Marián Hossa (; born 12 January 1979) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey right winger. Hossa was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the first round, 12th overall, of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. After spending his first seven NHL seasons with the Senators, he played for the Atlanta Thrashers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Detroit Red Wings, and Chicago Blackhawks. Over the course of his career, he made five NHL All-Star Game appearances and played in three consecutive Stanley Cup Finals with three different teams, finally winning the Stanley Cup in 2009–10 with Chicago. He won two additional Stanley Cup championships with Chicago during the 2012–13 and 2014–15 seasons. Hossa's playing career ended prematurely in 2017, when he announced he was suffering from a progressive skin disorder. His contract was traded to the Arizona Coyotes in 2018 and he formally retired in 2022. Hossa accumulated 525 goals and 609 assists for 1,134 points in 1,309 regular-season games over his 19-year NHL career. He was the 44th player in NHL history to score 500 goals, and the 80th player to score 1,000 points. He was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2020.

Playing career
As a youth, Hossa played in the 1993 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Bratislava.

Ottawa Senators (1998–2004)
Hossa was drafted in the first round, 12th overall, by the Ottawa Senators in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft from Dukla Trenčín of the Slovak Extraliga. Shortly thereafter, he was selected fifth overall in the 1997 Canadian Hockey League (CHL) Import Draft by the Portland Winterhawks of the Western Hockey League (WHL), acquiring his major junior rights in the event that he did not immediately stick with the Senators in the NHL.

After seven games in the NHL, the Senators assigned Hossa to junior, where he tallied 45 goals and 40 assists for 85 points in 53 games with the Winterhawks in 1997–98, earning him the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as WHL rookie of the year, as well as CHL and WHL West First Team All-Star honors. He led the Winterhawks to a President's Cup as WHL champions en route to the 1998 Memorial Cup championship. Late in the third period of a tied championship game against the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Guelph Storm, Hossa collided with Guelph forward Ryan Davis and suffered a serious knee injury, forcing him out of the game. The Winterhawks went on to clinch the championship in overtime and Hossa returned to the ice on a chair as his teammates pushed him around with the Memorial Cup to celebrate the victory. With seven points in four tournament games, Hossa was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star team, along with teammate Andrej Podkonický.

The injury kept Hossa from joining the Senators for his rookie season in 1998–99 until December. Despite missing two months, Hossa managed 15 goals and 15 assists for 30 points in 60 games to earn NHL All-Rookie honours and finish second to the Colorado Avalanche's Chris Drury in Calder Memorial Trophy voting for rookie of the year.

The following year, in 1999–2000, Hossa improved to 29 goals and 56 points. However, late in the season, on 11 March 2000, he was responsible for an on-ice accident in which he high-sticked Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Bryan Berard on the follow-through of an attempted shot. The resulting one-inch laceration nearly forced doctors to remove the eye and nearly ended Berard's playing career. Deeply regretful and concerned, Hossa went to visit Berard in hospital the next day to offer an apology to which Berard absolved him of any responsibility.

Hossa recorded 32 goals and 75 points in 2000–01, finishing second in team scoring behind Alexei Yashin and earning his first NHL All-Star Game appearance in Denver. In the subsequent off-season, his rookie contract expired and Hossa became a restricted free agent. Unable to come to terms before training camp for the 2001–02 season, Hossa sat out the first two weeks before signing a three-year, $8.5 million contract on 26 September 2001. Despite Hossa's lucrative new contract, his production would dip to 66 points in the first year of the deal.

Hossa would regain form in 2002–03 with a career-high 45 goals and a team-leading 80 points, while competing in the 2003 NHL All-Star Game in Sunrise, Florida. He then led the Senators to a long playoff run where they were ultimately eliminated in seven games by the eventual Stanley Cup-champion New Jersey Devils in the Eastern Conference Finals. Hossa led the Senators with 16 points in 18 post-season games. The following season, he led the Senators in scoring for the second consecutive season with a personal best 82 points, then added four points in seven games in the playoffs as the Senators were eliminated by the Maple Leafs in the first round.

Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Hossa spent the 2004–05 season playing in Europe. Beginning the season in Slovakia, he joined Mora IK of the Swedish Elitserien to play with his younger brother Marcel after 19 games with former club Dukla Trenčín. After 32 points in 24 games with Mora IK, Hossa returned to Dukla Trenčín, where he completed the season for a total of 42 points in 22 games with the team.

Atlanta Thrashers (2005–2008)

With NHL play set to resume the following season in 2005–06 and Hossa's previous contract expired, he signed a three-year, $18-million deal with the Senators. However, the contract only precipitated a deal that sent him that same day to the Atlanta Thrashers along with defenseman Greg de Vries for all star forward Dany Heatley, who had requested a trade following the death of teammate Dan Snyder in a car crash for which Heatley was ruled responsible. Hossa joined star winger Ilya Kovalchuk and scored 39 goals and 53 assists for 92 points, surpassing his previous personal best by ten points, in his first season with the Thrashers.

In the 2006–07 season, Hossa made franchise history as the first Thrasher to score 100 points in one season, finishing with 43 goals and 57 assists; along with a plus/minus rating of +18. He was named to his third All-Star Game in Dallas where he notched four assists. In the final game of the regular season, Hossa recorded two assists against the Tampa Bay Lightning to achieve the 100-point mark, which still stands as the franchise's single-season points record. The season also marked the first division title and post-season appearance for the Thrashers, clinching the Southeast Division title for the third playoff seed. Hossa, however, only managed one point in four games as the Thrashers were eliminated in the first round by the New York Rangers.

Pittsburgh Penguins (2008)

In the last year of his contract with the Thrashers in 2007–08, the team and Hossa could not agree on an extension, Hossa was acquired by the Pittsburgh Penguins at the trade deadline on 26 February 2008, along with Pascal Dupuis, in exchange for Colby Armstrong, Erik Christensen, prospect Angelo Esposito and the Penguins' first-round pick in 2008 (Daultan Leveille). In his Penguins debut two days later, Hossa injured his medial collateral ligament (MCL) in a knee-on-knee collision with Glen Murray of the Boston Bruins. Hossa missed the next six contests before rejoining the team for the conclusion of the regular season, playing on a line with Dupuis and Sidney Crosby. Hossa completed the regular season with 66 points in 72 games split between the Thrashers and Penguins. He had also appeared in his fourth All-Star Game while still with the Thrashers as the host-city.

Complementing an already high-powered offence led by Evgeni Malkin and Crosby, Hossa proved to be a vital cog in the Penguins' run to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals. He scored his first playoff overtime goal in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals, his second of the contest, against Henrik Lundqvist to clinch the series, putting the Penguins into the Conference Finals against the Philadelphia Flyers. Eliminating the Flyers in five games, Hossa and the Penguins met the Detroit Red Wings in the Final. After scoring the opening goal in game five to help stave off elimination in a triple-overtime victory, Hossa scored his team-leading 12th and final post-season goal in the sixth and deciding game to pull the Penguins within one goal. However, the Penguins were ultimately defeated by the Red Wings 3–2. Hossa nearly forced overtime with the tying goal, but was stopped by goaltender Chris Osgood in the final seconds of the game. He finished third in playoff scoring with 26 points, behind Conn Smythe Trophy-winner Henrik Zetterberg of the Red Wings and linemate Sidney Crosby. Hossa's performance helped shed a reputation for post-season underachievement, as indicated by previous playoff dry spells with the Senators and Thrashers.

Detroit Red Wings (2008–09)

Despite a reported five-year contract offer worth $7 million annually from the Penguins in attempts to retain his services, on 1 July 2008, Hossa signed a one-year deal with the Detroit Red Wings worth $7.45 million. Hossa had also reportedly turned down a multi-year offer from the Edmonton Oilers worth at least $9 million per season. Hossa explained that he opted for the shorter-term contract in hopes of a better opportunity to win a Stanley Cup with the Red Wings. With Red Wings' veteran forward Kirk Maltby already wearing Hossa's number 18, Hossa switched to 81 with Detroit. Hossa notched his first goal as a Red Wing on 18 October, an overtime winner against the New York Rangers, which also marked the 300th goal of his career. Hossa scored a goal in his return to Pittsburgh with the Red Wings on 8 February, where he was heavily booed by the Pittsburgh fans.

After missing two games due to a neck injury late in the season, Hossa was taken off the ice in a stretcher after falling head first into the boards following a check from St. Louis Blues defenceman Roman Polák on 3 March 2009. Escaping serious injury after having laid motionless on the ice for several minutes, it was revealed that in addition to minor neck complications, Hossa also suffered a bruised knee and was listed as day-to-day. Despite the injury, Hossa returned to finish the season with a team-leading 40 goals for his third career 40-goal season.

Late in the regular season, on 23 March 2009, Hossa was quoted as saying he would like to sign a long-term contract with the Red Wings for the upcoming season. He also stated he is willing to take less money to continue to play for Detroit, saying, "I know if I go somewhere else, I could have more, but I'm willing to take less to stay here. Hopefully things work out." Hossa's comments came just several months after the Red Wings signed forward Henrik Zetterberg to a 12-year contract extension.

As the Red Wings attempted to defend their 2008 Stanley Cup championship, Hossa met his former team, the Pittsburgh Penguins, as the two clubs met for the second straight year in the Final. The prospect of Hossa losing to the team he left in order to secure a Stanley Cup championship received considerable media attention. Prior to eliminating the Chicago Blackhawks in the Western Conference Finals, Hossa admitted meeting the Penguins in the finals "would definitely be very interesting." Ultimately, Hossa did, in fact, lose to his former team, falling by a 2–1 score in the seventh game. Immediately following the game, Hossa was asked whether he regretted his decision to leave the Penguins, to which he replied, "Regret? I don't regret it. It could be different circumstances if I sign in Pittsburgh, they probably couldn't sign some other players and they'd be a different team." Hossa finished the 2009 playoffs with six goals and nine assists for a total of 15 points over 23 games.

Chicago Blackhawks (2009–2017)

On 1 July 2009, Hossa signed a 12-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks worth $62.8 million. The contract was front-loaded with $59.3 million due in the first eight years for an average cap hit of $5.2 million per season. It was also the most lucrative deal in team history until defenceman Duncan Keith signed a 13-year, $72 million contract several months later in December 2009. The signing of Hossa by the Blackhawks coincided with the departure of the team's leading scorer and MVP from the previous season, Martin Havlát, to the Minnesota Wild that same day. Shortly after signing Hossa, the team disclosed that the veteran forward was still rehabilitating a shoulder injury he sustained during the previous post-season. The injury required Hossa to undergo surgery, and caused him to miss the first eight weeks of the season. Hossa wore the no. 81 uniform for the Blackhawks, becoming the first and only player in the franchise's history to do so.

Hossa's contract negotiations became the subject of controversy in early August. On 31 July, the Ottawa Sun originally reported that the NHL launched an investigation on Hossa's long-term deal. Because the contract is front-loaded and expires by the time Hossa is 42, it was speculated whether retirement before expiry of the contract was part of the Blackhawks' negotiations. Such an agreement would be considered by the NHL to be a circumvention of the salary cap and the NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), which would be subject to fines or the loss of draft picks. Even though the NHL did not fine or punish the Blackhawks, they later introduced a new rule preventing teams from front-loading contracts as lucratively as the Blackhawks did with Hossa.

Hossa made his debut for the Blackhawks on 25 November 2009, against the San Jose Sharks, scoring twice, including a short-handed goal in the second period of the game.

During the Blackhawks' first playoff series in 2010, Hossa received a five-minute major penalty for boarding Nashville Predators defenceman Dan Hamhuis. With 13.6 seconds left in regulation, Hossa's teammate Patrick Kane tied the game. In the ensuing overtime, Hossa scored the game-winning goal shortly after exiting the penalty box. Since Hamhuis was not injured, the NHL did not fine or suspend Hossa. On 23 May 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks swept the San Jose Sharks to earn a trip to the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals, sending Hossa to the Final for the third-straight year with his third different team, a first in the NHL. Fans and the media had dubbed Hossa's inability to win the Stanley Cup while going to the finals the "Hossa Curse" or the "Hossa Hex." According to Hossa's agent, Ritch Winter, Hossa's third consecutive year in the Stanley Cup Finals was no coincidence, with Winter stating that they had used a mathematical model to determine the teams most likely to get at least 100 points in the 2009–10 regular season. On 9 June 2010, Hossa finally lifted his first Stanley Cup. Chicago captain Jonathan Toews handed the Cup to Hossa first during the team pass-around. Hossa was the first player in NHL history to go to the Finals in three consecutive seasons with three different teams, a feat that would subsequently be repeated by Corey Perry.

