An academic term (or simply term) is a portion of an academic year during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely. Specific synonyms are commonly used to denote the duration or a term. In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer.

Description
An  academic year is the time during which an educational institution holds classes. An academic term is a portion the academic year. The schedules adopted vary widely.

Synonyms
Semester, trimester and quarter are all synonyms for an academic term (the last two being mainly confined to American English), which refer to terms of specific periods as described below:
 Semester () originally German, where it referred to a university session of six months, adopted into American usage in the early 19th century as a half-year term of typically 15 to 18 weeks. Used in the US and other countries to refer to the two main periods into which the academic year is divided at some universities.
 Trimester () used in the US and Canada to refer to one of the three terms into which the academic year is divided at some universities.
 Quarter () used in American English to refer to one of four terms into which the academic year is divided at some universities.

Academic terms by country
In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. In Northern Hemisphere countries, this means that the academic year lasts from August, September, or October to May, June, or July. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the academic year aligns with the calendar year, lasting from February or March to November or December. The summer may or may not be part of the term system.

Australia

In most of Australia, the primary and secondary school year lasts about 200 days, from late January or early February to early or mid-December, and is split into four terms:
 Term 1 starts in late January or early February and ends in late March or early April (often in close proximity to Easter).
 Term 2 starts in late April or early May and ends in late June.
 Term 3 starts in mid-to-late July and ends mid-to-late September.
 Term 4 starts in early-to-mid October and ends typically in mid-to-late December.

Terms 4 & 1 (rolled over) and 2 & 3 are respectively usually deemed 'summer' and 'winter' respectively for purposes of sports participation and uniform standards. Australian states and territories vary their approach to Easter when determining the dates for the holiday at the end of Term 1.

The exact dates vary from year to year, as well as between states, and for public and private school. In Tasmania until and including 2012, the school year was split into three terms, the first one being the longest and including an extended Easter holiday (which was also the practice of mainland Australia until the mid-1980s). However, in 2013 Tasmania introduced a four-term year, to conform to the rest of the country. The exact start and finish date of the academic year varies between jurisdictions; in 2023 Queensland will start earliest on 23 January (the only jurisdiction to begin the academic year before Australia Day) and finish earliest on 8 December, while Tasmania will start latest on 8 February and finish latest on 21 December. There is typically a break of two weeks between each term, followed by a 1-2 month summer break after term 4 which ends just before Christmas. This occasionally varies in different jurisdictions/school systems (i.e. some independent schools have a break of three week between terms 1 & 2 and between terms 3 & 4). In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks.

Most Australian universities have two semesters a year, but Bond University, Deakin University, CQUniversity, Griffith University, the University of New South Wales and the University of Canberra have three trimesters. Unusually, Macquarie University officially uses the word "session" and CQUniversity uses the word "term" in place of "semester". Many universities offer an optional short summer semester.

Austria

The Austrian school year for primary and secondary schools is split into two terms, the first one starts on the first Monday in September in the states of Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Most schools have holidays between the national holiday on October 26 and All Souls Day on November 2, but those are unofficial holidays not observed by all schools in Austria. Christmas holidays start on December 24 and end on the first weekday after January 6. The first term ends in Vienna and Lower Austria on the first Friday of February, in Burgenland, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the second Friday of February and in Upper Austria and Styria on the third Friday of February.

There is a one-week break between the two terms. In the second term there are the Easter holidays, the Mayday Holiday on May 1 and the long weekends of Pentecost, Ascension and Corpus Christi. The school year ends in Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland on the last Friday of June, in Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the first Friday in July.

Barbados

The Barbadian school year is fashioned after the British system, and as such, it follows a scheduling with three terms per school year.
 First term begins in the second week of September and continues for 15 weeks, ending in mid-December, excluding one week for mid-term break in mid-October.
 Second term begins in the first week of January and continues for 12 weeks, ending at the end of March.
 Third term begins mid-April and continues for 11 weeks until the end of June.
The long school holiday period is 9 to 10 weeks from the end of June until the first week of September.

Brazil

In Brazil, due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education, the academic year must have 200 days, both at schools and at universities. The school year usually begins during the first week of February. There is a 2-week/4-week long winter break in July. The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December, summer in Brazil.

Most schools use the 4 term system, called "unidades" or "bimestres" (units, bimesters), although there is a minority of schools that utilize a 3 term system instead, composed of trimesters (trimestres).

In Brazilian universities academic terms are defined as periods or semesters (período, semestre). There are two semesters: February to June and August to December. The majority of academic degrees courses are 8 semesters (four years) long or 10 semesters (five years) long.

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, the kindergarten, elementary and schools follow the semester system. Most of the universities follow the semester system although for some particular subjects such as Law they follow a yearly system. Business schools of all public and private universities follow a semester or trimester system.

Some of the universities using a two-semester system (using "Term 1" and "Term 2" designations) include: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Khulna University, Jagannath University, Jessore University of Science and Technology, International Islamic University Chittagong and Sylhet Agricultural University.

Some of the universities following a trimester system (using "Spring", "Summer" and "Fall" designations) include: Northern University Bangladesh, American International University - Bangladesh, BRAC University, Daffodil International University, East West University, Fareast International University, North South University, Presidency University, Prime University, Stamford University, Military Institute of Science and Technology, University of Information Technology and Sciences, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh University of Business and Technology and United International University.

Belgium

In Belgium, kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools begin on September 1 and end on June 30.

Schools also take breaks/holidays:
 Autumn break: One week at the start of November
 Christmas break: Two weeks around Christmas and New Year
 Carnival break: One week in February.
 Easter break: Two weeks around Easter.
 Summer break: is always the break from 1 July until 31 August
 Ascension break: Thursday and Friday in early May to mid June
 Labor Day: May 1
 Whitsun: Monday in mid May to late June
 Armistice Day: November 11

Universities and colleges in Belgium use the semester system, dividing the academic year in two equal parts of fourteen weeks of courses. Universities start the first semester in the third week of September, and no 'autumn break'. Colleges start one week earlier, in the second week of September, giving them right to the 'autumn break' of one week. After 13 weeks of courses the 'Christmas break' starts (around December 20), which is used to study for the 3–4 weeks of examinations in January.

After these examinations the universities have one week of vacation, the so-called 'semestrial vacation', while the colleges start the classes of the second semester at the end of January, immediately after the examinations, which week they reclaim with the 'spring break' at the end of February, which the universities do not have. The universities start the second semester in the beginning of February.

Both universities and colleges have the 'Easter break', which again is used to study for the examinations in June. After Easter, the classes start again until the end of May, followed by four weeks of examinations in June, after which three months of vacation is given. The students who failed in passing some of the courses in their curriculum in January and June, the so-called 'first session', have to do the examinations again in the second session at the end of August.

Cambodia
In Cambodia the school year kindergarten sectors in public schools consists of 10 months with a two-month vacation, while in primary, and secondary sectors, it is divided into two semesters and each semester is divided into 2 quarters. The first of November is the start of the academic term. After the 1st semester, a small vacation when the school is halted and at the end of the Second Semester, a 2-month vacation until the start of the new year. In universities, it is divided into 4 years.

Canada

Education being a provincial responsibility, there is no Canadian national standard. In Canada, the school year for elementary and high school consists of 178 to 200 days, depending on the jurisdiction, but several days may be deducted from this total for professional development and administrative duties, resulting in approximately 187 teaching days per year for most jurisdictions. Elementary students receive approximately 950 hours of instruction and secondary students receive approximately 1000 hours per year.

Generally in English Canada, secondary schools run on a two-semester arrangement, also known as fall and spring semester, the first semester running from the day after Labour Day in September to January and the second running from February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June. The semesters are often divided into two terms each.

Some schools in Canada run on a trimester system, the first running from September to January, the second from January to March or April, and the third from March or April until June. The trimester is more common in elementary and middle schools (Kindergarten – Grade 8) than in high schools (Grade 9 – Grade 12). Most of those characteristics differ in Québec, where education is, with the exception of a few school boards, given in French. By tradition, Quebec and Franco-Ontarian elementary and secondary schools arrange timetables to ensure the school year ends before June 24, date of the St-Jean-Baptiste day celebration, a traditional holiday.

Most universities and colleges usually run from early September until the end of April or early May. Often, this winter session is split into two terms running September to December and January to April. Various forms of summer studies may be offered May to August. Some, such as University of Waterloo and Simon Fraser University, run a full tri-semester system, providing full courses during summer. There are a few school boards in Canada experimenting with year-round schooling.

Chile

In elementary school, high school, as well as in universities, Chilean education is divided into two semesters. The first one starts early March and lasts until late June and the second starts in early August and finishes in mid-December; also, some universities offer a summer period from early January to mid-February but just for exceptional courses.
These semesters have breaks for public festivities, such as Easter, independence commemoration (from two days to two weeks in September depending on year and place) and some public holidays like labour day, among others.

China

In the People's Republic of China, elementary, middle and high schools from the public education have two semesters, the first from September to January, and the second from February or March, depending on the date of Chinese New Year, to July.

Most universities and colleges in China also uses the two-semesters system, while a small portion of Chinese universities, such as Shanghai University, are experimenting with the quarter system.

From January to February or March is the Winter break or Lunar New Year break. Summer break is normally from July to the end of August.

In Northern China, the winter break is longer and the summer break is shorter; the opposite applies in Southern China.

There are some casual holiday breaks:
 New year holiday: from 1 Jan. to 3 Jan.
 Lunar New year holiday: In Jan. or Feb. It lasts for around four weeks.
 Qingming Festival: Set according to the solar term. Usually on April 4 or 5.
 Labor's Day: 1 May to 3 May.
 Dragon Boat Festival: Set according to Lunar Calendar. Usually about May and June.
 Mid-autumn Festival: Set according to Lunar Calendar. Usually about middle of September.
 National Day: From 1st Oct. to 7 Oct for Chinese students.

