New Girl er en amerikansk tv-serie sitcom, som er skabt af Elizabeth Meriweather og produceret af 20th Television for Fox Broadcasting Company, som blev sendt i i alt 7 sæsoner mellem 2011 og 2018. Medvirkende i serien er bl.a. Zooey Deschanel, Jake Johnson, Max Greenfield, Lamorne Morris, Hannah Simone og Damon Wayans Jr.

Serien omhandler skolelæreren Jess (Deschanel), som flytter ind i en lejlighed i Los Angeles sammen med Nick (Johnson), Schmidt (Greenfield) og Winston (Morris). En tidligere roommate Coach (Wayans) og Jess' bedste veninde, Cece (Simone) er også med i serien. Serien kombinerer komedie og drama, og følger karakterne, som alle er i starten af trediverne, mens de går igennem op- og nedture i forhold til kærlighed, romantiske forhold, arbejde og karriere.

New Girl har modtaget stor anerkendelse fra anmeldere, og serien blev udnævnt som én af de bedste nye komedieserier efter dens premiere i efteråret 2011, og fik efter en rundspørge den højeste publikumsrating for en debuterende tv-serie produceret af Fox siden 2001. Især skuespillernes præstationer; Deschanel, Greenfield, Simone, Johnson og Morris er blevet priset, og serien har modtaget adskillige nomineringer og priser, heriblandt Golden Globe Awards og Primetime Emmy Awards.

Den 14. maj 2007 fornyede Fox serien til en syvende og sidste sæson, som bestod af otte episoder, som havde premiere den 10. april 2018. Serien fik et fornyet publikum efter den blev tilgængelig på streamingtjenesten Netflix, og er siden blevet ét af de mest populære serier på platformen. Seriens finaleepisode blev sendt den 15. maj 2018.

Plot
Efter skolelæreren, Jess, opdager at hendes kæreste, Spencer, er hende utro, vælger Jess at flytte ind hos de tre mænd; Nick, Schmidt og Coach, som bor i en lejlighed i Los Angeles. Efter pilotepisoden flytter Winston, en tidligere roommate og Nicks barndomsven ind, og erstatter Coach, som flytter sammen med sin kæreste. Cece, Jess' barndomsven og fotomodel, kommer tit i lejligheden og bliver en del af gruppen.

Serien følger karakternes op- og nedture omkring kærlighed, romantiske forhold, arbejde og karriere.

Halvvejs igennem sæson 1, finder Schmidt og Cece sammen i et forhold, som holdes hemmeligt for de øvrige karakterer, men de splitter op i slutningen af sæsonen. I sæson 2 bliver Jess fyret fra hendes job, og hun og de øvrige karakterer har kortvarige romantiske forhold med andre, mens Cece indgår i et arrangeret ægteskab med Shivrang, som dog aflyses på bryllupsdagen i sæsonfinalen. Jess og Nick bliver i løbet af sæson 2 romantisk tiltrukket af hinanden og finder sammen, og er sammen igennem det meste af sæson 3. I sæson 3 vender Coach tilbage og er en del af serien indtil halvvejs igennem sæson 4, hvor han flytter sammen med en ny kæreste, May. Winston, som forsøger at finde et job, ender med at uddanne sig til politibetjent, og han forelsker sig i sin partner, Aly. I slutningen af sæson 4 frier Schmidt til Cece og de bliver gift i slutningen af sæson 5. I sæson 5 har Jess nævningepligt ved en stor og hemmelig retssag, og en midlertidig beboer, Reagan, flytter ind, og hun og Nick finder sammen. I sæson 6 køber Schmidt og Cece et hus, som de renoverer og de bor midlertidigt sammen med de øvrige karakterer i lejligheden. I sæson 7 er der nu gået tre år, hvor Schmidt og Cece har en tre-årig datter, Ruth, Winston og Aly venter deres første barn, og Nick frier til Jess.

Cast og karakterer
 Zooey Deschanel som Jessica Day, skolelærer i starten af trediverne, som er fra Portland, Oregon. I pilotepisoden flytter hun ind lejligheden, hvor Nick, Schmidt og Coach hjælper hende med at komme videre fra en smertefuld brud med sin kæreste, Spencer.
 Jake Johnson som Nick Miller, Jess' roommate, der arbejder som bartender.
 Max Greenfield som Schmidt, som er selvudnævnt "dame-charmør", og arbejder som marketing konsulant.
 Lamorne Morris som Winston Bishop, som er en tidligere basketballspiller og Nicks barndomsven. Da han mister sin plads som point guard for et hold i den lettiske basketballliga vender han tilbage til USA, og flytter ind gruppens lejlighed i episode to.
 Hannah Simone som Cece Parekh, som er fotomodel og Jess' bedste ven siden barndommen. Parekh er som start skeptisk over for Jess' nye roommates, men i løbet af serien bliver hun en fast del af gruppen.
 Damon Wayans Jr. som Coach, som er en tidligere atlet, som arbejder som personlig træner. Coach optræder kort i seriens første episode, og forlader herefter midlertidigt serien. Efter to år vender Coach tilbage i én sæson, før han igen forlader serien, og herefter kun medvirker i enkelte episoder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Komedieserier fra USA

New Girl


Bilohirsk (Kırım Tatarcası: Qarasuvbazar, Ukraynaca: Білогірськ, Rusça: Белогорск) Kırım'ın güneyinde yer alan bir şehirdir. Şehrin adı 1944'e kadar Karasubazar idi.

Tarihi
Kırım tatarlarının en eski şehirlerinden birisidir. Şehir hakkında ilk bilgiler XII. asıra aittir. 1944 Mayıs Sürgününe kadar kırımdaki Tatar nüfusunun coğunlukta olduğu 3 şehirden birisi idi.

Nüfus
Karasubazar bölgesinin nüfusu; 70.000'dir. Şehir merkezinin nüfusu; 20.000'dir. Nüfusun %35i KırımTatarıdır.

Coğrafya
Kırımın ortasında yer alır.

Ukrayna'daki şehirler
Kırım'daki şehirler

Bilohirsk


Les élections cantonales vaudoises ont lieu les  et  afin de renouveler les 150 membres du Grand Conseil et les 7 membres du Conseil d'État du canton de Vaud.

Au parlement, le PLR arrive en tête avec un tiers des 150 sièges à pourvoir. Le PS et l'UDC perdent quelques sièges, tandis que les deux partis verts et les partis de gauche radicale progressent.

Au gouvernement, seule une candidate PLR est élue dès le premier tour en obtenant la majorité absolue. Le second tour, où six sièges restent en lice, voit le basculement de la majorité à droite, avec l'élection des deux candidats PLR restants et d'une candidate du Centre, représenté pour la première fois de l'histoire vaudoise au Conseil d'État, tandis que la gauche ne parvient à faire élire que deux candidates socialistes sortantes sur trois et le candidat vert.

Contexte

Politique

Départs de conseillers d'État sortants
Conseiller d'État depuis 2007, le PLR Philippe Leuba annonce le  qu'il n'est pas candidat à un quatrième mandat. Son collègue de parti Pascal Broulis, en poste depuis 2002, annonce la semaine suivante qu'il ne sollicite pas un cinquième mandat au Conseil d'État après avoir entretenu le doute sur cette possibilité.

À gauche de l'échiquier politique, la Verte Béatrice Métraux, en poste depuis 2012, annonce le  qu'elle ne se représente pas.

Alliance inédite de la droite
Pour la première fois, la droite présente une liste unique composée de trois PLR, un UDC et une LC, inspirée par le succès d'une telle alliance dans le canton de Fribourg. L'UDC espère retrouver un siège au gouvernement, dont elle est absente depuis dix ans, au détriment des Verts.

Système électoral
Le Grand Conseil est le parlement unicaméral du canton de Vaud. Le gouvernement, appelé Conseil d'État, est composé de sept membres. Tous deux sont renouvelés intégralement tous les cinq ans au suffrage universel direct.

Grand Conseil
Le Grand Conseil est composé de  pourvus pour cinq ans au système proportionnel dans des circonscriptions correspondant aux 10 districts du canton, certains districts étant divisés en sous-arrondissements. Le scrutin est à listes ouvertes avec vote préférentiel et panachage, soumis à un seuil électoral de 5 % des suffrages exprimés.

Les sièges sont répartis par rapport à la population des différents districts :

Conseil d'État
Les sept sièges du Conseil d'État sont pourvus pour cinq ans au scrutin plurinominal majoritaire à deux tours dans une circonscription électorale unique cantonale. Les électeurs votent pour autant de candidats qu'il y a des sièges à pourvoir, à raison d'une voix pour un candidat. Les candidats ayant obtenu la majorité absolue du nombre de bulletins valables sont déclarés élus. S'il reste des sièges à pourvoir, un second tour est organisé entre les candidats restants, et ceux arrivés en tête sont déclarés élus à raison du nombre de sièges restants à pourvoir.

Les listes sont ouvertes, ce qui signifie que les électeurs ont la possibilité de les modifier en rayant ou ajoutant des noms, d'effectuer un panachage à partir de candidats de listes différentes ou même de composer eux-mêmes leurs listes sur un bulletin vierge.

Le dépôt des listes s'achève le . Le second tour a lieu le .

Campagne
Au total, 25 candidats se présentent aux élections au Conseil d'État, et 962 candidats à celles du Grand Conseil.

Le quotidien 24 Heures relève que la campagne « se déroule dans une ambiance particulière où une guerre succède à une crise, celle du Covid-19 » et qu'elle a « peu de retentissement ».

Un sondage réalisé le  par l'institut MIS-Trend auprès de 773 citoyens donne les socialistes Rebecca Ruiz et Nuria Gorrite nettement en tête, avec respectivement 40 et 39 % des intentions de vote. Elles sont suivies par la socialiste Cesla Amarelle et les libérales-radicales Christelle Luisier et Isabelle Moret, avec environ 30 % des intentions de vote. Viennent ensuite le libéral-radical Frédéric Borloz avec 24 %, puis l'UDC Michaël Buffat et le Vert Vassilis Venizelos avec respectivement 20 et 18 %, tandis que la candidate du Centre Valérie Dittli est distancée avec seulement 9 % des intentions de vote. Selon ce sondage, Vassilis Venizelos peine à convaincre les jeunes, tandis que Michaël Buffat est le candidat le plus « clivant ».

Lors des derniers jours de campagne, deux plaintes pénales sont déposées contre Cesla Amarelle, la première pour atteinte à l'honneur du fait de propos tenus lors d'une séance de travail, la seconde pour calomnie dans une affaire de licenciement en 2019 d'un enseignant au gymnase. Des plaintes pénales sont aussi déposées par des candidats de la gauche radicale pour des menaces de mort, notamment taguées sur l'Hôtel de ville de Lausanne.

Second tour pour le Conseil d'État
Le second tour de l'élection au gouvernement, où six sièges sont encore à pourvoir, oppose les quatre candidats restants de l'alliance de droite (PLR, UDC et Centre) aux quatre candidats de l'alliance rose-verte (PS et Verts), tous les autres candidats s'étant retirés.

La gauche propose d'introduire la gratuité des transports publics pour les moins de 25 ans et les plus de 65 ans. La sortante Cesla Amarelle, dont le score au premier tour « s'explique en partie par la grogne du monde enseignant » selon un article du Temps, annonce également le ralentissement voire le gel de sa réforme phare dite d'école inclusive, visant à assurer l'égalité des chances entre tous les enfants en intégrant les élèves à « besoins spécifiques ». La droite rappelle pour sa part que son programme prévoit une baisse de la fiscalité, notamment pour la classe moyenne, et un développement des transports publics régionaux « sans opposer les différents modes de transport ».

Selon le politologue Andrea Pilotti, le réservoir de voix est plus élevé pour la gauche que pour la droite au second tour, avec notamment les voix de la gauche radicale, celles qui se sont portées sur l'entrepreneur Guillaume « Toto » Morand et celles des vert'libéraux, qui pourraient soutenir le candidat des Verts. Tout en n'excluant pas que la gauche parvienne à davantage mobiliser son électorat urbain maintenant que la majorité de gauche au gouvernement semble menacée, il juge ce second tour « totalement imprévisible ».

Résultats

Au Conseil d'État

Au Grand Conseil

Représentation par district

Analyse des résultats

Conseil d'État

Premier tour
Selon l'éditorial du Temps publié le lendemain du premier tour des élections, l'alliance de droite s'est renforcée au fil de la campagne et a réussi à imposer ses thèmes de campagne, tandis que la gauche « s'est contentée de défendre son bilan ». Tête de fil de l'alliance de droite, la libérale-radicale Christelle Luisier aurait créé un esprit d'équipe, tandis que l'UDC Michäel Buffat se serait recentré, tenant « un discours modéré » (jusqu'à se déclarer en faveur d'un congé paternité). Les candidats de la gauche pour leur part n'auraient « pas donné l'impression de former une réelle équipe » et « pas répondu [...] aux inquiétudes [...] en matière de pouvoir d'achat ou de transition énergétique ».

Dans l'article principal, le journal qualifie le score de la candidate du Centre Valérie Dittli, « inconnue du grand public il y en encore quelques mois » et d'origine zougoise, de « sensation du jour », et celui de Cesla Amarelle de décevant. Selon le politologue Andrea Pilotti, le mauvais score de cette dernière ne serait pas dû aux affaires pénales sorties les derniers jours de campagne, mais à la pandémie de Covid-19, la population récompensant les responsables de la santé et pénalisant ceux de l'éducation. L'élection de Christelle Luisier au premier tour, certes de justesse, est vue comme « un petit exploit » étant donné qu'elle n'a rejoint le gouvernement que deux ans plus tôt lors d'une élection complémentaire. De manière générale, le quotidien souligne que l'alliance de droite a pour le moins bien fonctionné et qu'elle est désormais favorite pour le second tour.