In 2011–12, Hossa was picked eighth overall by Team Chara in the second annual All-Star Fantasy Draft for the 2012 All-Star Game. In the game, Hossa scored one goal and two assists in a 12–9 win against Team Alfredsson. On 20 March 2012, Hossa scored his 900th NHL career point (417 goals and 483 assists) in his 970th game played via a goal scored against the Columbus Blue Jackets. In the first period of Game 3 of the opening round of the 2012 Western Conference Quarterfinals, he was taken off the ice on a stretcher and briefly hospitalized after being hit by the Phoenix Coyotes's Raffi Torres. Torres was suspended 25 games by the NHL for the hit, though it was later reduced to 21 games after an NHL Players' Association (NHLPA) appeal.

Hossa recovered in time for the start of the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season. He recorded 17 goals and 14 assists in the 48-game season, finishing third on the team with 31 points. During the season, he also played in his 1,000th career game on 3 March 2013, en route to a 2–1 win over Detroit. Hossa then scored seven goals and nine assists for 16 points in the 2013 playoffs as the Blackhawks eventually defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup in the Finals. Hossa's trip to the Finals marked his fourth appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals in the past six seasons.

On 30 October 2014, shortly into the 2014–15 season, Hossa scored his 1,000th career point with a goal against the Ottawa Senators, becoming the 80th player in NHL history to reach the milestone. On 15 June 2015, Hossa and the Blackhawks won the Cup for the third time in six seasons after Chicago's Game 6 victory over the Tampa Bay Lightning in the Finals.

Hossa approached off-season training differently prior to the 2016–17 season. He performed more cardio-intensive workouts to improve his stamina and conditioning. On 18 October 2016, Hossa scored his 500th career NHL goal, which came in a 7–4 Blackhawks win over the visiting Philadelphia Flyers. Hossa became the second NHL player born in Slovakia to score that many (Stan Mikita), and the fifth player to score his 500th with the Blackhawks; Bobby Hull; Michel Goulet; Peter Bondra. Hossa rebounded in 2016 by scoring 26 goals and 19 assists.

Retirement
Before the start of 2017–18 season, the Blackhawks revealed that Hossa was suffering from a progressive skin disorder called eczema and would miss the entire 2017–18 season while undergoing treatment. The Blackhawks officially placed Hossa on long-term injured reserve on 4 October 2017. In May 2018, Hossa announced he could no longer play professional hockey due to complications from his skin disorder. Hossa states that if it was not for his condition, he thinks that he could have still played a few more years.

The Chicago Blackhawks traded Hossa's contract, along with forward Vinnie Hinostroza, defenseman Jordan Oesterle, and third-round draft pick in the 2019 NHL Draft to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for Marcus Kruger, MacKenzie Entwistle, Jordan Maletta, Andrew Campbell, and fifth-round draft pick in the 2019 NHL Draft.

On 24 June 2020, Hossa was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He is the third Slovak-born player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame following Stan Mikita and Peter Šťastný. Hossa was only the second player to go to the Hall of Fame while still under contract, joining Chris Pronger, who was injured and under contract by Arizona when he was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2015.

Hossa expressed interest in returning to the Blackhawks organization after his contract expires. When asked about the reunion during a 2019 interview, he commented, "I would love to, so we'll see what happen after my contract is done, but definitely there's lots of love for me for Chicago and great people I got a chance to work with. So definitely that would be something I would look forward to and we're gonna have a good talk and we'll see what's gonna happen."

Hossa signed a ceremonial one-day contract on 7 April 2022 to officially retire as a Blackhawk. The Blackhawks retired Hossa's no. 81 on 20 November 2022.

Hossa played in one final fundraiser game with many of his former teammates and friends including, Daniel Alfredsson, Zdeno Chára, Jonathan Toews, and Nicklas Lidström, on 18 August 2023 in Trenčín.

International play
Early in his career, Hossa represented Slovakia in two World Junior Championships, in 1997 and 1998. Also appearing in his first World Championships in 1997, tallying two points as an 18-year-old, Hossa has made seven appearances in the tournament throughout his career. Despite personal World Championship best seven-point performances in 1999, 2004, 2005 and 2006, Hossa has remained medal-less with the Slovak men's team.

Hossa made his Olympics debut at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, tallying six points in only two games for Slovakia. In the subsequent 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Hossa accumulated ten points in six games, but Slovakia was kept from the podium. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Hossa scored the game-tying goal in the third period against Russia during the preliminary round. In the bronze medal game, Hossa scored a goal and an assist while versing Finland. Slovakia lost to Finland 3–5, and ended up placing 4th overall in the Olympics.

Hossa also competed for Slovakia at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey, held prior to the NHL lockout, but managed just one goal in four games. During the 2004-05 NHL lockout, Hossa played for Mora IK, a professional ice hockey team in Sweden.

Hossa also played for Slovakia in the 2014 Winter Olympics at Sochi. Though Slovakia lost all four games, Hossa ended up scoring two goals and an assist.

In 2016 it was announced that Hossa would play for Team Europe at the World Cup of Hockey.

Personal life
Hossa was born in Stará Ľubovňa, Czechoslovakia, to František Hossa, who was a professional hockey player, and Mária Hossová, a clothing designer. Hossa's brother who is two years younger than him, Marcel Hossa, was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens 16th overall in the first round in the 2000 NHL draft. Following in his footsteps playing for both of Marián's previous junior teams, Dukla Trenčín and the Portland Winter Hawks. Both of the Hossas have played together for Mora IK of the Elitserien during the 2004–05 NHL lockout and on the Slovak national team in the World Championships and Winter Olympics. Coincidentally, they were both dealt by their NHL teams on the day of the 2007–08 trade deadline — Marián from Atlanta to Pittsburgh and Marcel from the New York Rangers to the Phoenix Coyotes. The younger Hossa is no longer playing professional hockey. His last season was in 2017–18, where he played with HK Dukla Trencin. Hossa also grew up with Marián Gáborík and Zdeno Chára in Trenčín, and remained close friends with them through his NHL career. Trenčín honored the trio by naming three streets after each skater in 2015. Marián's father was head coach of the Slovak national team and coached his sons in several tournaments.

In July 2010, Hossa married his long-time girlfriend in his hometown Trenčín, Slovakia. They have three daughters.

Hossa also owns his own company called Hoss Corp located in Trenčín, Slovakia. His company includes a non-profit organization, a sports complex, and apartment complexes that are coming soon. Hoss Heros, which is the non-profit organization, assembles charities and aims to improve the community especially in young athletes. The Hoss Sports Center offers a wide variety of activities where families could come to enjoy their day. This complex includes a 9-hole golf course, tennis courts, and a beach area where beach volleyball and team building events are held. The apartments that are currently being planned out are going to draw more people into the city. It will have its own area code as well.

Hossa's autobiography, Marián Hossa: My Journey from Trencín to the Hall of Fame, was released in November 2022.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards

WHL and CHL

NHL

See also
Notable families in the NHL
Slovaks in the NHL
List of NHL players with 500 goals

References

External links

1979 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
HK Dukla Trenčín players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Mora IK players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Olympic ice hockey players for Slovakia
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Ottawa Senators players
People from Stará Ľubovňa
Ice hockey people from the Prešov Region
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Winterhawks players
Slovak ice hockey right wingers
Stanley Cup champions
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden

Marián Hossa


Pascalov puž ili Limacon (nazvan po Étienneu Pascalu (1588. – 1651.), ocu Blaisea Pascala) je konhoida kružnice, algebarska ravninska krivulja četvrtoga reda koja nastaje kada se s vanjske strane produlji ili skrati radijvektor kružnice koji vrškom ispisuje krivulju dok jedna kružnica obilazi drugu, jednaku kružnicu. U pravokutnom Kartezijevu koordinatnom sustavu određena je jednadžbom: , u polarnom koordinatnom sustavu jednadžbom , gdje je  promjer kružnice, a l udaljenost krivulje od kružnice za . Poseban je slučaj Pascalova puža, kada je , kardioida. Površina Pascalova puža dana je formulom: ; u slučaju kad je  površina unutarnje petlje računa se dvaput.

Izvori

Matematika

Pascalov puž


Amanita ovoidea (Pierre Bulliard, 1788 ex Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1833) este o specie de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Amanitaceae și de genul Amanita. Este denumită în popor burete păros sau agaric de zbor ovoid. Ea coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor) și se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord destul de rar, crescând solitară sau în grupuri mici, preferat pe sol calcaros. Specia se dezvoltă de la câmpie la deal în zone cu climă mai călduroasă, prin păduri de conifere  și de foioase, unde  trăiește în simbioză cu brazi argintii și pini respectiv castani comestibili și stejari. Apare din (iunie) iulie până în septembrie.

Istoric

Specia a fost descrisă pentru prima dată sub denumirea Agaricus ovoideus de micologul francez  Pierre Bulliard în volumul 8 al operei sale Herbier de la France ou, Collection complette des plantes indigenes de ce royaume din 1788.<ref>Pierre Bulliard: "Herbier de la France ou, Collection complette des plantes indigenes de ce royaume etc., vol. 8, Editura  Didot, Debure, Belin, Paris 1788, p. 364</ref>

În anul 1833, eruditul german Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767-1851) a transferat specia corect la genul Amanita, redenumindu-i de acea și numele generic, de verificat în volumul 3 al lucrării sale Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse. Acest taxon este valabil până în prezent (2018).

Au mai avut loc câteva încercări de redenumire (vezi înfocasetă) valabile sinonim dar nefolosite și astfel neglijabile. Între aceste denumiri este și cea a micologului francez Edouard-Jean Gilbert (1888-1954) care a numit specia Amidella ovoidea în Iconographia Mycologica vol. XXVII din 1940, continuarea marii opere a lui Giacomo Bresadola. În această lucrare a descris toate speciile cunoscute de genul Amanita, fiind o contribuție semnificativă la marea operă Iconographia Mycologica (vol. I-XXV) a marelui micolog italian.

 Descriere
Ordinul Agaricales este de diversificare foarte veche (între 178 și 139 milioane de ani), începând din timpul perioadei geologice în Jurasic în diferență de exemplu cu genul Boletus (între 44 și 34 milioane de ani).

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 10-25 cm, este puternică și cărnoasă, la început în formă de ou, apoi semisferică, tânără la margine cu apendicule mai mult sau mai puțin flocoase, materiale pulverulente și franjuri izbitoare la margine, amintind ceva de o barbă (datorită resturilor vălului parțial) care dispar după ceva timp. Matură este convexă în formă de pernă, aplatizând din ce în ce mai mult, în final câteodată cu marginile răsucite în sus. Cuticula ne-canelată este la început un pic făinos-mată, apoi mătăsoasă și netedă, fără nici o rămășiță de văl pe ea. Coloritul este inițial și pentru mult timp pur alb până gri-albicios, devenind la bătrânețe ușor gălbui.
 Lamelele: sunt albe, subțiri, neregulate, stau foarte îndesate (de acea cu aspect curbat), în maturitate bombate și spre picior îngustate, rotunjite, dar nu atașate, fiind acoperite în tinerețe de vălul parțial.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 9-15 cm și o lățime de 2,5-4 cm, este tare și cărnos, plin, cilindric câteodată uniform expandat spre pălărie și bază, acoperit cu fulgi ușor de eradicat sau făinos. Volva este înaltă (ajunge aproape până la jumătatea piciorului), masivă, aproape pieloasă și foarte durabilă, inițial ovată și închisă cu întinderea pălăriei semiliberă, fragmentată în maximal două fâșii. Culoarea tinde între albicios, crem-gălbui până chiar la portocaliu-cărămiziu. Tija ne-striată poartă un inel situat în treimea superioară care este bătătoare la ochi în tinerețe, devenind însă repede foarte sfărâmicioasă și trecătoare.
 Carnea: este compactă, tare și întotdeauna albă. Mirosul este la exemplare tinere imperceptibil, devenind cu vârsta dezgustător, adesea ca de hoit, gustul fiind plăcut.
 Caracteristici microscopice: Sporii sunt albi, elipsoidali, netezi, amilozi (ce înseamnă colorabilitatea structurilor tisulare folosind reactivi de iod), având o mărime de 9-12 x 6,5-7,5 microni. Pulberea lor este albă. Basidiile poartă sterigme cu câte 4 spori.
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se colorează cu anilină roșu, apoi brun, carnea cu fenol roșu, apoi brun și cu sulfoformol roz murdar.

