A sylph (also called sylphid) is an air spirit stemming from the 16th-century works of Paracelsus, who describes sylphs as (invisible) beings of the air, his elementals of air. A significant number of subsequent literary and occult works have been inspired by Paracelsus's concept: Robert Alfred Vaughan noted that "the wild but poetical fantasies" of Paracelsus had probably exercised a larger influence over his age and the subsequent one than is generally supposed, particularly on the Rosicrucians, but that through the 18th century they had become reduced to "machinery for the playwright" and "opera figurantes with wings of gauze and spangles".

Etymology
"Sylph" is possibly a blend of from Latin sylvestris and nympha, sylvestris being a common synonym for sylph in Paracelsus. Anthon and Trollope note a similar usage in the Aeneid, where silvestris is taken as an elliptical form of nympha silvestris ("forest nymph"). Jacob Grimm uses this phrase as a gloss for the Anglo-Saxon wudu-mær (roughly equivalent to "woodmare"), which he also takes as a metaphorical name for an echo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, a near contemporary of Paracelsus and coiner of the word "gas", uses sylvestris in the sense of "wild" to describe gaseous emissions, which may be connected to the Paracelsian usage. Thorpe's Northern Mythology connects the adjective sylvestres and the related silvaticas to European wild man legends. A related idea is that "sylph" is from a hyper-urbane respelling of a Latin neologism silves, but in either case this connection to the Latin root silva ("forest") is supported by Paracelsus' use of sylphes as a synonym for schrötlein, a German word for a tree spirit or especially an earth spirit in his Liber de Sanguine ultra Mortem.

An alternative theory is that it derives from silphē (), which a number of etymological sources gloss as "moth". French etymological sources often derive it from a Latin word sylphus, glossed as "genius" (in the Latin sense, a type of spirit) and only known from an inscription rather than literary Latin. The Deutsches Wörterbuch however indicates that this idea arises from a 19th-century misreading of the inscription in question. Similarly, the σίλφη etymology can be dismissed from the lack of an objective historical and thus semantic connection. The idea of an intentional portmanteau is also considered doubtful, though extensive evidence can be found that indicates that Paracelsus considered the various sylvan spirits and wild men of legend to be examples of sylphs, which he occasionally took to be earth elementals rather than air elementals.

Paracelsus' conception

The Swiss German physician and alchemist Paracelsus first coined the term sylph in the 16th century to describe an air spirit in his overarching scheme of elemental spirits associated with the four Classical elements. Paracelsus drew from earlier sources, but his systematic treatment of the idea was definitive, with the names of three of the four types having originated in his works. The other three elemental spirits named were Gnomes (earth), Salamanders (fire), and Undines (water). These ideas were adopted in Rosicrucianism and were widely encountered in subsequent hermetic literature.

In the Liber de Nymphis of the Philosophia Magna, Paracelsus discusses the characteristics of the elementals at length. Sylphs, he says, are rougher, coarser, taller, and stronger than humans. The elementals are said to be able to move through their own elements as human beings move through air. Because of this, sylphs are the closest to humans in his conception because they move through air like we do, while in fire they burn, in water they drown, and in earth, they get stuck.

In literature
Sylphs are mentioned by that name in the 1668 German novel Simplicius Simplicissimus, though the author seems to have taken them to be water spirits.

The French pseudo-novel Comte de Gabalis (1670) was important in passing sylphs into the literary sphere. It appears to have originated the derivative term "sylphid" (French sylphide), which it uses as the feminine counterpart to "sylph". While modern scholars consider Comte de Gabalis to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy, many of its contemporaries considered it to be an earnest exposition of occult lore. Its author, Abbé de Montfaucon de Villars, was assassinated on the road in 1673 and one rumor had it that he had been killed by a gang of sylphs for disclosing their secrets.

One of the best-known discussions of sylphs comes with Alexander Pope. In Rape of the Lock (final ed. 1717), Pope satirizes French Rosicrucian and alchemical writings when he invents a theory to explain the sylph. In a parody of heroic poetry and the "dark" and "mysterious" alchemical literature, and in particular the sometimes esoterically Classical heroic poetry of the 18th century in England and France, Pope pretends to have a new alchemy, in which the sylph is the mystically, chemically condensed humors of peevish women. In Pope's poem, women who are full of spleen and vanity turn into sylphs when they die because their spirits are too full of dark vapors to ascend to the skies. Belinda, the heroine of Pope's poem, is attended by a small army of sylphs, who foster her vanity and guard her beauty.

The poem is a parody of Paracelsian ideas, inasmuch as Pope imitates the pseudo-science of alchemy to explain the seriousness with which vain women approach the dressing room. In a slight parody of the divine battle in Pope's Rape of the Lock, when the Baron of the poem attempts to cut a lock of Belinda's hair, the sylphs interpose their airy bodies between the blades of the scissors (to no effect whatsoever).

Ariel, the chief sylph in the Rape of the Lock, has the same name as Prospero's servant Ariel in Shakespeare's The Tempest (ca. 1611), and Shakespeare's character is described literally as an "airy spirit" in the dramatis personae. This name is generally thought to have been original with Shakespeare, though the exact inspiration for the character is unclear. Pope explicitly cited Comte de Gabalis as a source for elemental lore in the dedication.

In the 1778 British novel The Sylph, a sylph appears as a guardian spirit for the female protagonist.

By 1765, the French author Jean-François Marmontel had found the sylph legend notable enough that he included among his Moral Tales the story of "the Sylph-Husband," in which a young woman obsessed with the idea of marrying a sylph is deluded into falling in love with her arranged-husband after he impersonates one.

In Fernando Pessoa's "Book of Disquiet", (entry 214 - New Directions, 2017) he writes (translated from the Portuguese by Margaret Jill Costa): "And as with books so with everything else...Given that anything can be dreamed to serve as a real interruption to the silent flow of my days, I raise eyes of weary protest to the sylph who is mine alone, to the poor girl who, had she only learned to sing, could perhaps have been a siren".

In ballet and opera
The famous ballet La Sylphide ("The (Female) Sylph", Paris, 1832) is a prominent example of sylph lore in theater in the 19th century. It appeared in a second version in Denmark in 1836. A similarly themed opera The Mountain Sylph appeared in England in 1834. Sylphs again took to the stage in the 1909 ballet Les Sylphides.

In popular culture
Willow, a character in Terry Brooks' Magic Kingdom of Landover series of novels (1986), is a sylph and the wife of protagonist Ben Holiday. She is the daughter of the River Master and a wood elemental, giving her pale green skin and emerald hair. Her dual nature is reflected in the fact that she must transform into a willow tree once every 21 days to maintain her life force. She has a tense and distant relationship with her father, as her existence serves as a permanent reminder to him of the brief relationship he desires to reclaim, but never can. And so it is to her mother that she turns for guidance.
The Silph Company, featured prominently within the Pokémon franchise, manufactures a device called the Silph Scope, which allows the user to view spectral entities otherwise unidentifiable to the naked eye. Some Pokémon are known for being inspired by the sylph.
In Brandon Sanderson's The Stormlight Archive series of novels (2010), the character Sylphrena is introduced as a windspren, a creature that is drawn to the element of wind and its characteristics. As other windspren, Sylphrena (Syl) possesses the ability to travel freely through the air and change her form—allowing her to adopt the features of a human, beast, or anything she wishes, including a ribbon of light.
The lyrics of the song "Desire As" by Prefab Sprout from their 1985 album Steve McQueen mentions a "sylph-figured creature that changes her mind". The same lyric is quoted in a song by LYR, called "Winter Solstice", featuring poet laureate Simon Armitage.

Association with fairies
Because of their association with the ballet La Sylphide, where sylphs are identified with fairies and the medieval legends of fairyland, as well as a confusion with other "airy spirits" (e.g., in William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream), a slender girl may be referred to as a sylph.

"Sylph" has passed into general language as a term for minor spirits, elementals, or faeries of the air. Fantasy authors will sometimes employ sylphs in their fiction, for example creating giant artistic clouds in the skies with airy wings.

See also
 Apsara
 Elemental
 Gnome
 Salamander
 Undine

References

Notes

Bibliography

16th-century introductions
Elementals
Fantasy creatures
Female legendary creatures
Wind creatures

Sylph


العلَّامة (على وزن فعّالة) هو لقب غالباً ما يُستعمل في أوساط العلماء المسلمين، يطلق على الشخص كثير العلم والذي له المعرفة والاطلاع على عدة أنواع من العلوم الإسلامیة، أي جامع المنقول والمعقول المُتبحّر في العلوم.

يُقال: «أديبة علّامة» و «أديب علّامة». و«التاء» اللّاحقة ببعض صيغ المبالغة ليست «تاء» التأنيث بل هي لتأكيد المبالغة.

أشهر العلاّمات
 حمد الجاسر (علّامة الجزيرة العربية).
 محمد ناصر الدين الألباني
 محمد الحسن ولد الددو
 عبد العزيز الطريفي
 العلامة الحلي
 حسن حسن زاده الآملي
 محمد باقر المجلسي

مراجع

ألقاب تشريفية إسلامية
مسلمون باحثون عن الإسلام
مصطلحات عربية
دارسون إسلاميون

علامة (لقب)


An Sacciolepis ciliocincta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pilg., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Sacciolepis ciliocincta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sacciolepis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sacciolepis

Sacciolepis ciliocincta


القاهرة الجديدة هي مدينة جديدة من مدن الجيل الثالث في مصر، تقع في محافظة القاهرة، وتتبع إدارياً لهيئة المجتمعات العمرانية الجديدة، أنشأت بقرار رئيس جمهورية مصر العربية رقم 191 لسنة 2000، وتعد من أكبر المدن الجديدة في مصر حيث تقدر مساحتها بحوالي 85 ألف فدان بعد أن تم إضافة مساحة 15 ألف فدان بالقرار الوزاري رقم  499 لسنه 2016، تتكوّن من عدة تجمعات سكنية أكبرهم التجمع الخامس إضافة إلى الرحاب والتجمع الأول والتجمع الثالث وغيرها. تقع المدينة في القوس الشرقي للقاهرة شرق الطريق الدائري في المسافة المحصورة بين طريق القاهرة - السويس الصحراوي وطريق القاهرة - العين السخنة. ومن المنتظر أن يصل عدد السكان بالمدينة إلى 4.9 مليون نسمة عند اكتمال نموها. ومناخ القاهرة الجديدة صحراوي، ونظراً لارتفاعها تتمتع القاهرة الجديدة بجو ألطف من القاهرة، وهي تقل عنها بخمس درجات مئوية تقريبا.

رؤساء المدينة
في 12 فبراير 2023، أصدر وزير الإسكان والمرافق والمجتمعات العمرانية، قرار بتكليف المهندس عبدالرءوف حامد عبدالرءوف الغيطي، رئيس جهاز تنمية مدينة العبور، العمل رئيساً لجهاز تنمية مدينة القاهرة الجديدة.

المخطط العام

تبلغ مساحة الكتلة العمرانية للمدينة 67 ألف فدان، وذلك من المساحة الإجمالية الأصلية التي تبلغ 70 ألف فدان.

تبلغ مساحة النشاط السكني للمدينة 43.4 ألف فدان مقسمة إلى مجموعة من الأحياء تشتمل على جميع مستويات الإسكان (اقتصادي – متوسط – فوق متوسط – فاخر).

توفر هيئة المجتمعات العمرانية الجديدة قطع الأراضي السكنية للأفراد، وللشركات الاستثمارية والمنتجعات السكنية، وكذلك لمشروعات مثل مشروع إسكان مبارك، ومشروع إسكان جمعية المستقبل، ومشروع الإسكان الحر ومشروع الإسكان العائلي، ومشروع بيت الوطن.

كما قامت الهيئة بإنشاء عدد 34845 وحدة سكنية منها عدد 21818 وحدة إسكان شباب ومستقبل، وقام القطاع غير الحكومي بإنشاء عدد 117687 وحدة سكنية.

