route régionale d'Ostrobotnie du Nord  et de Laponie.

Parcours
 Poijula, Pudasjärvi
 Lehtovaara
 Rytinki
 Kelankylä, Ranua
 Kuha

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Cartes

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Seututie 858


Amalia Domingo Soler, née à Séville le 10 novembre 1835 et morte à Barcelone le  est une écrivaine féministe espagnole. Elle est considérée comme l'une des pionnières du spiritisme en Espagne.

Enfance et jeunesse
Amalia Domingo grandit à Séville, en Andalousie. Elle débute la poésie à dix ans, et commence à publier à dix-huit ans. Après des difficultés familiales et de santé, elle décide de faire sa vie à Madrid où, en proie à des ennuis financiers et sociaux, elle se tourne vers le spiritisme.

En 1872, elle publie une de ses poésies dans le journal spirite La Revelación, puis d'autres articles remarqués. Elle s'intègre rapidement au monde spirite madrilène.

Elle s'installe à Barcelone le 10 août 1876, invitée par le centre spirite La Buena Nueva, espérant trouver des meilleures conditions de vie et de travail dans une Barcelone à l'économie florissante. Elle y rencontre en 1879 son guide spirituel, le père Germán.

En 1888, avec la poétesse Rosario de Acuña, elle signe un manifeste adressé aux femmes pour exiger un travail digne, une éducation complète et le choix de leur vie.

Elle participe à la création de la première école laïque et gratuite, avec les féministes Ángeles López de Ayala et Teresa Claramunt. En 1891 est fondée par ces femmes la Sociedad Autónoma de Mujeres, considérée comme la première organisation féministe en Espagne. Elles militent pour les droits des femmes les plus fragiles, comme les ouvrières, les prostituées et les femmes des classes populaires.

En 1891, Amalia Domingo publie ses mémoires.

Elle meurt d'une pneumonie aiguë à l'âge de  dans le quartier de Gràcia. Ses obsèques, au cimetière de Montjuïc, rassemblent une grande foule.

Références

Liens externes

Décès à Barcelone
Naissance à Séville
Femme de lettres espagnole
Féministe espagnole
Spiritisme
Médium du XIXe siècle
Médium du XXe siècle
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Montjuïc

Amalia Domingo


An Dactyloctenium pilosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Dactyloctenium pilosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactyloctenium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactyloctenium

Dactyloctenium pilosum


Remscheid, Almanya'nın kuzeybatısında, Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyâletinde Düsseldorf iline bağlı bir kent.

Konum
Wupper Irmağının kıyısında, Ren Vadisinin aşağı kesimindeki ormanlık ve engebeli bir bölge olan Bergisches Land'ın merkezinde yer alır. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2005 itibarıyla 115.864'dir.

Tarihçe
11. yüzyılın sonunda Berg kontu tarafından Hospitalier tarikatına verildi. 1808'de berat aldı. 1929'da komşu Lennep ve Lüttringhausen kentleriyle birleşti. Alman fizikçi Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen'in doğum yeri olan Lennep'te Röntgen'in anısına yapılmış bir müze vardır.

Ekonomi

Güneydoğudaki Alt Irmağının üzerinde, Almanya'da içme suyu sağlayan 1891'de yapilan en eski baraj Eschbach baraji yer alır. Demir sanayisinin gelişkin olduğu kent alet üretiminde uzmanlaşmıştır.

Kardeş Şehir

Resimler

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

 Remscheid Belediyesinin resmi sitesi

Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya'daki şehirler
Bergisches Land
12. yüzyılda kurulan yerleşim birimleri

Remscheid


Agave bulliana ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave) in der Unterfamilie der Agavengewächse (Agavoideae). Das Artepitheton bulliana ehrt den Pflanzenhändler William Bull (1828–1902) aus Chelsea.

Beschreibung
Agave bulliana wächst meist einzeln. Ihre halbfleischigen Wurzeln besitzen ein drahtiges Zentrum. Die zylindrischen Rhizome sind 1 bis 3 Zentimeter lang und 1,5 bis 2,5 Zentimeter breit. Die zwei bis vier (selten ein bis fünf) papierartigen, dünnen und faserigen Laubblätter sind aufrecht oder gelegentlich etwas von der Mitte an zurückgebogen. Häufig sind sie verdreht. Die Laubblätter besitzen eine deutliche Mittelrippe und sind über dieser leicht rinnig. Die flache, breit wellige oder zurückgerollte Blattspreite ist linealisch-lanzettlich bis verkehrt lanzettlich und zu ihrer Basis hin verschmälert. Sie ist 20 bis 47 (selten bis 62) Zentimeter lang und 1,3 bis 5,2 (selten 0,7 bis 6,9) Zentimeter breit. Ihre hell- bis dunkelgrüne Oberfläche ist matt, zur Basis hin häufig magentafarben getupft und kann gefleckt sein. Die papillaten Blattadern stehen auf beiden Blattseiten leicht hervor. Die Fasern an den alten Blattbasen sind 7 bis 10 (selten bis 12,5) Zentimeter lang. Die sehr schmalen Blattränder sind hyalin, papillat bis ausgenagt-papillat oder papillat-gezähnelt.

Der "ährige" Blütenstand erreicht eine Höhe von 90 bis 200 Zentimeter und mehr. Der verlängerte blütentragende Teil ist 17,5 bis 47 (selten 9 bis 83,5) Zentimeter lang und trägt vier bis 22 blühende Knoten mit paarig angeordneten Blüten. Ihr Blütenstiel weist eine Länge von 3 bis 46 (selten bis 68) Millimeter auf. Die Blüten sind durch eine abrupte Biegung der Perigonröhre funktional hängend. Der ellipsoide Fruchtknoten ist 4 bis 8 (selten bis 12) Millimeter lang. Die Perigonblätter sind außen weiß, graugrün oder trübgrün und rot überhaucht. Innen sind sie weiß oder cremefarben. Die Röhre ist in der Mitte oder ein Drittel über dem Fruchtknoten gebogen. Sie ist unten schmal, über der Biegung abrupt erweitert und 15 bis 27 (selten ab 11) Millimeter lang. Die ausgebreiteten, breit dreieckigen Spitzen weisen eine Länge von 4 bis 9 (selten 3 bis 10) Millimeter auf. Der Griffel ist so lang wie die Röhre, oder auch länger. Die Blütezeit reicht vom späten Juli bis in den frühen September.

Die Früchte weisen eine Länge von 1 bis 1,9 Zentimeter und eine Breite von 1 bis 1,4 Zentimeter auf. Sie enthalten 2,5 bis 3 Millimeter lange und 3,4 bis 4 Millimeter breite Samen.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave bulliana ist in den  mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Durango, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Nayarit, Michoacán und Zacatecas an trockenen Felshängen und Straßeneinschnitten, in Kiefern-Eichen-Grasland oder in schattigen, feuchten Tobeln in Höhenlagen von 1150 bis 3100 Metern  verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Polianthes mexicana durch Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini wurde 1837 veröffentlicht. Joachim Thiede und Urs Eggli stellten die Art 1999 in die Gattung Agave. Da bereits die Art Agave mexicana  (1783) existierte, leiteten sie den neuen Namen vom zweitältesten Synonym Bravoa bulliana  (1884) ab. Weitere Synonyme sind Prochnyanthes bulliana (Baker) Baker (1895), Prochnyanthes mexicana  (1903) und Prochnyanthes viridescens {{Person">S.Watson}} (1887).

