මානව පරිසර පද්ධති යනු සංකිර්ණ ජාල පද්ධතියක් වන අතර ඒවා ඉතා බහුල වශයෙන් පරිසරවේදී මානව විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් සහ අනෙකුත් උගතුන් විසින් පරීක්ෂාවට ලක් කරන ලද අතර එමගින් මානව ප්‍රජාවන්හි පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක පැති කඩවල් පිලිබදව පරීක්ෂණයට ලක් කරනු ලබයි. එනම් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව, සමාජ සහ දේශපාලනික හැඩගැස්වීම, මනසික මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක හේතු සහ භෞතික සාධක බාහිර පරිසරය හා සම්බන්ධ වන ආකාරය පිලිබදව සොයා බලනු ලැබේ.

සමස්ථ විග්‍රහය
පරිසර පද්ධති යන වදන මුල්වරට නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ 1930 දී රෝයි ක්ලැප්හැම් විසිනි. මෙමඟින් එක් ඒකකයක් වශයෙන් පරිසරයේ භෞතික සහ ජෛව විද්‍යාත්මක සංඝටකයන් අතර පවත්නා සම්බන්ධතාවය විග්‍රහ කරන ලදී. ආතර් ටැන්ස්ලේ නම් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික පරිසර විද්‍යාඥයෙකු විසින් පසු කලීනව මෙම යෙදුම ප්‍රතිශෝධනය කල අතර එමගින් පරිසර පද්ධතියක් යනු වප්‍රජාව සහ (ජීවි විශේෂ සමුහයක්) ඔවුන්ගේ ජෛවස්ථාන (ඔවුන් ජීවත් වන පරිසරය) අතර පවත්නා අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී පද්ධතියක් ලෙසට විග්‍රහකර ඇත.

පරිසර පද්ධති සංකල්පයට මුලික වී ඇත්තේ සියළුම ජීවින් අඛණ්ඩ වශයෙන් ඔවුන් පවත්නා පරිසරය සමග පවත්වා ගෙන යනු ලබන සම්බන්ධතාවයන් මත පදනම්වයි. මානව පරිසර පද්ධතිය යන සංකල්පය ඉන් පසුව මිනිසා සහ ස්වභාවධර්මයා අතර පවත්නා ද්විධාකරණයක් සහ සියළුම ජීවී විශේෂ පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මකව එකිනෙකා අතර සම්බන්ධතා පවත්වා ගන්නා බවට ඇති විශ්වාසය සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ජෛව ස්ථානවල අජීවි සංඝටකයන් මතද පදනම්වය. පරිසර පද්ධති පිළිබඳව ඉතා දිගු වශයෙන් විස්තරාත්මකව විග්‍රහ කළ හැකි අතර එමගින් ජිවී විශේෂ සහ ඔවුන්ගේ බාහිර පරිසරය අතර පවත්නා සම්බන්ධතාවය පිළිබඳව විග්‍රහ කරනු ලබයි.

නිවසක් හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලක් වැනි කුඩා පද්ධතියක් හෝ ජාතියක් වැනි විශාල ඒකකයක් පිළිබඳව ද මානව පරිසර පද්ධතියක් යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ විග්‍රහ කළ හැකිය. ඒවා පිළිබඳව තනි තනිව විග්‍රහ කරන විට මානව පරිසර පද්ධති කිසිවක් එකිනෙකට ස්වාධීනව නොපවතී. නමුත් ඒවා සංකිර්ණ වශයෙන් ජාලයක් ආකාරයට මානවයින් සහ බාහිර පරිසරය අතර එකිනෙක සම්බන්ධතාවයන් ඇති කරනු ලබයි. මෙම සියළුම පරිසර පද්ධතිවල එකතුවෙන් ජෛව ගෝලය සාදනු ලැබේ. අවසාන වශයෙන් ගත් කළ පාතුවි පෘෂ්ඨය මත එකදු ස්ථානයක්වත් මානවයාගේ ස්පර්ශයෙන් මිදී නොමැත. සියළුම පරිසර පද්ධති එමනිසා ඉතා නිරවද්‍ය වශයෙන් මානව පරිසර පද්ධති ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකිය.

මානව පරිසර පද්ධති යන සංකල්පය සදහා පරිසර විද්‍යාව, මානව විද්‍යාව, සමාජ විද්‍යාව, දර්ශන විද්‍යාව, දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව, සත්‍යාන්ත්‍රික විද්‍යාව සහ මනෝ විද්‍යාව යන ක්ෂේත්‍රවල බලපෑම ලැබී ඇත. එමගින් මානවයින් අන්තර් ක්‍රියා පවත්වන සංකිර්න සම්බන්ධතා පද්ධතිය පිළිබඳව  අවබෝධයක් ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි වී ඇත. මෙකී සම්බන්ධතාවයන් එක්තරා අනුපිලිවෙලකට ගොඩ නැගී ඇති අතර එහිදී එක් එක් පුද්ගලයන් සහ මානව ක්‍රියාකාරකම් එකිනෙකට වෙනස් ආකාරයට අන්තර් සම්බන්ධතා පවත්වන ආකාරය පිළිබඳව විග්‍රහ කොට ඇත. මානව පරිසර පද්ධති පිළිබඳව විශ්ලේෂණය කරන බොහෝ අවස්ථාවන්වල දී ජෛව ගෝලය, ඒක පුද්ගල, සමාජීය සහ සංස්කෘතික හා පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මකව එකිනෙක අතර පවත්නා අන්තර් සම්බන්ධතාවයන් පිළිබඳව විග්‍රහ කරනු ලබයි.

ඉමානුවෙල් වැලස්ටීන් විසින් යෝජනා කළ පරිදි ලෝක පද්ධති පිළිබඳව ඇති සිද්ධාන්තයට අනුව පරිසර පද්ධති පිළිබඳව වු ගෝලීය සම්බන්ධතාවයන් මගින් සමාජ දේශපාලනික සහ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධති පිළිබඳව සමීක්ෂණයක් කරනු ලබයි. මානව පරිසර පද්ධති ඒකක පිළිබඳව විශ්ලේෂණය බොහෝ අවස්ථාවන්වලදී පරිසරවේදී මානව විද්‍යාඥයන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රෝයි රැපාෆොට් වැනි පුද්ගලයන්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වලින් ද පැහැදිලි වේ. ඔහු විසින් මානව පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ඇති සන්නිවේදනය සහ පිළිවෙත් ක්‍රම පිළිබඳව පර්යේෂණ සිදු කරන ලදී. ග්‍රේගරි බැට්සන්, E.N. ඇන්ඩර්සන්, මේරි ඩග්ලස්, කිත්බැසෝ සහ පෝල් නඩාස්ඩි යනු විශ්ලේෂක ඒකකයක් ලෙස මානව පරිසර පද්ධති පිළිබඳව අධ්‍යයනය කරන ලද මානව විද්‍යාඥයන් කිහිප දෙනෙකි.

මානව පරිසර පද්ධති


Saurischier (fra græsk: øglehofte) er en overordnet gruppe af dinosaurer, klassificeret i ordenen Saurischia. De har fået dette navn fordi de, ligesom øglerne, har et fremadrettet skamben. Traditionelt er gruppen blevet inddelt i to underordener, Sauropodomorpha og Theropoda. Sauropoder var planteædende, mens de fleste theropoder var kødædende.

Fugle er direkte efterkommere af theropoderne og således en undergruppe af Saurischia i evolutionen. En analyse, gennemført i 2017 har imidlertid sået tvivl om klassifikationen, idet theropoder her anses for at tilhøre ordenen Ornithoscelida.

Sauropodomorpher

Sauropodomorpherne er måske den mest kendte af alle dinosaurgrupper og inkluderer de berømte langhalsede dinosaurer, såsom Diplodocus, Saltasaurus, Brontosaurus og Brachiosaurus.

Alle de mere "avancerede" sauropoder var firebenede planteædere. Med enkelte undtagelser havde samtlige arter meget lang hals, en massiv krop og lang hale. En del sauropoder, især den sauropodfamilie som benævnes diplodocider holdt den lange hals meget lavere end tidligere troet. Men i det mindste diplodociderne kunne rejse sig på bagbenene og dermed æde højt oppe i træerne. Andre sauropoder som eksempelvis brachiosauriderne havde en kropskonstruktion som gjorde at halsen automatisk pegede næsten lige op. Sauropoderne udvikledes til kæmperne blandt dinosaurerne - de var uden konkurrence de største kendte landlevende dyr som nogensinde har eksisteret.

Klassisk definition

Den klassiske definition bygger på nedenstående karakteristika:

Noter

Dinosaurer

Saurischia


A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device, or as a screening device for unit movements.

Smoke grenades are generally more complex and emit a far larger amount of smoke than smoke bombs, which are a type of firework typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin. Smoke grenades often cost around  compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake, bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal movement; similarly, "pop smoke", derived from a common way of ordering the use of smoke grenades, is used as a slang term for quickly leaving a place.

Design

A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke composition (mostly potassium chlorate, lactose, and a dye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades typically use hexachloroethane-zinc and granular aluminum. The reaction is exothermic and though they remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry vegetation or flammable substances if used carelessly.

Another type of smoke grenade is the bursting variation. These are filled with white phosphorus (WP), a pyrophoric agent that is spread quickly into a cloud by an internal bursting charge. White phosphorus burns with a brilliant yellow flame while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). This type of smoke grenade is favored for its ability to produce a very dense and nearly instantaneous cloud of white concealment smoke as compared to the more common solid-filler grenades which expel a slower stream of smoke over a period of roughly 1 minute. For this reason, they are favored for use in onboard grenade launching attachments on armored vehicles, which require extremely fast concealment in the event they are targeted by anti-armor weaponry and need to rapidly retreat.

Use

Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The primary use is the creation of smoke screens for concealment and the signaling of aircraft.

If movement (such as flanking maneuvers or retreat) is necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily deceives them as to the force's location. The most common color for concealment smoke is white or grey. With the advent of thermal imaging, which can spot troop movements through smoke screens, the newest smoke compositions now include a "multi-spectrum" component to make them IR impermeable.

Smoke grenades can also be used to signal aircraft. Since locating a target from above (especially in thick forest canopy) can be nearly impossible, even with good radio contact, colored smoke grenades are often used to allow aircraft to spot them. Colored signaling smoke grenades  are widely used in CASEVAC and close air support situations where quickly locating friendly ground forces is of paramount importance. Common colors are red, yellow, green and purple, and all use very brightly colored dyes to increase the likelihood of being spotted from above.

Other uses

Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms of chemical grenades (such as CS gas riot control grenades) and incendiary grenades (such as thermite grenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the combustion products out through holes in the canister as the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is restricted to signaling and concealment under the law of war, and thus they are not considered weapons; since the vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for civilian use and ownership in most countries.

Since the basic design of a smoke grenade (a metal canister containing a substance that burns and expels smoke when ignited) is simple, improvised smoke grenade-like devices are ubiquitous across the world. Protestors, football spectators, and airsoft enthusiasts often create their own smoke grenades using common materials.

