Akhmed-bey Pépinov (en azéri : Əhməd bəy Ömər oğlu Pepinov ; né en 1893 à Bolojur, Akhaltsikhé ouïezd et mort en 1938 à Almaty) est une personnalité publique et politique azerbaïdjanaise d'origine un Turc meskhète.

Éducation
Après avoir terminé le gymnase de Tiflis en 1913, Akhmed bey Pépinov part en Russie pour étudier à la faculté de droit de l'Université de Moscou. À Moscou, il rejoint l'Organisation des compatriotes d'Azerbaïdjan et publie des articles dans un journal local sous le pseudonyme « Ahmed Jovdat d'Akhalkalaki ». En 1918 il s'installe à Bakou.

Vie politique
Pendant les années de la République démocratique d'Azerbaïdjan, Pépinov devient membre du parlement de la jeune république. Il fait partie de la faction « socialistes » « Gummet ». Le , il est nommé ministre du Travail et de l'Agriculture (après Aslan-bek Kardachev) du  au . Immédiatement après sa nomination au poste de ministre, Pépinov demande que le projet de loi « Sur l'approvisionnement en terres de la population de la République d'Azerbaïdjan » soit renvoyé du Département des affaires gouvernementales pour révision au ministère. Ainsi, le , le nouveau ministre convoque une réunion sur la question du travail avec la participation des organisations syndicales. Akhmed-bek Pépinov assure les travailleurs de la fin des raids politiques contre le Club et les organisations de travailleurs de la part des syndicats, et promet également l'abolition du gouvernement général militaire de Bakou et la liberté totale de réunion ainsi que l'augmentation des salaires. Les ouvriers promettent de soutenir Pépinov, à condition que toutes ses promesses soient respectées.

Démission
Au printemps 1920, grâce aux efforts du parti Musavat dominant au parlement, une lutte active contre les éléments anti-étatiques commence. Des arrestations sont entreprises parmi les bolcheviks et des clubs ouvriers ferment. Le , Pépinov, lors d'une session ordinaire du Parlement, proteste contre la fermeture du Club des travailleurs et les arrestations effectuées. La plupart des députés rejètent la proposition de Pépinov de discuter cette question. À cet égard, Pépinov annonce sa démission lors de la prochaine réunion parlementaire. Le , Akhmed-bek Pépinov démissionne de son poste de ministre.

Activité sous les Soviets
En , Pépinov et un autre membre du parlement, Rahim-bey Vekilov, sont envoyés à Grozny pour des négociations afin de bloquer l'entrée d'unités de l'Armée rouge en Azerbaïdjan. Après l'occupation d'avril et la soviétisation de l'Azerbaïdjan, Pépinov supervise les travaux sur l'éducation et le journalisme. Cependant, en tant qu'ancien ministre de l'ADR, il subit des pressions. Au début des années 1930, Pépinov est contraint de déménager à Oulianovsk. Plus tard, il déménage à Alma-Ata et jusqu'en 1934 il est vice-ministre de l'Éducation de la RSS du Kazakhstan. Il est réprimé en 1937 et réhabilité en 1955.

Mémoire
À Bakou, il y a une plaque commémorative avec un bas-relief sur le mur de la maison où Akhmed-bek Pépinov a vécu de 1919 à 1931.

Références

Naissance en septembre 1893
Décès en juillet 1938
Ministre azerbaïdjanais de l'Agriculture
Naissance à Akhalkalaki
Décès à Almaty
Décès à 44 ans

Akhmed-bey Pepinov


Heerbach ist der Name folgender Fließgewässer:

 Heerbach (Aschaff), rechter Zufluss der Aschaff in Waldschaff, Landkreis Aschaffenburg, Bayern
 Heerbach (Hirschbach), rechter Zufluss des Hirschbachs (zum Weilersbach, zum Kocher) bei Tierberg, Gemeindeteil Steinkirchen, Braunsbach, Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg
 Heerbach (Urff), rechter Zufluss der Urff zwischen Hundsdorf und Armsfeld, beide zur Stadt Bad Wildungen, Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg, Hessen