Die Art gehört in die Untergattung Manfreda und wird dort als einzige Art der Prochnyanthes-Gruppe zugeordnet.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weiterführende Literatur
 Arturo Castro-Castro, Aarón Rodríguez, Georgina Vargas-Amado, Raymundo Ramírez-Delgadillo: Variación Morfológica del Género Prochnyanthes (Agavaceae). In: Acta Botánica Mexicana. Nummer 92, 2010, S. 29–49.
 R. McVaugh: Prochnyanthes S. Wats. In: Flora Novo-Galiciana. Band 15, 1989 (online).

Weblinks

 Fotos

Agaven
Bulliana

Agave bulliana


Eugen Diederichs (22 iunie 1867 – 10 septembrie 1930) a fost un editor german, fondator și proprietar al editurii Eugen Diederichs Verlag.

Biografie
S-a născut în localitatea Löbitz din provincia Saxonia a Regatului Prusiei.

Diederichs a fondat o editură la Florența (Italia) în anul 1896. S-a mutat apoi la Leipzig, unde a publicat primele opere literare ale lui Hermann Hesse, și de acolo la Jena, în 1904. A început publicarea revistei Die Tat în 1912. Editura lui, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, a jucat un rol central în cadrul mișcării conservatoare revoluționare sau neo-conservatoare din Germania la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea.

Diedrichs s-a căsătorit cu Helene Voigt în 1898; cuplul s-a despărțit în 1911. El s-a recăsătorit cu scriitoarea Lulu von Strauß und Torney în 1916. Diederichs a murit la Jena, în 1930.

Începând din 1988, Diederichs a devenit o marcă a editurii germane Hugendubel.

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1867
Decese în 1930
Editori germani

Eugen Diederichs


Armutu, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Yerleşim yerleri
 Armutlu - Yalova ili ilçesi
 Armutlu, Aksaray - Aksaray ili merkez ilçesine bağlı belde
 Armutlu, Kemalpaşa - İzmir ili Kemalpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Çay - Afyonkarahisar ili Çay ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Patnos - Ağrı ili Patnos ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Suluova - Amasya ili Suluova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Elmalı - Antalya ili Elmalı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Efeler - Aydın ili Efeler ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Kepsut - Balıkesir ili Kepsut ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Sındırgı - Balıkesir ili Sındırgı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Bayburt - Bayburt ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Çermik - Diyarbakır ili Çermik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, İspir - Erzurum ili İspir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Alucra - Giresun ili Alucra ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Şarkikaraağaç - Isparta ili Şarkikaraağaç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Taşköprü - Kastamonu ili Taşköprü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Keskin - Kırıkkale ili Keskin ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Çiçekdağı - Kırşehir ili Çiçekdağı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Demirci - Manisa ili Demirci ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Çayeli - Rize ili Çayeli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Asarcık - Samsun ili Asarcık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Sivas - Sivas ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutlu, Sürmene - Trabzon ili Sürmene ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Armutlu, Eşme - Uşak ili Banaz ilçesine bağlı köy

Armutlu (anlam ayrımı)


En 2020, la population luxembourgeoise s'élève à approximativement  personnes, dont presque la moitié sont des étrangers. La part de la population étrangère s'élève à 48% et les Portugais représentent 15,6% de la population totale. Cette présence portugaise non négligeable au grand-duché est due à une immigration et un établissement ininterrompu depuis les années 1950. Le statut d'immigré portugais au Luxembourg a connu de nombreux changements à travers le temps et différentes entreprises légales et administratives ont permis la régularisation à part entière de cette population ancrée dans la société luxembourgeoise depuis la deuxième moitié du .

L'immigration portugaise au Luxembourg fut très diverse selon les temporalités et son encadrement légal se fit en plusieurs étapes. Dépendamment de la période et de la situation de travail lors de l'arrivée, le statut de l'immigré portugais au Luxembourg pouvait fortement varier. Bien que l'accord bilatéral ratifié en 1972 ait offert un cadre légal à l'immigration portugaise et ait régularisé de nombreux clandestins, il fallut attendre l'adhésion du Portugal à la CEE en 1986 pour que l'immigrant portugais profite entièrement des droits civiques au Luxembourg. Finalement, les motivations des migrants pouvaient varier selon le sexe : bien que les deux sexes fussent attirés par les conditions de vie du Luxembourg, l'émancipation a joué un rôle important dans l'immigration des Portugaises au Luxembourg.

Contexte historique
L'émigration joue un rôle important dans l'histoire du Portugal ; alors que pendant son ère coloniale l'émigration portugaise se faisait surtout en outre-mer, le déclin des empires coloniaux y mit fin. L'industrialisation importante et le fleurissement économique de l'Europe centrale en firent une nouvelle destination migratoire. Bien que la Seconde Guerre mondiale n'affecte que marginalement le Portugal, la situation économique et politique du pays laissait à désirer au . En effet, le Estado Novo dirigeait le pays d'une main de fer et nombreux furent les Portugais à prendre la décision d'émigrer. Manque d'emplois et salaires bas, infrastructures rudimentaires ou la peur d'être envoyé dans la guerre coloniale en Afrique, telles ne furent que quelques raisons pour ce choix de quitter le pays natal. Ces flux migratoires aboutissaient majoritairement aux États-Unis, au Canada, en France et en Allemagne. Entre 1960 et 1974, on estime qu'environ  de Portugais émigrèrent et ce pour une population avoisinant les  d'habitants.

L'immigration clandestine
L'immigration portugaise vers le Luxembourg débuta dans les années 1950 à une époque où le Luxembourg souffrait d'une pénurie de main d'œuvre. Or, le manque d'accords bilatéraux encadrant les flux migratoires entre le Luxembourg et le Portugal fit d'une importante partie des immigrés portugais des clandestins. Des  Portugais ayant quitté le pays en 1966,  le firent illégalement et c'est parmi ces derniers que l'on retrouve de nombreux immigrés portugais au Luxembourg. Cette situation irrégulière pesa lourd pour cette population encore marginale : on note par exemple la peur de se voir rapatrié et l'exploitation de cette force de travail non-déclarée. Cette situation d'irrégularité est bien étudiée en France : 90% des immigrants portugais arrivés dans l'Hexagone en 1969-1970 le firent illégalement. On estime qu'environ  des  Portugais installés au Luxembourg en 1970 était en situation irrégulière. En effet, sans garantie d'emploi lors de l'arrivée au Luxembourg, la régularisation des Portugais était très compliquée et l'État luxembourgeois imposait certaines restrictions dont la nécessité d'avoir un lieu de logement et un emploi à la clé lors de l'arrivée. De plus, le taux de qualification et d'alphabétisation étant assez bas et la part immigrante portugaise étant assez démunie, le processus de régularisation se compliquait d'autant plus. Le témoignage d'un immigrant clandestin Portugais au Luxembourg reflète bien cette époque peu régularisée des flux migratoires entre les deux États :

Cette prise de risque et le courage d'affronter l'inconnu reflète le désespoir de nombreux portugais confrontés à des conditions de vie intenables au Portugal.