Costa Rica
In Costa Rica the school year runs for ten months. It starts in the first week of February and ends in the last week of November. There is a mid-term vacation of approximately 2 weeks in July, and most schools also observe "Easter Week" in March or April.

Czech Republic

In the elementary and high schools in the Czech Republic, the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 30 of the following year.

It is divided into two semesters with breaks on public holidays such as St. Vaclav (September 28), Independence day (October 28, two days break), Velvet Revolution (November 17), Christmas (9-12 days break), Spring break (1 week break), Easter (three days break on Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday) and finally Labour day (May 1) and Liberation day (May 8). After the end of school year on June 30, the Summer holidays follow until September 1 when a new school year starts. Sole exception to this is the final year at high schools, which ends with Graduation of students at the end of May.

Universities have two mid-terms. The academic year starts usually in the second half of September or in the beginning of October. (It depends on university.)
Bachelor's degree is normally obtained by students after 3 years and masters after another 2 years of study. Still, there are some exceptions (e.g. medicine takes 6 years, no bachelor's degree).

Denmark

In schools in Denmark, the school year runs from August to June. In universities, the academic year runs from around September 1 to June 30, and is often divided into an autumn semester (with January set aside for exams) and a spring semester (with June set aside for exams). Since 2004, some Danish universities and faculties divide the academic year into four quarters, each of which may consist of eight weeks and an exam week, and being separated from the next quarter by a one-week break.

Estonia

In Estonia, elementary and high schools begin on 1 September and end in the beginning of June. The school year is divided into trimesters (or quarters) that last about three months. Summer is usually counted as a term break, although the beginning of June is still part of the third trimester. Universities start on the first Monday of September and usually end in the middle of May or in the beginning of June; though in reality, exam periods may continue until the end of June (e.g. University of Tartu).

Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, almost all elementary, secondary, and college classes are conducted on a two-semester timetable. The first semester of the year is from September to late January or mid February. The second semester usually begins some two weeks after the end of the first and ends in late May or mid June.

Finland

In the elementary and secondary schools and college, the academic year is divided in semesters. The autumn semester begins in mid-August and is suspended a few days before Christmas. The classes continue after the Epiphany with the spring semester which finishes at the beginning of June.

France

In primary and secondary schools, the school year begins the first Monday of September, unless September 1 is on Sunday. The school year is divided into three trimesters. The first from September to December, the second from January to March, and the third is from April to June.

 School Breaks Breaks are scattered throughout the school year every 6, 7 or 8 weeks and last 2 weeks each.
 All Saint Break The first break is around All Saints' Day on November 1.
 Christmas Break Christmas Break starts the Saturday before Christmas.
 Winter Break Winter Break dates differ of the Academia's location, which could be in Zone A, B, or C, to avoid high traffic on the road. It usually starts in February, ends late February or early March.
 Easter Break Easter Break depends on the location of Academia. It starts in April, and ends late April or early May.
 End of Academic term - Summer Break In primary school, end of Academic term is early July. In secondary school (middle school or high school) end of Academic term is before Middle School Exam in late June, or Baccalaureat, in mid-June.

On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, pupils have a full day of teaching from around 8:30 a.m. until around 4:30 p.m. On Wednesday mornings, some pupils may have supplementary classes. French pupils used to attend school on Saturdays, but the so-called "four-days week" has been implemented since September 2008, reducing the teaching year from 936 to 864 hours (above the European average of 800 hours, but below the UK minimum of 950 hours for state schools). Additional holidays include Veterans Day on November 11, May 8, Ascension Day, May Day on May 1, and Easter Monday.

Germany

Schools in Germany
The school year in Germany begins between late July and early September, and ends from mid-June to July, with a summer break of similar length to that in the UK (only 6 weeks) but much shorter than in some other countries (with up to 3 months). The summer vacation starts in a different week by state (there are 16 federal states including Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen). The school year includes five shorter breaks or holidays:

Due to Germany's federal structure, all breaks may differ depending on the state. The exact dates for the beginning and the end of school breaks are kept different state by state and changed every year. This is meant to keep holiday traffic as low as possible.

The school year is divided into two parts (September to February & February to July). There is not necessarily any break between those two parts, but pupils get a semi-year school report (it only displays their current level and is not relevant for promotion).

Universities in Germany
German universities run two semesters with the start and end dates depending on the university. The Wintersemester (WiSe or WS), during which most students start university, often goes from 1 October until 31 March, with lectures starting around 15 October and lasting 14 weeks. There is usually a two-week break around Christmas and New Year (which is not counted in the 14 weeks). The Sommersemester (SoSe or SS) consequently usually goes from 1 April until 30 September with lectures starting some time after Easter and lasting 12 weeks. The two lecture-free periods of 12 to 14 weeks between the semesters are for taking exams, doing internships, lab courses, and employment.

The University of Mannheim changed its schedule to conform with US standards in Fall of 2006. The semesters there are now from August 1 to January 31 (Herbst-/Wintersemester) and from February 1 to July 31 (Frühjahrs-/Sommersemester).

Universities of applied sciences
Fachhochschulen start both semesters one month earlier than other universities.

Vocational-cooperative universities
 have four quarters, January to March and so on. In alternating quarters, the students attend the university and intern at the employer (the latter being the "Praxisphase"). The number of lessons per week is significantly higher than at normal universities (equivalent to a full-time job) and the exams cannot be during the "free time" of the year, as that time is spent in the company. Vacation is given according to labor laws, i.e. half of 20–30 days (because only half of the year is worked).

Guyana

The school year in Guyana usually begins in September and ends in July of the following year. It has three terms: Christmas (First), Easter (Second) and August (Third), with two to three weeks break for Christmas and Easter and 6 to 7 weeks during the August term.

Honduras
The school year in Honduras runs from the first week of February to the end of November, with a one-week break during Easter, and a week break in October. Depending on the university, some do trimester and others in quarters. Breaks may vary.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the academic year usually runs from September 1 to mid-July for most primary and secondary schools. For senior secondary student, they usually start their academic year from mid of August or late August. Some secondary schools have two terms, but most have three terms. For universities and other tertiary institutions the academic year usually runs from September or October to April or May, sometimes with an extra summer term roughly from May to July.

Kindergartens often operate a semester (two-term) system, divided by the lengthy (e.g. two-week) break for Chinese New Year, typically in early February.

Hungary

In the elementary and high schools in Hungary, the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 15 of the next year, with variation if these dates fall on Saturday or Sunday. The school year (tanév) is usually split into two semesters (félév). These semesters are also divided, with some schools holding examinations each half-semester. The first semester runs from September 1 until the middle of January and is divided by the fall vacation, which is around All Saints' Day and lasts for a week. The second semester is closed at the end of the school year. It is divided by the Easter holiday, which usually consist of the weekend before Easter and the holiday itself. Apart from these vacations and national celebrations, a few schools have 'skiing holidays' (síszünet), the date of which varies from the middle of January until February, though some schools hold it in December. Its length also varies from one school to another. It is made so that the students of the school who partake in the skiing camp of the school need no verification of absence. In the last school year of secondary education, the Matura examinations (school-leaving exam and entrance exam for university admissions; similar to A-level exams in the UK) are administered from May through July.

Hungarian universities run two semesters. They are typically from the first or second week of September to the middle of December (fall semester (őszi félév)) and from February to the middle of May (spring semester (tavaszi félév)). Both semesters are followed by an examination period. During the winter exam period, a break of 1–2 weeks is administered between Christmas and the beginning of the new year. In addition to the break between the semesters in summer, there is typically a break including Christmas and New Year. Some universities also have a fall and an Easter vacation.

India

In elementary and secondary schools, the academic year in some part is April to March and others June to May.  The summer vacations start from the beginning of May and last up to the middle or end of June. There is also a winter vacation of 1–2 weeks at the beginning of the year. However, in the Eastern and southern states like West Bengal and Karnataka there will be two breaks, one for Dussehra or Diwali in October which ranges from 7 to 15 days and another for Christmas and New Year in late December and early January which ranges from 7 to 15 days. The entire academic year lasts for around 30 weeks.

A semester system is being implemented in most of the universities in India as directed by the University Grants Commission. In universities the academic year is from July to May. There is a mid-year break during summer, usually from the end of May to the start of July. Some universities also have an autumn break or Diwali break around October/November. This is generally right before the second semester exam in November or in the middle of the second semester.

All students move from old to the new academic year after the completion of the final examinations for the previous year with a small break of 1–3 weeks for compilation of results.

Indonesia

An academic year in Indonesia is divided to two terms, running from mid-July to December and January to mid-June. For universities, however, the terms are much shorter, running from September to December and February to May. Some universities provide a summer semester (called the short semester) from June to August. During president Abdurrahman Wahid's term, schools are closed for Ramadan and a week after Eid-ul-Fitr (Idul Fitri). Some schools implement Saturday-off. Previously, academic year starts from January to December, but this rule changed in 1985.

Iran

In Iran, the academic year runs from September to June (10 months). Some universities, however, offer a limited number of courses in summer. Students have a three-month summer vacation. All schools are closed during Nowruz from march 20 until the beginning of April to celebrate the Iranian new year. The first (fall) semester begins on the first day of the Persian Calendar month of Mehr equivalent to the first day of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and ends in January. The second (spring) semester begins in the winter and ends in June. No mid-term break exists in the academic calendar.

Republic of Ireland

The primary school year runs from the beginning of September until the end of June. There are two two-week long breaks for Christmas and Easter and two mid-term breaks at the end of October and mid-February, both one week long. Secondary schools run from September to the end of May, but due to the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams, 3rd and 6th years respectively break at the end of June for summer holidays upon completion of the exams which end in the 3rd week of June.
The academic year for schools in receipt of public funding lasts for a minimum of 167 teaching days in secondary schools and 183 days in primary schools.