كما تم إنشاء العديد من المجمعات السكنية المتكاملة خاصة بالتجمع الخامي مثل كمبوند آزار، وهايد بارك، والبوسكو سيتي، وماونتن فيو، وكمبوند سراي، وغيرها من المجمعات السكنية الفاخرة.

الخدمات
تبلغ مساحة النشاط الخدمي 18.2 ألف فدان حيث يوفر التخطيط الحضري للمدينة قطع أراضي للخدمات المختلفة (تعليمية – صحية – ثقافية – دينية – ترفيهية – تجارية).

الصحة
تضم مدينة القاهرة الجديدة العديد من المنشأت الطبية من أهمها:
 المستشفى الجوي التخصصي.
 مستشفى القاهرة الجديدة.
 مستشفى تبارك الدولي.
 مستشفى أهل مصر.
 مستشفى القطامية كلينيك.

التعليم
تضم مدينة القاهرة الجديدة العديد من المنشآت التعليمية من أهمها:
 الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة.
 الجامعة الألمانية بالقاهرة.
 الكلية الكندية الدولية.
 أكاديمية القاهرة الجديدة.
 جامعة المستقبل بمصر.
 أكاديمية الشرطة.
 مدرسة يابانية.

الترفيه
العديد من مراكز الشباب والنوادي منها (نادي القاهرة الجديدة - ملاعب الجولف بمنتجع جولف القطامية - نادي القطامية ومنتجع سكاي (التابعين لشركة بتروسبورت أحد شركات قطاع البترول) - نادي الطيران - نادي الزهور - نادي بلاتينيوم - نادي كود - نادي لايف سبورت - نادي وادي دجلة).

البنية التحتية

الطرق والمواصلات
 تم تنفيذ شبكات طرق بطول 1178 كم.
ترتبط المدينة بالمدن الأخرى عن طريق
 خطوط أتوبيس (هيئة النقل العام القاهرة الكبرى) تربط المدينة بالعباسية وميدان السيدة عائشة ميدان التحرير وميدان رمسيس.
 سيارات نقل جماعي تربط المدينة بمدينة نصر.
 سيارات تابعة لمدينة الرحاب تربط المدينة بمترو أنفاق (سراي القبة – مدينة نصر).

وترتبط المدينة داخليا عن طريق خطوط تابعة لمجلس أمناء المدينة لربط أحياء المدينة ببعضها. ومن المتوقع بعد الإنتهاء من مشروع العاصمة الإدارية الجديدة أن يكون هناك خطوط مواصلات مباشرة بين المدينة والعاصمة الإدارية من أهمها القطر الكهربائي الأحادي (المونوريل).

مياه الشرب والصرف الصحي
 تتغذى المدينة بمياه الشرب من خلال محطة تنقية مياه مدينة العبور بكمية مياه 260 ألف م3/يوم يزاد إلى 550 ألف م3/يوم.
 جاري عمل تصميمات بمحطة المياه النهائية بسعة 1.6 مليون م3/يوم.
 تم تنفيذ شبكات مياه بطول 1784.51 كم.
 تم تنفيذ 3 محطات معالجة للصرف الصحي مدمجة بطاقـة 8 آلاف م3/يوم.
 جاري تنفيذ 1 برك أكسدة بتصرف قدرة 15 ألف م3/يوم.
 تم تنفيذ محطة معالجة ميكانيكية بطاقة 100 ألف م3, وجاري تطويرها لتصبح ذات معالجة ثلاثية وجاري طرح المرحلة الأولى من محطة المعالجة بطاقة 250 ألف م2/يوم من إجمالي طاقة 1.25 مليون م3/يوم.
 تم تنفيذ شبكات الصرف الصحي بطول 1148.57 كم.

الكهرباء والاتصالات
 تم تنفيذ شبكات كهرباء بطول 7415.57 كم.
 تم تنفيذ شبكات اتصالات بطول 608 كم.

الصناعة
تبلغ مساحة النشاط الصناعي بالمدينة 1.2 ألف فدان، حيث تتمثل الأنشطة الصناعية بها في صناعات (هندسية وكهربائية - غذائية – خشبية وأثاث – بلاستيكية– ورقية – غزل ونسيج – مواد بناء – معدنية وميكانيكية – كيماوية وأدوية – ملابس جاهزة) كما تقوم هيئة (المجتمعات العمرانية الجديدة) بتوفير قطع أراضي صناعية وأراضي مخازن وورش صغيرة.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضًا

 مدينة القاهرة
 برج العرب الجديدة

مراجع

روابط خارجية

جغرافيا القاهرة
محافظة القاهرة
مدن جديدة في مصر
مدن مصرية جديدة من الجيل الثالث

القاهرة الجديدة


Charlie'nin Çikolata Fabrikası, Roald Dahl tarafından 1964'te yazılan kitap
 Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, 1971'de çekilen bir sinema filmi
 Charlie'nin Çikolata Fabrikası (film), 2005 yapımı uyarlama sinema filmi
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (bilgisayar oyunu), 2005'te yayınlanan ve aynı yıl çıkan filmden uyarlanan bilgisayar oyunu.

Charlie'nin Çikolata Fabrikası (anlam ayrımı)


Moscheea Kampung Laut sau Masjid Kampung Laut este o moschee din Kelantan, Malaezia. Aceasta este cea mai veche moschee de pe teritoriul Malaeziei și una dintre cele mai vechi din Asia de Sud-Est.

Istorie și arhitectură
Conform tradiției, moscheea a fost construită în secolul al XV-lea de către un grup de pescari originari din Pattani, Java și Brunei. Stilul său arhitectural este unul specific arhitecturii malaeziene tradiționale cu stâlpi și acoperiș din lemn și frunze de palmier. Edificiul a servit drept locaș de rugăciune pentru comunitatea musulmană locală.

În timpul sultanatului din Kelantan, între anii 1859-1900, moscheea a devenit un punct de întâlnire important între sultan și liderii religioși. De asemenea, moscheea a fost folosită ca punct de tranzacționare. Pe parcursul acestei perioade, edificiul a fost renovat și extins, adăugându-se 20 de piloni, un acoperiș nou cu trei niveluri, un minaret, un pod și un rezervor cu apă.

Moscheea Kampung Laut a supraviețuit de-a lungul timpului numeroaselor cataclisme, mai ales a celor două mari inundații din Kelantan. Prima inundație din 1926, cunoscută ca Bah Air Merah, nu a deteriorat foarte mult structura locașului. În schimb, a doua inundație din 1966 a provocat numeroase pagube moscheii, dar a fost în cele din urmă reparată.

Galerie de imagini

Moschei din Malaezia

Moscheea Kampung Laut


Cold Cold Cold est une chanson du groupe de rock alternatif américain Cage the Elephant. Elle a été produite et co-écrite par Dan Auerbach des Black Keys. Cette chanson est sortie en tant que troisième single du quatrième album studio du groupe Tell Me I'm Pretty le 17 janvier 2017. Elle a atteint la cinquième place du palmarès Billboard Alternative Songs aux États-Unis.

Caractéristiques artistiques

Contexte

Enregistrement

La chanson est enregistrée durant l'été 2015 à Nashville dans le Tennessee.

Sortie et accueil
Matt Schultz et Cage the Elephant sont comparés à Mick Jagger et ses Rolling Stones.

Fiche technique

Clip

Le clip est tourné dans un hôpital psychiatrique.

Musiciens

Équipe de production

Classements
La chanson a été un succès sur le palmarès Billboard Alternative Songs, culminant au numéro cinq et restant sur le palmarès pendant un total de 21 semaines. Elle a également été un succès sur le palmarès Adult Alternative Songs, culminant à quatre et se classant pendant 28 semaines. La chanson a également figuré sur plusieurs autres charts, principalement en Amérique du Nord.

Classements hebdomadaires

Classements annuels

Dans la culture populaire
"Cold Cold Cold" a été utilisée dans le premier épisode de la quatrième saison de la série télévisée ABC, How to Get Away with Murder.

Références

Single publié par RCA Records
Single musical sorti en 2017
Chanson de 2015

Cold Cold Cold


Une épicerie solidaire ou épicerie sociale est un commerce de proximité qui vend des denrées alimentaires à bas prix pour des publics en difficulté économique.

Historique
Le concept s'étend en Europe pendant les années 1980.

Concept
Une épicerie solidaire propose généralement les aliments entre 10 % et 30 % de leur valeur marchande, notamment des fruits et légumes frais. Elle propose aussi souvent des activités diverses pour les publics fragilisés, dont des ateliers de cuisine et des sessions d'information à la nutrition. Ces lieux dépendent parfois de banques alimentaires.

En France, les clients sont vérifiés par des travailleurs sociaux, accompagnés dans un projet personnel et bénéficiaires d'un accès à durée limitée. Les épiceries bénéficient d'une aide gouvernementale.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Économie sociale et solidaire

Liens externes

Économie sociale et solidaire

Épicerie solidaire


Stigsnæs Industripark er et industriområde der ligger på Stigsnæs i Sydvestsjælland syd for Skælskør.

Industriområdet indeholder virksomhederne Carbogrit der laver glassandblæsningsproduktet, Stigsnæs Vandindvinding I/S der laver vandindvinding, og forsyner industriområdet på Stigsnæs med grundvand, RGS 90 renser vand og forurenet jord, og Vandrens der renser spildevand.

Vest for Industriparken ligger kraftværket Stigsnæsværket, Stigsnæsværkets Havn samt Stigsnæs Gulfhavn Olie Terminal og resterne af det tidligere olieraffinaderi på Stigsnæs.

Kilder

Skælskør
Lokaliteter i Slagelse Kommune

Stigsnæs Industripark


The intercostal muscles comprise many different groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity.

Structure
There are three principal layers;
External intercostal muscles also known as intercostalis externus aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1–11 and have their insertion on ribs 2–12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs and bending them more open, thus expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. The muscle fibers are directed downwards, forwards and medially in the anterior part.
Internal intercostal muscles also known as intercostalis internus aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2–12 and have their insertions on ribs 1–11.Their fibers pass anterior and superior from the upper margin of the rib and costal cartilage to the lower margin of the rib above. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs and bending them inward, thus decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. The muscle fibers are directed downwards, forwards and laterally forming right angle with external intercostal muscle.
Innermost intercostal muscle also known as intercostalis intimus are deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by a neurovascular bundle. The muscle fibers are directed downwards, forwards and laterally same as intercostalis internus muscle.

Nerve supply
Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves(the ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves), are supplied by the intercostal arteries, and are drained by the intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions.

Function
The scalene muscles, which also move the chest wall and have a function in inhalation, are also intercostal muscles, just not one of the three principal layers.

See also

Thoracic diaphragm, another muscle importantly involved in respiratory action.
Exhalation
Inhalation

References

External links

UCC
Gray's Anatomy 41st Edition

Muscles of the torso

Intercostal muscles


Alec Cunningham-Reid DFC, nacido como Alec Stratford Reid, (Wayland, 1895 – Valbonne, 26 de marzo de 1977), fue un militar y político británico, que sirvió en el ejército británico con el rango de teniente durante la Primera Guerra Mundial consiguiendo ser as de la aviación por conseguir derribar 7 aviones enemigos. Tras la guerra entró en política como militante del Partido Conservador, ejerciendo el cargo de miembro del Parlamento entre 1922 y 1945.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Aviadores del Reino Unido
Militares británicos de la Primera Guerra Mundial
Ases de la aviación

Alec Cunningham-Reid


Joseph Houessou Hounwanou Gnonlonfoun, né en  à Porto-Novo au Dahomey, est un magistrat et homme politique béninois.