L'immigration et l'accord bilatéral entre le Luxembourg et le Portugal ratifié en 1972
Ce n'est qu'en 1970 que les gouvernements luxembourgeois et portugais se rassemblent pour légalement encadrer ces flux migratoires qui ne cessent d'augmenter. Signé en 1970 et ratifié au Luxembourg en 1972, la convention de travail entre ces deux nations encadra non seulement l'arrivée de nouveaux Portugais au Luxembourg, mais elle régularisa de même la situation des immigrés clandestins arrivés préalablement. Motivée par une nécessité de main d'œuvre croissante au Luxembourg, cet accord a eu un impact considérable sur le solde migratoire Portugais. Alors que le recensement de 1970 affiche  Portugais installés au Luxembourg, en 1981 le pays compte déjà  lusitaniens. Le nombre d'arrivées par an est plus frappant : alors qu'entre 1956 et 1972 on compte l'arrivée de  immigrants portugais légaux au Luxembourg, en 1973 et 1974 le chiffre est de 2870 et 2123 respectivement. Or, cet accord ne fut pas synonyme de libre circulation de personnes entre ces deux États. Si en 1973  Portugais rejoignent le Luxembourg légalement, l'immigration totale se solde à  personnes. L'accord bilatéral ne fut donc pas suffisant pour régler la question de l'immigration illégale.

L'immigration et l'adhésion du Portugal à la CEE

Il faudra attendre l'adhésion du Portugal à la Communauté économique européenne (CEE, devenue de l'Union européenne en 1993) en janvier 1986 pour voir disparaitre le statut de clandestin. Bien que l'Accord de Schengen, dont 7 des 33 articles portent sur l'immigration et la libre circulation de personnes, ne soit entré en vigueur qu'en mars 1995, l'adhésion du Portugal à la CEE se fit rapidement ressentir par la population portugaise au Luxembourg. Ainsi, tout type d'autorisation de travail ou carte conditionnant le changement de travail ou d'employeur fut aboli. De plus, tout résident portugais se retrouvait à présent en situation régulière et profitait des mêmes droits et conditions de travail que les citoyens luxembourgeois. Encore, depuis l'adhésion à la CEE, le rassemblement familial ne connaît aucune restriction et l'accès au travail et au chômage deviennent des droits à part entière de la population portugaise au Luxembourg. Finalement, l'adhésion apporta un changement de la perception de la population portugaise au Luxembourg : en effet, le profil des lusitains n'était plus celui des analphabètes et primitifs, mais celui d'une population aux valeurs européennes. Et des centaines de fonctionnaires Portugais vinrent travailler dans les institutions européennes dont la Cour de justice ou la Délégation de la Commission. Toutes ces conditions stimulèrent l'immigration portugaise au grand-duché : ainsi, entre 1981 et 1991, le nombre de personnes détenant la nationalité portugaise au Luxembourg passe de  à  personnes. À titre comparatif et dans la même temporalité, la population française au Luxembourg passe de  à  personnes, celle des Allemands de  à  et celle des Italiens de  à .

Les femmes et l'immigration
Quand on parle de l'immigration au Luxembourg, on a tendance à penser à des hommes venus travailler dans des mines, des usines ou dans la construction. Certes, tel fut le cas pendant de nombreuses décennies, mais l'immigration portugaise depuis les années 1970 est marquée par une augmentation de l'immigration féminine. En effet, le Portugal est un pays ancré dans sa culture largement influencée par le catholicisme et le statut des femmes, surtout dans le , est un sujet tabou. Après la ratification de la convention de travail bilatérale en 1972, le nombre de femmes immigrants au Luxembourg originaires du Portugal dépasse celui des hommes. Ceci est en partie dû au regroupement familial à la suite de la régularisation du statut des hommes portugais. Cependant, une étude de l'université Lille II en France considère que l'immigration féminine a été poussée par le désir d'émancipation : d'après cette thèse, de nombreuses femmes, incapables d'aborder leur futur dans un contexte rural et de soumission maritale au Portugal, auraient décider d'émigrer au Luxembourg afin d'obtenir un meilleur statut.

Intégration
En 2017, environ un habitant sur cinq du Luxembourg est d'origine portugaise. Selon José Antonio Coimbra de Matos, ancien président de la Confédération de la communauté portugaise au Luxembourg, il s'agit certainement dans le monde de la « plus forte proportion de Portugais par rapport à la population autochtone ». Le Luxembourg a eu besoin de l'immigration car elle permettait un afflux de travailleurs soutenant son développement économique, notamment la construction, ou par exemple le textile et la carrière dans la région de Larochette. Plus tard, l'appel de travailleurs par le Luxembourg a répondu au développement des services internationaux comme les banques ou des institutions européennes.

D'après José Correia, rédacteur en chef de l'hebdomadaire lusophone Contacto, l'intégration des immigrés portugais, des « blancs, catholiques et réputés travailleurs », a été facile. Selon José Correia, même si le travail est la première des motivations à l'immigration portugaise vers le Luxembourg, les immigrés, quoiqu'ils puissent dire pendant qu'ils travaillent encore, ne rentrent que rarement au Portugal lorsqu'il arrive à la retraite : le retour est « un mythe ». Le Quotidien confirme ce constat, se basant sur des données du Statec, qui affirme qu'« aucun mouvement de retour massif (…) n'est observé », ce qui selon Le Quotidien est « signe d'une bonne intégration ».

Hormis le travail, la RTBF évoque comme facteur d'intégration la religion catholique, pratiquée par les Luxembourgeois comme les portugais. La RTBF ne voit qu'un seul bémol à l'intégration des portugais : la difficulté qu'ils ont à faire valoir leur souhait de pouvoir continuer à parler le portugais, dans un contexte où les autorités politiques luxembourgeoises font la promotion du luxembourgeois face à une immigration croissante. La RTBF indique cependant que le Portugal et le Luxembourg se sont entendus pour donner plus de place à l'apprentissage du portugais dans l'enseignement.

