Ograničeni izvor, ograničeni izvor, resurs čija je količina konačna i nakon nekog vremena, u mjerilu ljudskog vijeka, nema ga više. Zbog toga ga se naziva i neobnovljivi izvor (neobnovljivi resurs). Primjeri za to su fosilna goriva koja su nastajala milijunima godina. Ljudi ih troše brže nego što su nastajala u svojoj povijesti. Zbog toga se prirodnim putem ne nadomještaju pri dovoljnoj brzini te im se konačna količina smanjuje. Uz fosilna goriva, tu spadaju rude, podzemne vode, neki vodonosni slojevi. Drvo, ako je sječa održiva, riba (ako se ne preizlovljava) spadaju u obnovljive resurse, jer se na ljestvicu ljudskog vijeka obnavljaju dovoljno brzo, odnosno stopa kojom ih ljudi troše ne ugrožava njihovo obilje ili barem stalnost broja.
Nerazumno gospodarenje može pretvoriti obnovljivi izvor u neobnovljivi izvor. Razvitkom tehnologije neki neobnovljivi izvori mogu se vratiti u ponovo iskoristivo stanje slično prvotnom pa time opet postaju obnovljivi izvor.

Neobnovljivi resursi mineralnih sirovina

Mineralne sirovine su prirodni spojevi koji se nalaze koncentrirani na različitim mjestima u Zemljinoj kori. Tehnička grana koja se bavi pridobivanjem mineralnih sirovina naziva se rudarstvo. Mineralne sirovine dobivaju se površinskim i podzemnim kopovima, te ako je potrebno oplemenjuju se u rudarskim postrojenjima.
Mineralne sirovine su uz vodu, zrak i hranu osnova za ljudski život, a igrale su ključnu ulogu od samog početka ljudske civilizacije. U početcima civilizacije minerali kao npr. kvarc, opsidijan i bazalt bili su korišteni kao alati za lov, za potpalu, izgradnju nastambi i sl.
Od oko 3900 ÷ 2100 pne. koristio se bakar u tzv. bakrenom dobu, nakon toga bronca od oko 2100 ÷ 1200 pne. te željezo od 1200 ÷ 50 pne.
Drago kamenje, zlato i plemeniti metali privukli su drevne civilizacije poput Egipćana, Babilonaca i Asirijaca što datira oko 2000 pne.
Tijekom razvoja industrije skokovito je porasla potražnja za svim vrstama mineralnih sirovina čiji se trend prati sve do danas, stoga su postale nezaobilazni dio današnjice.
Postoje razne vrste (neobnovljivih) mineralnih sirovina kao npr.: arhitektonsko-građevni kamen, metali i rude metala, razne soli, glina, energetske mineralne sirovine, plemeniti metali itd.
Industrija koristi širok opseg mineralnih sirovina, ali mi njihovu važnost uzimamo zdravo za gotovo. Npr. "pametni telefon"  sadrži metale poput bakra, zlata, srebra, platine, paladija i još mnoge druge rijetke zemaljske elemente.
Eksploatacija mineralnih sirovina za sobom povlači i negativne utjecaje na okoliš kao što su: oštećenja ozonskog omotača, klimatske promjene, uništenje šuma, prijetnja ekosustavima i sl. Nije moguće potpuno spriječiti negativne utjecaje na okoliš prilikom eksploatacije, ali ih je moguće bitno smanjiti.
Rudarstvo odnosno mineralne sirovine usko su vezane za opstanak i razvoj civilizacije stoga možemo očekivati njihovo korištenje i u daljnjoj budućnosti.

Izvori

2. "Neobnovljivi resursi mineralnih sirovina" - Završni rad - Varga Bruno, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Geotehnički fakultet 2018.

Prirodni resursi
Rudarstvo

Neobnovljivi izvor


Eric Weiss is a fictional character, played by Greg Grunberg, from the television series Alias. He is one of Sydney Bristow's CIA co-workers.

Character biography
Eric Weiss was a field agent at the CIA. He is a friend of most of the people at the CIA and often gives advice to the other characters, as an outside observer to all of the personal goings-on at the CIA. Weiss has a wry and sarcastic sense of humor which often comes out in his observations. He often walks into or defuses tense situations between Sydney and Vaughn. He is a descendant of Harry Houdini (whose real name was Ehrich Weiss [or Weisz]).

He initially served as a humorous foil and sounding board for Michael Vaughn in the first season, but with the integration of the former members of SD-6 and the CIA, he gives advice to many of the other characters, including Sydney and Marshall Flinkman.

When Marshall's fiancée, Carrie Bowman, went into labor at CIA headquarters, she insisted on being married before the baby was born. Marshall quickly accessed the website for the dubious "Internet Church of Mammals" and obtained for Weiss the post of "Exalted Minister", which allowed him to officiate at the impromptu wedding.

Weiss has played ice hockey in goal against Vaughn but really seems to like bowling (4.05 Liberty Village) because of the cheesy disco music, glow in the dark pins and all you can eat hot dogs after ten. He loves food, Sydney once commented the looked great and he said he'd given up all the food he enjoyed.

Weiss was the only member of Sydney's CIA "family" who wasn't recruited into the black-ops division of the CIA, dubbed "APO," at the start of the fourth season, but this was soon rectified when he learned of the existence of APO during a mission in the third episode of the season.

Although there was the potential of a relationship beginning with Sydney Bristow during the third season, nothing developed. They were just good friends, Weiss gave Sydney a third edition Alice in Wonderland to try to make up for the loss of all her stuff in her apartment fire at the end of the second season. At the start of the fourth season, Weiss began a relationship with Sydney's half-sister, Nadia Santos. In the second episode of season 4, upon meeting Nadia for the first time, he introduced himself as 38 and single.

In the second episode of the fifth season: "...1..." Eric Weiss was offered a job coordinating covert operations for the NSC, which was only a "few steps from the President"; at the end of the episode Weiss accepted the promotion and left the series. The character returned one final time in "S.O.S." when he used his high ranking position to extract a team of APO agents who had infiltrated CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.

In one episode he is heard speaking Dutch while on the telephone. He also speaks Spanish, French, and Russian but not as well as other field agents.

References

Alias (TV series) characters
Fictional secret agents and spies in television
Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel

Eric Weiss


Manuel Ugarte Ribeiro, mais conhecido apenas como Manuel Ugarte (Montevidéu, 11 de abril de 2001) é um futebolista uruguaio que atua como volante. Atualmente joga pelo .

Carreira

Fénix
Ugarte começou sua carreira na base do City Park, um time de Ciudad de la Costa, transferindo-se depois para a base do CA Fénix no ano de 2015. Foi integrado ao time principal na temporada de 2016 pelo técnico Rosario Martínez, que o incluiu na lista dos 30 jogadores para disputar a Copa Sul-Americana de 2016.

Ugarte acabou relacionado para a 14ª rodada do Campeonato Uruguaio de 2016 devido a suas boas atuações na base, onde estreou em 4 de dezembro de 2016 com apenas 15 anos e entrou aos 83 minutos no lugar de Agustín Canobbio, onde o Fénix venceu por 4–1 o Danubio. Ao estrear, converteu-se no primeiro jogador uruguaio nascido no século XXI a jogar profissionalmente. Também foi relacionado na última rodada onde seu time empatou em 2–2 con o Villa Española, mas não chegou a entrar na partida em 10 de dezembro de 2016.

Em 29 de outubro de 2020, deu uma assistência para Luciano Nequecaur fazer o primeiro gol dos albivioletas por 3–1 sobre o Huachipato no jogo de ida da segunda fase da Copa Sul-Americana. Ao todo, atuou em 57 partidas pelo Fênix e marcou um gol.

Famalicão
Em 29 de dezembro de 2020, foi anunciado pelo Famalicão por 3 milhões de euros e assinou contrato até 2025. O clube português também comprou 80% de seu passe. Sua estreia pelo clube foi 21 de janeiro de 2021 na vitória por 2–1 sobre o Santa Clara, atuando nos 90 minutos da partida.

Fez seu primeiro gol pelos famalicenses em 21 de fevereiro de 2021, na vitória por 1–0 sobre o Rio Ave. Destacou-se pelo modesto clube português e foi contratado pelo Sporting. Atuou em 20 partidas e fez um gol, atuando apenas uma temporada.

Sporting
Em 9 de agosto de 2021, foi anunciado como novo reforço dos Leões e assinou contrato até 2026. O valor da transferência não foi revelado, mas a cláusula de rescisão foi de 60 milhões de euros. Usando a camisa 15, fez sua estreia pelo clube verde em cinco dias após ser apresentado, entrando no lugar de Palhinha na derrota por 2–1 sobre o Braga.

Ugarte fez seu primeiro gol pelo clube verde em 21 de outubro de 2021, na vitória por 2–1 sobre seu ex-clube, Famalicão, pela fase da Taça da Liga de 2021–22. Conquistou seu primeiro título na carreira e pelo clube em 23 de janeiro de 2022, ao bater o Benfica por 1–0 na final da Taça da Liga. Ao final da temporada 2022–23, Ugarte foi selecionado para Seleção da Primeira Liga, tendo terminado o campeonato com 189 bolas recuperadas no torneio. Despediu-se dos Leões com 85 partidas, um gol e três assistências em duas temporadas, antes de ser anunciado sua transferência para Paris Saint-Germain.

Paris Saint-Germain
Ugarte foi anunciado como novo reforço do clube parisiense em 7 de julho de 2023, assaindo contrato até 2028 e sua transferência tendo sido de 60 milhões de euros. Fez sua estreia na vitória por 2–0 sobre o Le Havre em um amistoso de pré-temporada no dia 21 de julho.

Seleção Uruguaia

Sub-20 e Sub-23
Representou o Uruguai Sub-20 e também o Sub-23, tendo sido um dos 23 convocados por Gustavo Ferreyra para o Torneio Pré-olímpico de 2020. Fez um gol no torneio, o do empate de 1–1 com o Brasil na 2ª rodada.

Principal
Em 5 de março de 2021, foi chamado pela primeira vez a Seleção Principal para partidas contra Argentina e Bolívia válido pelas Eliminatórias da Copa do Mundo de 2022. Porém, as partidas foram suspensas pela CONMEBOL no dia seguinte devido ao aumento de casos de Pandemia de COVID-19.

Manuel estreou oficialmente pela seleção em 5 de setembro de 2021, substituindo Matías Vecino aos 70 minutos da vitória por 4–2 sobre a Bolívia. Dois meses depois, foi novamente convocado para mais duas rodadas das Eliminatórias para a Copa de 2022, contra Argentina e Bolívia nos dias 12 e 16 de novembro, respectivamente. Em 25 de maio, foi convocado para jogos amistosos contra o México, Estados Unidos e Jamaica, nos dias 2, 5 e 11 de junho, respectivamente.

Em 21 de outubro, foi um dos 55 listados para a pré-lista de convocados para a Copa do Mundo de 2022 e em 11 de novembro, foi um dos 26 convocados para disputar a Copa do Mundo de 2022.

Estilo de jogo
Ugarte joga um como meio-campista defensivo, ajudando principalmente na manutenção da posse de bola, a defender bem e na saída de bola, variando bastante de posição dependendo de onde a bola está. Também ajuda bastante os zagueiros e os laterais quando eles estão sendo pressionados pelo adversário. Destaca-se também a sua qualidade de passe e sua capacidade de jogar muito bem sob pressão, sempre olhando para cima analisando as opções que tem para passar a bola, sendo qualificado tanto tecnicamente como fisicamente.

Estatísticas
Atualizadas até dia 24 de setembro de 2023.

Clubes

 a. Jogos da Taça de Portugal e Taça da Liga
 b. Jogos da Copa Sul-Americana, Liga dos Campeões da UEFA e Liga Europa da UEFA
 c. Jogos do

Seleção Uruguaia
Atualizadas até dia 28 de junho de 2023.