Smoke grenades by country
:
M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenade
Fabricaciones Militares HC smoke hand grenade
:
No. 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
Smarex coloured smoke hand grenade series
M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series
M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenade
A101 Coloured Smoke Grenade series
A200 Compact Coloured Smoke Grenade series
:
Nebelgranate 75
:
N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade
:
No. 83 Smoke Hand Grenade series
M3BG white phosphorus smoke grenade
M48BG-M52BG white phosphorus smoke grenade series
M68 signal smoke hand grenade series
Nr 11 red smoke hand grenade
NR 405A1 white phosphorus smoke hand grenade
:
Condor SS-601
:
Arsenal GH-SMK-2-W red phosphorus smoke hand grenade
Arsenal GH-SMK coloured smoke hand grenade series (Grey or metallic body with coloured stripe)
Bulcomers Ks GH-SMK coloured smoke hand grenade series (Brown body with coloured label)
:
No. 77 Mk 1/Mk 2 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 83 Coloured/Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
C3 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series
C1 HC Smoke Hand Grenade series
Pains Wessex Coloured Smoke Mini Grenade series
C8 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series
L83A1 Smoke Hand Grenade
:
P-700 coloured smoke hand grenade series
:
FSL-01
FSL-02
:
Røghåndbombe Nr.77
Røghåndbombe Nr.80
Røghåndbombe M/53
Røghåndgranat M/57
Røghåndbombe M/77
Røghåndbombe M/93
:
L84A3 Red Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade (SPIRCO)
:
Nebelhandgranate 39
Nebelkerze 39 series
Nebelhandgranate 41
Nebeleihandgranate 42
Blendkörper 14
Blendkörper 24
Handrauchzeichen coloured hand smoke signal series
Rauchsichtzeichen Orange
DM25 KM smoke hand grenade
SPIRCO Red Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
L84A3 Red Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
Rheinmetall KM smoke hand grenade
Rheinmetall NT smoke hand grenade
RASMO Rapid Smoke Hand Grenade
:
EM-04
EM-12
:
M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series
:
Ordnance Factory Board Smoke Hand Grenade series
:
N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade
:
No. 77 Rookhandgranaat
Nr 7 HC smoke hand grenade series
Nr 9 yellow smoke hand grenade
Nr 10 green smoke hand grenade
Nr 11 red smoke hand grenade
Nr 22 coloured smoke hand grenade series
L68-L71 and L100-L101 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series (No 83 Mk 4 type)
N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade (No 83 Mk 4 type)
Nr 23 white phosphorus smoke hand grenade
Nr 700 coloured smoke hand grenade series (Rheinmetall NT type)
:
M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series
:
No. 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
:
AN-M8 HC Smoke Grenade
M8 HC Røyk Hånd Granat
M88 HC Røyk Hånd Granat
No. 83 Mk 1-Mk 4 Coloured/Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
NM239 Røyk Hånd Granat
NM248 TTC Røyk Hånd Granat
TTC Smoke Hand Grenade (Commercial version of NM248)
DM 45 HC smoke hand grenade
Defense Technology Military-Style Smoke Grenade series
:
P3 MK1 WP Smoke Grenade
MK1 Target Indication Smoke Grenade series
MK2 Target Indication Smoke Grenade series
:
RGD-2
:
No. 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
M970 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
:
RGD-2
:
M970 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 83 Smoke Hand Grenade series
R1M1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
M854A1 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series
Red Phosphorus Hand Grenade
M0234 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series
M0251 Screening Smoke Hand Grenade
:
KM8 HC Smoke Hand Grenade
KM18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series
:
A.T.F.-1
:
Rökhandgranat m/1937
Rökhandgranat m/49
Rökhandgranat m/51
Rökhandgranat m/56
Rökhandgranat 05 (SPIRCO type)
:
MKE Renkli Sis Kutusu/Colored Smoke Can series
MKE Sis El Bombası/Smoke Hand-Grenade

L84A3 Red Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade (SPIRCO)
 (To include British Overseas Territories):
No. 77 Mk 1/Mk 2 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 79 Mk 1/Mk 2 Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 81 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade
No. 83 Mk 1-Mk 4 Coloured/Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
L35-L38 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
L52-L55 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
L64-L67 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
L68-L71 and L100-L101 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series (No 83 Mk 4 type)
L83A1/A2 Training Smoke Screening Hand Grenade (No 83 Mk 4 type)
N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade (Commercial version of L83)
L84A1-A3 Red Phosphorus Smoke Screening Hand Grenade (SPIRCO)
N321 Screening Bursting Hand Grenade (Commercial)
N322 Red Phosphorus Screening Bursting Hand Grenade (Commercial)
L132A1/A2 Smoke Screening Hand Grenade
N451/A Compact Screening Smoke Hand Grenade (Commercial version of L132)
L152-L158 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series
N431-N437 Compact Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series (Commercial version of L152-L158)
N441/A-N448/A Compact Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series (Commercial)
N461-N468 Compact Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series (Commercial)
Primetake Military Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
Primetake PT4541 38mm Screening Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
Primetake PT4540 63mm Screening Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
CTX Screening Smoke Hand Grenade (Commercial)
:
M1 Frangible Grenade (When used with FS filler)
M3 Red Smoke Grenade
AN-M8 HC Smoke Grenade
M15 White Phosphorus grenade
M16 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series
M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series
M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenade
M83 TA White Smoke Hand Grenade
Smith & Wesson No .3 Military Type Continuous Discharge White Smoke HC Grenade (Commercial)
Federal Laboratories M-8 White Smoke Grenade (Commercial)
M106 Screening Obscuration Device
ALSG972 Continuous Discharge Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
ALSG978 Pocket Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
ALSG2978W White Smoke Baffled Triple Chamber Grenade (Commercial)
ALSG275 Handball Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
ALSG973 Triple Action Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
Combined Systems 5210 White Smoke Canister Grenade (Commercial)
Combined Systems 5210JL Smoke Jet-Lite Canister Grenade (Commercial)
Combined Systems 5211 White Smoke Triple Phaser Canister Grenade (Commercial)
Combined Systems 6210 White Smoke Canister Grenade (Commercial)
Combined Systems 8210 White Smoke Tactical Canister Grenade (Commercial)
Defense Technology Military-Style Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
Defense Technology Pocket Tactical Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
Defense Technology Saf-Smoke Triple-Chaser Separating Canister (Commercial)
Defense Technology Maximum HC Smoke Canister series (Commercial)
Defense Technology Saf-Smoke Han-Ball Grenade (Commercial)
Defense Technology Flameless Tri-Chamber Saf-Smoke Grenade (Commercial)
MP-1-xx Color Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
MP-2-xx Color Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
MP-2B-xx Color Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
MP-15-xx Color Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
MP-2S-xx Color Smoke Grenade series (Commercial)
MP-2S-HC Screening Smoke Grenade (Commercial)

See also

 Smoke bomb
 Smoke shell

References

Non-lethal weapons
Smoke grenades
Smoke
Pyrotechnics
Sniper warfare tactics

Smoke grenade


Der Fernmeldeturm Bayreuth ist ein 53 Meter hoher, für die Öffentlichkeit nicht zugänglicher Fernmeldeturm. Er befindet sich auf dem 528 Meter hohen Oschenberg drei Kilometer nordöstlich der Stadt Bayreuth.

Neben dem nichtöffentlichen Richtfunk wird der Sender auch zur Ausstrahlung von UKW-Signalen für die Stadt Bayreuth und Umgebung verwendet.

Im Zuge der DVB-T Umstellung im Jahre 2008 wurde der GfK-Zylinder und der oberste Teil der Stahlkonstruktion demontiert. Dadurch verringerte sich die Höhe des Turmes von 83 auf 53 Meter.

Frequenzen und Programme

Analoges Fernsehen (PAL)
Vor der Umstellung auf DVB-T diente der Sendestandort weiterhin für analoges Fernsehen:

Bauwerk in Bayreuth
Turm in Europa
Sender Bayreuth

Fernmeldeturm Bayreuth


Dering Harbor est un village du comté de Suffolk, dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il compte une population de .

Démographie
Lors du recensement de 2010, la ville comptait une population de , tandis qu'en 2019, elle s'élève également à onze habitants.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 État de New York

Liens externes

Localité dans le comté de Suffolk (New York)
Village dans l'État de New York

Dering Harbor


Die Candaba-Flussmarschen (en: Candaba Swamp) sind eine Flussmarschlandschaft auf der Insel Luzon, Philippinen. Die Flussmarschen erstrecken sich über 32.000 Hektar in den Provinzen Pampanga und Bulacan. Sie gehören zu den größten Marschlandschaften in den Philippinen und werden in der Regenzeit überflutet durch die Flüsse Maasim, San Miguel, Garlang, Bulu und Penaranda. Diese entspringen in der Sierra Madre und sind Nebenflüsse des Pampanga, der neun Kilometer nordwestlich bei Baliuag in der Region fließt. Die Flussmarschen liegen auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinden Candaba, San Miguel und San Ildefonso, ca. 50 Kilometer nordwestlich von Manila entfernt.

Das Feuchtgebiet besteht aus einem Komplex von Flussläufen, Inseln, kleinen Süßwasserseen, Tümpeln und Sumpfland, die von einer großräumigen Grassavannenlandschaft umgeben ist. Die Grassavannen sind mit weitständigen Palmenhainen durchsetzt. In der Regenzeit wird diese Vegetationsform großräumig überflutet und die so entstandenen Seen werden teilweise als natürliche Aquakultur genutzt, um zum Beispiel Milchfische (Chanos chanos) zu züchten. Beim beginnenden Abtrocknen der Flächen werden diese als Reisfelder verwendet, um so in der Trockenzeit die Grassavannen wieder entstehen zu lassen. Die durchschnittliche Wassertiefe beträgt in der Trockenzeit ein bis zwei Meter, um in der Regenzeit bis auf 5 Meter anzuschwellen.

In den Candaba-Flussmarschen gibt es große Schwemmflächen, die eine ungefähre Größe von 300 Hektar haben, die zu jeder Jahreszeit für die Philippinenente (Anas luzonica), der Knäkente (Anas querquedula), der Spießente (Anas acuta) als Lebensraum dienen. Die durchschnittliche Population an Vögeln beträgt 5.000 bis 10.000 Tiere. 1982 konnten in der Regenzeit bis zu 100.000 Enten gezählt werden. Vom Zugvogel wie dem Silberreiher (Egretta alba) konnten 1987 3.000 bis 5.000 Tiere beobachtet werden. Weitere seltene Zugvögel sind der in Nordchina brütende Hirserohrsänger (Acrocephalus sorghophilus) und die Wanderpfeifgans (Dendrocygna arcuata). Von der seltenen Mangrovenweihe (Circus spilonotus), dem Wasserhahn (Gallicrex cinerea) und von Küstenvögeln wie den Möwen sind Beobachtungen bekannt. Der Candaba Flussmarsch dient ca. 60 Arten von Vögeln als Brutgebiet. 500 Hektar der Candaba-Flussmarschen wurden als Vogelschutzgebiete ausgewiesen.

Das Klima der Region ist in zwei Jahreszeiten geteilt, mit einer Regenzeit von November bis Mai und einer Trockenzeit von Juni bis Oktober.

Siehe auch
Andere Sumpf-, Feucht- und Marschlandschaften auf den Philippinen
 Ligawasan
 Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
 Kalibo-Feuchtgebiet

Quelle
 Der Candaba Flussmarsch auf der Webseite des ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity

Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) auf den Philippinen
FCandabaflussmarschen
Sumpfgebiet
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Asien
Pampanga
Bulacan
FCandabaflussmarschen

Candaba-Flussmarschen


An Maxillaria oxysepala in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Maxillaria oxysepala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Maxillaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Maxillaria

Maxillaria oxysepala


Maïté Meeûs, née le  à Bruxelles, est une militante féministe belge.

Elle a lancé le mouvement Balance ton bar en octobre 2021 pour dénoncer le phénomène des viols par soumission chimique à minuit à Bruxelles.

Son engagement féministe est récompensé en avril 2022  par le prix Amnesty Jeunes des Droits Humains.

#BalanceTonBar
Après de nombreuses accusations d'abus sexuels qui visaient spécifiquement deux bars du quartier du cimetière d'Ixelles, Maïté Meeûs a créé la page Instagram Balance ton Bar pour recueillir les témoignages des victimes.

Un mouvement de libération de la parole s'est ensuivi autour de la question des agressions sexuelles et viols par soumission chimique. Balance ton bar a ainsi contribué à mettre en lumière ce phénomène peu connu du grand public, notamment via une médiatisation importante du mouvement.

C'est également suite à Balance ton Bar que Carl de Moncharline fut mis en cause dans plusieurs médias, l'homme influent de la nuit bruxelloise ayant été accusé de viol par de nombreuses personnes.

Le hashtag #balancetonbar a ensuite pris une dimension internationale avec des comptes Instagram similaires dans plusieurs pays et notamment en France.

Références

Naissance en juillet 1998
Naissance à Bruxelles au XXe siècle
Militante

Maïté Meeûs


Los Caelidracones son un grupo de pterosaurios perteneciente al clado Macronychoptera.