D'abord dévolu à l'Action catholique, le travail d'intégration des immigrés va peu à peu se réaliser grâce à la vie sociale, la formation et les échanges culturels. En 1969, des Luxembourgeois créent l'association L'Amitié Portugal-Luxembourg (à cette époque, les non-Luxembourgeois ne pouvaient pas créer d'association), qui est la première association se vouant aux immigrés portugais. L'association s'occupe dans un premier temps des besoins matériels des immigrés, puis assez rapidement met en place de nombreuses activités, dont des formations à la langue luxembourgeoise ainsi que la création du journal Contacto, hebdomadaire lusophone. Deux présidents de l'association, Guy Reger et Lucien Huss, ont été décorés par l'état luxembourgeois pour leur investissement auprès des immigrés. Malgré l'effort réalisé, Guy Reger estime qu'il subsiste encore des barrières entre immigrés portugais et Luxembourgeois autochtones en 2020. Par exemple, l'image du portugais « ouvrier ou femme de ménage » persiste, même s'il existe désormais des enseignants d'origine portugaise, et que Félix Braz, Portugais d'origine, est devenu ministre. Guy Reger estime également qu'un désir de « repli sur soi » est de plus en plus important au Luxembourg, avec une peur de l'immigration, le pire étant les commentaires xénophobes sur les réseaux sociaux. Guy Reger fait un bilan avec des éléments positifs, comme les  adhésions au centre de formation de l'association en 2019, et des éléments négatifs, comme la difficulté à trouver des lieux, alors que certaines salles communales sont très peu utilisées, mais refusées à l'association, avec une fois pour argument : « les étrangers sont des voleurs ». Guy Reger note également que les Luxembourgeois ont refusé de donner le droit de vote pour les législatives aux non-Luxembourgeois lors du référendum de 2015. Il conclut qu'il reste un chemin à parcourir pour parfaire l'intégration des non-Luxembourgeois.

Années 2010
À partir du début des années 2010, l'immigration portugaise au Luxembourg n'est plus une part essentielle de l'immigration : les Français deviennent la première nationalité parmi les immigrés, et l'immigration, d'une manière générale, se diversifie, avec moins d'immigrés du sud de l'Europe, et de nouvelles nationalités comme l'Inde, la Roumanie, l'Érythrée (principalement des demandes d'asile) ou le Brésil.

Références

Bibliographie

Luxembourg
Démographie au Luxembourg

Immigration portugaise au Luxembourg


Monia Mazigh () (born 1970) is a Canadian author and academic best known for her efforts to free her husband Maher Arar from a Syrian prison. A resident of Ottawa, Ontario, she was the New Democratic Party candidate for the riding of Ottawa South, a traditionally Liberal riding, in the 2004 federal election. In June 2015 she was appointed National Coordinator of the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group.

Early life and education
Mazigh was born and raised in Tunisia and emigrated to Canada in 1991, at the age of 21. She has a PhD in financial economics from McGill University and speaks Arabic, English and French fluently. In 2000, she started working for the University of Ottawa as a research assistant and later as a French-language instructor. She has stated that until 2002, her goal was to become a professor instead of a politician.

The Maher Arar case and political activism
Mazigh first entered the public spotlight when her husband was deported to Syria in 2002 by the US government, on suspicion of terrorist links. He was tortured and held without charge for over a year before being returned to Canada. Mazigh joined with a number of human rights groups to press the government for his release. She appeared frequently in the media and was widely respected for her tireless efforts. Of her willingness to speak out, she has said that she was never afraid: "I had lost my life. I didn't have more to lose."

She was courted by the Liberal Party, but chose to stand as a candidate for the NDP. Mazigh had reportedly grown personally close with NDP foreign affairs critic, and former federal leader, Alexa McDonough, and she perceived the NDP as having been more emphatic than the other parties in calling for her husband's release. During a leaders' debate, NDP leader Jack Layton said that the party was proud to have her as a candidate. However, Mazigh's candidacy was unusual in that Mazigh personally does not support same-sex marriage; had she been elected she would have been the only NDP MP, alongside Desmond McGrath, NDP candidate in the riding of Random-Burin-St. George's in Newfoundland and Labrador, to oppose same-sex marriage by abstaining from a vote. While campaigning Mazigh said that she would abstain if Parliament was ever called to vote on the issue because of her reluctance to vote against a human rights issue. She also joined several individuals and groups in criticizing the NDP's more friendly attitude to Israel following the departure of Svend Robinson from the role of foreign affairs critic.

She ran against but lost to Liberal candidate David McGuinty, the brother of Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty. Despite finishing third, her 8,080 votes were the highest the NDP has ever won in Ottawa South federally or provincially until Henri Sader won 8,138 votes in 2006.

After running in the election, she worked for a while as a policy researcher at NDP headquarters in Ottawa. Some of her areas of expertise included economics (such as budget issues) and child care. She was employed as a professor of finance, at Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, British Columbia for about one year until spring 2007. She currently resides in Ottawa.

In 2011, Mazigh endorsed the Canadian Boat to Gaza, part of the Freedom Flotilla 2  which aims to end the Israeli blockade imposed on the 1.6 million Palestinian civilians living in the Gaza Strip.

Her book Gendered Islamophobia: My Journey with a Scar(f) was shortlisted for the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 2023 Governor General's Awards.

Electoral record

|- bgcolor="white"
|align="right" colspan=3|Difference
|align="right"|5,334
|align="right"|8.95
|align="right"|-17.9
|- bgcolor="white"
|align="right" colspan=3|Rejected Ballots
|align="right"|361
|align="right"|0.61
|align="right"|+0.2
|- bgcolor="white"
|align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
|align="right"|59,591
|align="right"|69.67
|align="right"|+7.7
|- bgcolor="white"

Bibliography
 Hope and Despair: My Struggle to Free My Husband, Maher Arar (2008)
 Mirrors and Mirages (2010)
 Hope Has Two Daughters (2017)

References

External links
rabble.ca Column
Monia Mazigh Blog
Twitter

1970 births
Living people
McGill University alumni
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Politicians from Ottawa
Canadian Muslims
Tunisian emigrants to Canada
Ontario candidates for Member of Parliament
Women in Ontario politics
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election

Monia Mazigh


Das Museum Warschau-Praga (polnisch: Muzeum Warszawskiej Pragi) ist das bislang einzige Museum Warschaus auf der rechten Weichselseite. Es ist der Geschichte des Warschauer Stadtbezirks Praga gewidmet. Derzeit werden Wechselausstellungen in provisorisch hergerichteten Räumen der ehemaligen "Koneser"-Wodkafabrik (Ulica Ząbkowska 23/25) durchgeführt; ab 2014 soll ein derzeit in Sanierung und Umbau befindliches Gebäudeensemble an der Ulica Targowa 50/52 bezogen werden.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 2006 beschloss der Warschauer Stadtrat die Einrichtung eines Museums zur Geschichte Pragas. Die Bezeichnung "Praga" wird hierbei im weiteren Sinne verstanden; sie bezieht historische Ortschaften und heutige Stadtteile wie Bródno, Białołęka, Gocław, Grochów, Kamionek, Saska Kępa, Skaryszew, Tarchomin, Targówek oder Zerzeń mit ein. Das Museum ist als Zweigstelle dem Museum von Warschau angeschlossen; die Finanzierung obliegt somit der Stadt Warschau.

