est le  de l'année 2022.

Événements
 août : un événement de mortalité massive impliquant des poissons, des castors et d'autres animaux sauvages, dans la partie polonaise de l'Oder, provoque une crise sanitaire et environnementale entre la Pologne et l'Allemagne.
 26 juillet au 9 août : Olympiade d'échecs de 2022 à Chennai en Inde.
 28 juillet au 8 août : Jeux du Commonwealth de 2022 à Birmingham en Angleterre
  : élections législatives aux Îles Cook.
 2 août : la présidente de la Chambre des États-Unis, Nancy Pelosi, visite Taïwan, première visite d'un haut responsable américain depuis 1997 avec Newt Gingrich.
 5 août :
 élections législatives à Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès ;
 explosion de l'installation de stockage de pétrole de Matanzas à Cuba.
 7 août :
 en Colombie, Gustavo Petro est investi président de la République, première personnalité de gauche à accéder à cette fonction ;
 au Mali, des djihadistes attaquent le camp militaire de Tessit.
 8 août : aux États-Unis, le FBI effectue un raid à Mar-a-Lago, la résidence de Donald Trump.
 9 août : élections parlementaires et élection présidentielle au Kenya, William Ruto est déclaré vainqueur de la présidentielle, mais les résultats, annoncés par le président de la commission électorale, sont rejetés par quatre des sept membres de l'instance.
 11 août au 21 août :
 Championnats sportifs européens 2022 à Munich ;
 Championnats d'Europe de natation 2022 à Rome.
 14 août :
 en Arménie, une explosion à Erevan fait 16 morts ;
 en Égypte, un incendie dans une église à Gizeh tue 41 personnes dont au moins 18 enfants.
 15 août : les États-Unis imposent des sanctions à trois hauts responsables du cabinet du président libérien George Weah, les accusant de corruption.
 16 août : dans le nord de la Crimée, une explosion dans un dépôt de munitions force l'évacuation des civils ; les observateurs suggèrent qu'il pourrait avoir été touché par les forces ukrainiennes.
 17 août :
 Israël et la Turquie rétablissent leurs relations diplomatiques avec le retour des ambassadeurs dans les deux pays ;
 des archéologues découvrent l'un des plus grands sites mégalithiques d'Europe dans une ferme du sud de l'Espagne. Il date de  et contient plus de 500 menhirs.
 18 août : un violent orage touche l'île française de Corse, la Toscane (Italie) et l'Autriche ; plusieurs personnes sont tuées.
 19 août : El Shafee Elsheikh, membre de la cellule de l'État islamique et des "Beatles", est condamné à huit peines d'emprisonnement à perpétuité par un tribunal de district des États-Unis pour son rôle dans l'enlèvement et la mort des otages James Foley, Steven Sotloff, Peter Kassig et Kayla Mueller.
 19 août au 11 septembre : Tour d'Espagne 2022.
 20 août : en Turquie : un camion sans freins percute une foule faisant 16 morts et 29 blessés.
 21 août :
 en Somalie, le siège d'un hôtel saisi par les combattants d'al-Shabaab à Mogadiscio se termine par la mort de tous les assaillants ; vingt et une autres personnes ont été tuées et 117 autres ont été blessées ;
 à Singapour, le gouvernement annonce qu'il dépénalisera les relations sexuelles entre hommes, qui sont illégales en vertu d'une loi de l'époque coloniale, tout en modifiant la Constitution pour définir le mariage comme une union hétérosexuelle.
 22 août : un nombre record de  illégaux traversent la Manche vers le Royaume-Uni sur de « petits bateaux » en une seule journée, selon le ministère britannique de la Défense.
 23 août : le taux de change entre l'euro et le dollar américain tombe à 0,9928, taux le plus bas depuis la mise en circulation de la monnaie unique européenne.
 24 août :
 élections générales en Angola ; le président sortant João Lourenço et son parti, le MPLA, sont déclarés vainqueurs ;
 en Ukraine, un bombardement de la gare de Tchaplyne par l'armée russe tue 25 personnes.
 le mandat de Premier ministre de Thaïlande de Prayut Chan-o-cha est suspendu par la Cour constitutionnelle ; Prawit Wongsuwan le remplace par intérim.
 26 août au 11 septembre : Championnat du monde masculin de volley-ball en Pologne et Slovénie.
 28 août : la Colombie et le Venezuela rétablissent leurs relations diplomatiques après trois ans d'interruption.
 29 août au 11 septembre : US Open de tennis 2022 à New York.
 30 août :
 en République démocratique du Congo, des militants des Forces démocratiques alliées tuent au moins 40 personnes lors d'une série de raids sur plusieurs villages du Nord-Kivu ; au moins 76 autres ont été kidnappés par le groupe ;
 en Ukraine, les membres de l'équipe de l'AIEA rencontrent Volodymyr Zelensky à Kiev avant de partir vers la centrale nucléaire de Zaporijjia.
 31 août au 10 septembre :  édition de la Mostra de Venise en Italie.

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe

 Décès en août 2022

Août 2022


El XL Campeonato Europeo de Tiro al Plato se celebró en Lárnaca (Chipre) entre el 17 y el 25 de mayo de 2012 bajo la organización de la Confederación Europea de Tiro (ESC) y la Federación Chipriota de Tiro.

Las competiciones se realizaron en el Campo de Tiro Internacional de la ciudad chipriota.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Pág. del evento (en inglés).
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 2012

Campeonato Europeo de Tiro al Plato de 2012


Onthophagus latenasutus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1941 por Arrow.

Referências

Ligações externas

latenasutus
Coleópteros descritos em 1941

Onthophagus latenasutus


Das schwarze Buch steht für:

 Das schwarze Buch (Roman), Roman von Orhan Pamuk aus dem Jahr 1990
 Das schwarze Buch, deutscher Titel von Black Book (Film), Film von Paul Verhoeven aus dem Jahre 2006
 Das schwarze Buch, Alternativtitel von Dämon von Paris, Film von Anthony Mann aus dem Jahr 1949
 Das schwarze Buch, Roman von Peter Kurzeck aus dem Jahr 1982
 Das Schwarze Buch von Carmarthen, Sammelhandschriften in kymrischer Sprache, siehe Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin
 Schwarzes Buch Metternichs (Verzeichnis revolutionärer Umtriebe 1833–1848); siehe Bundeszentralbehörde

Siehe auch:
 Schwarzbuch, Sammlung von Negativbeispielen

Das schwarze Buch


Grigor Dimitrov (født 16. maj 1991) er en bulgarsk tennisspiller. Han repræsenterede Bulgarien under Sommer-OL 2012 i London. Han blev slået ud i anden runde i single.

Kilder

Eksterne Henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Bulgarien

Grigor Dimitrov


The Reason Foundation is an American libertarian think tank that was founded in 1978. The foundation publishes the magazine Reason. Based in Los Angeles, California, it is a nonprofit, tax-exempt organization. According to its web site, the foundation is committed to advancing "the values of individual freedom and choice, limited government, and market-friendly policies." In the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), the foundation was number 41 (of 60) in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".

Reason Foundation's policy research areas include: air traffic control, American domestic monetary policy, school choice, eminent domain, government reform, housing, land use, immigration, privatization, public–private partnerships, urban traffic and congestion, transportation, industrial hemp, medical marijuana, police raids and militarization, free trade, globalization, and telecommunications. Affiliated projects include Drew Carey's Reason TV video website. Reason Foundation staff also regularly contribute to the Out of Control Policy Blog.

Reason Foundation cofounder Robert Poole is an MIT-trained engineer and the author of Cutting Back City Hall. The book provided the intellectual support for Margaret Thatcher's privatization efforts in the United Kingdom. Poole remains at Reason serving as an officer on the organization's board of trustees and director of transportation. Poole founded Reason with Manny Klausner and Tibor Machan.

Background
Robert Poole founded Reason Foundation and served as its president from 1978 to 2001. Patricia Lynn Scarlett took over as president in 2001, but soon resigned to join the George W. Bush administration as assistant secretary for policy, management, and budget at the Department of the Interior. David Nott, a Stanford University graduate, has served as Reason Foundation's president since 2001.

The foundation is an associate member of the State Policy Network, a U.S. national network of free-market-oriented think tanks.

Funding and partners
As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Reason Foundation is supported by donations and sale of its publications. According to 2012 disclosures, its largest donors were the David H. Koch Charitable Foundation ($1,522,212) and the Sarah Scaife Foundation ($2,016,000).

In 2020, the independent rating group Charity Navigator rated Reason with four out of four stars.

Publications

Annual Privatization Report, Privatization Watch, and Innovators in Action
Reason Foundation publishes the Annual Privatization Report, which reports on news and trends in U.S. outsourcing, privatization, and public-private partnerships. Privatization Watch is another of the Foundation's privatization publications published quarterly. Innovators in Action is an annual publication that advocates shrinking the size and scope of government, usually through privatization. Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, former Colorado Gov. Bill Owens wrote columns for this publication in 2007.

Annual Highway Report
Reason Foundation's Annual Highway Report ranks each state's transportation system on cost-effectiveness and efficiency.

Reason magazine

Reason Foundation's primary publication is the magazine, Reason, which was first published in 1968 by Lanny Friedlander, and was originally an infrequently published mimeographed magazine. In 1970, Robert Poole purchased Reason with Manuel S. Klausner and Tibor R. Machan, who set the magazine on a more regular publication schedule. The magazine covers politics, culture, and ideas through a mix of news, analysis, commentary, and reviews.

Reason and Reason Online are editorially-independent publications of the foundation. Reason magazine won three Los Angeles Press Club awards in 2008.

Policy areas

Privatization
Reason Foundation cofounder Robert Poole "is credited as the first person to use the term 'privatization' to refer to the contracting-out of public services and is the author of the first-ever book on municipal privatization, Cutting Back City Hall, published by Universe Books in 1980." The book was very influential, notably, by providing the intellectual support for Margaret Thatcher's privatization efforts in the United Kingdom. Thatcher wrote in the foundation's Annual Privatization Report 2006, "State control is fundamentally bad because it denies people the power to choose and the opportunity to bear responsibility for their own actions. Conversely, privatisation shrinks the power of the state and free enterprise enlarges the power of the people."

The Reason Foundation supports the privatization of (or public-private partnerships for) almost all government functions. Leonard Gilroy, Reason Foundation's director of government reform, describes privatization as "a strategy to lower the costs of government and achieve higher performance and better outcomes for tax dollars spent." Gilroy also notes that "If badly executed, privatization like any other policy can fail. Taxpayers are no better off, and may be worse off, if a service is moved from a government agency to an incompetent or inefficient private business."

Transportation
Reason is engaged in several transportation policy endeavors. (Foundation cofounder Robert Poole serves as the director of transportation policy.) According to the New York Times, "[f]or 17 years, Mr. Poole has been the chief theorist for private solutions to gridlock. His ideas are now embraced by officials from Sacramento to Washington."

The Galvin Mobility Project has led to the production of studies on the causes of congestion, such as the book "Mobility First: A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive Twenty-First Century" by Reason Foundation's director of urban growth and land use policy, Sam Staley.

Education
Reason Foundation advocates for education reform through expanded school choice initiatives. Reason's director of education and child welfare, Lisa Snell, authored a study in 2009 entitled Weighted Student Formula Yearbook 2009, which examined school districts using student-based "backpack funding." Snell is also: "an advisory board member to the National Quality Improvement Center for the Children's Bureau; on the charter school accreditation team for the American Academy for Liberal Education; and serves as a board member for the California Virtual Academy."

Municipal broadband
In 2006, Reason Foundation issued a report criticizing a municipal Wi-Fi project iProvo in Provo, Utah as financially unstable and ineffective at lowering Internet costs or raising broadband use. iProvo proponents responded vigorously with a white paper rebutting Reason's conclusions.