 Confuzii
Buretele păros poate fi confundat cu ciuperci comestibile sau otrăvitoare de același gen, în primul rând cu gemenul lui foarte otrăvitor, nu rar mortal, Amanita proxima (ceva mai mică cu lamele crem albicioase până rozalbii precum o volvă galbenă până brun-galbenă și trecătoare, miros de ridiche). Foarte periculoasă și ușoară este de asemenea confuzia cu cele trei specii letale Amanita phalloides mai albuie, Amanita verna și Amanita virosa, mai departe cu Amanita boudieri (otrăvitoare), forma albă de Amanita citrina var. alba (restrâns comestibilă),  Amanita echinocephala (comestibilă, dar nu de recomandat), Amanita eliae (comestibilă), Amanita gemmata (otrăvitoare, marginea pălăriei striată, jambieră la locul de trecere spre bulb), Amanita strobiliformis (comestibilă, cu negi pe pălărie, inel slab, incomplet și striat) sau chiar cu Agaricus silvicola (comestibil), ori Volvariella gloiocephala sin. Volvariella speciosa (comestibilă, crește pe lemn).

 Specii asemănătoare în imagini

 Valorificare Amanita ovoidea este consumată crud probabil și ea otrăvitoare. Deci pentru această ciupercă nu este indicat clar, se recomandă strict a nu consuma nici o specie de genul Amanita în stare crudă pentru a evita intoxicații. Astfel, sub aspect medicinal, este comestibilă, iar sub cel culinar destul de gustoasă în stadiu tânăr. Dar primejdia de a confunda această ciupercă cu speciile mortale ale genului sunt mari. De acea, buretele este numai unul pentru specialiști cu cunoștințe profunde. Se poate prepara ca Amanita rubescens ''. Fiind însă foarte rară, ar fi mai bine să fie lăsată la loc.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-4, 7 (vezi la note).
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

Amanita
Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1788 în știință

Amanita ovoidea


Jeffrey Solomon, né en , est le directeur général par intérim des Ducks d'Anaheim depuis .

Biographie

Éducation
Solomon est diplômé de l'Université Rutgers en administration des affaires en 1980 et en 1983, il réussit son doctorat en droit à l'Université de San Diego. Il pratique ensuite le droit en Californie, en tant que spécialiste dans la planification fiscale et successorale. Il s'exerce également à la fiscalité internationale et en tant que conseiller financier.

Agent de joueur
À partir de 1987, Solomon travaille en tant qu'agent certifié par l'Association des joueurs de la Ligue nationale de hockey. Il représente pendant plus de 20 ans des joueurs tels que  Tony Granato, Bryan McCabe, Steve Sullivan et Nelson Emerson. Il gère les contrats des joueurs, s'occupe des négociations pour les agents libres avec ou sans restriction, les accompagne lors des arbitrages salariales et contrôle le respect de la convention collective de la LNH.

Kings de Los Angeles
Lors de la Saison 2007-2008, Solomon s'engage avec les Kings de Los Angeles en tant que Vice-président des opérations hockey. Il gère principalement les contrats et la masse salariale. Il voit son nom gravé deux fois sur la Coupe Stanley, en 2012 et en 2014. À partir de 2014, il est nommé Vice-président des opérations hockey Senior, Robert Blake  et Michael Futa l'aidant dans ses tâches quotidiennes. En 2017, son travail reste le même, mais l'intitulé de son poste change en Vice-président des opérations hockey Exécutif.

Ducks d'Anaheim
Le , après 14 ans de services chez les Kings, il s'engage avec le club rival, les Ducks d'Anaheim. il est nommé Vice-président des opérations hockey, ainsi qu'Assistant du directeur général, Robert Murray. le , Murray est suspendu de ses fonctions et pour assurer l'intérim, Solomon est provisoirement nommé Directeur Général. Le lendemain, Murray remet sa démission, expliquant qu'il va suivre une cure de désintoxication à l'alcool.

Trophées et honneurs personnel
2011-2012
 Vainqueur de la Coupe Stanley avec les Kings de Los Angeles en tant que Vice-président des opérations hockey.

2013-2014
 Vainqueur de la Coupe Stanley avec les Kings de Los Angeles en tant que Vice-président des opérations hockey.

Références

Étudiant de l'université Rutgers
Étudiant de l'université de San Diego
Dirigeant américain de hockey sur glace
Ducks d'Anaheim

Jeff Solomon


Timotej I. (grčki: Τιμόθεος ), 22. papa Aleksandrije i patrijarh svetog Trona sv. Marka je ustoličen 14. ožujka 381. (17. baramhata, 97 A. M. prema koptskom kalendaru).

Život

Nakon smrti sv. Petra I. Aleksandrijskog okupili su se biskupi sa svojim vjernicima i izabrali Timoteja za njegovog nasljednika na Tronu sv. Marka. Timotej je bio učenik sv. Atanazija Velikog i (prema nekim izvorima) brat Petra I. Aleksandrijskog. Nažalost jako se malo zna o životu ovoga sveca.

Prvi konstantinopolski Sabor

Timotej I. je bio učesnik i predsjedatelj Prvog konstantinopolskog Sabora, održanog 381., a koji je sazvao rimski car Teodozije I. Veliki da bi se osudilo krivovjerje makedonijanaca, sljedbenika Makedonija I. Konstantinopolskog, neprijatelja Duha Svetoga.

Timotej, u svojstvu predsjedavajućeg ovim vijećem, sukobio se s makedonijancima, sabelianistima kao i s Apolinarijem od Laodike i odbacio njihovo vjerovanje kao heretičko; kao što se spominje prvoga dana amšira. Na saboru je bio gorljivi zagovornik konsubstancialnog Presvetog Trojstva i branitelj pravoslavne doktrine Duha Svetoga.

Ostavština

Kao rezultat njegove naobrazbe, mnogi biskupi su mu se obraćali da raspravljaju o temama koje su razjašnjavale zbunjujuća pitanja.
Čuveno je 18 njegovih odgovora na pitanja o kršćanskom bogoslužju, te dvije uredbe o moralnoj čistoći, a koje su, na II. Ekumenskom Saboru, dobili kanonsku snagu. Također je sačuvano i njegovo pismo Diodorusu iz Tarze. U armenskom prijevodu iz 5. stoljeća ostalo je djelo koje mu se pripisuje - Život svetog Atanazija, te nekoliko riječi o Blaženoj Djevici Mariji.
Ovaj svetac se, osim stalne brige o očuvanju i širenju Vjere brinuo o svojim vjernicima, ali i o samim crkavama kao građevinama u Aleksandriji i na drugim mjestima te o njihovom održavanju, eventualnim dogradnjama, kao i izgradnji novih crkava. Bio je obrazovan i rječit, a ostavio je mnoge izreke koji pobijaju heretičko vjerovanje Arijanaca.

Odlazak

Ostao je na Tronu sv. Marka pet godina, jedan mjesec i pet dana, a onda otišao u miru 26. dana, mjeseca abiba, 101. A. M. (20. srpnja, 385. godine).
Spomen na njega obilježava se 20. srpnja (26. dana mjeseca abiba prema koptskom kalendaru)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Odlazak sv. Timoteja Aleksandrijskog
Peter II. Aleksandrijski
Odlazak sv. Atanazija
Sinaksarion koptske Crkve
Aleksandrijska Crkva
Khaled Gamelyan: The Coptic Encyclopedia,opensource

Kršćanstvo
Koptski pape

Timotej I. Aleksandrijski


Michael DeVinko, Jr. (Garfield, 24 de setembro de 1934 - Cleveland, 11 de julho de 2003) foi um músico e empresário estadunidense. Ele foi o quinto e último marido da atriz e cantora Judy Garland.

Biografia

Infância
Nascido Michael DeVinko em Garfield, Nova Jersey, em 24 de setembro de 1934, Deans era o caçula de três filhos de Mary e Michael DeVinko. Ele cresceu em uma família de músicos, tocando piano e acordeão.

Carreira
Deans era dono de discoteca, pianista de jazz e traficante de drogas. Durante os anos 1950 e 1960, ele apareceu na popular casa noturna Jilly's de Nova York. Também trabalhou em Los Angeles, Reno, Miami Beach e Ilhas Virgens. E estava trabalhando como gerente da discoteca Arthur's Tavern quando conheceu Judy Garland.

Casamento com Judy Garland
Em 1966, Deans conheceu a atriz e cantora Judy Garland em um hotel de Nova York. Um amigo em comum deles pediu a Deans que entregasse um pacote de anfetaminas no quarto de Garland no St. Regis. Ele estava vestido de médico e deu a Garland seu "remédio". Após três anos de namoro intermitente, eles se casaram em 15 de março de 1969, em Londres. Embora centenas de convidados tenham sido convidados, apenas 50 pessoas compareceram ao casamento. Liza Minnelli, a filha mais velha de Garland, não compareceu ao casamento. Após o casamento, Deans tornou-se empresário de Garland.

Em seu livro Me and My Shadows: Living With the Legacy of Judy Garland, a filha de Garland, Lorna Luft, escreve que quando sua mãe se casou com Deans, ela estava nos estágios finais do vício em drogas prescritas e "estava morrendo na frente de seus olhos".

Deans encontrou Garland morta na manhã de 22 de junho de 1969. Embora muitos obituários na época afirmassem que ela foi encontrada no chão do banheiro, Deans afirmou que a encontrou sentada no vaso sanitário. A autópsia do legista determinou mais tarde que ela morreu de uma overdose acidental de barbitúricos.

Anos posteriores e Morte
Após a morte de Garland, Deans teve um relacionamento de quatro anos com Rose Driscoll, e eles adotaram um filho, Richard. Deans mudou-se para Cleveland no final dos anos 1970, onde viveu até sua morte em 2003 de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Ele nunca se casou novamente.

Deans morreu em Northfield Center, Ohio, em 11 de julho de 2003, aos 68 anos.

Cultura popular
Mickey Deans é interpretado por pelo ator Finn Wittrock na cinebiografia Judy: Muito Além do Arco-Íris (2019) de Rupert Goold.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1934
Mortos em 2003
Músicos dos Estados Unidos

Mickey Deans


කඳුකරයේ මීටර් 1000 දක්වා පමණ ඉහළට සහ පහතරට තෙත් කලාපයේ මිටි උණ ශාක සහිත යටිරෝපණයන්ගෙන් යුතු වනාන්තර වල හමුවන ඇටිකුකුළා වඳවීමේ තර්ජනයට මුහුණ පා සිටින පක්‍ෂියෙකි. වර්තමානයේ මෙම පක්‍ෂියා දැනගත හැකි හොඳම ස්ථානය ලෙස වාර්ථා වන්නේ බෝධිනාගල වනාන්තරයයි. එසේම මෙහු සිංහරාජ වනාන්තරයේද වාසය කරයි. පෙනුමෙන් සාමාන්‍ය ඇටි කුකුළාට බෙහෙවින් සමාන වේ. නමුත් හොටය ලා කොළ පැහැතිය. තවද මොහුගේ පියාපත් වඩාත් අඳුරු රතු-දුඔුරු පැහැයක් ගනී. සිරුරේ සෙසු කොටස් කළු පැහැවන අතර හිසෙහි සහ ගෙලෙහි දම් පැහැ දිස්නයක් දක්නට ලැබේ. කුලෑටි වනවාසී කුරුල්ලෙකි. අභිජනනය කරන්නේ වසරේ මුල් කාලයේය. ඝණ වනාන්තරයේ කඳු සහිත පඳුරක බිම සිට මීටරයක් හෝ දෙකක් ඉහළින් තනා ඇති කැදැල්ල කෝටු කැබලි කුඩා අතු, මුල් සහ තණ කොළ වලින් සමන්විත ගෝලාකාර එකකි. වරකට සුදු පැහැති බිත්තර 2-3 ක් දමනු ලබයි.

කුරුල්ලෝ
ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍වට ආවේනික සතුන්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කුරුල්ලෝ

බට ඇටි කුකුළා


God is the Bigger Elvis es una película documental del 2011 sobre la actriz Dolores Hart, quien abandonó su exitosa carrera a la edad de 23 al convertirse en monja benedictina. La película fue nominada para el Premio Oscar al mejor documental corto del 2012.

El título deriva de la escena de la película de 1957 Loving You, protagonizada por Hart y Elvis Presley. En ella, los dos protagonistas se besan, y es el primer beso en pantalla en una película de Elvis. Dolores y Elvis se reunirían el año siguiente en la película de Michael Curtiz King Creole.

