The voltage clamp is an experimental method used by electrophysiologists to measure the ion currents through the membranes of excitable cells, such as neurons, while holding the membrane voltage at a set level. A basic voltage clamp will iteratively measure the membrane potential, and then change the membrane potential (voltage) to a desired value by adding the necessary current. This "clamps" the cell membrane at a desired constant voltage, allowing the voltage clamp to record what currents are delivered. Because the currents applied to the cell must be equal to (and opposite in charge to) the current going across the cell membrane at the set voltage, the recorded currents indicate how the cell reacts to changes in membrane potential. Cell membranes of excitable cells contain many different kinds of ion channels, some of which are voltage-gated. The voltage clamp allows the membrane voltage to be manipulated independently of the ionic currents, allowing the current–voltage relationships of membrane channels to be studied.

History

The concept of the voltage clamp is attributed to Kenneth Cole and George Marmont in the spring of 1947. They inserted an internal electrode into the giant axon of a squid and began to apply a current. Cole discovered that it was possible to use two electrodes and a feedback circuit to keep the cell's membrane potential at a level set by the experimenter.

Cole developed the voltage clamp technique before the era of microelectrodes, so his two electrodes consisted of fine wires twisted around an insulating rod. Because this type of electrode could be inserted into only the largest cells, early electrophysiological experiments were conducted almost exclusively on squid axons.

Squids squirt jets of water when they need to move quickly, as when escaping a predator. To make this escape as fast as possible, they have an axon that can reach 1 mm in diameter (signals propagate more quickly down large axons). The squid giant axon was the first preparation that could be used to voltage clamp a transmembrane current, and it was the basis of Hodgkin and Huxley's pioneering experiments on the properties of the action potential.

Alan Hodgkin realized that, to understand ion flux across the membrane, it was necessary to eliminate differences in membrane potential. Using experiments with the voltage clamp, Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley published 5 papers in the summer of 1952 describing how ionic currents give rise to the action potential. The final paper proposed the Hodgkin–Huxley model which mathematically describes the action potential. The use of voltage clamps in their experiments to study and model the action potential in detail has laid the foundation for electrophysiology; for which they shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Technique
The voltage clamp is a current generator. Transmembrane voltage is recorded through a "voltage electrode", relative to ground, and a "current electrode" passes current into the cell. The experimenter sets a "holding voltage", or "command potential", and the voltage clamp uses negative feedback to maintain the cell at this voltage. The electrodes are connected to an amplifier, which measures membrane potential and feeds the signal into a feedback amplifier. This amplifier also gets an input from the signal generator that determines the command potential, and it subtracts the membrane potential from the command potential (Vcommand – Vm), magnifies any difference, and sends an output to the current electrode. Whenever the cell deviates from the holding voltage, the operational amplifier generates an "error signal", that is the difference between the command potential and the actual voltage of the cell. The feedback circuit passes current into the cell to reduce the error signal to zero. Thus, the clamp circuit produces a current equal and opposite to the ionic current.

Variations of the voltage clamp technique

Two-electrode voltage clamp using microelectrodes

The two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique is used to study properties of membrane proteins, especially ion channels.  Researchers use this method most commonly to investigate membrane structures expressed  in Xenopus oocytes. The large size of these oocytes allows for easy handling and manipulability.

The TEVC method utilizes two low-resistance pipettes, one sensing voltage and the other injecting current. The microelectrodes are filled with conductive solution and inserted into the cell to artificially control membrane potential. The membrane acts as a dielectric as well as a resistor, while the fluids on either side of the membrane function as capacitors. The microelectrodes compare the membrane potential against a command voltage, giving an accurate reproduction of the currents flowing across the membrane. Current readings can be used to analyze the electrical response of the cell to different applications.

This technique is favored over single-microelectrode clamp or other voltage clamp techniques when conditions call for resolving large currents. The high current-passing capacity of the two-electrode clamp makes it possible to clamp large currents that are impossible to control with single-electrode patch techniques. The two-electrode system is also desirable for its fast clamp settling time and low noise. However, TEVC is limited in use with regard to cell size. It is effective in larger-diameter oocytes, but more difficult to use with small cells. Additionally, TEVC method is limited in that the transmitter of current must be contained in the pipette. It is not possible to manipulate the intracellular fluid while clamping, which is possible using patch clamp techniques. Another disadvantage involves "space clamp" issues. Cole's voltage clamp used a long wire that clamped the squid axon uniformly along its entire length. TEVC microelectrodes can provide only a spatial point source of current that may not uniformly affect all parts of an irregularly shaped cell.

Dual-cell voltage clamp
The dual-cell voltage clamp technique is a specialized variation of the two electrode voltage clamp, and is only used in the study of gap junction channels. Gap junctions are pores that directly link two cells through which ions and small molecules flow freely. When two cells in which gap junction proteins, typically connexins or innexins, are expressed, either endogenously or via injection of mRNA, a junction channel will form between the cells. Since two cells are present in the system, two sets of electrodes are used. A recording electrode and a current injecting electrode are inserted into each cell, and each cell is clamped individually (each set of electrodes is attached to a separate apparatus, and integration of data is performed by computer). To record junctional conductance, the current is varied in the first cell while the recording electrode in the second cell records any changes in Vm for the second cell only. (The process can be reversed with the stimulus occurring in the second cell and recording occurring in the first cell.) Since no variation in current is being induced by the electrode in the recorded cell, any change in voltage must be induced by current crossing into the recorded cell, through the gap junction channels, from the cell in which the current was varied.

Single-electrode voltage clamp
This category describes a set of techniques in which one electrode is used for voltage clamp. Continuous single-electrode clamp (SEVC-c) technique is often used with patch-clamp recording. Discontinuous single-electrode voltage-clamp (SEVC-d) technique is used with penetrating intracellular recording. This single electrode carries out the functions of both current injection and voltage recording.

Continuous single-electrode clamp (SEVC-c)

The "patch-clamp" technique allows the study of individual ion channels. It uses an electrode with a relatively large tip (> 1 micrometer) that has a smooth surface (rather than a sharp tip). This is a "patch-clamp electrode" (as distinct from a "sharp electrode" used to impale cells). This electrode is pressed against a cell membrane and suction is applied to pull the cell's membrane inside the electrode tip. The suction causes the cell to form a tight seal with the electrode (a "gigaohm seal", as the resistance is more than a gigaohm).

SEV-c has the advantage that you can record from small cells that would be impossible to impale with two electrodes. However:
Microelectrodes are imperfect conductors; in general, they have a resistance of more than a million ohms. They rectify (i.e., change their resistance with voltage, often in an irregular manner), they sometimes have unstable resistance if clogged by cell contents. Thus, they will not faithfully record the voltage of the cell, especially when it is changing quickly, nor will they faithfully pass current.
Voltage and current errors: SEV-c circuitry does not actually measure the voltage of the cell being clamped (as does a two-electrode clamp). The patch-clamp amplifier is like a two-electrode clamp, except the voltage measuring and current passing circuits are connected (in the two-electrode clamp, they are connected through the cell). The electrode is attached to a wire that contacts the current/voltage loop inside the amplifier. Thus, the electrode has only an indirect influence on the feedback circuit. The amplifier reads only the voltage at the top of the electrode, and feeds back current to compensate. But, if the electrode is an imperfect conductor, the clamp circuitry has only a distorted view of the membrane potential. Likewise, when the circuit passes back current to compensate for that (distorted) voltage, the current will be distorted by the electrode before it reaches the cell. To compensate for this, the electrophysiologist uses the lowest resistance electrode possible, makes sure that the electrode characteristics do not change during an experiment (so the errors will be constant), and avoids recording currents with kinetics likely to be too fast for the clamp to follow accurately. The accuracy of SEV-c goes up the slower and smaller are the voltage changes it is trying to clamp.
Series resistance errors: The currents passed to the cell must go to ground to complete the circuit. The voltages are recorded by the amplifier relative to ground. When a cell is clamped at its natural resting potential, there is no problem; the clamp is not passing current and the voltage is being generated only by the cell. But, when clamping at a different potential, series resistance errors become a concern; the cell will pass current across its membrane in an attempt to return to its natural resting potential. The clamp amplifier opposes this by passing current to maintain the holding potential. A problem arises because the electrode is between the amplifier and the cell; i.e., the electrode is in series with the resistor that is the cell's membrane. Thus, when passing current through the electrode and the cell, Ohm's law tells us that this will cause a voltage to form across both the cell's and the electrode's resistance. As these resistors are in series, the voltage drops will add. If the electrode and the cell membrane have equal resistances (which they usually do not), and if the experimenter command a 40mV change from the resting potential, the amplifier will pass enough current until it reads that it has achieved that 40mV change. However, in this example, half of that voltage drop is across the electrode. The experimenter thinks he or she has moved the cell voltage by 40 mV, but has moved it only by 20 mV. The difference is the "series resistance error". Modern patch-clamp amplifiers have circuitry to compensate for this error, but these compensate only 70-80% of it. The electrophysiologist can further reduce the error by recording at or near the cell's natural resting potential, and by using as low a resistance electrode as possible.
Capacitance errors. Microelectrodes are capacitors, and are particularly troublesome because they are non-linear. The capacitance arises because the electrolyte inside the electrode is separated by an insulator (glass) from the solution outside. This is, by definition and function, a capacitor. Worse, as the thickness of the glass changes the farther you get from the tip, the time constant of the capacitor will vary. This produces a distorted record of membrane voltage or current whenever they are changing. Amplifiers can compensate for this, but not entirely because the capacitance has many time-constants. The experimenter can reduce the problem by keeping the cell's bathing solution shallow (exposing less glass surface to liquid) and by coating the electrode with silicone, resin, paint, or another substance that will increase the distance between the inside and outside solutions.
Space clamp errors. A single electrode is a point source of current. In distant parts of the cell, the current passed through the electrode will be less influential than at nearby parts of the cell. This is particularly a problem when recording from neurons with elaborate dendritic structures. There is nothing one can do about space clamp errors except to temper the conclusions of the experiment.