En 2003, el paleontólogo David Unwin nombró al clado (es decir, un linaje monofilético) Caelidracones. La definición era: el grupo formado por el último ancestro común de Anurognathus ammoni y Quetzalcoatlus northropi, y a todos sus descendientes. El nombre se deriva de la palabra latina caelum, "cielo" y draco que significa "dragón", por lo que el término en conjunto significa "dragones del cielo", una referencia a un famoso libro sobre los pterosaurios realizado por el paleontólogo británico Harry Govier Seeley en 1901: Dragons of the Air (dragones del aire)

Unwin nombró al grupo después de haberlo determinado con un análisis cladístico. La sinapomorfias (características compartidas derivadas) son: un hueso cuadrado perforado que surge centrado (Unwin se refiere a que la base misma del hueso craneal era muy prominente), un cúbito más largo que la tibia - los miembros de este grupo tenía patas traseras más cortas en comparación con sus antepasados - , el peroné era menos del 80% de la longitud de la tibia - alcanzando el calcáneo en el tobillo, lo que tuvo como consecuencia una mayor limitación en la rotación de la pierna.

De acuerdo con el análisis de Unwin los Caelidracones son el taxón hermano de la familia Dimorphodontidae dentro de Macronychoptera e incluye a los grupos Anurognathidae y Lonchognatha, por lo tanto la mayoría de los pterosaurios pertenecen a este grupo, exceptuando a los más basales. Otros estudios de las relaciones de los pterosaurios han encontrado que los anurognátidos y los pterodactiloideos son grupos hermanos, lo cual limitaría a Caelidracones como la agrupación de estos dos clados.

Referencias

Caelidracones


Glazba u 1965. godini.

Svijet

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Koncertne turneje
Održane koncertne turneje.
 The Beatles – 1965 US Tour, 1965.

Istaknuti koncerti
Povijesno važni koncerti, prvi povijesni koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta ili posljednji (oproštajni) koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta.

Europska natjecanja
Europska glazbena natjecanja.

 Pjesma Eurovizije:

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba, pojava (nastanak ili dolakak) glazbenog pravca i sl.
Pink Floyd

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.
 19. veljače – Jon Fishman
 4. travnja – Robert Downey Jr.
 16. svibnja – Krist Novoselic
 12. srpnja – Robin Wilson

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Kandidiranje za europska i svjetska natjecanja
Hrvatski kandidat za Pjesmu Eurovizije na Jugoviziji.

Festivali

Nagrade

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, udruga, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba, pojava (nastanak ili dolakak) glazbenog pravca i sl.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Izvori

1965.
Godine 20. stoljeća

Glazba u 1965.


Bedřich Ščerban (* 31. Mai 1964 in Jihlava, Tschechoslowakei) ist ein ehemaliger tschechischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit 2008 General Manager des HC Dukla Jihlava ist.

Karriere
Bedřich Ščerban begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt in der Nachwuchsabteilung von ASD Dukla Jihlava, für dessen Seniorenmannschaft er zwischen 1983 und 1991 in der 1. Liga, der höchsten tschechoslowakischen Spielklasse, aktiv war. In den Spielzeiten 1984/85 und Saison 1990/91 gewann er mit Dukla Jihlava jeweils den tschechoslowakischen Meistertitel. Er selbst konnte vor allem in der Saison 1990/91 mit neun Toren und zwölf Vorlagen in 51 Spielen überzeugen und erhielt den Zlatá hokejka als bester tschechoslowakischer Eishockeyspieler. Darüber hinaus wurde er in das All-Star Team der 1. Liga gewählt. Die Saison 1991/92 verbrachte der Verteidiger bei Tappara Tampere aus der finnischen SM-liiga. Anschließend blieb er in Nordeuropa und wechselte zur Saison 1992/93 zum Brynäs IF aus der schwedischen Elitserien. Mit seinem neuen Klub wurde er auf Anhieb Schwedischer Meister. In der Saison 1994/95 wurde er zudem Vizemeister mit Brynäs. Zur Saison 1996/97 kehrte Ščerban in seine Heimat zurück und lief zunächst für den HC Petra Vsetín in der tschechischen Extraliga auf, die nach Teilung der Tschechoslowakei 1993 gegründet wurde. Die Spielzeit beendete er jedoch bei seinem Heimatverein HC Dukla Jihlava, der ebenfalls in der Extraliga spielte.

Von 1997 bis 2000 stand der dreifache Olympiateilnehmer bei den Moskitos Essen unter Vertrag, mit denen er zunächst an der zweitklassigen Eishockey-Bundesliga teilnahm, ehe Ščerban als Zweitligameister mit Essen in der Saison 1998/99 den Aufstieg in die Deutsche Eishockey Liga erreichte. In dieser stand er in der Saison 1999/2000 für Essen auf dem Eis, konnte dort in seinem ersten DEL-Jahr jedoch nicht vollends überzeugen, sodass er in die 2. Eishockey-Bundesliga zum EHC Freiburg wechselte. Mit Freiburg stieg er in der Saison 2002/03 ebenfalls als Zweitligameister in die DEL auf. Wie bei seinem ersten Anlauf in der DEL konnte er sich in der Saison 2003/04 nicht vollends in der höchsten deutschen Spielklasse durchsetzen, sodass er nur auf 23 Hauptrunden-Einsätze kam. In den Play-downs unterlag er mit Freiburg schließlich den Hannover Scorpions, was den direkten Wiederabstieg für den EHC bedeutete. Die Saison 2004/05 begann er beim HC Berounští Medvědi in der zweiten tschechischen Spielklasse. Nach nur zwölf absolvierten Spielen schloss Ščerban sich dem Ligarivalen SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč an, bei dem er die folgenden zweieinhalb Jahre verbrachte. Zuletzt spielte der langjährige Nationalspieler in der Saison 2007/08 für seinen Heimatverein Dukla Jihlava, der in der Zwischenzeit ebenfalls in die zweitklassige 1. Liga abgestiegen war. Aufgrund einer schweren Erkrankung am Pfeiffer-Drüsenfieber beendete Ščerban seine Karriere im Alter von 43 Jahren und fungierte für den Rest der Spielzeit als Assistenztrainer.

Seit März 2008 ist Ščerban General Manager von Dukla Jihlava. Am 19. Dezember 2013 wurde er in die Tschechische Eishockey-Ruhmeshalle aufgenommen.

International
Für die Tschechoslowakei nahm Ščerban an den Weltmeisterschaften 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991 und 1992 teil. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot der Tschechoslowakei bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1988 in Calgary und 1992 in Albertville. 1987 nahm er mit seinem Land zudem am Canada Cup teil. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1987, 1989, 1990 und 1992 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft ebenso die Bronzemedaille wie bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1992.

Für Tschechien nahm er an den Weltmeisterschaften 1993, 1994 und 1995 teil. Darüber hinaus stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1994 in Lillehammer. Bei der WM 1993 gewann er mit Tschechien die Bronzemedaille.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen

International

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Eishockeynationalspieler (Tschechien)
Eishockeyspieler (EHC Freiburg)
Eishockeyspieler (Moskitos Essen)
Eishockeytrainer (Tschechien)
Eishockeyfunktionär (Tschechien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Tschechien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1994
Eishockeynationalspieler (Tschechoslowakei)
Olympiateilnehmer (Tschechoslowakei)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1988
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1992
Tschechoslowakischer Meister (Eishockey)
Schwedischer Meister (Eishockey)
Mitglied der Tschechischen Eishockey-Ruhmeshalle
Tschechoslowake
Tscheche
Geboren 1964
Mann
Eishockeyspieler (Tappara)
Eishockeyspieler (Brynäs IF)

Bedřich Ščerban


Bahreyn Ulusal Stadyumu (Arapça: إستاد البحرين الوطني Stād al-Bahrayn al-Watanī), Bahreyn'in millî maçlarını oynadığı Riffa'da bulunan stattır. 35 bin kapasiteli stat çoğunlukla millî maçlara ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 World Stadiums içinde Bahreyn Ulusal Stadyumu
 Fussballtempel.net'te Bahreyn Ulusal Stadyumu

Bahreyn'deki stadyumlar

Bahreyn Ulusal Stadyumu


Avanca ist eine Kleinstadt und eine Gemeinde in Portugal.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde erstmals 1046 offiziell dokumentiert. Am 14. März 1973 wurde Avanca zur Vila ("Kleinstadt") erhoben.

Sehenswürdigkeiten und Kultur
Hier wurde Egaz Moniz geboren. Er erhielt 1949 den Nobelpreis für Medizin. In seinem Geburtshaus ist mit der Casa-Museu Egaz Moniz ein Museum eingerichtet, in dem sowohl seine private Kunstsammlung (antikes Porzellan und Glas, Malerei, Teppichkunst u. a.), als auch wissenschaftlich-medizinische Exponate zu seiner Arbeit zu sehen sind.

Im Ort findet mit dem jährlichen Festival Avanca eines der internationalen Filmfestivals in Portugal statt.

Einmal jährlich findet im Sommer die gastronomische Festwoche Festival da Gastronomia das Colectividades de Avanca statt, ausgerichtet von verschiedenen Sport- und Kulturvereinen des Ortes.

2011 wurde in Avanca zum zweiten Mal der Campeonato Nacional de 1/8 TT ausgetragen, die Landesmeisterschaft einer Modellauto-Rennsport-Art.

Die jährlichen Heiligen-Feste sind Santa Marinha am 18. Juli, Sto. António am 13. August, Santa Luzia am 13. Dezember, und S. Sebastião am 21. Januar.

Avanca ist über den Fluss Ribeira do Mourão mit der nahen Wasserlandschaft der Ria de Aveiro verbunden, die für ihren vielfältigen Artenreichtum bekannt ist.

Verwaltung
Avanca ist Sitz einer gleichnamigen Gemeinde (Freguesia) im Kreis (Concelho) von Estarreja, im Distrikt Aveiro. Am  hatte die Gemeinde  Einwohner auf einer Fläche von  km².

Die Gemeinde besteht nur aus dem namensgebenden Ort.

Verkehr

Eisenbahn
Avanca ist ein Haltepunkt der wichtigsten nationalen Eisenbahnstrecke, der Linha do Norte zwischen Lissabon und Porto.

Autobahn
Über die Nationalstraße 109 ist Avanca mit der 6 km entfernten Kreisstadt Estarreja und ihrem Anschluss an die Autobahn A1 an das nationale Autobahnnetz angeschlossen.

Wirtschaft
In Avanca produziert der Lebensmittelkonzern Nestlé seit etwa 2019 das vormals in Ludwigsburg hergestellte Kaffeersatzprodukt Caro-Kaffee.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (1874–1955), Politiker und Mediziner, Medizin-Nobelpreisträger 1949
 Isabel Soares (* 1983), portugiesische Sängerin

Weblinks
 Seite der Gemeinde bei der Kreisverwaltung
 Kulturtermine und andere Informationen über Avanca
 Info-Seite über alle Einrichtungen des Ortes (port./engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Estarreja

Avanca


نفاثة الأعمال  , أو نفاثة خاصة , أو بيزجت , هي تسميات تطلق على الطائرات النفاثة (و التي عادة ما تكون أصغر حجما من طائرات النقل المدني التجارية والمخصصة لنقل الأفراد تحت الطلب. في غالب الأحيان المسافرون هم رجال أعمال. هذا ما يميزها عن طائرات الخطوط الجوية التجارية.

المصنعون
ترتيب المصنعين لهذا النوع من الطائرات لأول 9 أشهر من سنة 2008:

 بومباردييه إيروسبيس: 4,876,138,000 $
 سيسنا: 3,322,324,313 $
 غلف ستريم الفضائية: 3,980,000,000 $
 هوكر بيتش كرافت: 1,696,059,440 $
 داسو فالكون جات: 1,687,700,000 $

أصناف الطائرات
يصنف طائرات هذا النوع إلى الأصناف التالية :

 الثقيلة
 متوسطة الحجم ممتازة
 متوسطة الحجم
 خفيفة
 خفيفة جدا

طالع أيضا

 طائرة نفاثة.

مصادر

طائرات أعمال
طيران مدني
نقل خاص

نفاثة أعمال


Vladislau Riji-Rijski (em bielorrusso: Уладзіслаў Рыжы-Рыжскі, , Aldeia de Latigal, Distrito de Disenski, Voivodia de Nowogródek, Segunda República Polonesa (Hoje, Distrito de Hlibock, Voblast de Viciebsk, Bielorrússia) - 1 de março de 1978, Nova Iorque, EUA) foi uma figura social, cultural e religiosa bielorrussa. Sacerdote católico ortodoxo, doutor em teologia. Participante do movimento cristão bielorrusso na emigração, fundador e teórico da Igreja Católica Ortodoxa bielorrussa eslava, cientista, teólogo, professor, editor, poeta. Ele apareceu no periódico de emigrantes bielorrussos sob o pseudônimo de U. Sheaf. Primeiro Patriarca do Patriarcado Mundial da América (American World Patriarchs).