Dans une analyse publié le lendemain du vote, le journal 24 Heures relève que le Vert Vassilis Venizelos a fait un score beaucoup plus modeste dans les villes que sa camarade de parti Béatrice Métraux lors des élections de 2017.

Selon le politologue Pascal Sciarini, le taux élevé d'abstention (en hausse de 6 points de pourcentage pour l'élection au gouvernement) et la faible mobilisation de la gauche s'expliquent notamment par le fait que les médias ont donné l'impression « que les jeux étaient faits en faveur de la gauche ».

Second tour
Le second tour voit, dans l'ordre, la réélection des candidates socialistes Nuria Gorrite et Rebecca Ruiz (55 %) et l'élection des deux candidats libéraux-radicaux Isabelle Moret et Frédéric Borloz (53 %), du Vert Vassilis Venizelos (49 %) et de la Centriste Valérie Dittli (48 %), qui devient à 29 ans l'une des plus jeunes conseillères d'État de l'histoire suisse et permet à son parti d'être représenté pour la première fois de l'histoire au gouvernement vaudois. La socialiste sortante Cesla Amarelle (46 %) n'est pas réélue, malgré une très forte mobilisation de la gauche, et l'UDC Michaël Buffat (44 %) échoue à reconquérir un siège au gouvernement pour son parti. La majorité du gouvernement bascule à droite, après onze ans de majorité de gauche. Selon Olivier Meuwly, il ne faut cependant pas en attendre de grand changement, « en tout cas, à court terme ».

Selon l'analyse du Temps, le candidat vert a bénéficié d'un report des suffrages des Vert'libéraux et Cesla Amarelle « fait les frais de la grogne du monde enseignant ». Le politologue Andreas Pilotti, cité dans le même article, juge que le PLR est le grand vainqueur de l'élection et que l'UDC en est l'un des grands perdants, puisque ce dernier parti permet la victoire de la droite sans parvenir à faire élire son candidat.

La participation est en légère augmentation par rapport au premier tour.

Grand Conseil
Globalement, le rapport de force entre la gauche et la droite est stable et le nouvel hémicycle compte un bon tiers de nouveaux députés. Au total, 24 élus sortants qui se représentaient n'ont pas été réélus.

La droite conserve sa majorité, mais devra selon le journal Le Temps davantage composer avec les Vert'libéraux, en progression de deux sièges, qui renforcent ainsi leur position d'arbitre entre la droite et la gauche, même si l'ensemble des formations du centre conservent le même nombre de députés. Le PLR, qui gagne un siège, reste le premier parti du canton, tandis que le PS perd cinq sièges. Les Verts, en progression de quatre sièges, deviennent le troisième parti du canton, devant l'UDC qui en perd deux. L'extrême-gauche progresse de deux sièges.

Le nouveau parlement compte un nombre record de femmes (53) tout en étant encore loin de la parité (35 %). Il est légèrement plus jeune (moyenne d'âge de 49 ans et quelques mois contre 50 ans en 2017). Enfin, 45 % des députés siègent également au sein d'une municipalité (30 % en 2017) et 20 % d'entre eux sont agriculteurs (alors qu'ils ne représentent que 2,5 % de la population active).

Le taux de participation (34,28 %) est en baisse de cinq points par rapport à 2017.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Politique dans le canton de Vaud
2022 en Suisse
Vaud
Politique en mars 2022
Politique en avril 2022

Élections cantonales vaudoises de 2022


දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය (ඇමරිකානු දකුණේ සාහිත්‍යය ලෙසින්ද සමහරවිට හැඳින්වේ) යන්න අර්ථදැක්වෙන්නේ  දක්ෂිණ එක්සත් ජනපද පිළිබඳ හෝ එම ප්‍රදේශයන්ගෙන් එන ලේඛකයන් විසින් හෝ රචිත ඇමරිකානු  සාහිත්‍යය ලෙසිනි. දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි ගුණාංග අතර පොදු  දක්ෂිණ ඉතිහාසයක්, පවුල යන්නෙහි වැදගත්කම, ප්‍රජාව සහ එය තුල යමෙකුගේ භූමිකාව පිළිබඳ හැඟීමක්, යුක්තිය පිළිබඳ හැඟීමක්, ප්‍රදේශයෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ  ආගම (ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය — ප්‍රොතෙස්තන්තවාදය බලන්න) සහ ආගම විසින් බොහෝවිට ගෙනඑන  කරදර/ශුභඵල, වාර්ගික ආතතිය හා බැඳි ප්‍රශ්න, භූමිය හා එය රැගෙන එන පොරොන්දු, සමාජ  පංතිය හා  තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ හැඟීමක්, සහ  දක්ෂිණ උපභාෂාව භාවිතය පිළිබඳ අවධානය යොමුකිරීම්ද අඩංගු වෙති.

දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි සමාලෝචනය
එහි සරලතම පැවැත්ම අනුව, දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය සමන්විත වන්නේ ඇමරිකානු දකුණ පිළිබඳ ලියැවීම් වලින් වෙති  —ඓතිහාසික මෙන්ම භූගෝලීය හේතූන් නිසාවෙන්, දකුණ ලෙසින් අර්ථ දැක්වෙන්නේ, දකුණු කැරොලයිනා, ජෝර්ජියා, ෆ්ලොරිඩා, ඇලබාමා, උතුරු කැරොලයිනා, වර්ජිනියා, ටෙනසී, මිසිසිපි, ලූසියෑනා, ටෙක්සාස්, ඔක්ලහෝමා, කෙන්ටාකි, බටහිර වර්ජිනියා සහ ආකැන්සාස් යන ජනපද වෙති. දකුණ පිළිබඳ සිවිල් යුද්ධයට-පූර්ව  අර්ථදැක්වීම් වලට  මිසූරි, මෙරිලන්ඩ්, සහ ඩෙලවෙයා යන ජනපදයන්ද ඇතුළු වූහ.

දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි භූගෝලීය සංඝටකයට අමතරව, සමහරක් තේමාවන් පැනනැගී ඇත්තේ  වහල්භාවය, ඇමරිකානු සිවිල් යුද්ධය, සහ   යළිගොඩනැඟීම යන්න පිළිබඳව දකුණු ජනපද අතර පැවැති සමාන ඉතිහාසයන් නිසාවෙනි. දකුණෙහි ගතානුගතික සංස්කෘතිය හේතුවෙන්, දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය තුල, පෞද්ගලික සහ සමාජීය ජීවිතය තුල  පවුල, ආගම, ප්‍රජාව යන්නෙහි වැදගත් බව, දක්ෂිණ උපභාෂාව භාවිතය, සහ  "ස්ථානය" පිළිබඳ මහත් හැඟීමක්ද ජනිතවී තිබුණි.<ref>කේට්  කෙච්රාන්.  රිවිව් ඔෆ්  රොබට්  බ්‍රින්ක්මෙයර්, කණි., රිමැපිං සදන් ලිට්‍රිචර්: කන්ටෙම්පරරි සදන් රයිටර්ස් ඇන්ඩ් ස වෙස්ට්, ජෝර්ජියා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයීය මුද්‍රණාලය, 2000.</ref>වර්ගවාදී ගැටළු  හා බැඳි දකුනේ ඉතිහාසයද එහි සාහිත්‍යය තුල දිගින් දිගටම එළිදැක්විණි.

මෙවන් පොදු තේමා පැවතුනද, ලේඛකයන් හා ඔවුන්ගේ සාහිත්‍යය "දක්ෂිණ" කරනුයේ කුමක්දැයි වාද විවාද පවතියි. නිදසුනක් ලෙසින්, දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි පියා යැයි තර්ක කල හැකි , මාක් ට්වේන් විසින්, ඔහුගේ ද ඇඩ්වෙන්චර්ස් ඔෆ් හකල්බරි ෆින්  යන නවකතාව වෙතින්, බොහෝ දෙනා දක්ෂිණ ලේඛනය හා සමග දකින බොහෝ ගුණාංග අර්ථදැක්වීය. තමා  "දක්ෂිණ ලේඛකයෙක්" ලෙසින් පවා හේ හැඳින්වීය . මෙයට අමතර ලෙසින්, බොහෝ ජනප්‍රිය දක්ෂිණ ලේඛකයින් උතුරු එ.ජ. වෙත සංක්‍රමණය වන්නේ එසේ කිරීමට ඔවුන්ට හැකි තරම් වයස්ගතවූ සැනිණි. එබැවින් භූගෝලීය කරුණු හේතු වශයෙන් සැලකිය හැකි වුවද, ලේඛකයෙකුගේ භූගෝලීය උපත  පමණක් දක්ෂිණ ලේඛක ඌරුව අර්ථදක්වන හේතුව නොවෙයි.

දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි ඉතිහාසය
ආදිතම සහ  යුදට-පෙර සාහිත්‍යය
17වන සහ 18වන සියවස්හිදී, ඇමරිකානු ජනාවාසයන්හී දක්ෂිණ කොටසෙහිවූ ඉංග්‍රීසි ජනපදිකයෝ,   සැලකිය යුතු තරම් ඉහළ තත්ත්වයකවූ කෘතින් කිහිපයක් එලිදැක්වූහ. මේවා අතුරින් වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය කෘතීන් දෙක වන්නේ වර්ජීනියා පිළිබඳ මුල් මතක සටහන් වන: 1610 ගණන් හා 1620 ගණන් වලදී ජේම්ස්ටවුන් ඇරඹීම පිළිබඳ කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් ස්මිත්ගේ විස්තරය, සහ  18වන සියවසෙහි මුල් භාගයෙහිදී දෙවන විලියම් බර්ඩ්ගේ රහසේ තැබූ වතු දින සටහන්  වෙති.  ආදි දක්ෂිණ ඉතිහාසයෙහි වැදගත් කෘතීන් ලෙසට මෙම ස්මරණ සටහන් දෙකම සැලකෙති.

ඇමරිකානු නිදහසෙන් අනතුරුව, 19වන සියවසෙහිදී මුල් භාගයේදී, කපු වගාව සහ වහල් සේවය ව්‍යාප්තවීමත් සමගම, තුරුණු ජනරජයෙහි අනෙක් කොටස් වලින් නිසැක වශයෙන් වෙනස් බවක් දක්ෂිණ සමාජය සහ සංස්කෘතිය  ප්‍රදක්ෂිණා කිරීමට පටන් ගති.  මෙම  යුදට-පෙර යුගයෙහිදී, දකුණු කැරොලයිනා, සහ විශේෂිත වශයෙන් චාර්ල්ස්ටන් නගරය විසින් සාක්ෂරතාව සහිත ප්‍රජාවක් යන්න අරභයා වර්ජිනියා වෙත තරගකාරීත්වයක් සපයමින් සමහරවිට එය පසු කර ගිය බවක් පෙනී යයි.  චාර්ල්ස්ටන්හී ලේඛන කලාව විමසුවොත්, නීතිඥ හා නිබන්ධක හියු ස්වින්ටන් ලෙගාර්, කිවිවරුන්වූ පෝල් හැමිල්ටන් හේනි සහ  හෙන්රි  ටිම්රොඩ්, සහ නවකතාකරු  විලියම් ගිල්මෝර් සිම්ස් විසින් යුදට-පෙර දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයේ අති වැදගත් කෘතීන් සම්පාදනය කල බව පෙනී යයි.

සිම්ස් විශේෂයෙන් බෙහෙවින් වැදගත් පුද්ගලයෙක් වූ අතර, සමහරවිට ඇමරිකානු සිවිල් යුද්ධයට පෙර බිහිවූ අතිශයින් වැදගත් දක්ෂිණ ගත්කතුවරයා විය.  යුද බිමෙහි සීමාවෙහි ජීවිතය හා ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවය පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ නවකතා දකුණු කැරොලයිනාහී ඉතිහාසය විචිත්‍රවත්ව සටහන් කලේය.  ජේම්ස් ෆෙනිමෝර් කූපර් මෙන්ම, සිම්ස්ද  වෝල්ටර් ස්කොට් වෙතින් ඉමහත් ආභාෂයක් ලද අතර, ඔහුගේ කෘතීන් වෙත ස්කොට්ගේ වීර  අද්භූතවාදයෙහි මුද්‍රාව පැවතිණි.  ද යෙමසේ, ද කින්ස්මන්, සහ අන්කල් ටොම්ස් කැබින්-විරෝධි නවකතාවවූ  ද ස්වෝර්ඩ් ඇන්ඩ් ද ඩිස්ටාෆ්හී , සිම්ස් විසින් වහල් සේවය හා දක්ෂිණ ජීවිතය පිළිබඳ පරමාදර්ශිකෘත සිත්තමක් ගෙනහැරපෑවේය.  දකුණු කැරොලයිනාහී ජනප්‍රිය හා ඉමහත් ගෞරවයට පාත්‍රවූ නමුදු—හා  එඩ්ගා ඇලන් පෝ වැනි විවේචකයන් විසින් මහත් ලෙස වර්ණනාකෙරුනද-- ඉමහත් ජාතික ප්‍රේක්ෂක ගණයෙහි හරසර ලැබීමට සිම්ස් කිසිලෙසින්  සමත් නොවිය.