Discontinuous single-electrode voltage-clamp (SEVC-d)

A single-electrode voltage clamp — discontinuous, or SEVC-d, has some advantages over SEVC-c for whole-cell recording. In this, a different approach is taken for passing current and recording voltage. A SEVC-d amplifier operates on a "time-sharing" basis, so the electrode regularly and frequently switches between passing current and measuring voltage. In effect, there are two electrodes, but each is in operation for only half of the time it is on. The oscillation between the two functions of the single electrode is termed a duty cycle. During each cycle, the amplifier measures the membrane potential and compares it with the holding potential. An operational amplifier measures the difference, and generates an error signal. This current is a mirror image of the current generated by the cell. The amplifier outputs feature sample and hold circuits, so each briefly sampled voltage is then held on the output until the next measurement in the next cycle. To be specific, the amplifier measures voltage in the first few microseconds of the cycle, generates the error signal, and spends the rest of the cycle passing current to reduce that error. At the start of the next cycle, voltage is measured again, a new error signal generated, current passed etc. The experimenter sets the cycle length, and it is possible to sample with periods as low as about 15 microseconds, corresponding to a 67 kHz switching frequency. Switching frequencies lower than about 10 kHz are not sufficient when working with action potentials that are less than 1 millisecond wide. Note that not all discontinuous voltage-clamp amplifier support switching frequencies higher than 10 kHz.

For this to work, the cell capacitance must be higher than the electrode capacitance by at least an order of magnitude. Capacitance slows the kinetics (the rise and fall times) of currents. If the electrode capacitance is much less than that of the cell, then when current is passed through the electrode, the electrode voltage will change faster than the cell voltage. Thus, when current is injected and then turned off (at the end of a duty cycle), the electrode voltage will decay faster than the cell voltage. As soon as the electrode voltage asymptotes to the cell voltage, the voltage can be sampled (again) and the next amount of charge applied. Thus, the frequency of the duty cycle is limited to the speed at which the electrode voltage rises and decays while passing current. The lower the electrode capacitance the faster one can cycle.

SEVC-d has a major advantage over SEVC-c in allowing the experimenter to measure membrane potential, and, as it obviates passing current and measuring voltage at the same time, there is never a series resistance error. The main disadvantages are that the time resolution is limited and the amplifier is unstable. If it passes too much current, so that the goal voltage is over-shot, it reverses the polarity of the current in the next duty cycle. This causes it to undershoot the target voltage, so the next cycle reverses the polarity of the injected current again. This error can grow with each cycle until the amplifier oscillates out of control ("ringing"); this usually results in the destruction of the cell being recorded. The investigator wants a short duty cycle to improve temporal resolution; the amplifier has adjustable compensators that will make the electrode voltage decay faster, but, if these are set too high the amplifier will ring, so the investigator is always trying to "tune" the amplifier as close to the edge of uncontrolled oscillation as possible, in which case small changes in recording conditions can cause ringing. There are two solutions: to "back off" the amplifier settings into a safe range, or to be alert for signs that the amplifier is about to ring.

Mathematical modeling
From the point of view of control theory, the voltage clamp experiment can be described in terms of the application of a high-gain output feedback control law to the neuronal membrane. Mathematically, the membrane voltage can be modeled by a conductance-based model with an input given by the applied current  and an output given by the membrane voltage . Hodgkin and Huxley's original conductance-based model, which represents a neuronal membrane containing sodium and potassium ion currents, as well as a leak current, is given by the system of ordinary differential equations

where  is the membrane capacitance, ,  and are maximal conductances, ,  and  are reversal potentials,  and  are ion channel voltage-dependent rate constants, and the state variables , , and  are ion channel gating variables.

It is possible to rigorously show that the feedback law

drives the membrane voltage  arbitrarily close to the reference voltage  as the gain  is increased to an arbitrarily large value. This fact, which is by no means a general property of dynamical systems (a high-gain can, in general, lead to instability), is a consequence of the structure and the properties of the conductance-based model above. In particular, the dynamics of each gating variable , which are driven by , verify the strong stability property of exponential contraction.

References

Further reading

Neurophysiology
Physiology
Electrophysiology

Voltage clamp


Smile  é um filme de comédia dramática satírica estadunidense de 1975 dirigido por Michael Ritchie com roteiro de Jerry Belson sobre um concurso de beleza em Santa Rosa, Califórnia.

É estrelado por Bruce Dern e Barbara Feldon e apresentou várias jovens atrizes que mais tarde passaram a papéis maiores, como Melanie Griffith. O filme satiriza a pequena cidade americana e suas peculiaridades, hipocrisias e artifícios dentro e ao redor do concurso.

O filme foi posteriormente adaptado em um musical da Broadway de 1986 com canções de Marvin Hamlisch e Howard Ashman.

Sinopse

Big Bob Freelander é um negociante de carros usados e o juiz principal do Young American Miss Pageant realizado em Santa Rosa, Califórnia. Brenda DiCarlo é a diretora executiva do concurso, e seu marido Andy é um alcoólatra ressentido. Andy está insatisfeito porque está prestes a se tornar um galo exausto envelhecendo no capítulo local de Jaycee, o que exige um ritual humilhante. Little Bob, filho de Big Bob, conspira com seus amigos para fotografar os competidores em vários estados de nudez.

Wilson Shears, o produtor do concurso, entra em conflito com Tommy French, um coreógrafo trazido de Hollywood, que é cínico e contundente.

Andy se recusa a ir junto com a cerimônia de indução, que envolve beijar o traseiro de uma galinha morta. Brenda o descobre em casa, aparentemente prestes a cometer suicídio com uma arma. Ela tenta convencê-lo a desistir, e ele decide que ela é o verdadeiro problema e atira nela, ferindo-a. Ele está preso, mas ela se recusa a prestar queixa e Andy é liberado. Big Bob tenta convencê-lo a não se mudar da cidade.

O show fica mais caro do que o previsto, e Shears pressiona French para remover uma rampa, porque está ocupando assentos. Isso resulta em uma lesão para um competidor, e French concorda em restabelecer a rampa e compensar a diferença de sua taxa.

O concurso termina com sucesso, embora os concorrentes que foram o foco da atenção do filme não ganhem.

Elenco

Produção
Smile foi filmado em locações dentro e ao redor de Santa Rosa, com o concurso realizado no Veteran's Memorial Auditorium.

Recepção
Smile foi bem recebido no lançamento, com elogios pelo humor, sátira e performances. Vincent Canby, do The New York Times, chamou o filme de "surpresa pungente, uma sátira divertida que perde alguns dos alvos óbvios, mas sem desumanizar as vítimas. É um tipo especialmente americano de comédia social no sentido em que o bom humor às vezes é usado para revelar fatos desagradáveis em vez de enterrá-los." Roger Ebert, do The Chicago Sun-Times, deu ao filme três de quatro estrelas, dizendo que, embora "Ritchie tenha tantos alvos que ele erra alguns e nunca volta para os outros", o filme ainda "faz um bom trabalho ao trabalhar a hipocrisia e o sexismo de um típico concurso de beleza." John Simon descreveu Smile como "engraçado, sóbrio e forte".

Em 2014, o IndieWire listou Smile como um dos "dez grandes filmes esquecidos da década de 1970". Indiewire disse que o filme foi "esquecido mesmo dentro do cânone de Ritchie: uma sátira gentil, ocasionalmente cáustica, mas principalmente quente". O Indiewire chamou as performances de "uniformemente de alto nível" e disse que "os filmes subsequentes de concursos de beleza como Drop Dead Gorgeous e Little Miss Sunshine tendem a parecer imitações pálidas ao lado disso".

No Rotten Tomatoes, o filme tem um índice de aprovação de 100% com base nas avaliações de 17 críticos, com uma classificação média de 7,80/10.

Notas

Filmes da United Artists
Filmes dirigidos por Michael Ritchie
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de comédia dramática dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia dramática da década de 1970
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1975

Smile (1975)


Lioudmila Tselikovskaïa (russe:Людмила Васильевна Целико́вская) née le , morte le  est une actrice de cinéma soviétique.

Biographie
Née à Astrakhan dans une famille de musiciens, son père est producteur musical et chef d'orchestre, sa mère chanteuse d'opéra. En 1937 elle entre à l'Institut d'art dramatique Boris-Chtchoukine à Moscou puis rejoint la troupe du metteur en scène Evgueni Vakhtangov. En 1938 elle débute au cinéma dans un film de Konstantin Youdine Molodye kapitany. En 1943 elle joue le rôle de la tsarine Anastasia dans le film épique Ivan le Terrible de Serguei Eisenstein, prestation peu appréciée des autorités soviétiques car jugée peu vraisemblable. En 1950 elle joue dans The Grasshoper de Samson Samsonov qui lui vaudra le Lion d'argent à la Mostra de Venise en 1955.

Décédée le 4 juillet 1992 à Moscou, Lioudmila Tselikovskaïae est enterrée au cimetière de Novodievitchi (parcelle 5, rangée 31, tombe 1) à côté de Karo Halabyan, son quatrième mari.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Actrice soviétique de cinéma
Naissance en septembre 1919
Décès en juillet 1992
Naissance dans l'oblast d'Astrakhan
Naissance en RSFS de Russie
Décès à Moscou
Décès à 72 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Novodevitchi

Lioudmila Tselikovskaïa


Abația Solesmes (denumirea întreagă în franceză: Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Solesmes) este o abație benedictină situată în localitatea Solesmes din departamentul Sarthe, ale cărei origini datează din 1010. Ea face parte din Congrégation de Solesmes sau Congregația Franței, în cadrul Confederației benedictine.

Doar o mică mănăstire depinzând de Abbaye de la Couture din Le Mans până la Revoluție, Abația Solesmes își datorează renumele internațional lui Dom Prosper Guéranger, restaurator în 1833 al Ordinului benedictin în Franța, cât și a liturghiei și cântării gregoriene, abația fiind unul din locurile de mare prestigiu ale acesteia.

Situare

Abația Solesmes se găsește în orășelul Solesmes și domină valea râului Sarthe.

Se face uneori confuzia cu comuna omonimă Solesmes din departamentul Nord, care posedă o mănăstire locuită de câțiva călugări, însă nu o abație.