In 2008, Reason issued a follow-up report entitled, iProvo Revisited: Another Year and Still Struggling. According to Reason, the predictions in its first report had proven true: "iProvo's total losses are likely to exceed $10 million by the end of this fiscal year – and that figure doesn't include the $39.5 million borrowed to launch the project, most of which still needs to be paid back." Reason called for the city to "cut its losses" and sell the network to a private company. Shortly after the 2008 report was issued, the mayor of Provo, Lewis Billings, who had been highly critical of the Reason reports, announced that iProvo would in fact be sold to a private enterprise, Broadweave, for $40 million.

Climate change
In 2005, Reason magazine's science writer Ronald Bailey wrote a column declaring that climate change is both real and anthropogenic. He wrote, "Anyone still holding onto the idea that there is no global warming ought to hang it up. All data sets – satellite, surface, and balloon – have been pointing to rising global temperatures."

In 2006, Bailey wrote an article entitled "Confessions of an Alleged ExxonMobil Whore: Actually no one paid me to be wrong about global warming. Or anything else." In the article Bailey explains how increasing public rebuff changed his mind on climate change.

War in Iraq
The Reason Foundation was critical of the cost of the war in Iraq. Reason magazine's May 2008 cover story, "Trillion Dollar War", discussed what it viewed as the dubious ways in which the war in Iraq and Afghanistan have been funded by Congress, the military–industrial complex, and the Bush administration.

Health care
On August 25, 2010, ReasonTV published a video entitled, "Wheat, Weed and Obamacare: How the Commerce Clause Made Congress All-Powerful", as part of an effort to question the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), also known as Obamacare. The video has been credited with popularizing the argument in conservative circles that PPACA's individual mandate to buy health insurance is constitutionally equivalent to requiring consumers to buy particular types of fruits or vegetables. This argument was ultimately articulated by Justice Antonin Scalia, who suggested during oral argument of the PPACA cases that if Congress has the power to require Americans to buy health insurance, then "Therefore, you can make people buy broccoli."

Bastiat Prize
Reason Foundation issued an annual Bastiat Prize (named after Frédéric Bastiat) to recognize writing that "best demonstrates the importance of freedom with originality, wit and eloquence". Awardees include Bari Weiss, Radley Balko, Daniel Hannan, Robert Graboyes, Ross Clark, Virginia Postrel, Tom Easton, Bret Stephens, Amit Varma, Jamie Whyte, Tim Harford, Robert Guest, Brian Carney, and Amity Shlaes.

Drew Carey Project and Reason TV
Comedian and The Price Is Right host Drew Carey serves on the board of trustees at Reason Foundation. According to an interview by Katherine Herrup of The New York Sun with Nick Gillespie (current editor-in-chief of Reason TV), Carey initially proposed the idea for Reason TV after reading Reason magazine for years. He then both appeared in and narrated many videos produced by Reason TV.

One of the collaboration's first projects, Carey's video criticizing the Drug Enforcement Administration's medical marijuana raids, received significant national attention, Some of his other videos for the foundation have promoted free trade; criticized the government's raids of local poker games and an Arizona attempt to ban dancing in a family restaurant (Footloose in Arizona); highlighted a ban on bacon-wrapped hot dogs in Los Angeles; detailed abuse of eminent domain laws; called for more toll roads to relieve congestion; argued for deregulation of organ donation (including kidneys and other organs); and called for immigration reform.

Reason TV produced a full-length documentary entitled Reason Saves Cleveland with Drew Carey applying success stories from around the United States to "save Cleveland." The documentary was awarded "Best Advocacy Journalism" at the 53rd Annual Southern California Journalism Awards by the Los Angeles Press Club.

Oath of Presidential Transparency

Reason Foundation and a bipartisan group of more than thirty other organizations asked all of the 2008 U.S. presidential candidates to sign a pledge promising that, if elected, they would deliver the most transparent presidency in history and guaranteeing the executive branch would adhere to the concepts of open government. The candidates who signed the oath were: Sen. Barack Obama (D–Illinois), Rep. Ron Paul (R–Texas), Sen. Sam Brownback (R–Kansas), former Sen. Mike Gravel (D–Alaska), Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D–Ohio), Libertarian candidate Bob Barr, and John Cox.

Reason Foundation's vice president of research Adrian Moore said of the oath, "The next president should be committed to transparency and accountability. Redesigning the federal government, so that it is more accountable to taxpayers and businesses, is a nonpartisan issue. Transparency will help produce a government focused on results instead of our current system, which is plagued by secrecy, wasteful spending and pork projects."

Then-Senator Barack Obama echoed those sentiments saying, "Every American has the right to know how the government spends their tax dollars, but for too long that information has been largely hidden from public view. This historic law will lift the veil of secrecy in Washington and ensure that our government is transparent and accountable to the American people."

References

External links

 Reason magazine
 EDIRC listing (provided by RePEc)
 Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)
 Profile from Charity Navigator
 Profile from Guidestar

Organizations established in 1978
Political and economic think tanks in the United States
Libertarian think tanks
Libertarian organizations based in the United States
1978 establishments in California

Reason Foundation


ලක්දිව සංඝරාජ පදවිය හෙබවූ අවසන් භික්ෂුව.

ළමා විය
මහනුවර තුම්පනේ වැලිවිට නම් ගමේ කුලතුංග මුදලි ට දාව කුලතුංග බණ්ඩාර කුමරු මෙලොව එළි දැක ඇත්තේ ll වන විමලධර්මසූරිය (1687-1706) රජතුමාගේ කාලයේ දී 1698 ජූනි 18 වන දින වැලිවිට වත්තේ වලව්වේ දීය.
එරමුදුලියද්දේ උපාසක රාළ ගෙන් සහ මුරුද්දෙණියේ හේරත් ගෙදර ගුරුතුමා ගෙන් හෙතෙම බාල වියේ අකුරු ඉගෙන ඇත. කුලතුංග බණ්ඩා කුමරු රාජ සේවයට යොමු කිරීම දෙමාපියන්ගේ අභිලාශය වුවද ඔහුගේ මනාපය තිබුනේ මහණ කමටයි. බාල වියේදී මේ කුමරුට තම මෑණියන්ගෙන් කුඩා මැටි වළඳක් ලබාගෙන භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා පිඩු සිගා යන ආකාරයෙන් ඇවිද, ඉන්පසු තම මෑණියන් ලවා ඊට ආහාර බෙදා ගෙන, නිවස අසළ වූ ගල්තලාවකට ගොස් අනුභව කිරීමේ පුරුද්දක් තිබූ බව සඳහන් වේ. මෙකල භික්ෂුන් වහන්සේ පිඬු සිඟා වඩින සිරිතක් බැවින් මේ පුරුද්ද මේ පින්වත් කුමරාට සසර පුරුද්දෙන්ම ලැබුණක් බව සිතිය හැක.

== <small>පැවිදිවීම</සරණන්කර  සාමණේර හිමි පැවිදිව සුළු කලෙකින් සූරියගොඩ රාජසුන්දර සාමණේර හිමි රාජ උදහසට ලක්ව මරණ දඬුවමට ලක් විය. මේ නිසා ධර්ම ශාස්ත්‍ර හැදෑරීමට උන්වහන්සේට ගුරු හිමි කෙනෙක් නැති විය.  මෙකල සසුන බෙහෙවින් පිරිහී තිබූ බැවින් ධර්ම ශාස්ත්‍ර අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීමට පහසු මං නොවීය.  ගුරුවරුන් සොයා ඇවිද ගිය උන් වහන්සේට පාළි භාෂාව පිළිබඳ හසළ දැනුමක් ඇති ලෙව්කේ රාළහාමි හමු විය. උන් වහන්සේ ඔහු ගෙන් බාලාවතාරය නම් වූ පාලි ව්‍යාකරණ ග්‍රන්ථයේ නාම කාණ්ඩය උගත්තේය. ඉන් පසුපෝයමළු විහාරයේ වැඩ විසූ, වටපුළුවේ සාමණේර හිමි ගේ ශිෂ්‍ය,  පල්කුඹුරේ අත්ථදස්සි සාමණේර හිමි ගෙන් සමාස කාණ්ඩය උගත්තේය. මේ කාලයේ ලෙව්කේ රාළහාමිද රාජ උදහසට ළක්ව මාකෙහෙල්වල ගමේ නිවාස බන්ධනයට ළක් කොට තිබූ නිසා සරණංකර සාමණේර හිමියෝ ඊට නුදුරු අලගල්ල කන්දේ පිහිටි ගල් ලෙනක දුෂ්කර තත්වයන් යටතේ වැඩ විසූ බව සඳහන් වේ. පිණ්ඩපාතයෙන්ම යැපුණු නිසා "පිණ්ඩපාතික" නම උන්වහන්සේගේ නමට එක් විය.

සිල්වත් සමාගම
ධර්ම ශාස්ත්‍ර ප්‍රගුණ කරමින් යන අතර සරණංකර සාමණේර හිමි රට පුරා වෙනත් සිල්වත් සාමණේර හිමි වරු සමඟ ඔහු සබඳතා වැඩි දියුණු කර ගත්තේය. සිල්වත් සමාගම නමින් සමාගමක් ඇරඹුණු අතර ඊට සිටිනාමළුවේ, ඉලිපැන්ගමුවේ, ඊසිපිටියේ, කප්පාගොඩ, අළුත්නුවර, මැදවල, පහන්කුඹුරේ,  නාගොල්ලේ,  කුඹුල්දිවෙල, වැවගෙදර, අහුගොඩ, මාලගම්මන, දාහිංගමුවේ ආදි සාමණේර හිමිවරු රාශියක් එක් විය. මේ අතරින් සිටිනාමළුවේ ධම්මජෝති සාමණේර හිමි පසු කාලයේ දකුණු පළාතේ සංඝ ප්‍රබෝධයට මූලික වූ බව මතක් කළ යුතුය.

මේ අතරතුර ගණින්නාන්සේලාගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හේතුවෙන් එකල මෙරට රජ වූ ශ්‍රී වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජුගේ උදහසට ළක් වූ සරණංකර සාමණේර හිමි ලග්ගල ප්‍රදේශයට පිටුවහල් කෙරිණි. උන්වහන්සේ ලග්ගල වැඩ සිටින කාලය තුළ භාරතයෙන් පැමිණි බමුණකුගේ ශ්ලෝකයක් විසඳා ගැනීමට රජුට වුවමනා වූ අතර එකල වැඩ උන් ගණින්නාන්සේලා ඊට අපොහොසත් වූහ. අවසානයේ එය විසඳා ලූයේ සරණංකර සාමණේර හිමිය. ඒ හේතුවෙන් රජුගේ ප්‍රසාදය නැවත දිනා ගැනීමට උන්වහන්සේ සමත් වූහ. පසුව උන්වහන්සේ රජුගේ උපකාරයෙන් මහනුවර ඇම්බැක්කේ නියමකන්ද නම් තැනක පිරිවෙනක් පිහිටුවා ධර්ම ශාස්ත්‍ර අධ්‍යාපනයේ අභිවෘද්දියට කටයුතු කළහ.