Sub-20

Sub-23

Principal

Títulos

Sporting
 Taça da Liga: 2021–22

Prêmios individuais

 Seleção da Primeira Liga de 2022–23

Naturais de Montevidéu
Futebolistas do Uruguai
Futebolistas do Centro Atlético Fénix
Futebolistas do Futebol Clube Famalicão
Futebolistas do Sporting Clube de Portugal
Futebolistas do Paris Saint-Germain Football Club
Uruguaios expatriados em Portugal
Uruguaios expatriados na França
Jogadores da Seleção Uruguaia de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022

Manuel Ugarte


Yerleşim yerleri
 Çaltı, Gündoğmuş - Antalya ili Gündoğmuş ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Kumluca - Antalya ili Kumluca ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Çine - Aydın ili Çine ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Bilecik - Bilecik ili Söğüt ilçesine bağlı belde
 Çaltı, Ayvacık - Çanakkale ili Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Çaltı, Çardak - Denizli ili Çardak ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, İliç - Erzincan ili İliç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Çaltı, Refahiye - Erzincan ili Refahiye ilçesine bağlı köy
 Çaltı, Gelendost - Isparta ili Gelendost ilçesine bağlı köy
 Çaltı, Şarkikaraağaç - Isparta ili Şarkikaraağaç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Çaltı, Kınık - İzmir ili Kınık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Menemen - İzmir ili Menemen ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Selçuklu - Konya ili Selçuklu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Çarşamba - Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çaltı, Boyabat - Sinop ili Boyabat ilçesine bağlı köy

Diğer anlamı
 Çaltı Çayı, Fırat Nehri'ın bir kolu

Çaltı


An Cyperus diwakarii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wad.Khan ngan Solanke. An Cyperus diwakarii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus diwakarii


Creston est un village américain situé dans les comtés de Medina et de Wayne, dans l'Ohio. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Village dans l'Ohio
Comté de Medina (Ohio)
Comté de Wayne (Ohio)

Creston (Ohio)


James Bolton (n. 23 noiembrie 1735 (data botezului), Warley, Yorkshire – d. 7 ianuarie 1799, Stannery at Luddenden aproape Halifax a fost un naturalist,  botanist, briolog, micolog, ornitolog și pteridolog precum ilustrator englez. Abrevierea numelui său în cărți științifice este Bolton.

Biografie

Tatăl lui, William, a fost un țesător și probabil și James a lucrat în această meserie. Dar s-a dovedit naturalist autodidact foarte capabil și a scris și ilustrat în continuare cărți pe teme variate: despre ciuperci, ferigi, flori și păsări. Lucrarea s-a principală An History of Fungusses growing about Halifax în patru volume, scrisă între 1788 și 1791 cu descrierea și ilustrarea de 231 de specii de ciuperci este nu numai signifiantă, fiind prima carte dedicată studiul bureților în Anglia ci, de asemenea, datorită calității excepționale a ilustraților colorate. Ea a fost tradusă in mai multe limbi, între altele în franceza și germana.Fratele său mai mare, Thomas, care a murit în 1778, a fost, de asemenea un naturalist competent. În 1807, savantul și ilustratorul irlandez Edward Donovan a denumit o specie de libele, Cordulegaster boltonii din familia Cordulegastridae, după el.

James Bolton a fost un artist provincial și botanist autodidact, care a petrecut întreaga viață în vecinătatea de Halifax în Yorkshire. Ilustrațiile sale nu au fost numai colorate ci de asemenea gravate de el însuși. Astfel, în 1785,  a ilustrat cartea despre Flora Cantabrigiensis al botanistului englez Richard Relhan (1754-1823). Pe același timp (1785-1787) a gravat și colorat 50 de plăci despre flori care însă nu au fost editate niciodată. Ele se pot admira în prezent la  Muzeul de Istorie Naturală din Londra. El a publicat trei lucrări majore: un studiu despre ferigii britanici în Filices Britannicae, 2 volume (1785 și 1790), prima carte engleză despre ciuperci în An History of Funguses Growing about Halifax, 3 volume și un suplement (1788-1791) precum o lucrare despre păsările cântătoare ale Angliei în Harmonia Ruralis, 2 volume (1794-1796). Pentru toate operele Bolton a contribuit atât cu textul, cât și cu ilustrațiile. Datorită varietății culorii verzi în ilustrațiile din Filices Britannicae, aceste două cărți sunt recunoscute cele mai fermecătoare despre ferigi publicate vreodată. Plăcile lui de păsări sunt decorative, dar oarecum ceva lipsite de vitalitate. Dar savantul a dovedit cu criptogramele sale cu observări foarte precise că a fost un  botanist de câmp excelent.

Cea mai însemnată contribuție pentru biologie Bolton a făcut-o în domeniul micologiei. El a fost un observator deosebit al Basidiomicetelor, Ascomicetelor și Sordariomicetelor. Tot materialul său a fost desenat cu precizie. Calitatea ilustrațiilor implică faptul că el a trebuit să fi avut un microscop simplu. El a descris și ilustrat 231 de specii, cele mai multe fiind noi, cu toate că acest număr a fost ulterior redus drastic prin alți taxoni, sinonimele însă rămânând valide. Studiile lui le-a documentat în cele trei volume plus supliment menționate mai sus despre ciupercile crescând in apropiere de Halifax.

Specii de ciuperci descrise de Bolton  (mică selecție)
 Agaricus durus Bolton (1788), în prezent Agrocybe dura (Bolton) Singer (1936) (Strophariaceae)
 Agaricus luteoalbus Bolton (1788), în prezent Mycena luteoalba (Bolton) Gray (1821) (Mycenaceae)
 Agaricus cristatus Bolton (1788), în prezent Coprinellus cristatus (Bolton) P.Kumm.) (1871) (Agaricaceae)
 Agaricus domesticus Bolton (1788), în prezent Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq.Johnson (2001) (Psathyrellaceae)
 Agaricus luteus Bolton (1788), în prezent Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) Singer (1962) (Agaricaceae)
 Agaricus oreades Bolton (1788), în prezent Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr.) (1836) (Marasmiaceae)
 Agaricus peronatus Bolton (1788), în prezent Gymnopus peronatus (Bolton) Gray (1821) (Omphalotaceae)
 Boletus annularius Bolton Singer (1945), (Suillaceae)
 Boletus confragosus Bolton (1791), în prezent Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) Schröt. (1888) (Polyporaceae)
 Boletus lateralis Bolton (1788), în prezent Cerioporus varius (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko (2016) (Polyporaceae)
 Hypocreopsis riccioidea Bolton: P.Karst. (1871), în prezent Hypocreopsis lichenoides (Tode: Fr.) Seaver (1985) (Sordariomycetes)
 Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P.Kumm.
 Sphaeria riccioidea Bolton (1892), în prezent Daldinia concentrica Ces. & De Not. (1863) (Sordariomycetes)

Taxoni dedicați lui James Bolton (selecție)

 Agaricus boltonii Pers. (1801), în prezent Bolbitius titubans, (Bolbitiaceae) - ciupercă
 Agaricus boltonii Copel. (1905) (Agaricaceae) - ciupercă
 Asplenium boltonii (Hook. ex Schelpe) Viane (Aspleniaceae) - ferigă
 Bolbitius boltonii Pers. Fr. (Bolbitiaceae) - ciupercă
 Boltonia (gen) L'Hér. (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Boltonia asteroides Sims (1825) (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Boltonia caroliniana (Walter) Fernald (1825) (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Boltonia decurrens (Torr. & A.Gray) Alph.Wood (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Boltonia diffusa Elliot (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Boltonia lautureana Debeaux (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Boltonia montana J.F. Townsend & Karaman-Castro (Asteraceae) - plantă
 Bonatea boltonii (Harv.) Bolus. (Orchidaceae) - plantă
 Cattleya Boltonii Philip Smith (1922) (Orchidaceae) - plantă
 Corticium boltonii Fr. (1838) (Corticiaceae) - ciupercă
 Hydnum boltonii Spreng. (1827) (Hydnaceae) - ciupercă
 Inocybe boltonii R.Heim (1931) în prezent Inocybe godeyi Gillet (1874) (Inocybaceae) - ciupercă
 Paphiopedilum Boltonii W.Bolton (1909) (Orchidaceae)
 Peziza boltonii Quél. (1879) (Pezizales) - ciupercă
 Pocillum boltonii W. Phillips (1888), în prezent Gorgoniceps boltonii (W. Phillips) Dennis (1971) (Helotiaceae) - ciupercă
 Polyporus boltonii Rostk. (1848), în prezent (Polyporus varius) (Pers.) Fr. 1821 (Polyporaceae) - ciupercă

Publicații (selecție)
 Filices brittanicae - An history of the British proper ferns, vol. 1, Editura John Binns, Leeds 1785
 Fifty Flowers Drawn from Nature at Halifax (1785-1787)
 An History of Fungusses growing about Halifax, vol. 1 cu 51 de ilustrații și 200 de figuri, Ediția autorului, Huddersfield 1788
 An History of Fungusses growing about Halifax, vol. 2 cu 54 de ilustrații și 200 de figuri, Imprimeria J. Brook, Ediția autorului, Huddersfield 1788
 An History of Fungusses growing about Halifax, vol. 3 cu 64 de ilustrații și 300 de figuri, Ediția autorului, Ediția autorului, Huddersfield 1790
 An History of Fungusses growing about Halifax, vol. 4 (suplement) cu în total 231 de ilustrații pe 182 plăci de cupru și aproximativ 900 de figuri, Ediția autorului, Huddersfield 1791
 Filices brittanicae - An history of the British proper ferns, vol. 2, Editura White & Son, Londra 1790
 Harmonia ruralis (despre păsări), vol. 1, 40 de plăci, Ediția autorului, Stannary 1794
 Harmonia ruralis (despre păsări), vol. 2, 40 de plăci, Ediția autorului, Stannary 1796

Note

Bibliografie
 Roy Watling & Mark Seaward: "James Bolton: Mycological Pioneer", în:"Archives of Natural History", vol. 10, nr. 1, p. 89-110, Edinburgh 1981
 A. W. Legg: "The significance of Edward Robson's fungal herbarium - a provisional assessment", în jurnalul "The Vasculum" nr.82, p. 69-88, Sunderland 1997

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1735
Decese în 1799
Decese pe 7 ianuarie
Biologi din secolul al XVIII-lea
Botaniști cu abreviere de autor
Botaniști englezi
Briologi
Ilustratori englezi
Micologi englezi
Naturaliști englezi
Ornitologi englezi
Pteridologi
Scriitori de limbă latină

James Bolton


PCP (droga), anđeoska prašina
lizosomska pro-X karboksipeptidaza, enzim
postkoitalna pilula
Priority ceiling protocol
Priority Code Point
poučak PCP

PCP


Francisco de Asís Tárrega y Eixea (Villarreal, 21. studenog 1852. – Barcelona, 15. prosinca 1909.), španjolski romantičarski skladatelj i klasični gitaristički virtuoz, "otac klasične gitare" i jedan od najvećih gitarista u glazbenoj povijesti, poznat po gitarističkom komadu Sjećanja na Alhambru u kojem se očituje njegov snažni njegovateljski odnos prema, ponajprije kastiljskoj, ali i ukupnoj španjolskoj gitarističkoj tradiciji.

Otac mu je bio plesač flamenca i strastveni gitarist te je Tárrega upravo na njegovoj gitari načinio svoje prve glazbene korake. Nakon što je propavši u odvodni kanal ozlijedio oči, obitelj se seli u Castellon, središte Valencije, u kojem dobiva osnovnu glazbenu poduku. S deset godina bježi od obitelji i započinje vlastitu glazbenu karijeru svirajući po kavanama i restoranima, no otac ga ubrzo pronalazi nastvaljajući ga obrazovati.

Zahvaljujući pokroviteljstvu mjesnoga mecene, Tárrega 1874. upisuje Madridski konzervatorij. Prema osobnom svjedočanstvu, na skladanje ga je potaknuo autentičan zvuk gitara seviljskog majstora Antonia de Toressa, najvećeg među španjolskim graditeljima gitara u 19. stoljeću. Nakon diplome iz skladanje, krajem 1870-ih počinje predavati na Konzervatoriju, a u njegovoj klasi gitaru završavaju i dvojica budućih gitarističkih velikana, Emilio Pujol i Miguel Llobet.

U zimi 1880., nakon koncerta u gradiću Noveldi kod Alicantea, jedan od gradskih uglednika zamolio ga je da presluša njegovu kćer Mariu, kojom se ubrzo zaručio. Sljedeće godine nastupa u Lyonskoj operi, Europskom kazalištu Odeon u Parizu i Londonu, u kojem pod utjecajem tmurnog i kišovitog promjenjivog londonskog vremena i čežnjom za domom piše glasoviti preludij Suza (šp. Lágrima). Na Božić 1882. oženio se Mariom u Noveldi, s kojom je kasnije imao troje djece. Vrlo je cijenio obiteljskoj okružje, u kojem je najradije skladao.

Krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća, nakon izvjesnih posjeta Alžiru, u svoje skladbe uvodi i ponavljajući ritam arapskih bubnjeva te blage natruhe arapskog melosa. Oko 1902. je, odrezavši nokte, popularizirao novu sviračku tehniku koju će baštiniti pripadnici njegove gitarističke škole. Još iste godine je glasovitom koncertnom turjenjom po Italiji (Milano, Napulj i Rim) upoznao glazbenu javnost sa svojom tehnikom. Trinaest dana prije smrti dovršio je svoju posljednju skladbu Oremus. Umro je u Barceloni, u kojoj je proveo dio zrele i gotovo cijelu stariju životni dob.