Istoric

Evul Mediu
O mănăstire a fost fondată la începutul secolului al XI-lea de seniorul Geoffroy de Sablé, făcând o donație din domeniile sale la est de castelul din de Sablé în jurul bisericii din Solesmes, călugărilor de la Abația Saint-Pierre de la Couture, din Le Mans. Sfințirea bisericii a avut loc într-o zi de 12 octombrie, iar actul de fondare ar data din 1010. Călugării, ajutați de rustici ruricoli (țărani cultivatori), au defrișat împrejurimile, au cultivat secară, viță de vie și fasole și creșteau cai și bovine. La sfârșitul secolului al XI-lea în jurul mănăstirii a fost construit un burg. A fost edificată de asemenea o nouă biserică parohială, cu hramul Sfânta Maria. Câteva decenii mai târziu a fost construită capela Saint-Aquilin (astăzi în cimitirul comunal).

Actul de fondare al mănăstirii a fost confirmat la 30 martie 1073 de către William Cuceritorul, suveran al noului senior de Sablé, Robert le Bourguignon.

Papa Urban al II-lea, după chemarea la cruciadă din 20 noiembrie 1095, la Clermont, a mers la mănăstirea din Solesmes, la 14 februarie 1096, reîntorcându-se de la Poitiers și Angers, în drum spre Tours, apoi biserica și mănăstirea au fost mărite. Templierul Robert de Sablé, senior de Sablé, mare maestru al Ordinului Templului și tovarășul său Richard Inimă de Leu, în timpul celei de a treia Cruciadă, au donat călugărilor o zecime din impozitul perceput la Sablé, în 1170. Cavalerul cruciat a adus din Țara Sfântă o bucată din Sfântul Spin, venerat și astăzi în Lunea Paștilor.

Dala funerară a lui Robert de Sablé se poate vedea în biserica abațială din Solesmes situată aproape de orașul Sablé-sur-Sarthe.

Plantageneții își iau posesiunile angevine în secolul al XIII-lea, însă mănăstirea nu a suferit la începuturile Războiului de 100 de Ani. De-a lungul deceniilor a ajuns importantă, până a devenit comunitate călugărească mănăstirească și a primit noi înzestrări. Totuși primele atacuri ale războiului ating Solesmes după 1380. Timp de vreo cincizeci de ani, regiunea a suferit asalturi ale englezilor. Solesmes a fost devastat, în ciuda faptului că nu au reușit să ia Sablé, deținută de Gilles de Rais. Ludovic al II-lea de Anjou a confirmat privilegiile mănăstirii Solesmes în 1408, pentru a acorda ajutor financiar și pentru a permite reconstrucția, dar numărul de călugări a scăzut de la doisprezece la cinci, în 1434. Regiunea era sinistrată economic.

Renașterea

Bătălia de la Formigny în 1450 a pus capăt Războiului de 100 de Ani în Anjou și în Maine. Domniile lui  Ludovic al XI-lea și Carol al VIII-lea vor aduce prosperitate regiunii și la Solesmes.

Este epoca "marilor superiori de la Solesmes", ca dom Philibert al Crucii (1469-1479) care a reorganizat domeniul, a repus în valoare pământurile, a întreprins lucrări de irigație și a mărit mănăstirea; Guillaume Cheminart (1486-1495) și Jean Bougler (1505-1556) care au comandat mari ansambluri sculptate, Saints de Solesmes, capodopere ale  Renașterii franceze. În brațul de sud al transeptului magnificul Tombeau de Notre-Seigneur(1496) de stil gotic flamboiant datează din această epocă de reînnoire. Dom Bougler a urmat cu lucrări la remarcabila Belle Chapelle cu numeroase sculpturi de mărime umană.

Note

Bibliografie
 Les Saints de Solesmes, Images du patrimoine №69,
 Dom Louis Soltner, osb, Solesmes et Dom Guéranger 1805-1875, Solesmes,
 Dom Louis Soltner, osb, L'abbaye de Solesmes au temps des expulsions (1880-1901), Solesmes, 2005,
 Michel Naussiat, Solesmes 1010-2010 : La paix bénédictine (+ 1CD audio), Libra Diffusio, 2010,

 Patrick Hala, osb, Solesmes, les écrivains et les poètes, Solesmes, 2011,
 Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Solesmes, Lieu de prière et de paix, Solesmes, 2016, photos Arnaud Finistre,

Legături externe

  L'abbaye de Solesmes sur Abbayes en France
  Site de l'abbaye Saint Pierre de Solesmes

Solesmes, Abația
|Solesme, Abbaye Saint-Pierre de
Solesmes
Muzică gregoriană
Casa de Bourbon-Parma

Abația Solesmes


Don't Let Go é o terceiro álbum ao vivo, e quarto álbum em geral, da banda Jerry Garcia Band. Inclui a apresentação completa de 21 de maio de 1976 no Orpheum Theatre em San Francisco, com uma faixa bônus gravada em 11 de setembro de 1976 no Keystone em Berkeley. Foi lançado em 23 de janeiro de 2001.

De janeiro de 1976 a agosto de 1977, a formação da Jerry Garcia Band foi a apresentada nesta gravação – Jerry Garcia na guitarra e vocais, Keith Godchaux nos teclados, Donna Jean Godchaux nos vocais, John Kahn no baixo e Ron Tutt na bateria. Dois outros álbuns gravados por esta formação são Pure Jerry: Theatre 1839, San Francisco, July 29 & 30, 1977 e Garcia Live Volume Seven.

Jerry Garcia toca uma guitarra Travis Bean nesta gravação.

Recepção da critica

No AllMusic, Lindsay Planer disse: "Esta banda é sobre ritmos e alma contagiantes. Garcia joga com uma energia e liberdade de espírito que raramente alcançou durante suas últimas duas décadas com o Grateful Dead. Isso provavelmente se deveu, pelo menos em parte, ao catálogo enciclopédico de material... A banda usa a estrutura de cada música como uma plataforma para sua marca única de acrobacias auditivas instintivas. A interação entre o quarteto instrumental é melhor descrita como telepatia inspirada.... Don't Let Go é altamente recomendado para entusiastas curiosos, bem como para o insaciável Deadhead."

No The Music Box, John Metzger escreveu: "Infelizmente, Don't Let Go não é o set definitivo e perfeito do JGB, embora Deadheads, sem dúvida, encontre o álbum – que foi compilado de um show da área da baía realizado em 21 de maio de 1976 – ser uma coleção obrigatória. Da mesma forma, os não iniciados que podem estar abertos a esse tipo de coisa certamente encontrarão a centelha de brilho que brilha em muitas das faixas e se esconde logo abaixo da superfície em várias outras. Aqueles mais passivos dos Deadheads e apenas levemente curiosos, no entanto, podem querer esperar por algo um pouco menos falho."

Lista de faixas
Disco um
"Sugaree" (Robert Hunter, Jerry Garcia) – 9:55
"They Love Each Other" (Hunter, Garcia) – 8:31
"That's What Love Will Make You Do" (James Banks, Eddy Marion, Henderson Thigpen) – 9:56
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (Bob Dylan) – 11:07
"Sitting in Limbo" (Plummer Bright, James Chambers) – 10:29
"Mission in the Rain" (Hunter, Garcia) – 7:43
"Don't Let Go" (Jesse Stone) – 16:03

Disco dois
"After Midnight" (J. J. Cale) – 11:00
"Strange Man" (Dorothy Love Coates) – 7:12
"Tore Up over You" (Hank Ballard) – 9:28
"I'll Take a Melody" (Allen Toussaint) – 15:10
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Smokey Robinson, Robert "Bobby" Rogers) – 7:11
"My Sisters and Brothers" (Charles Johnson) – 6:41
"Lonesome and a Long Way from Home" (Bonnie Bramlett, Leon Russell) – 14:27
Faixa bônus:
 "Mighty High" (David Crawford, Richard Downing) – 6:26

Pessoal
Jerry Garcia Band
Jerry Garcia – guitarra, vocais
Donna Godchaux – vocais
Keith Godchaux – teclados, vocais
John Kahn – baixo
Ron Tutt – baterias, vocais
Produção
Coordenador do álbum: Cassidy Law
Produtora executiva: Deborah Koons Garcia
Gravação: Betty Cantor-Jackson
Masterização: Jeffrey Norman
Arquivista de fitas: David Lemieux
Fotografia: Ed Perlstein

Notas

Álbuns ao vivo de 2001

Don't Let Go (álbum de Jerry Garcia Band)


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 26. listopada – Joža Horvat, hrvatski književnik, pripovjedač i putopisac (* 1915.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 2012.


العربي هلال سوداني لاعب كرة قدم جزائري من مواليد 25 نوفمبر 1987 بمدينة الشلف يلعب في نادي ضمك. هو لاعب قلب هجوم محوري
يلعب في المنتخب الوطني الجزائري .

إنجازاته
الفوز بالرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة 2010/2011
الفوز بكأس البرتغال 2012/2013
الفوز بكأس السوبر الكرواتي 2013/2014

إنجازاته الفردية
 هداف الدوري الجزائري موسم 2010-2011.
 أحسن لاعب بالدوري الجزائري موسم 2010-2011.
 هداف المنتخب الجزائري الرديف بكأس الأمم الإفريقية للمحليين سنة 2011.
 احسن لاعب في الدوري الكرواتي 2015/2014
 هداف تصفيات كأس افريقيا 7 اهداف 2016 مع المنتخب الجزائري

إنجازاته مع الأندية
 بطل الدوري الجزائري موسم 2010-2011 مع أولمبي الشلف
 كاس البرتغال 2012/2013 مع فيتوريا
 كأس السوبر الكرواتي 2013/2014 مع دينامو زغرب
 تتويج بكأس كرواتيا 2015
 تتويج بلقب البطولة الكرواتية 2015

إنجازاته مع المنتخب
المركز الرابع مع المنتخب الجزائري الرابع بكأس أفريقيا للمحليين

مصادر

روابط خارجية

 البطاقة الفنية للعربي هلال سوداني - dzfoot.com

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سلوفينيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في كرواتيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السعودية
أجنحة كرة قدم
جزائريون في القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الشلف
رياضيون جزائريون مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون جزائريون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون جزائريون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون جزائريون مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى لكرة القدم
لاعبو أولمبي الشلف
لاعبو أولمبياكوس
لاعبو بطولة أمم إفريقيا للمحليين 2011
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو دينامو زغرب
لاعبو فيتوريا غيماريش
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2013
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2015
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2017
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سلوفينيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في كرواتيا
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم للمحليين
لاعبو نادي الفتح (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي ضمك
لاعبو نادي ماريبور
لاعبو نوتنغهام فورست
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1408 هـ
مواليد 1987
مواليد في الشلف

هلال سوداني


Jason Voorhees este personajul principal din seria de filme horror Vineri 13.