Third-level institutions generally from early September to December for their first term. The second term usually runs from January to Easter and the third term from Easter to mid- or late May. There are two common approaches to organising semesters: One, e.g. at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) and NUI Galway, is to align the first semester with the first term (Michaelmas at TCD) and then split the second semester over the second term (Hilary at TCD) and third term (Trinity at TCD). The other approach, e.g. at University College Dublin, is for the first semester to start at the start of the first term and continue after Christmas for a few weeks of the second term and for the second semester to start immediately after this in the middle of the second term, without a break, run through the rest of the second term, and continue after Easter through to the end of the third term.

Israel

Public education in Israel
The school year in Israel starts in elementary, middle, and high schools on September 1, and lasts until the end of June for elementary schools, and until June 20 for middle and high schools. There are no fixed holidays of equal length, with breaks occurring on national holidays, usually lasting two or three days. For Jews, there is a nine-day break for Sukkot (autumn); a seven-day break for Hannukah (in December); and for Passover (spring) the break is 2–3 weeks long. For the Muslim population, breaks are taken for Eid al-Adha, Eid ul-Fitr and end of semester breaks.

The university academic year typically divides into two semesters which start after Sukkot (typically mid to late October) and end in June or July. Some academic institutions also enable a third semester in the summer.

The short breaks:
 Eid ul-Fitr: the end of Ramadan, three- to five-day break, according to the lunar calendar (only in Islamic schools).
 Eid al-Adha: the end of Hajj, four-day break, according to the lunar calendar (only in Islamic schools).
 Rosh Hashanah: three-day break; the break is sometime between September 4 and October 6.
 Yom Kippur: two-day break; the break is sometime between September 13 and October 15. (see note below from 2012).
 Sukkot: nine-day break in late September or in October.
 Purim: three-day break, the break in late February or early March.
 Yom Ha'atzmaut: one-day break, the break in late April or early May. The previous day, Yom Hazikaron, is a half day.
 Lag BaOmer: one-day break, the break in early May or mid-May.
 Shavuot: three-day break, the break in late May or early June.

The school year in Israel is divided into two semesters:
 Semester 1: From 1 September to late January or early February.
 Semester 2: From late January or early February to late June.

Until 2011, the summer break ended on August 31, but in 2011 Israeli ministry of education decided to shorten the summer break by one week and the break now ends on August 26 . In 2014, the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31. The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but , has consequently been removed.

Yeshivas
In most Yeshivas, the year is divided into three periods (terms) called zmanim. Elul zman starts from the first day of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur. This is the shortest (approx. six weeks), but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Winter zman starts nine days after Sukkot and lasts until 15 days before Passover, a duration of five months (six in a Jewish leap year). Summer semester starts after Passover and lasts until Tisha B'Av, a duration of about three months. During the interim periods, which are called bein hazmanim (between the terms), students are on vacation.

Italy

In Italy, all schools start in the first half of September, even though the exact beginning date changes every year. For schools from primary schools to high schools, the academic year is split into two semesters:
 First semester: from September to January;
 Second semester: from February to the beginning of June.

Kindergartens usually follow a similar schedule.

A university academic year is slightly different because of exams. University academic year divides into:
 First semester: from the beginning of October to the end of February. Some courses begin as early as September. Throughout January and February, there are usually no lessons, only exams.
 Second semester: from the beginning of March to the end of July. Throughout the second half of May and the months of June and July, there are also no lessons in most universities, only exams.

Even though September is a free month, it is officially an exam month in all Italian universities. It means that it is possible to take exams.
During every exam session (January–February, May–June–July or September), students are usually allowed to take any exam of their previous carrier that they couldn't pass and even a certain number of exams of the new academic year (credit limit for this last option).

Public holidays in Italy
On the following holidays, no lessons take place:
 Carnival (particularly Mardi Gras) — usually on February;
 Easter - date changing every year, usually in March or April and lasting 5–7 days;
 Liberation Anniversary — on the 25th April;
 Labour Day — on the 1st May;
 Anniversario della Repubblica (Anniversary of the Republic) — on the 2nd June;
 Tutti i Santi (All Saints) — on the 1st November;
 Immacolata concezione (Immaculate Conception) — on the 8th December;
 Christmas, New Year's Eve and Epiphany — from 23 December to 6 January (included)

Japan

In Japan,  (trimester system). The exact date of the beginning of the summer break and its duration vary across regions, but commonly the break lasts for about five to six weeks. The break originated to avoid the heat in summer, so elementary, middle, and high schools in Hokkaidō and Nagano Prefecture tend to have a (slightly) shorter summer break than the rest of schools in Japan.

The graduation ceremony occurs in March, and the enrollment ceremony in early April. The Japanese public school year consists of approximately 200 days.

In recent years a few elementary, middle, and high schools have begun experimenting with having two (summer and winter) semesters instead of the traditional three, extending the fall break to a week.

Colleges/universities run a two-semester/four-quarter system:

Kenya
In Kenya, for K-12 education, the calendar year starts in January and ends in November. The academic year is divided into 3 terms as follows:
 Term 1: Early January – Late March
 Term 2: Early May – Late July
 Term 3: Early September – Early/Mid November
April, August and December are usually school holidays.

There is no standard academic calendar for universities as each university is free to set its own calendar.

International schools tend to follow the Northern Hemisphere academic calendar.

Lithuania

In Lithuania, elementary and high schools begin on September 1 and end in mid June.

Schools also take breaks/holidays:
 Autumn break: One week at the start of November
 Christmas break: Two weeks around Christmas and New Year
 Additional break: One week at the end of February. (Only in primary school and primary classes in schools for older pupils.)
 Easter break: One week around Easter.
 Summer break: From mid June to August 31

Malaysia

In Malaysian primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. The first semester begins in early January and ends in late May, with a one-week mid-term break in March. After the mid-year holidays, which lasts for two weeks, the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November, with a one-week mid-term break in September. The school year ends with a six-week year-end holidays from mid-November to early January.

The school week varies by state, depending on the weekend of the state. For states with a Saturday-Sunday weekend, the school week is Monday to Friday. For states with a Friday-Saturday weekend (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu), the school week is Sunday to Thursday; as a result, school terms begin and end a day earlier in these four states than in the rest of the country. Some schools have co-curricular activities on Saturdays.

Schools are closed on national and state public holidays. Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day. For festivities such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri/Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Gawai, Chinese New Year and Deepavali, schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns. However, every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends.

Maldives

In Maldivians primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. The first semester begins in early January and ends in early June, with a one-week mid-term break. After the mid-year holidays, which lasts for two weeks, the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November, with a one-week mid-term break.

Specifically:

The school week is Sunday to Thursday, as a result, all schools terms begin and end same day all over the country.

Malta

The school year is split into three terms. It starts at the end of September and ends at the end of June the following year.

Mexico

The school year in Mexico starts in mid/late August and ends in mid-July, by law covering 200 days, usually divided into 5 terms:

There is no fall break, however, students get to have a day-off on November 20th (Revolution Day).

The calendar is designed by the Secretary of Public Education (, SEP), the government department overseeing public education aln in Mexico with arrangements of the leaders of the National Educational Workers Union (Spanish: Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación, SNTE). All public and private elementary schools under the guidance of the dependence observe this year.

In the case of universities, normally the school year starts in the last week of July and is divided in trimesters or semesters. Christmas Break is usually 3 weeks.

Nepal

Education in Nepal is structured as school education and higher education. School education includes primary level of grades 1–5, lower secondary and secondary levels of grades 6–8 and 9–10 respectively. Pre-primary level of education is available in some areas. Six years old is the prescribed age for admission into grade one. A national level examination is conducted at the end of grade 10, called Secondary Education Examination. Schools use the Bikram Sambat calendar for academic purposes, i.e. one BS year equals one academic term. The classes start in mid April and finishes late March. Summer and winter breaks are usually of one week to two weeks. A one-month festival vacation is provided during Dashain and Tihar, which usually fall on October and/or November every year.

Grades 11 and 12 are considered as higher secondary level. Higher Secondary Education Board (HSEB) supervises higher secondary schools which are mostly under private management. Previously these
grades were under the university system and were run as proficiency certificate level. Although some universities still offer these programs, the policy now is to integrate these grades into the school system. These classes start from late July and ends in April.

Higher education consists of bachelor, masters, and PhD levels. Depending upon the stream and subject, bachelors level may be of three to five years' duration. The duration of masters level is generally two years. Some universities offer programs like M Phil and post-graduate diplomas.

Vocational education in Nepal starts after lower secondary education. Students can choose to follow a two-year curriculum leading to the "Technical School leaving Certificate". Universities also offers professional and technical degrees. Out of the formal track, short-term programs(1 year) focusing on skills development are also available.

New Zealand

The New Zealand school year runs from the beginning of February to mid-December, and since 1996, has been divided into four terms. By law, all state and state-integrated schools are required to be open for instruction for 380 half-days in a year (390 half-days for schools with only Year 8 students or below), meaning that the start and end of the school year is not nationally fixed to a particular date, as schools take different teacher-only days and provincial anniversary days off during the year. Schools can be exempted from opening the required number of half-days in some cases, such as in Christchurch in 2011 when many schools closed for up to a month after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The breaks between terms have fixed start and end dates, and the break length is fixed at two weeks.

In general, terms run as follows if Easter falls in early-to-mid-April:
 Term 1: Begins no earlier than Auckland Anniversary Day (Monday closest to 29 January) and no later than 7 February; ends Maundy Thursday (day before Good Friday)
 Term 2: Begins second Monday following Easter Monday; ends beginning of July
 Term 3: Begins mid-July; ends mid-to-late September
 Term 4: Begins early-to-mid October; ends no later than 20 December

If Easter falls in March or late in April, Term 1 usually ends in mid-April and Term 2 begins at the beginning of May. If Easter is in March, a 5-day half-term break then exists, with school ending on Maundy Thursday and resuming on the Wednesday. The start of term two may be delayed if Anzac Day (25 April) falls on the Monday or Tuesday directly following the Easter break.