Vanjske poveznice
 Tárregine skladbe dostupne su na IMSLP-u i projektu Mutopia
 Životopis i popis skladbi na classicguitare.com
 Život i glazba na MIDI-u

Gitaristi
Španjolski skladatelji
Romantizam
Španjolski glazbenici

Francisco Tárrega


An Skeptrostachys arechavaletanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Skeptrostachys arechavaletanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Skeptrostachys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Skeptrostachys

Skeptrostachys arechavaletanii


Ahnfeltia nom. cons., rod crvenih algi koji čini samostalnu porodicu Ahnfeltiaceae i red Ahnfeltiales. Postoji 11 priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Ahnfeltia borealis D.Milstein & G.W.Saunders
 Ahnfeltia elongata Montagne
 Ahnfeltia fastigiata (Endlicher) Makienko
 Ahnfeltia pinnulata Harvey
 Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries - tipična
 Ahnfeltia polyides Areschoug
 Ahnfeltia setacea (Kützing) F.Schmitz
 Ahnfeltia svensonii W.R.Taylor
 Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno & Matsubara) Makienko
 Ahnfeltia torulosa (J.D.Hooker & Harvey) J.Agardh
 Ahnfeltia yinggehaiensis B.-M.Xia & Y.-Q.Zhang

Izvori

Ahnfeltiophycidae

Ahnfeltia


British Phonographic Industry (BPI) eru samtök innan tónlistariðnaðarins í Bretlandi. Þau sjá um Brit-verðlaunin, Classic Brit-verðlaunin, National Album Day, Mercury-verðlaunin, og eru meðeigendur Official Charts Company ásamt Entertainment Retailers Association. Þau verðlauna sölu tónlistar í Bretlandi í gegnum Brit Certified Awards.

Tenglar
 Opinber vefsíða

Samtök í Bretlandi
Bresk tónlist

British Phonographic Industry


La statue-menhir du Plo du Mas-Viel est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Mounes-Prohencoux, dans le département de l'Aveyron en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte par Guy Carles en 1998 au lieu-dit Peyre Blanque/Le Plo lors d'un labour sur une ligne de crête. Elle a été sculptée et gravée dans une dalle de grès permien d'origine locale. De la statue originelle, il ne demeure que le quart supérieur gauche, usé mais lisible, mesurant  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur. Le visage (yeux, nez) est en relief et comporte des traits verticaux (tatouages ?) de part et d'autre du nez. Le bras et la main gauche côté antérieur et un crochet-omoplate côté postérieure sont visibles.

Le personnage comporte une hache et un arc au niveau du cœur côté recto et une partie de la bretelle du baudrier ou un pli du vêtement est encore visible côté verso.

Une copie  de la statue a été dressée sur place.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Plo de Mas-Viel
Site mégalithique dans l'Aveyron

Statue-menhir du Plo du Mas-Viel


Jan Snoek (* 15. Januar 1896; † 11. Januar 1981) war ein niederländischer Bahnradsportler.

Zwischen 1919 und 1928 wurde Jan Snoek sechsmal niederländischer Meister im Steherrennen der Profis. Bei den UCI-Bahn-Weltmeisterschaften 1925 in Amsterdam wurde er in dieser Disziplin Vize-Weltmeister.

Weblinks

Radsportler (Niederlande)
Niederländischer Meister (Radsport)
Niederländer
Geboren 1896
Gestorben 1981
Mann

Jan Snoek


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Magnentius, kendisini İmparator ilan eden Galya doğumlu Roma isyancısı (ö. 353)

Ölümler
 23 Nisan - Yorgi, Hristiyanlıkta ve İslâm'da velî olarak kabûl edilen bir Hristiyan

303


Firearms in Canada are federally regulated through the Firearms Act and related provisions of the Criminal Code.  Regulation is largely about licensing and registration of firearms, including air guns with a muzzle velocity of more than  and muzzle energy greater than .

Handgun registration became law in 1934, and automatic firearms registration was added in 1951. In 1969, laws classified firearms as "non-restricted", "restricted", and "prohibited". Starting in 1979, people who wished to acquire firearms were required to obtain a firearms acquisition certificate (FAC) from their local police agency. From 1995 to 2012, all firearms owners were required to possess a firearms licence—either a possession and acquisition licence (PAL), a possession-only licence (POL), a FAC, or a minor's licence—and all firearms were required to be registered. In April 2012, the Parliament of Canada enacted the Ending the Long-gun Registry Act to eliminate the requirement to register non-restricted firearms. The requirement for all firearms owners to possess a valid firearms licence remained law.

A 1996 study showed that Canada was in the mid-range of firearm ownership when compared with eight other western nations. Nearly 22% of Canadian households had at least one firearm, including 2.3% of households possessing a handgun. In 2005, almost 3% of households in Canada possessed handguns, compared to 18% of U.S. households that possessed handguns. Also in 2005, almost 16% of households in Canada possessed firearms of some kind. As of September 2010, the Canadian Firearms Program recorded a total of 1,831,327 valid firearm licences, which is roughly 5.4% of the Canadian population. The four most licensed provinces are Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia.

On May 1, 2020, in the wake of a mass killing in Nova Scotia, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada would immediately ban around 1,500 models of "military-grade assault-style weapons", mostly rifles, via an order in council under the authority of the Criminal Code. In May 2022, Trudeau announced new legislation that would ban the ownership of "military-style assault weapons" in a mandatory gun buyback program, and impose restrictions banning the sale, purchase, importation or transfer of handguns. The legislation would also limit magazine capacity and ban toys – such as airsoft guns – that look like guns. On October 21, 2022, the Government of Canada implemented a freeze on handgun sales and proposed a gun buyback program.

History of firearm laws
In Canada, controls on civilian use of firearms date from the early days of Confederation, when justices of the peace could impose penalties for carrying a handgun without reasonable cause. Amendments to the Criminal Code between the 1890s and the 1970s introduced a series of controls on firearms, including registration of handguns, and later, registration of fully automatic firearms. In the late 1970s, additional controls were introduced, followed by additional increases in controls in the mid-1990s.

The following is a summary of the history of gun control laws in Canada:
The Parliament instituted a system of gun control in the North-West Territories in 1885 to hinder the North-West Rebellion. Permission in writing from the territorial government was needed to possess any firearm (other than a smooth-bore shotgun), and also ammunition. Possession of a firearm or ammunition without the necessary permit was an offence, and could lead to the forfeiture of the firearm and ammunition.  These gun control provisions applied to all of what is now Alberta, Saskatchewan, parts of Manitoba, the current Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut.
The Criminal Code, enacted in 1892, required individuals to have a permit to carry a pistol unless the owner had cause to fear assault or injury. Not until 1935 was it considered an offence to sell a pistol to anyone under 16. Vendors who sold handguns had to keep records, including purchaser's name, the date of sale and a description of the gun.
In the 1920s, permits became necessary for all firearms newly acquired by foreigners.
Legislation in 1934 required the registration of handguns with records identifying the owner, the owner's address and the firearm. Registration certificates were issued and records kept by the commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) or by other police forces designated by provincial attorneys general.
In 1947, the definition of murder in the Criminal Code was expanded to include situations where an individual committed certain offences such as rape, robbery, burglary, or arson while armed with a weapon, and death ensued, whether or not the accused intended to cause death. This offence was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1987 in the case of R. v. Vaillancourt.
Automatic firearms were added to the category of firearms that had to be registered in 1951. The registry system was centralized under the commissioner of the RCMP.
In 1969, Bill C-150 created categories of "non-restricted", "restricted" and "prohibited" firearms. Police were also given preventive powers of search and seizure by judicial warrant if they had grounds to believe that firearms that belonged to an individual endangered the safety of society.
In 1977, Bill C-51 required firearms acquisition certificates (FACs) to purchase any firearm, and introduced controls on the selling of ammunition. Applicants were required to pass a basic criminal record check before receiving the FAC. Fully automatic firearms were banned, with an exception for current owners.
The 1989 École Polytechnique massacre spurred a movement for stronger gun control in Canada, led by PolySeSouvient.
In 1991, Bill C-17 was introduced, coming into force between 1992 and 1994. It required FAC applicants to pass a safety course in addition to a thorough background check, and to wait a minimum of 28 days after applying before an FAC could be issued. It also created new Criminal Code offences, new definitions for prohibited and restricted weapons, and new regulations for firearms dealers. It increased penalties for firearm-related crimes. It clearly outlined regulations for firearms storage, handling and transportation.
 A major focus of C-17 was the control of military and paramilitary firearms. It created orders prohibiting or restricting most paramilitary rifles and some types of non-sporting ammunition. It prohibited firearms that had been converted to avoid a 1978 prohibition (exempting existing owners), and it prohibited high-capacity magazines for automatic and semi-automatic firearms. (It limited handguns to ten rounds and most semi-automatic centre-fire rifles to five rounds.)
In 1995, Bill C-68 enacted the Firearms Act, with related amendments to the Criminal Code. It implemented a new central licensing system to replace the FAC system. It also required registration of all firearms and firearm licence holders; banned short-barrelled handguns under 105 mm in length, in addition to banning .25 and .32-calibre handguns with "grandfathering" for previous owners; and required a licence to buy ammunition. Most of the bill's provisions came into force in 1998, and the registration of long guns became mandatory in 2003.
 The legislation was upheld by the Supreme Court in Reference re Firearms Act (2000). The FAC system was replaced with possession-only licences (POLs) and possession and acquisition licences (PALs).
In 2001, the registration portion of Bill C-68 was implemented. The government asked for all firearms, including long guns (rifles and shotguns), to be registered.
In 2003, the registration of long guns became mandatory. Failure to register a firearm resulted in criminal charges.
In 2006, although legislation was still in place, the government no longer asked long gun owners for a registration fee and an amnesty (until May 16, 2011) temporarily protected licensed owners of non-restricted firearms (or those whose licences had expired since January 1, 2004) from prosecution for the possession of unregistered long guns.
In November 2009, Bill C-391 passed second reading in the House of Commons by a vote of 164 to 137. If passed through the entire parliamentary process by the House and Senate, the bill would have abolished the requirement to register non-restricted long guns. While the proposed legislation was a private member's bill, it had the support of the Conservative government. The bill was referred to the House of Commons Committee on Public Safety for further action. However, after several months of hearings, the Opposition majority on the committee recommended that no further action be taken to advance the bill. In September 2010, Bill C-391 failed to pass a third reading.

On October 25, 2011, Public Safety Minister Vic Toews introduced a bill to amend the Criminal Code and the Firearms Act, to abolish the long gun registry and destroy all records.
On February 15, 2012, Bill C-19 passed third reading in the House of Commons; the motion to abolish the long gun registry passed 159 to 130 and Bill C-19 became law.
In October 2014, Public Safety Minister Stephen Blaney and the Conservatives introduced another bill, Bill C-42, also known as the Common Sense Firearms Licensing Act. This legislation reduced required paperwork for the transportation of restricted firearms, held by licensed firearms owners, for certain lawful activities (such as transportation to a shooting range and to gunsmiths or gun shows). It lifted the ban on the Swiss Arms Classic Green Carbine, introduced a six-month "grace period" for firearms licence renewals before an individual might otherwise face criminal charges and abolished the possession-only licence, permitting holders of such licences to enjoy the same full acquisition privileges as a PAL holders. The legislation also implemented mandatory training for all first-time firearms licence applicants. This legislation was passed and enacted in 2015, but the new Liberal government, formed in November 2015, pledged to reverse some of its provisions.
On June 21, 2019, Bill C-71, An Act to Amend certain Acts and Regulations in relation to firearms received Royal Assent. The new legislation extended background checks from five years to a lifetime, implemented a point-of-sale registration by business, required authorization to transport restricted and prohibited firearms to locations other than the range (e.g. gunsmith, gun show, etc.) through strengthened transportation requirements; and, safeguard the impartial classification of firearms by putting the responsibility in the hands of technical experts, who make these determinations based on the Criminal Code, among others.
In the wake of the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced On May 1, 2020, that 1,500 models of "assault-style" weapons, largely semi-automatic guns, would be classified as prohibited effective immediately. However, the term "assault-style" is not defined in Canadian law. The law grants a two-year amnesty period and provides owners with various methods to dispose, register or participate in a buyback scheme. Six weeks before the Amnesty Order was to come into effect the deadline was extended until October 30, 2023, so that officials can plan the confiscation program, and allow owners and businesses to remain in compliance with the law.