Biographie

Jeunesse et études
Joseph Gnonlonfoun est né en  à Porto-Novo au Dahomey. Orphelin de mère très jeune, il est élevé par l'un de ses oncles. À la fin de ses études primaires, il entre au séminaire dans le but de devenir prêtre. En 1962, il obtient son baccalauréat à Ouidah et c'est par mimétisme, en discutant avec ses amis qu'il décide de devenir juge. La même année, il est admis à l'université de Dakar où il effectue quatre années de droit  puis étudie pendant deux ans au Centre national d'études judiciaires à Bordeaux.

Carrière professionnelle
Une fois ses études terminées, il est rentre au Dahomey où il intègre le corps de la magistrature le . Il est nommé juge au tribunal de première instance de Cotonou le  et devient conseiller à la Cour d'appel de Cotonou le .

Joseph Gnonlonfoun est apprécié pour son expertise et officie dans différents ministères. Le , il est placé en position de détachement pour servir au cabinet du ministère de la Fonction publique et du Travail, puis sert au cabinet du ministre de l'Information et du Tourisme à partir du .

Il est devient,  le , vice-président du tribunal de première instance de Cotonou.

Le , il obtient la direction du département  (Europe occidentale et Amérique du Nord) au ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération. Ce département est chargé de toutes les questions relatives à la coopération économique, commerciale et culturelle entre les pays d'Europe occidentale, d'Amérique du Nord et du Dahomey ainsi que leurs problèmes politiques.

Il est nommé, le , représentant de la République populaire du Bénin à la commission des droits de l'homme des Nations unies puis cumulativement à cette fonction, le , il devient directeur adjoint du ministère du Plan, de la Statistique et de la Coopération technique jusqu'au . Il est remis à cette date à la disposition du ministère de la Justice populaire qui le nomme le , directeur de la législation et de la codification.

Entre temps, le , représentant le ministre du Plan, de la Statistique et de la Coopération technique, il intègre le conseil d'administration de la société nationale de transport aérien Air Bénin, première compagnie aérienne nationale créée en août 1978.

Il prend sa retraite de magistrat le  à l'âge de 55 ans.

Carrière politique
Joseph Gnonlonfoun est encore magistrat lorsqu'il entre en politique. Mis à la disposition du ministre de la Justice et de la Législation et directeur de cabinet de ce dernier, il est élu député lors des élections législatives du 17 février 1991. À partir du  et pour une durée de quatre ans, il est détaché à l'Assemblée nationale et se consacre pleinement à son rôle d'élu.

Le président de la République Mathieu Kérékou le nomme garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice, de la Législation et des Droits de l'homme le .

Il participe aux élections législatives de 1999 et est élu député le . Le  suivant, en compagnie d'autres ministres élus à l'Assemblée nationale, il remet sa démission de ministre. Mais il retrouve rapidement sa fonction puisqu'il réintègre le gouvernement lors du remaniement ministériel du . Il est remplacé par Dorothé Sossa le .

Retraite
Joseph Gnonlonfoun est retraité de la fonction publique et sa mission au sein du gouvernement est terminée mais son expérience et ses compétences continuent d'être mises à profit. Il est ainsi sollicité par  Mathieu Kérékou, le , pour être membre de la Haute autorité de l'audiovisuel et de la communication.

Le , il est invité à intégrer une commission chargée d'étudier la coopération et les perspectives de la France avec ses anciens territoires africains de l'espace francophone.

Le , il est président de la Commission électorale nationale autonome. Nommé par Thomas Boni Yayi en personne, Joseph Gnonlonfoun est ensuite suspecté par l'opposition d'avoir organisé la victoire de ce dernier à l'élection présidentielle de 2011.

Le , il rejoint une commission, placée sous l'égide du ministre de la Justice, chargée de l'élaboration des avant-projets de lois dans le cadre des réformes politiques et institutionnelles.

Succédant à Albert Tévoédjrè, il devient, le , le deuxième médiateur de la République, autorité administrative indépendante gérant les doléances de la population béninoise envers l'administration publique. Il est remplacé le  par Pascal Essou.

Distinctions et décorations
  (2000)
  (2001)
  (2009)

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en 1943
Magistrat béninois
Commandeur de l'ordre national du Bénin
Grand officier de l'ordre national du Bénin
Grand-croix de l'ordre national du Bénin
Ministre béninois de la Justice
Personnalité liée à la défense des droits de l'homme

Joseph Gnonlonfoun


Agartha (uneori Agartta, Agharti, Agarta sau Agarttha) este un oraș legendar despre care se spune că ar fi amplasat în centrul Pământului. El este legat de credința într-un Pământ gol și este un subiect popular în ezoterism. Multă lume crede că e doar un mit, deoarece nu există foarte multe informatii despre acesta.

Istoric
Ocultistul francez din secolul al XIX-lea Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre a publicat prima relatare "sigură" cu privire la Agartha în Europa. Potrivit lui, lumea secretă din Agartha cu înțelepciunea și toate bogățiile sale "vor fi accesibile pentru toată omenirea, atunci când creștinătatea va trăi după poruncile care au fost transmise cândva de către Moise și Dumnezeu", adică "atunci când anarhia care există în lumea noastră va fi înlocuită cu sinarhia". Saint-Yves oferă în această carte o descriere plină de viață a Agarthei ca și cum ar fi un loc fizic care există cu adevărat, situat în Munții Himalaya din Tibet. Versiunea istoriei Agarthei a lui Saint-Yves se bazează pe "informație revelată", adică a fost primită de Saint-Yves prin "inițiere".

Ulterior, exploratorul Ferdynand Ossendowski a scris o carte în 1922 intitulată Beasts, Men and Gods. În acea carte, Ossendowski relatează o poveste care i-a fost împărtășită cu privire la existența unui regat subteran în interiorul pământului. Acest regat era cunoscut de către budiști ca Agharti.

Conexiuni mitologice
Agartha este frecvent asociată sau confundată cu Shambala, care are un loc proeminent în învățăturile budismului Vajrayana în Kalachakra tibetană, popularizate în Occident de către Madame Blavatsky și Societatea Teozofică. Teozofii consideră Agarthi ca un vast complex de peșteri aflat sub Tibet în care locuiesc demoni răi numiți asura. Helena și Nicholas Roerich, ale căror învățături sunt strâns legate de teosofie, văd existența Shambhalei atât în plan fizic, cât și spiritual.

În mass-media modernă

Muzică
 În 1975 compozitorul și muzician de jazz Miles Davis a lansat un album live intitulat Agharta, bazat pe un spectacol organizat la Osaka Festival Hall în Japonia, în luna februarie a acelui an, în cadrul Columbia Jazz. Allmusic îl descrie ca fiind 'cel mai mare album jazz funk-rock electriv realizat vreodată'
 Pe albumul Shoulda Gone Before I Left (1987), vocalistul/chitaristul Ike Willis include o melodie intitulată "Hollow Earth", în care menționează "Aghartha."
 Trupa de metal doom experimental Sunn O))) a înregistrat o piesă intitulată "Aghartha" pe 2009 pe discul Monolits and Dimensions. Ei au, de asemenea, un album live intitulat Agharti Live 09-10.
 În 1998 muzicianul electro Afrika Bambaataa și DJ-ul german WestBam au lansat single-ul "Agharta - The City of Shamballa (Subterranean World)"
 Head of Wantastiquet, proiectul solo al lui Paul LaBrecque, a inclus o piesă intitulată "Return To Agharti" pe albumul său în 2010.
 ZUN a lansat "Wind of Agartha" ca parte a albumului său Neo-traditionalism of Japan, pe 11 august 2012. [sursă]
 În 2012 DJ-ul italian Congorock a lansat un cântec numit "Agarta", împreună cu "Monolit" în studioul Ultra Records. Melodiile au apărut pe albumul "Cavo Paradiso", care a fost mixat de colegul DJ italian Benny Benassi.
 În 2015 trupa americană de metal doom The Sword a lansat un cântec instrumental intitulat "Agartha" pe albumul său High Country.

Jocuri video
 Jocul Funcom The Secret World (2012) prezintă Agartha ca o regiune deschisă a Pământului gol și loc în care se află uriașul Arbore al Lumii, menținut într-un mediu mai cald de albinele care și-a făcut cuib în el, cu multe crengi care cresc în direcții diferite, oferind portaluri pentru diferite locații (și timpuri) din lumea de la suprafață.
 Jocul video Final Fantasy IV prezintă un oraș subpământean, Agart (o trimitere la Agartha), de unde se pornește către lumea subterană.
 Jocul Castlevania: Lords of Shadow include Agharta ca o civilizație avansată, dar acum moartă; tehnologia lor care s-a păstrat joacă un rol important în joc.
 Joc video Dominions 3: The Awakening și continuarea sa Dominions 4: Thrones of Ascension includ Agartha ca unul dintre civilizațiile în care se desfășoară acțiunea, populată de un grup de giganți care locuiesc în subteran.
 Jocul video Call of Duty: Black Ops include Agartha în principalul mesaj ascuns din harta zombilor Shangri-La, unde cei doi exploratori se pierd căutându-l și sunt blocați în sanctuarul dr. Richtofen.
 Jocul video Call of Duty: Black Ops II include o trimitere la Agartha ca un mesaj ascuns în cea de-a cincea hartă zombi, "Buried", și în cea de-a șasea hartă, "Origins", unde se afirmă că Samantha este blocată în Agartha (a nu se confunda cu 'The Crazy Place').
 Jocul video Call of Duty: Black Ops III prezintă Agartha, menționată, de asemenea, ca Aether, adică Infinitul, ca locație a ultimei hărți a zombilor intitulată "Revelations".
 Jocul video Far Cry 4 include orașul Shangri-La
 Jocul video Uncharted 2 include orașul Shambalha

Film și televiziune
 În animația video Voices of a Distant Star (2002) a lui Makoto Shinkai, Agartha este numele cele de-a patra planete fictive din sistemul Sirius.
 Acțiunea filmului anime Children Who Chase Lost Voices (2011) al aceluiași Shinkai are loc în Agartha, care este descris ca un loc în care diferite triburi de oameni semiavansați trăiesc alături de zeii care s-au retras din lumea de la suprafață.
 În sezonul 3 al serialului TV Refugiul, sub Himalaya tibetană, Helen Magnus și echipa sa au descoperit intrarea în interiorul Pământului. Niciodată nu este numit "Agartha" de nume, dar locația și alte aluzii constituie influențe clare.

Literatură
 În 1989 scriitorul argentinian Abel Posse a scris un roman bazat pe căutarea acestui oraș mitic pentru un agent nazist.
 Romanul Pendulul lui Foucault de Umberto Eco conține mai multe discuții cu privire la Agartha, în contextul preocupărilor personajelor principale pentru ezoterism.
 Trimiteri la Agartha apar în seria de benzi desenate B. P. R. D. a lui Mike Mignola.
 Agharti este un subiect comun în seria italiană de benzi desenate Martin Mystère.
 The Illuminatus Trilogy, romanul lui Robert Anton Wilson și Robert Shea, a inclus Agartha în acțiunea sa.
 Romanul Filhos do Éden: Paraíso Perdido (tradus aproximativ "Copiii Edenului: Paradisul uitat/pierdut") de Eduardo Spohr prezintă Agartha ca un loc în care s-a ascuns unul dintre antagoniști.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Saint-Yves d'Alveydre and the Agartthian Connection, by Joscelyn Godwin.
 Map/diagram of Agharta and the Hollow Earth , based on writings of Raymond W. Bernard.
 On Edward Bulwer-Lytton: Agharta, Shambhala, Vril and the Occult Roots of Nazi Power, by Joseph George Caldwell.
 "An Algorithmic Agartha"—Essay-Contribution to Culture Machine 16, 2015 (the journal's Special-Issue on Drone Culture).

Orașe mitologice
Mistere ale planetei Pământ

Agartha


Uu, Türk alfabesinin 25. harfidir. Büyük ünlü uyumuna göre ilk hecesinde U bulunan sözcüklerden sonra yine A, O, I, U ünlülerinden biri gelmelidir. Kelime yapısı olarak kalın yuvarlaktır.