සමහරක් විවේචකයන් විසින් පෝ සැලකෙන්නේද දක්ෂිණ ගත්කතුවරයෙක් ලෙසය— රිච්මන්ඩ්හී ඇතිදැඩිවූ ඔහු, වර්ජීනියා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙහි අධ්‍යාපනය  ලද අතර, 1835 සිට 1837 දක්වා සදර්න් ලිටරරි මෙසෙන්ජර් සංස්කරණය කලේය.  එහෙත් ඔහුගේ කාව්‍යයන් හා ප්‍රබන්ධයන් විසින් සුවිශේෂිවූ දක්ෂිණ තේමාවන් හෝ විෂයයන් වස්තු බීජ කරගත්තේ විරල ලෙසිනි; "දක්ෂිණ" ලේඛකයෙක් ලෙසින් ඔහුගේ තරාතිරම නොපැහැදිලි බවක් දක්වයි.

මේ අතර, චෙසපීක් ප්‍රදේශය වෙතින් සැලකිය යුතු උනන්දුවක් අප වෙත ඇති කරන යුදට-පෙර ගත්කතුවරු  අතර, ඔහුගේ  ෂැලෝ බාන්  නවකථාව අනුසාරයෙන් වර්ජිනියා වතු ජීවිතය පිළිබඳව විචිත්‍ර විස්තරයක් ඉස්මතු කල ජෝන් පෙන්ඩල්ටව් කෙනඩි; සහ වර්ජීනියාව තුල ෆෙඩරල් හා  බෙදුම්වාදී පාර්ශව අතර ගරිල්ලා යුද්ධයක් සංකල්පනය කරමින් රචිත ඔහුගේ 1836 කෘතියවූ  ද පාර්ටිසන් ලීඩර්  වෙතින් දක්ෂිණ ජනපද වෙන්වීයෑම පිළිබඳ අනාවැකි පල කල  නැතෑනියල් බෙවර්ලි ටකර් වෙති.

මෙම යුගයේ සැලකියයුතු දක්ෂිණ ගත්කතුවරු සියළුදෙනා සුදු ජාතිකයෝ නොවූහ. යුදට-පෙර දකුණෙහි කළු වහල් සේවය පිළිබඳ මහත් ජනප්‍රිය ස්වයං-රචිත විස්තරය වූයේ   ෆ්‍රෙඩ්රික් ඩග්ලස්ගේ ආඛ්‍යානය වෙයි.  මේ අතර,  හැරියට් ජේකබ්ස්, උතුරු කැරොලිනාවේ ඇය දාසභාවය ගෙවමින් ගත කල දිවියෙහි අත්දැකීම්  ඉන්සිඩන්ට්ස්  ඉන් ද ලයිෆ් ඔෆ් අ ස්ලේව් ගර්ල් හි යළි විස්තර කලාය.  තවත් දකුණේ -උපන් පූර්ව-වහලෙකුවූ, විලියම් වෙල්ස් බ්‍රවුන් විසින්, ක්ලොටෙල්; ඕ, ද ප්‍රසිඩන්ට්ස් ඩෝටර් ලියන ලදි -- අප්‍රිකානු-ඇමරිකානුවෙකු විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද පළමු නවකථාව මෙය බවට පුළුල් පිළිගැනුමක් පවතියි. තෝමස් ජෙෆර්සන් ට දාව ඔහුගේ කළු අනියම් භාර්යාවට උපන් දියණියක වන එහි මාතෘකා චරිතයෙහි ජීවිතය මෙම ග්‍රන්ථය විසින් විස්තර කෙරෙන අතර  වහල් සේවය තුල ඇය අත්විඳින අපහසුතාද විස්තර කෙරේ.

 "වැරදුනු තැත" දුක විඳි කාලය
19වන සියවසෙහි දෙවන අඩෙහිදී, දකුණ සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පැරදී ගත කල දුක් බර කාලය බොහෝ සුදු ජාතික දක්ෂිණ ජනපදිකයක් හැඳින්වූයේ කටුක අධිවාසයක්  ( යළිගොඩනැඟීම ලෙස හැඳින්වුණි) ලෙසිනි. ටොම්-විරෝධි සාහිත්‍යය වෙනුවට  "සන්ධානයෙහි වැරදුනු තැත" පිළිබඳ කාව්‍යයන් හා නවකථා එළිදැක්විණි.  යුද්ධය අවසන්වූ වහාම පාහේ මෙම කාංක්ෂා සහගත සාහිත්‍යය එළිදැක්වීම ඇරඹිණි; ද කොන්කර්ඩ් බැනර්  1865 ජූනි 24 දින ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරිණි. ලේඛකයන් විසින් පරමාදර්ශීකෘත කෙරුණේ පරාජයට පත් දකුණ හා එහි  නෂ්ටවූ සංස්කෘතියයි. මෙම දෘෂ්ටි කෝණය සහිත ප්‍රමුඛ ලේඛකයන් අතර,  හෙන්රි ටිම්රොඩ්, ඩැනියෙල් බී. ලූකස්, ඒබ්රම් ජෝසප් රයාන්, සහ  සිඩ්නි ලේනියර් යන කවියෝ සහ තෝමස් නෙල්සන් පේජ් යන ප්‍රබන්ධ ලේඛකයා වූහ.  අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකානු ලේඛක චාල්ස් ඩබ්. චෙස්නට් වැනි අනෙකුන්, මෙම  කාංසාව බැහැර කරමින් වර්ගවාදය සහ මෙම කාල සීමාව තුලදී දකුණේ කළු ජාතිකයන් සූරාකෑම වෙත අවධානය යොමු කලහ.

19වන සියවසෙහි වඩාත් වැදගත් දක්ෂිණ නවකථාව යැයි කර්ක කල හැකි, ද ඇඩ්වෙන්චර්ස් ඔෆ් හකල්බරි ෆින් 1884දී මාක් ට්වේන් විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරිණි . මෙම නවකථාව ගැන අර්නස්ට් හෙමිංවේ කියා සිටියේ  "මාක් ට්වේන්ගේ හකල්බරි ෆින් නම් එක් ග්‍රන්ථයක් තුලින් සියළු නූතන ඇමරිකානු සාහික්‍යය  ගලා එයි" යනුවෙනි. මෙම ප්‍රකාශය දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය වෙත ගැඹුරු ලෙසින් අදාල වන්නේ  මෙම නවකතාව විසින් වර්ගය හා ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය යන දේ හසුරුවා ඇති අවංක ආකාරය නිසාය.

කේට් චොපින් යනු පශ්චාත්-සිවිල් යුද්ධ සමයෙහි දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි තවත් කේන්ද්‍රිය තැනැත්තියකි. ලූසියෑනාහී අකාඩියාන්/කේජන්  ප්‍රජාවන් පිළිබඳ ඇයගේ ලේඛන අවධානය යොමු කල ඇය, බායු ෆෝක් (1894) සහ අ නයිට් ඉන් ඇකඩී (1897) යන කෙටිකතා සංග්‍රහයන්ගෙන් ඇයගේ සාහිත්‍යමය කීර්තියට පදනම් දැමුවාය. මෙම කතා වෙතින් විශේෂිත දක්ෂිණ සංස්කෘතිය විචිත්‍රවත් ලෙසින් හුවා දැක්වීමට අමතරව අනන්‍ය ලෙසින්  වැදගත් සහ  සංකීර්ණ ආඛ්‍යාන  රීතියක් දක්වා ඇමරිකානු කෙටිකතාවෙහි උරුමය වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සිදුවිය. එසේ වුවද, කිසියම් වෙනස් ආකාරයක අපකීර්තියක් ඇය විසින් අත්පත් කර ගත්තේ ඇයගේ දෙවන හා අවසන් නවකතාවවූ  දි අවේකනින් (1899) යන්න ප්‍රකාශයට පත්වීම හා සමගමය.  මෙම නවකතාව විසින් ස්ත්‍රී ලිංගිකත්වය හා මනෝවිද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ව අව්‍යාජ හා භාවාත්මක නොවන නිරූපණයක් කරමින් ශ්‍රාවක ජනයා කම්පනයට පත් කල අතරම (බල්සක්ගෙන් පසුව බටහිර නවකතාව අභිභවනය කල යථාර්ථවාදය පදනම් කර ගත්) බාරදූර ප්‍රභේදයක්  සහ එහි චරිතයන්හී සංකීර්ණ සහ අපිරිසුදු භාවාත්මක දිවිපෙවෙත් නිරාකරණය කරගත්තක් වෙත දක්ෂිණ නවකතාව පමුණුවාගැනුමට හේතු පාදක විය.  ඇමරිකානු සාහිත්‍යයේ ඉතාම වැදගත් කාන්තා ලේඛිකාවක් බවට වර්තමානයේ ඇය සැලකෙනවාට අමතරව, ප්‍රාග්-සිවිල් යුද්ධ දකුණෙහි ඉතා වැදගත් වාර්තාකරුවන් අතුරින් එක් අයෙකු ලෙසින් හා කාන්තා අත්දැකීම්හී සංකීර්ණත්වය එලෙසින්ම හා අවමන්කිරීමකින් තොරව සැලකූ පළමු ලේඛකයන් කිහිප දෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකු ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි.

20වන සියවෙසහි පළමු භාගෙයහිදී, නීතිඥවරයෙකු, දේශපාලනඥවරයෙකු, දේවගැතිවරයෙකු, කථිකයෙකු, නළුවෙකු, සහ ගත්කතුවරයෙකු වූ  තෝමස් ඩික්සන්, කණි. අතින් බොහෝ නවකතා, නාට්‍ය, දේශනා, සහ ප්‍රබන්ධ -නොවන කෘති සම්පාදනය වූ අතර මේවා ඇඑජ පුරා පොදු ජනතාව අතර බොහෝ ලෙසින් ජනප්‍රිය විය. යළිගොඩනැගීම පිළිබඳ නවකතා ග්‍රන්ථත්‍රිකයන් ලිවීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඩික්සන් වර්තමානයෙහි සිහිපත් කෙරෙන අතර, ද ක්ලැන්ස්මන්  (1905) යන නම් ලද එයින් එකක්වූ ග්‍රන්ථයක්, ඩී.ඩබ්.ග්‍රිෆිත්ගේ අපකීර්තිමත් 1915 චිත්‍රපටය  ද බර්ත් ඔෆ් අ නේෂන් නිර්මාණයට ඉවහල් වූවා යැයි සැලකෙයි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් ගත් කල ඔහුගේ ජීවිත කාලය තුලදී ඩික්සක් විසින් නවකතා 22ක්, බොහෝ නාට්‍ය සහ චිත්‍රපට අත්පිටපත්, ක්‍රිස්තියානි දේශන, සහ  ප්‍රබන්ධ-නොවන කෘති කිහිපයක් රචනා කෙරිණි.

දක්ෂිණ පුනරුදය

1920 ගණන් සහ 1930 ගණන් වලදී, අනෙකුන් අතර, විලියම් ෆෝක්නර්, කැත්රින් ඈන් පෝටර්, කැරොලයින් ගෝර්ඩ්න්, ඇලන් ටේට්, තෝමස් වුල්ෆ්, රොබර්ට් පෙන් වොරන්, සහ  ටෙනසි විලියම්ස් වැනි ලේඛකයන් ඉස්මතු වීම නිසාවෙන් දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි පුනරුදයක් ඇරඹිණි. දක්ෂිණ පුනරුදයට දායකත්වය සැපයූ ලේඛකයන් විසින් ඇමරිකානු සිවිල් යුද්ධය සහ  වහල් සේවය වෙතින් පවත්වාගත් පරතරය හේතුවෙන්, ඔවුන් බොහෝදුරට දකුණු ගැන තම ලියවීම්හී විෂය මූලික  වූහ. 1920 ගණන් වලදී, දක්ෂිණ  කාව්‍ය ශාස්ත්‍රය   වැන්ඩබිල්ට් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ "ෆියුජිටිව්ස් " නිසාවෙන් පෝෂණය විය. ප්‍රබන්ධ-නොවන කෘතීන් අරභයා,  එච්.එල්. මෙන්කෙන්ගේ ජනප්‍රියත්වය ජාතියපුරා ඉහළ නැගියේ, සංස්කෘතික අගයයක් ඇති කිසිවක් බිහිකිරීමට දකුණ අසමත්වී ඇතැයි දක්වමින් ඔහුගේ උපහාසාත්මක ලේඛන ශෛලීයය තුලින් පාඨකයින් කම්පනයට හා ආකූලත්වයට පත් කෙරුණු නිසාය. මෙන්කෙන්ගේ  "ද සහාරා ඔෆ් ද  බෝසාට්" රචනයට ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වමින්  , සදර්න් ඇග්රේරියන්ස් (මොවුන්ද බොහෝ ලෙසින් වැන්ඩබිල්ට්  ආශ්‍රිතව පදනම්ව සිටියහ) නමැති කණ්ඩායම විසින්  දක්ෂිණ කාර්මිකතාවය හා නාගරීකරණය පිළිබඳ සංවේගයට පත්වෙමින් දකුණේ ගොවිජන ඉතිහාසයට යළි අවතීර්ණ විය යුතු බව කියා සිටියහ. නිර්මාණශීලතාව සහ කාර්මිකතාවය නොගැලපුනු බව පලකල සිටි ඔවුහූ  දකුණෙහි වැසියාගේ විශ්‍රාන්ති සුව පැවැත්මට ඉඩ සැලසිය හැකි දිවිමගක් කරා යළි අවතීර්ණ විය යුතු බව (ඇග්රේරියන්ස්වරු සිතුවේ නිර්මාණශීලත්වය සඳහා මෙම ගුණාංගය සහෝපකාරී වන බවක්ය) උදක්ම දක්වා සිටියහ.  1949දී සාහිත්‍යය සඳහා නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය දිනූ  1949 ෆෝක්නර් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසින් ඔවුන්ගේ ලේඛනයන් වෙත,  සවිඥානකතා ප්‍රවාහය වැනි නව ශිල්පක්‍රම සහ සංකීර්ණ ආඛායාන ශිල්පක්‍රමද භාවිතා කලහ.  නිදසුනක් ලෙසින්, ඔහුගේ  ඈස් අයි ලේ ඩයිං නවකතාව පැවසෙන්නේ අභාවප්‍රාප්ත ඇඩී සිට ඇයගේ බාල පුතා දක්වා වෙනස්වන ආඛ්‍යායිකයන් (පොතේ ගුරුන්) මාලාවක් භාවිතා කරමිනි.