Private schools are not required to adhere to the Ministry's term structure, but by law they may not be open for instruction on Saturday or Sunday, the ten national public holidays, the school location's relevant anniversary day, and the Tuesday immediately following Easter Monday.

Senior secondary students (Years 11, 12, and 13) in many state schools have examination leave from mid-November, on the Thursday or Friday before the first NCEA external examinations begin. Officially, however, the term still does not end until mid-December.

Oman

The school year in Oman is divided into two semesters:
 First semester starts in early September and runs to mid-January depending on the level.
 Second semester runs from early February to late May.
Usually there are exams at the end of each semester. Students get a number of breaks throughout the year: National Day on 18 November, New Higri year break, Prophet Mohammed birthday break, Eid Al-Fitr break and Eid Al-Adha break. As most of these breaks depend on the Higri year which is 10 days shorter than the Solar year, there is a gradual change on the date of these events in relation to the school year.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, the school year runs from April to March. Students have a two-month summer vacation and a two-week winter vacation. In Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and some areas of Balochistan, where heavy snow paralyzes life in the winter, the schools close for two months and there are two weeks of summer vacation. There is also a brief spring break at the end of the school year as well as an optional 1-day Diwali break in the fall.

Schools and universities are off on national holidays: Pakistan Day (March 23), Independence Day (August 14), Defence of Pakistan Day (September 6), the anniversaries of the birth (December 25) and death (September 11) of Quaid-e-Azam, Allama Iqbal (November 9) and the birth (July 30) and death (July 8) of Madar-e-Millat.

Labour Day (also known as May Day) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1. Both Eid festivals are also public holidays.

In the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, the holidays are for two and half months during summer.

For the government universities, the students of bachelors are given 1–1.5 month of summer vacation and 1–1.5 weeks of winter vacations.

Palestine

Philippines

Basic education
The Philippine school year lasts usually between nine and ten months long, and a school year must be at least 200 days as prescribed by law, including examination periods.

In most primary and secondary (Junior High) schools, an academic year is usually divided into quarters for purposes of examination and reporting of marks though a few private schools adopt a trimestral system. Each quarter normally lasts for approximately seven (usually the 3rd quarter) to ten weeks (usually the 1st, 2nd and 4th quarters) but the actual length of each quarter and the months they cover varies among private schools. The fourth quarter for pupils in Grade 6 and students in Grade 10 is usually two to three weeks shorter than undergraduates to allow for preparation of final grades to determine who are eligible for graduation as well as to prepare for the graduation (or some schools would call as "completion") ceremonies themselves. Each quarter culminates in most schools with a quarterly examination period of three to five days.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the school year began in public schools in the first week of June and ended between the third week of March and the first week of April. However, private schools had a slightly shorter academic calendar either starting in the second (or third week) of June or ending earlier in March. Until that year the usual national school year was as follows:

For SY 2020-2021 and onwards, given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the calendar in basic education schools shifted to a more Western styled calendar to match that of most colleges and universities thus the school year in these schools is organized as follows:

When using the current calendar, the private schools' year begins in the second or third week of September and ends in late May or first/second week of June before June 12, Independence Day.

The academic term for senior high school students (Grades 11 and 12) operates on a semestral basis. Semestral, Christmas, and summer breaks are scheduled at about the same time as primary and junior high school. Grade 12 pupils have a shorter second semester than grade 11 in order for the school to prepare for graduation.

Until SY 2019–2020, summer break usually lasted for two months, starting from the first or second week of April up to early June. Most schools tended to end the school year before Holy Week. Semestral break is normally set to coincide with All Saints' and All Souls' Day. The Christmas Break usually begins in the third week of December, and classes resume the Monday or week after New Year's Day (unless that Monday is January 2). Commencement ceremonies were often held in late March or early April. Beginning from SY 2020-2021, the summer break now falls after early to mid-June, ending in late August, which the Holy Week or Easter break replacing the former summer vacation with the switch of the calendar. The other vacation breaks remain as is.

Until 2020, the exceptions to this general schedule are international schools operating in the country, which normally follow their home country's respective school system, since then the calendar used by these schools now closely match the general national calendar.

Higher education
For most universities and colleges, an academic year is divided into two semesters, each up to 18 weeks long except for senior students in their final semester where they end the semester two weeks earlier. Enrollment/registration in an institution is usually good for only one semester, i.e. a student who successfully registers for the first semester is not automatically enrolled to study in the second semester. The student will need to successfully complete clearance requirements and in a few cases, maintain a certain overall mark in order to progress with her university studies in the next semester. The first semester is followed by a break consisting of two to four weeks before the second semester.

This break usually coincides with the Christmas holidays for institutions that transitioned to an August-to-May academic calendar. Otherwise, the break usually occurs from the second or third week of October to the second week of November for institutions operating under the old June-to-March academic calendar. The Semestral Break can be two to three weeks long, and normally includes the All Saints' and All Souls' holidays.

Other schools such as Technological University of the Philippines in Taguig, De La Salle University, the MBA program of the University of the Philippines Diliman, Far Eastern University – East Asia College, and AMA Computer University operate under a trimestral system. For a declining number of these schools the collegiate year starts in the fourth week of May and ends in the third week of April, while most schools use a modified form of the Western system of the major universities to suit trimestral studies. Under this system, students are typically able to finish their academic studies a year earlier than those from other universities with a semestral programme. Mapúa University began using the quarterly system with eleven weeks to a term after its acquisition by the Yuchengco Group. This allows their engineering programmes to be completed a year ahead of schools running on a semestral schedule.

Moreover, starting academic year 2014–2015, constituent campuses in the University of the Philippines System started their school year in August to end in May and the University of Santo Tomas started the Academic Year in August and it will end in May 2015. In AY 2015–2016, several Philippine colleges and universities followed the lead of the two universities.

In AY 2015–2016, San Beda University and St. Scholastica's College Manila started their calendar in early July 2015 and ended in mid- to late April 2016. The institution hoped that this move would transition it to a full August-to-May Calendar in the succeeding academic years.

Also in AY 2015–2016, the University of Santo Tomas, completed its shift to an August-to-May calendar. Ateneo de Manila University also shifted to an August-to-May Calendar this AY 2015–2016 with having a summer term in June to July before AY 2015-2016 starts. De La Salle University and De La Salle – College of St. Benilde started having an August-to-August calendar for the AY 2015–2016.

Poland

In Poland, the school year begins on September 1 and ends on the first Friday after June 18. There is a Christmas break in December which lasts until after New Year's Day. There is also a 2nd winter holiday break lasting two weeks in January or February but the exact date is different for each voivodeship and the dates usually change each year. The 2nd winter break is also the dividing line between the two semesters of the school year.

Most universities start their courses on October 1 (at some institutions late September), and the first semester (commonly referred to as the "winter term") ends in January. The second term starts in February or March, (the "summer term") and ends in June. Each semester is usually 15 or 16 weeks long. After each of them there is an "examination session", when no courses are taught, which lasts up to one month. The summer break starts after the exams and lasts until the start of the next academic year. In September there is an extra examination session during which students can retake failed exams.

Portugal

The school year in Portugal runs from September to June and is divided in three Terms (Períodos, in Portuguese):
 1st Term: From mid-September until mid/late December.
 2nd Term: From the beginning of January until Easter (March–April).
 3rd Term: From the week after Easter (April) until mid/late June (except for 9th, 11th and 12th grades, which finish early due to exams).

During the school year there are several breaks or holidays (interrupções or férias, in Portuguese):

Universities and colleges follow a different academic year, which consists of two semesters.

Romania

The school year in Romania is divided into two semesters. From kindergarten to high school the first semester opens in early-mid September and continues until mid-late January. The second semester lasts from early February until early-mid June.
Note that Some teachers might change the calendar a bit, like starting semesters and summer break one week earlier.
Data .

Russia

The school year in Russia traditionally starts on September 1 (The Knowledge Day). The school year is divided into four terms (quarters), separated by one- or two-week holidays (the first week in November, the first two weeks in January, and the last week of March). The summer holiday lasts three months: June, July, and August. Generally the school year lasts until 25 May, which is also known as The Last School-Bell day celebrated by the graduates, their families and teachers. The school graduation ceremony - Graduation Evening () - is organized on June 20–25.

The academic year at universities also starts on September 1 and usually consists of 42 educational weeks and 10 weeks of holidays. It is divided into two terms (semesters). The first one (autumn semester) runs from September 1 to January 24/25 (21 weeks, including a 3- to 5-week winter exams session at the end) followed by a two-week holiday. Coincidentally January 25 is also Tatiana Day, traditionally celebrated as Russian Students Day. The second one (spring semester) runs from February 9 to June 30 or July 4/5 (21 weeks, including a 3- to 5-week summer exams session) followed by an eight-week summer holiday. Some Russian universities do not use a traditional scheme: they exclude exams sessions, and the academic year is divided in a 2:3 ratio of 17 educational weeks (followed by a two-week holiday) and 25 educational weeks (followed by an eight-week summer holiday).

Singapore

Schools in Singapore
The school year coincides with the calendar year, and the first term begins on January 2 (unless it is a weekend or a Monday). The school year comprises four terms of 10 weeks each.
 Term 1: January to March (Term 1 holidays: one week)
 Term 2: March to May (Term 2 holidays: four weeks)
 Term 3: July to September (Term 3 holidays: one week)
 Term 4: September to November or late October (Term 4 holidays: seven weeks)

Terms 1 and 2 are known as Semester 1, and terms 3 and 4 as Semester 2.  to accommodate the release of the O level results.

International schools in Singapore operate on a different system, often similar to the system in their home countries.

Institute of Technical Education
The training year in Institute of Technical Education is made up of two terms, commencing January and April respectively, depending on the month of intake.

For January intake
 Term 1: January to June (with a 2-week break period in March)
 Term 2: July to December (with a 2-week break period in September)
At the end of each term, there will be a 4-week break period before a new term begins.

For April intake
 Term 1: April to September (with a 4-week break period in June)
 Term 2: October to March (with a 4-week break period in December)
At the end of each term, there will be a 2-week break period before a new term begins.