U

U


Jerome Najee Rasheed (Queens, Nueva York, 4 de noviembre de 1957), conocido profesionalmente como Najee, es un saxofonista y flautista de smooth jazz.

Historial
Estudió en el Conservatorio de Boston, con George Russell y Jaki Byard.

Ha tocado y grabado acompañando a artistas como Chaka Khan, Freddie Jackson, Will Downing, Phil Perry, Prince, Patti Labelle, Phyllis Hyman y Jeffrey Osborne. También ha realizado grabaciones de jazz, con músicos como Marcus Miller, Herbie Hancock, Stanley Clarke, Larry Carlton, Billy Cobham, Charles Earland, Paul Jackson y George Duke.

Consiguió el reconocimiento, con su tema "Najee's Theme", en 1986. Se editó un álbum de grandes éxitos, en 1998, The Best of Najee.

Discografía
Najee's Theme (1986, EMI/Capitol)
Day by Day (octubre de 1988, Capitol)
Tokyo Blue (febrero de 1990, Capitol)
Just an Illusion (junio de 1992, Capitol)
Live At The Greek" con Stanley Clarke, Larry Carlton y Billy Cobham (julio de 1994, Sony Music)Share my World (octubre de 1994, Capitol)Najee Plays Songs from the Key of Life: A Tribute To Stevie Wonder (noviembre de 1995, Capitol)Best of Najee (noviembre de 1998 Blue Note/Capitol)Morning Tenderness (noviembre de 1998, Polygram)Love Songs (2000)Embrace October (2003, Encoded Music)My Point of View (2005, Heads Up)Rising Sun (2007, Heads Up)Mind Over Matter (2009, Heads Up)The Smooth Side of Soul (2012, Shanachie Records)The Morning After (2013, Shanachie Records)
You, Me and Forever (2015, Shanachie Records)Poetry in Motion (2017, Shanachie Records)

Discos colectivos
The Weather Channel Presents: The Best of Smooth Jazz

Puestos alcanzados en las listas de ventas de Billboard

Najee's Theme
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 1
Top Jazz Albums No. 8
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 12
Lista de álbumes de Billboard No. 56

Day by Day
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 6
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 23
TLista de álbumes de Billboard No. 76

Tokyo Blue
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 1
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 17
Lista de álbumes de Billboard No. 63

Just an Illusion
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 5
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 25
Lista de álbumes de Billboard No. 107

Share My World
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 2
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 23
Lista de álbumes de Billboard No. 163

Songs from the Key of Life
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 6
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 67

Morning Tenderness
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 2
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 65

The Best of Najee
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 15

Love Songs
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 23

Embrace
Top Contemporary Jazz Albums No. 7
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No. 82

My Point of View
Top Contemporary Jazz Album No. 1

"Rising Sun"
Top Contemporary Jazz Album No. 1

"Mind Over Matter"
Top Contemporary Jazz Album No. 2
Billboard Jazz Album No. 4

"Sweet Summer Nights"
Smooth Jazz Song Billboard No. 1

Referencias

Este artículo está tomado, en su versión inicial, de Wikipedia en inglés

Enlaces externos

Afroestadounidenses
Saxofonistas de jazz de Estados Unidos
Flautistas de jazz de Estados Unidos
Músicos de jazz moderno
Músicos de sesión de Estados Unidos
Músicos de Nueva York
Saxos sopranos

Najee


Travnički okrug bio je jedan od okruga u BiH dok je bila pod Austro-Ugarskom. Sjedište mu je bilo u Travniku.
Godine 1895. okrug se (nje. Kreise) prostirao na 10.023 km² na kojem je živjelo 240.088 stanovnika. Obuhvaćao je 1895. područje 9 kotara (nje. Bezirk):
 Bugojno
 Glamoč
 Jajce
 Livno
 Prozor
 Travnik
 Zenica
 Žepče
 Županjac

Iz ovog okruga brojem stanovnika su se 1879. isticali Livno s 4.597 i Travnik s 5.887 stanovnika.

Izvori

Travnički

Travnički okrug


عيدمون هي بلدة لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الدريب الأوسط.
عدد السكان : ما يقارب 4000 نسمة
المساحة : 13 كم مربع
تعرف عيدمون بمحبة أهلها للعلم و الثقافة ، فهي ثالث أكثر بلدة لبنانية علمًا. أصل أهل عيدمون ، باشاوات عثمانيون، انتقلوا للدفاع عن عكا في القدم.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة عكار
الدريب
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

عيدمون


Cryptographie indéchiffrable (subtitle: basée sur de nouvelles combinaisons rationelles)  is a French book on cryptography written by Émile Victor Théodore Myszkowski (a retired French colonel) and published in 1902.

His book described a cipher that the author had invented and claimed (incorrectly) was "undecipherable" (i.e. secure against unauthorised attempts to read it). It was based on a form of repeated-key transposition.

See also
 Books on cryptography
 Transposition cipher

Cryptography books
1902 non-fiction books

Cryptographie indéchiffrable


Joachim Gans zu Putlitz (* 7. Mai 1860 in Retzin; † 9. März 1922 in Stuttgart) war Generalintendant des königlich-württembergischen Hoftheaters in Stuttgart und Präsident des Deutschen Bühnenvereins.

Leben
Joachim Gans zu Putlitz war einer der Söhne des Gustav Gans zu Putlitz. Er wurde von Adolph L'Arronge in Berlin ausgebildet. Bald nach dem Regierungsantritt des Königs Wilhelm II. von Württemberg wurde er 1892 als 32-Jähriger zum Intendanten des württembergischen Hoftheaters berufen.

Joachim Gans zu Putlitz war besonders an skandinavischen Dramen interessiert. Er brachte Stücke von Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Henrik Ibsen und August Strindberg auf die Bühne. Die liberale Einstellung des Königs erlaubte auch die Aufführung von Stücken, die in Berlin der Zensur zum Opfer gefallen wären.

Doch nicht nur die Möglichkeit, naturalistische und impressionistische Stücke auf die Bühne zu bringen, sondern auch die Neugestaltung des Theaters als Doppeltheater durch Max Littmann nach dem Brand im Januar 1902 sowie die hervorragenden Mitarbeiter begünstigten den Aufschwung, den das Stuttgarter Theater unter Joachim Gans zu Putlitz' Ägide nahm. Ab 1898 war Hans Meery, der vorher in Berlin gewirkt hatte, Schauspielregisseur in Stuttgart. Ferner war zu Joachim Gans zu Putlitz' Zeit der Generalmusikdirektor Max von Schillings in Stuttgart tätig, und Schauspieler und Sänger wie Raoul Aslan, Egmont Richter, Oskar Bolz, Karl Erb und Anna Sutter wirkten auf den Bühnen. Max von Schillings trat im Frühjahr 1918 zurück und wurde durch den jungen Fritz Busch abgelöst, der in seinen Memoiren behauptete, er habe die Stelle während eines persönlichen Vorstellungsgesprächs bei Gans von Putlitz innerhalb weniger Minuten bekommen: "Die Unterhaltung, die ich mit Intendant Putlitz in seinem eleganten Zimmer im Königlichen Hoftheater führte, dauerte kaum länger als fünf Minuten. Mein Angebot eines Probegastspiels wurde als unnötig abgelehnt, und ich war Königlich Württembergischer Hofkapellmeister. Ich telegraphierte schleunigst meiner Frau."

Nachdem König Wilhelm im Zuge der Novemberrevolution 1918 zurückgetreten war, ließ sich Joachim von Putlitz beurlauben. Später verzichtete er ganz auf seine Stelle als Generalintendant. Er wurde im Frühjahr 1919 zum Präsidenten des Deutschen Bühnenvereins gewählt. Drei Jahre später starb er nach einer Operation.

Nachkommen

Joachim Gans zu Putlitz heiratete Augusta Freiin von Dietrich. Seine älteste Tochter Dorothea blieb unverheiratet. 1891 wurde die zweite Tochter Adrienne geboren, die später Bernhard Friedrich von Bülow heiratete. Die Eheschließung fand 1910 in Retzin statt. Da das Dorf keine Kirche besaß, wurde eine große Eiche im Park des Schlosses geweiht, die auch später noch als Kirchenersatz verwendet wurde. Aus der Verbindung gingen drei Kinder hervor. Die beiden Söhne fielen im Zweiten Weltkrieg, die Tochter Dorothee heiratete 1933 Carl Erdmann Graf von Pückler und wurde 1941 Witwe.

Adrienne von Bülow ist wie ihre Cousine Stephanie, die Tochter des Wirtschaftswissenschaftlers Stephan Gans zu Putlitz, und deren Ehemann Hans von Raumer bei Schloss Dätzingen begraben.

Werke
 Joachim Gans zu Putlitz (Hg.): Carl Esser, Paul Wittko, Johann Vincent Cissarz, Die neuen königl. Hof-Theater zu Stuttgart. Zur Weihe und bleibenden Erinnerung. Unter Förderung Sr. Excell. des General-Intendanten Baron Joachim zu Putlitz. Sowie unter Mitwirkung hervorragender Persönlichkeiten des Theaterlebens, Stuttgart o. J.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Nachlass im Deutschen Literaturarchiv in Marbach

Theaterintendant
Person (Stuttgart)
Person (Württemberg)
Ehrenbürger von Ravensburg
Joachim
Joachim
Deutscher
Geboren 1860
Gestorben 1922
Mann

Joachim Gans zu Putlitz


Bučany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trnava din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.340 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Bučany este atestată documentar din 1258.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Bučany


La Plage de Manzhou (chinois traditionnel: 滿州海灘 ; pinyin: Mǎnzhōu Hǎitān ; anglais: Manzhou Beach) est une plage située dans le Parc national de Kenting, dans la péninsule de Hengchun, à comté de Pingtung, à l'extrême sud de Taïwan.

Activités
La plage est un endroit où les gens font du surf.

Voir aussi
 Liste des attractions touristiques à Taïwan

Références

Manzhou
Géographie de Taïwan

Plage de Manzhou


Playa Konyaaltı (en turco: Konyaaltı Plajı) es una de las dos principales playas de Antalya, en el país euroasiático de Turquía, la otra es la playa de Lara.

La playa se encuentra en el lado occidental de la ciudad y se extiende por 7 km desde los acantilados de las montañas Beydağları. Posee hacia el interior un parque de playa y varios bares, cafeterías, discotecas y hoteles, incluyendo el Hotel Sheraton Voyager.

El parque acuático 'Aqualand' está cerca a lo largo de Dumlupinar Bulvarı.

Véase también
 Geografía de Turquía
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Video de la playa en Youtube

Playas de Turquía
Geografía de la región del Mediterráneo
Provincia de Antalya

Playa Konyaaltı


Johannes Jørgensen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1949.

Handling
Optagelser af forfatteren i hjemmet i Assisi. Optagelserne stammer fra Minervas film fra 1946 om Johannes Jørgensen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1949

Johannes Jørgensen (dokumentarfilm)


Sanat sosyolojisi, sosyolojinin alt dallarından biridir ve sanatı toplumsal bir süreç olarak, diğer toplumsal fenomenlerle bağlantı içinde ele alır ve analiz eder. Modern sanatın gelişimi, sosyolojik bir araştırma sürecini gerektirdiğinde ve sosyoloji de kendi içinde alt dallara doğru ayrılırken, Avrupa'da ve ABD'de bazı sosyal bilimcilerin katkısıyla sanat sosyolojisi giderek özerkleşen bir alan olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle 20. yy.'ın ortalarında Frankfurt Okulu düşünürlerinin (T. Adorno, M. Horkheimer, H. Marcuse) katkıları bugün sanat sosyolojisi literatürü içinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Frankfurt Okulu, "sanat sosyolojisi" ve "sanat felsefesi" arasındaki dinamik etkileşim için de iyi bir örnektir.