1930 ගණන් වල අගභාගය තුල දක්නට ලැබුණේ දක්ෂිණ නවකතා අතුරින් අති ජනප්‍රිය ඒවා අතුරින් එකක් වන මාග්‍රට් මිචල්ගේ  ගෝන් විත් ද වින්ඩ්  ප්‍රකාශයට පත්වීමය. 1936දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කෙරුණු නවකතාව, විගසින්  අතිශයින් අලෙවි වූ පොතක් විය.  1937දී එය පලිට්සර් ත්‍යාගය දිනාගත් අතර, 1939දී එය ඇසුරෙන් තැනුනු හා එලෙසින්ම ජනප්‍රියවූ  චිත්‍රපටයෙහි මංගල දර්ශනය පැවැත්විණි. විවිධ ප්‍රභේදයන් ඔස්සේ දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය ජනප්‍රියත්වය ලඟාකර ගති; එල්වීරා ගාර්නර් වැනි ලේඛකයින්/සන්නිදර්ශකයින් විසින් කෙරුණු , 1937දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරුණු ඉසිකීල් වැනි ළමුන් සඳහාවූ ග්‍රන්ථ,  දකුණෙන් පිටත ප්‍රේක්ෂක ගණයාද පිනවූහ.

ප්‍රාග් දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධ දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය
දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් අනතුරුව දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය තේමානුගත ලෙසින් දියුණුවට පත්වූයේ එය විසින් ඇමරිකානු සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් ව්‍යාපාරය නිසාවෙන් දකුණේ ඇතිවූ සමාජීය හා සංස්කෘතික වෙනස් කම් වැලඳගත් නිසාය. මෙයට අමතරව, සෝරා නීල් හර්ස්ටන් සහ ස්ටර්ලින් ඇලන් බ්‍රවුන් වැනි අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකානුවන් සහ වෙනත් ඇත්තියන් අතර  ඉඩෝරා වෙල්ටී, ෆ්ලැනරි ඔකොනර්, ඇලන් ග්ලාස්ගෝ, කාර්ස්න් මැක්කකලර්ස්, කැත්රින් ඈන් පෝටර්, සහ  ෂර්ලි ඈන් ග්‍රවු වැනි කාන්තාවන් යන්නාවූ, කාන්තා සහ අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකානු ලේඛකයන් බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යයේ කොටස් කරුවන් ලෙස පිළිගැනුම ඇරඹිණි. මෙම කාලසීමාවෙහි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ දක්ෂිණ ලේඛකයන් අතර රේනොල්ඩ්ස් ප්‍රයිස්, ජේම්ස් ඩිකී, විලියම් ප්‍රයිස් ෆොක්ස්, ඩේවිස් ග්‍රබ්, වෝකර් පර්සි, සහ  විලියම් ස්ටයිරන් වූහ. බොහෝ ලෙසින් වර්ණනාවට පත් 20වන සියවසෙහි දක්ෂිණ නවකතා අතුරින් එකක් වන, හාර්පර් ලී විසින් රචිත ටු කිල් අ මොකිංබර්ඩ් යන්න 1960දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත්වීමත් සමගම , පලිට්සර් ත්‍යාගය දිනාගති. නිව් ඕර්ලන්ස්හී ජන්මලාභය ලද හා හාපර් ලී ගේ මිතුරු, ටෲමන් කපෝටේ පවා 20වන සියවසෙහි මැද භාගයෙහිදී මහත් සඵලත්වයක් ලද්දේ  බ්‍රෙක්ෆස්ට් ඇට් ටිෆනි සහ පසුව  ඉන් කෝල්ඩ් බ්ලඩ් අනුසාරයෙනි. 1960 ගණන් වල තවද ජනප්‍රිය නවකතාවක් වූයේ,  නිව් ඕර්ලන්ස් වාසී  ජෝන් කෙනඩිටූල් විසින් 1960 ගණන් වලදී ලියන ලද නමුත් 1980 වන තුරු ප්‍රකාශයට පත් නොකෙරුණු අ  කන්ෆෙඩරසි ඔෆ් ඩන්සර්ස් වෙයි. එය විසින් 1981 දී  පලිට්සර් ත්‍යාගය දිනා ගත් අතර ඉන් අනතුරුව  ශ්‍රද්ධාපන සම්භාව්‍ය කෘතියක් බවට පත් විය.

 ආශ්‍රිත

 බාහිර සබැඳි
 ද ෆෙලෝෂිප් ඔෆ් සදර්න් රයිටර්ස්
 Library of Southern Literature, University of North Carolina ඇමරිකන් සදර්න් ලිට්‍රිචර් ප්‍රී-1929.
 ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් ද 125 ග්‍රේටස්ට් සදර්න් බුක්ස්
 ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් ජෝර්ජියා ඕතර්ස්
 ද සෙන්ටර් ෆෝ සදර්න් ලිට්‍රිචර්
 A Checklist of Scholarship on Southern Literature  ඇන් චෙක්ලිය්ට් ඔෆ් ස්කොලෂිප් ඔය් රයිටර්ස් ඇෂොෂිටෙඩ් විත් ඇමරිකන් සවුත්. අනුග්‍රහය මිසිසිපි ක්වාර්ටර්ලි.
 සදර්න් පොයෙට්‍රි ෆ්‍රොම් හොල්මන් ප්‍රිසන් ඩෙත් රෝ ඉන්මේට් ඩැරල් ග්‍රේසන්
 "පොයෙට්ස් ඉන් පැලස් ," සදර්න් ස්පේසර්ස් හිදී.
Lucinda MacKethan, "Genres of Southern Literature", Southern Spaces'', 16 February 2004. http://southernspaces.org/2004/genres-southern-literature

දක්ෂිණ සාහිත්‍යය


The Mighty Boosh voru gamanþættir með Julian Barratt og Noel Fielding í aðalhlutverkum. Þættirnir þróuðust út frá þremur sviðssýningum og sex þátta útvarpsþáttaröð og urðu að lokum 20 þátta sjónvarpsþáttaröð sem sýnd var á BBC Three frá 2004 til 2007. Þættirnir urðu líka efni tveggja sýningaferðalaga í Bretlandi og tveggja sviðssýninga í Bandaríkjunum. Þættirnir skiptast í þrjár þáttaraðir þar sem fyrsta þáttaröðin gerist í dýragarði, önnur þáttaröðin í íbúð og sú þriðja í versluninni Nabootique.

Helstu leikarar og persónur eru Julian Barratt sem Howard Moon, Noel Fielding sem Vince Noir, Michael Fielding sem töframaðurinn Naboo, Dave Brown sem górillan Bollo og Rich Fulcher sem Bob Fossil.

Breskir gamanþættir

BBC Three

The Mighty Boosh


MotorStorm: Pacific Rift es la segunda entrega de la saga de videojuegos MotorStorm, desarrollada por Evolution Studios y publicada por Sony Computer Entertainment para la consola PlayStation 3.

Se deja atrás el desierto cálido y seco llamado Monument Valley trasladando al participante a una isla del Pacífico en la que se mezclan paisajes con picos nevados, volcanes en actividad, junglas cerradas y pantanos cerrados por la vegetación. Una inteligencia artificial brinda a los jugadores desafiantes y brutales competencias en las que el principal logro será llegar a la meta.

Pistas y vehículos
Con 16 circuitos, siete clases de vehículos y la posibilidad de que 12 participantes jueguen en línea sobre el sistema PlayStation Network, el título se torna adictivo y las competencias, de la mano del sistema de visualización permite disfrutarlo en tiempo real.

Jugando sin conexión en línea, son 4 jugadores simultáneos permitidos que podrán apreciar el título mediante pantalla dividida.
Completan la fórmula 51 automóviles de la versión original de MotorStorm divididos según su categoría: motos, buggies, grandes camiones, coches de rally, pisabarros, rancheras y los conocidos monster trucks con los que no es necesario esquivar a los contrarios ya que se los puede pasar por arriba directamente.

Ciertos logros en la competencia brindarán trofeos y con ellos se desbloquean nuevos pilotos y vehículos con mejores o diferentes capacidades.

Un nuevo sistema de cámaras permite una mejor visualización de los accidentes y de los daños en los autos.
Además de la opción sobre la cantidad de jugadores existen varios modos de juego entre ellos destacamos el novedoso checkpoint cuya finalidad es lograr el mejor tiempo de la pista pero tomando en sumatoria diferentes etapas del recorrido.

Cierre de los servidores
El 21 de julio de 2012 Evolution Studios informa que el primer día de octubre del mismo año los servidores de MotorStorm: Pacific Rift cierran definitivamente . Imposibilitando poder volver a jugar en línea pero aún se pueden visualizar algunas otras funciones relacionadas al modo en línea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 MotorStorm: Pacific Rift (en español).

Videojuegos de 2008
Videojuegos de Sony Interactive Entertainment
Videojuegos exclusivos para PlayStation 3
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

MotorStorm: Pacific Rift


Filastrio o Filastro (también, Philastrius, Filastrius, Filaster) fue obispo de Brescia y estuvo presente en un sínodo celebrado en Aquileia en el año 381. San Augustín se reunió con él en Milán alrededor de 383, o tal vez un poco más tarde (San Agustín, Ep. ccxxii). Es el autor de un catálogo de herejías (Diversarum Hereseon Liber), llamado a veces, simplemente De Hæresibus, sobre el 384. Murió antes del año 397.

Entre los escritos de San Gaudencio existe un sermón que se supone sería predicado en el decimocuarto aniversario de la muerte de Filastrio. Según este sermón, la vida de Filastrio comenzaría con un gran acto de renunciación, como un nuevo Abraham. Posteriormente, sería ordenado sacerdote y viajó por casi todo el mundo romano (circumambiens Universum pene ambitum Romani Orbis), predicando contra los paganos, judíos y herejes, especialmente contra los arrianos. Como San Pablo llevó en su cuerpo los "stigmata" de Cristo, habiendo sido torturado por su celo contra los herejes. En Milán fue un gran sostén para los católicos en tiempos del predecesor arriano de San Ambrosio. En Roma sostuvo discusiones tanto públicas como privadas con los herejes, convirtiendo a muchos. Sus andanzas cesaron cuando fue nombrado obispo de Brescia.

Louis Ellies Dupin fue el primero en levantar dudas sobre la autenticidad del sermón, y éstas han sido reiteradas por F. Marx, el último editor de Filastrio, quien pensaba que era una falsificación del  o . La principal objeción a esta autenticidad, aunque débil, es que no se encontrase entre los manuscritos que contienen los auténticos sermones de San Gaudencio. Pero Marx fue refutado por Knappe, "Ist die 21 Rede des hl. Gaudentius (Oratio B. Gaudentii de Vita et Obitu B. Filastrii episcopi prædecessoris sui) echt? Zugleich ein Betrag zur Latinität des Gaudentius" (Osnabrück), que trata de probar la autenticidad del sermón mediante argumentos lingüísticos. Su revisión bolandista piensa que es un punto fuerte (Anal. Boll., XXVIII, 224).

Justo Lipsio descubrió que en el "Catálogo" de herejías de Filastrio, las herejías cristianas hasta Noeto fueron obtenidas por el compilador de las mismas fuentes que Epifanio de Salamis, es decir, el perdido Sintagma de Hipólito (Syntagma of Hippolytus). Sin embargo, con la ayuda de los dos y el Pseudo-Tertuliano, autor de Adversus Omnes Haeresesha ("Adv. Haer."), ha sido posible, en gran parte, reconstruir el tratado perdido de Hipólito. La primera edición del "Catálogo" fue publicada en Basilea (1528); la última, ed. Marx, en el "Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat." de Viena en (1898).

Los comentarios de Filastrio y la escritura, no siempre concuerdan con las de Epifanio o Pseudo-Tertuliano, por ejemplo, su descripción de Nazaraei no coincide bien con cualquiera de los Nasaraioi o Nazoraioi que Epifanio trataba de distinguir.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 La primera edición del "Catálogo" fue publicado en Basilea (1528).
 F. Marx, Philastrius (Vienna, 1898) in the Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat.
 Gabriele Banterle, editor, (1991, Rome) San Filastro di Brescia, Delle varie eresie / San Gaudenzio di Brescia, Trattati (en italiano).
 Carla Setién (2017, Santiago de Compostela) "Herejes en el Antiguo Testamento según Filastrio de Brescia", en (Re)escribindo a Historia. Achegas dos novos investigadores en Arqueoloxía e Ciencias da Antigüidade, Andavira, pp. 155-170.
 Carla Setién (2018) "La transformación de la cultura clásica en el s. IV: el caso de Filastrio de Brescia", SPhV 20, pp. 195-216. https://www.uv.es/SPhV/20/09_Setien.pdf

Enlaces externos
 Opera Omnia por Migne Patrologia Latina.
 St. Philastrius en New Advent. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2012.