Polytechnics in Singapore
Polytechnics and universities operate on a different calendar from schools. There are two semesters in a year in polytechnics.
 Semester 1: April to August (with a 2-week break period in June)
 Semester 2: October to February (with a break period around Christmas)
At the end of each semester, there will be a 7-week break period before a new semester begins.

Universities in Singapore
It is to match the northern hemisphere calendar more closely.
 Semester 1: August to December
 Semester 2: January to May

Slovakia

The school year for elementary, grammar and high schools begins on September 2 (September 1 is Constitution Day) and ends June 29 of the following year. The school day starts at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 2:00 p.m. (time varies due to day and type of school). in most schools. It is split into two halves, with the first half ending on the last day of January.

Universities starts in second half of September or 1 October. Academic year consist of 2 semesters (winter /until December/ and summer /until May/).

Slovenia

The school year in Slovenia for elementary and grammar schools begins on 1 September and formally ends on 31 August, although classes and exams are finished by 25 June. July and August thus constitute summer holidays. There are also four one-week breaks during the school year, occurring around All Saints Day, between Christmas and New Year, at the end of February, and around the May Day.

Universities and colleges follow a different academic year. It consists of two semesters—the winter semester starting on 1 October, which ends around 15 January. It is followed by a one-month break, during which students take the exams for subjects they have read in the semester. The summer semester begins on 15 February and lasts until 31 May, followed by the exam period, which ends on 30 June. Students who have not passed the necessary exams have a chance to do so during the autumn exam period in September. Students and faculty are free during July and August. New classes are held again in October.

South Africa

All South African public schools have a four-term school year as determined by the national Department of Education. Each term is between 10 and 11 weeks long. The terms are roughly structured as follows:

First Term
 Begins mid-January and ends before Good Friday (Usually in March or April).
 Followed by the Easter Holidays, which usually last 10 days.

Second Term
 Begins mid-April and ends June
 Followed by the Winter Holidays, which usually last 21 days.

Third Term
 Begins mid-July and ends September
 Followed by the September Holidays, also sometimes called the Spring Holidays, which usually last 10 days.
 Usually Matriculants (12th Graders) start they preliminary exams (usual between August or September)

Fourth Term
 Begins early October and ends early December
 Followed by the Christmas Holidays, also sometimes called the December or Summer Holidays, which usually last approximately 40 days.
 Matriculants (12th graders) usually don't attend school much during this term due to them focusing on the year-end exams.

The academic year is approximately 200 school days in duration and runs from January to December.

Private schools follow a similar calendar, but slightly alter it according to their academic and religious needs. Some independent(private) schools have a three-term year instead .

The dates of the school year for coastal schools are slightly different from those for inland schools.

The Department of Basic Education proposed a five-week-long school break in June–July 2010 for the -hosted in South Africa-to avoid pupil and teacher absenteeism and a chaotic transport system.

South African universities have a year consisting of two semesters, with the first semester running from early February to early June, and the second semester from late July to late November. Each semester consists of twelve or thirteen teaching weeks, interrupted by a one-week short vacation, and followed by three or four weeks of examinations. In the first semester the short vacation often falls around the Easter weekend, while in the second semester it occurs in early September.

South African schools and universities are all closed on all South African public holidays. In terms of Public Holidays Act if the holiday fall on a Sunday then the schools are closed the next Monday.

South Korea

Basic Education in South Korea
In Korea, the school year starts at the beginning of March. Until 2015, schools followed a three-term (spring/fall/winter) system with a break at the end of each term plus a brief fall break interrupting the 2nd, similar to Japan:

From 2015 onwards, the calendar was changed to a more quasi-Western styled one with two semesters, having the year to end in early January rather than in February. The 1st and 2nd quarters become the 1st (spring) semester, while the 3rd and 4th become the 2nd (fall).

School hours are approximately from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm for high school, each class lasting 50 minutes. For middle (junior high) school, the school day is from about 8:00 am–3:30 pm, each class lasting 45 minutes. In primary (elementary) school, the lower grades (grades 1–3) have classes around 8:30 to 2:00 and the upper grades (grades 4–6) have classes from about 9:00 to 3:00. Each class lasts about 40 minutes. In high school, the older students are sometimes required to stay until 9:00 pm or later studying on their own. For the most part, teachers rotate and the students stay in their classroom except for certain classes such as Physical Education, Music and Science labs.

There is a popular saying in Korean, 노는 토요일 (no-neun to-yo-il), meaning "resting on Saturdays." From 2006 to 2011, Korean students (from elementary to secondary schools) were required to go to school on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th Saturdays of each month. Prior to 2006, students had to go to school six days a week, except for 2005, when students had one Saturday off every month. The schools normally ended at noon on Saturday, and the curriculum was mostly focused on extracurricular activities. However, the Korean Ministry of Education abolished school days on Saturdays in 2012.

In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the start of the school year was delayed to April, causing a change in the calendar:

However, the calendar was shifted back to the March–January model in 2021.

International/foreign schools in South Korea
The international schools in South Korea usually start the school year in early/mid-August and end in early June.

Higher education in South Korea
South Korean universities and post-secondary institutions similarly have a two-semester/four-quarter system, with the first semester beginning about March 2nd and ending in mid-late June, and the second beginning at the start of September and ending in mid-late December.

Many universities offer optional short-term "camp" non-credit courses during semester (summer/winter) breaks, but credit courses are not common during summers and winters.

Taiwan

The school year consists of two semesters. The fall semester begins in early September and runs until late January or early February. Summer vacation is from early July to end of August. Winter vacation typically runs from two to three weeks around the Lunar New Year. Spring semester begins following the Lantern Festival in mid February and ends in early June. Privatized institutions in Taiwan have varying academic terms.

There are some holiday breaks:
 New Year holiday: from 1 to 3 January.
 Chinese New Year holiday: In January or February; lasts for one week.
 Tomb Sweeping Day or Qingming Festival (set according to the Lunar Calendar): Usually start of April.
 Labor Day: May 1.
 Dragon Boat Festival (lunar): Usually around May or June.
 Mid-autumn Festival (lunar): Usually around mid-September.
 National day week: Taiwanese students that are not in college often get the week surrounding October 10 off.

Thailand

There are two semesters in the Thai academic year with an optional summer semester. From kindergarten to high school, the first semester opens in mid May and continues until the end of September. The second semester lasts from November until the end of February (or early March). The university academic year is slightly different, lasting from mid August to late December and early January to mid May.

Turkey
The Turkish academic year begins in September and continues through to the following June. In most public educational institutions from primary to tertiary, the first semester begins in September and continues until January, and the second semester begins February and continues until June. The academic calendar and dates of mid-semester breaks may vary across private institutions.

Ukraine
The academic year at universities starts on September the 1st and usually consists of two semesters. The first semester runs from September the 1st to January the 24/25th followed by a two-week holiday. The second semester runs from February the 9th to June the 30th or July the 4/5th.

United Kingdom

Historical context of terms in the UK
The English law courts terms and legal training pupillage divided the year into four terms, partly to create a predictable work schedule, but also to make allowances for harsh travel conditions and delays caused by adverse weather at a time when all English law students and many litigants had to travel to London for training or legal advice at one of the Inns of Court. The English legal year still runs to this calendar:

In Scotland, academic and judicial institutions traditionally organised their year around the Scottish term days, the traditional divisions of the Scottish legal year:
 Candlemas: 2 February, Candlemas, which fell forty days after Christmas, marked the presentation of the infant Jesus in the temple and the purification of the Virgin Mary.
 Whitsunday: originally a moveable term day, coming the seventh Sunday after Easter, was fixed in Scotland at 15 May in 1693. Whitsunday was originally the feast of Pentecost, around which a great many christenings would occur, so it became associated with the color white.
 Lammas Day: 1 August, feast of St. Peter ad Vincula was a corruption of loaf-mass, the Sunday on which the first fruits of harvest were offered, first corn ground, and first loaf made. In Scotland it was associated with hand-fasting and some fairs on this day were called handfasting fairs. (Originally synonymous with betrothal, handfasting became a contract binding a man and woman to live together for a year and a day before they decided on permanent marriage).
 Martinmas: 11 November, was known as St. Martin in Winter or St. Martin of Tours to distinguish this from another feast of St. Martin in July.

Primary/Secondary education in the UK
The school year in the United Kingdom is generally divided into three terms running from autumn to summer. For state schools, the school year consists of 195 days of which there are 190 teaching days and five INSET teacher training days. For independent schools, the school year can be as short as 175 days. The structure of the school year varies between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom with school holiday dates varying between local education authorities.

Before the mechanisation of agriculture and when more of the population lived in the rural countryside, the long summer school holiday in Britain arose in the 19th century as a result of the education authorities abandoning the battle to keep children at school through haymaking (around the start of August) and wheat harvest (around the end of August), when every available pair of hands was needed on the land.

England and Wales
In England and Wales, the school year generally runs from early September until late July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half by a week-long break known as "half term" (although some counties, like Oxfordshire, consider these to be six separate terms instead), and are structured as follows:

There is no winter term.

The terms are separated by two holidays, each of approximately two weeks' duration: the Christmas holidays separating the autumn term and spring term, and the Easter holidays separating the spring term and the summer term. The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is the summer holidays, which are six to eight weeks long.

Alternative arrangements for English and Welsh schools
The academic year originated in the pre-industrial era when all non-disabled young people were expected to work through the period of July and August. For the purposes of education, the remainder of the year was arranged into three terms accommodating the Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter. Half-term breaks divide the 16- to 17-week terms.

However the long summer break has been criticised by educationalists in the post-industrialist age because it creates a break in the academic progress. Even a House of Commons Education Select Committee recommended in 1999 that schools switch to a five-term academic year, abolishing the long summer holidays. Each term would be eight weeks long with a two-week break in between terms, and a minimum four-week summer holiday, with no half terms—the idea being that children can keep up momentum for eight weeks without a break. The proposals were introduced at a small number of schools nationally.