Ver também

 Igreja Ortodoxa Bielorrussa Eslava no Estrangeiro

Bielorrussos
Imigrantes por nacionalidade

Vladislav Ryji- Ryjski


The Battle of the Java Sea (, ) was a decisive naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II.

Allied navies suffered a disastrous defeat at the hand of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 27 February 1942 and in secondary actions over successive days. The American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) Strike Force commander— Dutch Rear Admiral Karel Doorman—was killed. The aftermath of the battle included several smaller actions around Java, including the smaller but also significant Battle of Sunda Strait. These defeats led to Japanese occupation of the entire Dutch East Indies.

Background
The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as they advanced from their Palau Islands colony and captured bases in Sarawak and the southern Philippines. They seized bases in eastern Borneo and in northern Celebes while troop convoys, screened by destroyers and cruisers with air support provided by swarms of fighters operating from captured bases, steamed southward through the Makassar Strait and into the Molucca Sea. To oppose these invading forces was a small force, consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships—many of them of World War I vintage—initially under the command of American Admiral Thomas C. Hart.

On 23 January 1942 a force of four American destroyers attacked a Japanese invasion convoy in Makassar Strait as it approached Balikpapan in Borneo. On 13 February the Japanese captured the major port of Palembang in eastern Sumatra. On the night of 19/20 February, an Allied force attacked the Eastern Invasion Force off Bali in the Battle of Badung Strait. Also on 19 February, the Japanese made two air raids on Darwin, on the Australian mainland, one from carrier-based planes and the other by land-based planes. The destruction of Darwin rendered it useless as a supply and naval base to support operations in the East Indies.

Battle

The Japanese amphibious forces gathered to strike at Java, and on 27 February 1942 the main Allied naval force, under Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, sailed northeast from Surabaya to intercept a convoy of the Eastern Invasion Force approaching from the Makassar Strait. The Eastern Strike Force, as it was known, consisted of two heavy cruisers ( and ), three light cruisers (Doorman's flagship , , ), and nine destroyers (, , , , , , , , and ).

The Japanese task force protecting the convoy, commanded by Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, consisted of two heavy ( and ) and two light cruisers ( and ) and 14 destroyers (, , , , , , , , , , , , , and ) including the 4th Destroyer Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimura. The Japanese heavy cruisers were much more powerful, armed with ten 8-inch (203 mm) guns each, and superb torpedoes. By comparison, Exeter was armed only with six 8-inch guns and only six of Houstons nine 8-inch guns remained operable after her aft turret had been knocked out in an earlier air attack.

The Allied force engaged the Japanese in the Java Sea, and the battle raged intermittently from mid-afternoon to midnight as the Allies tried to reach and attack the troop transports of the Java invasion fleet, but they were repulsed by superior firepower. The Allies had local air superiority during the daylight hours because Japanese air power could not reach the fleet in the bad weather. The weather also hindered communications, making cooperation between the many Allied parties involved—in reconnaissance, air cover and fleet headquarters—even worse than it already was. The Japanese also jammed the radio frequencies. Exeter was the only ship in the battle equipped with radar, an emerging technology at the time.

The battle consisted of a series of attempts over a seven-hour period by Doorman's Combined Striking Force to reach and attack the invasion convoy; each was rebuffed by the escort force with heavy losses being inflicted on the Allies.

The fleets sighted each other at about 16:00 on 27 February and closed to firing range, opening fire at 16:16. Both sides exhibited poor gunnery and torpedo skills during this phase of the battle. Despite her recent refit (with the addition of modern Type 284 gunnery control radar), Exeters shells did not come close to the Japanese ships, while Houston only managed to achieve a straddle on one of the opposing cruisers.  The only notable result of the initial gunnery exchange was Exeter being critically damaged by a hit in the boiler room from an 8-inch shell. The ship then limped away to Surabaya, escorted by Witte de With.

The Japanese launched two huge torpedo salvoes, consisting of 92 torpedoes in all, but scored only one hit, on Kortenaer. She was struck by a Long Lance, broke in two and sank rapidly after the hit.

Electra—covering Exeter—engaged in a duel with Jintsū and Asagumo, scoring several hits but suffering severe damage to her superstructure. After a serious fire started on Electra and her remaining turret ran out of ammunition, abandon ship was ordered. On the Japanese side, only Asagumo was forced to retire because of damage.

The Allied fleet broke off and turned away around 18:00, covered by a smoke screen laid by the four destroyers of U.S. Destroyer Division 58 (DesDiv 58). They also launched a torpedo attack but at too long a range to be effective. Doorman's force turned south toward the Java coast, then west and north as night fell in an attempt to evade the Japanese escort group and fall on the convoy. It was at this point the ships of DesDiv 58—their torpedoes expended—left on their own initiative to return to Surabaya.

Shortly after, at 21:25, Jupiter ran onto a mine – believed to have been discarded by a Dutch minelayer – in shallow water and was sunk, while about 20 minutes later, the fleet passed where Kortenaer had sunk earlier, and Encounter was detached to pick up survivors.

Doorman's command, reduced to four cruisers, again encountered the Japanese escort group at 23:00; both columns exchanged fire in the darkness at long range, until the Java and De Ruyter were torpedoed in the same devastating salvo; Java exploded and sank within minutes, while De Ruyter was struck and disabled while evading and went under several hours later. Only 111 were saved from both ships, Doorman among the dead, having gone down with the De Ruyter.

Only the cruisers Perth and Houston remained; low on fuel and ammunition, and following Doorman's last order to ignore survivors and proceed to Batavia, the two ships retired, arriving at Tanjung Priok on 28 February.

Although the Allied fleet did not reach the invasion fleet, the battle did give the defenders of Java a one-day respite.

Aftermath

Battle of Sunda Strait

Perth and Houston were at Tanjung Priok on 28 February when they received orders to sail through Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap. Materiel was running short in Java, and neither was able to rearm or fully refuel. Departing at 19:00 on 28 February for the Sunda Strait, by chance they encountered the main Japanese invasion fleet for West Java in Bantam Bay. The Allied ships were engaged by at least three cruisers and several destroyers.

In a ferocious night action that ended after midnight on 1 March, Perth and Houston were sunk. A Japanese minesweeper and a troop transport were sunk by friendly fire, while three other transports were damaged and had to be beached.

The Dutch destroyer HNLMS Evertsen had been scheduled to depart Tanjung Priok with the cruisers, but was delayed, and she followed them about two hours later.  Her crew sighted the gunfire of the main action, and her captain managed to evade the Japanese main force.  However, Evertsen was then engaged by two Japanese destroyers in the Strait, and on fire and in a sinking condition, grounded herself on a reef near Sebuku Island.  The surviving crew abandoned ship just as the aft magazine exploded.

Second Java Sea

After emergency repairs the badly-damaged Exeter left Surabaya for Ceylon; she departed at dusk on 28 February and limped toward Sunda Strait, escorted by the destroyers  and . However, all three ships were intercepted by the Japanese heavy cruisers Nachi, Haguro, Myōkō and Ashigara—and their attendant destroyers—on the morning of 1 March. Exeter and Encounter were sunk together around noon, while Pope escaped only to be sunk several hours later by aerial attack.

Bali Strait

The four U.S. destroyers of DesDiv 58—John D. Edwards, John D. Ford, Alden, and Paul Jones—were also at Surabaya; they left for Australia via the harbor's shallow eastern entrance at nightfall on 28 February. After a brief encounter with Japanese destroyers in the Bali Strait, which they were able to evade, they reached Fremantle safely on 4 March.

Consequences
Another Dutch destroyer (HNLMS Witte de With) and three American ships (destroyers USS Pillsbury and USS Edsall, along with the gunboat USS Asheville) were either scuttled or sunk as they attempted to escape to Australia. The main ABDA naval force had been almost totally destroyed: 10 ships and approximately 2,173 sailors had been lost. The Battle of the Java Sea ended significant Allied naval operations in Southeast Asia in 1942, and Japanese land forces invaded Java on 28 February. The Dutch surface fleet was practically eradicated from Asian waters and the Netherlands would never reclaim full control of its colony.  The Japanese now controlled one of the most important food-producing regions (Java), and by conquering the Dutch East Indies, Japan also controlled the fourth-largest oil producing area in the world in 1940.

The U.S. and Royal Air Force retreated to Australia. Dutch troops, aided by British remnants, fought fiercely for a week. In the campaign the Japanese executed many Allied POWs and sympathizing Indonesians. Eventually, the Japanese won this decisive battle of attrition and ABDA forces surrendered on 9 March.

Wrecks
As of 2002 the location of the wreck of only one of the eight ships sunk during the two so-called Java Sea Battles, HMS Jupiter, was known and plotted on an Admiralty chart. However, given her location in very shallow water so close to shore she had already been heavily salvaged.

In December 2002 the wrecks of HNLMS Java and HNLMS De Ruyter were discovered by a specialist wreck diving group aboard the dive vessel MV Empress. Empress then went on to discover the wrecks of HMS Electra in August 2003; HNLMS Kortenaer in August 2004; and HMS Exeter and HMS Encounter in February 2007.  When discovered these wrecks were all in a very well-preserved state, save for battle damage. In late 2008, Empress discovered remnants of the last wreck, USS Pope, which had already been largely removed by illegal salvage diving operations.

Although the MV Empress team kept the locations of their discoveries secret, by 2017 all eight ships had been reduced to remnants or even entirely removed by illegal commercial salvage operations.'

Notes

References

Further reading

 Firsthand account of the battle by the captain of the Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze.

 Firsthand account of the battle by a survivor from USS Houston.

External links
 – 135-minute documentary of the battle. Won the "Golden Calf" award for "Best Long Documentary" at the 1996 Nederlands Film Festival.

 To the Java Sea: The Diary, Letters and Papers of Henry E. Eccles

1942 in Japan
Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
Java Sea
World War II naval operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre
Naval battles of World War II involving Australia
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the Netherlands
Java Sea
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
February 1942 events

Battle of the Java Sea


مدينة واري هي عاصمة ولاية دلتا في نيجيريا وتعد أكبر منتج للنفط في نيجيريا. تعداد السكان فيها يفوق المليون نسمة أغلبهم من المسيحيين. وهي تبعد 300 كم شرق لاغوس عاصمة نيجيريا الاقتصادية.
من أميز الفرق التي توجد بمدينة واري هي فريق وولفز (الذئاب)شارك في البطولة الأفريقية للأندية الابطال عدة مرات

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لواري:

أعلام

 ميخائيل أوبيك
 ويلسون أوروما
 إيمانويل أوليساديبي
 كريستيان أوبودو
 نيدوم أونوها

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية دلتا
مدن في ولاية دلتا
مدن نيجيريا
مدن وبلدات ساحلية في نيجيريا

واري


Arriari je rijeka u Kolumbiji, pritoka rijeke Guaviare. Pripada porječju rijeke Orinoco.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Pritoke Guaviare

Arriari


Rødovrefilmen er en film instrueret af Jørgen Leth og Ole John.

Rødovrecentret var det første store indkøbscenter i Danmark. Filmens bevægelser gennem centret er til en vis grad styret af formelle principper, f.eks. marcherer alle i begyndelsen af filmen på række ind i centret med kameraet på den forangåendes skulder.

Den ledsagende musik var Django Reinhards Django Realm.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1969

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Rødovrefilmen


O 26º Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo foi realizado em Paris, na França entre 9 a 10 de novembro de 1935. Foram disputadas cinco categorias.

Medalhistas

Quadro de medalhas

Ligações externas
Site da Federação Europeia de Halterofilismo

1934
Europeu
Halterofilismo
Halterofilismo

Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo de 1935


Reacția Finkelstein, denumită după chimistul german Hans Finkelstein, este o reacție de substituție nucleofilă bimoleculară (SN2) ce implică substituirea atomilor de halogen dintr-o moleculă cu alți atomi de halogen. Reacția este o reacție de echilibru, însă ea poate fi totală dacă se exploatează solubilitatea diferită a halogenurilor sau prin utilizarea unui exces de halogenuri.