ලක්දිව උපසම්පදාව පිහිටුවීම
නැවත ලක්දිව උපසම්පදාව පිහිටුවීමට සරණංකර සාමණේර  හිමි උත්සාහ කළ නමුදු ඒ සඳහා ශ්‍රී වීරපරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජු ගෙන් හෝ ඊට පසු රජ වූ විජය රාජසිංහ රජු ගෙන් උපකාර නොලැබිණි. කෙසේ හෝ කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ රජු ම අදහසට අනුව කැමති කරවා ගැනීමට උන්වහන්සේ සමත් වූහ. ඒ අනුව හාරගොඩ, ගණේගොඩ, ළිඟවිටියේ, වටවන, හල්පේ සිල්වතුන් වහන්සේලා, දොරණාගම මුහන්දිරම් රාළ, මාතොට රාළ, සහ වටවන උපාසක රාළ යන පිරිසගෙන් සමන්විත දූත පිරිසක් සියමය බලා පිටත් කරවන ලදී. මේ කාලයේ මුහුදු ගමන් යනු ජීවිතාශාව අතහැර කළ යුතු කටයුත්තක් විය. දූත පිරිස ගමන් ගත් නැව විනාශ වූ අතර පිරිසෙන් කිහිප දෙනෙක් දිවි ගලවාගෙන නැවත පැමිණියහ. දෙවන වර දරන ලද උත්සාහයක්ද අසාර්ථක විය. එහෙත් සරණංකර හිමියෝ උත්සාහය අත් හළේ නැත. තුන් වන වර ලන්දේසි ආණ්ඩුකාරයාගේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් ලබා ගෙන 1750 දී "තාර්කා" නම් නැවෙන් විල්බාගෙදර මුහන්දිරම්, ආයිත්තාලියද්දේ මුහන්දිරම්, පට්ටේපොළ රටේ රාළ, ඇල්ලේපොළ වෙඩික්කාර මොහොට්ටාළ සහ යටිනුවර ඊරියගම නිලමේ ඇතුළු සිංහල දූත පිරිසක් සියමයට යැවීමට උන් වහන්සේට හැකි විය.

මේ දූත පිරිසගේ ආරාධනයෙන් සියම් රජුගේ පූර්ණ අනුග්‍රහ ඇතිව  ප්‍රවර උපාලි නාහිමි ප්‍රමුඛ භික්ෂුන් වහන්සේ විසි නමක් සියමයෙන් මෙරටට වැඩම කරන ලද අතර 1753 ඇසළ මස මහනුවර මල්වතු මහා විහාරයේ මෙකල බද්ධ සීමා මාලකය පිහිටි ස්ථානයේ ඉදිකළ මණ්ඩපයකදී උන් වහන්සේලාගේ ප්‍රමුඛත්වයෙන් උපසම්පදා පුණ්‍ය කර්මය සිදු කෙරිණි. එහිදී සරණංකර සාමණේර හිමි ප්‍රවර උපාලි නාහිමිගේ උපාධ්‍යායත්වයෙන් හා බ්‍රහ්මජෝති, මහාපුඤ්ඤ යන හිමිවරුන්ගේ කර්‍මාචාර්යත්වයෙන් උපසම්පදාව ලබා ගත්තේය..

සංඝරාජ පදවිය
උපසම්පදා ලැබීමෙන් අනතුරුව සරණංකර හිමිට කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ රජු "සංඝරාජ" පදවිය පිරි නැමුවේය. කෙතරම් කීර්ති ප්‍රශංසා, නම්බු නාම ලැබුවද සරණංකර හිමි සරල, අල්පේච්ඡ දිවියක් ගත කළේය . ජීවිත කාලය පුරාවට පිණ්ඩපාතයෙන් යැපුන බුද්ධ පුත්‍රයාණන් වහන්සේ නමක් බව ඉතිහාස පුවත් වලින් පෙනේ. සංඝරාජ පදවිය ලැබූ පසු උන්වහන්සේ "උඩඟු නොව මහණ" යනුවෙන් තල්පතක ලියා වැඩ හුන් කුටියේ ඇතුළු වන දොරටුවේ නිතර පෙනෙන සේ තැබූ බව කියැවේ.

ශාසනික සේවා
එකල වෙන් වෙන්ව පැවති මහනුවර සතර දේවාල පෙරහරත් දළඳා පෙරහරත් එක් කොට අද දක්නට ලැබෙන සිංහල බෞද්ධයන්ගේ මහ පෙරහර වන මහනුවර දළඳා මහ පෙරහර අරඹන ලද්දේ සංඝරාජ මාහිමියන්ගේ අදහසකට අනුවයි.

භික්ෂුන්වහන්සේලාගේ ධර්ම ශාස්ත්‍ර අධ්‍යාපනය නඟා සිටු වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය කාරණාවක් ලෙස දුටු උන්වහන්සේ නියමකන්ද පිරිවෙනට අමතරව පෝයමළුව, අස්ගිරිය, සුදුහුම්පොළ, අම්පිටිය දලුක්ගොල්ල,නිත්තවෙල, ගංගාරාමය ආදි විහාරයන්ගේ ශාස්ත්‍රශාලා ඇරඹූහ.

සිසු පරපුර
මල්වතු මහා පාර්ශ්වයේ මුල්ම මහානායක ධුරයට පත් තිබ්බටුවාවේ ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ බුද්ධරක්‍ෂිත නාහිමි, නියමකන්ද පිරිවෙන පවත්වාගෙන ගිය ගිනිගත්පිටියේ ශ්‍රී සංඝරක්ඛිත නාහිමි, කඹුරුපිටියේ ගුණරතන නාහිමි, සහ පසුකලෙක මල්වතු මහා නාහිමිවරුන් බවට පත් වූ දරමිටිපොල ශ්‍රී ධම්මරක්ඛිත, වැරසැර රඹුක්වැල්ලේ ශ්‍රී ධම්මරක්ඛිත සහ මොරතොට රාජගුරු ශ්‍රී ධම්මක්ඛන්ධ යන නාහිමි වරු වැලිවිට සංඝරාජ මාහිමියන්ගේ කීර්තිමත් ශිෂ්‍ය රත්නයෝ වෙති.

අපවත් විම

අවුරුදු අසූවක් ආයු වළදා වසර 1778 දී මල්වත්තේ විහාරයේදී වැලිවිට සංඝරාජ මාහිමියෝ උන්වහන්සේගේ ශිෂ්‍ය කඹුරුපිටියේ ගුණරතන නාහිමි දෙසූ ආසන්න බණට සවන් දී අපවත් වී වදාළහ.

වැලිවිට සංඝරාජ මාහිමියන්ගේ ධෛර්යය නොවන්නට මෙරටින් බුදු සසුන සදහටම තුරන් වීමට ඉඩ තිබිණි.

••== රචිත ග්‍රන්ථ ==••
1)සද්ධර්ම සාරාර්ථ සංග්‍රහය
2)භේසජ්ජ මංජුසා සන්නය
3)අභිසම්බෝධි අලංකාරය
4)රූප මාලාව
5)මධුරාර්ථ ප්‍රකාශනි
6)මුනිගුණාලංකාරය

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික භික්ෂූහූ
උඩරට ඉතිහාසය
උඩරට රාජධානිය
චරිත කතා

වැලිවිට සරණංකර හිමි


ExoMars je robotska svemirska misija koja uključuje nekoliko Marsovih rovera. Program je pod europskim vodstvom koji obuhvaća više letjelica, a trenutno ga razvijaju Europska svemirska agencija (ESA) i NASA. Bilo je predviđeno poslati letjelice u misiju 2016. i 2018. godine. Osnovna znanstvena misija tog programa bit će potraga za biomarkerima na Marsu, bilo onima iz prošlosti ili iz sadašnjosti. Dva rovera s dvometarskom bušilicom koristit će se za prikupljanje podataka s raznih dubina Marsove površine, gdje bi se mogla naći tekuća voda i gdje bi mikroorganizmi mogli preživjeti djelovanje kozmičkih zraka. Za istraživanje Marsa i života na njemu autonomnih vozila se služe računalnim vidom, tj. ESA-in ExoMars Rover.

14. rujna 2016. u svemir je lansirana prva rusko-europska svemirska letjelica i sonda ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter s ciljem proučavanja Marsa.

Druga misija iz programa ExoMarsa trebala je tragati za znacima života na dubini od dva metra od Marsove površine. Trebala je spustiti rover Rosalind Franklin na lokaciju Oxia Planum na Mars negdje koncem veljače 2021. godine nakon čega bi rover tragao za znacima života na Marsu. Bilo je planirano da se ruskom raketom Proton s kozmodroma u Bajkonuru lansira na Mars srpnja 2020. paket od ruske površinske platforme i europskog rovera. No tijekom završnih mjeseci priprema inženjeri su bili mišljenja da robotsko vozilo nije dovoljno tehnički spremno za uspješno obaviti misiju. Uz to je izbila pandemija koronavirusa. Stoga su Roskosmos i Europska svemirska agencija odlučili 12. ožujka 2020. odgoditi lansiranje druge misije ExoMars za 2022. godinu.

Izvori

Istraživanje Marsa
Astrobiologija

ExoMars


Nicaise de Keyser (født 26. august 1813 i Sandvliet nær Antwerpen, død 16. juli 1887 i Antwerpen) var en belgisk historiemaler.

de Keyser blev uddannet af Joseph Jacobs og på Antwerpen-Akademiet af Mathieu-Ignace van Brée. Han rejste derpå i udlandet og bosatte sig en tid lang i Haag. Fra 1855 var de Keyser 24 år direktør for Antwerpen-Akademiet og uddannede mange elever. Han har malet mange vel komponerede religiøse
og historiske billeder af betydelig kraft samt elegante historiske genrescener. Hans første store arbejde var Kristus på korset (1834) for den
romerskkatolske kirke i Manchester; senere malede han Slaget ved Worringen og flere historiske billeder for kongen af Belgien. Til hans kendteste arbejder hører endvidere Sankt Elisabeth giver almisse (1851), Webers sidste øjeblikke (1858), Van Dyck tager afsked med Rubens, Maria af Medicis død (Berlins Museum), Den blinde Milton; for Antwerpens Museums vestibule en række billeder, forestillende Kunsternes historie, og i museet der ses hovedværket Karl V befrier de kristne slaver i Tunis samt de Keysers selvportræt; endelig en række, mest fyrstelige, portrætter som grev Eberhard af Württemberg (Amsterdams Staatsmuseum); andre billeder i Hamburg, München, Brügge og i hollandske privatsamlinger.

Kilder

Historiemalere
Malere fra Belgien

Nicaise de Keyser


The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior is a jet-powered strategic bomber that was developed and produced by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was designed by Douglas on behalf of the United States Navy, which sought a carrier-capable strategic bomber. During July 1949, Douglas was awarded the contract to produce its design, having bested eight other aircraft companies' submissions. Unlike rival designs, which had aimed for a  maximum take-off weight, the Skywarrior was developed for a  take-off weight, facilitating its use from the navy's existing s. Large portions of the aircraft were produced by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, including its early Westinghouse J40 turbojet engines, which failed to meet promises and were replaced by the rival Pratt & Whitney J57 engine by mid-1953. On 28 October 1952, the prototype XA3D-1 performed the type's maiden flight.

On 31 March 1956, the Skywarrior entered squadron service with the Navy. Initially used in the nuclear-armed strategic bomber role, the emergence of effective ballistic missiles led to this mission being deprioritised by the early 1960s. Throughout the majority of its later service life, the Skywarrior was tasked with various secondary missions, which included use as an electronic warfare platform, tactical reconnaissance aircraft, and high capacity aerial refueling tanker. It was among the longest serving carrier-based aircraft in history, having entered service during the mid-1950s and withdrawn from use in 1991. Throughout its service, the Skywarrior was the heaviest operational aircraft to operate from an aircraft carrier, which contributed to its nickname of "Whale".

The Skywarrior is one of only two U.S. Navy attack aircraft intended as a strategic bomber to enter full-scale service in that role, the other being its predecessor, the North American AJ Savage. The carrier-based supersonic North American A-5 Vigilante was also originally designed for strategic nuclear strike missions and initially, very briefly, supplanted the A-3 in that role beginning in the early 1960s. A modified derivative of the Skywarrior, the B-66 Destroyer, served in the United States Air Force, where it was operated as a tactical bomber, electronic warfare aircraft, and aerial reconnaissance platform up until its withdrawal during the 1970s.