Premios

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas sobre cine

God Is the Bigger Elvis


සුජාතා විද්‍යාලය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ බාලිකා පාසල කි. එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණින්ම පිහිටි දිස්ත්‍රික්කය වන  මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

සුජාතා විද්‍යාලය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති බෞද්ධ පාසල් වලින් එකකි. විද්‍යාලය මේ වන විට රජයේ මෙහෙයවීමට අනුගත ජාතික පාසලක් වන්නේ ය.

ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයක ලෙස පාසල සතු අංශ දෙකකි. ප්‍රාථමික අංශය 1 සිට 5 ශ්‍රේණිය දක්වා සුජාතාවන් හට සෙවන සදන කල්හි, ද්විතීයක අංශය 6 සිට 13 ශ්‍රේණි වල සුජාතාවන් ගේ විදු පියස වන්නේය.

අතීතය

20 සියවස ආරම්භයේද මාතර ජන ගහනයෙන් බහුතරය බෞද්ධයෝ වීය. ඉංග්‍රීසි අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීම එම යුගයේ විලාසිතාවක් විය. එම ඉංග්‍රීසි අධ්‍යාපනය ලබාදීමේදී මාතර බෞද්ධ සංගමය ප්‍රධාන චරිතයක් නිරූපණය කළේය. සංගමයේ ශක්තිමත් සම-ලේකම් ධූරයක් හෙබවූ විල්මට් P. විජේතුංග මහතා නව ඉංග්‍රීසි අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනයක් ඇරඹීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය සිතිවිල්ලක් වශයෙන් ඉිදිරිපත් කළේය. එම යෝජනාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙහිලා වෛද්‍ය V.D. ගුණරත්‍න මහතා ප්‍රධාන දායකත්වයක් ඉසිලීය.

1929 වසරේ වෙසක් පුන් පොහෝ දින මාතර බෞද්ධ සංගමයේ සභාපති වශයෙන් කටයුතු කළ වෛද්‍ය V.D. ගුණරත්‍න මහතා අධ්‍යක්‍ෂක ධූරය යටතේ පාසල ආරම්භ කෙරිනි.

විද්‍යාලය අද ලබා ඇති තත්‍වය සලකන විට ආරම්භය හුදු සාමාන්‍ය පාසලකි ඇරඹුමක් පමණි. ආරම්භයෙන් වසර 70 ගණනකට පසුව අද වන විට විද්‍යාලය දිවයිනේ ප්‍රමුඛ බාලිකා විද්‍යාලයක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.

මුල් අවදිය

විද්‍යාලය වර්තමානයේ පිහිටා ඇති ස්ථානයට ගෙන ඒමට ප්‍රථමයෙන් පිහිටා තිබුනේ වර්තමානයේ කෘෂිකර්ම දෙපාර්තමේන්‍තුවේ මාතර ශාකාව පිහිටා ඇති ස්ථානයේ හෙවත්, හක්මණ මාර්ගයට මායිම් වූ එකළ පොල් වගාවක් සහිත වූ භුමියකය. මෙම භූමිභාගය මාතර බෞද්ධ සංගමයේ සභාපති වෛද්‍ය ගුණරත්‍න මහතාට හිමිව තිබූ එකකි.

පැරණි ගොඩනැගිල්ල කාර්යාලය, පංති කාමර 3 ක්, කුඩා ශාලාවක්, කුඩා සිසවියුන් සඳහා නේවාසිකාගාරයක් සහ ජ්‍යේෂ්ඨ සිසුවියන් සඳහා නේවාසිකාගරයක් යන අංග වලින් සමන්විත විය.

අද මෙන් නොව, වයස අවුරුදු 10 ට අඩු සිසුන් ද පාසල වෙත ඇතුලත් කොටගෙන, ඔවුන්ට වයස අවුරුදු 10 වන තෙක් පාසල තුල අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීමට ඉඩ දෙනු ලැබිනි.

සංගමය ඉන්‍දියාවේ සිට පැමිණි A.E. Mathives මහත්මිය පාසලේ විදුහල්පතිනිය වශයෙන් පත් කළේය. සිසුවියෝ නිල් සහ රන් පැහැති ටයි පටියක් සහිත සුදු පැහැති නිල ඇඳුමක් භාවිතා කළ අතර, ශිෂ්‍යයෝ නිල් (Navy Blue) පැහැති නලිසම් ද සුදු පැහැති කමීසද නිල ඇඳුම වශයෙන් භාවිතා කළහ. සුදු පැහැති පාවහන් ද, මනාව සංවිධිත මේ කුඩා පාසල් සමාජයේ ආයිත්තම් වලට අයත් විය.

1945 දී අධ්‍යාපනය ස්‍වභාෂා කරනා තෙක් විලාසිතාව වූ ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවෙන් අධ්‍යයන කටයුතු කරන ලදී. භාවිතා කළ පෙළ පොත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් ගෙන්වන ලද ඒවා විය. ප්‍රාථමික පංති වල භාවිතා කරන ලද කියවුම් පොත "Reading and Thinking" නම් විය. සිංහල බස ද විෂයයක් වශයෙන් උගන්වන ලදී. විෂය නිර්දේශයට අමතරව ඉන් පරිභාහිර වූ සංගීතය, නැටුම්, නාට්‍යය ආදීන්ට ද  වෙන් කරනා ලද කාලයක් විය. සියළුම වාර අවසානයන් විවිධ ප්‍රසංගයකින් අලංකෘත වූ අතර, ඉන් අතිශය ඉහල තත්වයේ වූ එකක් පවත්වන ලද්දේ බ්‍රෝඩ්වේ නෘත්‍යශාලාවේ දී ය.

දැන් මෙන් නොව, පාසල පවත්වන ලද්දේ මිනිත්තු 45ක දිවා ආහාර විවේකයක් සහිත සැසි දෙකකිනි. පාසලේ සෞඛ්‍යාරක්‍ෂක තත්වය විශිෂ්ඨ විය. නළ ජලය පහසුකම් නොතිබූ බැවින් පිරිසිදු කිරීම් කටයුතු සඳහා ජලය ලබාත් ළිඳක් පාසල පසු පස ඉදි කොට තිබිනි.

විකාශනය

1936 තුලදී, සිසුන් සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමත් සමග භෞතික සම්පත් භාවිතාවද ඉහළ ගියේය. "ගබඩාවිදිය" හි පිහිටා තිබූ දේපළ සහ භූමිය ක්‍රමයෙන් පාසලක් බවට පත්විය. පංතියෙන් පංතිය පහළ සිට ඉහළට එය ස්ථාවරත්වයකින් යුතුව වර්ධනය වන්නට විය.

වෛද්‍ය ගුණවර්ධන ගේ අභාවයෙන් පසුව පාසලට අසීරු කාල පරිච්ඡේදයකට මුහුණ දෙන්නට සිදු විය. එ සමයේ ඇරඹි දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය  හේතුවෙන් සමාජයේ ඇතිවූ අස්ථාරව භාවයද එයට එක් හේතුවක් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත් ආරියරත්න මහතා පාසලේ පරිපාලනය භාරගැනීමත් ස්‍වකීය පෞද්ගලික මුදලින් ගුරුවරුන්ගේ වැටුප් ගෙවීමට ඉදිරිපත් වීමත්, මහත් ආශිර්වාදයක් විය.

මාතර බෞද්ධ සංගමයේ අනෙකුත් සාමාජිකයන් සහ පාසලේ පැවැත්මට දායකවූවන් අතරින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු පහත දැක්වේ :
 E.T. ගුණවර්ධන මහතා
 W.P. විජේතුග මහතා
 M.D.T. කුලතිලක මහතා
 D.N.J. වීරසූරිය මහතා
 T.F.D. අබේගුණවර්ධන මහතා
 C.A. ආරියරත්න මහතා
 W.P.A. වික්‍රමසිං මහතා
 ජෝජ් වීරතුංග මහතා
 A. දයාරත්න මහතා

1958 දී සුජාතා විද්‍යාලය රජයේ පාසලක් බවට පත් කෙරිනි. වර්තමානයේසුජාතා විද්‍යාලය දකුණු පළාතේ ප්‍රථම බෞද්ධ බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය වීමේ කීර්තිය ද සමග සිසුවියන් 5000 ක්, 188 පමණ අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් සහ 35 ක පමණ අනධ්‍යයන කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් සතුව පවතී.

ආශ්‍රිත අධ්‍යයනායතන

සුජාතා ධර්ම විද්‍යාලය

සුජාතා ධර්ම විද්‍යාලය විදුහල්පතිනි R.ගුණවික්‍රම මහත්මිය ගේ අදහසකට අනුව 1995 දී ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. පාසල් නේවාසිකාගාරය භාවිතා කරනා සිසුවියන් උදෙසා ධර්ම අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම එහි අරමුණ විය. වර්තමානය වන විස එය සතුව 400 ක පමණ සිසුවියන් පිරිසක් සහ 14 ක පමණ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් සිටියි. පූජ්‍ය ගොඩවෙල ප්‍රෙමරතන හිමි සුජාතා ධර්ම විධයාලයේ අධිපති වශයෙන් කටයුතු කරයි.

සුජාතා ප්‍රාථමික අංශය

සුජාතා විද්‍යාලයීය ප්‍රාථමික අංශය වෙලේගොඩ පිහිටා ඇත. එය පෙර සුදර්ශන ආදර්ශ විද්‍යාලය පිහිටා තිබූ ස්ථානයේ 1991 දී ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දකි. සිසුවියන් 1500 ක් සහ ගුරුවරුන් 42 ක් පමණ සමග 1 සිට 5 ශ්‍රේණිය දක්වා එහි පංති පැවැත්වෙයි. සුජාතා ප්‍රාථමික අංශයේ වත්මන් විදුහල්පති සමරසිංහ මහතාය.

විදුහල්පතිවරු

මේවාත් බලන්න
රාහුල විද්‍යාලය

බාහිර සබැඳි

 සුජාතා විද්‍යාලයීය නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ පාසල්
ජාතික පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
බෞද්ධ පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
1923
දකුණු පලාතේ පාසල්

සුජාතා විද්‍යාලය


Parnassos (în ) este o fostă comună din Focida, Grecia, numită după Muntele Parnas. În urma reformei administrației publice locale din 2011 face parte din municipalitatea Delphi, ca o unitate municipală a acesteia. Unitatea municipală are o suprafață de 87,033 km2. Populația era de 1.968 de locuitori (2011). Reședința fostei comune era satul Polydrosos.

Referințe

Localități din Grecia

Parnassos (comună)


الحكومة السورية التي تشكلت في يوليو 1926 هي عاشر حكومة في تاريخ سوريا الحديث وثالث حكومات الدولة السورية وثاني حكومة برئاسة أحمد نامي وآخر الحكومات المشكلة في عهد المفوض الفرنسي هنري دي جوفنيل، كذلك تعتبر من أقصر الحكومات السورية عمرًا إذ امتدت ولايتها بين 12 يونيو و12 أكتوبر أي أربع أشهر فقط، إذ إنها شكلت في مرحلة قمع الثورة السورية الكبرى وما رافق ذلك من عمليات عسكرية واعتقالات، استقالة الحكومة في 12 أكتوبر 1926 بعد وصول المفوض الفرنسي الجديد هنري بونسو إلى سوريا. وعلى العكس من سابقتها حكومة أحمد نامي الأولى والتي اشتملت على أسماء شخصيات وطنية من أمثال فارس الخوري فإن هذه الحكومة كانت جميعها من المقربين للانتداب، واشتملت على وزيرين من آل العظم، لتكون بذلك أول حكومة تشمل وزيرين من عائلة واحدة.

أبرز منجزاتها
خلال عهد هذه الحكومة توصل رئيس الدولة أحمد نامي والمفوض الفرنسي دي جوفنيل إلى اتفاق يقضي بالدعوة لانتخابات تتولى سن دستور للبلاد وتحويل الانتداب إلى اتفاقية مدتها ثلاثين عامًا بين الدولة و فرنسا تحدد بموجبها حقوق وواجبات الطرفين، على أن يعمل بهذه الاتفاقية بعد تصديق المجلس النيابي السوري المزمع انتخابه في أعقاب وضع دستور للبلاد عليها. لم ينجح دي جوفنيل في إقناع باريس بهذه الاتفاقية وقدم استقالته علمًا أنه قد نجح في ذلك في لبنان فوضع الدستور اللبناني وانتخب شارل دباس رئيسًا للجمهورية. كما عملت الحكومة على ضم لواء إسكندرون لكن الضم ظل مؤقتًا إذ عاد وفصل عام 1936، كما أنها فشلت في ضم حكومة اللاذقية إلى أراضي الدولة السورية. كذلك فإنه كان من المقرر أن يصدر أحمد نامي عفوًا عامًا مقابل إنهاء الثورة السورية الكبرى سلميًا وإعلان الوحدة السورية الكاملة، غير أنه عاد عن توجيه خطاب للشعب بذلك مرفقًا بالعفو العام، ويشير البعض من المؤرخين إلى أن واثق المؤيد العظم وزير الداخلية، هو من أعاق هذه الخطوة بعد أن وعده نائب المفوض فرانسوا بيير أليب بأنه يخلف الداماد في رئاسة الحكومة وهو ما لم يتم. وبنتيجة قصر ولاية هذه الحكومة، فلم تسجل لها إنجازات عامة على صعيد الإدارة أو الاقتصاد أو التشريعات النافذة.