Note

Personaje fictive

Jason Voorhees


Marija Tudor (18. ožujka 1496. – 25. lipnja 1533.) je bila engleska princeza te je kratko vrijeme vladala kao kraljica Francuske. Bila je mlađa kći kralja Henrika VII. i kraljice Elizabete od Yorka te treća supruga francuskoga kralja Luja XII. koji je bio više od 30 godina stariji od nje. Marija je i baka gospe Jane Grey, kraljice koja je vladala Engleskom devet dana.

Mladost
Odrasla je kao najmlađe dijete Henrika VII. i Elizabete od Yorka. Bila je poznata kao prava ljepotica na dvoru. Zapisano je da je Henrik VIII. prema sestri Mariji osjećao posebnu privrženost.

Francuska kraljica
Iako nije mogla odobravati udaju svoje šurjakinje, princeze Marije, za francuskoga kralja Luja XII., Katarina Aragonska je prisustvovala banketu koji je održan poslije obreda vjenčanja (putem zastupnika) u Greenwichu u kolovozu 1514. godine. Nakon toga je jahala s dvorom do Dovera, kako bi pozdravila Mariju kojoj je bila naklonjena.

"Brak iz strasti" Luja XII. i Marije Tudor trajao je manje od tri mjeseca. Izmučen od vođenja ljubavi sa svojom prelijepom, lakomislenom nevjestom, sredovječni Luj umro je iscrpljen na početku siječnja 1515., na Marijino veliko olakšanje.

Naslijedio ga je dalji rođak, Franjo, bio je samo tri godine mlađi od Henrika VIII. Neuspješno je pokušao zavesti kraljicu Mariju tijekom njezina kratkog udovištva.

Vojvotkinja od Suffolka

Novog francuskog kralja pretekao je Charles Brandon, novoimenovani vojvoda od Suffolka kojeg je Henrik poslao da vrati njegovu sestru Mariju natrag u Englesku. Kralj to nije znao, ali Marija je dugo i potajno voljela Brandona, pa je njegov dolazak u Pariz imao kataklizmički učinak. Više nije htjela da joj dogovaraju brakove, rekla mu je, i preklinjala ga da je on uzme za svoju ženu. Tako ga je snažno pritisnula da je Brandon naposljetku kapitulirao i potajno se oženio njome.

Brandon je odmah poslao pismo kardinalu Thomasu Wolseyju rekavši mu da se oženio Marijom "iz iskrenih pobuda i uz njezin pristanak". Kad je kralj za to čuo, pobjesnio je. Toliko se razljutio da je htio ubiti Brandona. Zahvaljujući Wolseyjevoj intervenciji i prijedlogu da se Brandona ukori visokom novčanom kaznom, Henrik mu je oprostio i dopustio povratak u Englesku gdje je organizirao njihovo javno vjenčanje u Greenwichu.

Poslije vjenčanja par se povukao u provinciju, donekle skromnom životu, u kojem je Marija rodila troje djece, od kojih će jedno, Frances Brandon, biti majka gospe Jane Grey.

Izvori

Engleski vladari
Kraljice

Marija Tudor, kraljica Francuske


Santa Ana del Táchira este un oraș în statul Táchira din Venezuela, cu peste 36.925 locuitori, fondat în 1860.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Lista orașelor din Venezuela

Santa Ana del Táchira
Fondări în 1860

Santa Ana del Táchira


مدينة هيغاشيكورومه   هي مدينة تقع في طوكيو، اليابان.

في عام 2003، وصل التعداد السكاني للمدينة إلى 113,809 نسمة والكثافة السكانية 8,808.75 نسمة في الكيلومتر مربع، والمساحة الإجمالية 12.92 كم مربع. تم تأسيس المدينة في الأول من أكتوبر 1970.

أعلام

 هيكيرو شينا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع مدينة هيغاشيكورومه باللغة اليابانية

هيغاشيكورومه (طوكيو)
مدن طوكيو

هيغاشيكورومه (طوكيو)


Alexandru Pop (n. 1877, Băsești, comitatul Maramureș, Regatul Ungariei – d. 1929, Cehu Silvaniei, Regatul României) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
A fost doctor în drept. Ca avocat a îndeplinit mai multe funcții : director de bancă, membru în consiliul baroului avocaților și curatorul bisericii române unite din Băsești.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, Editura Academiei Române, 2005. (ISBN 973-27-1258-9)
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003. (ISBN 973-8141-90-7)
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Cluj Napoca, 1998. (ISBN 973-0007-24-1)

Legături externe
 Centenarul Marii Uniri: Au fost și la Alba Iulia
 Adunarea de la Alba Iulia, organ reprezentativ și democratic al poporului român din Transilvania
 Centenar 100. Marii oameni politici ai României

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1877
Decese în 1929
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Avocați români
Maramureșeni
Români din Austro-Ungaria
Români greco-catolici

Alexandru Pop (avocat)


La U.S. Route 180 o Ruta Federal 180 (abreviada US 180) es una autopista federal ubicada en el estado de Arizona. La autopista inicia en el sur desde la  hacia el norte en la . La autopista tiene una longitud de 469,9 km (292 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras interestatales, y el resto de rutas federales, la U.S. Route 180 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Arizona por sus siglas en inglés ADOT.

Cruces
La U.S. Route 180 es atravesada principalmente por la .

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del ADOT
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas federales}
 Lista de Autopistas por estado en AARoads.com

Carreteras federales de Arizona

U.S. Route 180 (Arizona)


Rodolfo Paolo Suárez Díaz (Montevideo, 6 de mayo de 1980) es un exfutbolista uruguayo, nacionalizado salvadoreño desde 2011. Jugó como delantero en el Asociación Deportiva Isidro Metapán de la Primera División de El Salvador.

Trayectoria
Inició su carrera en el fútbol en la Escuela Urrutia, y posteriormente ingresó a las categorías inferiores del Club Atlético Basáñez, equipo con el que debutó de manera profesional en 1997. El año 2001 formó parte de las filas del Maldonado, pero retornó al Atlético Basañez el 2002.

El 2003 se trasladó a Colombia y jugó para el Santa Fe Corporación Deportiva. Tras retornar por tercera ocasión a Basañez, el año 2005 se trasladó a la Primera División de El Salvador, donde jugó para el Isidro Metapán los Torneos Apertura 2005, y  Clausura 2006. Posteriormente, estuvo un breve período con el FAS, pero retornó a Isidro Metapán el Apertura 2007.

Con el equipo metapaneco conquistó los títulos de campeón en los torneos Clausura 2007, Apertura 2008, Clausura 2009, Clausura 2010, Apertura 2010, Apertura 2011 y Apertura 2012. También el 2010 fue elegido como "Jugador del año" por El Diario de Hoy. El 9 de abril de 2011, alcanzó la cifra de 200 juegos en la liga mayor salvadoreña.

Suárez acabó su segundo periodo con el Isidro Metapán el 21 de enero de 2013, cuando firmó con el CSD Comunicaciones de Guatemala, para jugar en el  Torneo Clausura de ese año. En este certamen acabó campeón con el cuadro «crema», y colaboró con una anotación en el primer juego de la serie final contra Heredia Jaguares. Volvió a repetir el título el Torneo Apertura 2013, y nuevamente anotó contra Heredia Jaguares en el segundo juego a favor de los «merengues» de 3-1.

A nivel internacional ha participado en la Concacaf Liga Campeones, en las ediciones 2008-09, 2010-11, 2011-12 (4 goles), y 2013-14 (3 goles).

Vida privada
Es el mayor de los cuatro hermanos Suárez, que se dedican al fútbol. Le siguen Luis Suárez, del Club Nacional de Football de la Primera División de Uruguay de Uruguay. Maximiliano Suárez, delantero del Universidad O&M FC de la Liga Dominicana de Fútbol, y Diego Suárez del Club Oriental de Football de Uruguay.

Su cuenta de Twitter es @psuarez80, donde cuenta con más de 30 mil usuarios.

El 3 de noviembre de 2011 obtuvo la nacionalidad salvadoreña por decreto de la Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador.

Clubes

Palmarés

Trofeos nacionales

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Fifa.com: La extraordinaria historia de los Suárez

Hermanos futbolistas
Futbolistas de Uruguay
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Basáñez

Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Maldonado
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo FAS
Futbolistas de la Asociación Deportiva Isidro Metapán
Nacidos en Montevideo

Futbolistas del Independiente Santa Fe
Futbolistas nacionalizados en El Salvador

Paolo Suárez


Eskalonijevke (Escalloniaceae), jedina biljna porodica u redu Escalloniales, koja je ime dobila po rodu listopadnog i vazdazelenoig grmlja i drveća eskalonija (Escallonia). Pripada joj 7 rodova s nekih 120 do 130 vrsta.

Dva roda, Tribeles, iz porodice Tribelaceae, i Eremosyne iz porodice Eremosynaceae, također su po APG II sustavu priključena ovoj porodici, a ona sama vlastitom redu Escalloniales, čiji je jedini predstavnik.

Rodovi
 Genus Anopterus Labill.
 Genus Eremosyne  Endl.
 Genus Escallonia Mutis ex L.f.
 Genus Forgesia  Comm. ex Juss.
 Genus Polyosma Blume
 Genus Tribeles Phil.
 Genus Valdivia Remy
Unutar ovog reda nijedna vrsta nije ugrožena, a 4 roda su monotipično, te četiri vrste su Valdivia gayana iz Čilea, Tribeles australis iz Argentine i Čilea, Forgesia racemosa s otoka Réunion i Eremosyne pectinata iz Australije.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Asteranae
Biljni redovi
Biljne porodice

Eskalonijevke


Bockschmiede ist ein Ortsteil von Döschnitz im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Die Bockschmiede liegt an der Landesstraße 2382, die von Sitzendorf kommend zur Bundesstraße 281 bei Reichmannsdorf führt, in einem Hochflächental, welches nach Süden vom Wald flankiert ist.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
In dem Dörfchen Bockschmiede betreibt man Landhandel mit regionalen Spezialitäten. Außerdem widmen sich die Einwohner dem Tourismus. Sie bieten Ferienwohnungen und Unterkünfte an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Döschnitz

Bockschmiede


Planococcus citri, communément appelé la Cochenille des agrumes ou Cochenille blanche de l'oranger, est une espèce de cochenilles farineuses originaire d'Asie. Elle a été introduite dans le reste du monde (notamment en Europe, dans les Amériques et en Océanie), où c'est un insecte ravageur. Elle est associée aux agrumes, mais peut attaquer un large éventail de plantes cultivées, de plantes ornementales et d'espèces sauvages.