Development

Background

During World War II, the United States Navy (USN) began to explore the concept of operating jet-powered aircraft from its aircraft carriers. Success encouraged further development of the concept; early in the post-war years, officials within the USN began to investigate the use of jet power as a potential means of operating larger carrier-based aircraft that would be capable of performing the strategic bombing mission. The USN had a growing awareness that it could operate in a broader role than had been previously possible, and that the strategic bomber fleet operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) was unable to reach large parts of the world, a lesser limitation to forward deployed USN aircraft carrier groups and their air wings.

In January 1948, the Chief of Naval Operations issued a requirement to develop a long-range, carrier-based attack plane that could deliver either a  bomb load or a nuclear weapon. The envisioned aircraft was intended to be operated from the planned United States-class "supercarriers," which were significantly larger than the USN's existing carriers, thus the specification set a target loaded weight of . Additionally, the USN sought for this bomber to possess greater speed and range than its existing North American AJ Savage fleet. A total of eight aircraft manufacturers produced responses to the specification, but all except Douglas Aircraft Company and Curtiss-Wright would drop out, declaring that there was no means that the requirements could be met within the 100,000 lb weight limitation. Uncertainty over the performance and requirements of both engines and bombs were major contributing factors towards this climate of negativity.

Ed Heinemann, Douglas' chief designer, later to win fame for the A-4 Skyhawk, fearing that the United States class was vulnerable to cancellation, proposed a significantly smaller aircraft of  loaded weight, capable of operating from the USN's existing carriers. Heinemann had reasoned (correctly) that as technology developed, the size and weight of nuclear weapons would substantially decrease, which increased the rationale for designing a more compact bomber. However, figures such as USAF general Hoyt Vandenberg ridiculed Heinemann's proposal as "making irresponsible claims". During this period, the USN and USAF were vigorous rivals, each seeking to maintain funding for its projects at the expense of the other in a time marked by drastically declining defense budgets; specifically, USAF officials frequently voiced their open opposition to the construction of the United States-class carriers.

Selection
During late 1948, both Douglas and Curtiss-Wright were awarded preliminary design contracts to further develop and refine their proposals. While Douglas managed to maintain the take-off weight at 68,000 lb, Curtiss were unable to meet the more generous 100,000 lb target during this phase, and thus were eliminated from consideration. During April 1949, the USN's critics succeeded in getting the United States-class carriers cancelled; this outcome validated Heinemann's decision to focus on a design that could operate from the navy's smaller s. During July 1949, the USN, recognizing the suitability of Douglas' design, awarded a contract for the production of two flight-capable prototypes and a single static airframe to the company.

Douglas sourced significant portions of the aircraft, including responsibility for the turbojet engines, radar, tail-mounted turret, electrical generators and various other secondary systems, from the Westinghouse Electric Corporation; this heavy reliance on Westinghouse allegedly caused some discomfort to Douglas. In particular, development of the Westinghouse J40 engine proved to be incapable of meeting development schedules or performance promises; Heinemann later commented that "the first thing we learned was that the J40 was not powerful enough". Even prior to the first flight being conducted, Douglas was considering switching to rival manufacturer Pratt & Whitney's J57 engine, which was heavier, but allowed the overall aircraft to be lighter as it used less fuel.

On 28 October 1952, the prototype XA3D-1 performed the type's maiden flight; flown by George Jansen, this initial test flight was carried out with a high degree of secrecy. Early on, the aircraft was found to handle particularly well in flight, in part due to the attention Heinemann and the design team had paid to the hydraulically-boosted control surfaces. On 16 October 1953, the first YA3D-1, powered by the rival J57 engine, made its first flight.

Considerable development problems, largely associated with the original J40 engines, had delayed the introduction of the Skywarrior until 31 March 1956. The A-3 was, by far, the largest and heaviest aircraft ever designed for routine use on an aircraft carrier, though ironically it was the smallest proposal among other proposals that could only be deployed on even larger carriers not yet in service. As had been predicted by Heinemann early on, the Skywarrior had been designed to carry larger and bulkier bombs than it ever would in service due to the rapid improvements made in weapons technology. Despite this, at the Navy's insistence, the aircraft was qualified for an 'overload' payload capacity of , the testing of which would establish a weight-related record for carrier operations. Because of its cumbersome size, and less-than-slender profile, it was nicknamed "The Whale".

By the end of the 1950s, it was becoming clear that the nuclear mission of the Skywarrior would be passed onto ballistic missiles; however, its high weight clearance and size meant that the aircraft would be useful in various other capacities. Accordingly, large numbers of Skywarriors were retrofitted as aerial refuelling tankers or as electronic warfare platforms; notably, the EKA-3B model could readily swing between performing strike, refuelling, and electronic warfare duties as required. Numerous other models of the type were developed, leading to the type being used for aerial reconnaissance and as a trainer aircraft as well. Production of the type ceased in 1961.

Design
The Skywarrior had a 36° degree swept wing and two Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojet engines. Early prototypes had used the intended Westinghouse J40, a powerplant that proved to be disastrous and was subsequently canceled. The turbojets could be supplemented by a provision for twelve  thrust JATO bottles. The aircraft had a largely conventional semi-monocoque fuselage, with the engines in underwing nacelles. Flight controls were hydraulic, and for storage below deck, the A-3's wings folded outboard of the engines, lying almost flat, and its vertical stabilizer was hinged to starboard. Capacious internal fuel tanks provided long range.

The early A-3 variants had a crew of three: pilot, bombardier/navigator (BN) and crewman/navigator (aka: third crewman). An unusual cockpit configuration was incorporated with the three crew sitting under a framed canopy. In the raised compartment, the pilot and bombardier/navigator sat in a side-by-side arrangement with the pilot's station on the port side having full flight controls. On initial variants, a third crew member, who also acted as a gunner for the twin tail-mounted 20mm cannon that briefly equipped the original bomber version of the A3D/A-3A (removed and replaced by ECM equipment), sat behind the pilot in an aft-facing seat. The third crewman station had the sextant for celestial navigation and the defensive electronic counter measures equipment. Later electronic reconnaissance variants could accommodate a crew of seven with the flight crew consisting of a pilot, co-pilot and navigator plus four electronic systems operators occupying stations in the former bomb bay in the spacious fuselage.

Efforts to reduce weight to make the aircraft suitable for carrier operations had led to the deletion of ejection seats during the design process for the Skywarrior, based on the assumption that most flights would be at high altitude. A similar arrangement with an escape tunnel had been used on the F3D Skyknight. Aircrews began joking morbidly that "A3D" stood for "All Three Dead". (In 1973, the widow of a Skywarrior crewman killed over Vietnam sued the McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company for not providing ejection seats in the A-3.) In contrast, the US Air Force's B-66 Destroyer, not subject to the weight requirements for carrier operations, was equipped with ejection seats throughout its service life.

The documented history of mechanical failures in the A3D/A-3 showed a rate well above average. Originally, the Skywarrior bombers were assigned to all attack carriers, which included the World War II-era  and the immediate-postwar Midway class.

The Skywarrior could carry up to  of weaponry in the fuselage bomb bay, which in later versions was used for sensor and camera equipment or additional fuel tanks. An AN/ASB-1A bomb-director system was initially installed, later replaced by a revised AN/ASB-7 with a slightly reshaped nose. Defensive armament was two 20mm cannons in a radar-operated tail turret designed by Westinghouse, soon removed in favor of electronic counter measure equipment. Although some bombing missions would be carried out early in the Vietnam War, most bombing would be carried out by more manoeuvrable aircraft, and the Skywarrior would serve mostly as a tanker and electronic warfare support aircraft.

Operational history

Nuclear bomber

Prior to the initial operational capability of the U.S. Navy's Polaris-armed Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines, the A-3 was the Navy's critical element in the U.S. nuclear deterrent. Squadrons were established in two Heavy Attack Wings (HATWINGs), with one wing initially established at Naval Air Station North Island, California before relocating to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington in December 1957 while the other wing was initially established at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida before relocating to Naval Air Station Sanford, Florida. The wing at NAS Whidbey Island would disestablish in 1959 but the squadrons which had made up the wing would later transition to the EKA-3B variant, eventually forming the nucleus for the Navy's Grumman EA-6B Prowler community, while the wing at NAS Sanford would convert to the A3J Vigilante (later A-5A) in the nuclear heavy attack mission, followed by conversion to the RA-5C and transition to the reconnaissance attack mission. The Vigilante wing would also continue to retain a small number of TA-3B aircraft for training Naval Flight Officers in the Vigilante's radar and navigation systems. The Skywarrior's strategic bombing role faded after 1964, briefly being complemented by the A3J Vigilante. Soon afterward, the Navy abandoned the concept of carrier-based strategic nuclear weaponry for the successful Polaris missile-equipped Fleet Ballistic Missile submarine program and all A-5As were converted to the RA-5C Vigilante reconnaissance variant. Many A-3Bs were converted to a combination tanker-electronic warfare aircraft.

Vietnam War era

Skywarriors saw some use in the conventional bombing and mine-laying role (A-3B) during the Vietnam War from 1964 through 1967, often to deliver Mk84  bombs. The A-3 found subsequent service in the tanker (KA-3B), photographic reconnaissance (RA-3B), electronic reconnaissance (EA-3B), and electronic warfare (ERA-3B, EKA-3B) roles.

For most of the Vietnam War, EA-3Bs of Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 1 (VQ-1) flew from Da Nang Air Base in South Vietnam, providing continuous electronic reconnaissance capability over the area, including the Ho Chi Minh Trail and all the way north to Haiphong harbor. This was known as VQ-1 Det.B. The aircrew and ground support personnel were temporarily assigned from their home base at Naval Air Station Atsugi, Japan and after 1970, Naval Air Station Agana, Guam. After Det B was disestablished, VQ-1 provided detachments of two EA-3B aircraft that deployed with Western Pacific and Indian Ocean (WESTPAC/IO) bound aircraft carrier battle groups up until the late 1980s when it was replaced by the Lockheed ES-3A Shadow.

In addition, a version of the A-3B was modified into the RA-3B and used in Vietnam as a photo reconnaissance aircraft. Heavy Photographic Squadron 61 (VAP-61) at Naval Air Station Agana, Guam and sister squadron VAP-62 at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida furnished crews and flew out of Da Nang AB performing mapping and intelligence gathering flight over the Southeast Asia area. With 12 camera stations the RA-3B was well equipped to perform cartographic mapping of areas where no detail maps existed. With IR gear installed, the RA-3B was used at night to monitor the movement of troops down roads and trails in Laos. Other locations included Det Tango at Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base in Bangkok, Thailand, Det Southpaw at RAAF Base Townsville, Australia, as well as work out of Osan Air Base, South Korea.

Tanker

During the Vietnam War, the A-3 attack aircraft were modified to KA-3B tankers while some were modified into a multi-mission tanker variant, the EKA-3B, which was a real workhorse for the carrier air wing. Electronic jamming equipment was added without removing tanker capability so the EKA-3B could jam enemy radar while waiting to refuel tactical aircraft. Eventually, the EKA-3B was replaced by the smaller dedicated Grumman KA-6D Intruder tanker, which although it had less capacity and endurance, was deployed in greater numbers within the carrier's air wing. Two additional Naval Reserve units were established in the early 1970s as air refueling squadrons, VAQ-208 and VAQ-308, at Naval Air Station Alameda, California. Both units operated aircraft with electronic warfare equipment removed and were redesignated as KA-3Bs. VAK-208 and VAK-308 were decommissioned in the early 1990s.

Cold War

The EA-3 variant was used in critical electronic intelligence (ELINT) roles operating from aircraft carrier decks and ashore supplementing the larger Lockheed EP-3. Its last service was as an ELINT platform during Desert Storm.