Bis zum Bezug des zukünftigen Sitzes des Museums finden in Räumen der nahegelegenen, ehemaligen Wodakabrik "Koneser" Ausstellungen statt. So wurde von Mai bis September 2001 anlässlich des 100. Gründungstages der Pfadfinderbewegung in Praga eine Ausstellung zur Geschichte dieser Einheit gezeigt. Von Oktober bis Dezember 2011 wurde zu den nicht mehr genutzten, evangelischen Friedhöfen in Białołęka informiert. Eine historische Fotoausstellung zur Freizeitgestaltung der Bewohner Pragas findet von Mai bis September 2012 statt. Bis auf Weiteres befinden sich hier auch die Verwaltungsräume des Museums.

Zukünftiger Museumssitz
Drei aneinandergebaute historische Gebäude an der Hauptverkehrsstraße Targowa sowie ein Hinterhof mit entsprechender Bebauung wird zukünftig als Sitz des Museums dienen. Die Lage und die Gebäude selbst sind mit der Geschichte des Stadtteils eng verbunden. An den Hinterhof schließt sich unmittelbar der weithin bekannte und ebenfalls historische Bazarmarkt "Różycki" an, der auch beidseitig des Museums zugänglich ist. Die Häuserzeile an der Targowa besteht (von Norden nach Süden) aus dem Krzyżanowski-Gebäude, dem ältesten Ziegelhaus der Gegend vom ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert, dem mittleren Sokołowski-Haus von 1873 sowie dem Rothblith-Haus, das in den Jahren 1829 bis 1830 errichtet wurde. Die Keller der beiden südlichen Gebäude sind älter, sie stammen ebenfalls etwa vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Als zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts die gegenüberliegende Ulica Kępna über die Targowa hinaus verlängert wurde, musste ein Teil des Rothblith-Hauses abgerissen werden.

Im Hinterhof befindet sich ein altes Nebengebäude. Außerdem wird hier ein modernes Verwaltungs- und Veranstaltungsgebäude errichtet, das den Hof zur Kępna und dem Bazar abschließen wird. Die Ausstellung selbst wird interaktiv ausgestaltet sein. Neben der Darstellung historischer Werkstätten und einer Sammlung von Ikonen wird es gesprochene Installationen und ein Café geben. Das Museum soll auch als Stätte für lokale Treffen und Ausbildung, Forschung sowie Kunstveranstaltungen dienen.

Sanierung und Umbau
Die Häuserzeile wird entkernt, komplett saniert und den Museumsanforderungen entsprechend umgebaut. Das Nebengebäude im Hof wird ebenfalls saniert. Zur Kępna und dem Bazar wird ein ungefähr rechtwinkeliger, dreigeschossiger Betonneubau errichtet. Die Umbaukosten betragen 38 Millionen Złoty (etwa 9 Mio. Euro) und werden zu etwa einem Drittel aus Mitteln des Regionalentwicklungsfonds (OPI&E) der Europäischen Union mitfinanziert. Die Fertigstellung und Eröffnung des neuen Museums ist für 2014 geplant.

Synagoge (Ulica Targowa)
In dem äußerlich unauffälligen, historischen Nebengebäude auf der Hofseite befindet sich eine ehemalige Synagoge. Das Gebäude stammt vermutlich aus dem Jahr 1794, das jüdische Gebetshaus wurde hier 1869 eingerichtet. Bereits ab 1839 befand sich in dem Gebäude eine jüdische Grundschule. Das Innere der Synagoge stammt aus den Jahren 1873 und 1874; zwei Innenräume enthalten Fragmente von 1996 freigelegten Wandmalereien. Die Polychromie beinhalten Tierkreiszeichen des hebräischen Kalenders sowie Szenen aus dem jüdischen Leben (so z. B. Betende an der Klagemauer und am Grab der Rachel in Betlehem).

Siehe auch
 Liste der Museen in Warschau

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Weblinks

 The Warsaw's Praga Museum - branch of Historical Museum of Warsaw. Webseite des Museums (englisch)

Praga-Północ
Warschau-Praga
Bauwerk in Warschau
Geschichte von Warschau
Warschau-Praga
Geplantes Bauwerk in Polen

Museum Warschau-Praga


Quentin Merlin, né le  à Nantes (Loire-Atlantique), est un footballeur français qui évolue au poste d'arrière gauche ou ailier gauche au FC Nantes.

Biographie

En club
Né à Nantes en France, Quentin Merlin est formé au FC Nantes. Il est intégré au groupe professionnel au début de l'année 2021, faisant sa première apparition le , lors d'une rencontre de coupe de France face au RC Lens. Il entre à la mi-temps à la place de Ludovic Blas et son équipe s'incline sur le score de quatre buts à deux. Le  de la même année, il signe son premier contrat professionnel, le liant au club jusqu'en .

Alors qu'il a été formé au poste d'ailier gauche, Merlin est régulièrement utilisé au poste d'arrière gauche par Antoine Kombouaré lors de ses débuts, en raison notamment du manque de joueurs fiable à ce poste. Le , le gaucher marque face au Paris Saint-Germain le second but d'un match remporté 3-1 par les Canaris. Ses performances lui valent le titre de meilleur joueur du FC Nantes en février et mars 2022. Le , Quentin Merlin prolonge son contrat avec le FC Nantes jusqu'en . Il remporte le premier trophée de sa carrière, la Coupe de France, en étant titularisé le , lors de la finale de l'édition 2021-2022. Le FC Nantes s'impose par un but à zéro grâce à un centre de Merlin contré de la main par un joueur niçois dans la surface de réparation : le pénalty est ensuite transformé par Blas.

En sélection
Quentin Merlin représente l'équipe de France des moins de 17 ans de 2018 à 2019 pour un total de six matchs joués.

Il reçoit notamment deux sélections en équipe de France des moins de 20 ans lors de l'année 2021.

En , il est convoqué pour la première fois avec l'équipe de France espoirs, mais il doit finalement déclarer forfait en raison d'une blessure. Merlin fait finalement ses débuts avec les espoirs le 2 juin 2022 contre la Serbie. Il entre en jeu et les jeunes français l'emportent par deux buts à zéro.

Palmarès

En club
Avec le FC Nantes, Quentin Merlin remporte la Coupe de France en 2022 et en est finaliste en 2023.

Distinction individuelle

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur français
Joueur du FC Nantes
Naissance en mai 2002
Naissance à Nantes

Quentin Merlin


L'attouchement, en géométrie, est le point où deux lignes se touchent sans se couper. L'attouchement est appelé :

 point de tangence lorsque l'une des lignes est droite et l'autre courbe ;
 point de contact lorsqu'il s'agit de deux courbes.

Notes et références

Géométrie différentielle classique

Attouchement (géométrie)


زافيتي إليتشا (خاباروفسك كراي): مدينة في مقاطعة خاباروفسك كراي في روسيا.