Sanat sosyolojisi, sanatın toplum ile olan ilişkisi ile toplumun sanata olan ilişkisini bir arada incelemeye çalışır. Çünkü sanat, üretimi bireysel gibi görünen ancak toplumsal düzeyde açıklanabilecek bir olgudur. Bu sebeple toplumun ve dolayısı ile toplumsal kurumların (aile, eğitim, din, siyaset, ekonomi, hukuk, boş zamanları değerlendirme) ve hatta teknoloji ile etkileşime girip şekillenen ve doğrusal bir evrim sürecine sahip olmamakla birlikte sürekli olarak gelişen ve kendini yeniden üreten bir süreçtir. Bu süreç insanın varlığı ile başlayıp günümüze kadar uzanan süreç içerisinde, değişimin durmayacağı koşulu ile süregelmiştir. Bu etkilenme süreci de sanatı ve sanatsal eseri geçmişe yönelik, toplumların, toplumsal kurumların analizlerinde bir veri olarak kullanılmasını sağlamaktadır.

Pierre Bourdieu, Howard S. Becker, Robert W. Witkin, sanat sosyolojinin gelişiminde ve kurumsallaşmasında önemli katkıları olan isimlerdir. Bugün, ISA (International Sociological Association) ve ESA (European Sociological Association) gibi uluslararası sosyoloji organizasyonlarının bünyesinde, sanat sosyolojisi çalışmaları yapan sosyologların bir araya geldikleri alt bölümler bulunmaktadır. Bu alanda her yıl sözü edilen kurumlar tarafından uluslararası konferanslar ve seminerler organize edilmektedir.

Türkiye'de sanat sosyolojisi, görece yeni bir araştırma alanıdır. 1980'lerle birlikte sanat piyasasının gelişmeye başlaması, Batı sosyoloji literatürünün her geçen gün daha fazla Türkiye'de tanınması ve post-yapısalcılık, post-modernizm gibi söylemlerin yaygınlaşmasıyla beraber; üniversitelerde ve üniversite dışında sanat sosyolojisi çerçevesi içine dahil edilebilecek çalışmaların yapılmaya başlandığına tanık oluyoruz. Türkiye'de sanat sosyolojisine örnek gösterilebilecek çalışmalar için Ünal Nalbantoğlu, Besim Dellaloğlu, Ali Akay, Hasan Bülent Kahraman ve Hilmi Yavuz alınabilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Sociology of Art: A Reader by Jeremy Tanner
 Art and Social Structure by Robert W. Witkin

Görsel antropoloji
Sanat sosyolojisi
Görsel sanatlar

Sanat sosyolojisi


Abdullah Aref al-Yafi oder Aref el-Jafi (, * 7. September 1901 in Beirut, Osmanisches Reich; † 4. November 1986 in Beirut, Libanon) war ein libanesischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1938 und 1969 war er sieben Mal Premierminister seines Landes.

El-Yafi besuchte das Jesuitenkolleg der Beiruter Université Saint-Joseph und promovierte in Rechtswissenschaften an der Pariser Sorbonne. Seit 1926 arbeitete er als Anwalt und als Journalist. 1937 wurde er in das Beiruter Stadtparlament gewählt, von Oktober 1938 bis September 1939 war er erstmals Premierminister und Justizminister der noch von den französischen Mandatsbehörden gebildeten Regierung des Libanon. Seit 1943 wieder im Beiruter Stadtparlament, war el-Yafi 1944 Mitglied der libanesischen Delegation bei der Konferenz zur Vorbereitung der Gründung der Arabischen Liga, 1945 vertrat er sein Land auf der Konferenz von San Francisco, auf der die UNO gegründet wurde. Von Dezember 1946 bis April 1947 war er erneut Justizminister.

Von Juni 1951 bis Februar 1952 war wiederum Premierminister und zugleich Innenminister, im September 1952 scheiterte er zunächst an dem Versuch, erneut eine Regierung zu bilden. Im August 1953 wurde er dann zum vierten Mal Premierminister (sowie Innenminister, Verteidigungsminister, Informationsminister und Finanzminister) und hielt sich bis September 1954 im Amt, von dem er vorerst "endgültig" zurücktrat. Im März 1956 wurde er dann zum fünften Mal als Regierungschef (sowie als Innenminister und Planungsminister) berufen, trat aber im November 1956 zurück, als Präsident Camille Chamoun sich weigerte, während der britisch-französisch-israelischen Intervention in Ägypten die Beziehungen zu Frankreich und Großbritannien abzubrechen.

Zusammen mit seinen beiden Amtsvorgängern und -nachfolgern Saeb Salam und Rashid Karami führte el-Yafi den "Nationalkongress", der sich 1957 mit muslimischen Würdenträgern, drusischen Sozialisten, libanesischen Kommunisten, maronitischen Chamoun-Gegnern, dem maronitischen Patriarchen und dem schiitischen Parlamentspräsidenten zur "Front der Nationalen Vereinigung" gegen Chamoun zusammenschloss. Der Konflikt mit Chamoun führte 1958 zum Bürgerkrieg und zur Intervention der USA.

Bis 1965 zog sich el-Yafi daraufhin aus dem politischen Leben zurück, trat dann aber als Finanzminister in Karamis Kabinett ein. Nach Karamis Rücktritt wurde el-Yafi im April 1966 überraschend zum sechsten Mal als Premierminister, Innenminister, Informationsminister und Planungsminister berufen. Angetreten mit dem Versprechen, eine liberale Wirtschaftspolitik beizubehalten, scheiterte el-Yafi jedoch schon im Dezember 1966 an der Bekämpfung der weitverbreiteten Korruption, an der zuvor auch schon Karami gescheitert war. Dennoch folgte ihm Karami erneut als Regierungschef nach, und el-Yafi übernahm in dessen Kabinett bis 1968 erneut den Posten des Finanzministers. Ein siebtes und letztes Mal wurde el-Yafi im Februar 1968 Premierminister und zugleich Innenminister, Verteidigungsminister, Informationsminister, Planungsminister, Sozialminister und Erziehungsminister. Er musste aber nach einem israelischen Kommandoüberfall auf den Beiruter Flughafen (28. Dezember 1968) im Januar 1969 endgültig zurücktreten.

Literatur
 Lothar Rathmann: Geschichte der Araber – Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Band 6 (Der Kampf um den Entwicklungsweg in der arabischen Welt). Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1983
 Gustav Fochler-Hauke: Der Fischer Weltalmanach 1967. Frankfurt am Main 1966
 The International Who's Who 1988–89, Seite 1650. Fifty-Second Edition. Europa Publications Limited 1988 London

Weblink

Einzelnachweise

Premierminister (Libanon)
Innenminister (Libanon)
Verteidigungsminister (Libanon)
Finanzminister (Libanon)
Justizminister (Libanon)
Planungsminister
Libanese
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1986
Mann

Abdullah Aref al-Yafi


Dream House (título en España Detrás de las paredes), es una película estadounidense del género thriller psicológico que se estrenó el 30 de septiembre de 2011 en Estados Unidos y Canadá. Dirigida por Jim Sheridan, y protagonizada por Daniel Craig, Rachel Weisz y Naomi Watts.

Realización
La película Dream House fue dirigida por Jim Sheridan. Fue filmada entre febrero de 2010 y el 9 de abril de 2010 en Ontario, Canadá: en Carden Street, Gairloch Gardens, estación de ferrocarril de Guelph, Main Street (Newmarket), Pinewood Toronto Studios, Toronto y Whistler.

Sinopsis
Se dice que las casas tienen recuerdos. Pero hay un hombre que mataría por olvidar su hogar. Un thriller de suspenso acerca de una familia que se muda a una casa sin saber que ha sido el escenario de varios crímenes espeluznantes. Se convierten en el nuevo objetivo del asesino.

Will Atenton (Daniel Craig) deja su exitosa carrera de editor en Nueva York para trasladarse con su esposa Libby (Rachel Weisz) y sus dos hijas a un pequeño pueblo de Nueva Inglaterra, pero pronto descubrirá que la casa que habitan fue el escenario de un terrible asesinato que él mismo presenció pero no recuerda nada.

Estreno
La película se estrenó el 30 de septiembre de 2011 en Estados Unidos y Canadá, Portugal y Malasia.

Se estrenó en octubre en Bagkdad (con el título de "Dream House") el 5, el 6 en Hungría (con el nombre de "Álmok otthona") y Países Bajos, en Singapur el 13, en Estonia y México el 14, en Polonia (con el nombre de "Dom snów") el 21 y en Hong Kong el 27.

En noviembre, el 4, se estrenó en Brasil (bajo el nombre de "A Casa dos Sonhos") y España ("La casa de los sueños" o "Detrás de las paredes"), mientras que en Finlandia, Irlanda y Reino Unido se estrenará el 25 de noviembre.
Pronto descubren que Ann Patterson (Naomi Watts), era vecina de la familia que vivía anteriormente en esa casa.

En diciembre la película se estrenó en Suecia, el viernes 2.

Reparto
Daniel Craig es Will Atenton / Peter Ward.
Rachel Weisz es Libby Atenton / Elizabeth Ward.
Naomi Watts es Ann Patterson.
Elias Koteas es Boyce.
Marton Csokas es Jack Patterson.
Taylor Geare es Trish.
Claire Geare es Dee.
Rachel G. Fox es Chloe Patterson.
Jane Alexander es Dr. Greeley.
Brian Murray es Dr. Medlin.
Diego Navarro es Heather Keeler.

Referencias

Enlaces
 Página oficial de la película Dream House
 Facebook oficial de la película Dream House
 Película Detrás de las paredes (2011) en Imdb (español).

Películas con música de John Debney
Películas de terror

Dream House


Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim (nascido no final dos década de 1960 em Guéréda) é um político e chefe de um grupo armado chadiano.

Biografia
Nascido no leste do Chade, de etnia Tama, Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim é sobrinho de Mahamat Garfa e primo de Mahamat Abbo Sileck.

Terminado o liceu em Bongor, onde vive com Mahamat Garfa, juntou-se à rebelião de Idriss Déby em 1990, recomendado por uma carta forjada do Sultão de Tamas, contra o regime de Hissène Habré.

Após a queda deste último, foi nomeado prefeito de Biltine. Em seguida, ocupou vários cargos no Ministério da Defesa.

Em 1994, acompanhou Mahamat Garfa, então ministro, na sua ruptura com o regime e na criação de uma rebelião no leste do país.

No final de 2002 e início de 2003, Mahamat Garfa aderiu ao regime. Mahamat Nour e Mahamat Abbo Sileck decidem continuar a combater, mas colocam o movimento em dormência. Até 2005, oficialmente, converteu-se ao petróleo e montou um negócio em Cartum. No entanto, estabeleceu muitos contatos dentro do regime sudanês e é suspeito de auxiliar o exército sudanês e o janjawid contra os rebeldes em Darfur, suspeita reforçada por seu relacionamento com Musa Hilal, um dos líderes da mais temida milícia.

Guerra Civil Chadiana (2005-2010)

Em 2005, possivelmente a pedido do Sudão, Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim voltou a se engajar na rebelião no Chade. Seu movimento, ao qual inicialmente não nomeia, foi batizado em 31 de outubro de 2005 de Agrupamento para a Democracia e a Liberdade (RDL), provavelmente para competir com a nova rebelião que os irmãos Erdimi acabavam de criar a partir da Plataforma para a Mudança, Unidade e Democracia (SCUD). Com efeito, no final de 2005, as deserções massivas do exército chadiano levaram à criação de vários movimentos rebeldes no leste do Chade, em território sudanês. Incentivado e apoiado pelo Sudão, o movimento torna-se a base da Frente Unida para a Mudança Democrática (FUC ou FUCD) abrindo-se à Concórdia Nacional do Chade (CNT), mas também a dois movimentos fundados por ex-parentes do Presidente Déby, o RPJ e o SCUD. A FUC multiplica os ataques contra o exército chadiano.