Description
Comme les autres cochenilles, Planococcus citri est sexuellement dimorphe. La femelle adulte fait environ  de long, avec un corps blanc, brunâtre ou rose recouvert de cire blanche. Les bords de son corps sont tapissés de filaments cireux. Elle a une ligne longitudinale gris clair le long du dos. Ses pattes et ses antennes sont brunes. Elle n'a pas d'ailes et ressemble à une nymphe. Le mâle adulte est légèrement plus grand, avec de longs filaments de cire sur l'extrémité postérieure du corps et des ailes fonctionnelles. En vol, le mâle ressemble à un moucheron.

La femelle dépose des masses d'œufs sur les plantes. Ces masses, appelées ovisacs, sont recouvertes de couches pelucheuses et cotonneuses de filaments de cire. L'ovisac peut contenir jusqu'à 20 œufs roses ou ambrés, chacun d'environ  de long. La nymphe du premier stade est jaunâtre avec des yeux rouges et une couche de cire. Elle est active et grégaire. La nymphe femelle ressemble à la femelle adulte, tandis que la nymphe mâle est plus longue et plus étroite. Au cours de son développement, la nymphe femelle traverse plus de stades que le mâle, et le mâle connait un stade pré-nymphal. Le mâle construit un cocon cotonneux pour sa nymphose, contrairement à la femelle.

Planococcus citri ressemble beaucoup à la Cochenille de la vigne () ; les deux espèces se distinguent principalement par la disposition des pores et des conduits tubulaires sur le corps minuscule de la femelle. Cette similitude peut poser problème en agriculture, notamment en lutte biologique : une analyse moléculaire est recommandée pour confirmer l'identité de l'espèce de cochenille afin qu'un parasitoïde approprié puisse être utilisé.

Taxonomie
Planococcus citri a été décrit pour la première fois en 1813 par le naturaliste niçois Antoine Risso. Elle appartient à la famille des cochenilles farineuses (Pseudococcidae, superfamille des Coccoidea, ordre des Hémiptères).

Biologie

La longévité des adultes dépend de la température ; les femelles vivent plusieurs semaines et les mâles moins de trois jours à l'état adulte. Les mâles ne se nourrissent pas durant cette période. Ils prennent leur envol avec leur paire d'ailes unique et cherchent les femelles. La femelle passe sa vie à se nourrir et à produire des œufs. La plupart des autres aspects du cycle de vie dépendent également de la température, notamment la mortalité des œufs, la mortalité des nymphes, la vitesse de développement, le sex-ratio, la fécondité et la durée de la période de ponte.

Lors de l'accouplement, Planococcus citri est connu pour se livrer à un « triple coït » ; une femelle peut s'accoupler avec deux mâles en même temps, et un troisième mâle peut au moins tenter de se joindre au processus. Les mâles passent un ou deux jours de leur vie adulte à s'accoupler, avec environ neuf femelles en moyenne (record observé de 23 femelles).

Il y a généralement plusieurs générations par an. La cochenille est plus commune au printemps et en été, ses populations fluctuant en fonction de la température et des plantes hôtes disponibles. Dans les plantations d'agrumes de Floride, l'abondance maximale est notée au début de l'été. Les cochenilles infestant les plantes dans les conditions constantes des serres ont des populations stables et se reproduisant régulièrement toute l'année.

Toutes les espèces de cochenilles étudiées jusqu'à présent ont des endosymbiotes : des bactéries symbiotiques qui vivent à l'intérieur de leur corps et synthétisent des composés utiles tels que des acides aminés que l'insecte peut utiliser. La plupart des cochenilles examinées contiennent la bêtaprotéobactérie Tremblaya princeps (Candidatus Tremblaya princeps). D'autres taxons bactériens ont également été trouvés récemment chez elles : ses résidents T. princeps contiennent leurs propres endosymbiotes, la gammaprotéobactérie Moranella endobia (Candidatus Moranella endobia ). Cette disposition emboîtée « en matriochka » d'une bactérie à l'intérieur d'une bactérie à l'intérieur d'un insecte a été comparée à la structure d'une cellule. T. princeps n'a pratiquement aucune fonction métabolique à l'exception de la production d'acides aminés, ayant perdu les gènes de la plupart des autres fonctions vitales. Elle dépend de M. endobia pour son énergie et est même incapable de se reproduire sans elle. T. princeps a attiré l'attention lorsque l'analyse génétique a révélé qu'elle possédait le plus petit génome de toutes les bactéries étudiées jusqu'à présent. À 139 kilo-paires de bases, elle ne possède que 120 gènes environ, ce qui explique pourquoi elle ne peut pas fonctionner sans son endosymbionte.

Impacts
Planococcus citri peut vivre « sur presque toutes les plantes à fleurs ». Elle est considérée comme un ravageur des agrumes, avec une préférence pour le pamplemousse, mais elle a été trouvée sur des plantes de près de 70 familles. On la trouve sur les fruits, les légumes et d'autres cultures vivrières, notamment l'ananas, la pomme cannelle, la noix de coco, le melon musqué, l'igname, les figues, la fraise, la patate douce, les mangues, les bananes, l'avocat, le palmier dattier, la goyave, la grenade, la poire, la pomme, l'aubergine, le cacaoyer et le soja. Elle infeste les plantes ornementales, y compris les plantes d'intérieur, et est courante dans les serres. On le trouve sur Amaryllis, Begonia, Bougainvillea, Canna, Cyclamen, Impatiens, Narcissus, Nicotiana, sur les cactus, les coléus, les crotons, carex, dahlias, euphorbes, gardénias, roses et tulipes.

Les femelles adultes et les nymphes sucent la sève des plantes avec leurs pièces buccales perçantes. Cela entraîne des dommages sous forme de flétrissement et de chlorose du feuillage, de chute des feuilles, de retard de croissance et parfois de mort de la plante. Les fruits tels que les oranges deviennent grumeleux et décolorés lorsque l'insecte s'en nourrit, et ils peuvent tomber de l'arbre. Les insectes emballés avec les fruits récoltés continuent de se nourrir, augmentant encore les pertes pendant le transport. La cochenille sécrète un miellat qui enrobe les feuilles et les fruits et provoque le développement de la fumagine. Une couche de moisissure peut réduire la capacité des feuilles à effectuer la photosynthèse et rendre les fruits non commercialisables. Planococcus citri est également un vecteur de virus végétaux.

Gestion
En agriculture, ces cochenilles peuvent être contrôlé avec des méthodes de contrôle culturales, biologiques et chimiques. Tailler les arbres du verger pour qu'ils ne se touchent pas peut aider à ralentir leur propagation. Le nettoyage du matériel agricole et des autres objets utilisés sur le terrain peut aider à empêcher leur transport. Peu d'insecticides sont connus pour être très efficaces contre elles, car elles peuvent se cacher et éviter les pulvérisations, leurs couches de cire résistent à certains produits chimiques et leurs générations qui se chevauchent empêchent un contrôle complet.

Le traitement insecticide a deux problèmes majeurs : P. citri a développé une résistance à certains d'entre eux, et le contrôle de ses populations dépend fortement de ses ennemis naturels, dont le nombre est réduit ou réduit à néant par les insecticides en question. Le  chlorpyrifos est couramment utilisé, mais en Tunisie, un degré élevé de résistance s'est développé, probablement en raison d'un usage répétitif. Pour tenter de prévenir cette résistance, la Californie n'utilise couramment le chlorpyrifos que pendant la dormance de P. citri ou comme traitement post-récolte. (Les vignobles californiens ayant un climat similaire à celui de la Tunisie, ils craignent de subir un sort similaire.))

Il existe une grande variété d'ennemis naturels. Une enquête en Égypte a noté douze espèces de guêpes parasitoïdes sur la cochenille des agrumes. Elle a également enregistré neuf insectes prédateurs, dont des coccinelles, des papillons de nuit, une cécidomyie et une chrysope verte.

Les agents de lutte biologique comprennent un certain nombre de guêpes parasitoïdes qui attaquent les nymphes, notamment Leptomastidea abnormis, Leptomastix dactylopii, Chrysoplatycerus splendens et Anagyrus pseudococci. Les prédateurs comprennent la chrysope brune , la chrysope verte Chrysopa lateralis, les larves de syrphes et la larve de la pyrale . La coccinelle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri attaque aussi volontiers la cochenille des agrumes.

Une autre option est un piège collant appâté avec la phéromone sexuelle de l'espèce pour capturer les mâles. La phéromone a été isolée et synthétisée et est disponible dans le commerce.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Insecte décrit en 1813
Ravageur des agrumes
Insecte ravageur
Pseudococcidae

Planococcus citri


Magali Dançarina faz referência ao vídeo viral e personagem de uma artista de rua brasileira de nome Tassia Gomes que, no ano de 2011, viralizou após ser filmada dançando e distribuindo panfletos em frente a um comércio no Largo da Carioca, acumulado milhões de visualizações. À época, Tassia se apresentava trajando uma fantasia da Magali, personagem da Turma da Mônica, o que lhe rendeu ainda o apelido de Magali do Largo da Carioca. Tássia Nascimento Gomes era ainda vocalista de uma banda de rock, intitulada  "Toxina 13" e suas danças tinham como inspiração ícones da música pop, como Beyoncé e Michael Jackson. Após a viralização do vídeo, o site e banco de dados Know Your Meme registrou o episódio como "Magali California Dreaming", uma vez que o vídeo tinha como trilha um remix California Dreamin feito por Benny Benassi em 2004.