Licensing of firearms owners

All licensing and registration is managed by the RCMP's Canadian Firearms Program (CFP), under the Deputy Commissioner Policing Support Services (PSS). There are three classes of firearms and firearm licences: non-restricted, restricted, and prohibited. Prohibited firearms are not forbidden outright, as the name might imply, but their legal possession and acquisition are dependent upon their registration history and an individual's firearm licence. As of December 1, 1998, the prohibited clause must be grandfathered to acquire or possess prohibited firearms. See Classification of firearms below for complete details on prohibited, restricted and non-restricted firearms.

Individuals who wish to possess or acquire firearms in Canada must have a valid possession-acquisition, or possession-only, licence (PAL/POL); either of these licences allows the licensee to purchase ammunition. The PAL is distributed exclusively by the RCMP and is generally obtained in the following three steps:
 Safety training: To be eligible to receive a PAL, all applicants must successfully complete the Canadian Firearms Safety Course (CFSC) for a non-restricted licence, and the Canadian Restricted Firearms Safety Course (CRFSC) for a restricted licence; the non-restricted class is a prerequisite to the restricted licence. Each province/territory's chief firearms officer publishes information on the locations and availability of these courses.
 Applying for a licence: Currently only one type of licence is available to new applicants, the possession-acquisition licence (PAL). People can request a PAL by filling out Form CAFC 921.
 Security screening: Background checks and reference interviews are performed. All applicants are screened, and a mandatory 28-day waiting period is imposed on first-time applicants, but final approval time may be longer.

Licences are typically valid for five years and must be renewed prior to expiry to maintain all classes. Once licensed, an individual can apply for a firearm transfer; and an authorization to transport (ATT) for restricted firearms. People may hunt with firearms in Canada only with non-restricted firearms, and this requires an additional "Hunting with Firearms" course.

Laws and regulations

Prohibited devices
Replica firearms (i.e., "any device that is designed or intended to exactly resemble, or to resemble with near precision, a firearm, and that itself is not a firearm, but does not include any such device that is designed or intended to exactly resemble, or to resemble with near precision, an antique firearm")
Suppressors (i.e., "a device or contrivance designed or intended to reduce the perceived loudness of firearm, typically between 17-24 dB of the initial report  (Murphy et.al, 2013)")
Handgun barrels that are  and under (excluding barrels of pistols used in international sporting competitions governed by the rules of the International Shooting Union)
Electrical or mechanical devices designed or adapted to render the trigger mechanism of a semi-automatic firearm to discharge in a fully-automatic fashion
"Any rifle, shotgun or carbine stock of the type known as the 'bull-pup' design, being a stock that, when combined with a firearm, reduces the overall length of the firearm such that a substantial part of the reloading action or the magazine-well is located behind the trigger of the firearm when it is held in the normal firing position" (i.e., only removable stocks are prohibited by this regulation; fixed-stock firearms such as the FN PS90, Norinco Type 97 and IWI Tavor are excluded).

Prohibited ammunition
 Handgun ammunition designed to penetrate body armour; for example: KTW and THV round, 5.7 × 28 mm (excluding sporting rounds such as SS196SR and SS197SR).
 Incendiary or explosive ammunition designed for use in or in conjunction with a cartridge and does not exceed 15 mm in diameter.
 Flechette rounds

Magazine capacity

Magazines designed to contain centre-fire cartridges and designed or manufactured for use in a semiautomatic handgun are limited to 10 cartridges. The capacity is measured by the kind of cartridge the magazine was designed to contain. In some cases the magazine is capable of containing more than 10 rounds of a different calibre; however, that is not relevant in the determination of the maximum permitted capacity.

The maximum permitted capacity of a magazine is determined by the kind of firearm it is designed or manufactured for and not the kind of firearm that might actually use it. As a consequence, the maximum permitted capacity remains the same regardless of which firearm it might be used in. Example: The Marlin Camp Carbine chambered for .45 ACP uses magazines designed and manufactured for the M1911 pistol, therefore the seven- and eight-round capacities are permitted. A similar example is the 10-round capacity magazine for the Rock River Arms LAR-15 pistol, regardless of the kind of firearm it is actually used in.

Many common magazines are manufactured to hold more rounds than law allows in Canada. These magazines must be permanently altered so they no longer hold more than the number of rounds allowed by law. Acceptable ways to alter a magazine are set out in the Criminal Code regulations.

Age restrictions
By law, a potential customer must be 18 years of age or older to purchase a firearm or legally maintain possession of one. People under the age of 18 but over the age of 12 may procure a minor's licence, which does not allow them to purchase a firearm but allows them to borrow a firearm unsupervised and purchase ammunition. Children under the age of 12 that are found to need a firearm to hunt or trap may also be awarded the minor's licence. This is generally reserved for children in remote locations, primarily aboriginal communities that engage in subsistence hunting.

Registration
As of January 1, 2001, all firearms in Canada were required to be registered with the Canadian Firearms Registry. Unlike other restricted weapons, in order to legally own a fully automatic firearm in Canada the long-gun needs to not only have a current registration but must also have been registered prior to 1978.

The repeal of the long-gun registry had been a long-standing campaign promise of the Conservative Party. In early 2006, the Conservative Party became the largest party in the House of Commons, and the new government announced an amnesty period of one year (later extended by a further year) in which licensed or previously licensed long-gun owners would not be punished for not registering their long guns. The legal requirement to register as set forth by law was not revoked; legislation to revoke the requirement to register long guns was introduced by the government during the 39th Parliament but was not brought to a vote. It was opposed by the Opposition parties who together had a majority of seats in the House of Commons. Similar legislation was again brought forward in the form of private member's Bill C-391 during the 40th Parliament but was narrowly defeated on September 22, 2010. During the 41st Parliament the newly formed Conservative majority government again introduced legislation to repeal the requirement to register non-restricted firearms and to destroy the registry database. Bill C-19, known as the Ending the Long-gun Registry Act, passed both the House and Senate and received royal assent on April 5, 2012. Following the 2012 changes to the law, Canadians were no longer required to register non-restricted firearms. Further, existing public records kept by the Canadian Firearms Registry with regards to owners of non-restricted firearms were purportedly expunged. The requirement for all firearms owners to possess a valid firearms licence remained law.

Though the Ending the Long-gun Registry Act applied across Canada, implementation of the law was temporarily delayed in Quebec, after the provincial government challenged the repeal in the courts. In 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled against Quebec, entirely eliminating non-restricted registry records. However, the government of Quebec received a partial copy of the deleted federal firearms registry, and created a provincial firearms registry. The government of Quebec gave residents until January 29, 2019, to register non-restricted firearms within the province with the Quebec Firearms Registration Service (SIAF).

Following the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, the minority Liberal government under Justin Trudeau, announced a nationwide ban on "military style weapons" and "all assault rifles". Neither of these two classifications had existed previously under Canadian law, but the policy effectively moved around 1500 types of firearms from the restricted and non-restricted categories to the prohibited column alongside automatic long-guns. Though a buyback program is being formulated for these types of weapons, it is not currently expected to be mandatory.

Legality of self-defence
The issue of the legality of self-defence with a firearm in Canada has been the subject of controversy. While self-defence is legal, it is very restricted. The Criminal Code recognizes self-defence with a firearm. The Firearms Act, 1995 provides a legal framework wherein an individual may acquire, possess, and carry a restricted or (a specific class of) prohibited firearm for protection from other individuals when police protection is deemed insufficient. This situation is extremely rare: the RCMP authorization-to-carry application refers only to protection of life during employment that involves handling of valuable goods or dangerous wildlife.

While self-defence is rarely considered a legal reason for attaining a PAL, the use of force with a firearm is legal as long as the accused can prove that their life was in danger. Sections 34 and 35 of the Criminal Code provide the legal framework of the use of force against intruders.

Classifications
Like licences, firearms are classified into prohibited, restricted and non-restricted categories, as defined by Part III of the Criminal Code.

Prohibited

 Handguns
 with a barrel length less than , or;
 that are designed to discharge .25 or .32 calibre ammunition (subject to exception for international sport competitions);
 Rifles and shotguns that have been altered by sawing, cutting or any other means, so that:
 the barrel length is less than  (regardless of overall length), or;
 the overall length is less than
 Firearms which have fully automatic fire capability, or "converted automatics" (i.e.: firearms which were originally fully automatic, but have been modified to discharge ammunition in a semi-automatic fashion)
 Firearms prescribed as prohibited by the Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted (SOR/98-462):
 Firearm capable of discharging dart or other object carrying electric current or substance, including Taser Public Defender and any variant or modified version of it
 Firearm known as SSS-1 Stinger and any similar firearm designed or of a size to fit in the palm of the hand
 Hundreds of other firearms listed by name, including any variants or modified versions. The list includes shotguns, carbines, rifles, pistols, and submachine guns.   This includes all versions (even semi-automatic) of certain military weapons such as the AK-47 and the FN-FAL.
 Firearms prescribed as prohibited by the Regulations Amending the Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and Other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited, Restricted or Non-Restricted (SOR/2020-96)
 Rifles of the designs commonly known as ArmaLite AR-10, ArmaLite AR-15, M16, M14, Robinson Armament XCR, and SIG SG 550 (including any variants or modified versions)
 Carbines of the designs commonly known as Beretta Cx4 Storm, CZ Scorpion Evo 3, M4 and SIG SG 551 (including any variants or modified versions)
 Pistols of the design commonly known as CZ Scorpion EVO 3
 Firearms with bore diameters of 20mm or more (despite concerns expressed by some, this does not include 10 gauge and 12 gauge shotguns with removable chokes)
 Firearms that produce 10,000 joules of energy or more (including .50 BMG caliber rifles)

Restricted
Canada's federal laws severely restrict the ability of civilians to transport restricted or prohibited (grandfathered) firearms in public. Section 17 of the Firearms Act, 1995 makes it an offence to possess prohibited or restricted firearms other than at a dwelling-house or authorized location, but there are two exceptions to this prohibition found in sections 19 and 20 of the act. Section 19 allows for persons to be issued an authorization to transport (ATT), authorizing the transport of a firearm outside the home for certain purposes, such as for its transfer to a new owner, going to and from a range, a training course, repair shop or gun show, or when the owner wishes to change the address where the firearm is stored. Such firearms must be transported unloaded, equipped with a trigger lock and stored in secure, locked containers. In rarer cases, section 20 of the act allows individuals to receive an authorization to carry, or ATC, granting permission to carry loaded restricted firearms or (section 12(6)) prohibited handguns on their persons for certain reasons specified in the act. These reasons are as follows: if the person is a licensed trapper and carries the firearm while trapping, if the person is in a remote wilderness area and needs the firearm for protection against wildlife, if the person's work involves guarding or handling money or other items of substantial value, or if the person's life is in imminent danger and police protection is inadequate to protect the person. The authorities almost never issue an ATC on the basis that a person's life is in imminent danger and police protection is inadequate. As of October 2018, only two permits for protection of life were actively issued in the country.  The vast majority of ATCs issued are to employees of armoured car companies to allow carry of a company owned firearm only while working. Restrictions are as follows:

 All handguns are restricted firearms at a minimum; some handguns are prohibited firearms (see above).
 Any firearm that is:
 not prohibited
 that has a barrel length less than , and
 is capable of discharging centre-fire ammunition in a semi-automatic manner.

 Any firearm that can be fired when the overall length has been reduced by folding, telescoping, or other means to less than
 Firearms prescribed as restricted by the Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted (SOR/98-462):
 The firearms of the designs commonly known as the High Standard Model 10, Series A shotgun and the High Standard Model 10, Series B shotgun, and any variants or modified versions of them.

Non-restricted
 Firearms, other than those referred to above.

Antique
A category that includes several different categories of firearm designed before 1898, although not all firearms built before this cutoff date are eligible for antique classification. Guns considered antiques are not legally considered firearms, and can be purchased and owned without a PAL. The following types of firearm are classified as antiques if they were both designed and manufactured before 1898:
All cartridge-firing long arms and handguns chambered in mostly obscure large-calibre rimfire cartridges, such as .32 Rimfire and .44 Henry. Handguns chambered for the former cartridge are considered non-restricted antiques even though .32 is otherwise a prohibited bore for pistols.
All single-shot cartridge-firing centrefire rifles chambered in calibres of over , and all smoothbore shotgun conversions of such rifles regardless of calibre.
Rimfire smoothbore shotguns in calibres other than .22.
Centrefire cartridge handguns chambered in calibres that are no longer widely available, such as .45 Schofield.
All muzzleloading (black powder) handguns and cap-and-ball revolvers.
The following guns are considered antiques if they were designed before 1898, regardless of manufacture date, making modern replicas free to possess:
Non-cartridge-firing long guns which use flintlock, wheellock or matchlock ignition mechanisms.