No auge, em abril de 2006, a FUC tinha entre 6.000 e 7.000 homens.

No entanto, as profundas divergências entre os diferentes componentes da FUC fizeram com que, quando esta última (a primeira coligação apoiada pelo Sudão) lançou o primeiro grande ataque a partir do território sudanês em abril de 2006, apenas a RDL e a CNT participassem. No entanto, a FUC realizou um dos dois ataques bem-sucedidos na capital chadiana (junto com o de 2008) durante a guerra civil do Chade antes de ser repelido.

Após esse fracasso, a FUC se desfez e Nour caiu em desgraça perante as autoridades sudanesas. Seus homens se juntam em massa a outros movimentos, principalmente a União das Forças para a Democracia e o Desenvolvimento (UFDD) de Mahamat Nouri, que goza de autoridade e notoriedade e que agora torna-se o peão do Sudão.

Finalmente, Nour e seu movimento assinaram um acordo de paz com o presidente Déby no final de dezembro de 2006 durante uma conferência de paz na Líbia. No início de março de 2007, Nour foi nomeado ministro da Defesa do governo chadiano. Os ex-rebeldes da FUC são agora responsáveis pela defesa do leste do país, em colaboração com o Exército Nacional Chadiano (ANT) e os rebeldes do Movimento pela Justiça e Igualdade (MJE) de Darfur, dos ataques dos rebeldes chadianos.

O presidente do Chade, Idriss Deby Itno, o demitiu em 3 de dezembro de 2007, um dia após o início de novos combates entre seus homens e o exército no leste do país. Ele encontra refúgio na Embaixada da Líbia no Chade.

Após um longo exílio em Dubai, regressou ao país em 6 de fevereiro de 2014 após negociar com Idriss Déby. Este último o nomeou conselheiro da presidência em 2019 e o reabilitou no exército em agosto de 2020.

Família
Ele tem um meio-irmão, Abderahmane Khalifa Abdelkerim, que foi preso juntamente com Mahamat Nouri e Abakar Tollimi, em 17 de junho de 2019 por crimes contra a humanidade, crimes de guerra, exações, violações de direitos humanos, entre 2005 e 2010, no Chade e Darfur, antes de ser rapidamente liberado.

Políticos do Chade
Guerra Civil do Chade (2005–2010)

Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim


Klaus Kübler (* 17. April 1959) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Dreispringer.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften wurde er 1980 in Sindelfingen Sechster und gewann 1981 in Grenoble Silber.

1977 und 1980 wurde er Deutscher Meister, 1978 und 1979 Deutscher Vizemeister. In der Halle holte er 1980, 1982 und 1983 den nationalen Titel und wurde 1981 Vizemeister.

Klaus Kübler startete bis 1978 für die LG Rems-Murr, danach für den SV Salamander Kornwestheim.

Persönliche Bestleistungen

 Dreisprung: 16,91 m, 30. Mai 1981, Fürth
 Halle: 16,77 m, 6. Februar 1981, Sindelfingen

Weblinks

 Weite Radstrecken statt weiter Sprünge, Porträt von Uwe Flegel in der Backnanger Kreiszeitung, 11. September 2010

Dreispringer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (SV Salamander Kornwestheim)
Deutscher Meister (Leichtathletik)
Deutscher
Mann
Geboren 1959

Klaus Kübler (Leichtathlet)


مقبس 8 وهو من إنتاج شركة إنتل, وكان يستخدم فقط لوحدات المعالجة المركزية بنتيوم برو وبنتيوم 2 أوفر درايف من شركة إنتل. وأوقفت شركة إنتل استخدام هذا المقبس في معالجاته بنتيوم 2 واستخدمت بدلا منه شق 1. فإنقطعت الصلة بين الوحدات القديمة والجديدة، مما منع إسختدام وحدات بانتيوم برو القديمة في أنظمة لوحات الأم الأجدد. ولكن قامت بعض الشركات بخطوة ذكية، فهي أنتجت بطاقات سوكت كت تركب في شق 1 ويوجد عليها مقبس 8 لكي يركب عليه معالجات بنتيوم برو, مما أمن للميتخدمي البنتيوم برو خيار شراء لوحة ام جديدة دون الحاجة إلى تغير وحدة المعالجة المركزية.

وهو مطاوِل الشكل ويحتوي على 387 ثقب. وكانت سرعت ناقله الأف أس بي بين 60 هرتز و 66 MHz ويستخدم جهدين كهربائيين بقيمة 3.3 فولت و 3.1 فولت. وكان هذا المقبس يستخدم ترتيب أبر فريد من نوعه فيستخدم شبكة إبر مصفوفة في نصفه الأول وشبكة إبر مصفوفة متداخلة في النصف الثاني.

مراجع

مقابس وحدة المعالجة المركزية

مقبس 8


විවිධ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් සහ  ප්‍රභූත්වයෙන් යුතු පූර්ව-යටත් විජිත අප්‍රිකානු රාජධානි ගණනාවක් පැවැතී ඇත:
උතුරු අප්‍රිකාවේ යකඩ යුගයට අයත් අධිරාජ්‍යයන්
උතුරු අප්‍රිකාවේ මධ්‍යතන (8වන සිට 13වන සියවස දක්වා) ඉස්ලමීය අධිරාජ්‍යයන් (caliphates)
මධ්‍යතන සහේලියානු රාජධානි
ඉතියෝපියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය අධිරාජ්‍යයක් ලෙසින් සංගණ්‍යත්වයෙන් සැලකෙන්නේ, 13වන සියවසෙහි සිට 20වන සියවස දක්වා, ඉස්ලාමීය අභිභවනයන් හෝ යුරෝපියානු යටත්විජිතවාදයට හෝ නතු නොවී, අවිඡ්ඡින්නව පැවැතීම නිසාය.
15වන සිට 19වන සියවස් දක්වා පැවැති අධිරාජ්‍යයන්.
සුඩානයෙහි සහ අප්‍රිකාවෙහි අ‍ඟෙහි පැවැති ඉස්ලමීය සුල්තාන් රාජ්‍යයන්
 සහේලියානු රාජධානින්ගෙන් අනුප්‍රාප්තී වූ බටහිර අප්‍රිකාවෙහි රාජධානියන්
කොංගෝ රාජධානිය සහ මුටාපා අධිරාජ්‍යය වැනි මධ්‍ය හා දක්ෂිණ අප්‍රිකාවෙහි රාජධානි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 African empires
 List of current non-sovereign African monarchs
 List of Nigerian traditional states
 Monarchies in Africa

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි
 Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology

 Pre-colonial
 Pre-colonial
Africa
Africa-related lists
Africa
Africa

පූර්ව-යටත් විජිත අප්‍රිකාවේ රාජධානි


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Marcus Vitorius Marcellus, Romalı politikacı
 Nicomachus, Yunan matematikçi (ö. 120)

Ölümler

als:60er#60

60


James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career United States Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. McPherson was on the general staff of Henry Halleck and later of Ulysses S. Grant and was with Grant at the Battle of Shiloh. He was killed at the Battle of Atlanta, facing the army of his old West Point classmate John Bell Hood, who paid a warm tribute to his character. He was the second-highest-ranking Union officer killed in action during the war.

Early life and career

McPherson was born in Clyde, Ohio. He attended Norwalk Academy in Norwalk, Ohio, and graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1853, first in his class, which included Philip H. Sheridan, John M. Schofield, and John Bell Hood; Hood would oppose him later in the Western Theater. McPherson was directly appointed to the Corps of Engineers with the rank of brevet second lieutenant. For a year after his graduation, he was assistant instructor of practical engineering at the Military Academy, a position never before given to so young an officer.

From 1854 to 1857, McPherson was the assistant engineer upon the defenses of the harbor of New York and the improvement of the Hudson River. In 1857 he superintended the building of Fort Delaware, and in 1857–61 was superintending engineer of the construction of the defenses of Alcatraz Island, at San Francisco, California. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1858.

In 1859, while in San Francisco, he met Emily Hoffman, a woman from a prominent merchant family in Baltimore who had come to California to help care for her sister's children.  They soon became engaged and a wedding was planned, but ultimately put off by the onset of the Civil War.

Civil War

At the start of the American Civil War, McPherson requested a transfer from California back east. He departed the state on August 1, 1861, and arrived soon after in New York. He requested a position on the staff of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, one of the senior Western commanders. Promoted to captain on August 6, he was sent to St. Louis, Missouri, serving under Halleck. Halleck appointed him to command of the Department of the West in November, where he was chosen aide-de-camp to Halleck while also being promoted to lieutenant colonel.

McPherson's career began rising after this assignment. He was a lieutenant colonel and the Chief Engineer in Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's army during the capture of forts Henry and Donelson in February 1862.

During the days that led up to the Battle of Shiloh, McPherson accompanied Sherman questioning people in the area and learned that the Confederates were bringing large numbers of troops from every direction by train to Corinth, Mississippi, which was itself an important railroad junction.

He was promoted to brigadier general on May 15 and served as military superintendent of the railroads in western Tennessee. On October 8 he was promoted to major general and was soon after given command of the XVII Corps in Grant's Army of the Tennessee.

In September 1862, McPherson assumed a position on the staff of General Grant. He briefly commanded an infantry brigade before being promoted to major general, rising to that position primarily due to the influence of Halleck and Grant. Immediately after the siege of Vicksburg in which McPherson commanded the center, on Grant's recommendation McPherson was confirmed a brigadier general in the regular army, dating from August 1, 1863. Soon after this promotion, McPherson led a column of infantry into Mississippi and repulsed the enemy at Canton.

On March 12, 1864, he was given command of the Army of the Tennessee, after its former commander, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, was promoted to command of all armies in the West.  He then requested leave to go home and marry his fiancé Emily Hoffman in Baltimore, Maryland.  His leave was initially granted, but quickly revoked by Sherman, who explained McPherson was needed for his upcoming Atlanta Campaign. McPherson's army was the right wing of Sherman's army, alongside the Army of the Cumberland and the Army of the Ohio.

Sherman planned to have the bulk of his forces feint toward Dalton, Georgia, while McPherson would bear the brunt of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston's attack, and attempt to trap them. However, the Confederate forces eventually escaped, and Sherman blamed McPherson (for being "slow"), although it was mainly faulty planning on Sherman's part that led to the escape. McPherson's troops followed the Confederates "vigorously", and were resupplied at Kingston, Georgia. The troops drew near Pumpkinvine Creek, where they attacked and drove the Confederates from Dallas, Georgia, even before Sherman's order to do so. Johnston and Sherman maneuvered against each other, until the Union tactical defeat at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. McPherson then tried a flanking maneuver at the Battle of Marietta, but that failed as well.

Confederate President Jefferson Davis became frustrated with Johnston's strategy of maneuver and retreat, and on July 17 replaced him with Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. With the Union armies closing in on Atlanta, Hood first attacked George Henry Thomas's Army of the Cumberland north of the city on July 20, at Peachtree Creek, hoping to drive Thomas back before other forces could come to his aid. The attack failed. Then Hood's cavalry reported that the left flank of McPherson's Army of the Tennessee, east of Atlanta, was unprotected. Hood visualized a glorious replay of Jackson's famous flank attack at Chancellorsville and ordered a new attack. McPherson had advanced his troops into Decatur, Georgia, and from there, they moved onto high ground on Bald Hill overlooking Atlanta. Sherman believed that the Confederates had been defeated and were evacuating; however, McPherson rightly believed that they were moving to attack the Union left and rear. On July 22, while they were discussing this new development, however, four Confederate divisions under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee flanked Union Maj. Gen. Grenville Dodge's XVI Corps. While McPherson was riding his horse toward his old XVII Corps, a line of Confederate skirmishers appeared, yelling "Halt!". McPherson raised his hand to his head as if to remove his hat, but suddenly wheeled his horse, attempting to escape. The Confederates opened fire and mortally wounded McPherson in the back.  When the Confederate troops approached and asked his orderly who the downed officer was, the aide replied "Sir, it is General McPherson. You have killed the best man in our army."  This was early in the one-day Battle of Atlanta, part of the Atlanta Campaign that led to the surrender of Atlanta a month later. General Otis Howard succeeded him as commander of the Army and Department of the Tennessee.