زافيتي إليتشا (توضيح)


Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam est une expression sanskrite trouvée dans des textes hindous tels que le Maha Upanishad, qui signifie .

Traduction
La phrase Vasudhaiva Kuṭumbakam () se compose de plusieurs mots :  (la terre),  (est ainsi) et  (famille).

Histoire

 अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम्। (ayaṃ nijaḥ paro veti gaṇanā laghucetasām)
 उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्॥ (udāracaritānāṃ tu vasudhaiva kuṭumbakam)

Le verset original apparaît au chapitre 6 de Maha Upanishad VI.71-73. Également présente dans le Rig Veda, elle est considérée comme la valeur morale la plus importante dans la société indienne. Ce verset de Maha Upanishad est gravé à l'entrée du parlement de l'Inde.

Les ślokas suivants poursuivent en disant que ceux qui n'ont aucun attachement continuent à trouver le Brahman (le seul Esprit suprême et universel qui est l'origine et le support de l'univers phénoménal). Le contexte de ce verset est de décrire comme l'un des attributs d'un individu qui a atteint le plus haut niveau de progrès spirituel et qui est capable d'accomplir ses devoirs mondains sans attachement aux possessions matérielles.

Influences
Le texte a eu une influence sur la majorité de la littérature hindoue qui l'a suivi. Le populaire Bhagavata Purana, le plus traduit du genre de littérature Purana dans l'hindouisme, par exemple, appelle l'adage Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam du Maha Upanishad, comme .

Le  N. Radhakrishnan, ancien directeur du Gandhi Smriti et du Darshan Samiti, estime que la vision gandhienne du développement holistique et du respect de toutes les formes de vie ; la résolution non-violente des conflits ancrée dans l'acceptation de la non-violence à la fois comme credo et comme stratégie ; étaient une extension de l'ancien concept indien de Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.

Références dans le monde moderne
Le Premier ministre indien Narendra Modi a utilisé cette phrase dans un discours au World Culture Festival, organisé par Art of Living, ajoutant que .

Articles connexes
 Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
 In varietate concordia
 Hindutva
 We Are the World
 Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir

Références

Bibliographie

Lectures complémentaires

  Nouvelles formes de mise en valeur d'attachements spirituels à l'environnement en Inde

Terme sanskrit

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam


نسبة للبر
 بري بري مرض عصبي

 بري (فيلم) (2014) فيلم أمريكي

 بري تيرنر (1978 - ) ممثلة أمريكية
 بري فان دي كامب إحدى شخصيات مسلسل ربات بيوت يائسات
  بري اللاماب ، حي من أحياء مدينة الخرطوم
 بري المحس ، من أحياء الخرطوم القديمة
  نادي بري ، أحد الأندية الرياضية بالعاصمة السودانية الخرطوم
طالع أيضا

بري (توضيح)


Varyans Analizi (veya ANOVA,  İngilizce ANalysis Of VAriance sözcüklerinin kısaltması) istatistik bilim dalında, grup ortalamaları ve (gruplar içi ve gruplar arası varyasyon gibi) bunlara bağlı olan işlemleri analiz etmek için kullanılan bir istatistiksel modeller koleksiyonudur. Varyans Analizi kullanılmaktayken belirlenmiş bir değişkenin gözlemlenen varyansı farklı değişim kaynaklarına dayandırılabilen varyans bileşenine ayrılır. En basit şekliyle varyans analizi birkaç grubun ortalamalarının birbirine eşit mi eşit değil mi olduğunu sınamak için bir çıkarımsal istatistik sınaması olur ve bu sınama iki-grup için yapılan t-test sınamasını çoklu-gruplar için genelleştirir. Eğer, çoklu  değişkenli analiz için birbiri arkasından çoklu iki-örneklemli-t-sınaması yapmak istenirse bunun I. tip hata yapma olasılığını artırma sonucu doğurduğu aşikardır. Bu nedenle, üç veya daha fazla sayıda (gruplar için veya değişkenler için) ortalamaların ististiksel anlamlığının sınama ile karşılaştırılması için Varyans Analizleri daha faydalı olacağı gerçeği ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Kısacası, ANOVA bir parametrik çıkarımsal metodu olup anakütle ortalamaları arasında farkın olup olmadığını sınamak için kullanılır. Örneğin, 'Opel ile Toyota marka araçların benzin tüketim ortalamaları aynıdır' H0 hipotezinin sınaması yapılır. Sonuç, "ortalamalar aynıdır" veya "ortalamalar aynı değildir" şeklinde çıkartılır. Bu analizdeki iki değişken arasında lineer bağlantı için (regresyon analizinde yapıldığı gibi) herhangi bir eğim katsayısı bulunmadığı kabul edilir. ANOVA analizi yapılabilmesi için en temel şart, ortalamaları incelenecek olan anakütlelerin varyanslarının aynı olmasıdır.

Bu yöntem ilk defa İngiliz istatistikçi ve genetikçi Ronald Fisher tarafından 1920'lı ve 1930'lu yıllarda geliştirilmiştir. Genel olarak istatistiksel anlamlılık sınamaları içinde F-dağılımı'nı kullanmaları ile karakterize edildikleri için bazen bu analize Fisher'in Varyans Analizi adı da verilmektedir.

Arka plan ve terminoloji

Varyans analizi deneysel verilerin analiz edilmesi için özellikle pratikte çok defa kullanılan özel bir  istatistikel hipotez sınaması şeklidir. İstatistiksel hipotez sınaması bir veriler kullanarak karar vermek yöntemidir. Bir örneklem ve sıfır hipotezden hesaplanmış sınama sonucunun istatistiksel anlamsal olduğunu bildirmek bu sonucun (sıfır hipotezin doğru olduğu kabul edilirse) şans eseri olarak ortaya çıkmasının pek olası olmadığını bildirmek ve kabul etmektir. (Eğer bir olasılık p-değeri bir anlamlılık seviyesi eşik değerinden daha düşük ise) bir istatistiksel anlamlı sonuç sıfır hipotezi'nin reddedilmesini haklı çıkartır.

Varyans analizinin uygulandığı tipik bir problemde sıfır hipotez basitçe tüm grupların aynı anakütleden ayrı ayrı basit olasılık örneklemleri ile elde edildiğidir. Bu ise bütün sağaltım işlemlerinin aynı etki (hatta hiçbir etki) vermediğine işaret etmektedir. Böylece sıfır hipotezin reddedilmesi değişik sağaltım işlemlerinin değişme yaratan etkileri olduğunu kabul etmeyi ima etmektedir.