Violent crime, suicide, and accidents
In the years immediately following the introduction of firearms licensing in Canada in 1976, the overall homicide rate did not significantly decline. Increases were seen in the proportion of murders committed by methods other than shooting; but these homicides were less likely to involve multiple victims. From 1977 to 2003, Canada firearm homicide has declined from 1.15 to 0.5 per 100,000, while other mechanisms declined from 1.85 to 1.23 per 100,000.

A comprehensive review of firearm control legislation found that studies on the effects of the 1977 bill C-51 and bill C-68 from 1995 on firearm homicide rates came to differing conclusions, but generally found that bill C-17 from 1991 was not associated with an overall reduction of firearm homicide. A 2011 study found no significant associations between gun laws passed and firearm homicide rates in Canada from 1974 to 2008. A 2020 study examining laws passed from 1981-2016 found no significant changes in overall homicide or suicide rates following changes in legislation. In addition, it also found that firearm ownership by province was not correlated to overall suicide rates by province.

As of 2010, shooting and stabbing represented the two most common mechanisms for homicide in Canada, each accounting for approximately one-third of murders.

Overall suicide in Canada peaked in 1978 at 14.5 per 100,000, declining by 22% (11.3 per 100,000) by 2004. Several studies have found that the 1977 bill C-51 was linked to lower suicide and firearm suicide rates in Canada. Several studies examining the effect of bill C-17 (primarily using data from Quebec) found that it was associated with a decline in firearm suicides, but that the rate of overall suicides did not change, largely because of a rise in suicides due to hanging, suggesting a substitution of suicide methods.

Accidental death, of any kind, claimed 27.9 people per 100,000 in 2000. Of these, firearms accidents accounted for 0.3% (0.1 per 100,000), ranking below the 37% for transportation (10.2 per 100,000), 28% for unspecified (7.7 per 100,000), 18% for falls (5.1 per 100,000), and 11% for poisoning (3.1 per 100,000). Two studies by Leenaars and Lester using national data from 1969 to 1985 find that bill C-51 was associated with a reduced accidental death rate from firearms.

See also
Canadian Firearms Program
Dominion of Canada Rifle Association
Gun politics
Gun safe
Index of gun politics articles

References

External links
  Canadian Firearms Act
 Canadian Firearms Program by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in English and French
 The gun registry debate: Implementing the Firearms Act, CBC News 2009

1934 establishments in Canada
Law of Canada

Articles containing video clips

Firearms regulation in Canada


පළමුවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයෙන් පසු ලෝකයේ සාමය ආරක්‍ෂා කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමයක අවශ්‍යතාව බලවත්ව දැනෙන්නට විය. ඊට ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ම දායකත්‍වය සැපැයූයේ එවකට ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජනපතිවූ වුඩ්රෝ විල්සන් මහතා ය.

ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමය පිහිටුවීමේ අරමුණු
 ජාතීන් අතර ඇතිවන ආරවුල් සාකච්ඡා මඟින් විසඳාගැනීම.
 ආර්ථික සම්බාධක පැනවීම මඟින් ආක්‍රමණ වැළැක්වීමට කටයුතු කිරීම.
 මානව වර්ගයාගේ සාමකාමී පැවැත්ම සඳහා අවශ්‍ය වෙනත් පියවර ගැනීම.
 ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගය සහ අවබෝධය ගොඩනැංවීම.
 කුඩා රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ නිදහස හා ස්වාධීනත්‍වය ආරක්‍ෂා කරගැනීම.

සාමය සඳහා දැරූ ප්‍රයත්න
 සංගමය පිහිටුවීමෙන් පසු ඉදිරියට වසර 20ක් පමණ කාලයක් යුඬ ඇතිවීම වළක්වා ගැනීම.
 ග්‍රීසිය හා ඉතාලිය අතර ඇතිවූ මතභේද විසඳීමට මැදිහත්වීම.
 ජාතික සංගමයේ භාරකාරත්‍වයට පත්කොට තිබූ යටත්විජිතවල පරිපාලන කටයුතු සාර්ථකව අධීක්‍ෂණය කිරීම.
 ඔස්ට්‍රියාව, හන්ගේරියාව හා ග්‍රීසිය යන රටවලට ආර්ථික ආධාර ලබාදුන් අතර සරණාගතයන් පුනුරුත්ථාපනය කෙරිණි.
 ලෝක යුඬයෙන් පසු පැතිරුණු ලෙඩරෝග මර්දනය හා නීති විරෝධී හා මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය වෙළඳාම මර්දනය කිරීම.

ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමය අසාර්ථකවීමට හේතු
 මෙම සංගමය නිමැවීමට මුල්වූ ඇමරිකාව පවා මෙහි සමාජිකයෙකු නොවිණි.
මහා බලවතකු වුව ද ඇමරිකානු සෙනට් සභාවේ අනුමැතිය නොමැතිව ඇමරිකාව මීට එක්කරවා ගැනීමට වුඩ්රෝ විල්සන් අපොහොසත් විය. ඊට හේතුව වූයේ මෙම සංගමයේ ඇතැම් කොන්දේසි සඳහා එය එකඟ නොවීමයි.
 රටවල් 55ක් පමණ මීට අයත්ව තිබුණ ද පළමු ලෝක යුඬයේ වැරදිකරුවූ ජර්මනියට ද රුසියාවට ද සාමාජිකත්‍වය අහිමිවිය.
 සාමාජික රටවල ආක්‍රමණික කටයුතු වැළැකීමට අවශ්‍ය හමුදා ශක්තියක් සංගමය සතු නොවීය.
 ඉතාලිය ඇබිසීනියාව ආක්‍රමය කළ අවස්ථාවේ සංගමය සම්බාධක පැනැවූව ද ඉතාලියට විරුඬව ඇබිසීනියාවට ආධාර කිරීමට සංගමය අපොහොසත් විය.
 ව්‍යවස්ථාව අනුව තීරණ ගැනීමේදී ඒකමතික තීරණයන්ට එළඹීමේදී අපොහොසත් වීම.
 අභ්‍යන්තර ආරක්‍ෂාවට පමණක් ආයුධ පවත්‍වා ගැනීමට රටවලට අවසර දුන්න ද එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට අවැසි නිරායුධ කොමිසමක් කිසිදිනෙක පත් නොකෙරුණි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය
 පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධය

සංවිධාන

ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමය


Denis Kiwanuka Lote (Pallisa, 25 de março de 1938 - Kampala, 24 de abril de 2022) foi um clérigo ugandense e arcebispo católico romano de Tororo.

Denis Kiwanuka Lote foi ordenado sacerdote em 19 de dezembro de 1965, após sua formação teológica.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Kotido em 20 de maio de 1991. O arcebispo de Kampala, Emmanuel Wamala, consagrou-o bispo em 18 de agosto do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram James Odongo, Bispo Militar de Uganda e Bispo de Tororo, e Paul Lokiru Kalanda, Bispo de Fort Portal.

Foi nomeado arcebispo de Tororo em 27 de junho de 2007 e tomou posse em 14 de setembro do mesmo ano. O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 2 de janeiro de 2014.

Denis Kiwanuka Lote morreu em abril de 2022 aos 84 anos no Hospital Nsambay em Kampala.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos de Uganda

Denis Kiwanuka Lote


Die Army of God (AOG,  für Armee Gottes) ist eine US-amerikanische christlich-fundamentalistische Terrororganisation, die sich im Wesentlichen mit Militanz gegen Personen oder Institutionen richtet, die Abtreibungen vornehmen. Der Fernsehsender HBO produzierte eine Dokumentation mit dem Titel Soldiers in the Army of God ("Soldaten in der Armee Gottes").

Aktionen
Die erste dokumentierte Straftat der AOG fand im Jahre 1982 statt:
Drei Mitglieder der Organisation hielten den Arzt Hector Zevallos und seine Frau Rosalee Jean als Geiseln. Die Geiseln wurden später unverletzt freigelassen. Die Ostküstendivision ("East Coast division") der AOG übernahm die Verantwortung, als drei Männer, einer von ihnen war Michael Bray, Bomben an sieben Abtreibungskliniken in Maryland, Virginia und Washington D.C. im Jahre 1985 anbrachten.

In den Jahren 1984–1994 hat die AOG Bomben- oder Brandanschläge auf 100 Kliniken verübt, in denen Abtreibungen durchgeführt werden.

Die AOG übernahm die Verantwortung für Eric Rudolphs Nagelbombenanschlag auf Abtreibungskliniken in Atlanta im Jahr 1996 und Birmingham, Alabama sowie auf eine Lesbenbar in Atlanta.

Clayton Waagner, der von sich behauptete für die Sektion der AOG in Virginia ("Virginia Dare Chapter") zu handeln, schickte über 500 Briefe an 280 Abtreibungsinstitutionen im Jahre 2001. Er behauptete, es würde sich bei dem beigefügten weißen Pulver um Anthrax handeln.
Die Gruppe wurde des Weiteren mit zahlreichen Attacken auf Abtreibungsinstitutionen in Verbindung gebracht.

Zuletzt hat sich die AOG zu einem Anschlag bekannt, den Robert Lewis Dear begangen hat. Am 27. November 2015 griff der damals 57-Jährige eine Planned Parenthood-Klinik in Colorado Springs an. Er tötete dabei einen Polizisten und zwei Zivilisten. Neun weitere Menschen wurden während der Attacke verletzt.

Selbstverteidigungserklärung (Defensive Action Statement)
Die AOG unterstützt die zweite Selbstverteidigungserklärung (Second Defensive Action Statement), wie sie von der Organisation Defenders of the Defenders of Life vertreten wird, welche aussagt:
 Wir, die Unterzeichnenden, erklären, dass wir die gerechte göttliche Sache vertreten und alle notwendigen Mittel einsetzen werden, einschließlich Gewalt, um das unschuldige Leben, geboren oder ungeboren, zu verteidigen. Wir erklären, dass alle Mittel recht sind, um das Leben eines unschuldigen Kindes, geboren oder ungeboren, zu verteidigen.
 Wir erklären und bestätigen, dass Paul Jennings Hill, als er John Britton angriff, richtig gehandelt hat. Seine Aktionen waren moralisch gerechtfertigt, wenn sie dazu gedient haben, unschuldiges Leben zu verteidigen.

Paul Jennings Hill war Chef einer Organisation namens Defensive Action, die ein Statement veröffentlichte, in dem es hieß, man wolle die Mörder ermorden ("killing the killers"). Hill ermordete den Abtreibungsarzt John Britton und dessen Leibwächter James Barrett im Jahre 1994. Er wurde zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet.

Mitglieder

 Paul Jennings Hill
 James Charles Kopp
 Scott Roeder, Mörder des Gynäkologen George Tiller
 Eric Robert Rudolph, Urheber des Bombenanschlags auf die Olympischen Spiele 1996
 Rachelle Shannon
 Donald Spitz, Sprecher und Webmaster der Organisation

Einzelnachweise

 DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units, Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, NPR, 3. März 2011, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2011 auf npr.org. (See page 3, default sort by 'Case')

Literatur
 Lorraine Bowman-Grieve: Anti-Abortion Extremism Online: In: First Monday. 14, Nr. 11, November 2009.
Andreas Hubertus: Tödliche Werkzeuge Gottes. Merkmale terroristischer Theologie in Christentum und Islam, Schriften zur Extremismus- und Terrorismusforschung Band 12, Brühl 2018, ISBN 978-3-938407-90-5, S. 84–179.
Jennifer Jeffries: Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara (CA) 2011, ISBN 978-0-313-38753-1.

Weblinks
HBO documentary: "Army of God: Skewing the Truth in all Sincerity: A Case Study," by David Leach (hosted on his Prayer & Action News website)
 Attacks attributed to the Army of God on the START terrorism database

Bewaffnete Untergrundorganisation
Untergrundorganisation (Vereinigte Staaten)
Christliche Organisation (Vereinigte Staaten)
Christlicher Terrorismus
Lebensrechtsbewegung
Gegründet in den 1980er Jahren
Protestantismus in den Vereinigten Staaten

Army of God


II. zona nogometnog prvenstva Hrvatske (kao i III Zona Osijek - Slavonski Brod) je bila jedna od pet zonskih liga prvenstva Hrvatske u nogometu, ujedno i trećeg ligaškog ranga nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1947./48.
Sudjelovalo je sedam klubova s područja Istočne Hrvatske, a prvak je bio "Proleter" iz Osijeka.