Repercussão
Tássia Gomes chegou a receber propostas de entrevistas para programas televisivos como o Fantástico, o Programa da Eliana e programas da MTV Brasil. Contudo, após um pronunciamento do próprio Mauricio de Sousa, criador da Turma da Mônica, as coisas começaram a mudar, especialmente quando Mauricio de Sousa a acusou de usar indevidamente a imagem da Magali. Mauricio disse posteriormente, no entanto, que não pretendia processar a loja.

O trabalho de Tássia à época, então com 25 anos de idade, rendia cerca de R$ 80 diários por uma jornada de cinco horas, dançando sem parar. Dos estabelecimentos comerciais, partia para festas infantis, a fim de complementar a renda.

Artistas de rua
Turma da Mônica
Largo da Carioca
2011 no Rio de Janeiro
Vídeos virais do Brasil

Magali Dançarina


Lisa Kelly puede referirse a las siguientes personas:
Lisa Robin Kelly (1970), actriz estadounidense;
Lisa Ann Kelly (1977), cantante irlandesa integrante de la banda Celtic Woman;
Lisa Kelly (1980), camionera participante en el programa de televisión Ice Road Truckers.

Lisa Kelly


Richland Hills station is a Trinity Railway Express commuter rail station in Richland Hills, Texas. It is located near Handley-Ederville Road and SH 121 and opened on September 16, 2000. The parking lot at the station was expanded in 2011.

As a result of Richland Hills residents voting to withdraw from Trinity Metro on November 8, 2016, Richland Hills station is set to be replaced by the new Trinity Lakes station currently under construction. Richland Hills station will close once Trinity Lakes station opens.

References

External links

 TRE - Richland Hills Station
 Transit-Oriented Development

Trinity Railway Express stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2000
Railway stations in Tarrant County, Texas

Richland Hills station


Carlos Alberto de Oliveira (født 23. maj 1972) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Carlos Alberto de Oliveira


Someries Castle (eller Summeries castle) er et Scheduled Ancient Monument i sognet Hyde ved byen Luton i Bedfordshire i England. Den blev bygget i 1400-tallet af sir John Wenlock, hvis spøgelse stadig skulle hjemsøge borgen. Selv om den altid omtales som en borg,  er den egentlig en befæstet herregård.

Navnet "Someries Castle" er afledt af William de Someries (eller Somerys), der boede på stedet. Wenlock købte stedet i 1430 og påbegyndte opførelsen af en herregård. Huset er unikt, da det er et af de første murstenbygninger i England. Huset blev ikke færdiggjort af Wenlock og blev delvist nedrevet i 1700-tallet. Portbygningen er delvis bevaret, og her findes rester af de oprindelige mursten i kapel og portnerbolig.

Rester af den oprindelige herregård og/eller tidligere normanniske fæstning kan ses som jordvolde omkring grunden. Sten fra herregården blev brugt til at opføre gårdbygningerne i 1600-tallet.

I februar 2007 blev ruinen lukket for offentligheden for at renovere den og gøre den sikker. Et stillads ødelagde en mindre del af de oprindelige mure. Ruinen blev genåbnet i 2008.

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Slotte i Bedfordshire
Borgruiner i Storbritannien

Someries Castle


Cosmetology (from Greek , kosmētikos, "beautifying"; and , -logia) is the study and application of beauty treatment. Branches of specialty include hairstyling, skin care, cosmetics, manicures/pedicures, non-permanent hair removal such as waxing and sugaring, and permanent hair removal processes such as electrology and intense pulsed light (IPL).

In the United States as of 2018, an occupational license is required in all states to be a cosmetologist, with the average cost of a certificate from a for-profit school being $17,000 and 1,500 required hours (ten times the hours required for an EMT) with cosmetologists making a median wage of $25,000.

Cosmetology specialties

Cosmetologist

Cosmetologists are trained and licensed to perform cosmetic treatments to the hair, skin, and nails. This can be expanded into multiple parts including cutting and chemically treating hair, chemical hair removal, fashion trends, wigs, nails and skin care, skin and hair analysis; relaxation techniques including head, neck, scalp, hand and feet basic massage and aroma therapies; plus ability to expertly apply makeup applications to cover up dark spots or promote and can expand into further specialties such as reflexology; theatrical applications; cosmetics and others as listed below.

Hair color specialist
A hair color specialist, or hair colorist, specializes in the modification of natural hair color utilizing various application methods while using a colorant product from a professional company. In the US, some colorists are qualified through the American Board of Certified Hair Colorists. This designation is used to recognize colorists that have a greater level of competency in the industry through a written exam and a practical exam. A hair color specialist's duties might include, but are not limited to, basic color applications, like covering grey, and lightening or darkening natural hair color. A color specialist is also able to perform corrective color applications and create special effects using foiling techniques or any other advanced color application methods.

Shampoo technician
A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. This is generally an apprentice position and a first step for many just out of cosmetology school.

Aesthetician
Aestheticians are licensed professionals who are experts in maintaining and improving skin. An aesthetician's general scope of practice is limited to the epidermis (the outer layer of skin). Aestheticians work in many different environments such as salons, medi-spas, day spas, skin care clinics, and private practices. Aestheticians may also specialize in treatments such as microdermabrasion,   microcurrent (also known as non-surgical "face lifts"), cosmetic electrotherapy treatments (galvanic current, high frequency), LED (light-emitting diode) treatments, ultrasound/ultrasonic (low level), and mechanical massage (vacuum and G8 muscle vibrating).

An aesthetician may undergo special training for treatments such as laser hair removal, permanent makeup application, light chemical peels, eyelash extensions, microblading, and electrology. In the US, aestheticians must be licensed in the state in which they are working and are governed by the cosmetology board requirements of that state. Aestheticians must complete a minimum 260–1500 hours of training and pass both a written and hands-on exam in order to be licensed in a given state. Utah, Virginia and Washington are the only states at this time to adopt the Master Esthetician License. Additional post graduate training is sometimes required when specializing in areas such as medical esthetics (working in a doctor's office). Aestheticians work under a dermatologist's supervision only when employed by the dermatologist's practice. Aestheticians treat a wide variety of skin issues that are cosmetic in nature, such as mild acne, hyperpigmentation, and aging skin; therefore, clients with skin disease and disorders are referred to a dermatologist or other medical professional. Aestheticians are also referred to as beauticians within North America.

Occupational hazards
Many chemicals in salon products pose potential health risks. Examples of hazardous chemicals found in common treatments (e.g. hair coloring, straightening, perms, relaxers, keratin treatments, Brazilian Blowouts, and nail treatments) include dibutyl phthalate, formaldehyde, lye (sodium hydroxide), ammonia, and coal tar. Allergies and dermatitis have forced approximately 20% of hairdressers to stop practicing their profession.

In the beauty and cosmetology industries, some of the products used in hair dyes and nail applications contain chemicals that have been shown to have adverse health effects for cosmetologists. A chemical combination known as the toxic trio is often part of the ingredient list in nail polish, hair dyes, and nail polish removers. The toxic trio consists of formaldehyde, toluene and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). DBP is commonly found in nail polish and is used as a binder to increase the amount of time that the polish stays on the nail. Toluene is an industrial solvent and is usually in nail polish removers. Formaldehyde can be found in a variety of beauty products but is generally found in hair straightening products and hair dyes as well as in some nail polishes. Each chemical member of the toxic trio has independently been found to have adverse reproductive effects in humans, so there concern that the presence of all three chemicals in cosmetologist supplies could pose a detrimental health risk for cosmetologists.

Demographics of the cosmetology industry
As a profession, cosmetology is predominantly female, most of whom are of reproductive age. There are more than one million women registered and licensed as cosmetologists in the United States and roughly several million more work as hair stylists. Among cosmetologists, hairdressers and nail technicians make up a large part of the working population. Many cosmetologists begin their careers before reproductive age and before family planning, which may put them at higher risk for reproductive health effects from exposure to workplace cosmetology chemicals.

In the United States the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for public safety regarding cosmetic products and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulates these products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) utilizes an "Expert Panel" to review available data on cosmetic ingredients and determine whether or not chemical ingredients in cosmetic products are safe to use considering how they are currently utilized. However, this protocol is only helpful if applied to all cosmetology workplaces in the United States.

An investigation carried out by the Environmental Working Group revealed only 11% of more than 10,000 cosmetic ingredients documented by the FDA were evaluated in a CIR review. Research studies have shown that although "toxicological considerations play an increasingly significant role in product formulation; reproductive risks are not typically taken into account. It is also known that, "more than 9,000 chemicals are found in cosmetic products". Hairdressers use a wide range of products containing chemicals. "Hair dyes represent the largest segment of chemical products in the hair market today. As such, they are the main source of chemical exposure among hairdressers".

Chemical exposures

Toluene
Toluene is a clear, water insoluble liquid with a distinct and pungent smell, similar to paint thinners.  Toluene is found in cosmetic products such as nail polish, nail glue, and hair dyes and is widely used as an industrial solvent and is used to make fingernail polishes, lacquers, adhesives, rubber, and paint thinners. It is used in the production of benzene, gasoline, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane. Toluene can be found on cosmetic labels under the names, benzene, toluol, phenylmethane, and methylbenzene.

Toluene enters the environment when materials like fingernail polish, paints, paint thinners, and adhesives are used. It rapidly mixes with the air and individuals who work with paint, lacquer, or dyes have greater exposures to toluene via dermal and respiratory routes. Toluene inhalation during pregnancy has led to neonatal effects, including intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery, congenital malformations, and postnatal developmental retardation.

Dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a manufactured chemical used as a plasticizer. It is used to make plastics more flexible and can be found in paints, glue, insect repellents, hair spray, nail polish, and rocket fuel. Due to its flexibility and film forming properties, it is an ideal ingredient in cosmetics and cosmetology products. DBP is mainly used in nail products as a solvent for dyes and as a plasticizer that prevents nail polishes from becoming brittle, but is also used in hair sprays, to help avoid stiffness by allowing them to form a flexible film on the hair.

Dibutyl phthalate has been linked to reproductive issues in humans if the mother is exposed while pregnant and has been banned for use by the European Union and certain phthalate esters have been shown to cause reproductive toxicity in animal models.

Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong smelling liquid that is highly volatile, making exposure to both workers and clients potentially unhealthy. Both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) classify formaldehyde as a human carcinogen. Formaldehyde has been linked to nasal and lung cancer, with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia.