In 1999, the Local Government Association set up a commission to look at alternative proposals for a more balanced school year. In partnership with Local Authorities and teachers unions, they were unable to agree to a suitable alternative arrangement for terms, but by 2004 came to an agreement with the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers for a standardised arrangement of school terms. Since 2004, around one third of English local authorities have signed up to the proposals which see a standard academic year agreed between the authorities, including slight variations on the traditional schemes, based on the following principles:
 start the school year on a September date as near as possible to 1 September;
 equalise teaching and learning blocks (roughly 2×7 and 4×6 weeks);
 establish a two-week spring break in early April irrespective of the incidence of the Easter bank holiday. (Where the break does not coincide with the bank holiday the date should be, as far as practicable, nationally agreed and as consistent as possible across all local authorities);
 allow for the possibility of a summer holiday of at least six weeks for those schools which want this length of break.
 identify and agree annually designated periods of holiday, including the summer holiday, where head teachers are recommended not to arrange teacher days.

In addition the independent schools have set their own term dates with varying degrees of local and national co-ordination.

Northern Ireland
The school year in Northern Ireland generally runs from early September to late June or early July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year similar to England and Wales; however, there is no half term during summer term due to the province's longer summer holidays. The terms are structured as follows:
 Autumn Term: September to December (half term: late October)
 Spring Term: January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday (half term: mid-February)
 Summer Term: Second Monday after Easter to June or early July

The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks: the Christmas holidays separating the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms. The summer holidays in Northern Ireland last nine weeks, from the start of July until the end of August, due to the Twelfth of July bank holiday.

Scotland
The school year in Scotland generally runs from middle or late August to late June or early July of the following year (usually in eastern council areas from the third Monday in August to the first Friday in July and in western council areas from the second Monday in August to the last Friday in June). Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half by a break known as 'mid-term', lasting a week or two in October, a few days to a week in February, and a few days in May. The terms are structured as follows:
 Autumn Term: August to December (mid-term: middle to late October)
 Spring Term: January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday (mid-term: mid-February)
 Summer Term: Second Monday after Easter to June (mid-term: late May)

The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks: the Christmas Holidays separating the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms. The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is known as the summer holidays and consists of six or seven weeks.

Universities in the UK
Although the specific timetables and activities (e.g. teaching, revision periods, exams) contained therein vary per institution, the academic year at most UK universities runs from late-September or early-October to June or July with three or four week breaks around Christmas and Easter that divide the year into three terms. Most universities overlay a semester structure for academic courses on top of this. Many universities, particularly older ones, use terms, often with the last term given over to exams. Some older universities have special names for the three terms, e.g. Michaelmas, Hilary, Trinity (Oxford) or Michaelmas, Epiphany, Easter (Durham).

Special term names (i.e. not first, second, third; autumn, spring, summer; or other obvious names) in use  include:

Exceptions to the ordinary structure of the academic year include the University of Buckingham, where undergraduate courses do not coincide with the academic year used by universities in Britain and elsewhere. Instead, they largely coincide with the calendar year—they typically start in January or February, with examinations in autumn.

United States

There are two different systems (with three different names) used in the US:
 A quarter system divides the calendar year into four terms, usually named after the seasons in which they begin or conclude. The instruction period (covering classes and examinations) in each quarter is between nine and 13 weeks. Three consecutive academic quarters counts as one academic year, as long as these comprise a minimum of 30 weeks of instruction. Academic credit earned in a quarter system is measured in quarter credit hours, with full time (for federal student aid purposes) being a minimum of 12 credit hours.
 A semester (from 'six months') or trimester (from 'three months') system divides the year into three periods, typically fall, spring and summer, of between 14 and 21 weeks of instruction time (although the summer period may be less than 14 weeks). Two of these periods count as one academic year, as long as these comprise a minimum of 30 weeks of instruction. Full time (for federal student aid purposes) is a minimum of 12 semester or trimester credit hours.

The above reflects federal government definitions. However, other sources define a semester as only containing two periods (fall and spring) of 15 weeks each and a trimester as containing three periods (fall, spring, summer) of 12 to 14 weeks each, and quarters of 10 weeks, or semesters as being 15 to 17 weeks, trimesters 10 to 12 weeks, and quarters 10 weeks each.

As an academic year comprises three quarters or two semesters, two semester credit hours = three quarter credit hours. Thus, a four year bachelor's degree typically requires a minimum of 180 quarter hours (12 quarters) or 120 semester hours (eight semesters), requiring an average of 15 credit hours per quarter or semester to complete in four years.

Primary and secondary school calendars in the US
In the United States, the K–12 school calendar is determined by the individual states, and in some cases by the local school district, so there is considerable variation. The academic year typically consists of two 18-week semesters, each divided into two nine-week marking periods (or quarters) or three six-week marking periods, and constituting 170 to 186 instructional days (with an average of 180). An instructional week is five instructional days, measured Monday–Friday at most public and private schools although there are variations. Grades are usually reported per marking period, but major examinations are given per semester or per year.

The traditional start date for the school year has been the Tuesday after Labor Day. Although some schools still keep this tradition, many schools now start in late August or sometimes as early as late July while some other schools (especially private ones) may start as late as the mid to late September or the first week in October. The school year usually ends around late-May or as late as mid or late June).

School holidays in the United States vary by jurisdiction. They include federal, state, and local holidays, all or only some of which may be observed by an individual school district. In addition to these legal holidays, there are vacation periods of varying length, a recess of two weeks during the winter holiday period at Christmas and New Year and a one-week spring break in March or April being typical.

Sprinkled throughout the year, many schools have "in-service" days which are days off for the students and where faculty and staff receive staff development or training. Additionally, there may be days set aside for parent–teacher conferences on student progress, especially in primary school. Sometimes schools do half-day in-service days in which students are dismissed early, rather than full-day holidays.

Unplanned interruptions in schooling (such as weather events like heavy snow) can extend the school year on occasion. Such calendar extensions, as well as the initial cancellations, are decided by each local administration and announced to the parents in as timely manner as possible.

Community colleges in the US
Many, but not all, community colleges originated as extensions of the primary and secondary school system. Some of these colleges often continue to follow the K-12 schedule. However, most operate under a semester based schedule. Washington state schools are standardized by the State Board of Community and Technical colleges and follow a quarter system.

Collegiate calendars in the US
Most American colleges and universities refer to their calendars as following either the quarter system, semester system or trimester system. The terminology used may not follow that used by the federal government; in particular 'trimesters' may be used to refer to the division of the academic year into three blocks of 13 weeks or less, equivalent to the federal definition of 'quarters' (e.g. Carleton College or Union College, which both have three 10-week 'trimesters' in an academic year.) Some schools, particularly some business schools and community colleges, use the  or mini-semester system.

The quarter system divides the calendar year into four quarters, three of which constitute a complete academic year. Quarters are typically 10–12 weeks long so that three quarters amount to 30–36 weeks of instruction. Approximately 20 percent of universities are on the quarter system. Most colleges that use the quarter system have a fall quarter from late September to mid-December, a winter quarter from early January to mid-March, a spring quarter from late March or early April to mid-June, and an optional summer session. Notable users of the quarter system include the University of California system (excluding Berkeley, Merced, the UCLA medical school, and all of the system's law schools), Stanford, the University of Chicago, Dartmouth College, Northwestern University, University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and DePaul University. Union College uses a modified quarter system: fall, winter, and spring terms are each eleven weeks long; there are some summer classes, but there is no official summer quarter. Because Union's calendar makes use of just three of four quarters, the three academic terms are generally (and somewhat misleadingly to outsiders) dubbed "trimesters," which they literally are since they each span three months, December, July and August being off. Another notable and somewhat unique user of the quarter system is Baylor Law School: it operates on the quarter system while the remaining colleges of Baylor University operate on the semester system.

The semester system divides the calendar year into two semesters of 16 to 18 weeks each, plus summer sessions of varying lengths. The two semesters together constitute 32 to 36 weeks of instruction, so that three academic quarters equal two academic semesters. Thus, academic credit earned in quarter hours converts to semester hours at  of its value, while credit earned in semester hours converts to quarter hours at 3/2 of its value. Put another way, 3 quarter hours is 2 semester hours. Most universities on the semester system have a fall semester from the day after Labor Day in September to mid-December, a spring/winter semester from late January to early May, and an optional summer session.

In practice, the average quarter-long course is four or five units and the average semester course is three units, so a full-time student graduating in four years would take five courses per semester and three or four courses per quarter.

Some colleges and universities have a 4-1-4 system, which divides the year into two four-month terms (September to December and February to May) as well as a single one-month term in January in which students can do independent study, study abroad, internships, activities, or focus on one or two classes. The one-month term is sometimes called a , winter session, inter-term/interim/intersession or J-term. Examples of schools using this system include:
Austin College, University of Rhode Island, Whittier College, Williams College, Bethany College in West Virginia, Berea College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, New College of Florida, Calvin University, Elmhurst College, Gustavus Adolphus College, Linfield College, Luther College, Oberlin College, Middlebury College, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Eckerd College, Wofford College, Saint Olaf College, Samford University, Miami University, Hofstra University, University of Delaware, Saint Mary's College of California, Colby College, Chapman University, McDaniel College, Elon University, Pacific University, and Pacific Lutheran University.

Some schools have a similar format but ordered as 4-4-1, with the short term in May after the conclusion of the spring semester. Examples of schools using this system include Wartburg College, Bates College, Chatham University, Clemson University, The College of New Jersey, Elmira College, Ohio State University, Purdue University, Transylvania University, the University of Redlands, Emory University and Washington and Lee University's 12-12-4 undergraduate calendar.