Aftermath and Tributes

McPherson was the second-highest-ranking Union officer to be killed in action during the war (the highest ranking was John Sedgwick).

When Sherman received word of McPherson's death, he openly wept.  He then penned a letter to Emily Hoffman in Baltimore, stating:

Hoffman never recovered from his death, living a quiet and lonely life until her death in 1891.

Sherman declared in his official report:

His public enemies, even the men who directed the fatal shot, never spoke or wrote of him without expressions of marked respect; those whom he commanded loved him even to idolatry; and I, his associate and commander, fail in words adequate to express my opinion of his great worth. I feel assured that every patriot in America, on hearing this sad news, will feel a sense of personal loss, and the country generally will realize that we have lost, not only an able military leader, but a man who, had he survived, was qualified to heal the national strife which has been raised by designing and ambitious men.

McPherson's adversary, John Bell Hood, wrote,

Legacy

Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Georgia, area was named in Gen. McPherson's honor on February 20, 1866.

McPherson Square in Washington, D.C., and its Metro rail station are named in the general's honor. At the center of the square is a statue of McPherson on horseback.

McPherson County, Kansas, and the town of McPherson, Kansas, are named in his honor. McPherson Township, Blue Earth County, Minnesota is also named for him. There is also an equestrian statue of him in the park across from the McPherson County Courthouse.

McPherson County, South Dakota, founded in 1873, and organized in 1885, was also named in his honor.

McPherson County, Nebraska, and Fort McPherson National Cemetery, located near Maxwell, Nebraska, were named in his honor, and the National Cemetery was established on March 3, 1873. This  cemetery is located two miles (3 km) south of Interstate 80, near Exit 190.

A monument marking the death of McPherson was established at the location of his death in East Atlanta, at the intersection of McPherson Avenue and Monument Avenue. McPherson Avenue in Atlanta was named for him. The spot is marked by a Union cannon once placed at Glenwood Road and Flat Shoals Road to protect the flank of the front line and return fire against the defensive positions built by Lemuel P. Grant.

A distinctive engraved portrait of McPherson appeared on U.S. paper money in 1890 and 1891. The bills are called "treasury notes" or "coin notes" and are widely collected today because of their fine, detailed engraving. The $2 McPherson "fancyback" note of 1890, with an estimated 600–900 in existence relative to the 4.9 million printed, ranks as number 15 in the "100 Greatest American Currency Notes" compiled by Bowers and Sundman (2006).

The James B. McPherson Elementary School in the Ravenswood area of Chicago, Illinois, was named for McPherson.

In his home town of Clyde, Ohio, James B. McPherson Highway (US 20) was dedicated and named in his honor on August 9, 1941; the designation was extended across the state in 1973. The McPherson Middle School and McPherson Cemetery are named for him as well. The cemetery was named Evergreen Cemetery, but was renamed McPherson Cemetery on December 15, 1868. There is also a monument that was erected in his honor on July 22, 1881, at the McPherson Cemetery. President Rutherford B. Hayes gave the dedication speech during the ceremony for the monument. There were many US Civil War officers in attendance for the dedication of the monument, including General William Tecumseh Sherman. His childhood home on E. Maple Street in Clyde, Ohio is now owned by the Clyde Heritage League and is a museum that can be toured.

In popular media
The alternate history novel Never Call Retreat: Lee and Grant: The Final Victory, by Newt Gingrich, and William R. Forstchen, includes McPherson as a major character.

In another alternate history, If the South Had Won the Civil War by MacKinlay Kantor – in which the war ended in 1863 with a decisive Confederate victory – McPherson survived to become President of the United States for two terms in the 1880s and strongly pursue a line of reconciliation with the Confederate States.

McPherson and his hat also feature prominently in the book Map of Thieves, by Michael Karpovage.

McPherson has been mentioned several times on the Drunken Peasants podcast by host TJ Kirk who has stated he is a relative of McPherson's. Unless he is a very distant relative then he is not related to McPherson. One of McPherson's brothers died without issue, the other had one son, who then died without issue. McPherson's sister Emeline had 3 children, with only her oldest daughter, Emma McPherson VanderCook, having living decedents today; none of whom are TJ Kirk. In 2023 Kirk stated that it was possible that the claims of his ancestry to McPherson were just "family bullshit."

The 1939 film Union Pacific depicts a (fictional) steam locomotive named after McPherson.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)
 Fort Date Creek

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

 Reid Whitelaw Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers. Volume I: History of the State During the War, and the Lives of Her Generals. Cincinnati: Moore, Wistach & Baldwin, 1868. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. .
Woodworth, Steven E., ed. Grant's Lieutenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001.

Internet sources

 Northern Georgia - James B. McPherson
 James McPherson Biography

External links

 Pictures of U.S. Treasury Notes featuring James B. McPherson, provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
 Orders issued by General William T. Sherman to James B. McPherson on the day of McPherson's death, July 22, 1864. From the collection of the Georgia Archives.

 Death of McPherson historical marker

1828 births
1864 deaths
People from Clyde, Ohio
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
United States Military Academy alumni

James B. McPherson


Die Streitkräfte Armeniens (armenisch:Հայկական Բանակ) ist das Militär der Republik Armenien.
Die armenischen Streitkräfte gliedern sich in Heer (arm.: Հայկական Բանակ), Luftstreitkräfte (arm.: Հայաստանի Ռազմաօդային Ուժեր), Luftverteidigung (arm.: Հայաստանի Ռազմաօդային Ուժեր) und Grenzschutz (arm.:Հայաստանի Սահմանի Պահակություն).
Armenien hat keine Marine, da es ein Binnenstaat ist.
Der Oberbefehlshaber der Streitkräfte ist der armenische Premierminister, zurzeit Nikol Paschinjan. Die Streitkräfte wurden kurz nach der Unabhängigkeit Armeniens am 28. Januar 1992 aufgestellt.
Bislang bestand eine enge Kooperation mit den russischen Streitkräften. Armenien ist Mitglied der Partnerschaft für den Frieden und der Organisation des Vertrags über kollektive Sicherheit.

Einsätze
Erstmals wurden die armenischen Streitkräfte während des Bergkarabach-Konflikts im Jahr 1993 eingesetzt. Damals griffen die armenische Streitkräfte auf Seiten der Republik Bergkarabach ein. Im Verlauf des Krieges konnten die Truppen der Republik Bergkarabach gemeinsam mit der armenischen Armee große Teile der mehrheitlich von Armeniern bewohnten Region Bergkarabach in Aserbaidschan unter ihre Kontrolle bringen. Außerdem besetzten sie die aserbaidschanischen Bezirke Ağdam, Cəbrayıl, Füzuli, Kəlbəcər, Laçın, Qubadlı und Zəngilan, die außerhalb von Bergkarabach liegen. Im April 2016 kam es zu einer Eskalation der Lage an der Waffenstillstandslinie rund um Bergkarabach mit etwa 200 Toten. Im Juli 2020 kam es entlang der Grenze zwischen Armenien und Aserbaidschan erneut zu Gefechten.

Im Bergkarabachkrieg 2020 mussten die armenischen Streitkräfte nach nur 44 Tagen Krieg die militärische Niederlage gegenüber der aserbaidschanischen Armee erklären. Die armenischen Truppen waren offenbar auf einen größeren Konflikt mit Aserbaidschan nur unzureichend vorbereitet. Die Niederlage hatte große Gebietsverluste der Armenier zur Folge.

Die armenischen Streitkräfte liefern sich bis heute Gefechte mit Aserbaidschan an der Waffenstillstandslinie im armenisch-aserbaidschanischen Grenzkrieg.

Internationale Friedensmissionen
Armenien entsandte zudem 46 Soldaten in den Irakkrieg, wo sie als Mitglied der Koalition der Willigen polnischem Kommando unterstellt waren. Außerdem ist Armenien im Moment mit 70 Soldaten an der KFOR-Mission in Kosovo beteiligt sowie zeitweise mit 120 Soldaten an der Resolute-Support-Mission der NATO in Nordafghanistan unter deutschem Kommando.

Ausrüstung

Die in den armenischen Streitkräften eingesetzten Waffen bzw. Waffensysteme sind sowjetischen bzw. russischen Ursprungs.

Stand: 2016

Heer

Luftwaffe

Die Flugabwehr nutzt die Systeme Tor-M2KM, 2K11 Krug, S-75, S-125, 9K32 Strela-2, 9K33 Osa S-300P, 9K35 Strela-10, 9K310 Igla-1 und 9K38 Igla.

Gemessen an seinem Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) und der Gesamtbevölkerung wies Armenien laut dem Globalen Militarisierungsindex (GMI) des Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) im Jahre 2015 den höchsten Militarisierungsgrad in Europa auf. Im weltweiten Maßstab lag das Land im gleichen Jahr auf Platz 3 hinter Israel und Singapur.

Generalstabschefs

Öffentlichkeitsarbeit
Teil der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der "Streitkräfte Armeniens" ist das TV-Programm "Streitkräfte" ("Zinuzh" / "Զինուժ"), das Samstagabend im armenischen öffentlichen Fernsehen ausgestrahlt wird. Daneben betreiben die Streitkräfte einen eigenen YouTube-Kanal namens "Zinuzh MEDIA" ("Զինուժ ՄԵԴԻԱ"). Dieser gehört zum "Zinuzh"-Programm des Verteidigungsministeriums und hat nach eigenen Angaben das Ziel, das Leben der Streitkräfte nachvollziehbar zu machen, den militärischen Tagesablauf und Militärdienst an der Grenze zu Aserbaidschan, sowie in der Region Bergkarabach ("Arzach") zu zeigen. Daneben sollen "Porträts bekannter Offiziere, Soldaten, Berichte über die Bewaffnung, Ausrüstung im Arsenal der armenischen Armee, Expertenmeinungen, Analysen zu regionalen Entwicklungen, Informationen über die Situation an der Front usw." vermittelt werden. Das Logo zeigt einen nach links gewandten stilisierten Adlerkopf mit Flügelansätzen. Unter dem Titel "«Streitkräfte» Fernsehprogramm" («Զինուժ» հեռուստածրագիր) betreibt die Abteilung für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit des Verteidigungsministeriums auch einen Facebook-Kanal.

Galerie

Siehe auch
 Streitkräfte der Republik Bergkarabach
 Soldatenfriedhof Jerablur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Website des armenischen Militärs (auch englisch)

Streitkräfte Armeniens


Finnur Mikkjalsson Helmsdal (født 20. april 1952 i Tórshavn, død 5. december 2008 i Tórshavn) var en færøsk socialrådgiver, forfatter og politiker (T).

Han var ansat ved Almannastovan (Socialkontoret, kaldes nu Almannaverkið) som rådgiver 1981–1985 og leder 1994–1998. Han var leder i Andveikraverndin (Udviklingshæmmedes værn) 1985–1994. Han var også medlem af Ættleiðingarráðið (Adoptionsrådet) 1985–1988. Han var desuden leder af Føroya Barnaheim (Færøernes børnehjem).

Helmsdal var vicerepræcentant til Lagtinget fra Suðurstreymoy 1998–2002, og mødte fast for Høgni Hoydal hele denne periode. Helmsdal stillede ikke op til valget i 2002, men blev indvalgt ved 2004. Han var sammen med partifællen Annita á Fríðriksmørk manden bag antidiskriminationsloven af 2006, paragraf 266b, som fik megen medieomtale og blev meget diskuteret blandt folk. Da valgkredsene blev nedlagt ved valget i 2008 og Færøerne ved lov blev til en valgkreds, blev han ikke genvalgt, men mødte som suppleant for Sjúrður Skaale fra 20. februar til 7. august 2008.