Growing evidence reveals that various popular hair-smoothing treatments contain formaldehyde and release formaldehyde as a gas. Formaldehyde is a common ingredient in Brazilian blowouts, Cadiveu, and Keratin Complete Smoothing Therapies. Four laboratories in California, Oregon, and Canada, confirmed a popular hair straightening treatment, the Brazilian Blowout, contained between 4% and 12% formaldehyde. Oregon OSHA demonstrated that other keratin-based hair smoothing products also contain formaldehyde, with concentrations from 1% to 7%.

Formaldehyde may be present in hair smoothing solutions or as a vapor in the air. Stylists and clients may inhale formaldehyde as a gas or a vapor into the lungs and respiratory tract. Formaldehyde vapor can also make contact with mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or throat. Formaldehyde solutions may be absorbed through the skin during the application process of liquid hair straighteners. Solutions of formaldehyde can release formaldehyde gas at room temperature and heating such solutions can speed up this process. Exposure often occurs when heat is applied to the treatment, via blow drying and flat ironing.

Stylists and clients have reported acute health problems while using or after using certain hair smoothing treatments containing formaldehyde. Reported problems include nose-bleeds, burning eyes and throat, skin irritation and asthma attacks. Other symptoms related to formaldehyde exposure include watery eyes; runny nose; burning sensation or irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat; dry and sore throat; respiratory tract irritation; coughing; chest pain; shortness of breath; wheezing; loss of sense of smell; headaches; and fatigue.

Reproductive health and birth defects of the toxic trio
The presence of Formaldehyde, phthalates, and toluene (the toxic trio) in the work environment play a role in the risk of reproductive health effects for cosmetologists. Studies shows that there is a significant increase in premature birth and an increased risk of pregnancy disorders when hairdressers were compared to a referent group of teachers and salesclerks where the only occupational difference were exposure to the toxic trio. Hairdressers and cosmetologists have a slightly increased risk of having an infant with small gestational age. Reproductive disorders in relation to low birth weight were examined and found an increased risk of having infant with low birth weight; three of these studies showed a significant increase.

Case studies on toluene exposures have found increased incidences of urogenital, gastrointestinal, and cardiac anomalies among children of mothers who were exposed to organic solvents, such as toluene. Associations were found between pregnant women who inhaled Formaldehyd, phthalates, and toluene and adverse reproductive outcomes such as intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery. Hairdressers report premature ovarian failure five times more frequently than women in non-cosmetologist occupations.

Regulation of cosmetics in the U.S.
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) defines cosmetics as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body…for cleansing, beautifying promoting attractiveness, or altering appearance". Products such as nail polish, hair coloring, straightening formulas, and shampoos fall under this definition of cosmetics. In the U.S., the FDA does not mandate premarket approval for cosmetic ingredients or products, with the exception of color. Additionally, the FDA is not legally responsible for cosmetic product or ingredient safety and does not have the authority to require manufactures to submit their safety data to the FDA. Instead, the cosmetic manufacturer is legally responsible for correctly labeling and producing their products with safe ingredients. U.S. cosmetic companies are also not required to register their product or ingredients with the FDA as registration is purely voluntary. The FDA cannot legally order a recall of cosmetic products in the U.S. even if they have been shown to have poor health outcomes. A product recall relies on the cosmetic manufacturer and is therefore completely voluntary.

In contrast, the European Union requires cosmetic products to undergo premarket safety testing and requires mandatory cosmetology product and ingredient registration. In general, the European Union approaches cosmetics and their production under the precautionary principle. The EU has banned 1,328 chemicals from use in cosmetics and does not permit animal testing for cosmetics.

OSHA requirements regarding formaldehyde
OSHA requires manufacturers, importers, and distributors to identify formaldehyde on any product that contains more than 0.1% formaldehyde (as a gas or in a solution), or if the product can release formaldehyde at concentrations greater than 0.1 parts per million (ppm).  Safety data sheets (SDS) must also accompany the product and kept on premises with the product at all times. The SDS must explain why a chemical in the product is hazardous, how it is harmful, how workers can protect themselves, and what they should do in an emergency.

Salon owners and stylists are advised to look closely at the hair smoothing products they use (read product labels and SDS sheets) to see if they contain methylene glycol, formalin, methylene oxide, paraform, formic aldehyde, methanal, oxomethane, oxymethylene, or CAS Number 50-00-0. According to OSHA's Formaldehyde standard, a product containing any of these names should be treated as a product containing formaldehyde. OSHA's Hazard Communication standard (Right to Know) states that salon owners and other employers' must have a SDS for products containing hazardous chemicals. If salon owners or other employers decide to use products that contain or release formaldehyde they are required to follow the guidelines in OSHA's Formaldehyde standard.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), is responsible for inspections of worker health and safety. It is estimated 375,000 nail technicians work in nail salons in the United States. Yet in 2005, OSHA inspected only 18 nail salons because businesses are exempt from inspection if they have 10 employees or less. According to the Asian American Resource Workshop, Vietnamese nail salon workers hold 40% of nail technician licenses in the United States. "It's long hours, low hourly pay, and fierce competition from every corner of the block" and with such fierce competition between businesses, salaries are reduced even further. As a result, a majority of these immigrants are subject to low socioeconomic status; which subsequently reduces opportunity to be educated about the occupational chemicals they are exposed to in the workplace and reduces opportunity to seek health care if adverse health effects are experienced from chemical exposure.

Cosmetology careers

In the United States, whether planning to study cosmetology or specialize in a specific area, each state has different requirements that must be fulfilled before obtaining a license.

For example, the State of Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulations requires each candidate to complete their hours through a licensed cosmetology school program where new skills are taught and learned such as hair coloring, styling, hair cutting and the usage of hazardous chemicals. After completing the minimum hours to obtain a state license, an online examination is required and is submitted via mail with other supported documentation. Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the median salary for a licensed cosmetologist is $28,770 as of May 2015. Illinois Metropolitan Division Areas, Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights has one of the highest employment rates with an annual rate of $27,750. Being a licensed cosmetologist opens the door to becoming self-employed and working at high-end salons. As a licensed cosmetologist, each has the option to choose which salon fits best to work in but a self-employed salon will bring more income as long as having the right business plan for it to succeed. Each candidate registering for a salon has to obtain a certificate of registration and present all required paperwork with the FEIN, Federal employer identification number to Illinois Department of Labor.

However, according to The New York Times, cosmetology schools are expensive and train students for low-paid jobs that do not allow students to pay back the debt. Iowa has the strictest requirements for a cosmetology degree: 2,100 hours of instruction. The Times interviewed over twenty former students. One typical student paid $21,000 for tuition and supplies at the Iowa School of Beauty. After getting her license in 2005, she was hired at a local Great Clips, at $9 an hour. Thirteen years after graduating, she owes more than $8,000 on her loans. In contrast, an Iowa emergency medical technician certification at a community college requires only 132 hours, according to the Times. Iowa is particularly expensive, but for-profit beauty schools across the U.S. charge an average of $17,000 for a cosmetology certificate.

Community colleges would be cheaper, but when Iowa Central Community College applied to the state cosmetology board in 2004 to start a program, the Iowa Cosmetology School Association and La' James International College sued, arguing that the state code prohibits public entities from competing with private entities. The community college agreed not to give certificate programs. According to The Times, the cosmetology schools have prevented efforts to lower the number of hours required for a certificate.

In the United Kingdom, Typically there are two routes to training in cosmetology. An NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) is a backbone qualification designed for those starting out in the industry. Short courses are bolt-on courses that specialise into further fields of cosmetology. Both of these options allow a qualified beautician to gain public liability insurance cover.

Similarly, in India, there are many beauty and wellness training academies that provide a foundation and advanced courses in cosmetology. On graduating, students in India can work as professional cosmetologists in cosmetology schools, spas and wellness centres, beauty parlours, skin clinics, cosmetic companies, film and fashion industry, or as independent cosmetologists.

Notable cosmetologists

References

External links

 Historical works on cosmetology digitized by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris)

Cosmetics
Personal care and service occupations

Cosmetology


Ludwig Heinrich August Wilhelm "Willy" Lentrodt (* 1864 in Oesdorf, Kreis Pyrmont; † 13. April 1914 in Berlin-Steglitz) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller des späten deutschen Kaiserreichs.

Leben
Willy Lentrodt war der Sohn des Fürstlichen Rates Wilhelm Lentrodt (1838–1921), Rentmeister im Hospital Flechtdorf und Waldeckscher Landtagsabgeordneter, und der Emilie Pehlig. Sein Bruder Hans Lentrodt (1869–1946) war Zahnarzt in München.

In den 1890er Jahren war Lentrodt als Fürstlich Waldeckscher Hofbibliothekar in Arolsen tätig, ging dann nach Berlin und arbeitete 1896/97 als Kunstkritiker der kurzlebigen Tageszeitung Berliner Reform. Im Juni 1897 gründete er gemeinsam mit Wilhelm Schwaner, Moritz von Egidy und anderen die zweiwöchentliche Zeitschrift Der Volkserzieher. Blatt für Familie, Schule und öffentliches Leben. Später war Lentrodt Lektor und Gutachter im S. Fischer Verlag und schrieb für die Tageszeitung Der Tag aus dem Scherl-Verlag.

Als Schriftsteller schrieb vor allem Novellen, Gedichte und Aufsätze. Sein wohl bekanntestes Werk ist die erst nach seinem Tod 1914 beim S. Fischer Verlag erschienene Aufsatzsammlung Das doppelte Gesicht der Gegenwart. Oskar Loerke bezeichnete die Aufsatzsammlung in einer Rezension als "Gedächtnis und Beispiel eines vortrefflichen, geordneten Menschen". Laut dem Literaturwissenschaftler Stefan Pegatzky ließe sich Lentrodt lesen als die Beschreibung der unterschiedlichen Wege künstlerischer Nietzsche-Nachfolge und als Symptom für den Umbruch der geistigen Orientierungen um die Jahrhundertwende: Als einem dualistischen Bild der Wende von Schopenhauer zu Nietzsche, von Pessimismus zu Lebensbejahung.