R–X   +   M+X′−      R–X′   +   M+X−

De obicei, iodul și fluorul (X´= I, F) pot deplasa clorul și bromul (X = Cl, Br) deoarece fluorul are un caracter nucleofil mai pronunțat, iar iodurile sunt mai solubile decât celelalte halogenuri. Așadar, reacția se realizează cu o halogenură a unui metal alcalin care vine în contact cu o halogenură sau o pseudohalogenură de alchil (derivați halogenați).

Note

Finkelstein
Finkelstein

Reacție Finkelstein


La bataille d'Okhtyrka est une bataille militaire, qui a débuté le 24 février 2022, lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine, dans le cadre de l'offensive de l'Ukraine orientale. Okhtyrka est une ville de 47 216 habitants située près de la frontière entre la Russie et l'Ukraine dans l'Oblast de Soumy.

Bataille
Le 24 février au matin, les forces russes entrent dans l'oblast de Soumy via la frontière russo-ukrainienne proche de Soumy, Chostka et Okhtyrka. Les combats démarrent à 7h30 dans la périphérie de la ville de Velyka Pysarivka. Les forces russes ne parviennent pas à occuper la ville et battent en retraite le lendemain, laissant des chars et du matériel militaire sur place.

Le 25 février, des missiles BM-27 Uragan touchent une école maternelle à Okhtyrka, faisant trois morts. Les missiles seraient des bombes à fragmentation, ce qui, selon Amnesty International, peut constituer un crime de guerre. Il est également rapporté qu'un bus civil a été la cible de tirs des forces russes près d'Okhtyrka. Dmytro Jyvytsky, le gouverneur de l'Oblast de Sumy, déclare que 3 autres civils ont été tués dans la ville. Le 26 février, la médecin militaire Inna Derousova est tuée par un bombardement russe sur son poste de secours.

Le 28 février, les forces russes bombardent et détruisent un dépôt de pétrole à Okhtyrka.

Le , plus de 70 soldats ukrainiens sont tués après un bombardement des forces russes sur une base militaire à Okhtyrka, selon Jyvytsky. L'attaque provoque la plus grande perte de vies humaines depuis que les forces russes ont commencé leur invasion en Ukraine. Le type d'armes utilisé est incertain : certains rapports ukrainiens indiquent que la destruction du bâtiment principal a été causée par un seul tir de missile balistique 9K720 Iskander, tandis que des rapports ultérieurs rapportent que trois missiles plus petits ont été utilisés, y compris des armes thermobariques. Outre les personnes tuées, d'autres sont piégées sous les décombres.

Utilisation d'armes thermobariques
Le 28 février, Oksana Markarova, l'ambassadeur d'Ukraine aux États-Unis, déclare que les forces russes avaient utilisé une bombe thermobarique à Okhtyrka. Selon un rapport de février 2000 de Human Rights Watch, la Russie a déjà utilisé des armes thermobariques pendant la Deuxième guerre de Tchétchénie, et bien que les armes thermobariques ne soient pas interdites par le droit humanitaire international, leur large zone d'effet signifie que les forces doivent faire preuve d'une extrême prudence lorsqu'elles sont déployées près des zones de population.

Markarova affirme que l'utilisation d'armes thermobariques est une violation des Conventions de Genève, et le président ukrainien Volodymyr Zelensky déclare qu'il s'agit d'une attaque ciblée contre des zones résidentielles. La secrétaire de presse de la Maison Blanche, Jen Psaki, déclare que bien qu'elle n'ait pas la confirmation de l'utilisation d'une bombe thermobarique par la Russie, l'utilisation de ces armes peut constituer un crime de guerre.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Désinformation lors de la crise russo-ukrainienne de 2021–2022
 Guerre du Donbass
 Relations entre la Russie et l'Ukraine
 Cyberattaque de 2022 en Ukraine
 Manifestations contre l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022

Okhtyrka
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022
Bataille 2022

Bataille d'Okhtyrka


فيكرام بانديت  (ولد في 14 يناير، 1957) هو الرئيس التنفيذي الحالي لمجموعة سيتي جروب.

لمحات وبداية الحياة
ولد فيكرام بانديت في ولاية مهاراشترا في الهندلغته الأم هي المهاراتية.  كان والده - ش ب بانديت - المدير التنفيذي في سارابهاي للكيماويات في بارودا.

أكمل تعليمه في المجمع المجوسي لشباب المدرسة الثانوية في دادار - مومباي. انتقل إلى الولايات المتحدة عندما كان في السادسة عشرة من عمره للدراسة في جامعة جانون. حصل على بكالوريوس وماجستير في الهندسة الكهربائية وماجستير في إدارة الأعمال عام 1976، 1977، و 1980 على التوالي، وحصل على درجة الدكتوراه في التمويل من مدرسة كولومبيا للأعمال في عام 1986. وهو الوصي في جامعة كولومبيا.

فيكرام بانديت كان أستاذا في بلومينجتون قبل أن ينضم إلى شركة مورجان ستانلي. وخلال فترة رئاسته لقسم الأوراق المالية المؤسسية بشركة مورجان ستانلي من 1994 إلى 2000، دفع الشركة إلى مزيد من التجارة الإلكترونية، وساعد على بناء خدمات رئيسية تهتم بصناديق التحوط.قاد الأوراق المالية المؤسسية من 2000 إلى 2005. وقد منحته الحكومة الهندية وسام بادما بوشان في عام 2008.

كان بانديت الرئيس والمدير التنفيذي للعمليات المؤسسية للأوراق المالية والخدمات المصرفية الاستثمارية في مورغان ستانلي، حيث كان مسؤولا عن الإدارة العامة للمجموعة، وركز على التجارة، والمبيعات، وجوانب البنية الأساسية لقطاع الأعمال (2000-2005). قبل ذلك المنصب، شغل بانديت منصب العضو المنتدب ورئيس شعبة الأسهم المؤسسية في جميع أنحاء العالم (1994-2000)، والعضو المنتدب ورئيس نقابة الأسهم الأمريكية (1990-1994) بشركة مورجان ستانلي. في عام 2005، أقيل بانديت من مورجان ستانلي وأنشأ صندوق تحوط بالاشتراك مع آخرين من مورجان ستانلي  سموه شركاء الحارة القديمة. سيتي جروب في وقت لاحق (في عام 2007)اشترت الصندوق ذو الأداء الضعيف مقابل 800 مليون دولار. تلقى بانديت ما يقرب من 165.2 مليون دولار لهذه الصفقة. يعتقد العديد من المحللين أن هذا الثمن الباهظ قد دفع لصندوق تحوط فقط 4.5 مليار دولار أمريكي تحت إدارتها لضم بانديت إلى سيتي جروب. حصل على مبلغ إضافي قدره 2.7 مليون دولار في الشهور الستة التي شغل فيها منصب رئيس المجموعة المصرفية الاستثمارية والاستثمارات البديلة لسيتي جروب في يناير 2008، أعطي بانديت للتوقيع على منحة من الأسهم - اعتمادا على الأداء- تصل قيمتها إلى أكثر من 48 مليون دولار، على الرغم من الخيارات في الوقت الراهن ليست لها قيمة نقدية.

بانديت عضو مجلس جامعة كولومبيا وكلية كولومبيا للأعمال والمدرسة الهندية لإدارة الأعمال ووكلية ترينيتي. وهو عضو سابق في مجلس صندوق الاستثمار لبورصة ناسداك (2000-2003)، بمدينة نيويورك.

سيتي جروب
في 11 ديسمبر، 2007 تم تعيين بانديت كبير الإداريين التنفيذيين الجديد لمجموعة سيتي جروب ليحل محل الرئيس التنفيذي المؤقت السير وينفريد بيسكوف، الذي أصبح رئيسا لمجلس الإدارة مع بقائه الرئيس التنفيذي لسيتي جروب أوروبا. الرئيس المؤقت روبرت روبن أيد بانديت بقوة،  ليكون خليفة لتشاك برينس. برينس استقال من منصبه في تشرين الثاني 2007 بسبب الأداء الضعيف غير المتوقع خلال الربع الثالث من السنة الذي كان سببه خسائر متعلقة بالتزام الديون المضمونة والأوراق المالية المدعومة برهن.

التعويض
بينما كان بانديت الرئيس التنفيذي لمجموعة سيتي جروب في عام 2007، وحصل فيكرام بانديت، على تعويض سنوي قدره 3,164,320، الذي اشتمل على المرتب الأساسي من 250,000 دولار، والأرصدة الممنوحة 2,914,320 دولار وتمنح خيارات 0 دولار. وفي عام 2008، حصل على تعويض إجمالي قدره 38,237,437 دولار، الذي اشتمل على المرتب الأساسي من 958,333 دولار، والأرصدة الممنوحة 28,830,000 دولار، وتمنح خيارات 8,432,911 دولار.

2009
في 11 فبراير، 2009، أدلى بانديت بشهادته أمام الكونجرس أنه قد أقر لمجلس ادارته، «ينبغي أن يكون راتبي دولار واحد في السنة بدون مكافأة حتى نعود إلى الربحية،»  وذلك بعد أن تلقى 10.82 مليون دولار في عام 2008. كما أنه تحدث بنبرة اعتذارية عن السماح للبنك بإتمام صفقة شراء طائرة خاصة بعد تلقي نحو 45 مليار دولار في إنقاذ المال. وقد ألغى البنك الخطة تحت ضغط من الرئيس الامريكى باراك اوباما.

نقد
انتُقِد فيكرام بانديت  لكونه كارها للنساء ويجد صعوبة في العمل مع الزميلات. يعرف عنه أن له مشاكل شخصية ومهنية مع زوي كروز، رئيسته في مورجان ستانلي، وهذا هو أحد الأسباب لرحيله من هناك. بانديت أثار حفيظة كروز أمام أعضاء مجلس الإدارة الأخرى ن، مما أصابها بالغضب والإحباط، وهي تمسح الدموع من عينيها  في سيتي جروب، أقال فيكرام سالى كراوتشيك الذي قاد مجموعة إدارة الثروة بمجموعة سيتي جروب  في خلال فترة وجوده في سيتي جروب، قال إنه كثيرا ما انتقد علنا رئيسة المؤسسة شيليا بير ورفض التعاون معها أو وكالتها على الرغم من الأداء الضعيف لمجموعة سيتي جروب مقارنة مع نظيراتها ومكانتها باعتبارها واحدة من أكبر مستخدمي أموال دافعي الضرائب في خطة انقاذ.

حياته الشخصية
يسكن بانديت في شقة قيمتها 18 مليون دولار على أبر ويست سايد في مانهاتن  وهو هندوسي الديانة. متزوج من «سواتي»، وهي من بونه.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 سيتي جروب بيو
 مقابلة مع والد فيكرام بانديت
 مقابلة مع والد فيكرام بانديت على شبكة سي ان ان ابن
 Rediff.com التقرير الخاص عن فيكرام بانديت، الوالد شانكار بانديت وعائلته

ويكيبيديا:FLAG

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الجانب الغربي الشمالي لمنهاتن
أشخاص من مانهاتن
أشخاص من نيويورك
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون من أصل هندي
أصحاب أعمال من ماهاراشترا
أصحاب أعمال من ناجبور
أمريكيون من أصل هندي
خريجو جامعة كولومبيا
خريجو كلية الأعمال في كولومبيا
خريجو مدرسة كولومبيا للهندسة والعلوم التطبيقية
رؤساء تنفيذيون أمريكيون من شركات خدمات مالية
شخصيات أعمال أمريكية هندية
مدراء سيتي غروب
مستقيلون من مناصبهم
مصرفيون أمريكيون
مصرفيون هنود
مواليد 1957
مواليد في ناغبور
موظفو سيتي غروب
هندوس أمريكيون
هنود مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
رؤساء عمليات أمريكيون

فيكرام بانديت


Shougang Group Co., Ltd., anteriormente Shougang Corporation, é uma empresa siderúrgica estatal chinesa . Com sede em Pequim, as operações do distrito de Shijingshan foram transferidas para fora da cidade  antes das Olimpíadas devido a preocupações com a poluição.