Reconnaissance
The EA-3B variant was modified for electronic intelligence against the Warsaw Pact. Missions were flown around the globe beginning in 1956, with the U.S. Air Force EB-47 Stratojet flying a similar mission. The EA-3B carried a crew of seven, with flight crew of three in the cockpit and an Electronic Warfare Officer and three electronic systems operators/evaluators in the converted weapons bay. It offered unique electronic reconnaissance capabilities in numerous Cold War-era conflicts and the Vietnam War.

Retirement

A handful of EA-3Bs remained in service long enough to participate in the first Gulf War in 1991. The Skywarrior was withdrawn from USN service during September 1991, the last examples of the type being retired on 27 September 1991. U.S. Navy RDT&E units, notably Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) activities at Naval Air Station Point Mugu and NAWS China Lake, attempted to retain their A-3 testbeds. These ambitions were ultimately unsuccessful when Vice Admiral Richard Dunleavy, as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare and a former A-3 bombardier/navigator himself, made the final decision to retire the type.

Losses
Being the heaviest aircraft to take off from a carrier, the Skywarrior was prone to accidents. "Ultimately, of 283 Skywarriors of various models built, around 120 (42%) were destroyed or crippled in accidents and combat. In 67% of accidents, at least one crew member died." Of these losses, 7 were in Vietnam, of which 2 were the result of combat.

Post-retirement career

The A-3 had been used as a civilian operated testbed for many years before the type's retirement from US Navy, with Hughes Aircraft Company using the type as a testbed for developing the weapons system for the General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B and Grumman F-14 Tomcat, with Westinghouse and Raytheon also using the A-3 as a testbed. On the retirement of the type from US Navy service in 1991, the US Navy decided to end logistic support for the civilian operated testbeds. Rather than abandon the A-3, Hughes, Westinghouse and Raytheon agreed to acquire the remaining A-3s and spares from the Navy, allowing their test fleets to continue to operate and saving the US Navy the cost of storage and disposal. As the plan matured, two other contractors, Thunderbird Aviation and CTAS also elected to participate in similar agreements, with eleven A-3s spread between the five operators. The fleet spares from ASO (Aviation Supply Office) were distributed between the contractors evenly, and warehouses were emptied all over the US. Due to misunderstandings and reorganizations within the US Navy, the worldwide ASO assets were scrapped, not getting to the contractors. In early 1993, CTAS decided that they no longer had use for their aircraft, and Hughes had several programs needing additional assets.

In early 1994, a US Air Force program decided to modify an A-3 for F-15 radar tests, and the only available airframe was stored at Naval Air Station Alameda since the fleet shutdown. Hughes added that aircraft to the bailment, and ferried the aircraft to Van Nuys for modifications. An entire nose section was removed from a stricken F-15B at AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and grafted onto the front of the aircraft. Racks and equipment were installed in the cabin, and the aircraft was used by Hughes and the USAF for F-15 software development.

In 1994, Westinghouse decided to terminate their agreement with the Navy, and Thunderbird added their aircraft to the Thunderbird bailment. In 1996, Thunderbird Aviation went into receivership, and Hughes, through mutual cost savings to the government, added the Thunderbird assets to the contract, prepping them for ferry at Deer Valley airport, and relocating them to Mojave, California and Tucson, Arizona for long-term storage.

In December 1996, Raytheon bought the aerospace units of Hughes Aircraft Company. Hughes Aeronautical Operations, now a part of Raytheon Systems, continued to operate the A-3s from their base at Van Nuys Airport, California. These aircraft have participated in several military air shows, telling visitors that the plane continued to be valuable for its load capacity compared to corporate jets, and its performance compared to small airliners.

On 30 June 2011, the last flyable EA-3B, BuNo 144865 / FAA registration N875RS, a Raytheon aircraft, arrived at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida for retirement and display at the National Naval Aviation Museum.

Variants

Note: under the original Navy designation scheme, the Skywarrior was designated A3D (third Attack aircraft from Douglas Aircraft). In September 1962, the new Tri-Services designation system was implemented and the aircraft was redesignated A-3. Where applicable, pre-1962 designations are listed first, post-1962 designations in parentheses.
 XA3D-1: Two prototypes with Westinghouse J40 turbojets, no cannon in tail turret.
 YA3D-1 (YA-3A): One pre-production prototype with Pratt & Whitney J57 engines. Later used for tests at the Pacific Missile Test Center.
 A3D-1 (A-3A): 49 initial production versions, serving largely in developmental role in carrier service.
 A3D-1P (RA-3A): One A3D-1 converted as a prototype for the A3D-2P with camera pack in the weapon bay.

 A3D-2 (A-3B): Definitive production bomber version, with stronger airframe, more powerful engines, slightly larger wing area (812 ft²/75 m2 versus 779 ft²/72 m2), provision for in-flight refueling reel for tanker role. Final 21 built had new AN/ASB-7 bombing system, reshaped nose; deleted tail turret in favor of electronic warfare installation.
 A3D-2P (RA-3B): 30 photo-reconnaissance aircraft with weapons bay package for up to 12 cameras plus photoflash bombs. Increased pressurization allowed camera operator to enter the bay to check the cameras. Some retained tail guns, but most were later converted to ECM tail of late A-3Bs.
 A3D-2Q (EA-3B): 24 electronic warfare versions with pressurized compartment in former weapon bay for one Electronic Warfare Officer and three ESM operators, various sensors. Some early models had tail guns, but these were replaced with the ECM tail. It was assigned to fleet reconnaissance squadrons VQ-1 (Japan and later Guam) and VQ-2 (Rota. Spain) where they flew alongside the Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star and the EP-3B and EP-3E. It served for almost 40 years, being the longest serving variant, and was replaced by the ES-3A Shadow flown by two Fleet Air Reconnaissance (VQ) squadrons: VQ-5 at Naval Air Station North Island, California and VQ-6 at Naval Air Station Cecil Field, Florida. They were decommissioned due to budget constraints less than 10 years after commissioning.
 A3D-2T (TA-3B): 12 bomber-trainer versions. Five later converted as VIP transports (two redesignated UTA-3B).
 KA-3B: 85 A-3B bombers refitted in 1967 for the tanker role with probe-and-drogue system in place of bombing equipment.
 EKA-3B: 34 KA-3B tankers refitted for dual Electronic countermeasures (ECM)/tanker role, with electronic warfare equipment and tail fairing in place of rear turret. Most were converted back to KA-3B configuration (with no ECM gear) after 1975.
 ERA-3B: Eight RA-3Bs converted as electronic aggressor aircraft (primarily for war-at sea exercises) with ECM gear in an extended tail cone and fairings, along with two detachable ram-air turbine powered ALQ-76 countermeasures pods (one under each wing), chaff dispensers (on the tail cone and aft fuselage) and four ram-air turbines (two per side) to power equipment located in the former bomb bay. Crew increased to four: pilot, navigator, crew chief, and Electronic Countermeasures Officer (ECMO) with one mostly unused "jumpseat" in the aft crew compartment (the former weapon bay) which lacked an equipment position for a second Electronic Countermeasures Officer or enlisted crewman. The "jump seat" was used by instructor ECMOs training new ECMOs, as well as by guest observers and passengers during operational flights. While the ERA-3B could withstand a cable-arrested landing, the ALT-40 and ALR-75 equipment was not stressed to withstand catapult launches, thus it was never deployed aboard carriers. The ERA-3B served with VAQ-33 and later with VAQ-34.
 NRA-3B: Six RA-3Bs converted for various non-combat test purposes.

 VA-3B: Two EA-3B converted as VIP transports. Both aircraft were assigned to the Chief of Naval Operations flying from Andrews AFB in Washington, DC.
 NTA-3B: One aircraft converted by Hughes/Raytheon used to test radar for the F-14D Tomcat.

B-66 Destroyer

The U.S. Air Force ordered 294 examples of the derivative B-66 Destroyer, most of which were used in the reconnaissance and electronic warfare roles. The Destroyer was fitted with ejection seats.

Operators

 United States Navy
 VAH-1 based at Naval Air Station Sanford (later RVAH-1, now decommissioned)
 VAH-2 based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (now VAQ-132)
 VAH-3 based at Naval Air Station (later RVAH-3, now decommissioned); Replacement Air Group / Fleet Replacement Squadron
 VAH-4 based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (now VAQ-131)
 VAH-5 based at Naval Air Station Sanford (later RVAH-5, now decommissioned)
 VAH-6 based originally at Naval Air Station North Island, moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island 1958, then moved to Naval Air Station(later RVAH-6, now decommissioned)
 VAH-7 based at Naval Air Station Sanford (later RVAH-7, now decommissioned)
 VAH-8 based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (now decommissioned)
 VAH-9 based at Naval Air Station Sanford (later RVAH-9, now decommissioned)
 VAH-10 based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (now VAQ-129)
 VAH-11 based at Naval Air Station (later RVAH-11, now decommissioned)
 VAH-13 commissioned at Naval Air Station, moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island 1961  (later RVAH-13, now decommissioned)
 VAH-123 based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (now decommissioned)
 VAQ-129 based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (later flying the EA-6B, now flying the EA-18G); Fleet Replacement Squadron
 VAW-13/VAQ-130 based at Naval Air Station Alameda. Later moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying the EA-6B (now VAQ-130 flying the EA-18G)
 VAQ-131 based at Naval Air Station Alameda. Later moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying the EA-6B (now VAQ-131 flying the EA-18G)
 VAQ-132 based at Naval Air Station Alameda. Later moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying the EA-6B (now VAQ-132 flying the EA-18G)
 VAQ-133 based at Naval Air Station Alameda. Later moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying the EA-6B (now VAQ-133 flying the EA-18G)
 VAQ-134 based at Naval Air Station Alameda. Later moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying the EA-6B (now VAQ-134 flying the EA-18G)
 VAQ-135 based at Naval Air Station Alameda. Later moved to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying the EA-6B (now VAQ-135 flying the EA-18G)
 VAQ-33 based at Naval Air Station Key West (now decommissioned)
 VAQ-34 based at Naval Air Station Point Mugu (now decommissioned)
 VAK-208 based at Naval Air Station Alameda (now decommissioned) (Naval Air Reserve)
 VAK-308 based at Naval Air Station Alameda (now decommissioned) (Naval Air Reserve)
 VAP-61 based at Naval Air Station Agana Guam (now decommissioned).
 VAP-62 based at Naval Air Station Jacksonville (now decommissioned)
 VCP-63, later VFP-63, based at Naval Air Station Miramar flying five A3D-2P Skywarriors and twenty F8U-1P Crusaders
 VQ-1 based at Naval Air Station Agana (now based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying only the EP-3E)
 VQ-2 based at Naval Station Rota, Spain (later based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island flying only the EP-3E; now decommissioned)
 VR-1 based at Naval Air Station Patuxent River and Andrews Air Force Base/Naval Air Facility Washington
 VX-5 based at NAWS China Lake with detachment at Naval Air Station Sanford
 National Parachute Test Range based at Naval Air Facility El Centro
 Naval Air Development Center based at NADC Johnsville/NADC Warminster (activity and installation now decommissioned)
 Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River
 Pacific Missile Test Center at Naval Air Station Point Mugu