The trimester system evolved out of the semester system. It divides the academic year into three equal portions of 10 weeks each. Institutions that use the trimester system include Carleton College, Knox College (Illinois), Lawrence University, Union College, Kalamazoo College, Dartmouth College, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy. Course loads are typically 3 classes per trimester. While students take fewer classes, most classes meet for more hours per week than typical in a semester-based system, such that the total material covered in a 10-week trimester is meant to be comparable to the amount of material learned in a 15-week semester. Thus, in trimester-based colleges, one completes 9 courses in the academic year (3 courses x 3 trimesters) relative to the 8 courses typical in a semester-based system (4 courses x 2 semesters).

Some schools that operate summer session are sometimes referred to as having "trimesters", with the summer session being the third annual session. For instance, the University of Michigan and Brigham Young University, have Fall semester that operates from September through December and a Winter trimester that runs from January through April. However, they have a spring-summer session that operates from May through August, as two half-terms. Most spring-summer classes either meet double-time for 7–8 weeks in May and June or double-time/double-plus-time for 6–8 weeks in July and August (with summer half-term classes sometimes starting in the last week of June).

The academic calendar at Park University operates with five terms per year, each lasting eight weeks (January–March, March–May, June–July, August–October, and October–December).

A number of colleges have adopted the "one course at a time" or "block schedule" calendar. Academic years consist of a number of terms lasting roughly four weeks each, during which a full semester's amount of work is completed in one and only one class. Colorado College first began their "Block Plan" in 1970, followed by Maharishi International University in 1971, and Cornell College in 1978. Tusculum University in Tusculum, Tennessee and The University of Montana - Western are the only other colleges operating under this academic calendar.

See also
 Year-round school
 Academic year
 Academic analytics
 Financial year
 School holiday

References

Term
Calendars
School terminology
Academic terminology
Educational time organization

Academic term


කළු ජනතාව හෝ කළු ජාතිකයන් යනු බොහෝවිට මධ්‍යම හෝ තද දුඹුරු පැහැති සමක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිත කෙරෙන ජනවාර්ගික වර්ගීකරණයකි. "කළු" යැයි සැළකෙන සෑම පුද්ගලයෙක්ටම තද පැහැ සමක් නොමැති අතර, ඇතැම් රටවල, විශේෂයෙන්ම බටහිර ලෝකයේ, "කළු ජාතිකයෙක්" යැයි සළකනු ලැබෙන්නේ අනෙක් ජන කණ්ඩායම් වලට වඩා තද පැහැ සමක් ඇතැයි සැළකෙන පුද්ගලයන් ය. මෙම යෙදුම බහුලව භාවිතා වන්නේ උප-සහරානු අප්‍රිකානු ජනයා සහ ඕෂියානා කලාපයේ ජිවත්වන ආදිවාසී ජනයා සහ ඔවුන්ගෙන් පැවතගෙන එන්නා වූ අය සඳහා වුවද, වෙනත් සන්දර්භයන්හිදී වෙනත් ජන කණ්ඩායම් හැඳින්වීම සඳහා ද භාවිත කෙරී ඇත. බටහිර සංස්කෘතීන්ගෙන් ලැබුනු බලපෑම් නිසා හැරුනු විට, අප්‍රිකානු ආදිවාසී සමාජයන්හී "කළු" යන යෙදුම ජනවාර්ගික අනන්‍යතාව හැඳින්වීමට භාවිත නොකෙරුනි. ඇතැම් අප්‍රිකානු රටවල, විශේෂයෙන්ම යටත්විජිතවාදීන්ගේ වාර්ගික වෙන්කිරීම් වලට ලක් නොවූ රටවල, "කළු" යන යෙදුම පරිභවාත්මක හෝ යල් පැනගිය ලේබලයක් ලෙස සැළකේ.

නූතන මානවවිද්‍යාඥයන් සහ වෙනත් විද්‍යාඥයන් මිනිස් ජනගහණ අතර ජෛවවිද්‍යාත්මක වෙනස්කම් ඇති බව පිළිගන්නා නමුත්, එක්සත් "කළු ජාතිය" ක් යන සංකල්පය හුදෙක් සමාජය විසින් නිර්මිත සංකල්පයක් මිස විද්‍යාත්මක සංකල්පයක් නොවේ යැයි පිළිගනියි. "කළු ජනයා" ලෙස සැළකෙන්නේ කවුද යන්න තීරණය කිරීමට විවිධ සමාජයන් විවිධ නිර්ණායක යොදාගන්නා අතර, මෙම සමාජ නිර්මිතීන් කාලයත් සමග වෙනස්වීම් වලට ද භාජණය වී ඇත.

කළු ජනතාව


Müslim bin Haccac veya sıklıkla İmam Müslim (821 - 875) (Arapça: أبو الحسين مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيشابوري), 9. yüzyılda yaşamış, İslam literatüründeki altı meşhur hadis kitabından ikincisi olan Camiu's Sahih veya bilinen adıyla Sahih-i Müslim'in yazarı olan din alimi.

Doğum tarihi kesin olmasa da kaynaklarda genellikle 821 (HS 206) olarak geçer. Emevi Devleti Nişabur'u alınca buraya yerleşen Araplar'ın Beni Kuşeyr kabilesine mensuptur.

Temel din eğitimini aldıktan sonra genç yaşlarında hadis ilmine ilgi duydu. Nişabur'da döneminin ünlü hadis alimlerinden hadis dersleri aldı. Daha sonra hac için Hicaz'a gitti. Buradan Nişabur'a dönmeyerek Hicaz, Basra, Belh ve Bağdad'ta hadis ilmi tahsil etti ve hadis topladı. Bağdad'da Ahmed bin Hanbel hocaları arasındadır.

15 yıl boyunca topladığı hadisleri 'Camiu's Sahih' ismiyle Rey şehrindeki hocası Ebu Zür'a'ya sundu.

Ömrünün son yıllarında Nişabur'a döndü. Burada kendisini ilim meclislerinde savunduğu İmam Buhari ile dost oldu.

Nişabur'da kumaş ticaretiyle uğraşırdı. Buradan kazandığı servetle geçim sıkıntısı çekmemiş, ilgisini hadis toplamaya ve bu amaçla seyahat etmeye ayırmıştır. Sahih-i Buhari'nin yazarı İmam Buhari ile birlikte 'İmameyn' (İki imam) olarak anılırlar. Bu iki muhaddisin Sahih'lerini birlikte ifade etmek için de 'sahihayn' (İki Sahih) ismi kullanılır.

5 Mayıs 875 (HS 25 Receb 261) yılında memleketi Nişabur'da ölmüştür. Mezarı yerinde türbe mevcuttur ve ziyaret yeridir.

Eserleri

 El-Camiu's-Sahih
 El-Müsnedu'l-Kebir
 El-Camiu ala'l-Ebvab
 El-Esma ve'l-Kuna
 El-İlel
 El-Akran
 El-Muhadramin
 El-İntifa bi Ehli Siba
 Kitabu'l-Kuna ve'l-Esma
 Kitabu't-Tabakat
 Kitabu'l-Munferidat
 Ricalu Urvetu bin Zübery
 Kitabu't-Temyiz
 Amr bin Şuayb
 Meşeyihu Malik
 Meşayihu Sevri
 Meşayihu Şu'be
 Evladu's-Sahabe
 Men leyse Lehu ille Ravin Vahid
 Suelatihi Ahmed bin Hanbel (Ahmed bin Hanbel'e Soruları)

Kaynakça

Nişabur doğumlular
İranlı hadis âlimleri
821 doğumlular
875 yılında ölenler

Müslim bin Haccâc


Luís Silva Rodrigues é um administrador de empresas português. Foi administrador da TAP Air Portugal e da SATA, sendo CEO da TAP desde março de 2023.

É mestre em Economia pela Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Lisboa, hoje Nova SBE. Em 2003, frequentou um programa de gestão na Universidade de Harvard, concluindo o doutoramento em 2020 em Ciência Política no Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa.

Entre 2003 e 2008, foi diretor de marketing da Portugal Telecom, sendo também CEO da Fischer entre agosto de 2008 e junho de 2009.

Entre junho de 2009 e dezembro de 2014 foi administrador executivo na 'holding' TAP SGPS e da TAP S.A, encarregada do segmento de aviação, tendo liderado a gestão de escalas em mais de 90 destinos. Criou e implementou um programa de redução global de custos da companhia, vindo a assumir as funções de chief financial officer em abril de 2014. Nessa qualidade liderou, igualmente, as áreas de Recursos Humanos, Relações Laborais, T&I, Compras, Legal, Auditoria e Serviços de Saúde.

Foi presidente do conselho de administração da TAP Manutenção e Engenharia Brasil, e administrador executivo na empresa SPdH — Serviços Portugueses de Handling, S.A.

Em abril de 2015, assumiu funções como presidente executivo (CEO) da Nova School of Business and Economics Executive Education, em Cascais, sendo professor em Estratégia, Corporate Governance e Liderança Aplicada na mesma instituição.

Luís Rodrigues entrou na SATA no final de 2019, presidindo a empresa até março de 2023, ajudando a companhia a aplicar o plano de reestruturação, batendo recordes de passageiros, após anos sucessivos de prejuízos de cerca de 50 milhões de euros.

A 6 de março de 2023, foi escolhido pelo Governo Português para substituir Christine Ourmières-Widener e Manuel Beja na administração da TAP, assumindo os cargos de diretor executivo e não executivo da empresa.

Administradores de Portugal
TAP Air Portugal

Luís Rodrigues


Papa Alioune "Badou" Ndiaye (født 27. oktober 1990 i Dakar, Senegal), er en senegalesisk fodboldspiller (midtbane).

Ndiaye spiller for engelske Stoke City, som han har været tilknytte siden 2018. Han har tidligere repræsenteret blandt andet norske Bodø/Glimt samt Osmanlıspor og Galatasaray i Tyrkiet.