Ljestvica

 "Proleter" (Osijek) i "Slaven" (Borovo) su se plasirali u završnicu prvenstva Hrvatske
 "Proleter" (Osijek) u kvalifikacijama izborio nastup u Drugoj saveznoj ligi.
 "Slaven" (Borovo) će u narednoj sezoni biti član jedinstvene Hrvatske lige.
 "Mladost" Osijek se krajem travnja fuzinirala s "Proleterom"
 Borovo Naselje ranije dio Borova, danas dio Vukovara

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Poveznice
 Završnica prvenstva Hrvatske 1947./48.
 I. zona prvenstva Hrvatske 1947./48.
 III. zona prvenstva Hrvatske 1947./48.
 V. zona prvenstva Hrvatske 1947./48.
 Nogometno prvenstvo Jugoslavije – 3. ligaški rang 1947./48.

Izvori
 exyufudbal.in.rs, sezona 1947./48.- Hrvatska , pristupljeno 12. siječnja 2017.

II. zona
1947-48
1947-48 II zona
1947-48 II zona

II. zona nogometnog prvenstva Hrvatske 1947./48.


An Xanthosoma bilineatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Hurd Rusby. An Xanthosoma bilineatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthosoma, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xanthosoma

Xanthosoma bilineatum


İstanbul Kadıköy'de bir mahalledir. İstasyonu vardır ve Bağdat Caddesi üzerindeki nezih semtlerden biridir. Kızıltoprak ile Selamiçeşme arasında yer almaktadır. (Batı-Doğu) Ahmet Mithat Efendi ve Cemil Topuzlu caddeleri ile Minibüs Caddesi arasında kalan kısımdır. (Güney-Kuzey)

1870'te Haydarpaşa-İzmit demiryolunun tamamlanması ile sahilde ve istasyon civarlarında banliyöler oluşmuş, buralarda büyük bahçeler içinde konumlanmış ahşap köşkler inşa edilmiştir; Feneryolu da bu alanlardan biridir. Mahallede yerleşim ilk olarak büyük bahçeler içinde yer alan ahşap köşkler ile başlamış, zamanla kent yönetimince ahşap kullanımına getirilen kısıtlamalar ve çağdaş malzemelerin de yaygınlaşması ile kâgir ya da betonarme yapım tekniği ile müstakil konutlar inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır. İstanbul'a olan yoğun göçten önce buradaki evler genelde yazlık olarak kullanılmış, 1960'lardan sonra ise apartmanlaşma başlamış, müstakil aile evleri, yerlerini ortalama 4 katlı olan apartmanlara bırakmıştır. Feneryolu Mahallesi, son yüz yılda gerçekleşmiş tüm mekânsal kırılmaların okunabildiği ve bu kırılmaların ortaya çıkardığı farklı dönemlerin örneklerinin eş zamanlı görülebildiği bir kentsel mekândır. Her şeye karşın bazı sokakları yeşilliğini korumaktadır. Günümüzde nüfusu yoğun olarak öğrenciler ve emeklilerden oluşmaktadır.

Feneryolu aynı zamanda eski bir demiryolu hattına da ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Açılışı Eylül 1872'de yapılan bu hat; Feneryolu tren istasyonundan başlar, Sabit Pazar'da bir kavis çizip Bağdat Caddesi'ni geçer, büyük Fuat Paşa Bahçesi'nin duvarına bitişik ilerler, bahçeler ve köşkler arasından Fenerbahçe'ye ulaşırdı. Bu hat, özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı'nda askerî amaçlı kullanıldı. 1934'te Fenerbahçe'ye yapılan cephaneliğe nakliyat için arada sırada sadece askerî amaçlarla bu hattan yararlanıldı. Mart 1970'te 98 yıldan beri mevcut olan tren rayları, hattın artık kullanılmadığı gerekçesiyle sökülerek kaldırıldı. Rayların üzerinde bulunduğu ve cadde kotundan bir miktar daha yüksek olan dolgu şerit ise, tıraşlanarak caddeyle aynı hizaya indirildi.

Kaynakça

https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx  Genel Mahalle Listesi, T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı, Mart 2020.

Kadıköy'ün mahalleleri

Feneryolu


Le sentientisme, également appelé sentiocentrisme ou sentio-centrisme (du latin sentiens, de sentiere « percevoir par les sens »), est un concept de philosophie éthique qui place les individus sentients (c'est-à-dire les êtres fondamentalement conscients) au centre de notre sphère de considération morale. Il estime que tant les humains que les autres individus sentients ont des droits ou des intérêts qui doivent être pris en compte.

Les sentientistes considèrent la discrimination d'êtres sentients (selon le critère d'espèces), comme étant du spécisme ; c'est-à-dire une discrimination arbitraire. Une personne sentientiste cohérente respecte tous les êtres sentients. Le sentientisme s'oppose à la philosophie de l'anthropocentrisme.

Histoire

Le philosophe utilitariste du  Jeremy Bentham a été l'un des premiers à défendre le sentientisme. Il soutenait que tout individu capable d'une expérience subjective devait être considéré comme un sujet moral. Les membres des espèces capables d'éprouver du plaisir et de la souffrance sont donc inclus dans cette catégorie. Dans son Introduction aux Principes de la Morale et de la Législation, Bentham établit une comparaison entre l'esclavage et le sadisme envers les humains et les animaux non humains :

Le philosophe américain J. Howard Moore (fin du  et du début du ), dans Better World Philosophy (1899), a décrit chaque individu sentient comme étant dans un état de lutte permanente. Selon lui, ce qui les aide dans leur lutte peut être appelé bon et ce qui s'oppose peut être appelé mauvais. Moore pensait que seuls les êtres sentients peuvent porter de tels jugements moraux, parce qu'ils sont les seules parties de l'univers à pouvoir ressentir du plaisir et de la souffrance. Par conséquent, la sentience et l'éthique sont inséparables, ainsi chaque partie sentiente de l'univers a une relation éthique intrinsèque avec toutes les autres parties sentientes, mais pas les parties non-sentientes. Moore a utilisé le terme de « zoocentrisme » pour décrire l'idée selon laquelle une considération et des soins universels devaient être accordés à tous les êtres sentients ; il pensait cette notion trop difficile à comprendre pour les humains à leur stade actuel de développement.

Peter Singer, Tom Regan, et Mary Anne Warren, sont d'autres philosophes éminents ayant abordé ou défendu la thèse du sentientisme.

Le terme sentientisme figure dans l' Encyclopédie des droits des animaux et du bien-être des animaux, éditée par Marc Bekoff et Carron A. Meaney.

Concept
Le sentientisme considère que la sentience est la condition nécessaire et suffisante pour s'inscrire dans la sphère morale. Par conséquent, en dehors des humains, d'autres organismes sont moralement importants en eux-mêmes. Selon ce concept, il existe des organismes capables d'éprouver des expériences subjectives, qui comprennent la conscience de soi, la rationalité ainsi que la capacité de ressentir la douleur et la souffrance.

Certaines sources considèrent le sentientisme comme étant une modification de l'éthique traditionnelle et que la considération morale doit être étendue aux autres animaux sensibles. L'utilitarisme inclut le sentientisme, garantissant ainsi à tous les êtres sentients une considération morale, les êtres sentients étant ceux qui ont la capacité d'expérimenter des états de conscience positifs ou négatifs.

Êtres sentients
Dans le règne animal, il existe une échelle graduelle de complexité du système nerveux, entre ceux qui en sont dépourvus totalement, comme les éponges, en passant par ceux qui possèdent un système rudimentaire -  cnidaires,  annélides - jusqu'à ceux qui possèdent un système nerveux de complexité supérieure (oiseaux, mammifères). Il est communément accepté que les neurones sont une condition nécessaire à l'existence de la sensibilité, mais les scientifiques sont encore en débat quant au degré de complexité à partir duquel on peut parler de conscience, de souffrances et de plaisir. Le 7 juillet 2012 un groupe éminent international de neuroscientifiques cognitifs s'est retrouvé à l'université de Cambridge (Royaume-Uni) pour fêter la Francis Crick Memorial Conference 2012, qui s'est emparée du thème de la conscience chez les humains et chez les animaux; en présence du scientifique Stephen Hawking, ils ont donné naissance à la Déclaration de Cambridge sur la conscience (Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness), dans laquelle il est reconnu que d'autres animaux distincts de l'être humain possèdent aussi une conscience.

La science reconnait que les individus avec un système nerveux central ont la capacité cérébrale de sentir souffrances et plaisir sous forme d'expériences conscientes. Il y a débat sur la mesure dans laquelle les invertébrés disposent de ces capacités.

Gradualisme
Il existe une gradation de la complexité nerveuse des différentes espèces animales. Par exemple les éponges marines sont dépourvues de neurones, les vers intestinaux sont dotés ~ 300 neurones, les humains ~ 86 milliards, les éléphants ~ 257 milliards. Bien que l'existence de neurones ne soit pas suffisante pour démontrer l'existence de la sentience chez un animal, c'est une condition nécessaire. Sans neurones, il n'y a pas d'endroit où cela peut se produire (et moins il y a de neurones, plus la capacité maximale d'intelligence d'un organisme est faible).

Le sentientisme gradualiste affirme que les intérêts moraux les plus complexes méritent plus de considération que les intérêts moraux moins complexes. Une des conséquences de cette prémisse est que les meilleurs intérêts d'un organisme simple ne méritent pas d'être considérés davantage que les non-meilleurs intérêts d'un organisme complexe (par exemple, un chien avec des vers intestinaux doit être guéri même si cela entraîne la mort des parasites). Notez que cela ne conduit pas à rejeter les intérêts des animaux complexes (comme les cochons) même si cela implique un désir humain de s'en nourrir.

Ce principe s'étend à des domaines qui ne concernent pas seulement les autres espèces, mais aussi les Droits Humains fondamentaux, comme le droit à l'avortement. Le gradualisme pose une plus grande considération de la mère vis-à-vis du fœtus, étant donné que ce dernier n'a pas encore la capacité d'avoir des intérêts complexes dans les premiers stades de la gestation. Un cas emblématique dans ce débat est le biologiste évolutionniste Richard Dawkins : « un embryon humain à un stade précoce, sans système nerveux et vraisemblablement dépourvu de douleur et de peur, pourrait à juste titre bénéficier d'une protection morale moindre qu'un porc adulte, qui est clairement bien armé pour souffrir ».

Au fur et à mesure que le fœtus grandit, il acquiert une sensibilité, il devient sentient ; « la majorité des neurones sont déjà présents dans son cerveau au moment de sa naissance ». Étant donné qu'un fœtus de 9 mois se rapproche du niveau de sentience de sa mère, un sentientiste peut donc penser qu'il faudrait accorder plus de droits à un fœtus de 9 mois qu'à un fœtus de 1 mois (le cas échéant). Les avortements tardifs par conséquent, nécessitent une justification beaucoup plus importante en vertu de la loi, qu'un avortement de 6 semaines qui peut ne nécessiter aucune justification au regard de la loi.

Par exemple, les justifications « psycho-sociales » sont considérées comme étant des raisons valables pour avorter d'un embryon n'étant pas sensible ni sentient, mais justifier d'avorter d'un fœtus avec un niveau de sensibilité proche de celui de sa mère demande une « nécessité médicale ».

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Animalisme
 Anthropocentrisme
 Biocentrisme
 Écocentrisme
 Ethics of uncertain sentience
 Sentience
 Spécisme
 Technocentrisme
 Théocentrisme
 Véganisme
 Wild animal suffering

Bibliographie
 MacClellan, Joel P (2012) "Minding Nature: A Defense of a Sentiocentric Approach to Environmental Ethics" Université du Tennessee.

Notes et références

Droits des animaux
Bien-être animal
Éthique animale

Sentientisme


الخيتمين إحدى قرى الجمهورية التونسية، تقع في معتمدية العالية من ولاية بنزرت، جنوب شرقي مدينة بنزرت. ترقيمها البريدي 7081.

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La Autopista Marina de Alaska y conocida en inglés como Alaska Marine Highway o Alaska Marine Highway System es un ferry ubicado y operado por el estado de Alaska. El ferry tiene su sede en Ketchikan, Alaska. Este ferry forma parte del National Scenic Byway.