Surviving aircraft
On display
XA3D-1
 125413 – Fulton County Airport, Johnstown, New York.
A-3A
 135434 – Restored in September 2011 by members of Naval Air Reserve Patrol Squadron 65 (VP-65) based at Naval Air Station Point Mugu.  Aircraft displayed at the Edwards Air Force Flight Test Center Museum, Edwards Air Force Base, California.
NA-3A
 135418 – National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
YEA-3A
 130361 – Pima Air and Space Museum (adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base), Tucson, Arizona.
A-3B
 142246 – New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
EA-3B
 146448 – National Cryptologic Museum, National Vigilance Park, Fort Meade, Maryland.
 146457 – Patriots Point Naval and Maritime Museum, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (previously displayed in front of Daum Hall Bachelor Officers Quarters, Naval Station Rota, Spain).
 144865 - National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida (last flyable A-3 Skywarrior)
KA-3B
 138944 – U.S.S. Lexington Museum, Corpus Christi, Texas.
 147648 – Naval Air Station Key West, Boca Chica Key, Florida.
 147666 – Oakland Aviation Museum in Oakland, California.
NA-3B
 142630 – Celebrity Row, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona.
EKA-3B

 142251 – USS Midway Museum, San Diego, California.
NEA-3B
 144865 – National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
NRA-3B
 144825 – A-3 Skywarrior Whidbey Memorial Foundation, Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington.
Under Restoration
EA-3B

 146453 – Vintage Flying Museum, Meacham Field, Fort Worth, Texas.
KA-3B
 138965 – Yanks Air Museum, Chino, California.
ERA-3B
 144843 – Castle Air Museum (former Castle Air Force Base), Atwater, California.
NTA-3B
 144867 – Pacific Aviation Museum, Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Specifications (A3D-2/A-3B Skywarrior)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Ciampaglia, Giuseppe. Bombardieri Attomici Strategici della US Navy (in Italian). Rome: Rivista Marittima, 2006.
 Donald, David and Jon Lake, eds. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. Westport, Connecticut: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. .
 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. .
 Gunston, Bill and Peter Gilchrist. Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2. Osprey, 1993. .
 Heinemann, Ed. "A Whale of an Airplane". Naval Aviation News, November/December 1987, pp. 18–21.
 Munzel, Mark. "Last of the Great 'Whales': Civilian-Operated, Test-Bed Douglas A-3s". Air Enthusiast, No. 93, May/June 2001, pp. 72–77. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Polmar, Norman. "Skywarrior... The US Navy's "Ultimate" Nuclear Bomber". Air Enthusiast, Thirty-five, January–April 1988, pp. 48–63. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Winchester, Jim, ed. "Douglas A-3 Skywarrior." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. .

External links

 AeroWeb: List of A-3 Survivors on display
 A-3 Skywarrior.com: "Whale" Video
 GlobalAircraft: A-3 Skywarrior
 "Skywarrior – Designing the World's Heaviest Carrier-based Aircraft" a 1955 Flight article
 FOR NAVAL ATTACK – An Analysis of the Douglas A3D Skywarrior of the U.S. Navy – contemporary article in Flight magazine
 A-3 Skywarrior Assn.

Carrier-based aircraft
AD3 Skywarrior
A-03 Skywarrior
United States military tanker aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Twinjets
High-wing aircraft
Strategic bombers

Douglas A-3 Skywarrior


Miller getur átt við eftirfarandi:

 William Ian Miller
 Sienna Miller
 Wentworth Miller
 Arthur Miller
 Mac Miller
 T. J. Miller
 Omar Benson Miller

Miller


Clostridium tetani er en gram positiv sporedannende anaerob stav, hvis toxiner i mennesker er årsagen til stivkrampe.

Tetani

Clostridium tetani


Gianluca Pagliuca (født 18. december 1966 i Bologna, Italien) er en italiensk tidligere fodboldspiller (målmand), der regnes som en af de bedste målmænd i italiensk fodbolds historie.

Klubkarriere

I løbet af sin 20 år lange karriere spillede Pagliuca primært for Sampdoria, Inter og Bologna. Han spillede i alt næsten 600 Serie A-kampe, og vandt med Sampdoria både det italienske mesterskab, Coppa Italia og Pokalvindernes Europa Cup, mens det hos Inter blev til triumf i UEFA Cuppen.

Landshold

Pagliuca spillede desuden 39 kampe for Italiens landshold, som han debuterede for 25. september 1991 i en venskabskamp på udebane mod Bulgarien. Inden da havde han været ubrugt reservemålmand for italierne ved VM 1990 på hjemmebane.

Pagliuca avancerede til rollen som italienernes førstemålmand ved VM 1994 i USA. Her var han med til at føre italienerne frem til finalen mod Brasilien, hvor han med flere store redninger sørgede for, at italierne holdt 0-0 frem til en afgørelse i straffesparkskonkurrence. Her blev Pagliuca den første målmand nogensinde til at redde et straffespark i en VM-finale, da han reddede forsøget fra brasilianernes Márcio Santos. Han kunne dog ikke forhindre, at brasilianerne i sidste ende vandt straffesparkskonkurrencen og dermed VM-titlen.

Fire år senere var Pagliuca igen førstevalg i italienernes mål ved VM 1998, hans tredje VM-slutrunde med italienerne. Han spillede alle landets fem kampe i turneringen, hvor Italien blev slået ud af de senere vindere fra Frankrig i kvartfinalen.

Titler
Serie A
 1991 med Sampdoria

Coppa Italia
 1988, 1989 og 1994 med Sampdoria

Supercoppa Italiana
 1991 med Sampdoria

Pokalvindernes Europa Cup
 1990 med Sampdoria

UEFA Cup
 1998 med Inter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Fodboldspillere fra UC Sampdoria
Fodboldspillere fra Bologna FC
Fodboldspillere fra Ascoli Calcio 1898
Personer fra Bologna
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1990
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1994
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1998

Gianluca Pagliuca


Andorras U/18-fodboldlandshold er Andorras landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 18 år og administreres af Federació Andorrana de Futbol] (FAF).

U/18-fodboldlandshold
U/18-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Andorras U/18-fodboldlandshold


An Dupontia fischeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Dupontia fischeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dupontia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dupontia

Dupontia fischeri


Las Casas del Mayorazgo de Guerrero son construcciones de la Ciudad de México localizadas en la calle de Moneda 16 y 18, frente al Museo Nacional de las Culturas y se extienden hasta la calle del Correo Mayor. Los dos edificios son casi idénticos, ambos con fachadas de tezontle y detalles con piedra blanca. Las casas fueron construidas por la familia de Juan Guerrero de Luna en el sigloXVI y pertenecieron a dicha familia durante todo el Virreinato de Nueva España como una concesión de la Corona Española. La apariencia actual de las construcciones se debe a la reconstrucción que se realizó en el sigloXVIII. Después de la Independencia, la familia perdió gradualmente estas construcciones, pues la casa principal comenzó a servir para funciones públicas y la más pequeña se dividió en apartamentos y tiendas.

Historia
Originalmente las casas pertenecieron a Rodrigo Gómez Dávila, ballestero de Pánfilo de Narváez quien se pasó al ejército de Hernán Cortés. Posteriormente las adquirió Domingo Gómez quien las vendió en 1562 a Juan Guerrero de Luna y su esposa Beatriz Gómez Dávila, quienes fundaron el mayorazgo el 24 de junio de 1589 cuando su familia recibió una concesión de tierra por parte del rey FelipeII. La extensión de tierra y las casas se quedarían en manos de la familia durante todo el Virreinato de Nueva España. Las estructuras originales fueron construidas en el sigloXVI y fueron reedificadas en su totalidad en 1713, sin embargo fue a finales del sigloXVIII que las casas adquirieron su aspecto actual cuando fueron reconstruidas por el arquitecto Francisco Antonio Guerrero y Torres del 3 de mayo de 1779 al 28 de septiembre de 1781. La casa occidental fue en la que la familia habitó, mientras que la propiedad oriental estaba subdividida a su vez en dos casas reservadas para la servidumbre y espacios para almacén. La casa contaba con accesorias, que eran rentadas a comerciantes y artesanos. Pese a que ambas construcciones lucen similares, la casa occidental es la que contiene los rasgos más distintivos.

A finales del sigloXIX, la casa del este o de los sirvientes ya se había dividido en varios apartamentos y tiendas. El artista José Guadalupe Posada vivió y trabajó en esta construcción desde finales del sigloXIX hasta su muerte en 1913. El vivir y trabajar en este lugar le permitió observar la vida diaria de gente ordinaria, la cual reflejó en su obra.

Al ser demolida la Universidad, en 1914 la casa principal se convirtió en la sede del Conservatorio Nacional de Música y permaneció así durante treinta años aproximadamente. La construcción principal fue bastante grande para ser una casa; sin embargo, fue considerara algo pequeña como escuela, donde el único lugar para colocar un área de juego para básquetbol fue uno de los patios interiores. Ambas casas fueron declaradas monumento histórico el 9 de febrero de 1931. En 1933, Rufino Tamayo pintó un fresco aquí dedicado a la música, especialmente al canto, para el Conservatorio.

En 1946 el conservatorio fue trasladado a un complejo diseñado ex profeso en Polanco y la casa principal del mayorazgo fue destinada para las oficinas de la dirección de prehistoria del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia por decreto publicado en el Diario oficial de la Federación; mientras la casa de la servidumbre continuó alojando tiendas y apartamentos.

Descripción
La casa principal carece de algún detalle arquitectónico espectacular que la distinga de otras residencias tales como el Palacio de Iturbide, pero en efecto tiene una serie de elementos interesantes. Esta construcción cuenta con dos pisos con un parapeto en la esquina de la propiedad. La fachada es de tezontle, una piedra volcánica de color rojo sangre; con las ventanas, balcones, pórticos y zócalos hechos de chiluca, una piedra blanco-grisácea. Muchos de los relieves de la construcción, especialmente el parapeto, rinden homenaje a la Virgen María. Su imagen aparece aquí y las pilastras de las esquinas están decoradas con relieves de azucenas y rosas que están asociadas con ella. En el piso superior hay dos compartimentos cuadrados: uno con una fuente y otro con un pozo. El parapeto tiene un nicho con una imagen de la Virgen, flanqueada por dos estípites (columnas tronco-piramidales invertidas) con capiteles de orden corintio formados por hojas de acanto. Esto era muy común de la arquitectura religiosa del periodo de la Reforma Católica, pues se suele aludir a la eternidad y gloria de la Virgen María. El parapeto también está decorado con un diseño de una torre de marfil y una palmera enmarcada por elaboradas molduras barrocas.

Por dentro, la construcción cuenta con dos patios con entradas independientes que dan hacia la calle, así como un pórtico que las conecta entre sí. En la escalera principal se encuentra un fresco realizado por Rufino Tamayo de 1933, el cual está dedicado a la música.

Casa del Sol y la Luna
De cualquier forma, la mayor parte de la decoración distintiva de la casa está en el exterior y le da a la construcción el nombre alternativo de "Las Casas del Sol y la Luna". Hay relieves del Sol y la Luna en la esquina de la intersección de la calle de Moneda y Correo Mayor. Éstas, a su vez, son una referencia a la Virgen María, pues se dice que ella es: "tan bella como la luna y tan brillante como el sol". No obstante, estas imágenes, así como los nombres de las familias asociadas con estas propiedades, le han imprimido fuerza a una leyenda:

Referencias

Centro histórico de Ciudad de México
Palacios de México del siglo XVIII

Casas del Mayorazgo de Guerrero


Ropstvo u Africi bilo je povijesno rašireno, a nastavlja se i danas u nekim zemljama.

Sustavi ropstva bili su uobičajeni u dijelovima Afrike, kao što su bili u većini drevnog svijeta. U mnogim afričkim društvima u kojima je prevladavalo ropstvo, porobljeni ljudi nisu tretirani kao pokretna imovina, već su im dana određena prava u sustavu sličnom ropskom odnosu drugdje u svijetu. Kada je započela arapska trgovina robljem i atlantska trgovina robljem, mnogi lokalni sustavi roblja počeli su opskrbljivati zarobljenike za tržišta robljem izvan Afrike.