Obispos de Brescia
Santos de Italia
Gnosticismo
Obispos de Italia del siglo IV
Santos cristianos de la Antigua Roma del siglo IV
Obispos santos de Italia
Fallecidos en Brescia

Filastrio


Sedef Adası ( Terebinthos, Antikite'de Androvitha veya Andircuithos), İstanbul'da bulunan Adalar'ın yerleşime açık olan en küçük adası.

İdari bakımdan Büyükada Maden Mahallesi muhtarlığına bağlıdır. 1.300 x 1.100 metre büyüklüğündedir. Üzerindeki bitki örtüsü uzaktan bakıldığında sedefe benzetildiği için Sedefadası adı verilmiştir. Eskiden tavşanı bol olduğu için Tavşanadası adı da kullanılmıştır. Eski adı Terebinthos'tur. Adanın arka tarafından yerleşik olmayan Tavşan (Balıkçı) Adası ve Büyükada görünebilir.

Sedefadası da, diğer İstanbul adaları gibi Bizans döneminde sürgün yeri olarak kullanılmıştır. Adanın en önemli sürgünlerinden biri, miladi 857 yılında adaya gönderilen Patrik Ignatios'tur. Ignatios, 10 yıl adada çeşitli işkencelere maruz kalarak yaşadıktan sonra, 867 yılında yeniden patrik seçilmiştir.

Ada, 1850'de Tophane Müşiri Fethi Ahmet Paşa'nın mülkiyetine geçmiş, paşa adaya zeytin ağaçları dikmiş ve sebze yetiştirmiştir. Paşa'nın ölümü üzerine ada bakımsız kalmış, 1. Dünya Savaşı sırasında da adanın tüm ağaçları kesilmiştir. İstanbul'un işgali sırasında müttefiklerin eline geçen Yavuz Zırhlısı uzun süre buraya demirlemiştir.

Fethi Ahmet Paşa'nin torunları, adayı seçkin insanların yaşadığı bir yerleşim yeri yapmaya çalışmış, bu amaçla bir konut kooperatif kurmuş, binlerce ağaç diktirmiş ve villalar inşa ettirmişlerdir. Kooperatifleri inşa eden mimar Tarabya Oteli'nin mimarı Kadri Erdoğan'dır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzaydan Sedef Adası

Adalar, İstanbul'un semtleri
Prens Adaları
Marmara Denizi'ndeki adalar

Sedef Adası


AAUSAT5 er en dansk satellit bygget og udviklet af studerende fra Aalborg Universitet, der blev sendt i kredsløb den 5. oktober 2015 fra Den Internationale Rumstation. AAUSAT5 er bygget i samarbejde med Den Europæiske Rumorganisations (ESA) education, som et pilotprojekt på en udvidelse af deres Fly Your Satellite (FYS) til FYS from ISS.

AAUSAT5 er en videreudvikling af AAUSAT3; en tidligere satellit opsendt af Aalborg Universitet Student Space.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 AAUSAT5 og GomX-3 i kredsløb  på rumrejsen.dk
 Projektets websted

Satellitter
Rumfart i Danmark

AAUSAT5


لشعر الحكمي وهو شعر فصيح المفردات غير معرب أي أنه يختلف عن الفصيح بتسكين أواخر الكلمات، ويشيع في التواشيح الدينية والأغاني وهو شائع في اليمن وجنوب الجزيرة العربية.

شعر شعبي عربي

شعر حكمي


Cinci oameni la drum este un film românesc din 1962 regizat de Mihai Bucur, Gabriel Barta. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Lazăr Vrabie, Ilarion Ciobanu, Ion Ciprian.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.052.265 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1962 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1962

Cinci oameni la drum


Glenea bakeriana é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Stephan von Breuning em 1958. É conhecida a sua existência no Bornéu.

Taxonomia
O nome epíteto específico Bakeriana é em honra do entomologista e botânico americano Charles Fuller Baker.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

bakeriana
Coleópteros descritos em 1958

Glenea bakeriana


Eubenberg ist ein Weiler des Ortsteils Cossengrün/Hohndorf/Schönbach der Stadt Greiz im Landkreis Greiz in Thüringen. Bis 2012 gehörte er zum Ortsteil Arnsgrün der Gemeinde Vogtländisches Oberland.

Lage
Die Flur Eubenberg umfasst 154 ha und erstreckt sich auf dem Höhenrücken zwischen Triebitz- und Lohbach. Sie umfasst neben dem Hauptort noch den Weiler Kesselmühle.

Eubenberg liegt zwischen den Orten Schönbach im Südosten, Leiningen im Norden, Arnsgrün im Südwesten und Büna im Westen. Der Ort ist über die L 2342 (Bernsgrün – Landesgrenze) zu erreichen, die im Triebitzbachtal vorbeiführt.

Geschichte
30 Einwohner wohnen im Weiler, der am 17. März 1372 als "Ybinberg" erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde. Seit dem 17. Jahrhundert ist im Volksmund der Name "Neieberg" üblich, was auf die Bezeichnung "Neuberg" in Fröbersgrüner Kirchenbüchern zurückzuführen ist. Eubenberg  hatte im Jahr 1864 12 Häuser, in denen 77 Menschen wohnten. Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Eubenberg nach Arnsgrün eingemeindet. Diese Gemeinde ging 1999 im Vogtländischen Oberland auf. Am 31. Dezember 2012 wurde der Weiler aus Arnsgrün wieder ausgegliedert und in die Stadt Greiz eingemeindet. Dies geschah entgegen den früheren Kreisgrenzen, damit die südlicheren Orte Schönbach und Cossengrün keine Exklaven der Stadt Greiz in Sachsen wurden.

Literatur
Klaus Müller: Eubenberg im Vogtland. Zu Vergangenheit und Gegenwart eines kleinen Ortes. In: Jahrbuch des Museums Reichenfels-Hohenleuben 47 (2002), S. 99–105

Plauen und das mittlere Vogtland, Akademie Verlag Berlin

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Greiz)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Greiz)
Ort im Landkreis Greiz
Ersterwähnung 1372
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Eubenberg


Early Wynn Jr. (January 6, 1920 – April 4, 1999), nicknamed "Gus", was an American professional baseball right-handed pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox, during his 23-year MLB career. Wynn was identified as one of the most intimidating pitchers in the game, having combined his powerful fastball with a hard attitude toward batters. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.

Wynn signed with the Senators at the age of 17, deciding to forgo completing his high school education to begin pursuing a baseball career. He spent three seasons in Minor League Baseball (MiLB) before achieving his first MLB stint in 1939. Wynn returned to the big leagues two years later and in 1942 pitched his first full MLB season. The following year, he won 18 games for the Senators. Drafted into the military in 1944, Wynn missed all of 1945 and a portion of the 1946 season while serving in the United States Army during World War II. He spent all of 1947 and 1948 with the Senators before getting traded to the Indians after the 1948 season.

With Cleveland, Wynn was a member of what historian David Fleitz called "one of the greatest pitching rotations of all time," along with Bob Feller, Mike Garcia, and Bob Lemon. Pitching coach Mel Harder taught him a curveball, slider, and knuckleball, which Wynn credited with helping him become a better pitcher in the 1950s. He won 20 or more games in four of his seasons with the Indians, helping them set an American League (AL) record with 111 total wins in 1954. He started Game 2 of the 1954 World Series, which the New York Giants won in four games. In 1955, he was selected to his first of eight straight All-Star Games. Traded to the White Sox after the 1957 season, Wynn won the 1959 Cy Young Award, leading the AL with 22 wins as the team won the AL pennant. At 39, he became the oldest pitcher to win the award, and he was not passed for 19 years. In Game 1 of the 1959 World Series, Wynn struck out six in seven innings, allowing no runs as the White Sox won 11–0. He made two other starts in the Series but failed to pitch past the fourth inning in either, as the Los Angeles Dodgers won the series in six games. Towards the end of his career, Wynn began to rely more heavily on the knuckleball, as the velocity of his pitches declined. The White Sox released him after the 1962 season, but Wynn signed with the Indians in 1963 because he was determined to win 300 games. He picked up his 300th victory against the Kansas City Athletics on July 13, his last major league win, though he remained on the roster for the rest of the season. As of August 2020, he is one of 23 MLB pitchers to win 300 games.

After his retirement as a player, Wynn served as a pitching coach for the Indians from 1964 to 1966 and the Minnesota Twins from 1967 to 1969. He later was a broadcaster for the Toronto Blue Jays and White Sox. Wynn lived in Nokomis, Florida, for many years, operating the Early Wynn Steak House and Bowling Lanes in Venice, Florida, during the 1960s. In 1999, he was included on The Sporting News list of the 100 greatest players in baseball history. Wynn died that year in an assisted living facility following heart-related problems and a stroke.

Early life
Wynn was born January 6, 1920, in Hartford, Alabama, the son of Blanche Wynn and Early Wynn Sr., an automobile mechanic and former semi-professional baseball player. Wynn described his ancestry as being Scottish, Irish, and Cherokee; sportswriter Lew Freedman speculates that Wynn was no more than  Cherokee. As a youth, Wynn lifted 500-pound bales of cotton one summer for 10 cents an hour; the experience left him determined to make a different living for himself. Excelling at both football and baseball, Wynn was about to become the top running back at Geneva County High School as a sophomore, but he suffered a broken leg on a punt return that year. The injury forced him out of football and focused his attention on baseball. Wynn later described it as "my best break ever."

When he was a teenager, Wynn attended a tryout session in Florida for the Washington Senators. He impressed Senators coach Clyde Milan enough that the organization offered him a minor league contract. Wynn signed with Washington for $100 per month and decided not to finish high school. Between 1937 and 1939, Wynn pitched minor league baseball in the Florida State League and the Piedmont League.

MLB career

Washington Senators (1939, 1941–1944, 1946–1948)
Wynn made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 1939, when he was a September callup by the Senators. He threw a complete game in his first outing on September 13, allowing four runs (three earned) in a 4–2 loss to the Chicago White Sox. Wynn made three starts, posting an 0–2 record and a 5.75 earned run average (ERA) before returning to the minor leagues for 1940 and most of 1941. David Fleitz of the Society for American Baseball Research wrote, "Wynn was not yet ready for major-league action." He made it back to the major leagues in 1941, when he was again a September callup. In his first start of the year, the second game of a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Athletics, he gave up two runs and six hits, earning his first major league win in a 4–2 Senator victory. He started five games this time, completing four of them and finishing with a 3–1 record and a 1.58 ERA.

In 1942, Wynn was named to Washington's four-man pitching rotation and spent the whole season in the major leagues for the first time. He threw a shutout on April 30 against the White Sox, allowing the Senators to win by scoring just one run. In the second game of a doubleheader against the New York Yankees on September 6, he gave up several runs–11, though only five were earned. The Senators lost 15–2. He pitched 30 games that season, finishing with a 10–16 record and a 5.12 ERA. The 16 losses ranked fifth in the American League (AL).

Wynn opened the 1943 season as the number two starter in the Senators' rotation, behind Dutch Leonard. On April 27, he threw 13 scoreless innings but received a no decision as Philadelphia defeated the Senators 2–1 in 16 innings. Against the Cleveland Indians on July 10, he allowed only four hits and threw a shutout in a 4–0 victory. He pitched  innings on August 18, losing the game 3–2 in the 14th to the White Sox when Guy Curtright singled to drive in a run; however, the two runs Wynn had allowed earlier were unearned. Four days later, in the second game of a doubleheader against the St. Louis Browns, Wynn hit his first major league home run against Bob Muncrief. He was less successful on the mound, allowing seven runs in six innings as the Browns won 8–5. On September 10, he held Philadelphia to three hits in a 5–0 victory. In the first game of a doubleheader against the Yankees on September 19, Wynn gave up two runs in 10 innings as the Senators won 3–2. In 37 games, he finished 18–12 with a 2.91 ERA and 89 strikeouts, leading the AL with 33 starts. Wynn finished 18th in AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) voting.

On April 20, 1944, Wynn threw a two-hit shutout against the Philadelphia Athletics. He held the Indians to three runs (two earned) over 13 innings on May 26 in a 5–3 victory. On June 18, he threw a four-hit shutout against the Boston Red Sox in a 1–0 victory. He had a 6–7 record entering June 29 but would lose 10 decisions in a row starting from that date and lasting through August 13, when he finally won another game. One of those losses in the second game of a doubleheader on July 4 came after Wynn had held the White Sox to two runs in 11 innings; he gave up a third run in the 12th, and Chicago defeated Washington by a score of 3–2. Though his season ended in late August, he led the league in losses in 1944, compiling an 8–17 record and a 3.38 ERA.

Wynn's 1944 season ended early, as he joined the United States Army on August 21. He underwent 17 weeks of training at Fort Knox before going to the Philippines to serve in the Tank Corps during World War II. Though he missed the 1945 major league season, Wynn continued to play baseball, pitching for a Pacific Army team known as the Manila Dodgers.

Returning to the United States in June 1946, Wynn was able to resume pitching for the Senators on July 16. He pitched 11 innings against the Yankees in the first game of a doubleheader on September 8, allowing only one run (unearned) and earning the victory in Washington's 2–1 triumph. In 17 games that year, he finished with an 8–5 record and a 3.11 ERA.