Servicio
El Alaska Marine Highway System opera a lo largo de la costa sur-central del estado, la parte oriental de las Islas Aleutianas y el Inside Passage de Alaska y Columbia Británica, Canadá. Los ferries abastecen a las comunidades del Sureste de Alaska que no tienen acceso a carreteras, y los barcos pueden transportar personas, mercancías y vehículos. El ferry tiene una ruta de  y viaja tan largo como a Bellingham en Washington en los Estados Unidos Continentales y tan largo como al oeste en Unalaska/Dutch Harbor, con un total de 32 terminales por toda Alaska, Columbia Británica y Washington. Forma parte del Red Nacional de Autopistas y recibe fondos federales. También es una manera de transporte hacia los Estados Unidos continentales sin tener que viajar por carretera por Canadá.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Official site
Routes
America's Byways - Alaska Marine Highway
Sitnews.us: "The Grand Ships of the Alaska Marine Highway System"

Transporte de Alaska
National Scenic Byway

Autopista Marina de Alaska


වැකුණුගොඩ ගයාත‍්‍රි ඉරෝෂා ඩයස් (උපත 1974 අප්‍රේල් 16), හෙවත් ගයාත‍්‍රි ඩයස්, යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නිලියකි. රංගනයට අමතරව ඇය රූ රැජිනක්, නිවේදිකාවක්, රූපලාවන්‍ය ශිල්පිනියක් සහ ව්‍යවසායිකාවක් ද වේ.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ගයාත්‍රි ඩයස් 1974 අප්‍රේල් 16 වන දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මාතරදී රංජිත් හෙන්රි ඩයස් සහ ඉයුජින් අලහප්පෙරුම යුවළට පවුලේ දෙවන දරුවා ලෙස උපත ලැබීය. ඇයට වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයෙක් සහ බාල සහෝදරියක් සිටී. ඇයගේ පියා රංජිත් විශ්‍රාම යන තුරුම සේවය කළේ චෙකොස්ලෝවැකියා තානාපති කාර්යාලයේය. ගයත්‍රි අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා පාසල් කීපයකටම ගියාය. මෙතෝදිස්ත විද්‍යාලය, සමුද්‍රදේවි සහ කරුණාරත්න බෞද්ධාලෝක මහා විද්‍යාලය ඉන් කිහිපයකි. ඇගේ මව ඉයුජින් අලහප්පෙරුම 2021 ජුනි 13 වන දින කොවිඩ්-19 හේතුවෙන් මිය ගියාය.

ඇය විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ජනප්‍රිය නළු සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂක චන්න පෙරේරා සමඟයි. ඇයට චන්න මුණගැසෙන්නේ මකර විජිතය ටෙලිනාට්‍යයේදීය. ඔවුන් විවාහ වූයේ 1996 සැප්තැම්බර් 26 වැනිදාය. මෙම යුවළට දියණියන් දෙදෙනෙක් සිටී - මල්ෂා පරින්ධ්‍යා සහ දුආෂා ආදිත්‍ය. වැඩිමහල් දියණිය මල්ෂා මියුසියස් විද්‍යාලයයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය සම්පූර්ණ කළාය. දුආෂා දැනට Royal Institute හි ඉගෙනුම ලබයි.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
වයස අවුරුදු 17 දී අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ කරන අතරතුර ටී.එන්.එල් හි පිළිගැනීමේ නිලධාරිනිය ලෙස පත්වීමක් ලැබුවාය. ඇයගේ මංගල ටෙලිනාට්‍ය රංගනයට පිවිසියේ අලුත් අවුරුදු ටෙලිනාට්‍යය වන උදාර ගීතය හරහාය. ඇයගේ මංගල සිනමා අත්දැකීම 2001 දී වී. සිවදාසන් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද ඔබ මගේ වැව චිත්‍රපටයේ සහායක චරිතයක් හරහා පැමිණියාය. ඇයගේ ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයක් ලෙස සුවඳ දෙනුන ජීවිතේ, යමරජ සිරි සහ සේයා හැදින්විය හැක.

රංගනයෙන් ඔබ්බට
ඇය 1992 වසරේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූ රැජින තරඟයට සහභාගී වූ අතර 'මිස් ෆොටෝජනික්' කිරුළ දිනා ගත්තාය. 1994 දී ඇය මහරාජා කැපිටල් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද 'සිරස රූ රැජින' බවට පත් වූවාය.

හෙයා ඒෂියා පැසි‍ෆික් 2003 තරඟය අතරතුර, ඩයස් "නේල් ආර්ට්" කාණ්ඩයේ කුසලානය මෙන්ම පළමු අනුශූරතාවයද දිනා ගත්තේය.

මිසිස් ටොප් ඔෆ් ද වර්ල්ඩ් 2016 රූ රැජින තරගයට ඇය ශ්‍රී ලංකාව නියෝජනය කළාය. තරඟයේදී ඇය නවීන උඩරට නර්තන අංගයක් සඳහා වූ 'මිසිස් ටැලන්ට්' නම් තරගය ජය ගත්තාය. ඇය තරඟයේ පස්වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.

References

External links
 කට කතාවක් - Chat with Gayathri Dias

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
රංගන ශිල්පීන්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා

ගයාත්‍රි ඩයස්


Le système de santé de la Malaisie, basé sur un schéma de protection universelle d'assurance maladie, repose sur une logique des deux tiers, garantissant à l'ensemble de la population une couverture médicale gratuite pour les soins de bases répondant à une logique assistancielle tandis que l'accès à des soins plus lourds nécessite d'être affilié à une assurance maladie privée. Selon le rapport d'évaluation annuelle de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé de 2000, le système de santé de Malaisie est classé au  rang mondial, derrière la République tchèque et devant la Pologne. En 2019, il progresse au  rang mondial. L'ordonnance de 1951 relative à l'établissement d'un fonds d'assurance pour les travailleurs pose les bases d'un système de retraite par capitalisation (épargne individuelle). Le système de santé est placé sous l'égide du ministère de la Santé Publique.

Le système malaisien est un des plus performants d'Asie du Sud et de l'Est avec celui de Singapour ( rang mondial), et Taïwan ( rang mondial) et devant celui de la Thaïlande ( rang mondial) et de l'Indonésie ( rang mondial), pays limitrophes. Les dépenses publiques en matière de santé représentaient 4,7 % du produit intérieur brut en 2014, en comparaison de 2,85 % en Indonésie.

Historique

Développement économique
La Malaisie devient indépendante le 16 septembre 1963 vis-à-vis du Royaume-Uni. En 1965, Singapour fait sécession et devient une entité indépendante à son tour.

Selon les statistiques de la Banque Mondiale, la Malaisie fait aujourd'hui partie du groupe des pays à revenus moyens supérieurs. À l'instar d'autres pays asiatiques colonisés comme la Corée du Sud (devenue indépendante vis-à-vis du Japon en 1945), les Philippines (vis-à-vis des États-Unis d'Amérique en 1946) ou encore l'Indonésie (vis-à-vis des Pays-Bas en 1949), la Malaisie est passée d'un niveau économique de sous-développement patent à celui d'une des principales puissances économiques à partir des années 1970 et 1990, faisant partie des « Tigres Asiatiques ». Sa croissance annuelle est systématiquement supérieure à la moyenne mondiale : 11 % en 1973, 7 % en 1983, 9 % en 1993 et 5 % en 2003. Très affecté par la crise asiatique de 1997, qui voit un afflux de capitaux étrangers et en particulier occidentaux affluer dans les économies en forte croissance du sud-est asiatiques, le gouvernement malaisien de Mahathir Mohamad refuse d'appliquer les politiques de rigueur prônées par les institutions financières internationales. Durant son mandat, ce dernier engage une politique de nationalisme économique et renforce l'intervention de l'État dans les affaires sociales et économiques.

Le développement de la protection sociale est un des axes majeurs du dixième plan quinquennal de 2010-2015. Le cinquième plan quinquennal de 1981 puis le sixième plan ambitionnaient de généraliser la protection sociale garantie par l'État mais en se basant pour l'essentiel sur une logique corporatiste. Le programme 1Care for 1Malaysia, au slogan prometteur d' « être soigné selon ses besoins, payer selon ses capacités », ambitionne de centraliser et d'unifier le système de sécurité sociale dans un pays où la privatisation du système de santé a constitué le fer de lance des politiques publiques depuis le milieu des années 1990. Le système de santé malaisien repose sur une prédominance du secteur public en ce qui concerne les admissions à l'hôpital (82 % des patients sont traités dans des hôpitaux publics) mais un rôle plus important du secteur privé en ce qui concerne les soins ambulatoires (62 % des soins ambulatoires sont gérés par des établissements privés). En 2007, les dépenses publiques de santé représentent 13, 5 milliards de ringgit contre 16, 6 milliards de ringgit pour le secteur privé. Aussi, les dépenses malaisiennes de santé publique sont moins élevées que la moyenne des autres pays à revenus moyens supérieurs (4,7 % pour la Malaisie contre une moyenne de 6,6 %, statistiques de 2005) ce qui est plus que l'Inde, l'Indonésie et Singapour, mais toutefois inférieur à Cuba et la Thaïlande. Le programme du dixième plan prévoit l'établissement d'une assurance sociale de santé unique, financée en partie par les cotisations sociales et les impôts (système hybride entre le modèle britannique où la protection sociale est financée par l'impôt et le modèle français où celle-ci repose sur les cotisations salariales).

La Malaisie est une des économies qui consacre le plus de budget public en recherche et le développement, en se classant en 2019 au  rang des pays à revenus moyens supérieurs (derrière la Chine, l'Inde, la fédération de Russie et le Brésil ; devant l'Afrique du Sud et la Turquie).

Démographie
La Malaisie a un solde démographique positif constant depuis l'après-guerre, solde qui a particulièrement augmenté depuis les années 1970. En 2020, le ratio de dépendance, c'est-à-dire le rapport entre les personnes à charge - personnes âgées de moins de 15 ans ou de plus de 64 ans - et la population en âge de travailler - est de 44 retraités pour 100 actifs. 2 325 071 personnes ont plus de 65 ans pour une population totale de 32 365 998 habitants. La population entre 15 et 64 ans représente près de 69% de la population totale, ce qui explique la part modeste des dépenses publiques dans les allocations vieillesse. Les dépenses vieillesse représentaient en 2005 31 millions de ringgit, en comparaison des 43, 5 millions pour l'allocation enfants et 85, 4 millions pour les autres types de prestations sociales.

En 2019, l'espérance de vie de la population malaisienne était en moyenne de 76,6 ans, plus qu'en Inde (69,6 ans), aux Philippines (71,1 ans) en Indonésie (71,7 ans) ; données comparables aux statistiques des pays développés comme les États-Unis (78,7 ans), l'Union Européenne (81,3 ans) et Singapour (83,5 ans).

Pilier assuranciel
Le pilier assuranciel répond à une logique individuelle de prévention face au risque.

La première législation en matière de protection sociale est prise en 1951. L'ordonnance prévoit la mise en place d'un système de retraite par capitalisation et la constitution d'un fonds de pension pour les actifs (Fonds de Pension pour les Travailleurs, Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja, KWSF). Le fonds de pension perçoit une cotisation de la part des actifs qui permet d'augmenter le capital total qui est investi. En contrepartie, l'actif ayant atteint l'âge légal de la retraite pourra ensuite toucher sa part de capital plus les dividendes perçus par les investissements. En 1991, le gouvernement amende l'ordonnance et présente une nouvelle loi portant sur le droit relatif à un régime d'épargne pour la retraite des employés et la gestion de l'épargne pour la retraite et sur les questions connexes (literatim). Le Fonds de Pension pour les Travailleurs est placé sous l'autorité d'un conseil d'administration où siège de droit un représentant nommé par le ministère malaisien des Finances. Jusqu'en 2008, la part de la cotisation pouvant être investi sur les marchés financiers est fixée à 20 % de l'épargne.

Être affilié à ce fonds est obligatoire pour tous les actifs. En décembre 2019, 14 587 811 membres étaient affiliés au Fonds de Pension dont 7 626 262 actifs pour une population totale de 31, 9 millions d'habitants. Le montant des dividendes est fixé par le gouvernement. En 2020, les dividendes atteignent 6,10 %, pour une épargne totale de 42,8 milliards de ringgit. Le taux de dividende était de 4, 5% en 2008.

La réforme de 2008 abroge le plafond de 20 % de l'épargne pouvant être investi avec pour objectif d'atteindre un capital minimum par actif de 120 000 ringgit à l'âge de 55 ans (soit l'équivalent de 25 873 euros). Ce minimum est toutefois faible puisqu'il représente 500 ringgit par mois pendant 20 ans, soit 107 euros mensuel. L'obligation de cotiser est étendue de 55 ans à 75 ans. Dans le même temps, le taux de cotisation mensuelle passe de 11 % à 8 % et à 5,5 % pour les plus de 55 ans. L'actif peut toucher son épargne à partir de l'âge de 50 ans pour le dépenser uniquement pour des frais médicaux, immobiliers (depuis 2000), universitaires (depuis 2006 pour financer des études supérieures) ou infantiles (depuis 2001).