Çıkarımsal istatistik ana kurulma kurallarına göre hipotez sınaması I. Tip Hata yapma haddini (yani hatalı bilimsel iddialara yol açan hatalı pozitifleri) bir anlamlılık seviyesi ile sınırlamaktadır. Deneyciler aynı zamanda II. Tip hataları (yani bilimsel bulguları çıkartma fırsatının kaçırılmasına neden olan hatalı negatifleri) sınırlamak istemektedirler. II. Tip Hata haddi çeşitleri nedenlerin fonksiyonudur ve bunlar arasında şunlar bulunur: (a) Örneklem büyüklüğü (deneylem maliyetleri ile pozitif korelasyonlu olarak birlikte değişir). (b) Anlamlılık seviyesi (ispat için gereken standartlar çok sıkı ise bir yapılabilecek bir bulgu gözden kaçırma olasılıkları da yüksek olmaktadır). (c) Etki büyüklüğü (etkiler herhangi bir alelade gözlemciye çok aşikar görünmekteyse II. Tip Hata yapma olasılığı düşüktür.)

Varyans analizi için kullanılan terminoloji istatistiksel çoğunlukla deneysel tasarım için kullanılan terimlerle aynıdır. Deney yapan, bir "etki"yi tespit etmek girişimi ile "faktörler"'i ayarlar ve "yanıtlar"ı ölçer. Sonuçların geçerliliğini sağlamak için "faktörler"i deneyleme birimlerine "rassallaştırma" ve "bloklama" karışımı ile ulaştırır. Deneysel "körleştirme" ağırlıkların tarafsız olmasını sağlar. "Yanıt"lar, kısmen etki sonucu olarak kısmen de rassal hata dolayısıyla, bir değişebilirlik gösterir.

Varyans analizi çeşitli düşünce tarzlarının bir sentezidir ve çok değişik maksatlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu analizi çok özlu veya kesinlikle tanımlamak gayet zordur.

Dengeli veriler için klasik varyans analizi üç değişik şeyi aynı anda yapmaktadır:
 Veri açıklama analizi: Varyans analizi toplamalı verilerin ayrışımın organize edilmesidir. Bunun karesel toplamı ayrışımın her bileşenin varyansını (yahut eşit anlamalı olarak bir lineer modelin terimlerini) göstermektedir.
 Ortalama karelerin karşılastırılması: F-sınamaları ile...  modellerin iç-içine geçmiş ardışıklı olarak sınanmasını sağlama.
 Varyans analizi ile çok yakın ilişkili olarak bir lineer modelin katsayı kestirimleri ve standart hataları ile verilere uygulanması.

Kısaca ifade ile varyans analizi çözümlenen veriler için bir açıklama geliştirme ve doğrulaması için birkaç çeşit analiz yolu olarak kullanılan istatistiksel alettir.

Buna ek olarak
 Analiz için hesaplamaların "zarif" olduğu ve sonuçlarının varsayımlarının ihlalleri hallerine karşı nispeten güçlü olduğu bilinmektedir.
 Varyans analizi (çoklu örneklem karşılaştırmaları ile) sanayi için uygun güçlü analiz sağlamaktadır.
 Çok çeşitli deneylem tasarımının analizi için hemen adapte edilebilmektedir.

Bu nedenle
Varyans analizi "psikoloji bilimi araştırmalarında en çok kullanılan (bazılarına göre en kötüye kullanılan) istatistik tekniği olma statüsünde pek uzun zamandır kalmıştır.".
 Varyans analizi "mutlaka çıkarımsal istatistik alanında en çok kullanışlı teknik olduğu " iddia edilebilir."

Varyans analizinin özellikle karmaşık deneysel tasarılar için öğretilmesi ve öğrenilmesi gayet zordur ve bu arada "sınırlandırılmış rassallaştırma" konusu gayet kötü şöhret yapmıştır.  Bazı hallerde yöntemin tam uygunlukla kullanılabilmesi için, önce görüntülü tanıma yöntemi ile belirlenmesi gerekmekte ve sonra da en iyi yetkili klasik testi uygulayarak bir "konsaltasyon" rejimi kullanmak gerekmektedir.

Deneysel tasarım terimleri

 Dengeli tasarım Her bir hücresinde (yani her ikili sağlatım bileşkenleri için) aynı sayıda gözlem bulunan deneysel tasarım.
 Bloklama

Model sınıfları

Varyans Analizi'nde üç değişik sınıf model kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar şöyle özetlenebilir:

Sabit etki modelleri

Verinin normal dağılım gösteren bir anakütleden geldiğini ve ancak farklı ortalamalar dolayısıyla ayrım yapılabileceğini varsaymaktadırlar.

Rastgele etki modelleri

Verinin bir farklar hiyerarşisi ile sınırlanmış olan değişik hiyerarşi içeren anakütlelerden geldiğini varsayar.

Karışık etki modelleri

Içinde hem sabit etkiler hem de rastgele etkiler kapsayan durumları inceler.

Pratik problemlerde varyans analizi deneylemler için kullanılır ve deneylem elemanlarına uygulanan sağlatımların sayısına ve nasıl uygulandıklarına göre birkaç değişik tipe sınıflandırılmaktadırlar:

Tek-yönlü varyans analizi

Bu tür analiz iki veya daha çok sayıda bağımsız grup arasındaki farklılıkların sınanmak istenildiği hallerde uygulanır. F-dağılımına dayanır. Tipik olarak tek yönlü varyans analizi en aşağı üç değişik grup olduğu zaman uygulanmaktadır. İki-grup halinde daha kolay olarak t-testi aynı sonuçları vermektedir; çünkü bu halde t-testi ve F-testi birbirine çok yakından ilişkilidir. Bu yakın ilişki şöyle ifade edilir:
.

Tekrarlanan ölçülerle tek-yönlü varyans analizi

Bu tür varyans analizinde aynı elamanlara her değişik sağlatım uygulanır, yani elamanlar tekrarlanan ölçülere tabi tutulurlar. Bu yöntem kullanılırken elemanlar kalıntı etkilerine maruz kalabilirler.

Faktōryel varyans analizi

Bu tür varyans analizi eğer deneyci iki veya daha çok sayıda sağlanım (bağımsız) değişkenin etkilerini incelemek isterse kullanılır. En çok kullanılan faktōryel varyans analizi iki bağımsız değişken ve her değişken için iki değişik değer veya seviye olduğu 2x2 (ikiye iki) tasarımdır. Faktōryel varyans analizi çoklu seviyeli, 3x3 (üçe üç) veya daha yüksek sıralı 2x2x2 (ikiye ikiye iki) vb. deneylem tasarımlarında da kullanılabilirler. Ancak bu daha yüksek sayıda faktörler için analizler çok nadir olarak yapılmaktadır. Buna neden hesapların çok karmaşık ve uzun olması ve ortaya çıkartılan sonuçların açıklanmalarının çok zor olduğudur.

Karışık tasarım varyans analizi

Eğer iki veya daha çok sayıda bağımsız gruplar elemanlarına tekrar edilen ölçüler uygulayıp sınanmak istenirse, bir faktöryel karışık tasarım varyans analizi gerçekleştirilebilinir. Bunda bir faktör bağımsız olur ve diğer faktör tekrar edilebilir ölçülere bağlıdır. Bu, karışık etkiler modeline bir örnektir.