Ropstvo se prakticiralo u mnogim različitim oblicima kroz povijest u Africi: dužničko ropstvo, porobljavanje ratnih zarobljenika, vojno ropstvo, ropstvo prostitucije i kriminalno ropstvo prakticirali su se u raznim dijelovima Afrike. Ropstvo u kućne i dvorske svrhe bilo je rašireno diljem Afrike. Ropstvo na plantažama pojavilo se prvenstveno na istočnoj obali Afrike i u dijelovima zapadne Afrike. Važnost domaćeg plantažnog ropstva porasla je tijekom 19. stoljeća zbog ukidanja atlantske trgovine robljem. Mnoge afričke države ovisne o međunarodnoj trgovini robljem prebacile su svoja gospodarstva na legitimnu trgovinu temeljenu na robovskom radu.

Tijekom afričke povijesti postojali su brojni oblici ropstva koji su bili oblikovani praksom autohtonog ropstva, kao i rimskom institucijom ropstva (i kasnijim kršćanskim pogledima na ropstvo), islamskim institucijama ropstva kroz arapsku trgovinu robljem i konačno atlantskom trgovinom robljem. Ropstvo je stoljećima bilo dio ekonomske strukture afričkih društava, iako je opseg varirao. Ibn Batuta, koji je sredinom 14. stoljeća posjetio drevno kraljevstvo Mali, pripovijeda da su se lokalni stanovnici međusobno rangirali prema broju robova i slugu koje posjeduju, te da mu je dan dječak kao rob kao "dar gostoprimstvo". U podsaharskoj Africi robovlasnički odnosi često su bili složeni, s pravima i slobodama davanim porobljenim pojedincima i ograničenjima prodaje i rukovanja od strane njihovih gospodara. Mnoge zajednice imale su hijerarhije između različitih vrsta robova: na primjer, razlikovanje između onih rođenih u ropstvu i onih zarobljenih u ratu.

Izvori

Povijest Afrike
Ropstvo

Ropstvo u Africi


José Montes ist der Name folgender Personen:

* José Montes-Baquer (1935–2010), spanischer Film- und Fernsehregisseur
 José Francisco Montes Fonseca (1830–1888), honduranischer Politiker, Präsident 1862/1863
 José Luis Montes de Oca (* 1967), mexikanischer Fußballspieler
 José María Montes (1920–2011), argentinischer Geistlicher, Bischof von Chascomús
 José María Ignacio Montes de Oca y Obregón (1840–1921), mexikanischer Geistlicher, Bischof von San Luis Potosí, siehe Ignacio Montes de Oca y Obregón

José Montes


"SAW GG" (também estilizada como Stay A Warrior, sAw and saw) é uma organização de esports profissional sediada em Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. Fundada a 1 de Janeiro de 2020, a organização tem equipas a competir profissionalmente, em videojogos como Counter-Strike: Global Offensive e FIFA, e uma equipa de criadores de conteúdos.

Divisões atuais

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

 Equipa atual:

 Antigos jogadores:

FIFA

 Equipa atual:

Antigas divisões e equipas

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

 SAW Youngsters

Valorant

 Antiga equipa:

 Antigos jogadores:

Equipa de Criação de Conteúdo

Resultados em torneios/ligas

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

ESEA Open Season 33
A 10 de Abril de 2020, os SAW GG ganharam a ESEA Open S33 ao derrotar os SINNERS por 2-0 na grande final e qualificaram-se diretamente para a ESEA Advanced S34.

RTP Arena Cup 2020
A 24 de Maio de 2020, os SAW GG venceram a RTP Arena Cup 2020 ao derrotar os Movistar Riders por 3-0 e qualificaram-se para a BLAST Premier: Spring 2020 European Showdown.

Master League Portugal Season V
A 14 de Junho de 2020, os SAW GG venceram a Master League Portugal V ao derrotar os Offset por 2-0.

Orange Unity League 2020
A 23 de Junho de 2020, os SAW GG venceram a Orange Unity League 2020 ao derrotar os Team Heretics por 2-1.

ESEA Advanced Season 34
A 10 de Abril de 2020, os SAW GG ganharam a ESEA Open S33 ao derrotar os SINNERS por 2-0 na grande final e qualificaram-se diretamente para a ESEA MDL S35.

LVP Unity Cup 2021
A 24 de Março de 2021, os SAW GG venceram a LVP Unity Cup 2021 ao vencer os Movistar Riders por 2-1 e qualificaram-se para a BLAST Premier Spring Showdown.

Master League Portugal Season VII
A 20 de Junho de 2021, os SAW GG venceram a Master League Portugal VII ao derrotar os Offset por 2-1.

Magicshot Techdays Cup 2021
A 17 de Outubro de 2021, os SAW Youngsters venceram a Magicshot Techdays Cup 2021 ao derrotar os Caretos por 3-0.

Valorant

15Kings Invitational
A 16 de Maio de 2021, os SAW GG venceram o 15Kings Invitational ao derrotar os Team DeftFox por 3-0 na grande final.

LVP - Rising Series #3 - European Qualifier
A 26 de Agosto de 2021, os SAW GG derrotaram os Excel Esports por 2-0 e qualificaram-se para a LVP Rising Series #3.

LGX Arena
A 4 de Setembro de 2021, os SAW GG venceram a LGX Arena ao derrotar os Team Doggo por 2-0 na grande final.

LVP - Rising Series #4 - European Qualifier
A 26 de Agosto de 2021, os SAW GG derrotaram a mixenergy por 2-0 e qualificaram-se para a LVP Rising Series #4.

Moeckern Masters League #10
A 6 de Outubro de 2021, os SAW GG venceram a Moeckern Masters League #10 ao derrotar os Equipe por 13-11 na grande final.

Magicshot Techdays Valorant Cup 2021
A 17 de Outubro de 2021, os SAW GG venceram a Magicshot Techdays Valorant Cup 2021 ao derrotar os ehehxd por 3-0.

OMEN WGR Retake Season 4
A 10 de Julho de 2022, os SAW GG venceram a OMEN WGR Retake Season 3 ao derrotar a FTW por 2-0.

FIFA

FPF eFootball Open Challenge 2021
A 14 de Novembro de 2021, o jogador dos SAW GG Darkley11 venceu a FPF eFootball Open Challenge 2021 ao vencer o FTW Dallano por 2-1 na grande final.

ESC Online Bomb Cup 4
A 20 de Novembro de 2021, o jogador do SAW GG Darkley11 venceu o ESC Online Bomb Cup 4 ao derrotar Tuga810 por 4-3 na grande final.

Equipes de esportes eletrônicos de Portugal

SAW GG


Kral akbaba (Sarcoramphus papa), Güney Amerika'da  Yeni Dünya akbabaları (Cathartidae) familyasına ait, görkemli renkleri olan bir kuş türüdür. Kral akbaba, cinsinin tek türü olup, leş başında diğer akbabalara karşı baskın olmasından ismini bu şekilde almıştır.

Özellikleri
Kral akbaba dikkat çekici renklere sahiptir. Çıplak başının tepesi, boynu ve göz çevresi kırmızıdır. Gagasındaki et parçası ve ensesi turuncudan sarıya uzanır. Boynun alt kısımları siyahken, yanaklarında kısa, grimsi beyaz tüyler bulunur. Ön tarafı beyazımsı gridir. Bu akbabalar, 85 cm kadar boya sahip olabilirler ve 4.5 kg ağırlığında gelirler. Hemen hemen 2 m kanat gerginliğine sahiptirler. Tüm Yeni Dünya akbabaları gibi kral akbaba da kuvvetli bir gagaya ve güçlü pençelere sahiptir.

Yaşam tarzı
Kral akbabalar sosyal ve sokulgan olmasalar da çiftler halinde yaşarlar ve geceleri topluca uyurlar. Gündüzleri kanatlarını hareket ettirmeden saatlerce havada süzülürler ve yiyecek ararlar. Yüksek dağlardan kaçınırlar, en başta yağmur ormanlarında ve savanalarda bulunurlar.

Beslenme
Kral akbabalarının çok iyi bir koku alma duyuları ve keskin gözleri vardır. Besinleri başta leşler olmak üzere, balıklardan, küçük memelilerden ve  yılanlardan oluşur. Leş başına vardıklarında birkaç düzine halinde toplanırlar, diğer akbabaları kovar ya da onların yiyeceklerini çalarlar.

Üreme
Kral akbabalar her iki yılda bir kuluçka yatarlar ve yuva inşa etmezler. Yumurtalarını, genelde 20 ile 30 m yüksekte bulunan ağaç dallarının çatallarına, kaya yarıklarına ya da kurumuş ağaç kütüklerine koyarlar. Dişi genelde sadece bir tane kırmızımsı kahverengi lekeleri olan beyaz-sarı yumurta bırakır. Ancak bazen kuluçkanın üç yumurtayı kapsadığı da olur. Her iki ebeveynin de eşit oranda katıldığı 55 günlük bir kuluçka süresinin sonunda genç kuş yumurtadan çıkar. Yavru ebeveynlerin kusağından, önceden hazmadilmiş besinlerle  beslenir. Yuvada kalma süresi 80 ile 90 gün kadar sürer, sonrasında yavru yuvayı terk eder. Ancak sıklıkla 150 ile 600 gün kadar ebeveynleriyle beraber kalır.

Dağılım
Kral akbabaların dağılım alanları Meksika 'dan Orta- ve Güney Amerika üzerinden Kuzey Arjantin ve Uruguay'a kadar yayılır.

Kitap

Dış bağlantılar

 Eintrag auf World-of-Animals.de

Asgari endişe altındaki hayvanlar
Yeni Dünya akbabaları
1758'de tanımlanan kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kral akbaba


Skimmel kan have flere betydninger:

 Skimmel som betegnelse for vækst af skimmelsvampe eller mug på eksempelvis bygningsdele, fødevarer, planter m.v.
 Skimmel (hest) - En betegnelse for en hest, hvis hår med tiden bliver hvide.
 Skimmelflagermus - En flagermuseart.
 Skimmelost - Typer af ost, hvorpå der gror skimmel

Eksterne henvisninger
Skimmel på Ordbog over det danske sprog

Skimmel


Les télécommunications aux Îles Marshall désignent l'ensemble des moyens et infrastructures de télécommunication disponibles aux Îles Marshall. Étant un pays entièrement insulaire, composé de plusieurs îles, les télécommunications sont un monopole d'État assuré par la Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority (NTA). Les moyens disponibles sont notamment un système postal assuré par le United States Postal Service, un accès internet à domicile dans les atolls de Majuro et de Kwajalein, et des accès mobiles et satellites dans les atolls éloignés.

Système postal
En raison de l'histoire des Îles Marshall, notamment la période où le pays était un territoire sous tutelle des îles du Pacifique puis avec le traité de libre-association, le United States Postal Service continue d'assurer la réception et l'envoi de courriers et colis à l'international, par avion et par bateau. Les Îles Marshall n'ont pas de système d'adresse, et la distribution du courrier est assurée par des boîtes postales.

Internet

L'accès internet aux Îles Marshall est assuré par le câble sous-marin haut-débit HANTRU-1, qui partant de Guam dessert les États fédérés de Micronésie et les Îles Marshall. Le pays compte des accès par fibre optique, par câble coaxial mais aussi par satellite.

Accès par câble et fibre
Les deux atolls de Majuro et de Kwajalein disposent d'un accès internet jusqu'au domicile par câble et depuis 2010 par fibre. Un réseau de téléphonie mobile, en 3G ou en 4G, est également disponible dans les atolls de Majuro, Kwajalein, Jaluit, Kili, Wotje, Arno et Enewetak.