Sua subsidiária e empresa listada, Beijing Shougang Co., Ltd. (SZSE), foi criada em 1999 e listada na Bolsa de Valores de Shenzhen em 2005. Também possui 3 outras subsidiárias listadas na Bolsa de Valores de Hong Kong, Shougang Concord International (), Shougang Concord Century () e Shougang Concord Grand ().

A palavra "Shougang" () é uma abreviação de seu nome chinês ( ), que significa "Capital Steel". Algumas publicações também usam Capital Iron and Steel Corporation como transliteração.

História
A antecessora de Shougang, a Shijingshan Steel Plant, foi fundada em 1919 no distrito de Shijingshan, com crescimento acelerado desde a fundação da República Popular da China em 1949. A Shougang concentra seus negócios principalmente na indústria siderúrgica, a corporação também opera em mineração, desenvolvimento de máquinas e equipamentos, eletrônicos, construção, imóveis e serviços relacionados, além disso, eles também desenvolveram negócios com empresas estrangeiras para formar a Shougang como líder corporação multidiversa.

A siderúrgica de Shijingshan foi fechada em 2011, tornando-se assim Shougang Park.  Big Air Shougang, uma das sedes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022, foi construído dentro da antiga fábrica em 2019.

Operações estrangeiras
A empresa tem operações atuais na costa pacífica do sul do Peru e é conhecida como Shougang Hierro Perú. Ela opera a Mina Marcona no distrito de Marcona, uma mina de ferro a céu aberto adquirida em 1992. Houve problemas trabalhistas contínuos.

!Artigos com texto em chinês simplificado
!Artigos com texto em chinês
!Artigos que usam predefinições de infocaixas sem linhas de dados
Empresas da China

Shougang Group


Le McCormick Farmall F-235 D est un modèle de tracteur agricole produit par l'entreprise américaine International Harvester.

Cette évolution du Farmall C de 1948, pourvue d'un moteur Diesel, est construite dans l'usine française de Saint-Dizier de 1957 à 1959.

Historique
C'est en 1948 qu'International Harvester commence aux États-Unis la production du Farmall C. Ce tracteur est largement diffusé, y compris en France dans le cadre du plan Marshall, malgré le handicap que constitue son moteur à essence gourmand. En 1951, le tracteur est fabriqué dans l'usine française de Saint-Dizier sans grande modification. En 1953 intervient une évolution technique majeure : l'introduction d'un moteur Diesel sur le tracteur qui devient Farmall FC-D (« F » pour France et « D » pour Diesel).

En 1957 le tracteur est une nouvelle fois amélioré sous la dénomination complexe McCormick Farmall F-235. Si un moteur à essence est toujours proposé, sa diffusion reste confidentielle et c'est dans sa version Diesel F-235 D qu'il est surtout vendu, jusqu'en 1959.

Caractéristiques
Le F-235 D est motorisé par le groupe FD-123, fabriqué par International Harvester. Ce moteur Diesel à quatre cylindres (alésage de  pour une course de ) en ligne, à injection indirecte, possède une cylindrée totale de . Il développe une puissance maximale de . L'injection indirecte impose un préchauffage systématique du moteur avant démarrage, même à chaud, et nécessite des batteries toujours en bon état.

La boîte de vitesses reste très basique avec quatre rapports avant non synchronisés et un rapport arrière. Un réducteur, en option, permet de doubler le nombre de rapports mais qu'il n'est que très peu retenu par les acheteurs. La vitesse maximale du tracteur est de , ce qui n'est pas un handicap à une époque où les déplacements sur route ne sont pas encore fréquents.

Ce modèle présente plusieurs améliorations par rapport au précédent, comme un relevage à trois points avec un système de contrôle automatique d'effort, des freins à disque. S'il bénéficie d'une adhérence excellente, il lui est reproché une direction imprécise nécessitant le plus souvent une modification par le concessionnaire ; en outre, le volant décentré par rapport au siège du conducteur ne facilite pas la conduite.

Des versions « Row-Crop » à roues avant jumelées pour les cultures en ligne ou « Vineyard » à voies étroites pour les vignes ou les vergers sont proposées.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Tracteur agricole

McCormick Farmall F-235 D


An Aglaonema simplex in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Blume, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Aglaonema simplex in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aglaonema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aglaonema

Aglaonema simplex


L'Initiative mondiale Borlaug contre la rouille (BGRI, Borlaug Global Rust Initiative) , anciennement Global Rust Initiative (Initiative mondiale contre la rouille),  a été fondée en réponse aux recommandations d'un comité d'experts internationaux qui s'est réuni pour envisager une réponse à la menace que représente pour l'approvisionnement alimentaire mondial la souche Ug99  de  la rouille noire du blé. La BGRI a été renommée « Initiative mondiale Borlaug contre la rouille » en l'honneur de Norman Borlaug, pionnier de la Révolution verte et lauréat du Prix Nobel de la paix, qui a été la cheville ouvrière de l'Initiative mondiale contre la rouille.

Le BGRI a pour objectif primordial de réduire méthodiquement la vulnérabilité mondiale aux rouilles du blé (rouille noire, rouille jaune et rouille brune) et de préconiser et faciliter l'évolution d'un système international durable pour contenir la menace des rouilles du blé et poursuivre les améliorations nécessaires de la productivité pour résister aux futures menaces mondiales sur le blé.

Comité exécutif
 Présidente : Jeanie Borlaug Laube

Membres permanents
 Ronnie Coffman (université Cornell), vice-président du BGRI,
 Martin Kropf, directeur général, Centre international d'amélioration du maïs et du blé (CIMMYT),
 Trilochan Mohapatra, directeur général, Conseil indien de la recherche agronomique,
 Mahmoud Solh, directeur général, Centre international de recherche agricole dans les zones arides (ICARDA),
 Clayton Campanhola, directeur de la Division des systèmes de soutien agricole (FAO).

Membres tournants
 John Manners, directeur, CSIRO Agriculture
 David Wall, Acting Director Research, Development and Technology, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada,
 Huajin Tang, VP pour la collaboration internationale, Académie chinoise des sciences agricoles,
 Lene Lange, directeur de la recherche, université d'Aalborg (Danemark),
 Fentahun Mengistu, directeur général, Institut éthiopien de recherche agronomique,
 Abd El Moneam El Banna, président, Centre égyptien de recherche agronomique,
 Eskander Zand, sous-ministre et chef, Organisation de recherche, d'enseignement et de vulgarisation agricoles (Iran),
 Eliud Kireger, directeur général, Organisation kényane de recherche sur l'agriculture et l'élevage,
 Masum Burak, directeur général de la Direction générale de la recherche agronomique, (Turquie),
 Iftikhar Ahmad, président, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
 Jose Costa, administrateur adjoint, Production et protection des cultures, USDA-ARS,
 Alvaro Roel, président, INIA (Uruguay).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Pathologie végétale
Agronomie
Génie génétique
Organisme lié aux céréales


Winfield Scott "Scotty" Moore III (Gadsden, 27 de diciembre de 1931–Nashville, 28 de junio de 2016) fue un músico y compositor estadounidense, conocido mundialmente por tocar junto a Elvis Presley en la primera parte de su carrera, entre 1954 y los primeros años de Elvis en Hollywood.

El crítico de rock Dave Marsh acredita a Moore con la invención de los acordes de poder, en la canción de 1957 de Presley "Jailhouse Rock", la introducción de la cual Moore y el baterista D.J. Fontana, según este último, "copió de una versión de swing de los años 40 de 'The Anvil Chorus'". Moore ocupó el puesto 29 en la lista de la revista Rolling Stone de los 100 Mejores Guitarristas de Todos los Tiempos en 2011. Fue incluido en el Salón de la Fama del Rock and Roll en 2000 y en el Salón de la Fama de la Música de Memphis en 2015. El guitarrista principal de los Rolling Stones, Keith Richards, ha dicho de Moore,Cuando escuché "Heartbreak Hotel", supe lo que quería hacer en la vida. Era tan claro como el día. Todo lo que quería hacer en el mundo era poder tocar y sonar así. Todos los demás querían ser Elvis, yo quería ser Scotty."

Biografía
Winfield Scott Moore III was born near Gadsden, Tennessee, to Mattie (née Hefley) as the youngest of four boys by fourteen years. He learned to play the guitar from family and friends at age eight. Although underage when he enlisted, Moore served in the United States Navy in China and Korea from 1948 through January 1952.

Moore's early background was in jazz and country music. A fan of the guitarist Chet Atkins, Moore led a group called the Starlite Wranglers before Sam Phillips at Sun Records put him together with then-teenage Elvis Presley. The trio was completed with the bass player Bill Black, who brought a "rhythmic propulsion" that much pleased Phillips. In 1954, Moore and Black accompanied Elvis on what would become the first legendary Presley hit, the Sun Studios session cut of "That's All Right", a recording regarded as a seminal event in rock and roll history.

The session, held the evening of July 5, 1954, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right". Moore recalled,All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, "What are you doing?" And we said, "We don't know." "Well, back up," he said, "try to find a place to start, and do it again." Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for.During the next few days, the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe's "Blue Moon of Kentucky", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed "slapback". A single was pressed with "That's All Right" on the A side and "Blue Moon of Kentucky" on the reverse.

Phillips's rhythm-centered vision led him to steer Moore away from the pretty finger-picking style of Chet Atkins, which he deemed fine for pop or country, but not for the simple, gutsy sound Phillips was aiming at. Simplify was the keyword.

By his performance at the Louisiana Hayride of October 1954, Black and Moore were called the Blue Moon Boys.

For a time, Moore served as Presley's personal manager. They were later joined by the drummer D.J. Fontana. Beginning in July 1954, the Blue Moon Boys toured and recorded throughout the American South, and as Presley's popularity rose, they toured the United States and made appearances in various Presley television shows and motion pictures. The Blue Moon Boys, including Moore, appear in the few surviving 1955 home movie clips of Presley before he achieved national recognition. Moore, Black, and Fontana also appeared on the Dorsey Brothers, Milton Berle, Steve Allen, and Ed Sullivan live TV shows from January 1956 to January 1957. Moore and Fontana also reunited on the 1960 Timex TV special with Frank Sinatra welcoming Presley upon his return from service in the U.S. Army.

Moore played on many of Presley's most famous recordings, including "That's All Right", "Good Rockin' Tonight", "Milk Cow Blues Boogie", "Baby Let's Play House", "Heartbreak Hotel", "Mystery Train", "Blue Suede Shoes", "Hound Dog", "Too Much", "Jailhouse Rock", and "Hard Headed Woman". He called his solo on "Hound Dog" "ancient psychedelia".

During the filming and recording of Loving You in Hollywood in early 1957, Moore and Black drove the boredom away by jamming with Presley between takes, but they usually saw little of Presley, who stayed only a couple of floors away from them. They grew hurt and resentful at the separation, which they came to perceive as willfully organized.

They did not accompany Presley on the soundtrack recordings for his first movie, Love Me Tender, because 20th Century Fox had refused to allow him to use his own band, with the excuse that they could not play country. By December 1956 they were experiencing financial difficulties, because there had been few performances since August: when there were, they received $200 a week (US$ in  dollars), but only $100 (US$ in  dollars) when there were not. Moore and his wife were forced to move in with her three sisters and brother-in-law. In an interview with the Memphis Press-Scimitar that December, they spoke about this and about their lack of contact with Presley himself. The reason for the interview was their announcement that management had given them permission to record an instrumental album of their own, which RCA Victor would release. Such permission was needed in order to appear as a group without Presley.

During Presley's 1957 tour of Canada, the concert promoter Oscar Davis offered to represent them as his manager. Moore and Black, who had seen Presley become a millionaire while still earning $200 a week themselves, were willing to work with Davis, but the backing vocalists, the Jordanaires, were not, because they did not trust him.

Tension came to a climax right after the September 1957 sessions for Presley's first Christmas album. Moore and Black had been promised an opportunity to cut tracks after the session, on Presley's studio time. Yet when the session was over, they were told to pack up. That same evening, the duo wrote a letter of resignation. They had only had one raise in two years, and with the lack of personal appearances had to live off $100 a week. They also felt the Colonel was working against them. They had been denied virtually all access to Presley, and felt as if "they were no longer even permitted to talk to him." Colonel Parker did not interfere, but RCA Victor  executive Steve Sholes, who had little regard for the ability of Presley's band, hoped the separation would be permanent. Back in Memphis, a journalist found out and interviewed the duo. Presley responded with a press statement wishing them good luck, saying things could have been worked out if they had come to him instead of bringing it to the press. In an accompanying interview, Presley revealed that during the last two years people had tried to convince him to get rid of his band, so from his point of view he had stayed loyal to them.