Helmsdal var meget interesseret i fodbold, med Chelsea FC og Færøerne som favorithold. Foruden sin egen spilleraktivitet i sine yngre år, som forsvarsspiller for HB Tórshavn i 1970'erne og flere landsholdskampe for Færøerne, skrev han to bøger med relation til fodbold.

Han døde af kræft på Landssjúkrahúsið i Tórshavn den 5. december 2008, 56 år gammel.

Bibliografi
Reytt, blátt og hvítt (1991), engelsk: Red, blue and white (1992)
Í altjóða fótbólti í 10 ár (1998)

Referencer

Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Tjóðveldi
Personer fra Thorshavn
Socialrådgivere fra Færøerne
Skønlitterære forfattere fra Færøerne

Finnur Helmsdal


غورني (Γούρναι) هي قرية ساحلية كبيرة في كومونة أنوبلي وهي تابع لبلدية خيرسونيسوس في مقاطعة إريكليون في جزيرة كريت. كانت تنتمي سابقا إلى مقاطعة بيديادوس.

الجغرافيا
يقع غورني على الساحل الشمالي لجزيرة كريت على مسافة 14.5 كم شرق هيراكليون. على ارتفاع 40 مترًا عن سطح البحر، على الطريق الرئيسي المؤدي إلى آغيوس نيكولاوس. الزراعة هي المهنة الرئيسية لسكانها. يتم إنتاج زيت الزيتون والنبيذ والزبيب والخضروات. يوجد في القرية كنيستان، وهي كيسة القديس جرجس وكنيسة بشارة العذراء، بالإضافة إلى مدرسة ابتدائية وروضة أطفال. تشتهر المستوطنة بحديقة حيوان بحرية تدعى كريتاكواريوم، وهو حوض السمك الوحيد في جزيرة كريت والذي يقع في مكان قريب. بلغ عدد سكانها 1,814 نسمة حسب تعداد 2011. مع تنفيذ برنامج كاليكراتيس عام 2010، أصبحت المقر الرئيسي لبلدية خيرسونيسوس. كما تسشكل مع أنوبولي ودير أجيوس يوانيس ثيولوجوس وبلدة كوكيني هاني كومونة أنوبوليس التي تنتمي إلى وحدة البلدية غوفيس (بلدية كابوديستريان سابقًا) التابعة لبلدية خيرسونيسوس.

التاريخ
كشفت الحفريات في منطقة القرية عن أنقاض مستوطنة مينوسية. كشفت حفريات فريق جوزيف هاتزيداكيس عن مقابر تعود إلى العصر المينوسي الأوسط. وعثر بداخلها على مزهريات وتماثيل وأختام. تم العثور أيضا على أحافير لكائنات بحرية على تلال بالقرب من شرق الموقع.

سميت المستوطنة غورنس وكان عدد سكانها 146 نسمة في تعداد كاستروفالاكا عام 1583. يرجع هذا الاسم إلى الأحواض (urna)، أي حاويات بها ماء لسقي الحيوانات.

المراجع

مدن اليونان

غورني (إراكليون)


Matrah, vergi borcunu hesaplamak için kullanılan, vergi yasalarına göre belirlenen vergiye tabi tutardır/değerdir.

Matrah, içerdiği değere göre ikiye ayrılır:
Advalorem matrah: Belirli bir rakamdır. (.....TL). Örneğin gelir vergisinde  elde edilen gelirden indirilebilir giderler düşüldükten sonra kalan kısım matrahı oluşturur. Bu tutara "oran" uygulanması yoluyla da vergi borcu hesaplanır; bu işleme de verginin tarhı denilmektedir.
Spesifik matrah: Vergiye sebep olan şeyin cinsi, özelliğine göre belirlenen matrahtır (m2, kwat, motor gücü 1500 gibi). Örneğin MTV'de matrah hesaplanırken motorlu taşıtın motor gücü hesaba katılmaktadır.

Matrah Belirleme Usulleri

Beyan Usulü: Vergi mükellefinin kendi matrahını beyan etmesidir.

Karine usulü: Vergi mükellefinin gelir veya servetinin ölçüsü olduğu kabul edilen çeşitli dış göstergelerden yararlanmak suretiyle vergi matrahının hesaplanmasıdır.

Götürü Usul: Vergilendirmeye esas olacak değer veya miktarın tek tek belirlenmesi yerine aynı durumdaki tüm vergi mükellefleri için genel olarak belirlenmesidir.

İdarece Takdir Usulü: Matrahın belirlenmesi konusunda idarenin takdir hakkını kullanmasıdır.

Vergiler

Matrah


Le Toûno est un sommet des Alpes valaisannes, au-dessus du village de Saint-Luc, qui culmine à  d'altitude. Il est situé à l'ouest de la pointe de Tourtemagne.

Toponymie
Toûno, orthographié « Tounot » ou « Tono » au , serait un hypocoristique du prénom Antoine.

Références

Sommet des Alpes suisses
Sommet des Alpes pennines
Montagne dans le canton du Valais

Le Toûno


Étienne Turquet (* um 1495 in Cherasco, Herzogtum Savoyen; † um 1560 in Lyon) war ein Lyoner Kaufmann, der die Grundlage für die Seidentuchproduktion in Lyon legte. Die Seidenweberei sollte Geschichte der Stadt fortan jahrhundertelang prägen.

Turquet, der piemontesischer Herkunft war, begründete seinen Handel in Lyon mit der Einfuhr von Gewürzen und Samt. Ab 1536 eröffnete er die ersten Seidenwebereien. Zur selben Zeit erhielt er von der Stadtregierung (Consulat de Lyon) die Erlaubnis, Facharbeiter aus Genua anzuwerben und der französische König Franz I. stellte ihm das Patent zur Gründung einer Handelsgesellschaft aus. Der König, der am Italienischen Krieg beteiligt war, verfolgte damit auch das Ziel, das Monopol seiner Feinde in Oberitalien zu brechen.

Da die Gesellschaft größtenteils Frauen und Kinder beschäftigte, die in der Aumônerie générale de Lyon, einer kirchlichen Fürsorgeinrichtung, untergebracht waren, wurde Turquet auch deren Almosenier.

Literatur

 Patrice Béghain, Bruno Benoit, Gérard Corneloup und Bruno Thévenon: Dictionnaire historique de Lyon, S. 1333. S. Bachès, Lyon, 2009.

Gestorben im 16. Jahrhundert
Geboren im 15. Jahrhundert
Mann
Kaufmann
Franzose

Étienne Turquet


Moga (en punyabí: ਮੋਗਾ ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Moga, en el estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 225  a 167 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 139 209 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Moga


භාරතය දකුණු ආසියානු රටකි. එය ජම්බුද්වීපය, හින්දුස්ථාන් හා ඉන්දියාව යන නම්වලින් ද හැඳින්වේ. ප්‍රමාණය අතින් ලොව සත්වන තැන භාරතයට හිමිවෙයි. බිලියන 1.18ක ජනගහණයක් සහිත මෙම රට ලොව චීනයට පසුව වැඩිම ජනතාවක් වෙසෙන රට වන අතර ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී රටවල් අතුරින් වැඩිම ජනගහණය සහිත රට වෙයි. දකුණෙන් ඉන්දියන් සාගරයෙන් ද, බටහිරින් අරාබි මුහුදින් ද, නැගෙනහිරින් බෙංගාල බොක්කෙන් ද වටවී ඇති භාරතය බටහිරින් පකිස්තානයෙන් ද, උතුරින් චීනය, නේපාලය සහ භූතානය යන රටවලින් ද, නැගෙනහිරින් බංගලාදේශයෙන් සහ බුරුමයෙන් ද මායිම් වී ඇත. ඉන්දියන් සාගරයේ පිහිටි ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ මාලදිවයින ද භාරතයට ආසන්න ව පිහිටයි. භාරතයට අයත් අන්දමන් සහ නිකොබාර් දූපත් ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ සුමාත්‍රා දූපතට ආසන්නව පිහිටා ඇත. භාරතය සතුව කිලෝමීටර් 7,517ක මුහුදු තීරයක් පවතියි.

අතීතයේ සිටම වෙළෙඳ සහ සංස්කෘතික අතින් දියුණු ප්‍රදේශයක් වූ ඉන්දියානු උප මහාද්වීපය ඉන්දු නිම්න ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, අධිරාජ්‍ය සහ වෙළෙඳ මාර්ග ගණනාවකට නිජභූමිය විය. හින්දු ධර්මය, බුදු දහම, ජෛන ධර්මය සහ සිඛ ධර්මය යන ප්‍රධාන ධර්ම හතරක් භාරතයේ බිහිවුණ අතර ශරතුස්ත්‍රවාදය (Zoroastrianism), යුදෙව්, ක්‍රිස්තියානි සහ ඉස්ලාම් වැනි ආගම් ද බොහෝ කලක සිට පැවතීම මෙහි සංස්කෘතික විවිධත්වය ඇති කිරීමට හේතුවිය. දහඅට වැනි සියවස මුල් භාගයේ දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නැගෙනහිර ඉන්දියා සමාගම මගින් එක්සත් රාජධානියට අයත් යටත් විජිතයක් කර ගන්නා ලද භාරතය අවිහිංසාවාදී අරගලයකින් පසු 1947 දී නිදහස් රාජ්‍යයක් බවට පත්විය.

භාරතය පාර්ලිමේන්තු ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයක් සහිත ෆෙඩරල් ව්‍යවස්ථාමය සමූහාණ්ඩුවකි. එය ප්‍රාන්ත 28කින් සහ කේන්ද්‍රීය පාලන ප්‍රදේශ 8කින් සමන්විතය.

භාරතීය ආර්ථිකය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය අනුව ලොව 5 වැනි තැන ද, ක්‍රය ශක්ති සාම්‍යය අනුව ලොව 4 වැනි තැන ද ගනියි. 1991 දී ඉන්දීය ආර්ථිකය ලිහිල් කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව එය ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් සංවර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයක් බවට පත් විය.

භාරතයේ ප්‍රාන්ත

	අරුණාචල් ප්‍රදේශ්
	ආන්ධ්‍රා ප්‍රදේශ්
 ඇසාමය
 උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ්
 උත්තරාඛණ්ඩ්
 ඔයිෂා
	කර්ණාටක
	කේරළය
	ගුජරාටය
	ගෝව
	ඡත්තීස්ගාර්හ්
	ඣාර්ඛණ්ඩ්
 තමිල්නාඩුව
	ත්‍රීපුර
 තෙලංගනාව
 නාගලන්තය
 පන්ජාබය
 බටහිර බෙංගාලය
	බිහාර්
 මණිපුර
 මධ්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ්
 මහාරාෂ්ට්‍ර
 මිසෝරාම්
 මේඝාලය
 රාජස්ථාන්
	හර්යානා
 සික්කිම්
	හිමාචල් ප්‍රදේශ්

කේන්ද්‍රීය පාලන ප්‍රදේශ (Union Territories):

 අන්දමන් හා නිකොබාර් දූපත්
	චන්දිගාර්හ්
	ජම්මු හා කාශ්මීරය
	දාද්‍රා, නගර් හවේලී, දමණ් හා දීව්
	දිල්ලිය - ජාතික අගනුවර ප්‍රදේශය
 පුදුචෙරි
 ලක්ෂද්වීප්
 ලදඛ්

සබැඳි
[1]

"State Emblem -Inscription". National Informatics Centre(NIC). Retrieved 2007-06-17.

[3]

"India at a glance: Population". Census of India, 2001. Government of India. Retrieved 25 April 2009.

[4]

"India". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 April 2010.

[5]

"Field Listing — Distribution of family income — Gini index". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.

[6]

"Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G" (PDF). The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.

භාරතය