Accès par DAMA
La quasi-totalité des atolls habités n'ayant pas accès à un réseau à domicile disposent d'un accès à internet par satellite utilisant la technologie du  (DAMA). Cette technologie est utilisable quand peu d'utilisateurs utilisent des télécommunications en même temps, ce qui est le cas dans les atolls peu peuplés des Îles Marshall. Elle permet à un utilisateur d'utiliser une télécommunication par satellite comme moyen pour téléphoner, faxer ou accéder à internet. Utilisée dans 18 îles et atolls sur les 25 habités du pays, il s'agit de la méthode la plus répandue dans les territoires périphériques.

Accès par radio
Les atolls de Rongelap et Jabat ne disposent pas en 2017 de l'accès DAMA, dans ce cas les communications sont assurées par radio et donc très limitées.

Enjeux

Capacité du réseau
Fin 2021, le réseau de télécommunication internet mobile en 4G atteint un seuil de saturation provoquant des ralentissements de l'accès à internet dans l'atoll-capitale de Majuro, en raison d'un trop grand nombre d'utilisateurs pour la capacité de l'infrastructure existante. La NTA annonce mettre en place de nouvelles antennes et rechercher des emplacements disponibles en hauteur afin de renforcer la capacité du réseau.

Privatisation
En 2021, la banque mondiale demande au gouvernement des Îles Marshall de privatiser les télécommunications afin d'aider à leur développement. Le constat est fait par le Ministry of Finance, Banking and Postal Service d'un vieillissement de l'infrastructure occasionnant des pannes et un accès lent à internet. Le directeur de la NTA, Tommy Kijiner, dénonce le rapport de la Banque Mondiale en indiquant que Majuro et Ebeye, lieux de vie de la majorité des Marshallais, étaient bien desservis en réseau et qu'en outre le calcul d'un ratio du nombre d'abonnement à internet par  habitant ne prenait pas en compte les arrangements entre familles de ne payer qu'un seul accès pour l'ensemble de ses membres.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Site officiel de la NTA
 Îles Marshall
 Télécommunications

Marshall
Communication aux îles Marshall

Télécommunications aux Îles Marshall


මෙය 1987 ඔක්තෝබර් 9 සිට 1987 නොවැම්බර් 8 දක්වා ඉන්දියාවේ සහ පකිස්ථානයේ පැවති 1987 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලියේදී තම රට නියෝජනය කළ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින්ගේ ලැයිස්තුවකි. 1987 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානයේ වයස්ගතම ක්‍රීඩකයා වූයේ සිම්බාබ්වේ ජාතික ජෝන් ට්‍රයිකොස් (40) වන අතර ලාබාලතම ක්‍රීඩකයා වූයේ පාකිස්තානයේ ඉජාස් අහමඩ් (19) ය.

1987 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලාන සංචිත


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Der Lac Memphrémagog (; in Kanada) oder Lake Memphremagog (; in den Vereinigten Staaten) ist ein See glazialen Ursprungs an der US-amerikanisch-kanadischen Grenze.

Lage
Der See erstreckt sich von Magog in Québec (Kanada), am nördlichen Seeende gelegen, bis nach Newport in Vermont (USA) am südlichen Seeende.

Der See hat eine Länge von 44 km.
73 % der Seefläche liegen in der kanadischen Provinz Québec.
Dort befindet sich sein Abfluss, der Fluss Rivière Magog, ein Nebenfluss des Rivière Saint-François.
Drei Viertel des Einzugsgebiets liegen im US-Bundesstaat Vermont.

In Vermont teilen sich die Städte Derby und Newport die Seefläche, beide im Orleans County gelegen.

In Québec verteilt sich der See auf die Orte Austin, Magog, Ogden, Potton, Saint-Benoît-du-Lac und Stanstead Township, alle in der regionalen Grafschaftsgemeinde Memphrémagog gelegen.

Der Wasserspiegel liegt auf .
Die maximale Wassertiefe beträgt 87 m.
Im See befinden sich 20 Inseln.
Die 31 ha große Île de la Province (oder Province Island) ist die größte Insel im See. Durch sie verläuft die internationale Grenze.

Der Staudamm Barrage du Memphrémagog befindet sich am Abfluss des Lac Memphrémagog.
Er wurde 1920 erbaut, hat eine Höhe von 9 m und eine Breite von 55 m.

Das zugehörige Wasserkraftwerk Centrale Memphrémagog besitzt zwei Turbinen mit einer Gesamtleistung von 1,9 MW.

Der Name "Memphremagog" leitet sich von dem Algonkin-Wort für "wo sich eine große Wasserfläche befindet" ab.

Ökologie
Wie viele andere Seen ist der Lac Memphrémagog von Phosphat-Anreicherung, Sedimenten und anderen Verschmutzungen betroffen.

Seit den 1970er Jahren wurden verschiedene Maßnahmen ergriffen, um die Wasserqualität des Lac Memphrémagog zu verbessern.
1994 wurde zu diesem Zweck die Lake Memphremagog Watershed Association gegründet.

Hydrologie

Vier Flüsse in Vermont münden direkt in den See: Clyde River, Barton River, Black River und Johns River.

Der See gefriert im Winter und erreicht Eisdicken von bis zu einem Meter.

Leuchttürme
Am Lac Memphrémagog gab es früher drei Leuchttürme, die den Booten auf dem See bei deren Navigation unterstützten. Diese drei Leuchttürme, Maxfield Point Light, Newport Wharf Light und Whipple Point Light, sind heute nicht mehr vorhanden.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Lac Memphrémagog bei Natural Resources Canada
 Lake Memphremagog environmental document
 Basin Planning
 Restoring Water Quality in the Lake Memphremagog Basin: Clyde River Phase I & II Stream Geomorphic Assessments
 The International Dracontology Society of Lake Memphremagog
 Memphre, the Sea Serpent of Lake Memphremagog
 Memphré Quebec
 International Lake Environment Committee

See in Québec
Stausee in Kanada
Stausee in Vermont
Stausee in Nordamerika
SMemphremagog, Lac
Orleans County (Vermont)
Estrie
Grenze zwischen Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten

Lac Memphrémagog


was a town located in Hino District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,309 and a density of 52.88 persons per km2. The total area was .

On January 1, 2005, Mizokuchi, along with the town of Kishimoto (from Saihaku District), was merged to create the town of Hōki (in Saihaku District).

Prior to the merger, an oni statue (which still stands in Hōki today) was built to serve as Mizokuchi's town mascot.

References

External links
Official town website (in Japanese)

Dissolved municipalities of Tottori Prefecture
Hōki, Tottori

Mizokuchi, Tottori


Sekundærrute 297 er en rutenummereret landevej på Lolland.

Ruten strækker sig fra Sundby til Holeby.

Rute 297 har en længde på ca. 33 km.

Kilder

297

Sekundærrute 297


Emile Zola's liv er en autentisk amerikansk dramafilm fra 1937 instrueret af William Diertle. Filmen vandt 3 oscars heriblandt for bedste film.

Plot

Zolas liv følges fra han er fattig kunstner, indtil han er triumferende i Dreyfus-affæren, som er udarbejdet i alle dets faser. Når Dreyfus bliver genindsat i hæren, dør Zola af kulilteforgiftning i deres hjem. Handlingen spænder fra 1862 til 1902.

Rollebesætning

Eksterne henvisning

Amerikanske film fra 1937
Oscar for bedste film
Film baseret på virkelige begivenheder
Film i sort-hvid

Emile Zola's liv


Heidl ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Andreas Heidl (* 1962), österreichischer Architekt
 Otto Heidl (1910–1955), deutscher KZ-Arzt
 Walter Heidl (* 1959), deutscher Landwirt und Bauernfunktionär; Präsident des Bayerischen Bauernverbandes (BBV)

Siehe auch:
 Heidel
 Haidl
 Haidel
 Heydel

Heidl


Jean-Hubert Cupper, né à Aix-la-Chapelle (Allemagne) le  et décédé en 1935(?) à Cortenbergh (Belgique), est un architecte belge particulièrement actif dans la province de Luxembourg.

Biographie
Né à Aix-la-Chapelle, alors dans l'empire prussien, Jean-Hubert Cupper est installé en Belgique (à Bastogne) depuis 1875 et obtient la naturalisation belge en 1883.

Cupper passe toute sa carrière dans la province de Luxembourg et est particulièrement actif dans la construction d'églises et dans l'aménagement de leur mobilier intérieur.

Ainsi :
À Assenois : le maitre-autel de l'église Saint-Quirin.
A Boeur (1907) et Nadrin : les nouvelles églises avec leur presbytère.
A Petit-Thier, Sterpenich (1900), Moinet (1902) et Sainlez: les nouvelles églises.
A Bourcy, Habay-la-Neuve, Ortho et Sibret: l'ameublement de l'église (avec sacristie à Sibret).
A Rachamps, Witry, Jupille, Michamps (1889), Villers-la-Bonne-Eau (1892) et Bourcy (1907-1911) : restauration, agrandissement ou reconstruction de l'église.
A Bougnimont : la chapelle Saint-Monon et son ameublement.
Des salles d'œuvres ou école paroissiale à Engreux, Rachamps et Habay-la-Neuve.

Après avoir longtemps résidé à Bastogne Jean-Hubert Cupper s'installe à Cortenbergh entre Bruxelles et Louvain (en 1924) où il meurt sans doute en 1935. Depuis 1892 il était également membre correspondant de la commission royale des monuments.

Naissance en octobre 1855
Naissance à Aix-la-Chapelle
Décès en 1935
Architecte belge

Jean-Hubert Cupper


Jeremy Dean Stephens (født 26. maj 1986 i Des Moines, Iowa i USA) er en amerikansk MMA-udøver som siden 2007 har konkurreret i organisationen Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) i fjervægt-klassen.

MMA-karriere

Tidlige karriere
I en alder af 16, begyndte Stephens at dyrke kampsport som amatør og begyndte fuldtid i en alder af 18. Stephens var UGC og MCC-letvægt-mester.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Stephens blev besejret via 2. omgangs armbar-submission i sin UFC-debut mod veteranen Din Thomas på UFC 71 den 26. maj, 2007.

Hans første UFC-sejr var mod Diego Saraiva på UFC 76 via enstemmig afgørelse.

Stephens trådte ind som sen reserve for Hermes Franca mod Joe Lauzon den 7. februar, 2009 i hovedkampen på UFC Fight Night: Lauzon vs. Stephens. Lauzon besejrede Stephens med en armbar sent i 2. omgang.

Herfter den 1. april, 2009 på UFC Fight Night: Condit vs Kampmann, blev Stephens ud-wrestlet mod Gleison Tibau og tabte enstemmig afgørelse.

Stephens mødte Max Holloway den 12. december, 2015, på UFC 194. Han tabte kampen via enstemmig afgørelse.

Stephens mødte Frankie Edgar den 12. november, 2016, på UFC 205. Han tabte via enstemmig afgørelse.

Stephens mødte Doo Ho Choi den 14. januar, i hovedkampen på UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi. Han vandt kampen via TKO i 2. omgang. Begge kæmpere blev belønnet med Fight of the Night-prisen.

Stephens mødte Josh Emmett den 24. februar, 2018 på UFC on Fox 28. Han vandt kampen via knockout i 2. omgang. Sejren belønnede ham med Performance of the Night-prisen.

Privatliv
Stephens er af mexicansk afstamning på sin mors side. Han har 2 døtre og er gode venner med tidligere UFC-kæmper Anton Kuivanen.

Mesterskaber og priser
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 Knockout of the Night (3 gange)
 Fight of the Night (5 gange)
 Performance of the Night (1 gang)  vs. Josh Emmett
 MMAJunkie.com
 2014 June Fight of the Month vs. Cub Swanson

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jeremy Stephens – UFC.com
 Jeremy Stephens – Sherdog.com

MMA-udøvere fra USA

Jeremy Stephens