Presley was scheduled to appear in Tupelo within the next two weeks and started to audition new musicians. He performed with Hank Garland on guitar and D.J. Fontana's friend, Chuck Wiginton, on bass, but despite their musical ability it didn't feel the same to him. The week after his Tupelo engagement he hired them back on a per diem basis. In the meantime, the duo had played "a miserable two-week engagement at the Dallas State Fair". Moore declared there were no hard feelings, though Presley himself, according to biographer Guralnick, seems to have taken a more melancholic view. One day, Guralnick writes, Presley heard "Jailhouse Rock" on the radio "and declared, 'Elvis Presley and his one-man band,' with a rueful shake of his head."

Moore and the Blue Moon Boys performed (and have additional small walk-on and speaking roles) with Presley in four of his movies (Loving You, Jailhouse Rock, King Creole, and G.I. Blues) filmed in 1957, 1958, and 1960.

Early in 1958, when Presley was drafted, Moore began working at Fernwood Records and produced a hit record, "Tragedy", for Thomas Wayne Perkins, the brother of Johnny Cash's guitarist Luther Perkins.

In 1960, Moore commenced recording sessions with Presley at RCA Victor, and also served as production manager at Sam Phillips Recording Service, which involved supervising all aspects of studio operation. Moore played on such Presley songs as "Fame and Fortune", "Such a Night", "Frankfort Special", "Surrender", "I Feel So Bad", "Rock-a-Hula Baby", "Kiss Me Quick", "Good Luck Charm", "She's Not You", "(You're the) Devil in Disguise", and "Bossa Nova Baby". Moore remained as a guitarist for the majority of songs recorded after Presley's work was dominated by Hollywood sessions; he mostly played rhythm guitar, however, with his last lead guitar work occurring by 1962.

In 1964, Moore released a solo album on Epic Records called The Guitar That Changed the World, played using his Gibson Super 400. For this effort he was fired by Sam Phillips. Moore reunited with Fontana and Presley for the NBC television special known as the '68 Comeback Special, again with his Gibson Super 400, which was also played by Presley. This special was the last time these musicians would play with Presley, and for Moore it was the last time he ever saw him.

Estilo e influencia
Moore's playing on his Gibson with his unique finger-picking style using a thumbpick, as on the Sun and early RCA Victor recordings, represented a move of the Chet Atkins style into a more rockabilly mode. Moore's best performances are often considered precedent-setting.

Of Presley's first single "That's All Right", the critic Dave Marsh wrote that "Moore's guitar—especially the solo—toughens the song up and forces it to rock." Though Marsh credits Presley with introducing "the vocal stutter" on "Baby Let's Play House", "Other than that, it's guitarist Scotty Moore's show, and he sets a few precedents of his own." Of the other Sun recordings, Marsh cited the "urgent Scotty Moore guitar lick" as a standout element of "Mystery Train", while "Good Rockin' Tonight" displays his "stinging guitar".

In Marsh's description, the teamwork of Moore and other musicians turns the 1957 single and movie title song "Jailhouse Rock" into an "enduring smash for at least three reasons: the great walking bass, Scotty Moore's invention of power chording, and D.J. Fontana's drumming, which is halfway between strip joint rhumba and the perfect New Orleans shuffle."

On the 1961, post-Army Presley single "Little Sister", "Scotty Moore comes up with his greatest post-Sun guitar lick and not only converts a comparatively humdrum Pomus-Shuman teen love triangle number into the best of Elvis's early sixties hits, but (together with D.J. Fontana's heavy-footed thunderation) gives more than a few pointers toward the metallic rock to come." According to Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen, however, Hank Garland was the lead guitarist on the song, while Moore played acoustic guitar.

Moore is given credit as a pioneer rock 'n' roll lead guitarist, though he characteristically downplayed his own innovative role in the development of the style. "It had been there for quite a while", recalled Moore. "Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson, and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old." Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as "essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction": "the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country". In "That's All Right", the Presley trio's first record, Moore's guitar solo, "a combination of Merle Travis–style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion."

Many popular guitarists cite Moore as the performer that brought the lead guitarist to a dominant role in a rock 'n' roll band. Although some lead guitarists and vocalists, such as Chuck Berry and the blues legend BB King, had gained popularity by the 1950s, Presley rarely played his own lead while performing, instead providing rhythm guitar and leaving the lead duties to Moore. As a guitarist, Moore was a noticeable presence in Presley's performances, despite his introverted demeanor. He became an inspiration to many subsequent popular guitarists, including George Harrison, Jeff Beck, and Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones. While Moore was working on his memoir with co-author James L. Dickerson, Richards told Dickerson, "Everyone else wanted to be Elvis—I wanted to be Scotty." Richards has stated many times (in Rolling Stone magazine and in his autobiography, Life) that he could never figure out how to play the "stop time" break and figure that Moore played on "I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone" (Sun), and that he hopes it will remain a mystery.

Equipo
Cuando estaba con Presley, Moore primero tocaba una Gibson ES-295 (apodada "La Guitarra Que Cambio El Mundo") antes de cambiarse a la Gibson L5 y después a una Gibson Super 400.

Una de las piezas más importante del sonido de Moore en las grabaciones con Presley, además de sus guitarras, era el Ray Butts EchoSonic, usado por primera vez por Chet Atkins, un amplificador con tape echo incorporado, que le permitia tomar su característico slapback echo para conciertos.

Últimos años y muerte
Moore tuvo que dejar de tocar guitarra unos años antes de su muerte debido a la artritis. Murio el 28 de junio de 2016, en Nashville, Tennessee, a la edad de 84.

Composiciones
Scotty Moore co-escribió las canciones "My Kind of Carrying On" y "Now She Cares No More" que fueron publicadas como Sun 202 en Sun Records en 1954 cuando estaba en el grupo Doug Poindexter and the Starlite Wranglers con Bill Black como el bajista. co-escribió la canción instrumental "Have Guitar Will Travel" en 1958 con Bill Black, que fue lanzado como un sencillo 45, 107, en el sello Fernwood Records.

Premios
Por su pionera contribuicion, Moore fue premiado por el Rockabilly Hall of Fame. En el año 2000, ingreso al Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Bibliografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

ElvisInfoNet Interview with Scotty Moore 2001
SUN Records singles discography
Interview with Scotty Moore

Interview with Scotty Moore for the NAMM Oral History Program July 18, 2002

Músicos de Tennessee
Guitarristas de rock de Estados Unidos
Artistas incluidos en el Salón de la Fama del Rock
Artistas de Sun Records
Guitarristas líderes
Elvis Presley
Fallecidos en Nashville

Scotty Moore


Barra Funda est un district situé dans la région ouest de la ville de São Paulo, avec  de superficie. Malgré la petite superficie, le district a sur son territoire le terminus Barra Funda, la cour de l'école de samba Camisa Verde e Branco, le Mémorial de l'Amérique latine, le stade Allianz Parque, appartenant au club de football Palmeiras, les centres d'entraînement de ce club et du São Paulo F.C., des bâtiments d'affaires tels que de la PricewaterhouseCoopers et les studios de la RecordTV.

Située dans une zone de plaine au sud de la rivière Tietê, traversée depuis le  par deux chemins de fer (Santos-Jundiaí et Sorocabana), elle fut pendant de nombreuses années une région à vocation industrielle. C'est maintenant devenu un quartier de classe moyenne et de petits bureaux. À sa limite se trouvent le Parc Fernando Costa (Parc d'Água Branca) et la gare routière de Barra Funda, qui fonctionne avec la station terminale de la ligne 3 - Rouge du métro de São Paulo.

Elle a été dépeinte dans l'œuvre d'Alcântara Machado , qui traite de la vie quotidienne des classes prolétariennes de la ville de São Paulo dans la première moitié du .

Histoire
Vers 1850, la région qui correspond actuellement à Barra Funda faisait partie de l'ancienne Ferme Iguape, propriété d'Antônio da Silva Prado, le baron d'Iguape. Cette ferme, après avoir été divisée en lots, a donné naissance à plusieurs fermes, dont Chácara do Carvalho, appartenant au Conseiller Antônio Prado, petit-fils du Baron d'Iguape, et qui deviendra plus tard maire de la municipalité de São Paulo. L'importance de la famille et la grandeur de ces terres peuvent être exprimées par le fait que le conseiller Prado a engagé Luigi Puci, responsable du projet du Musée du Ipiranga, pour concevoir la maison siège de la ferme. Des années plus tard, la ferme a également été divisée en lots et sa Maison siège a été acquise par l'Institut d'éducation Bonni Consilii (qui est toujours situé sur le site). Les autres aires attribuées ont donné naissance au quartier de Barra Funda et à une partie des actuels districts de Casa Verde et Freguesia do Ó.

Peu de temps après la subdivision de la région, les premiers à peupler la région furent les Italiens. Ils travaillaient dans des scieries et des ateliers mécaniques, principalement pour servir la population du quartier d'élite voisin de Campos Elísios. Beaucoup ont également travaillé sur le chemin de fer qui sera inauguré à la fin de ce siècle.

Le plus grand développement de la région a eu lieu après l' inauguration de la gare de Barra Funda d'Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana, en 1875, fonctionnant comme débouché pour la production de café à São Paulo et aussi comme entrepôt pour les produits qui ont été transportés du port de Santos à l'intérieur. Cela a favorisé l'augmentation de la population et l'occupation de la région et de ses environs, qui s'est intensifiée avec la création, en 1892, de la gare du São Paulo Railway, inauguré près de Sorocabana, précisément là où se trouve actuellement le viaduc de l'avenue Pacaembu. La croissance démographique de la région apportée par le chemin de fer lui a permis de commencer à transporter, à partir de 1920, non seulement des marchandises mais aussi des voyageurs. À partir du , la population noire a commencé à peupler la région, changeant la caractéristique essentiellement italienne de Barra Funda.

Le premier tramway électrique de São Paulo a été lancé le , reliant Barra Funda à Largo São Bento. Sur cet itinéraire, il a traversé les rues Barra Funda et Brigadeiro Galvão, jusqu'à son dernier arrêt, dans la rue Anhanguera.

Ce développement commercial du quartier, allié à la grande facilité de transport et à la proximité des élitistes quartiers d'Higienópolis et de Campos Elísios, a conduit une partie de l'industrie de São Paulo et de l'élite du café à s'installer dans cette région au sud du quartier, entre la voie ferrée et les rives de la Tietê. Un autre facteur qui a contribué au développement de Barra Funda était la proximité du parc industriel de , installé dans le quartier voisin d'Água Branca, en 1920. Les industries Matarazzo employaient une grande partie de la population de la région, ainsi qu'une grande partie de la ville, et étaient à la base du célèbre « Empire Matarazzo », qui s'affaiblit jusqu'à sa disparition dans les années 1980.

Le développement de la région est fortement ébranlé par la crise de 1929, qui entraîne la fermeture des industries et le déplacement des élites de la région, abandonnant leurs grandes maisons (certaines deviennent plus tard des logements). Fondamentalement, l'industrie artisanale est restée, avec des ateliers, de la menuiserie, des scieries ou des industries alimentaires et textiles de petite taille.

Malgré les difficultés apparentes, c'est à cette époque que Barra Funda connaît une période de grande manifestation culturelle. Le quartier a exposé de grandes personnes de São Paulo au pays, comme Mário de Andrade, qui est né et a vécu dans le quartier, qui conserve encore son ancienne résidence. En 1917, le théâtre São Pedro est inauguré. Trois ans plus tard, le Palestra Itália de São Paulo a acheté un terrain sur lequel a été construit le stade Palestra Itália, appartenant au club qui en 1942 changera son nom en Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.

Barra Funda a également été le théâtre de la création du plus ancien cordon de carnaval de la ville : le Grupo Carnavalesco Barra Funda. Le groupe a été persécuté par la pression du président Getúlio Vargas, qui a confondu l'association car ils portaient des chemises vertes et des pantalons blancs, les mêmes couleurs que l'action Intégraliste de Plínio Salgado. Enfin, elle a changé de nom en 1953 pour devenir le cordon Camisa Verde e Branco, devenant plus tard une école de samba en 1972, gagnant 9 fois le carnaval de São Paulo et conservant son siège dans le quartier.