In 1947, Wynn was the Senators' Opening Day starter. He came within one out of completing the first game he won that season on April 23, getting relieved by Tom Ferrick with two outs in the ninth inning but still earning the win in a 4–3 triumph over Philadelphia. On June 5, he shut out the Indians in a 3–0 victory. Wynn was selected to the 1947 AL All-Star team for the first time as a replacement for an injured Bob Feller, but he did not pitch in the AL's 2–1 victory. In the first game of a doubleheader on July 10, he gave up 10 hits but threw a shutout in a 4–0 victory over the White Sox. On July 22, he gave up only two hits and one run (unearned) in a 6–1 victory over the Detroit Tigers. He pitched 33 games that year and earned a decision in almost every game, totaling 17 wins with 15 losses and a 3.64 ERA. After the season, he finished 23rd in AL MVP voting.

Wynn made the Opening Day start again for the Senators in 1948 but gave up 12 runs (10 earned) over  innings in a 12–4 loss to the Senators. On May 6, he limited Cleveland to three hits in a shutout as the Senators beat the Indians by a score of 5–0. He had a 7–7 record through the end of June but only won one more game the rest of the season (against the Indians on August 29), losing 12 games and posting a 6.96 ERA in the season's second half. In 1948, Wynn was the victim of inconsistency, posting an 8–19 record and a 5.82 ERA. He gave up a league-high 128 earned runs, and his 19 losses were third in the league (behind Fred Sanford's 21 and Bill Wight's 20). When hitting, though, he had a career-high 16 runs batted in (RBI).

During the offseason, the Senators made Wynn available for trade. The Boston Red Sox offered Johnny Pesky to Washington for Wynn in November, but the trade did not go through. However, Bill Veeck, who owned the Indians, had been trying to acquire Wynn since before the 1948 season. In December, Wynn and Mickey Vernon were sent to the Cleveland Indians in exchange for Joe Haynes, Ed Klieman and Eddie Robinson.

Cleveland Indians (1949–1957)
The Indians were excited about Wynn's potential, but they felt he needed more pitches to be truly successful. Though he threw a changeup, Wynn relied almost exclusively on his fastball and did not have any other pitches available at his disposal. Pitching coach Mel Harder, a four-time All-Star with the Indians in the 1930s, taught Wynn how to throw a curveball, slider, and knuckleball; Wynn had the curveball and slider "mastered" by the middle of the 1949 season, according to Fleitz. "I could throw the ball when I came here [to Cleveland]," remembered Wynn, "but Mel made a pitcher out of me." With Cleveland, he developed into a key part of what Fleitz called "one of the greatest pitching rotations of all time," joining Feller, Bob Lemon and Mike Garcia. Cleveland manager Al López later called those four pitchers "the greatest pitching staff I ever saw during 33 years in the majors."

Wynn pitched all 11 innings of a game against the White Sox on May 28, allowing two runs as the Indians prevailed 3–2. On June 3, Wynn held the Red Sox to four hits and one run as the Indians prevailed 8–1. Interestingly, though he was perfecting his new pitches as the 1949 season wore on, Wynn had more success earlier in the year. He had a 7–1 record with a 3.60 ERA through July 17; thereafter, he posted a 4–6 record with a 4.62 ERA. On August 2, he held his former team to one run in an 8–1 victory. Wynn's 23 starts were his fewest in a season not interrupted by military service since 1941; he posted an 11–7 record and a 4.15 ERA.

By 1950, Wynn was the number two starter in Cleveland's rotation, behind Lemon and ahead of Feller (third). From June 16 through July 9, he won six straight appearances, including a game on July 9 in which he pitched five shutout innings of relief. Wynn struck out a season-high 11 batters on July 6 in a 5–2 win over the White Sox. He limited the Tigers to two runs over 10 innings on August 14 in a 3–2 victory. Five days later, he held the White Sox to three hits and no runs in a 1–0 triumph. He shut out the White Sox again in his last start of the year on September 26, allowing six hits in a 2–0 victory. In 1950, he recorded 18 wins and led the AL with a 3.20 ERA. Wynn also surpassed the 100-strikeout mark for the first time, finishing the year with 143. 1950 was the first of seven straight seasons in which Wynn would win at least 17 games.

On April 18, 1951, Wynn held the Tigers to two runs in 10 innings, earning the win in a 4–2 victory. Though he had a 3.62 ERA through June 17, Wynn's record was merely 4–8; he won 16 games after that date to earn his first 20-win season. On July 14, he held the Yankees to two hits and threw a shutout in an 8–0 victory. Five days later, Boston scored four runs against him in 11 innings, but Cleveland rallied from a 4–3 deficit in the 11th to win 5–4. In the first game of a doubleheader on August 19, he shut out the White Sox in a 4–0 victory. On August 28, he held the Athletics scoreless in a 1–0 victory. The victory started a streak of six straight decisions won by Wynn, lasting until his loss to the White Sox on September 25. Wynn tied for the AL lead in starts (34) and led the league with  innings pitched, finishing tied for fourth with 20 wins (along with Ned Garver and teammate Garcia), third in ERA (3.02, behind Saul Rogovin's 2.78 and Eddie Lopat's 2.91), and second in strikeouts (133, behind only Vic Raschi's 164). He finished 16th in AL MVP voting.

Wynn made his first Opening Day start as an Indian in 1952. He held Boston to four hits on June 5, striking out eight batters as the Indians won 5–0. In the first game of a doubleheader against Detroit on July 4, he allowed just two hits as Cleveland won 11–0. Wynn was 16–9 through August 15, but he lost three appearances in a row to fall to 16–12 on August 24. He would not lose another game in 1952, winning all seven of his final starts. On September 5, he held the White Sox to four hits in a 3–0 victory. He shut out the Red Sox again on September 12, holding them to three hits in a 5–0 triumph. Wynn finished the year among AL leaders in several categories. He allowed the most home runs (23) and walks (132) of any AL pitcher, but his 2.90 ERA ranked tenth. His 23 wins ranked second to Bobby Shantz's 24, and his 153 strikeouts were topped only by Allie Reynolds's 160. This season, Wynn finished fifth in AL MVP voting.

In 1953, Wynn was the fourth starter in the Indians' rotation. In the first game of a doubleheader against the Senators on May 3, he allowed just three hits in a 7–0 shutout victory, striking out eight and also hitting a home run against Connie Marrero. On June 28, he held the Yankees to three hits and one run, hitting a home run against Tom Gorman in a 4–1 victory over the Yankees. Against the Yankees again on July 23, he struck out seven and allowed two runs in a 10–2 victory. He recorded 10 strikeouts in eight innings against the Red Sox on September 1, allowing three runs as the Indians won 13–3. In 36 games (34 starts), he had a 17–12 record and a 3.93 ERA. His 17 wins ranked ninth in the AL, and his 138 strikeouts ranked third (behind Billy Pierce's 186 and Virgil Trucks's 149).

Wynn made the Opening Day start for the Indians in 1954, his last of two he would make during his tenure with the team. On May 1, he held the Yankees to two runs and drove in two runs himself with an RBI single against Gorman as the Indians prevailed 10–2. Wynn held the Tigers to two hits on May 28 in a 3–0 victory. On July 15, he held the Athletics to three hits in a 4–0 shutout victory. He threw a second shutout against Detroit on August 18, allowing six hits in a 4–0 victory. In the second game of a doubleheader against New York on September 12, he struck out 12 Yankees in a 3–2 victory. Wynn finished the season with a 2.73 ERA (fourth in the AL), won 23 games (most in the AL) and struck out 155 batters (second to Bob Turley's 185). He led the AL in starts and innings pitched and finished sixth in MVP voting. The Indians won 111 regular season games during 1954, breaking an AL record previously held by the 1927 New York Yankees and earning Wynn his first playoff appearance. In the 1954 World Series against the New York Giants, Wynn started Game 2. He allowed three runs in seven innings, as the Giants defeated the Indians 3–1. That was Wynn's only appearance in the series, as the Giants won four straight games against Cleveland.

Afflicted by pneumonia to begin the 1955 season, Wynn did not earn his first win until May. On May 22, he threw a shutout against the Tigers, allowing just one hit when Fred Hatfield singled in the fourth inning. On June 22, he struck out 10 batters in a 5–0 shutout victory over the Baltimore Orioles. Four days later, in the first game of a doubleheader, he recorded eight strikeouts and allowed just three hits in a 5–0 victory over the Yankees. On July 1, he threw a third shutout in a row as the Indians defeated the White Sox 1–0. He was an All-Star for the second time in his career and pitched three scoreless innings in the game. This selection marked the start of eight consecutive All-Star Games he would be selected to over the next six seasons. He finished the 1955 season with a 17–11 record and a 2.82 ERA. Wynn's 17 wins were tied with Turley for fourth in the AL (three pitchers had 18), his 2.82 ERA was third (behind Pierce's 1.97 and Whitey Ford's 2.63), and his 122 strikeouts ranked seventh. Also, his six shutouts were tied with Pierce and Turley for second, behind Billy Hoeft's seven. That season, Wynn began writing a column for The Cleveland News entitled The Wynn Mill, he did it without any assistance from ghostwriters despite the fact that he had never finished high school. He gave his opinions concerning everything from umpires to Indians coaches, to the frustration of Indians' general manager Hank Greenberg. Wynn donated his payment for the column to the Elks Club in Nokomis, Florida, where he lived during the offseason.

Wynn threw a shutout against the Yankees on June 8, 1956, allowing five hits in a 9–0 victory. He shut out the Red Sox on June 21, limiting them to four hits in a 5–0 victory. On July 18, he was struck in the face by a sharp line drive off the bat of Senators shortstop Jose Valdivielso. Replaced by Hank Aguirre on the mound, Wynn lost seven teeth from the impact. The facial wound required 16 stitches. He was pitching again four days later, holding the Orioles to six hits in an 8–0 shutout. On July 31, he shut out the Yankees for the second time that year, allowing three hits in a 5–0 victory. He picked up his 20th win of the year with a ten-inning effort against the Kansas City Athletics in a 4–1 victory. His 20 wins put him in a five-way tie for second in the AL, behind Frank Lary's 21. Wynn finished third in ERA (2.72, behind Ford's 2.47 and teammate Herb Score's 2.53) and seventh with 153 strikeouts. In AL MVP voting, Wynn ranked 13th.

In the first game of a doubleheader against the Tigers on April 28, 1957, Wynn took the loss but allowed just two runs and struck out a season-high 10 hitters. He struck out nine Yankees on June 27 in a 2–0 shutout. Seven days later, he had nine strikeouts again, allowing three hits and one unearned run in a 3–1 triumph over Detroit in the first game of a doubleheader. He struck out nine hitters on August 3 as well but gave up 10 hits and four runs in seven innings of a 5–3 loss to the Yankees. Wynn led the AL with 37 starts, but the 1957 season was his first losing season with Cleveland. His record was just 14–17, and his ERA of 4.31 was his highest as an Indian. He led the league in strikeouts (with a career-high 184), but he also led the league in hits (270) and earned runs (126) allowed. After the season, Wynn and Al Smith were traded to the Chicago White Sox for Minnie Miñoso and Hatfield. The trade reunited him with López, who had managed him with the Indians through the 1956 season.

Chicago White Sox (1958–1962)
Wynn's new contract with the White Sox forbade him from writing for newspapers (thus ending The Wynn Mill), but his salary was raised to make up for lost revenue. In his first start against Cleveland since the trade, Wynn threw a two-hit shutout on May 9, 1958. He held the Orioles scoreless on May 23, the necessary total for the White Sox to prevail 1–0. On June 19, he gave up just two hits against Boston in a 4–0 victory. He threw another two-hit shutout on August 31 in a 3–0 victory over Detroit. He had a winning record on September 9 but lost three of his final four starts to finish the year with a 14–16 record. In 1958, Wynn became the first MLB pitcher to lead his league in strikeouts in consecutive years with different teams (184 with Cleveland, 189 with Chicago). His ERA was 4.13.

Fleitz writes that in 1959, "everything clicked for both Wynn and the White Sox." He began relying further on the knuckleball, since  his fastball was losing velocity. "For years they've been accusing me of throwing it when I didn't even know how to hold it ... I can't throw as hard as I did six, seven years ago. And I get tired quicker. I find that you can throw the knuckler with a little more effort and no strain", Wynn said. On May 1, Wynn became the second pitcher in major league history to win a game 1–0 while recording at least ten strikeouts and hitting a home run; Red Ruffing had done the same for the Yankees in 1932. He also allowed just one hit to Boston in the game. Wynn served as the starting pitcher in the first All-Star Game of the year on July 7, allowing one run in three innings and receiving a no-decision as the National League defeated the AL 5–4. He threw back-to-back shutouts on August 9 (second game of a doubleheader) and August 13, allowing three hits in each as the White Sox won both games 9–0. On September 8, he pitched 10 innings, allowing two runs to the Athletics as Chicago prevailed 3–2. Facing the Indians on September 22, Wynn picked up his 21st win, a victory that clinched the AL pennant for the White Sox. Wynn won the Cy Young Award in 1959 at the age of 39, posting a record of 22–10, with 179 strikeouts and a 3.17 ERA. He became the third-oldest MLB pitcher to win 20 games in a season, following Cy Young and Grover Cleveland Alexander. Wynn's 22 wins led the AL, his 3.17 ERA ranked ninth, his 179 strikeouts were third (behind Jim Bunning's 201 and Camilo Pascual's 179), his  innings pitched led the league, and his 37 starts tied Paul Foytack for most in the AL. He also ranked second in shutouts with five, one fewer than Pascual's total. Wynn was third in AL MVP voting, trailing teammates Nellie Fox and Luis Aparicio.