Pilier assistanciel
Le pilier assistanciel relève de la solidarité collective incarnée par l'action du gouvernement.

Sécurité Sociale
En 1969, il est instauré une sécurité sociale pour l'ensemble des travailleurs qui gagnent moins de 2 000 ringgit de revenus mensuels (soit 431 euros). Les cotisations financent deux branches : une dédiée à l'invalidité et une autre pour l'assurance maladie. L'assurance maladie est financée par l'employeur à hauteur de 1 % du salaire mensuel et l'employé à hauteur de 0,5 %. Les cotisations couvrant l'invalidité sont quant à elles financés uniquement par l'employeur à hauteur de 1,75 % du salaire mensuel. Le nombre d'individus couverts par l'Organisation de la Sécurité Sociale est passée de 608 847 travailleurs en 1975 à 11 747 607 millions de travailleurs en 2015. L'assurance maladie couvre l'intégralité des frais médicaux, des soins palliatifs et de réhabilitation.

En avril 1995, un fonds d'assurance pour les travailleurs étrangers est créé et fait une distinction entre travailleurs nationaux et non nationaux. Les travailleurs étrangers gagnant moins de 500 ringgit par mois sont éligibles à ce fonds de compensation en cas d'accident du travail, de décès, de maladie ou de rapatriement. Les travailleurs à domicile ne sont pas concernés par ce dispositif. L'affiliation à ce fonds d'assurance est obligatoire.

Allocations
L'aide aux familles nombreuses pour les foyers à revenus modestes a été développée à partir des années 2000. Une allocation mensuelle par foyer de 100 ringgit est versée par enfant, pouvant aller jusqu'à 450 ringgit, jusqu'à l'âge de 18 ans. En 2005, 19 346 foyers étaient bénéficiaires de cette allocation, représentant un budget annuel de 43,7 millions de ringgit.

À la suite du tsunami de décembre 2004 provoqué par un séisme dans l'océan Indien, une allocation spéciale liée aux catastrophes naturelles a aussi été mise en place face à l'ampleur du nombre de victimes et l'étendue des dégâts. En 2005, 10 158 personnes étaient concernées par cette allocation spéciale qui pouvait représenter jusqu'à 5 000 ringgit.

Les personnes âgées en état d'invalidité peuvent recevoir une aide de 300 ringgit par mois depuis 2008. Cette allocation est passée de 9 212 récipiendaires en 2000 à 23 256 en 2005.

Un fonds spécial basé sur l'aumône à destination des populations de confession musulmane de l'archipel existe en parallèle (zakat). Chaque État fédéré gère son propre fonds au niveau local, même si plusieurs réformes vont vers une unification et une standardisation fédérale avec l'établissement d'un Département au Développement Islamique. Ces fonds représentent une épargne de 800 millions de ringgit et répondent à une logique de charité pour les populations musulmanes les plus nécessiteuses.

Couverture universelle
À l'instar de la quasi-totalité des pays développés comme ceux de l'OCDE — à l'exception toutefois des États-Unis d'Amérique —, la Malaisie dispose d'un régime universel de santé, garantissant à tous les individus un accès gratuit et complet aux soins médicaux.

Politique de santé publique

Vaccination obligatoire
La vaccination contre la poliomyélite, le BCG, la rougeole, la rubéole et les oreillons sont obligatoires et sont en général administrées par les médecins scolaires aux élèves malaisiens du cycle élémentaire.

Plan National contre la Grippe (1997-2005)
Le gouvernement a adopté en 1997 un plan quinquennal de prévention et d'action contre la grippe, maladie qui représente un haut niveau de contamination dans la région. La Malaisie fut un foyer de contamination important pendant la pandémie de grippe de 1968. Un comité sanitaire de contrôle de la grippe a été mis en place. La préparation préalable des autorités malaisiennes de santé publique permit notamment au pays de répondre rapidement et efficacement à la pandémie de 1999 en Asie du Sud et de l'Est lié au virus Nipah et à celle de 2004 lié au virus de la grippe A.

Pandémie de Covid-19 (2020-2022)

Dans le cadre de la pandémie liée au virus coronavirus, le gouvernement malaisien a lancé une campagne de vaccination à partir de février 2021. La Malaisie atteint un taux de vaccination de 79,7 % en mars 2022 (complètement vaccinée), soit l'un des taux les plus élevés de la région (57,9 % en Indonésie, 59,8 % aux Philippines et 71,8 % en Thaïlande) et comparable voire supérieure à celui des pays développés (66 % aux États-Unis, 73,4 % au Royaume-Uni et 77,8 % en France).

Infrastructures médicales
Les hôpitaux publics de Malaisie, en particulier ceux des grandes villes, sont de très bonne qualité et dotés des équipements médicaux les plus récents. En parallèle, il existe un réseau d'hôpitaux privés qui s'est développé récemment dont un tiers sont en partenariat avec l'administration publique malaisienne. Les principaux enjeux pour le système de santé malaisien sont le manque d'effectifs et pouvant entraîner des heures d'attente ainsi que les déserts médicaux. Si les grandes agglomérations sont équipés de grands hôpitaux et de médecins à proximité, ce n'est pas le cas dans les zones rurales les plus éloignées. Pour lutter contre ce problème, le gouvernement a lancé à partir de 2009 la construction de nouveaux centres de soins dans les campagnes et généralisé le principe de consultations à distance.

Références

Système de santé en Malaisie


NGC 7039 je otvoreni skup u zviježđu Labudu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7039
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7039 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7039  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7000 - 7049

7039

NGC 7039


Violent Revolution deseti je studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Kreator. Objavljen je u 25. rujna 2001. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Steamhammer.

Nakon skoro jednog desetljeća eksperimentiranja s industrial metalom i gothic metalom, sastav se konačno vraća u izvorne thrash metal vode iz 1980-ih.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Kreator
Mille Petrozza – vokali, gitara
Sami Yli-Sirniö – gitara
Christian Giesler – bas-gitara
Jürgen "Ventor" Reil – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Tommy Newton – inženjer zvuka
Kalle – pred produkcija
Takehiko Maeda – zapisi (japanska verzija)
Andreas Marschall – omot albuma
Dirk Schelpmeier – fotografija, dizajn
Andy Sneap – produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miksanje, mastering

Izvori

Albumi sastava Kreator
Albumi iz 2001.

Violent Revolution


Gordis es una telenovela chilena producida en 2012 por la productora Pájaro y emitida por Chilevisión, estrenada el 2 de enero de ese año. Escrita por Yusef Rumie con la colaboración de Carla Stagno, Roberto Contador, Pablo Unda y Camilo Torres. Cuenta la historia de una chica con problemas de obesidad que luego de ser humillada por todos se convierte en una estupenda mujer, la cual se vengará de todos que se burlaron de ella.

Tiene como protagonistas a Karla Vásquez, Faloon Larraguibel, Rodrigo Salinas, Nicolás Pérez y Jaime Artus, y cuenta con las participaciones antagónicas de Carla Jara, Viviana Nunes, Daniela Castillo y Montserrat Prats. Cuenta con la actuación especial de la actriz Violeta Vidaurre.

Historia
Amelia, una simpática muchacha que está absolutamente enamorada de Carter, el chico guapo y matoncillo del colegio. Luego de sufrir una broma por parte de Carter y sus amigos, Amelia encuentra una botella mágica de la que sale un chistoso Genio quien la trasforma en Carrie, una estupenda chica rubia y esbelta. Ella se vengará de los chicos populares, reivindicando a sus losers amigas y llevándolas al merecido sitial de chicas populares.

Elenco
 Karla Vásquez como Amelia Peña.
 Faloon Larraguibel como Carrie SimSalabim.
 Nicolás Pérez como Carter Carrington.
 Carla Jara como Sofía Regiolini.
 Jaime Artus como Patrick Lizama.
 Carolina Mestrovic como Linda.
 Rodrigo Salinas como el genio SimSalabim.
 Montserrat Prats como Vannessa Malessi.
 Viviana Nunes como Bestiana Carrington.
 Rodrigo Avilés como Juan "Jerry" Cacerola.
 Daniela Castillo como Serena Calma.
 Andreína Chataing como Daisy Rosado.
 Felipe Álvarez como Donald Donaldson.
 Iván Cabrera como Patricio "Pato" Proteico.
 Damián Bodenhöfer como Lewis Cacerola.
 María Paz Jorquiera como Cosu Rarelli.
 Gabriela Ernst como Cynthia Pérez.
 Catalina Vera como Mujer Nerd.
 Ramón Llao como Marcial Peña.
 Felipe Armas como Pepe Cacerola.
 Julio César Serrano como Perno-Mateo Cibernético.
 Eileen Rivera como Pepa Rosado.
 Janis Pope como Pía de los Aromos.
 Samantha Sanchéz como Aurora Peña.
 Francisco González como Rufus Calvo.
 Lolo Peña como Vittorio Regiolini.
 Francesca Cigna como Ricarda Pilates.
 Camilo Marín como Muela.
 Heber Espinosa como Colmillo.
 Violeta Vidaurre como Bruja Alexandra.
 Grimanesa Jiménez como Miss Ruttenmeyer.
 Matías González como Guatón Cebolla.
 Pilar Ruiz como Enfermera.
 Claudio Moreno como "Guru - Guru" (Invitado).
 Eduardo Cantillana como Abdou Hadji, Genio del desierto.
 Javiera Cifuentes como Susana.

Véase también
 Guerra de las teleseries

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Telenovelas de Chilevisión
Televisión de Chile en 2012
Telenovelas de 2012

Gordis


Skodborghus er en lille bebyggelse lige nord for Kongeåen, som her danner grænse mellem Sønderjylland og Nørrejylland. Bebyggelsen ligger 2 km øst for Skibelund Krat, 4 km nord for Skodborg og 4 km syd for Vejen. Den hører til Vejen Sogn og Vejen Kommune.

Historie
Navnet Skodborg nævnes allerede i et brev fra hertug 'Jern'-Henrik i Sønderjylland af 17. juli 1368, i forbindelse med "Slottet Skodborg", som i den tid menes at være under belejring, og som antages at have været placeret op og ned af Kongeåen, hvor Skodborghus er placeret i dag. Åen hed på den tid Skodborg Å. Navnet "Skodborg Å" menes dog imidlertid allerede at være nævnt første gang i år 1000-tallet i islandske sagaer. Ordet "Skod" kommer af ordet "Skut", som betyder "Skat".

I 1811 blev det gamle slot beboet for sidste gang, af Hans Kr. Thomsen (død 1836). Han besluttede sig i 1814 til at rive slottet ned til grunden.

I 1862 blev den første landevej anlagt over Kongeåen forbi Skodborghus.

I 1864, da Sønderjylland blev en del af Preussen, forblev Skodborghus på den danske side, selvom det nuværende Skodborg lå på den tyske side. Dermed blev Skodborghus en vigtig grænseovergang mellem Danmark og Preussen. I 1866 byggede man en bolig til toldkontrolløren på den gamle slotsbankes østlige del.

Genforeningen
Efter Genforeningen i 1920 var Skodborghus ikke længere grænsepost, men foran Skodborghusvej 15 står grænsepæl nr. 57 til minde om genforeningen og den tidligere Kongeå-grænse.

Udviklingen
I 1970-2006 dannede Kongeåen på dette sted grænse mellem Rødding Kommune og Vejen Kommune og dermed også mellem Sønderjyllands Amt og Ribe Amt. Ved strukturreformen i 2007 indgik begge amter i Region Syddanmark, og Rødding Kommune blev indlemmet i Vejen Kommune, så der er ikke længere en administrativ grænse ved Skodborghus, men kun den historiske grænse mellem to landsdele.

I dag er Skodborghus et trafikknudepunkt for trafikken imellem Kolding, Ribe, Vejen og Aabenraa, idet Primærrute 32 og Sekundærrute 403 mødes i en rundkørsel i Skodborghus. Indtil 2015 var der et lysreguleret kryds på stedet. Derudover er der i Skodborghus en rasteplads, en fodboldgolfbane og 8 ejendomme, hvoraf et af husene også er gartneri. Udviklingen i området gør at der nu kun er 1 km åbent land mellem den sydligste del af Vejen og Skodborghus.

Noter

Lokaliteter i Vejen Kommune
Vejen

Skodborghus