تشكيلة الحكومة
 أحمد نامي، رئيس الدولة السورية.
 واثق مؤيد العظم، وزيرًا للداخلية.
 يوسف الحكيم، وزيرًا للعدل.
 نصوحي البخاري، وزيرًا للثقافة والمعارف.
 شاكر الحنبلي، وزيرًا للزراعة.
 شكيب ميسر، وزيراً للأشغال العامة.
 عبد القادر العظم، وزيراً للمالية.

المراجع
 سوريا صنع دولة وولادة أمة، وديع بشور، دار اليازجي، دمشق 1994.

حكومات سوريا

الحكومة السورية (يونيو 1926)


Bolgarčaj (azerski: Bolqarçay, ruski: Болгарчай, Bolgarčaj, u gornjem toku Болгару, Bolgaru) je rijeka u Azerbajdžanu. Bolgarčaj je dug 134 kilometara. povrđina porječja iznosi 2170 km2. Bolgarčaj izvire na sjevernoj padini Tališinskog visočja. U donjem toku Bolgarčaj presušava. Bolgarčaj se koristi za navodnjavanje. U donjem toku Bolgarčaj dobiva vodu iz kanala. U gornjem i središnjem toku čini granicu između Azerbajdžana i Irana.

Izvori

Rijeke u Iranu
Rijeke u azijskom dijelu Azerbajdžana
Kaspijski slijev (Azija)

Bolgarčaj


Ombre (, pronounced "omber") or l'Hombre is a fast-moving seventeenth-century trick-taking card game for three players and "the most successful card game ever invented."

Its history began in Spain around the end of the 16th century as a four-person game. It is one of the earliest card games known in Europe and by far the most classic game of its type, directly ancestral to Euchre, Boston and Solo Whist. Despite its difficult rules, complicated point score and strange foreign terms, it swept Europe in the last quarter of the 17th century, becoming Lomber and L'Hombre in Germany, Lumbur in Austria and Ombre (originally pronounced 'umber') in England, occupying a position of prestige similar to contract bridge today. Ombre eventually developed into a whole family of related games such as the four-hand Quadrille, three-hand Tritrille, five-hand Quintille and six-hand Sextille, as well as German Solo, Austrian Préférence and Swedish Vira, itself "one of the most complex card games ever devised." Other games borrowed features from Ombre such as bidding; for example, the gambling game of Bête, formerly known as Homme, and the tarot game of Taroc l'Hombre.

History

The historical importance of Ombre in the field of playing cards is the fact that it was the first card game in which a trump suit was established by bidding rather than by the random process of turning the first card of the stock. This game developed from Triunfo, though it was from L'Hombre that the idea of bidding was adopted into other card games such as Skat, and Tarot, which owes Hombre a good portion of its betting system as well.

Ombre's precise origins are unknown, but it reached England and France at about the same time. The earliest French reference dates to 1671 and it is recorded in England as early as 1661 with a set of rules being published in 1662. The game continued to be in vogue in almost every corner of Europe from the late 17th through the 18th centuries.

As with most games, Ombre acquired many variations of increasing complexity over the years, until its popularity was eclipsed by the second quarter of the 18th century by a new four player French variant called Quadrille, later displaced by the English Whist. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced three-handed games like Preference and four-handed ones such as German Solo and Mediateur. Under the name Tresillo, it survived in parts of Spain during the nineteenth century, as Voltarete in Portugal and Brazil, as Rocambor in countries such as Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia in the twentieth century, and it is still played as L'Hombre in Denmark, mostly in Jutland and on the island of Funen, where it is organized by the Danish Hombre Union (Dansk L'hombre-Union), as well as in the Faroe Islands (as Lumbur) and Iceland (as Lomber). Today, Tresillo survives in Spain and Rocambor is still reported in South America (Bolivia and Peru). It may still exist in Portugal under the name Mediator.

Daines Barrington, English antiquary and naturalist, says that Ombre was probably introduced in England by Catherine of Braganza, the Queen of Charles II, as Edmund Waller, the court poet, had a poem entitled "On a Card Torn at Ombre by the Queen". She was such a keen player, as were so many members of English high society by the end of 1674, that the Lower House of Parliament proposed to pass an Act against the playing of Ombre, or at least to limit the stakes at £5, a proposition received as "ridiculous" at that time. But a small book of rules, The Royal game of the ombre written at the request of divers honourable persons, published in London in 1660, would support the inference that the game was known in England before the Restoration.

Etymology

Ombre takes its name from the Spanish phrase originally used by the player who declared trumps: Yo soy el hombre, i.e., "I am the man". It appears to be merely an alteration of the game Primero and it is to be presumed that it was invented prior to the publication of the Dictionary of Sebastián de Covarrubias in 1611, although it makes no mention of it. The spelling changed from "Hombre" to "Ombre" in English due to a misunderstanding that the name came from the French ombre meaning "shadow."

Cotton's Compleat Gamester says that "there were several sorts of this game, but that which the chief was called "Renegado", at which three only could play, and to whom were dealt nine cards apiece so that by discarding the eights, nines and tens, there would remain thirteen cards in the stock". Seymour's The Compleat Gamester (1722) contains a frontispiece representing a party of rank playing it and describes it as a game so much in fashion that at its peak by the turn of the eighteenth century it inspired a unique form of furniture: a three-sided card table. According to Jean-Baptiste Bullet, writer and professor of divinity at the University of Besançon, the Spaniards, occasionally also called the game "Manilla" after the name of the second matador, a word signifying a slayer in Spanish.

Summary
Ombre is a three-handed game in which a single player, originally known as Ombre or l'Hombre (the man), plays against his two opponents. The game is traditionally played with a forty-card Spanish-suited deck with suits of coins and cups (round) and swords and clubs (long), but when it spread to Northern Europe French-suited cards with suits of diamonds and hearts (red) and spades and clubs (black) were usually substituted.

Once the cards are dealt, players bid for the right to choose what suit will be trumps. The trump maker (Ombre) undertakes to win more tricks than either of the other players, and wins the pool if successful. If an opponent of the Ombre wins the most tricks the Ombre pays that opponent. If there is a tie for most tricks the Ombre pays into the pool. There are additional payments for various feats such as winning all the tricks (Vole).

Ombre Renegado
By the 17th century, when it caught on outside Spain, most people were playing a three-player variation called "Renegado" first described in 1663 in Madrid. The terms used were those in English, which were anglicized versions of French versions of the original Spanish words.

Deck
Traditionally, a Spanish 40-card deck is used, but a French-suited deck may be substituted in which case spades correspond to swords, clubs to clubs, hearts to cups and diamonds to coins. The eights, nines and tens can be stripped out of a standard 52-card deck to make a suitable 40-card deck.

Rank of cards
The rank of the cards in the game depends on whether a black (long) or a red (round) suit is chosen as trumps. The basic ranking of numerals is reversed in red suits, being 7 low; and a red suit is always one card longer than a black one of the same status, whether trump or plain.

The black aces are permanent trumps, and the top three trumps are called matadors or estuches:

 (spadille)
black 2 or red 7 (manille)
 (basto)

When a red suit is trumps, the fourth highest trump is the , or , called "punto", but it does not have the status of a matador.

Deal
Whoever draws the highest card from the deck becomes the dealer; the turn to deal and play rotates counter-clockwise. Before play, the dealer antes five chips to the pool, deals nine cards in batches of three, and places the remaining thirteen face down on the playing surface to form the stock, or talon.

Bid
Whoever bids highest becomes Ombre, chooses trumps, and seeks to win more tricks than either opponent individually. Thus, five or more wins, and four wins if the others split three-two. The possible bids are, from low to high:

Entrada: Ombre announces trumps, discards, and draws replacements from the stock.
Vuelta: Ombre turns the top card of the stock to determine trumps, discards and draws.
Solo: Ombre announces trumps, but plays without discarding and drawing.

In turn, each player may pass or bid, and having passed cannot bid again. Each bid must be higher than the last. However, a player who has made a lower bid, and not yet passed, may raise his bid to equal that of the previous player, unless overcalled again. Unless playing Solo, Ombre may discard as many cards as he likes before drawing the same number from the stock. Solo or not, both opponents may then discard and draw for themselves. As it is advantageous for one of the defenders to have the stronger hand, they may agree as to which is to exchange first. Whoever does so may draw any number of cards up to eight. Rules vary considerably as to whether any untaken cards are left down or turned face up, and the point should be agreed before play.

Play
Eldest leads first and the winner of each trick leads to the next. The trick is taken by the highest card of the suit led or by the highest trump if any are played. Normally, suit must be followed if possible, otherwise any card may be played. Matadors, however, can only be forced by higher matadors, not by lower ones or trumps. That is, if the player's only trumps are matadors he need not follow to a trump, but may discard ("Renege") instead. However, if a higher matador is led, and his only trump is a lower one, he is obliged to play it.

If Ombre takes the first five tricks straight off, he can claim the game won without need for further play. If instead he leads to the sixth, he thereby obligates himself to win all nine ("Vole"), thus increasing his potential winnings or penalties. If Ombre thinks he cannot win, he may surrender at any time before playing to the fourth trick, but he may not do this if playing a "Solo". In a "Vuelta", his surrender must be accepted by both opponents. However, if the game played was "Entrada", either opponent may himself take over the role of Ombre and play the rest of the hand as if he had made the bid himself.

Scoring
There are three possible outcomes, which are:

Sacada: Ombre wins more tricks than any other player. Ombre takes the pool.
Puesta: There is a tie for most tricks. Ombre pays the pool, as described under Penalties.
Codille: One opponent wins more tricks than any other player. Ombre pays the winning opponent as described under Penalties.

If the Ombre wins, in addition to collecting the pool he is paid by each opponent.

Entrada: Value of 5 chips.
Vuelta: Value of 7 chips.
Solo: Value of 15 chips, plus any of the following bonuses:
Vole: To win nine tricks, value of 25 chips (5 from the pot and 10 from each player).
Primeras: To win the first five tricks and stop, value of 3 chips.
Estuches: Extra payment when holding or lacking at least the top three trumps, value of 1 each.

Penalties
If Ombre loses "Puesta", he doubles the pool and pays five chips for each player in the game. If Ombre loses "Codille", he pays the same as for a "Puesta", but to the player who won instead of to the pot. These penalties are further increased as described above for "Primeras", and if he loses the first five tricks, and "Estuches", he pays one per each consecutive trump. If Ombre fails to win all nine tricks after leading to the sixth, he pays 30 to each opponent, less 2 if he played "Vuelta", and 10 if he played Solo, less also the number of "Estuches" applicable.

Rule variations

Gascarola
If all pass immediately, lower bids may be made so as to avoid a redeal. They include:

Voltereta: is a game equivalent to "Entrada", where Ombre turns the first card of the stock for trump, discards and draws up to 5 cards to complete the hand. If the turned-up card is Spadilla, the game then counts as "Vuelta"
Gascarola: gascarille, cascarilla, cascarola, casco, casca, is an implement on the rules of the game. If all three players pass, each player in turn may bid "casca". If the auction is won by a "Gascarola" bid, the declarer then takes eight cards from the stock, chooses one of his own cards to supplement the eight, but he also has the option to discard all nine and take nine others from the stock. Based on his hand, he names a trump suit. The defenders then exchange with the remaining five or four cards in the stock, and an "Entrada" contract is played and scored normally.

Vole
Vole, Contrabola: No one discards, Hombre announces a trump suit of which he holds at least one, and aims to lose every trick. If successful, he wins as if the game was "Entrada", if not it counts as "Puesta".

Spadille Forcé, Force Spadille: if all pass without bidding, whoever holds "Spadille" or "Basto", must take the role as Ombre, or by eldest if no one does. He discards up to 8 cards, draws replacements from the stock and then announces trumps. The game counts as "Entrada".