Wynn was "magnificent" in Game 1 of the 1959 World Series, according to Sports Illustrated. He allowed no runs, merely singles, to the Los Angeles Dodgers for seven innings before exiting because the cold weather was affecting his elbow; the White Sox defeated Los Angeles 11–0. In Game 4, he kept the Dodgers scoreless for the first two innings but allowed four runs (three earned) in the third inning before getting replaced with two outs by Turk Lown; the Dodgers won that game 5–4, though Wynn had a no-decision. He gave up a two-run home run to Duke Snider in the third inning of Game 6, then allowed three runs in the fourth inning, taking the loss in the 9–3 defeat as the Dodgers clinched the Series victory in six games.

In the first game of a doubleheader on May 15, 1960, Wynn shut out the Indians, limiting them to five hits in a 4–0 triumph. He lost five straight decisions from May 25 through June 18, but he won 11 of his next 15. In 1960, Wynn was selected to the All-Star Games for his seventh and last year, pitching two scoreless innings in the second All-Star Game, which the AL lost 6–0. On August 19, he shut out the Athletics, allowing seven hits as Chicago defeated Kansas City by a score of 10–0. His final two wins of the season were shutouts thrown within 12 days of each other in September, the first coming in a 1–0 victory over Boston on September 11. He finished the 1960 season with a 13–12 record (his fewest wins since 1949), a 3.49 ERA, and 158 strikeouts, the third-highest total in the AL (behind Bunning's 201 and Pedro Ramos's 160). Wynn also tied Ford and Jim Perry for the AL lead in shutouts, with four.

Wynn struck out a season-high seven batters in back-to-back wins on May 12 and May 16, 1961. He held Baltimore scoreless and pitched seven shutout innings with six strikeouts on July 22 but received a no-decision; the White Sox won 7–4. In 1961, Wynn was 8–2 but his season ended after the start against the Orioles because his gout, which had affected him since 1950, finally became too much for him to pitch through. He had 64 strikeouts and a 3.51 ERA. Wynn missed the rest of the season, even giving up eating meat in an attempt to get the ailment under control.

By 1962, Wynn had started pitching mainly with the slider and the knuckleball. By that season, he was the oldest player in the AL. Facing the Indians on May 28, he threw a three-hit shutout as Chicago won 2–0. His next win (over a month later) was also a shutout, when he struck out eight batters and allowed only five hits in a 7–0 victory over Cleveland. 24 days later, Wynn had another shutout in a five-hit, 6–0 victory over the Washington Senators. He pitched to a 7–15 record in 1962, with a 4.46 ERA (his highest since 1948) and just 91 strikeouts. The 15 losses were tied with Don Schwall's total for fourth in the AL, and his 4.46 ERA was 0.49 over the league average. Thinking he was finished, the White Sox released him after the season.

1963: The pursuit of win #300
Wynn, however, had picked up his 299th victory before the end of 1962, and he was determined to get to 300 career wins. He attended spring training with the White Sox in 1963 but failed to make the team. Several teams offered him one-game contracts, but Wynn held out for a full-time deal, which he got from the Indians on June 21. Cleveland then added him to the starting rotation to give him the opportunities he needed. He failed to win in his first three starts with the Indians that year, and the nine months and seven starts that had elapsed from 1962 to 1963 are still, as of , the longest gap between any pitcher's 299th and 300th wins in MLB history.

The night before his fourth start of the year, against the Athletics on July 13, Wynn struggled to sleep due to gout-related pain. In that outing, Wynn finally picked up the milestone. Opposing Kansas City batter Ed Charles recalled Wynn's performance: "His fastball, if it reached 80, that was stretching it. He was laboring, throwing nothing but bloopers and junk." He left the game with a 5–4 lead after pitching five innings. "Jerry Walker relieved me and saved the game for me. He was my roommate and pitched like a man possessed", Wynn recalled. Long after his retirement, which came at the end of the 1963 season, Wynn reflected on his 300th win and said that he was not proud of the milestone. "If I had pitched a good game and gone nine innings, that would be something. But that's not the way it was", Wynn said. He is one of only 24 pitchers to win 300 games.

Following the 300th win, Wynn made just one more start, a 3–2 win over Kansas City on July 27 (though Wynn received a no-decision because he was removed from the game in the fifth inning). He did make several relief appearances for the Indians before the end of the season. His last of these came on September 13, when he entered a game against the Los Angeles Angels in relief of Jack Kralick with two outs in the sixth inning but runners on first and second. Wynn gave up an RBI single to Jim Fregosi, then got Charlie Dees to line out to shortstop to end the inning. Lifted in favor of pinch-hitter Willie Kirkland in the bottom of the inning, Wynn had pitched his last game. In 20 games (five starts), Wynn had a 1–2 record, a 2.28 ERA, and 29 strikeouts. After the season, he retired.

Legacy
Wynn approached the game with passion, sometimes throwing chairs in frustration after losses. He also hated getting removed from games, once throwing a baseball at López when the manager walked to the mound to remove him (though Wynn apologized to López after the game). First afflicted by gout in 1950, he endured pain through much of the second half of his career. Nevertheless, he was the first player to pitch at least 23 seasons in the major leagues, and he appeared in games over four decades. His durability helped him lead the AL in innings three times (1951, 1954, 1959) and propelled him to an AL record for most years pitched (23). Wynn won an even 300 games, 23rd most by any major leaguer. He registered five 20-win seasons, 2,334 strikeouts, 290 complete games, 49 shutouts, and 4,556 innings pitched in 691 games.

In the 1950s, Wynn had more strikeouts (1,544) than any other pitcher in the major leagues. He was one of the best hitting pitchers of his day as well. A switch hitter, Wynn batted .214 (365-for-1,704), with 17 home runs and 173 RBI. His 90 pinch-hit appearances included a grand slam (which he hit with the Senators on September 15, 1946), making him one of five MLB pitchers to record a grand slam as a pinch-hitter.

As of , Wynn still ranks among the Indians' career leaders in many categories. He is fifth in wins (164), tied for fourth in strikeouts (1,277, equal to Lemon's total), seventh in shutouts (24), and seventh in total games started (296). In 1999, The Sporting News ranked Wynn number 100 on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.

Later life
Wynn remained with the Indians following retirement, becoming their pitching coach in 1964. Several of his players – including Sam McDowell, Sonny Siebert, Luis Tiant and Steve Hargan – were still with the team in 1967 when they set a record for team strikeouts in a season with 1189. Tommy John considered him "abrasive" and not "very informative or helpful," though Wynn did teach John how to throw a slider. In August 1965, Wynn flirted with the idea of making a comeback as a knuckleball pitcher. Wynn left Cleveland after the 1966 season and joined the Minnesota Twins as pitching coach. He later served as a minor league manager for the Twins. Off the field, Wynn advocated for better pensions for retired baseball players.

Wynn proposed the idea of a one-game comeback to the Twins in 1970. In 1972, the Twins considered activating the 52-year-old Wynn to pitch one inning if retired star Ted Williams would hit against him. The move would have made Wynn the first player to pitch in five different decades, but Williams was not interested and the team dropped the idea. Williams called him "the toughest pitcher I ever faced."

In 1972, Wynn was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame along with Sandy Koufax and Yogi Berra. He was disappointed that he had not received the required votes on his first three ballots, but he was grateful for the honor. "I'd been hoping for it, but I didn't want to build up my hopes too high," he said. "It's like being placed up there on a pedestal, not like getting a gold watch for your longtime efforts. It's recognition I was waiting for a long time." He was inducted as a member of the Indians on his plaque.

From their inaugural 1977 season through the end of the 1981 season, Wynn provided the color commentary for radio broadcasts of Toronto Blue Jays games, working alongside Tom Cheek. He also provided color commentary for Chicago White Sox radio broadcasts in 1982 and 1983, paired with Joe McConnell. When he was replaced by Lorn Brown in December 1983, White Sox president Eddie Einhorn described Wynn as "a link to baseball's past."

In the last years of his life, Wynn suffered a heart attack and a stroke. His health had declined after the death of his second wife in 1994. He moved to an assisted living facility in Venice, Florida, where he died in April 1999. Wynn's body was cremated, and his family kept his ashes.

In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Wynn as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Army during World War II.

Personal
Wynn married Mabel Allman in 1939. She was killed in a car accident in 1942. They had one child together, son Joe, whom Wynn's relatives helped to raise after Mabel's death. In the fall of 1944, just after entering the Army, Wynn married his second wife, Lorraine Follin. They later had a daughter, Sherry. Early and Lorraine resided in Nokomis, Florida. Wynn had several hobbies, including flying his Cessna 170, hunting, and operating powerboats. In the 1960s, he owned the Early Wynn Steak House and Bowling Lanes in Venice, Florida.

Toughness
Wynn was remembered for his toughness and for the frequency with which he threw at batters. He once stated, "I'd knock down my own grandmother if she dug in on me."  He also said to reporters: "Why should I worry about hitters?  Do they worry about me? Do you ever find a hitter crying because he's hit a line drive through the box? My job is getting hitters out. If I don't get them out I lose. I don't like losing a game any more than a salesman likes losing a big sale. I've got a right to knock down anybody holding a bat." When he was then asked whether he would have the same opinion if the batter were his own mother, he paused, then responded, "Mother was a pretty good curveball hitter."

In fact, when Wynn was with the Indians, he actually threw a pitch at his own 15-year-old son, Joe.  Wynn was throwing pre-game batting practice to Joe, and Joe hit two long drives in a row.  Ushers in the nearly empty stadium began to clap.  Moments later, Joe was lying flat on his back in the batting cage, frightened by his father's knockdown pitch.  Wynn said later, "He was leaning in on me, and I had to show him who was boss."

His attitude was encouraged early in his career by manager Bucky Harris, who ordered Wynn to throw brushback pitches  when he got two strikes on a batter. Otherwise he faced a $25 fine. "I was making $350 a month. I couldn't afford giving up $25", Wynn said. Whenever an opposing batter lined one of his pitches back toward the mound, Wynn would retaliate by throwing a brushback pitch at the batter the next time the batter faced him. "That space between the white lines – that's my office, that's where I conduct my business," he said in an interview with sportswriter Red Smith. "You take a look at the batter's box, and part of it belongs to the hitter. But when he crowds in just that hair, he's stepping into my office, and nobody comes into my office without an invitation when I'm going to work."

In 1962, when Wynn was with the White Sox, he was throwing batting practice and his teammate Joe Cunningham hit a line drive that missed Wynn by inches. Wynn responded by throwing three straight pitches under his teammate's chin. Whenever one of his teammates was knocked down by an opposing pitcher, Wynn would retaliate by knocking down two of the opposing pitcher's teammates. According to Minnesota Twins player Rod Carew, Wynn's competitiveness did not end when his playing career did. As the Twins pitching coach from 1967 to 1969, "Early would knock you down in batting practice. If you hit a ball good off of him, he'd knock you down and then challenge you. He told you to expect it when you stepped in the cage against him."

See also

 300 win club
 List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers
 List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades
 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
 TSN Pitcher of the Year (1959)

Notes

References

External links

The Top 100 Greatest Indians Roster
1954 Cleveland Indians season
Early Wynn at The Deadball Era

1920 births
1999 deaths
People from Hartford, Alabama
American League All-Stars
American League ERA champions
American League strikeout champions
American League wins champions
Baseball players from Alabama
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Chicago White Sox announcers
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians coaches
Cleveland Indians players
Cy Young Award winners
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Minnesota Twins coaches
Minnesota Twins scouts
Minor league baseball managers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Sanford Lookouts players
Springfield Nationals players
Toronto Blue Jays announcers
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Journalists from Alabama
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Early Wynn


Elisabeth Judson Shue (born October 6, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films The Karate Kid (1984), Adventures in Babysitting (1987), Cocktail (1988), Back to the Future Part II (1989), Back to the Future Part III (1990), Soapdish (1991), The Saint (1997), Hollow Man (2000), Piranha 3D (2010), Battle of the Sexes (2017), Death Wish (2018) and Greyhound (2020). For her performance in Leaving Las Vegas (1995), Shue was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress as well as a BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG Award.

On television, she has starred as Julie Finlay in the CBS procedural forensics crime drama thriller CSI: Crime Scene Investigation from 2012 to 2015, Madelyn Stillwell in the Amazon Prime Video series The Boys and The Boys Presents: Diabolical, and reprised her The Karate Kid role in the third season of Cobra Kai. She currently stars as Anne in the Netflix dramedy series On the Verge.

Early life and education
Shue was born on October 6, 1963, in Wilmington, Delaware, the daughter of Anne Brewster (née Wells), and James William Shue, a one-time congressional candidate, lawyer, and real estate developer, who was president of the International Food and Beverage Corporation. Her mother was a vice president in the private banking division of the Chemical Bank Corporation.

She grew up in South Orange, New Jersey. Her parents divorced when she was nine. Shue's mother is a descendant of Pilgrim leader William Brewster, while her father's family emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in the early 19th century. Shue was raised with her three brothers (William, Andrew and John) and was very close to them. Her younger brother, Andrew, is also an actor, best known for his role as Billy Campbell in the Fox series Melrose Place. Shue graduated from Columbia High School, in 1981 in Maplewood, New Jersey, where she and Andrew were inducted into the school's Hall of Fame in 1994. She has two half-siblings from her father's remarriage, Jenna and Harvey Shue.