Çok değişkenli varyans analizi

Birden çok bağımlı değişken bulunduğu zaman bu tür varyans analizi kullanılır.

Modeller

Sabit etkiler modelleri

Varyans analizi içinde sabit etkiler modeli, bir deneylem içinde deneycinin deney örneklem elemanlarına yanıt değişkeni değerlerinin birkaç değişik sağlanım uyguladığı zaman değişip değişmediğini incelemek istediği hallere tatbik edilir. Bu modeller deneyciye sağlanımın tüm anakütle içinde ortaya çıkarabileceği yanıt değişken değerlerinin açıklığını kestirim yapma imkâni sağlar.

Rastgele etkiler modelleri

Rastgele etkiler modelleri, sağlanımlar sabit olmadıkları hallerde kullanılırlar. Bu (faktör seviyeleri adı ile de bilinen) değişik sağlanımlar daha büyük bir anakütleden örneklem ile bulunmaları halidir. Sağlanımları kendileri rassal değişken olmaları nedeniyle, sabit etkiler modelinden daha değişik bazı varsayımların ve sağlanımların karşılaştırılmaları gerekmektedir.

Rastgele etkiler modelerinin veya karışık etki modellerinin çoğunda iyi belirenmiş örneklemi alınmış faktörleri ilgilendiren çıkarımsal istatistik analizlerle ilgili değildir. Bunu bir orneğinle açıklamak şöyle yapilabilir: Aynı mali üretmek için çok değişik makinaların kullanıldığı bir sanayi birimi ele alınsın. Bu işletmeyi inceleyen istatisikçi üç değişik makinenin birbirleri ile karşılaştırılması ile ilgilenmesi uygulanabilen pratik bir problem degildir.  Buna karşılık tüm makinalar hakkında, tüm ortalama üretkenlik ve değişik makinelerde üretkenliğin yayılımı hakkında çıkarımsal istatistik analizi sınamalar arastirmaciyi ilgilendiren bir sorun olabilir.

Varsayımlar

 İstatistiksel bağımsızlık: Bu varsayım deneylem tasarımı için gerekmekte ve sağlatım uygulanan elamanların bağımsız oldukları varsayılmaktadır.
 Normallik: Her bir grup içindeki elamanların normal dağılım gösteren anakütlelerden geldikleri varsayılır. Verilerinin normallik özelliği olup olmadığı ya normallik sınamaları olan Kolmogorov-Şmirnov sınaması veya Shapiro-Wilk sınaması kullanılarak incelenebilir. Normallik varsayımını incelemek için parametrik olmayan istatistik sınaması olan Kruskal-Wallis sınaması da kullanılabilir.
 Eşit varyanslar veya heteroskedastiklik: Homoskadastiklik halinde her bir grup elemanlarının geldikleri anakütlelerde varyansların aynı olduğu varsayılır. Verilerin eşit varyanslar varsayımına uyup uymadıklarını sınamak için tipik olarak Levene'in sınaması kullanılır. Ama "Levene'in sınaması" için grup gözlem sayılarının eşit olması gerekir. Daha değişik hallerde eğer gruplarda sapan değer yoksa "Bartlet Sınaması" veya  gruplarda gözlem sayıları eşitse "Cochran Varyans Eşitliği Sınaması" kullanılır.

Bazı istatistikçiler verilerin normallikten ayrılması halinde varyans analizinin esası olan F-sınaması'nın güvenilmez olacağını bildirmektedir . Diğer istatistikçiler ise F-sınamasının "güçlü olduğunu", yani normal olmamakdan fazla etkilenmediğini savunmaktadırlar.

Bu ortak varsayımlar yanında sabit etki modelleri için hataların bağımsız ve aynı şekilde normal dağılım gösterdikleri de, yani

olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Varyans analizi için kullanılan rastgele etki modelleri ve karışık etki modelleri için hataların ortalama ve varyansi için daha karmaşık varsayımlar gerekmektedir çünkü faktörler kendilerine özel dağılımlardan ortaya çıkartılabilirler.

Varyans analizinin inceleme yaklaşımı

Varyans analizinde temel yöntem, toplam kareler toplamını modelde kullanılan etkilere uygun olan parçalara bölmektir. Bu yönteme aşağıda verilen örnek tek bir sağlatımın değişik seviyelere uygulanması halidir.

Kareler toplamının parçalara bölünmesi
Örnek olarak tek bir sağlatımın değişik seviyeler uygulanması sonucu ortaya çıkan toplam kareler toplamı şu parçalara bölünür:

Serbestlik dereceleri de aynı şekilde parçalara bölünmektedir ve her ilgili parçanın bir ki-kare dağılımı gösterdiği belirlenmektedir.

F-sınaması

Toplam sapmanın parçalarının karşılaştırılması için F-sınaması uygulanır. Tek yönlü veya tek faktörlü varyans analizi için istatistik anlamlılığın sınanması,  F-sınama istatistiği olan şu

burada:
,   İ  = sağlatımlar sayısı
ve
, nT = toplam gözlem eleman sayısı

ifade ile I-1 ve nT serbestlik derecelerinde F-dağılımı ifadesini karşılaştırmak suretiyle gerçekleştirilir.

F-dağılımı kullanmak doğal bir uygulamadır, çünkü sınama istatistiği her biri ki-kare dağılımı gösteren iki kareler toplamları ortalamasının bir diğerine bölümüne eşittir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 F-testi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Oxford Üniversitesi psikoloji bölümü öğrencileri için varyans analizine giriş dersi  (Erişim:17.3.2010)
 Rasgeleleştirilmiş blok, ayırılmış parseller, tekrarlanan ölçüler ve Latin kareler deneylem tasarımlarını kapsayan üç sağlatıma kadar tüm varyans analizi ve çoklu değişirli varyans analizi modelleri için örnekler  (Erişim:17.3.2010)
 NİST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, section 7.4.3: "Are the means equal?" İstatistik Yöntemler Kılavuzu.  (Erişim:17.3.2010)

Varyans analizi


San Miguel je rijeka u Kolumbiji, desna pritoka rijeke Putumayo. Pripada porječju rijeke Amazone.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Pritoke Putumaya

San Miguel (pritoka Putumaya)


Marcos Gomes de Araujo (født 23. marts 1976) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy, Yokohama F. Marinos, JEF United Ichihara, Shimizu S-Pulse, Kashima Antlers, Vegalta Sendai og Vissel Kobe.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Marcos Gomes de Araujo


Berfu Cengiz (nascida em 18 de outubro de 1999) é uma tenista turca.

Ela alcançou a melhor classificação mundial de sua carreira em simples da ITF, de posição 273, alcançada em 6 de outubro de 2023. Ela também teve a melhor classificação de duplas da ITF, de posição 214, alcançada em 15 de julho de 2019.

Cengiz venceu seu primeiro grande título do ITF na President's Cup de 2018 em Astana.

Tenistas da Turquia
Naturais de Adana

Berfu Cengiz