Terminology
 Basto - the third highest matador.
 Casca - a bid in the related Portuguese game Voltarete.
 Codillo - the Ombre loses, opponents win.
 Entrada - to announce trumps, discard, and draw from the stock.
 Estuches - the 3 top cards of the game.
 Force Spadille, (Spadille Forcé) - the game where one of the players holds "Spadille" or "Basto".
 Gano - "I'll take it" or "let the card pass" (lit. "I win") - instruction to co-defender. Also "demanding Gano", "making Gano".
 Manille - the second highest matador.
 Mort - the form of the game played with a fourth player.
 Null (Contrabola) - to lose all nine tricks.
 Ombre - "declarer", the player who chooses trumps and then tries to win most tricks.
 Primeras - to win the first five tricks.
 Puesta - the Ombre loses, tricks are tied.
 Punto - the red Ace of the trump suit.
 Renege - to fail to follow suit.
 Sacada - the Ombre wins.
 Solo - to announce trumps, without discarding and drawing.
 Spadille - the highest matador.
 Vole (Bola) - to win all nine tricks.
 Voltareta - a bid in the related Portuguese game Voltarete.
 Vuelta - to turn the top card of the stock for trump, discards and draws.

Game variations

Two-handed Ombre
Ombre may be played sometimes by two players, for lack of a third person. It is played exactly as for three hands, but a whole suit is removed from the pack, either Diamonds or Hearts, so that 30 cards remain. Deal eight cards in batches of 2's and stock the remaining 12 on the table. Ombre may take as many cards as he wants up to eight and the other player may take the rest. When the trump is named, the player is paid for Matadors. Ombre is intended to make five tricks to win the stake. If the tricks are divided by four, the game is then considered "Remise". If the other player makes five, he wins by "Codille".

Four-handed Ombre
In this variation, first described in 1669 in Zaragoza, usually only three players are active at a time. The player opposite the dealer sits out, but takes part in the payment after the play as though he were a defender. If three players pass, the fourth player picks up all 13 cards from the stock and discards four. He chooses trump then and plays as declarer against the other three, who cannot exchange any cards, since the stock is already used up. The contract counts as "Entrada".

Five-handed Ombre
In this five-handed variation called Cinquillo, first described around 1683, the players are dealt eight cards each, after staking down a fifth to the pool, therefore no discard is possible. Bidding may be for Ask Leave, when Ombre calls a king seeking for a partner. If the first four players pass, the fifth may play Solo. Ombre is obliged to win five tricks, otherwise he loses. He names trump and if between them five tricks can be won, Ombre wins, sharing between them two-thirds of the pool for Ombre and one-third for his partner. If they both make only three tricks the game is Remise, and Ombre is to lay down two-thirds of the pool and his partner one.

Poetry
The game of Ombre is Belinda's game in Alexander Pope's poem The Rape of the Lock, written in 1714.

The progress of the game is described in such detail that Lord Aldenham was able to reconstruct the exact deal and play of the cards.

It is also mentioned in Alexander Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.

See also
Spoil Five

Notes

References

Literature
 Dummett, Michael (1980). The Game of Tarot. Duckworth, London.
 Parlett, David (2008). The Penguin Book of Card Games, Penguin, London.

External links

L'Hombre rules at pagat.com.
Danish L'Hombre rules. (Swedish)
 Researches into the history of playing cards
The Royal Game of the Ombre
Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock and Other Poems

16th-century card games
Solo card games
Spanish card games
Three-player card games
Spanish deck card games
Catherine of Braganza

Ombre


El XXIX Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato se celebró en El Cairo (Egipto) en el año 2001 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Egipcia de Tiro Deportivo.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 2001

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato de 2001


El Plan de la Monarquía Indígena o Plan de Chicontla fue un pronunciamiento realizado en Ecatzingo por los sacerdotes católicos Carlos Tepisteco Abad y Epigmenio de la Piedra, el 2 de febrero de 1834. Su objetivo era conseguir la pacificación y tranquilidad del país implementando un régimen de gobierno monárquico moderado, el cual funcionaría con un Congreso constituyente formado por doce descendientes de Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, entre los cuales, se elegiría al nuevo emperador de México.  El plan no tuvo seguidores ni repercusión política.

Marco histórico
Desde 1833, la administración del vicepresidente Valentín Gómez Farías había instaurado una política reformista en materia eclesiástica. En oposición a esta política liberal, el 2 de febrero de 1834, los sacerdotes Epigmenio de la Piedra y Carlos Tepisteco redactaron el plan consistente en treinta y nueve artículos. Se proponía formar un Congreso formado por doce individuos descendientes del huey tlatoani Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, de entre los cuales se nombraría al nuevo emperador mexicano. El nuevo gobernante juraría sostener la religión católica, apostólica y romana. En caso de ser moreno se debería casar con una mujer blanca, o al revés, si él era de piel blanca.

Aunque no tuvo seguidores, ni repercusión política, el gobierno tomó cartas en el asunto. Se giraron órdenes de aprehensión contra los autores. El padre Tepisteco fue presentado ante Gómez Farías, quien deseaba saber de la posible existencia de ramifaciones del plan. Tras el interrogatorio, el vicepresidente concluyó que Tepisteco era un seguidor ignorante del padre de la Piedra. El sacerdote fue remitido a la Arquidiócesis de México para instrurile causa, aunque no tuvo ningún efecto. Por su parte, el padre de la Piedra logró escapar y burlar a las autoridades, más tarde, se desempeñó como párroco de Tenancingo.

Epigmenio de la Piedra (1792- 1873) Prebendado de la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de México, nacido en Yautepec Morelos, dominó 5 idiomas, latín francés, italiano, mexicano y español.

"Recién ordenado, fue a Tepecuicuilco donde se encontraba su tío el cura Don Horacio de la Piedra, a tiempo que Agustín de Iturbide en el vecino pueblo de Iguala combinaba el plan de independencia que aún no revelaba a las fuerzas realistas de que era coronel, llegando las cosas a su madurez preguntó un día de que persona podría valerse para que desempeñara una comisión muy peligrosa y delicada que requería de valor y talento y que no fuera militar.

Le fue propuesto el padre Epigmenio de la Piedra que se encontraba en Tepecuicuilco entonces,..........Y Agustín de Iturbide confió en él y le dio el proyecto de ir a la ciudad de México y entregar al Virrey Don Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, Conde del Venadito, los pliegos que contenían el acta de independencia, el plan de Iguala."

Referencias

 Periódico "El Universal", 27 de septiembre de 1921.
 Ing. Luis Felipe de la Piedra: "Mi Camino", edición privada, diciembre de 1995 (tataranieto).

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

México en 1834
Monarquía Indígena, Plan de la
Política en 1834

Plan de la Monarquía Indígena


හක්මන මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය  අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි  මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය නම් ලද්දේ දකුණු පළාතේ මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ,  හක්මන  නගරය අනුව යමිනි . ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින්   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට  ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස වූ කොට්ඨාස 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී  හක්මන මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය වෙනුවට මාතර බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය  ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය තුළ ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශයක් ලෙස හක්මන දිගටම පවතියි.

1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු  පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1952 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
24 මැයි 1952 සහ 30 මැයි1952 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු  දෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැරණි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස
මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

හක්මන මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය


Ivan Pavičić (Ivan Pavičević), bivši hrvatski nogometaš. Igrao za Željezničar iz Sarajeva. Počevši od sezone 1921./22. igrao je za Željezničar šest sezona. Željezničar je tad igrao u rangu sarajevskog nogometnog podsaveza i podsaveznoj ligi.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Hrvatski nogometaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Nogometaši FK Željezničara

Ivan Pavičić


Aloe jacksonii, es una especie de planta suculenta perteneciente a la familia de los aloes. Es endémica del Cuerno de África en Somalia y Etiopía.

Taxonomía
Aloe jacksonii fue descrita por Gilbert Westacott Reynolds y publicado en S. African Bot. 21: 59, en el año 1955.
Etimología
Aloe: nombre genérico de origen muy incierto: podría ser derivado del griego άλς, άλός (als, alós), "sal" - dando άλόη, ης, ή (aloé, oés) que designaba tanto la planta como su jugo - debido a su sabor, que recuerda el agua del mar. De allí pasó al Latín ălŏē, ēs con la misma aceptación, y que, en sentido figurado, significaba también "amargo". Se ha propuesto también un origen árabe, alloeh, que significa "la sustancia amarga brillante"; pero es más probablemente de origen complejo a través del hébreo: ahal (אהל), frecuentemente citado en textos bíblicos.

jacksonii: epíteto otorgado en honor de T. H. E. Jackson, destinado en Etiopía que recogió la especie tipo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

jacksonii
Flora del Cuerno de África
Plantas descritas en 1955
Plantas descritas por Reynolds

Aloe jacksonii


Xenia Deli () este un fotomodel din Republica Moldova, care în prezent activează în Los Angeles, California (Statele Unite ale Americii). Ea a apărut pe copertele unor reviste de modă notorii, printre care Elle, FMD Magazine și Sport Illustrated of South Africa. De asemenea, Xenia Deli a apărut și în videoclipuri muzicale, cum ar fi Thinking About You de Calvin Harris și What Do You Mean de Justin Bieber.

Biografie
Xenia Deli s-a născut în Basarabeasca, RSS Moldovenească, URSS. A studiat literatura și plănuia să devină învățătoare. A învățat și la o școală de modeling. În cadrul unui program de modeling pentru studenți, Deli a concurat într-un concurs 'Beach Bunny', fiind una din cele trei finaliste. Ca urmare, a fost invitată să reprezinte brand-ul într-o campanie publicitară.

La scurt timp după, Xenia Deli l-a întâlnit pe fotograful Gavin O'Neill, care a invitat-o la o sesiune foto. Pozele sale trimise unei agenții de modeling au făcut ca ea să fie invitată la un interviu și apoi să semneze un contract. În 2010 ea s-a mutat în Carolina de Sud.

Pe 4 iunie 2016 Xenia Deli s-a căsătorit cu Ossama Fathi Rabah Al-Sharif, un milionar egiptean în vârstă de 62 ani la acel moment. Nunta a avut loc pe insula Santorini, în Grecia. În 2018, aceștia au devenit părinții unei fetițe.

Cariera

Modeling
Deli și-a început cariera pozând pentru fotograful Gavin O'Neill. După prezentarea pozelor respective unei agenții de modă, Xenia a semnat un contract de model. Apoi, ea a semnat cu Elite Model Management în Miami în 2011 și în New York în 2014. A urmat un nou contract cu Victoria's Secret.

De atunci, Xenia Deli a apărut pe copertele a numeroase reviste, printre care Playboy, Love FMD Magazine, Elle Romania și Sport Illustrated of South Africa. A mai apărut în reviste ca: FHM, GQ, Sports Illustrated, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar și Maxim. În 2012 Xenia Deli a apărut nud în Lovecat Magazine.

Videoclipuri
Xenia Deli a apărut în videoclipuri muzicale, printre care: "Wake Me Up" de Ionel Istrati și Thinking About You de Calvin Harris. În 2015 Xenia a apărut în clipul lui Justin Bieber pentru piesa What Do You Mean, primind o atenție sporită din partea presei, după ce videoclipurl a fost lansat pe 28 august 2015, apărând și speculații cum că Xenia ar fi într-o relație cu Bieber.

Note

Legături externe

 Xenia Deli pe Playboy.com
 Catching Up With Justin Bieber's New Video Vixen  at Vogue
 'I'm single ladies!' at Daily Mail
 Xenia Deli Opens Up About How Justin Bieber Brought Her Closer to God at People
 "Xenia Deli addresses dating rumors", Fox News

Nașteri în 1989
Fotomodele din Republica Moldova
Moldoveni în viață
Moldoveni expatriați în Statele Unite
Oameni din Basarabeasca

Xenia Deli


خور عوقد محمية طبيعية تقع في سلطنة عمان، تعرض هذا الخور للعديد من التهديدات ، مما استدعى الجهات المسؤولة العمانية لإدخاله ضمن محميات الأخوار ، يقع هذا الخور بالقرب من أطراف مدينة عوقد وتبلغ مساحته 16 هكتار ، وترتاد هذه المحمية العديد من الطيور مثل طيور البلشون ومالك الحزين وأبو محجل وغيرها.
من جملة أهداف الحماية لهذا الخور هو حماية الحياة الفطرية فيه والبحث عن سبل فاعلة لاستخدام الخور في معالجات التداخل بين مياه البحر ومياه حوض صلالة واستغلال المواقع القريبة في المجالات السياحية.

مواضيع متعلقة
محميات طبيعية في عمان

مصادر خارجية
المحميات الطبيعية من موقع وزارة الإعلام العمانية.