After graduating from high school, Shue attended Wellesley College. She then transferred to Harvard University in 1985, from which she withdrew to pursue her acting career (she was inspired by a friend to work in television commercials as a way to pay for college) one semester short of earning her degree. Over a decade later, in 2000, she returned to Harvard and completed her B.A. in political science.

Career

1980s and early 1990s
During her studies at Columbia High School and after her parents' divorce, Shue began acting in television commercials, becoming a common sight in advertisements for Burger King, also featuring future stars Sarah Michelle Gellar and Lea Thompson (whom Elisabeth would later co-star with in both television and film), DeBeers diamonds, Chewels bubble gum, and Best Foods/Hellmann's mayonnaise. She had small parts, credited as Lisa Shue, in  (1982) and Somewhere, Tomorrow (1983) which provided an early starring role for Sarah Jessica Parker.

Shue made her feature film debut in 1984, when she co-starred opposite Ralph Macchio in The Karate Kid as Ali Mills, a high school cheerleader and the love interest of Macchio's main character. She was a series regular as the teenage daughter of a military family in the short-lived television series Call to Glory between 1984 and 1985, which she followed in 1986 starring alongside Terence Stamp in the British horror film Link. In 1987 Shue appeared in the television movie Double Switch (part of the Disney Sunday Movie series), co-starring with George Newbern, who would go on to support her in her first star vehicle, the hugely popular Adventures in Babysitting, in the same year.

In 1988, Shue starred in Cocktail as the love interest of Tom Cruise's lead character. The following year she starred in the short film Body Wars, which was used at Epcot in an ATLAS Simulator attraction in the Wonders of Life Pavilion until 2007. Other roles followed, including appearing as Jennifer Parker in Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), where she replaced Claudia Wells who declined to reprise the role from Back to the Future because of a family illness. It was around this time her older brother, William, died in an accident on a family holiday. Although her career was on the rise with her playing lead roles, Shue elected to take on the smaller supporting role of Jennifer in these sequels to allow her to deal with her family loss. The sequels were filmed back to back, and she featured prominently in Part II, appearing in bookend pieces in the third part of the trilogy.

She auditioned for the Ione Skye role in Say Anything... (1989), being a runner-up along with Jennifer Connelly.

In May 1990, Shue made her Broadway debut in Some American Abroad at the Lincoln Center. The following year she returned to cinema where she appeared in the comedies The Marrying Man with Kim Basinger and Alec Baldwin, and Soapdish with Sally Field, Robert Downey Jr., Kevin Kline, Cathy Moriarty, and Whoopi Goldberg.

Between 1992 and 1994 she appeared in a variety of supporting roles in both film and television. These included the comedy Twenty Bucks (reuniting with Christopher Lloyd from Back to the Future), noir thriller The Underneath, a guest appearance in Dream On, and the romantic comedy Heart and Souls (reuniting with Robert Downey Jr.). She also returned to Broadway in 1993, performing in Tina Howe's production of Birth and After Birth.

1995–present
Although often cast as a girl-next-door type, in a career-defining role she starred as a prostitute in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas with Nicolas Cage. The role earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. She was also nominated for a BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG Award for Best Actress, and won Best Actress at the Independent Spirit Awards, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the National Society of Film Critics Awards.

Her career flourished after her Oscar nomination, landing her diverse roles. She starred in The Trigger Effect in 1996. Woody Allen's Deconstructing Harry (1996) showcased her comedic abilities amongst heavyweight co-stars Billy Crystal, Demi Moore, Robin Williams and Stanley Tucci. Shue also displayed some action movie skills in the 1997 spy remake The Saint opposite Val Kilmer. The thriller Palmetto (1998) afforded her the chance to play a film noir-ish femme fatale opposite Woody Harrelson; she co-starred in Cousin Bette (1998) with Jessica Lange, and Paul Verhoeven's Hollow Man (2000) with Kevin Bacon proved another summer blockbuster.

In 1999, Shue starred as the titular Molly as an autistic young woman placed into the care of her unwilling bachelor brother, played by Aaron Eckhart. She played a mother that reveals her dark past to her teenaged daughter in the 2001 ABC movie Oprah Winfrey Presents: Amy and Isabelle. She has since stated she was "extremely proud of that film, which no one ever saw, so it's a good lesson that you do work for yourself and not necessarily for the end result".

Shue starred in Leo (2002) with Joseph Fiennes and Dennis Hopper, Mysterious Skin (2004) opposite Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Hide and Seek (2005) opposite Robert De Niro and Dakota Fanning, and Dreamer (2005) again opposite Dakota Fanning and Kurt Russell.

In 2007, Shue and her two brothers, Andrew Shue and John Shue, produced Gracie. Her husband Davis Guggenheim also produced and directed. She played the mother of the main character who was loosely based on her own experiences as the only girl on a boys' soccer team. Andrew also appeared as the soccer coach, and her previous co-star from The Trigger Effect Dermot Mulroney played the father of the main character. Andrew Shue initially conceived of it as a story about their late brother William, the oldest Shue sibling, who was the captain of the high school soccer team; he died in a freak accident while the family was on a vacation in 1988. The older brother character of Johnny was based on Will. She also starred in the little seen First Born (2007) with British actor Steven Mackintosh.

In 2008, Shue starred in Hamlet 2 as a fictionalized version of herself. In the film, she has quit acting to become a nurse and is the favorite actress of Dana Marschz (Steve Coogan). In 2009, Shue appeared on the seventh season of HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm as an actress competing with Cheryl Hines's character for the part of George's ex-wife for the Seinfeld reunion. In 2009 she starred alongside Thomas Haden Church in Don McKay.

In 2010, Shue starred in Piranha 3D as Sheriff Julie Forester. In addition she played the former groupie mother of Abigail Breslin in Janie Jones and a psychologist in Waking Madison alongside Sarah Roemer and Imogen Poots.

In 2012, Shue appeared in three wide-release theatrical films: the thriller House at the End of the Street with Jennifer Lawrence; Curtis Hanson's Chasing Mavericks opposite Gerard Butler; and David Frankel's Hope Springs as Karen the bartender in a cameo scene with Meryl Streep.

The year 2012 also marked Shue's return to television in a series regular role when she joined the cast of Season 12's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Julie Finlay opposite Ted Danson, and replacing Marg Helgenberger. Finlay is the newest CSI, who just finished anger-management classes. She continued in the role until the end of Season 15 where her character's fate was left hanging in the balance, later revealed in the two-part 2015 TV movie wrap-up finale of the entire series to have died (Shue did not appear). During her time on the series, being a massive tennis fan as well as regular tennis player, she jokingly suggested to the producers they have an episode centered around a murder at a tennis tournament. In Season 13 her wish was granted, and her friends and former pros-turned commentators, 18-time Grand Slam champion Chris Evert, three-time Grand Slam winner Lindsay Davenport and two-time mixed doubles Slam champ Justin Gimelstob appeared in an episode as themselves. She also re-united with Back to the Future alumna Lea Thompson, who guest starred in an episode of Season 14.

In 2014 she appeared as a cougar in Behaving Badly along with Selena Gomez, Nat Wolff and Heather Graham. In 2015 she guest-starred in an episode of the Patrick Stewart series Blunt Talk.

In 2017, she provided a strong supporting role in Battle of the Sexes, opposite Steve Carell and Emma Stone. She had originally signed on as a tennis adviser for the film which recounts the 1973 showdown between female player Billie Jean King and former men's champ Bobby Riggs.

In 2018 she co-starred in Eli Roth's remake of Death Wish opposite Bruce Willis as his ill-fated wife. In the movie, Shue was also re-united with Vincent D'Onofrio, who appeared in Adventures in Babysitting with her.

In 2019, Shue took a leading role in the American superhero drama television series, The Boys, with Karl Urban and Jack Quaid, and will be playing the lead role in the TNT television pilot Constance, playing a corrupt former beauty queen. In the latter she will also be one of the executive producers along with Robert Downey Jr. (whom she previously co-starred with in Soapdish and Heart and Souls) and his wife Susan Downey among others. Constance is not going forward to series so remains to be seen if the pilot will air as a television movie.

Shue starred in Greyhound opposite Tom Hanks, released in 2020. In the same year, Shue reprised her Karate Kid role as Ali Mills for a guest appearance in the sequel series, Cobra Kai, alongside her original co-stars Ralph Macchio and William Zabka.

Personal life
Shue married film director Davis Guggenheim in 1994. The couple have three children.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theme parks

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New Jersey
Actresses from Wilmington, Delaware
American film actresses
American television actresses
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
Columbia High School (New Jersey) alumni
Harvard University alumni
Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners
People from South Orange, New Jersey

Elisabeth Shue


As mulheres rabinas são mulheres judias que estudaram direito judaico e receberam a ordenação rabínica. Na década de 1930, a primeira mulher rabina dos tempos modernos foi oficialmente ordenada. Regina Jonas foi ordenada em Berlim, em 1935. Jonas foi assassinada pelos nazis durante o Holocausto e a sua existência era praticamente desconhecida nas décadas que se seguiram à Segunda Guerra Mundial. A partir do final dos anos 60 e início dos anos 70, os esforços para mudar o status quo das mulheres começaram a ganhar ímpeto e apoio institucional. A Federação Nacional das Irmandades do Templo, liderada por Jane Evans, fez campanha pública pelo reconhecimento das mulheres rabinas. Desde os anos 70, mais de 1.200 mulheres judias foram ordenadas como rabinas.

A situação das mulheres rabinas no Judaísmo ortodoxo é mais complexa. Embora as mulheres ortodoxas tenham sido ordenadas como rabinas, muitas comunidades e instituições judaicas ortodoxas não aceitam a mudança. Numa abordagem alternativa, algumas instituições judaicas ortodoxas treinam as mulheres como estudiosas da Torah para vários papéis de liderança religiosa judaica. Estes papéis envolvem frequentemente a formação de mulheres como autoridades religiosas na lei judaica, mas sem ordenação rabínica formal, usando títulos alternativos em vez disso.

Tradições bíblicas e talmúdicas

Esta visão das mulheres hebraicas antigas parece mudar nos últimos livros da Bíblia. A figura bíblica de Débora, a profetisa, é descrita como um juiz (Juízes 4-5). De acordo com algumas fontes rabínicas tradicionais, a função judicial de Débora preocupava-se principalmente com o direito religioso. Assim, de acordo com esta visão, Débora foi a primeira autoridade legal religiosa feminina no judaísmo, equivalente à função rabínica contemporânea do posek (decisão rabínica da lei judaica). Outras fontes rabínicas compreendem a história bíblica de Débora no sentido de que o seu papel era apenas o de uma líder nacional e não o de uma autoridade legal.

Nas lendas do Talmudic, as mulheres são frequentemente excluídas do projecto de interpretação rabínica e de tomada de decisões legais. No entanto, a figura Talmúdica de Bruriah (esposa do rabino Meir) é descrita como participação em debates jurídicos judaicos, desafiando os rabinos da época. Além de Bruriah, outra mulher Talmúdica, Yalta (esposa de Rav Nachman e filha do Exilarch) é conhecida pela sua bolsa de estudo.

Era moderna

A possibilidade de as mulheres rabinas serem aceites pela maioria começou no final do século XIX. Um relatório de 1871 sobre o início da carreira de Susanna Rubinstein apontou a sua bolsa de estudo como uma indicação da possibilidade das mulheres rabinas. No Congresso das Mulheres Judias de 1893, alguns oradores apelaram para que as mulheres fossem ordenadas como rabinas. Durante a década de 1890, uma jovem mulher que vivia na fronteira americana chamada Ray Frank assumiu um papel de liderança religiosa, proferindo sermões, dando palestras públicas, e lendo as escrituras. Em 1904, o Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Judias em Nova Iorque anunciou que Henrietta Szold iria prosseguir os estudos rabínicos, mas que não receberia um diploma após a sua conclusão. Em 1908, Anna G. Abelson de Akron, Ohio, assumiu o papel de rabino na ausência do seu marido.

Em 1920, Martha Neumark foi admitida no Colégio da União Hebraica (HUC) do Judaísmo Reformador. Diz-se também que ela liderou serviços numa congregação em Frankfort, Michigan. A sua admissão no programa rabínico do HUC resultou numa resolução de 1922 da Conferência Central dos Rabinos Americanos (CCAR) que permitiu a ordenação de mulheres; contudo, em 1923, o conselho de administradores do Hebrew Union College votou para proibir a ordenação de mulheres. Neumark retirou-se do programa rabínico após completar sete dos nove anos necessários para a sua conclusão.

Sally Priesand tornou-se a primeira mulher formalmente ordenada rabina no judaísmo reformista em 1972. Desde então, o Colégio da União Hebraica do Judaísmo Reformador ordenou centenas de mulheres rabinas.

Televisão e cinema
Os rabinos aparecem em vários programas de televisão, incluindo:
 Transparente (2014-2017) - no programa e no filme subsequente de 2019, Kathryn Hahn desempenha o papel da rabina Rachel Fein. Fein é uma personagem notável na série que é descrita como uma pessoa bem redonda cujo trabalho, tal como escrever um sermão para Pessach enquanto caminha na floresta, se relaciona com as experiências dos rabinos da vida real.

Veja também
 Asenat Barzani
 Ordenação de mulheres

Referências

Rabinos
Mulheres
Torá

Mulheres rabinas e estudiosas da Torá