À partir des années 1970, la migration des gens du Nord-Est brésilien vers la région a commencé et l'activité industrielle, autrefois l'une des grandes forces de Barra Funda, a considérablement diminué. Cette situation n'a commencé à changer qu'à la fin de la décennie suivante, avec la construction du terminus intermodal Barra Funda, l'un des plus grands du pays et d'importance similaire au terminus Tietê, car il rassemblait tous les types de transports en commun existants dans la capitale de São Paulo : métro (avec l'inauguration de la station terminale de la ligne 3 - Barra Funda), trains des anciennes lignes Sorocabana et Santos-Jundiaí, ainsi que des bus pour les déplacements municipaux, interurbains et internationaux. Cette même année (1989) fut achevée la construction du Mémorial de l'Amérique latine, un grand rédut culturel inauguré sur l'ancien Largo da Banana et conçue par l'architecte Oscar Niemeyer.

De tels travaux ont apporté un nouveau développement à la région, avec la revitalisation d'immeubles anciens, de nouveaux établissements commerciaux et même l'installation des studios de la Rede Record de télévision, la plus ancienne du pays en activité, en 1995. Avant, ils étaient occupés par l'éteinte TV Jovem Pan. Le district abrite également le Playcenter depuis 1973, le plus grand parc d'attractions de la ville. Dans ce quartier, les forums Rui Barbosa et Criminal Mário Guimarães sont également situés, en plus d'abriter le nouveau siège de la , . La FPF, anciennement, était situé à l'avenue Brigadeiro Luiz Antônio, au centre-ville de la capitale.

En 2006, le gouverneur de l'époque Cláudio Lembo a autorisé le changement de nom de la station de métro «  » en Palmeiras-Barra Funda, après plusieurs demandes de fans, en suivant la ligne de l'ancienne station Corinthians-Itaquera, de la station Portuguesa-Tietê et de la station de la ligne 4 du métro, São Paulo-Morumbi.

Résidents et ex-résidents
 Inezita Barroso (1925 - 2015), bibliothécaire, enseignante, chanteuse, actrice, instrumentiste, folkloriste, animatrice de radio et de télévision
 Mário de Andrade (1893 - 1945), poète, romancier, critique d'art, musicologue

Districts limitrophes
 Casa Verde, Limão et Freguesia do Ó (Nord)
 Lapa (Ouest)
 Santa Cecilia et Bom Retiro (Est)
 Perdizes (Sud)

Voir aussi
 Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana
 Playcenter
 Villa Country
 Théâtre Dermeval Gonçalves (Studios RecordTV)
 Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
 GRES Mocidade Camisa Verde e Branco
 Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM)
 GRCES Mancha Verde
 Liste des districts de São Paulo
 Population des districts de São Paulo (Recensement 2010)
 Zone territoriale des districts de São Paulo (IBGE)
 Télécommunications à São Paulo

Notes et références

Liens externes

District à São Paulo

Barra Funda (São Paulo)


Ecopista é uma via de comunicação reservada a peões, bicicletas e outros meios de mobilidade suave e que resulta do aproveitamento e recuperação de linhas de caminho de ferro desativadas.

Ver também
Lista de ciclovias em Portugal

Ecopista


الهند الغربية كانت هذه التسمية في الأصل تطلق على مجموع الأراضي الأمريكية التي وصل إليها المستكشفون الإسبان. ذلك أنهم كانوا يعتقدون في البداية أنهم قاموا بدورة حول الكرة الأرضية ووصلوا حتى الهند، ومن هنا سموا سكانها الأصليين بالهنود . ولكن عندما اكتشفوا فيما بعد أن البلاد التي وصلوا إليها ليست الهند وإنما هي عالم جديد، سموا تلك الأرض بالهند الغربية في مقابل الهند الشرقية التي أطلقت على بلاد الهند، وسموا سكانها الأصليين بالهنود الحمر.

انظر أيضا

 الهند الشرقية
 الهند الغربية الدنماركية
 الهند الغربية الإسبانية
 شركة الهند الغربية الدنماركية
 شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية
 شركة الهند الغربية السويدية
 شركة الهند الغربية الفرنسية
 شركة براندبورغ الافريقية

مراجع

مناطق تاريخية

الهند الغربية


Paolo Giordano (n. 19 decembrie 1982, Torino) este un scriitor italian. Prima lui carte, Singurătatea numerelor prime, a fost cea mai bine vândută carte în Italia în 2008. A primit în 2008, prestigiosul Premio Strega precum și Premio Campiello pentru primul roman.

Paolo Giordano este fizician. A promovat în februarie 2010, cu lucrarea de doctorat în fizica teoretică, fizica particulelor elementare, la Universitatea din Torino. El scrie, de asemenea, pentru cotidianul Corriere della Sera.

Premii

 2008: Premio Strega

Opere

 La solitudine dei numeri primi.  Mondadori, Milano, 2008, ISBN 88-04-57702-9.
 Il corpo umano. Mondadori, Milano, 2012, ISBN 978-88-04-61625-2.
 Il nero e l'argento, Giulio Einaudi Editore, Torino, 2014, ISBN 978-88-06-22161-4.
 Divorare il cielo, Einaudi, Torino 2018.

Traduceri în limba română

 Singurătatea numerelor prime. RAO, 2009, ISBN 978-973-54-0044-6;  Polirom, 2018, ISBN 978-973-46-7555-5.
 Corpul uman. Humanitas Multimedia, 2014, ISBN  978-973-689-790-0.

Note

Legături externe
 Site-ul de Paolo Giordano

 |* portret: festivalului internațional de literatură de la berlin

Nașteri în 1982
Scriitori italieni din secolul al XXI-lea

Paolo Giordano


Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1950 s-a desfășurat la Monte Carlo în Principatul Monaco.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

1950
1950 în sport

Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1950


Guro Reiten (født 26. juli 1994) er en norsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber for Chelsea i FA Women's Super League og Norges kvindefodboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Norge
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Norge
Fodboldspillere fra LSK Kvinner FK

Guro Reiten


Big West Conference (BWC) je NCAA konferencija koja se nalazi u NCAA Diviziji I. Sva sveučilišta u ovoj konferenciji se nalaze u Kaliforniji. Koferencija je u početku formirana kao Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA), a 1988. promijenila je ime u BWC. Podupire mnoge sportove, a jedna je od rijetkih konferencija u kojima nema natjecanja za football.

Sportovi
Sportovi u BWC

Muški timovi po sportovima

Ženski timovi po sportovima

Škole
BWC se sastoji od 9 stalnih i 3 afilijatnih škola

Stalne škole

Afilijatne škole

Izvori

Košarka u SAD-u

Big West Conference


Trigla lyra, Trigla cinsine ait bir deniz balığı türüdür.

Dış bağlantılar

 Fishbase

Kaynakça

Ege Denizi faunası
Trigla
1758'de tanımlanan taksonlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Marmara Denizi faunası

Trigla lyra


Tomáš Souček (n. 27 februarie 1995) este un fotbalist ceh care joacă pe postul de mijlocaș pentru Slavia Praga.

Cariera pe echipe

Slavia Praga
Souček și-a făcut debutul în campionat pentru Viktoria Žižkov la 8 martie 2015 în înfrângerea de acasă din campionatul Cehiei lui împotriva FC Fastav Zlín. A înscris primul gol în campionat la 16 august 2015 în victoria scor 4-0 a Slaviei Praga împotriva lui FC Vysočina Jihlava.

Souček a intrat în prima echipă a Slaviei Praga în 2015 și a jucat 29 din cele 30 de meciuri din campionat în sezonul 2015-2016. Cu toate acestea, în sezonul 2016-2017, și-a pierdut locul de titular în urma sosirii lui Michael Ngadeu-Ngadjui, iar Souček a jucat doar 93 de minute în trei luni între septembrie și decembrie 2016. El a fost împrumutat la Slovan Liberec în timpul ferestrei de transfer de iarnă.

La 9 mai 2018, Slavia Praga a câștigat finala Cupei Cehiei 2017-2018 împotriva Jablonei.

Cariera la națională
După ce a jucat pentru Cehia la mai multe categorii de vârstă la tineret, el a debutat pentru echipa mare la 15 noiembrie 2016 într-un meci amical împotriva Danemarcei. El și-a făcut debutul competițional pe 10 iunie 2017 în egalul din deplasare al Cehia împotriva Norvegiei în calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial din 2018. El a jucat în toate cele trei meciuri ale echipei  sub 21 a Cehiei de la Campionatul European sub 21 de ani din 2017.

Onoruri

 Prima Liga Cehă : 2018-2019
 Cupa Cehiei : 2017-2018, 2018-2019

Referințe

Legături externe

 Tomáš Souček (statistici la națională)

Fotbaliști internaționali cehi
Fotbaliști cehi
Mijlocași
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1995

Tomáš Souček


Gurnee bezeichnet mehrere Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Gurnee (Alabama)
 Gurnee (Illinois)
 Gurnee (Pennsylvania)

Gurnee ist der Familienname von:

 Walter S. Gurnee (1813–1903), US-amerikanischer Politiker

Gurnee


Certificering er en standardiseret prøvning, før udfærdigelse af et certifikat, som blandt andet kan bestå af en licens, et diplom eller erhvervslegitimation. Certificeringen kan udføres af et organ, en juridisk eller fysisk person, som skriftligt forsikrer, at indholdet i et dokumentet er overensstemmelse med virkeligheden.

Certificering kan udføres for personlig viden eller færdigheder - eller for produkter, organisationer eller institutioner.

Etymologi
Fra tidlig 1300-tallet fra oldfransk certificat, certefiier, försikre sig om, bevidne sandheden af. Fra 1100-tallets latin certificare, som bestyrker, at forsikre sig om, fra latin certus (jævnfør eng. certain). Tilsammen med facere, at gøre, gøre. Relaterede engelske ord certified; certifying.

Certificering af viden

Certificering af viden kan ske gennem eksamen eller andre prøver.

Kilder/referencer

Certificering


بلدية تابيرنوليس (بالكاتالانية: Tavèrnoles) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 310 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

تابيرنولاس


Prema grčkoj mitologiji, Amikla (starogrčki Ἀμύκλας, Ἀmúklas) bio je kralj Sparte te osnivač grada zvanog Amyklai u središnjoj Lakoniji.

Njegovi su roditelji bili kralj Lakedemon i kraljica Sparta, a sestra kraljica Euridika od Arga. Amikla je oženio Diomedu, kćer Lapitovu, koja je Amikli rodila djecu:
Argal, kralj Sparte
Kinort, kralj Sparte
Hijakint, Apolonov ljubavnik
Laodamija, kraljica Arkadije
Polibeja

Jedan mit kaže da je upravo Amikla bio otac Dafne.

Izvori i bilješke

Lakonska mitologija
Spartanski kraljevi

Amikla od Sparte


Daniel James es un historiador y sociólogo británico, nacido en Londres en 1948. Estudió en las universidades de Oxford y Londres. Ha enseñado en la Universidad de Cambridge, Inglaterra, en la de Brasilia, y en las universidades de Yale y Duke en los Estados Unidos. Actualmente es profesor de Historia Latinoamericana por el centro "Bernardo Mendel" en la Universidad de Indiana, Estados Unidos. Ha publicado, entre otros libros, la colección de ensayos "The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers" (Los mundos del género de las trabajadoras latinoamericanas) (1977) y "Doña Maria´s Story: Life History, Memory and Political Identity" (Doña María. Historia de vida, memoria e identidad política) (2001). Dirigió el tomo 9, "Violencia, Proscripción y Autoritarismo 1955-1976", de la Nueva Historia Argentina (Sudamericana, 2002).

Su obra más destacada es "Resistencia e Integración" (1996), donde analiza los pormenores del sector trabajador argentino, sobre todo la pata sindical, tras el Golpe de Estado autodenominado Revolución Libertadora que quitó a Juan Domingo Perón del gobierno en 1955. Ha investigado, junto con Mirta Zaida Lobato, la historia de la comunidad obrera de Berisso, provincia de Buenos Aires.

Escritores de Estados Unidos
Profesores de Estados Unidos

Daniel James (historiador)