محميات طبيعية في آسيا
مناطق محمية في عمان

خور عوقد


was a town located in Higashikunisaki District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,457 and the density of 74.84 persons per km². The total area was 72.92 km².

On March 31, 2006, Kunimi, along with the towns of Kunisaki (former), Aki and Musashi (all from Higashikunisaki District), was merged to create the city of Kunisaki.

External links
 Kunisaki Official Website

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture

Kunimi, Ōita


Elena-Lavinia Craioveanu (n. ) este un senator român, ales în 2016.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat

Elena-Lavinia Craioveanu


Louis Martens Kunkel (* 13. Oktober 1949 in New York City) ist ein US-amerikanischer Genetiker und Mediziner.

Kunkel machte 1971 seinen Bachelor-Abschluss am Gettysburg College und wurde 1978 an der Johns Hopkins University promoviert. Seine Dissertation trug den Titel The identification, purification, and characterization of a portion of human Y-chromosome DNA. Als Post-Doktorand war er zwei Jahre an der University of California, San Francisco und forschte danach in Pädiatrie und Genetik am Children´s Hospital in Boston. 1982 wurde er dort zuerst Instructor und dann Associate Professor in der Abteilung Genetik. 1983 bis 1989 war er Lecturer in Neurobiologie an der Harvard Medical School. Ab 1989 war er Leiter der Genetik am Children´s Hospital in Boston (dem pädiatrischen Lehrkrankenhaus der Harvard Medical School) und seit 2004 Associate Director der Pädiatrie am Children´s Hospital. Er leitet dort ein Programm, das die medizinischen und genetischen Daten und die Daten von Umweltfaktoren aller dort behandelten Kinder zur wissenschaftlichen Auswertung sammelte (Gene Partnership). Er ist Professor für Pädiatrie und Genetik an der Harvard Medical School und forscht auch seit 1990 am Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Kunkel untersuchte insbesondere die Grundlagen von Erkrankungen des neuromuskulären Systems. 1986/87 identifizierte er das Protein Dystrophin und das zugehörige Gen, das bei der Erbkrankheit der Muskeldystrophie vom Typ Duchenne und Becker mutiert ist. Seitdem identifizierte er mit Mitarbeitern über ein Dutzend Gene, die mit Dystrophin zusammenhängen, und fand die Ursache von Gliedergürteldystrophien in Mutationen in drei dieser Gene. Er entwickelte in seinem Labor Methoden der Positionellen Klonierung, die zu besseren Diagnoseverfahren für die von ihm untersuchten Erbkrankheiten führten.

1989 erhielt er den Gairdner Foundation International Award, 1989 den Passano Award in medizinischer Forschung, 1988 den Royal Society Wellcome Foundation Prize und den Warren Alpert Foundation Prize, 2004 den William Allan Award und 2009 den March of Dimes Prize in Development Biology (für seine Entwicklung Positioneller Klonierungstechniken). Er ist Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences und der American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Weblinks
 Homepage in Harvard

Einzelnachweise

Genetiker
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1949
Träger des Canada Gairdner International Award
Mann
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences

Louis M. Kunkel


Steve Hewitt (tam adı Steve James Hewitt) başarılı alternatif rock grubu Placebo'nun eski bateristidir. Grubun tek ingiliz üyesiydi. 22 Mart 1971'de Birleşik Krallık'ın Manchester kentinde doğmuştur. Şu anda Love Amongst Ruin adlı grubun solistidir.

Geçmişi
Steve Hewitt, müziğe yeni başladığı yıllarda maddi yetersizlikler ve kız arkadaşının hamile olması gibi nedenlerle, bir süre kamyon şöförlüğü yapmıştır. Kendisi aynı yıllarda tuvalet temizlediğini bile söyler.

Placebo'dan önce The Mystic Deckchairs, The ElectricCrayons, The Boo Radleys, K-Klass & Breed gibi gruplarda davulu üstlenmiştir.

İlk Placebo demolarında çaldıktan hemen sonra o zamanki grubu "Breed" ile turneye çıkarak yerini Robert Schultzberg'e bırakmıştır. Fakat çok geçmeden Robert Schultzberg'le olan anlaşmazlıklar ve Schultzberg'in grup için uygun olmadığı düşüncesi Placebo'yu önceden de çok yetenekli buldukları ve hayran oldukları Steve Hewitt'e teklif göndermeye itmiştir. Steve Hewitt bu teklifi olumlu karşılar ve Placebo'nun daimi kadrosu belli olur.

Diğer

Steve Hewitt, ilham kaynakları olarak, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Prince, James Brown, The Smashing Pumpkins gibi isimleri gösterir. Emily adında bir kızı vardır. Kendisi aynı zamanda, üyeleri cinsel kimlikleri hakkında sık sık konuşulan grubun tek heteroseksüel elemanıdır. Solaktır ve davulu solak kurulumla çalar.

Dış bağlantılar

İngiliz bateristler
1971 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Placebo üyeleri

Steve Hewitt


Petriano (im lokalen Dialekt Petriän) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Pesaro und Urbino in den Marken. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 20 Kilometer südwestlich von Pesaro und etwa 10 Kilometer nordöstlich von Urbino und ist Teil der Comunità montana Alto e Medio Metauro.

Geschichte
Der Ortsname soll sich aus der Bezeichnung Über den drei Flüssen (prae tres amnes) herleiten. Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung aus dem Jahre 1096 belegt dies jedoch nicht, auch wenn neben dem Apso noch zwei weitere kleine Flüsschen in der Nähe existieren.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in den Marken

Petriano


El coscomate o capulí mexicano (Physalis coztomatl) es una especie de planta medicinal perteneciente a la familia de las solanáceas. Es nativa de América.

Descripción

Physalis coztomatl es una planta perenne, arbustiva o herbácea que puede alcanzar alturas de hasta 2 metros. Crece en posición vertical y las ramas cercanas a la tierra. Toda la planta está equipada con tricomas pubescentes, a menudo glandulares que se encuentran entre ellos. El tallo es liso, cilíndrico. La hojas son alternas o pareadas, la lámina de la hoja tiene una longitud de 5 a 19 cm y una anchura de 3,9 a 17 cm. La forma de la lámina de la hoja es oval a esférica, ovoide, el ápice es acuminado, la base disminuye a casi en forma de corazón. Los márgenes de las hojas son enteros o con pocos (aunque sólo sea uno) dientes. El pecíolo tiene una longitud de 1,4 a 6,5 cm. La inflorescencia en forma de pedúnculo de 14-28 mm de largo. La corola es de color amarillo, con forma de campana, con marcas de  color rojizo o violáceo. Los estambres  de color violeta. El fruto es una baya con un diámetro de 1,5 cm.

Propiedades
Physalis coztomatl produce un fruto comestible de color amarillo anaranjado. A sus hojas se le atribuyen propiedades diuréticas y a sus raíces propiedades carminativas y antidiarréicas. En sus tejidos se han identificado los withanólidos Physacoztólido A al E y los diterpenos Labd-13(E)-ene-8α,15-diol y Physacoztomatin, los dos primeros labdanos aislados en su género.

Taxonomía
Physalis coztomatl fue descrita por José Mariano Mociño y Martín Sessé y Lacasta y publicada y validada por Dunal en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1): 450, en el año 1852.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

coztomatl
Plantas medicinales
Flora de América del Sur
Plantas descritas por Mociño
Plantas descritas por Sessé
Plantas descritas por Dunal
Plantas descritas en 1852

Physalis coztomatl


Die Villa Schlenker (auch: Schlenker-Grusen-Villa) ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Oberdorfstraße 16 in Villingen-Schwenningen.
Sie wurde im Jahre 1905 als das Wohnhaus Jakob Schlenkers, des Firmengründers von ISGUS, in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Fabrikkomplex errichtet. Ernst Bader malte sie aus.

1990 wurde sie zusätzlich in das Denkmalbuch eingetragen. Damit wurde festgestellt, dass sie ein "Kulturdenkmal von besonderer Bedeutung" ist und sichergestellt, dass sie unter besonderem Schutz steht.

Das Gebäude wurde 1993 mit dem Denkmalschutzpreis Baden-Württemberg ausgezeichnet. Es handelt sich um eine der bedeutendsten Jugendstilvillen in Südwestdeutschland. Die Restaurierung ihrer historischen Fenster unter Ermöglichung von Wärmedämmung wurde "zum Vorbild für viele tausend historische Fenster in Baden-Württemberg".

Literatur
 Gerhard Jehle: Stätten der Arbeit, Stätten der Verwaltung, Wohnstätten: Die Industriearchitektur in Villingen und Schwenningen bis 1945 (Hochbauten). Diss. Univ. Freiburg i.Br., 2001 (Online-Ausgabe (PDF; 4,0 MB), S. 102)
 Beschreibung bei baufachinformationen.de

Einzelnachweise

Schlenker
Villingen-Schwenningen, Villa Schlenker
Villingen-Schwenningen, Villa Schlenker
Bauwerk in Villingen-Schwenningen
Villaschlenker
Bauwerk der Moderne im Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
Wohngebäude im Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis

Villa Schlenker


هذه هي قائمة بالمنظمات البيئية.

واقرأ أيضا: قائمة منظات حماية البيئة (List of conservation organisations)

المنظمات الحكومية الدولية
 الوكالة الأوروبية للبيئة
 اللجنة الدولية للتغيرات المناخية
 برنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة
 مشروع حكم نظام الأرض (Earth System Governance Project).

وهناك أيضا منظمات حكومية بيئية دولية وهي مجموعة من الحكومات على الصعيدين الإقليمي والمحلي، لتمييزها عن المستوى الوطني. ومن الأمثلة: شبكة الحكومات الإقليمية من أجل التنمية المستدامة، والحكومات المحلية ICLEI من أجل الاستدامة، والشراكة في مجال الإدارة البيئية لبحار شرق آسيا. هذه المنظمات تستخدم أسلوب التنسيق المفتوح لتبادل أفضل الممارسات والسياسات وتقديم المساعدة والمشورة إلى الشركاء بشأن القضايا المتصلة بالتنمية البيئية متبعة خطة الأمم المتحدة الألفية. يمكن اعتبار هذه الشبكات منظمات دولية ولها صفة مراقب في مختلف المنظمات البيئية التابعة للأمم المتحدة.

أوروبا
 المركز البيئي الإقليمي لوسط وشرق أوروبا (Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe)
 Milieukontakt International.

منظمات حكومية
حكومات جميع البلدان المتقدمة، وكذلك معظم البلدان النامية ذات إدارات أو وكالات حكومية مخصصة للرصد وحماية البيئة:

البرازيل
المعهد البرازيلي للبيئة والموارد الطبيعية المتجددة Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

كندا
إيكو كندا ECO Canada

الهند
 وزارة البيئة والغابات Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)
 المجلس المركزي لمكافحة التلوث Central Pollution Control Board
 مجلس مكافحة التلوث في ولاية غوجارات Gujarat Pollution Control Board
 Eco-wristWatch

أيرلندا
وكالة الحماية البيئية (أيرلندا) Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)

جزيرة مان
التراث الوطني لجزيرة مان Manx National Heritage

اليابان
المعهد الوطني للدراسات البيئية National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

نيوزيلندا
 قسم الحفاظ على البيئة National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
 وزارة البيئة (نيوزيلندا) State sector organisations in New Zealand
 المفوض البرلماني لشؤون البيئة Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment

النرويج
 وزارة البيئة النرويجية Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment.
 مديرية إدارة الطبيعة النرويجية Norwegian Pollution Control Authority
الهيئة العامة للرقابة على التلوث النرويجية Norwegian Pollution Control Authority

المملكة المتحدة

إنكلترا
 المسائل السكانية غير الحكومية
 إنغلش إيريتاج هيئة التراث الإنجليزي
 وكالة البيئة (إنكلترا وويلز) Environment Agency
 ناشرال الإنكليزية Natural England

إسكتلندا
 هيستوريك إسكتلندا Historic Scotland
 ناشرال إيريتاج الاسكوتلندية Scottish Natural Heritage
 وكالة حماية البيئة الاسكتلندية Scottish Environment Protection Agency

ويلز
 Cadw
 مجلس الريف في ويلز Countryside Council for Wales

أيرلندا الشمالية
 وكالة البيئة الأيرلندية الشمالية وكالة البيئة الأيرلندية الشمالية

الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
 وكالة حماية البيئة الأمريكية وكالة حماية البيئة الأمريكية
 مصلحة الأسماك والحياة البرية الأمريكية المؤسسة الأمريكية للأسماك والحياة البرية