Landshold
Ndiaye står (pr. maj 2018) noteret for 13 kampe for det senegalesiske landshold. Han debuterede for holdet 13. juni 2015 i et opgør mod Burundi. Han var en del af den senegalesiske trup til VM 2018 i Rusland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Senegal
Fodboldspillere fra Stoke City F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra FK Bodø/Glimt
Fodboldspillere fra Galatasaray SK

Badou Ndiaye


Üre (Latince Urea Pura), organik bir bileşik. Formülü H2N-CO-NH2'dir. Karbonik asidin diamidi olan üre aynı zamanda karbamik asidin de amidi olduğundan karbamid adı ile de bilinir.

Ürenin ilk defa 1773 yılında keşfedildiği bilinir. Ancak şüpheden uzak kesin sentezi 1828'de Wöhler tarafından başarılmıştır. Keşfinden bu yana 50'den fazla tepkimede üre bir ürün olarak elde edilmiştir.

Amonyum karbonatın 150-200 °C'ye kadar ısıtılmasından üre elde edilir ki bu teknik bir metoddur. Wöhler sentezi olarak bilinen reaksiyonda ise; önce KCN ile PbO2 karışımı ısıtılarak KCNO elde edilir. KCNO nun amonyum sülfat ile muamelesi sonucu hazırlanan amonyum siyanatın kızdırılmasıyla da üre elde edilir. Üre 132 °C'de eriyen rombik prizmalar veya iğne şeklinde renksiz kristaller verir. Su ve alkolde iyi çözünür. Kloroform, eter veya etil asetatta çözünmez. 132 °C'nin üstünde amonyak, siyanür asidi gibi ürünler vererek bozunur. Nitrik asit, sodyum hipoklorit veya sodyum hipobromit gibi bileşiklerin etkisiyle azot, su ve karbondiokside ayrışır. Seyreltik asit veya alkalilerle ısıtıldığında amonyak ve karbondioksite bozunur.

En çok gübre ve hayvan yemi olarak kullanılan üreden ilaç ve plastik yapımında da faydalanılır. Üre asit ve tuzlarla bir takım katılma bileşikleri, bazı asitlerle de kondensasyon ürünleri veya üreidleri verir. Naftalinin türevleriyle verdiği bileşikleri terapide kullanılır. Boya üretiminde de kullanılan üre aynı zamanda bitkiler için bir besin kaynağıdır. Nitrik asitle gübre ve patlayıcı madde olarak kullanılan üre nitrat adı verilen bir tuz oluşturur.

Fizyolojik önemi
Üre, fizyolojik önemi bulunan bir bileşiktir. Memelilerin vücudunda protein maddelerinin yakılması sonucu meydana gelen amonyak, karaciğerde karbondioksitle üreye dönüşür. Kana geçen üre, idrarla dışarıya atılır. Üre ayrıca az miktarda ter, süt ve gözyaşında da bulunur. Yetişkin bir insan günde 25-30 gram üreyi idrarla atar. İnsan kanındaki üre miktarı normalde % 50 mg civarındadır. % 50 mg'ın üstü anormaldir. Fakat vücut yaşlandıkça, böbreklerin üreyi vücuttan atma kabiliyeti de her geçen yıl bir parça daha azalacaktır. 40 yaşından itibaren, her yıl böbreklerin süzme kabiliyeti % 1 oranında azalmaktadır. Bu yüzden 75-80 yaşındaki bir kişide kandaki üre miktarının % 65–75 mg bulunmasını normal olarak kabul etmek gerekir. Kandaki üre miktarının beklenen normal değerin üzerinde olması haline üremi adı verilir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Üre Güvenlik Bilgi Formu

Azot metabolizması
Boşaltım
Gübreler
Emtia kimyasalları
Fonksiyonel gruplar
Lenf sıvısı
Toprak ıslah maddeleri
Üre çevrimi
Üreler

Üre


Mitter (Ceratopogonidae) er en familie af små myg, hvis hunner ofte er blodsugende. Der kendes til omkring 4000 mittearter over hele verden, men de findes især på den nordlige halvkugle. Der kendes til over 40 arter i Danmark.

Udseende
Mitter er grå eller brune, ofte med mørkspættede vinger. Kroppen er slank med korte, kraftige ben og forholdsvist lille hoved. De kan være 1-5 mm lange, de fleste omkring 3 mm. Mitter i Danmark er kun omkring 1-2 mm.

Levevis
Mitter suger blod fra hvirveldyr. Nogle arter suger kropsvæsker fra større insekter eller fanger og spiser små insekter. Mitter optræder nogle gange i så store mængder at man ikke kan opholde sig udendørs på grund af deres stik. De er mest aktive før solopgang og før solnedgang. Mitterne har fire larvestadier som udvikler sig i fugtig jord, organiske materialer eller mudder ved bredden af søer og vandløb. Vådområder med organisk spildevand er gode yngleområder for nogle arter.

Bid og overførte sygdomme
Biddene kan give alvorlige hudirritationer og være så smertefulde at udendørs arbejde nogle steder umuliggøres i sæsonen.

Mitter kan oveføre rundorme af typen filarier. Filarier giver sygdommen filariasis. Mere end 130 millioner mennesker i tropiske og subtropiske områder har lymfatisk filariasis, og over 1 million inficeres årligt. Mitter overfører også andre sygdomme, bl.a. afrikansk hestedød og blå tunge.

Billeder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 http://myggetal.dk/ Ugentlig opdateret oversigt over antal stikmyg og mitter i Danmark lavet af DTU Veterinærinstituttet

Myg
Parasitiske insekter

Mitter


Cichorium spinosum, biljna vrsta u porodici Asteraceae, vrsta je vodopije koja raste po zemljama Mediterana, među kojima na Malti (gdje je zovu qanfuda) i Cipru, otocima Kreta i Sicilija, Cikladi, u Libiji i Turskoj...

To je dvogodišnja ili višegodišnja biljka, manji grmić koji naraste do 20cm visine. Cvate od srpnja do kolovoza, od svibnja do srpnja na Malti.

Ime joj znači trnovita vodopija.

Izvori

Vodopija

Cichorium spinosum


Die Aircel Chennai Open 2009 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 5. bis 11. Januar 2009 in Chennai stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2009 und wurde im Freien auf Hartplatz ausgetragen. In derselben Woche wurden in Doha die Qatar ExxonMobil Open sowie in Brisbane das Brisbane International gespielt, die genau wie die Aircel Chennai Open zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250 zählten.

Der an Position drei gesetzte Kroate Marin Čilić konnte in diesem Jahr seinen ersten Triumph in Chennai feiern. Er gab bis zum Finale nur einen einzigen Satz ab und gewann dort gegen den mit einer Wildcard gestarteten Inder Somdev Devvarman in zwei Sätzen mit 6:4, 7:63. Damit gewann Čilić seinen insgesamt zweiten Titel auf der ATP-Ebene. Im Doppel gewannen im Vorjahr Sanchai und Sonchat Ratiwatana, die dieses Jahr nicht erneut zum Turnier antraten. Im Finale setzte sich das US-amerikanische Duo Eric Butorac und Rajeev Ram gegen das Schweizer Doppel Jean-Claude Scherrer und Stan Wawrinka mit 6:3, 6:4 durch.

Das Teilnehmerfeld des Einzelbewerbs bestand aus 32 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren. Das Gesamtpreisgeld betrug 398.250 US-Dollar; die gesamten finanziellen Verbindlichkeiten lagen bei 450.000 US-Dollar.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 3. bis 5. Januar 2009 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte
Es wurden die folgenden Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde ausgezahlt bzw. gutgeschrieben. Spieler, die über die Qualifikation ins Hauptfeld einzogen, erhielten die angegebenen Qualifikationspunkte zusätzlich zu denen für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde. Ansonsten sind die Beträge nicht kumulativ zu verstehen. Preisgelder für den Doppelwettbewerb gelten pro Team.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2009
Tennisturnier in Chennai

Chennai Open 2009


Amerika'nın en çok satan basketbol dergisi Slam, 13 Nisan 2006'da Doğuş Yayın Grubu bünyesinde Türkiye'deki yayın hayatına başladı. Slam, NBA yıldızlarının her yönünü usta kalemlerin yorumlarıyla ortaya koyarken, yüksek fotoğraf kalitesiyle de rakiplerinin önüne geçiyor. Derginin hemen her sayısı için NBA yıldızlarıyla stüdyoda özel fotoğraf çekimleri yapılıyor. Ayrıca Türk ve Avrupa liglerinin yıldızları da dergide yer alıyor. Dergide Murat Kosova, Kaan Kural, Yiğiter Uluğ, İsmail Şenol, İhsan Bayülken ve daha birçok basketbol yorumcusu yazı yazmaktadır. Derginin yılda 11 adet sayısı çıkmaktadır, duruma göre Mayıs-Haziran 2008 veya Haziran-Temmuz 2008 olarak tek sayı çıkmaktadır. Nisan 2009 yılında yayın hayatına son verilmiştir.

Kaynakça
Türkçe İnternet sitesi için:

http://www.slamonline.com.tr/0901/default.asp

Basketbol dergileri
Türkiye dergileri
Türkçe dergiler

Slam (dergi)


An Aechmea romeroi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Aechmea romeroi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea romeroi


En abril del año 1050 se convocó en Roma un concilio que fue muy numeroso.

El Papa León IX, a quien se había denunciado la herejía de Berenguer hizo leer delante de todo el Concilio su primera Carta a Lanfranc, célebre Monje de la Abadía del Bec, en Normandía, sobre la Eucaristía. Se vio que Berenguer recibía a Juan Scot, condenaba a Pascasio y seguía opiniones contrarias a la Fe sobre la Eucaristía.

Se pronunció una sentencia por la cual fue privado de la Comunión de la Iglesia. Después Lanfranc, de quien se sospechaba aunque injustamente, que aprobaba los errores de Berenguer, explicó sus opiniones con tanta claridad y fuerza que fueron aprobadas por el Papa y por todo el Concilio.

Referencias
Diccionario portátil de los concilios, Pons-Augustin Alletz, 1782

Concilios de Roma

Concilio de Roma (1050)