Lentrodt war zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ein Teil des damals berühmten Berliner Bohème-Lebens, das sich in den Vororten Schlachtensee, Friedrichshagen und im West-Berliner Zentrum um das Café des Westens mit Protagonisten wie Peter Hille, Paul Scheerbart, Frank Wedekind, Else Lasker-Schüler und Erich Mühsam sammelte. Mühsam, mit dem er befreundet war, schrieb Jahre später in seinen Unpolitischen Erinnerungen über Lentrodt:

Lentrodt war mit Clara von Occolowitz verheiratet und hatte eine Tochter, die spätere Harfenistin Ursula Lentrodt (1908–2005/2006). Er starb nach längerer Lungenkrankheit und wurde zunächst in Steglitz beigesetzt und später in seine Heimat nach Flechtdorf umgebettet.

Werke
 Heiße Spuren. Großenhain: Baumert, 1893
 Rauschmomente. Gedichte. Dresden: Pierson, 1895.
 Aus Nächten. Gedichte und Sprüche. München: Schupp, 1899.
 Das Christusbild: Eine Abhandlung. Berlin-Schlachtensee: Schwaner, 1908.
 Der Bauer: Eine psychologische Studie. Leipzig: Eckardt, 1909.
 Das doppelte Gesicht der Gegenwart. Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1914. Mit einer Vorrede von Franz Evers

Literatur
 Wilhelm Schwaner: Willy Lentrodt tot. In: Der Volkserzieher 18 (1914), Nr. 9.
 Wilhelm Schwaner: Willy Lentrodt. In: Der Volkserzieher 18 (1914), Nr. 11 (24. Mai 1914), S. 81–84.
 Wilhelm Schwaner, Otto Raack: An Willy Lentrodts Sarge. In: Der Volkserzieher 18 (1914), Nr. 11 (24. Mai 1914), S. 84–85.

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Schriftsteller (Berlin)
Lyrik
Novelle
Literatur (Deutsch)
Deutscher
Geboren 1864
Gestorben 1914
Mann

Wilhelm Lentrodt (Schriftsteller)


An Habenaria thailandica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gunnar Seidenfaden. An Habenaria thailandica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria thailandica


2007 NBA All-Star, her sene olduğu gibi 2007'de de, All-Star (yıldızlar karması) adında, NBA'de oynayan en iyi oyunculardan oluşan iki takımın karşılaşması şeklinde bir gösteri maçı yapıldı. 2007 All-Star, 18 Şubat gecesi Las Vegas'ta yapıldı.

Bu seneki All-Star eksiklerle başladı: Yao Ming, Steve Nash, Allen Iverson, Jason Kidd ve Carlos Boozer gibi yıldızlardan yoksun all-star kadrosunda, Steve Nash'in sakatlık haberi üzerine yerine NBA'de başarılı bir sezon geçiren Türk basketbolcu Mehmet Okur yer aldı. Maç Batının 153-132 üstünlüğü ile bitti. Maçta 31 sayı atan Kobe Bryant maçın MVP'si seçildi.

5 Ağustos 2005'te de olduğu gibi, David J. Stern liderliğindeki NBA, oyunun Nevada eyaletindeki sonuçlarına bahis oynanmasına izin vermedi.

Oyuncular
All-Star, oyuncunun 2007 dahil kaçıncı kez All-Star takımına girdiğini belirtiyor.

Kaynakça

Notlar
Sakatlık yüzünden katılamayacak.
Menajer David Stern tarafından sakat oyuncunun yerine takıma alındı.

NBA All-Star
NBA All-Star
2007'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri

2007 NBA All-Star Maçı


خليج نعمة  هو فيلم مصري من إنتاج 2007، من تأليف أحمد البيه، وإخراج مجدي الهواري.

ملخص الأحداث

تدور أحداث الفيلم حول فرقة غنائية تقرر إقامة حفل في شرم الشيخ ودهب بعد الانفجارات الإرهابية في المنطقة لتشجيع السياحة وقبل إقامة الحفل تعلم الفرقة نية بعض الأشخاص ضرب الحفل وإفساده وبمساعدة بدو المنطقة يتم القبض علي الإرهابيين ليقام الحفل في موعده.

الدعاية الغنائية

في إحدى إعلانات الفيلم، غنى أحمد فهمي ومعه غادة عادل أغنية حلوة يا بلدي التي غنتها المطربة الإيطالية مصرية الأصل داليدا عام 1979م، وذلك تباعًا لأحداث الفيلم حيث ظهر تعلق جنا (أو غادة عادل) في الفيلم بهذه الأغنية.

الشخصيات
 غادة عادل : (جنا)
 أحمد فهمي : (عمر)
 محمود العسيلي : (طارق)
 مي كساب : (زينة)
 إدوارد : (فهد)
 ياسر فرج : (الضابط أحمد)
 عايدة رياض : (رقية)
 راندا البحيري : (روما)
 أحمد راتب : (شيخ جميع)
 باسم ياخور: (شاهر)

روابط خارجية

المصادر

 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام أحمد راتب
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2007
أفلام حمدي السخاوي
أفلام غادة عادل
أفلام عايدة رياض
أفلام مي كساب
أفلام إدوارد
أفلام راندا البحيري
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الإسكندرية

خليج نعمة (فيلم)


Capote, 2005 ABD yapımı biyografik filmdir. Film Gerald Clarke'in biyografi kitabı Capoteden esinlenilmiştir ve Truman Capote ismindeki bir muhabirin hayatını anlatmaktadır.

Konusu
1959 yılında, "The New Yorker" dergisi için muhabirlik yapan yazar Truman Capote'nin dikkatini gazetesindeki bir makale çeker. Yazıda, Kansas eyaletinde işlenen bir cinayet ve aynı aile mensubu dört kişinin öldürülmesi anlatılmaktadır. Capote, daha önce buna benzer çok haber okumuştur ama bu olayda onu çeken bir şey vardır. Derginin yazı işlerini de ikna ederek, olayı araştırmak üzere kendisi gibi dergiye yazan çocukluk arkadaşı Harper Lee ile beraber olayın geçtiği yere doğru yola çıkarlar.

Bu olayın, geçtiği kasaba üzerindeki etkilerinden, görgü tanıklarına ve polis raporlarına dayanarak yazılan öykü, katil zanlıların yakalanması ve ölüm cezasına çarptırılması ile Capote'nin sanıklarla yaptığı görüşmeler ve nihayetinde onlara destek olmak istemesi ile uzadıkça, Amerikan edebiyatının önemli eserlerinden "In Cold Blood" (Soğukkanlılıkla) adlı romanın da temeli oluşur.

Oyuncu kadrosu
 Philip Seymour Hoffman...Truman Capote
 Catherine Keener...Nelle Harper Lee
 Clifton Collins Jr....Perry Smith
 Chris Cooper...Alvin Dewey
 Bob Balaban...William Shawn
 Bruce Greenwood...Jack Dunphy
 Amy Ryan ...Marie Dewey
 Mark Pellegrino... Richard Hickock

Dış bağlantılar
Veri kaynakları

İncelemeler, görüşler
 Allmovie  link
 Arizona Republic  link
 Chicago Reader  link
 Chicago Tribune  link
 Empire  link
 Film critic  link
 Houston Chronicle  link
 Orlando Sentinel  link
 Premiere  link
 Roger Ebert  link
 Rolling Stone  link
 Toronto Star  link
 Capote at Seegest
 ''Lawrence Journal-World (November 28, 2005): "A crime for all time" by Mike Belt
 ''Lawrence Journal-World (December 7, 2005): "Actor portrays KU student in 'Capote'" by J-W Staff Reports
 London Magazine's Entertainment Movie Review
 Capote review
 Capote Mottled review
 Movie stills
 Opening titles designed by Trollbäck + Company

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri biyografik filmleri
Mychael Danna'nin müziğini yaptığı filmler
Konusu Kansas'ta geçen filmler
Kurguda 1950'ler
Kurguda 1960'lar
Yazarlık ile ilgili filmler
Sony Pictures Classics filmleri
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer filmleri
United Artists filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri LGBT temalı filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri polisiye dram filmleri
Gey temalı filmler
2000'lerde polisiye dram filmleri
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2005 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Capote (film)


Bătălia de la Doiran a fost o luptă din 1917 între Marea Britanie și Bulgaria din timpul Primului Război Mondial.

Atacurile inițiale
Pe 9 și 10 februarie Aliații au atacat regimentul 33 Svishtov și regimentul 34 Troyan, dar au fost respinși de un contraatac decisiv din partea regimentului Troyan. Avansul britanicilor din 21 februarie a fost respins de către artileria bulgară, după o bătălie de două zile.

Comandamentul Aliat a constatat că pozițiile bulgare erau mai bine fortificate decât în anul precedent, așa că a comandat un baraj de artilerie. Britanicii aveau trei divizii (22, 26, 60) cu artilerie, compuse din mai mult de 43.000 de oameni, 160 de tunuri, 110 mortare și 440 de mitraliere. Obiectivul nu diferă cu mult de cel din bătălia din același loc din anul precedent, iar atacul principal a avut loc pe un front de 5-6 km înspre Kalatepe.

Comandamentul bulgar se aștepta la o ofensivă majoră din partea Aliaților, astfel că divizia 9 Pleven a fost consolidată și a avea în total 30.000 de soldați, 147 de arme, 35 de mortare și 130 de mitraliere.

Lupta
Încercarea de a străpunge linia bulgară a început pe 22 aprilie și a continuat cu întreruperi până la 9 mai 1917. Atacul a început cu lupte crâncene în primele patru zile în care britanicii au tras aproximativ 100.000 de cartușe. Ca urmare, tranșeele și unele structuri din lemn din primele linii au fost distruse. Bulgarii, de asemenea, au deschis focul între Vardar și Doiran. Vladimir Vazov a ordonat ca pozițiile Aliate să fie atacate încontinuu, zi și noapte. Duelul artileriilor a continuat până pe 9 mai, dar din cauza daunelor majore pe care britanicii le-au suferit, ei au fost nevoiți să abandoneze toate planurile de atac. Au avut 12.000 de soldați uciși, răniți și capturați, dintre care mai mulți de 2250 au fost îngropați de bulgari. Pierderile Diviziei 9 Infanterie au fost de 2000 de soldați, dintre care 900 uciși de răni și boli.

Note

Bulgaria în Primul Război Mondial

Bătălia de la Doiran (1917)