الأمم الأمريكية الأصلية
المجلس البيئي بين القبائل Inter-Tribal Environmental Council

المنظمات البيئية الخاصة غير الحكومية

منظمات دولية
 African Wild Dog Conservancy
 Aga Khan Trust for Culture
 American Indoor Air Quality Council
 Antinea Foundation
 ATWA (ATWA International)
 بالونا
 Biofuelwatch
 Biosphere Expeditions
 جمعية الطيور العالمية
 Center for International Environmental Law
 Coal River Mountain Watch
 Conservation Foundation
 Conservation International
 Conservation Law Foundation
 Earth Charter Initiative
 الأرض أولا
 Earth Island Institute
 Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
 Earth Liberation Prisoner Support Network (ELPSN)
 Earth Policy Institute
 EarthLink e.V.
 Earthwatch
 Environmental Law Foundation (ELF) (UK)
 Environmental Investigation Agency
 Equiliberate
 Forests and the European Union Resource Network (FERN)
 مجلس رعاية الغابات
 أصدقاء الطبيعة
 أصدقاء الأرض
 Gaia Mater (the mother Earth)
 Global Water Policy Project
 Global Witness
 w:en:Global Vision International
 Great Transition Initiative
 منظمة الصليب الأخضر الدولية
 منظمة السلام الأخضر
 Groundwork UK
 Institute for Environmental Security
 International Analog Forestry Network
 المجلس الدولي للمعالم والمواقع (ICOMOS)
 International Institute for Sustainable Development
 International Network for Sustainable Energy (INFORSE)
 Legacy Foundation
 NatureServe
 Nicodemus Wilderness Project
 المسائل السكانية
 Regenesis - the Global Movement for Environment Sustainability, Liberty & Social Justice
 Tellus Institute
 منظمة الحفاظ على الطبيعة
 Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
 Surfrider Foundation
 Wetlands International
 جمعية المحافظة على الحيتان والدلافين
 جمعية المحافظة على الحياة البرية
 Wolf Preservation Foundation (WPF)
 World Business Council for Sustainable Development
 Worldchanging
 الاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة (IUCN)
 World Resources Institute (WRI)
 World Union for Protection of Life (WUPL)
 Worldwatch Institute
 الصندوق العالمي للطبيعة (WWF)
 Xerces Society
 Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
 youthNoise
 الشبكة العالمية للمحيطات

قوائم حسب البلد
قوائم متعلقة بالبيئة حسب البلد
قوائم منظمات بيئيون

قائمة المنظمات البيئية


HMS Gipsy was a G-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. She spent most of the pre-war period as part of the Mediterranean Fleet. The ship was transferred to the British Isles to escort shipping in local waters shortly after the beginning of World War II. Less than a month after her arrival she struck a mine outside Harwich and sank with the loss of 30 of her crew. Her wreck was salvaged and slowly scrapped over the course of the war.

Description
Gipsy displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers. Gipsy carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . The ship's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime.

The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts. For anti-aircraft defence Gipsy had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for  torpedoes. One rail and two depth charge throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began.

Construction and career

Gipsy was laid down by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, at Govan, Scotland, on 4 September 1934, launched on 7 November 1935 and completed on 22 February 1936. Excluding government-furnished equipment like the armament, the ship cost £250,364. Aside from a brief period assigned to the 20th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet after her commissioning, Gipsy spent the pre-war period assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla with the Mediterranean Fleet.

On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, the ships of the Mediterranean Fleet were used to evacuate British subjects, and later  and other foreign nationals from Spanish Mediterranean ports, while the Home fleet operated off the northern coast of Spain. Gipsy was deployed to the Barcelona area to assist in the evacuation. In total, the Royal Navy evacuated about 6000 refugees (of which about 2000 were British) from Spanish ports in July–August 1936. On 13 February 1937, Gipsy and the destroyer  were on passage between Gibraltar and Malta when they were attacked by an aircraft carrying Spanish Nationalist markings. several bombs were dropped by the aircraft, all of which missed the two destroyers, while the two destroyers opened fire on the aircraft. Neither the destroyers or the aircraft was damaged during the engagement. Gipsy was refitted at Devonport Dockyard between 2 June and 30 July 1938.

On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Gipsy was deployed with the 1st Destroyer Flotilla for patrols and contraband control in the Eastern Mediterranean, based at Alexandria. Gipsy and her entire flotilla were transferred to the Western Approaches Command at Plymouth in October. On 12 November she collided with her sister ship, , en route to Harwich, and her new assignment with the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla, but she was only slightly damaged. The ship rescued three German airmen outside Harwich harbour on 21 November and returned to port to turn them over the army.

Later that evening, Gipsy set out with  the destroyers , , ,  and  to hunt for U-Boats thought to be minelaying in the North Sea. Just outside the harbour boom she triggered one of the two magnetic mines dropped about 2 hours earlier by two German seaplanes, and, almost broken in half, sank on the edge of the deepwater channel. 31 of her crew, including the captain, Lt-Cdr Crossley, were killed or fatally injured, 115 were rescued by the other destroyers and by harbour launches. The inquiry determined that, though the harbour defences had been on alert (UK National Archive 248 Heavy AA Battery War Diary WO 166/2529), and had actually seen and plotted both the seaplanes and their mines, their reporting had been inaccurate. Though the Harwich admiral had told the destroyers to hug the side of the channel opposite to where the mines fell, he had not stipulated why, nor that the ships were in any particular danger. Apart from those on the bridge, Gipsy's crew were unaware of any danger at all as a result some had gone to sleep below decks, and no contingency plan had been made to ready lifeboats.
(sources—Admiralty Board of Inquiry Minutes and Report—UK National Archive ADM 1/22793, logs of Keith and Boadicea ADM 53/109431 and 107799; correspondence with Captain R D Franks, Gipsy's 1st Lieutenant, and his article in "Highlight" Harwich Society magazine).

There was controversy at the time, and later, about this lack of warning, and also about the failure of the local defences to fire on the German seaplanes (Nore Command War Diary ADM 199/375; 6 Anti-Aircraft Division War Diary WO 166/2168l Captain R D Franks; Highlight). It turned out that their failure to fire had been due to an Army Anti-Aircraft Command order that unidentified aircraft should not be engaged, though the defenders had, at the time, recognised their nationality, if not their type—and seen their mines. (ADM 1/22793, 515 Coast Artillery Regiment War Diary WO 166/1718).

The wreck remained upright on the seabed with only the bridge and forward gun visible at high tide. Only buckled plating amidships held the two main sections of the wreck together and they were cut by explosives when salvage began shortly after her sinking. The two halves were raised by pontoons, and were subsequently broken up separately.  of ferrous scrap and  of non-ferrous metals were recovered between June 1940 and February 1944.

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading
 J P Foynes: Who Was to Blame for the Loss of HMS Gipsy? (2008)

G and H-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Govan
1935 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in November 1939
Ships sunk by mines
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea

HMS Gipsy (H63)


Helmut Kunz né le , décédé en  était un dentiste de la Schutzstaffel () qui, après le suicide d'Adolf Hitler, reçut l'ordre d'administrer un anesthésique aux six enfants de Joseph Goebbels avant qu'ils ne soient tués.

Premières années
Helmut Kunz, né à Ettlingen en Allemagne, étudie en premier temps le droit, puis la médecine dentaire. Il écrit sa thèse de doctorat sur « l'étude des caries dentaires chez les écoliers en relation avec leur alimentation pendant la petite enfance ». En , il ouvre un cabinet dentaire à Lucka, puis à Leipzig.

En  Il s'engage dans la Wehrmacht comme médecin militaire puis démissionne en  pour rejoindre la SS .

Carrière dans la SS
En , Helmut Kunz est membre de la 3e division SSTotenkopf. En , il est grièvement blessé et affecté au bureau médical de la Waffen-SS à Berlin en tant que second assistant du dentiste général. Fin avril , il est affecté à la Chancellerie du Reich à Berlin.

Assassinat des enfants Goebbels
Contrairement à de nombreux autres nazis de premier plan, Joseph Goebbels montre en , qu'il soutient fermement Hitler en s'installant avec sa famille dans le Vorbunker, qui est relié au Führerbunker inférieur par le jardin de la Chancellerie du Reich, dans le centre de Berlin.

Magda Goebbels est la première patiente d'Helmut Kunz à la Chancellerie du Reich. Elle avait développé un abcès sous un pont dans sa mâchoire inférieure. Le , Magda prend Kunz à part pour lui demander de l'aider à tuer ses enfants. Après avoir rencontré les enfants, il part et retourne à son poste à la Chancellerie. Le , Magda lui téléphone et lui demande de venir au . Sur place, elle l'informe qu'Hitler est mort et que des groupes tentent de sortir de l'encerclement soviétique, mais que les Goebbels ont décidé qu'il était temps de mourir. Magda et Goebbels insistent pour que Kunz les aide. Selon Kunz, il injecte aux enfants Goebbels de la morphine que Magda a obtenue du  Ludwig Stumpfegger pour les rendre inconscients avant que des capsules de cyanure ne soient administrées.

Capture et vie postérieure
Helmut Kunz retourne travailler aux urgences dentaires, où il reste jusqu'à ce qu'il soit fait prisonnier par les troupes de l'Armée rouge le . Le  Werner Haase, ainsi que deux infirmières, Erna Flegel et Liselotte Chervinska sont également faits prisonniers avec lui. Il passe dix ans en captivité en Russie, puis retourne à Münster. En , un ancien sergent de la Waffen-SS et prisonnier de guerre, Harri Mengershausen, implique Kunz dans la mort des enfants Goebbels.

Dans sa déposition, Helmut Kunz déclare qu'il a injecté de la morphine aux enfants mais que c'est Magda Goebbels, ou le  Ludwig Stumpfegger, qui ont glissé les capsules de cyanure des enfants.

Cela contredit le témoignage de l'Oberscharführer Rochus Misch, membre des gardes du corps d'Hitler () et chef des communications dans le , et les déclarations du secrétaire d'État de Goebbels au Ministère de la Propagande, Werner Naumann. Naumann et Misch ont tous deux déclaré que c'est le chirurgien d'Hitler, le   Stumpfegger qui a mélangé une boisson narcotique sucrée pour endormir profondément les enfants Goebbels avant que Magda ne mette des capsules de cyanure dans leur bouche.

Les tribunaux allemands refusent de condamner Kunz, et il reste libre et dans la pratique dentaire, très appréciée jusqu'à sa mort. Il décède à Freudenstadt en , et est enterré au  Friedhof (cimetière municipal).

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Fohrmann, Pétra. Die Kinder des Reichsministers : Erinnerungen einer Erzieherin an die Familie Goebbels - 1943 bis 1945. Verlag Fohrmann. Swisttal (10. octobre 2005)

SS-Sturmbannführer
Naissance en septembre 1910
Naissance dans le grand-duché de Bade
Décès en septembre 1976
Décès à Freudenstadt
Décès à 65 ans

Helmut Kunz


NK Uštica je nogometni klub iz Uštice.

Klub je osnovan 1956. godine.

Klub se trenutno natječe u 3. ŽNL Sisačko-moslavačka - NS Novska.

Unutrašnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Nogometni klubovi u Sisačko-moslavačkoj županiji

NK Uštica


Mère-Bi es un documental del año 2008 protagonizado por Annette Mbaye d'Erneville.

Sinopsis
Nacida en Sokone en 1926, Annette Mbaye d'Erneville, madre del realizador William Mbaye, fue la primera periodista de Senegal. Desde muy pronto, se implicó en el desarrollo de su país. Pionera y anticonformista, militó por la causa de la emancipación de las mujeres. Vivió varios años en Francia, donde estudió, y regresó a Senegal en 1957, presintiendo que había llegado el momento de la Independencia.

Referencias

Películas documentales sobre feminismo

Mère-Bi


Daniel Premec (Sarajevo, 1976.) bosanskohercegovački je umjetnik. Završio je Školu za primijenjenu umjetnost u Sarajevu 1994. godine. Diplomirao je na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Sarajevu Odsjek kiparstvo u klasi profesora Mustafe Skopljaka. Radi kao asistent na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Sarajevu.

Izlagao je svoje radove na brojnim samostalnim i skupnim izložbama, na domaćoj i stranoj sceni suvremene umjetnosti. U svom umjetničkom radu koristi različite medije, od skulpture na postrojenja i objekata, performans i video.

Član je Udruženja likovnih umjetnika Bosne i Hercegovine.

Živi i radi u Sarajevu.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena web-stranica

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Bosanskohercegovački umjetnici

Daniel Premec