Heerbach ist ein Familienname:

 Gerhard Heerbach (* 1923), deutscher Politiker (DBD)

Siehe auch:
 Heergraben

Heerbach


الاتحاد العالمي للأبراج الشاهقة (World Federation of Great Towers) هي جمعية دولية أنشئت في عام 1989 ومقره في ملبورن (أستراليا)، الذي يجمع بين الهيئات الإدارية للأبراج الشاهقة (الرصد والاتصالات وناطحات السحاب في جميع أنحاء العالم.

إن المعيار الرئيسي لإدراج مبنى في الاتحاد هو وجود مرصد مفتوح للجمهور وان يكون البرج جذب سياحي. والغرض من ذلك هو تبادل المعلومات لتحسين الإدارة، وتنظيم تبادل الخبرات الدولية وتعزيز المواقع. عضوية الرابطة تُكلف 1500 دولار في السنة. ال25 برج ألتابعين للاتحاد تستقبل 20 مليون زائر سنويا.

أنشئ تصنيف أخر سُمى سوبر ناطحات سحاب (supertall), تشير إلى تلك المباني التي تجاوزت 80 طابق، أو التي ارتفاعها الأدنى 305 متر. حاليا، أقل من عشرين مبنى في جميع أرجاء العالم يمكن تعريفها بأنها سوبر و 10 فقط من بين هؤلاء (ابتدأ من البرجين التوأمين في نيويورك في عام 1973 التي دمرت في 11 سبتمبر 2001) قد تجاوزت ال 400 متر في حين لا تتعدى 6 مباني التي تتجاوز حاليا 100 طابقا.

الأبراج
قائمة الأبراج لسنة 2010 تضم 29 منضمة للاتحاد تتراوح ارتفاعاتها ما بين 828 م و 95م، مدرجة هنا من الأعلى إلى الأدنى :

الأعضاء السابقون

مقالات ذات صلة
 قائمة أطول خمسين بناية في نيويورك

الروابط الخارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

منظمات عالمية
ناطحات سحاب

الاتحاد العالمي للأبراج الشاهقة


İsviçre'de geleneksel bir Yahudi ailesinin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. İlk gençlik yıllarından itibaren kendisini Doğu ve Batı'nın büyük metafizik öğretilerini özellikle de Neo-Platonizm, Sufizm ve Advaita Vedanta'yı araştırmaya adadı.

Tradisyonalist/Perennialist okulun diğer yazarları ile birlikte bazı zor metafizik kavramları kavramaya ve antik ve Orta Çağ dönemi bilgelerinin yazılarını yorumlamaya çalıştı.

Schaya Kabala'nın metafizik ve ezoterik bilgeliği üzerine bazı makaleler ve yine konuyla ilgili The Universal Meaning of the Kabbalah (1958) adlı bir de kitap yayınladı. Ayrıca Sufi tevhid öğretisi üzerine de bir kitap kaleme almıştır.

Kaynakça
 Leo Schaya

Ayrıca bakınız

 Tradisyonalizm
 Perennializm

Kitapları

 The Universal Meaning of the Kabbalah
 Creation, Image of God

Tradisyonalistler

Leo Schaya


Homam Al-Amin Ahmed (; Doha, 25 de agosto de 1999) é um futebolista catari que joga como lateral. Atualmente joga pelo Al-Gharafa.

Estatísticas de carreira

 Pontuações e resultados listam a contagem de gols do Catar primeiro.

Títulos

Clube
Al-Gharafa
 Qatari Stars Cup: 2017–18, 2018–19

Naturais de Doa
Futebolistas do Catar
Futebolistas do Al-Gharafa Sports Club
Jogadores da Seleção Catariana de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa Ouro da CONCACAF de 2021
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022

Homam Ahmed


Gheorghe Falcă, né le  à Brad, est un homme politique roumain, membre du Parti national libéral (PNL). Il est député européen depuis 2019.

Biographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des députés européens de Roumanie de la 9e législature - Liste des députés européens de la 9e législature

Liens externes

Député européen membre du Parti national libéral (Roumanie)
Député européen du groupe du Parti populaire européen 2019-2024
Député européen élu en Roumanie 2019-2024
Naissance en janvier 1967
Naissance dans le județ de Hunedoara

Gheorghe Falcă


El Aeródromo de Samara-Kriazh (ruso: Аэродром Кряж; código IATA , ICAO: ) es una base aérea situado a unos 10 km al sur de Samara, en el óblast de Samara, Rusia. Está a 2,5 km al sudeste de la estación ferroviaria de Kriazh, de la que toma el nombre.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR de Samara-Kurúmoch (ICAO: UWWW).

Pista
El aeródromo de Samara-Kriazh dispone de una pista de hormigón en dirección 02/20 de 2.125x40 m. (6.972x131 pies).

Historia
Durante los años de la Gran Guerra Patria era uno de los aeródromos de la 1ª aerobrigada de reserva de las fuerzas aéreas.

Durante los años 60 se basaban aquí aviones de transporte Ilyushin Il-14. Durante esa época las dotaciones del aeródromo participaron en tareas de búsqueda y rescate de los cosmonautas en su regreso a la tierra. Hasta finales de la década no se construyó la pista actual. Como durante los períodos de primavera y otoño la pista quedaba empapada, lo que la hacía impracticable, las operaciones se trasladaban al aeropuerto civil de Smyshliayevka.

El 12 de abril de 1961 partió del aeródromo el avión que transportó a Yuri Gagarin, tras su histórico viaje, entre los aeródromos de Enguels y Bezymianka.

Entre las décadas del 1970 y 1990 en el aeródromo se basaban:
 Regimiento Aéreo Mixto Especial (unidad militar 40812), entre cuya dotación se encontraban los aviones Antonov An-24, Antonov An-26, Antonov An-72, Tupolev Tu-134 y helicópteros Mil Mi-8 (en 1998 el regimiento fue disuelto).
 144-YA Escuadrilla especial de transporte aéreo de la 28 división de Defensa Aérea.

Actualmente en el aeródromo se basa el centro de aviación deportiva de las fuerzas aéreas, que cuenta con 3 aviones Antonov An-2, 9 helicópteros Mil Mi-2, 3 aviones Yakovlev Yak-54, 1 helicóptero Mil Mi-8MT, 1 helicóptero Mil Mi-8MTv2 y 1 avión Yakovlev Yak-52. Depende del Club Central Deportivo (TsSk Fuerzas Aéreas). Una parte de las aeronaves del centro se encuentra en el aeródromo de tierra de Rozhdestveno, situado a unos 15 km al norte. En el centro se realiza el ciclo completo de preparación de los deportistas-paracaidistas, desde la iniciación hasta la calificación superior, incluyendo especialización en paracaidismo de desembarco y búsqueda y rescate de las fuerzas aéreas. En estas instalaciones realiza regularmente su preparación la selección de paracaidistas deportivos de las fuerzas aéreas.

Véase también
Aeropuerto Internacional de Samara-Kurúmoch
Aeropuerto de Samara-Smyshliayevka
Aeródromo de Samara-Bezymianka
Aeródromo de Rozhdestveno

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Características técnicas del aeropuerto - Índice de aeropuertos de Rusia (en inglés). Consultado el 18 de septiembre de 2011
  (en ruso). Consultado el 18 de septiembre de 2011
 Noticia sobre competición de aviación de deportiva en Kriazh aparecida en "Argumentos y hechos" el 28 de julio de 2011 (en ruso). Consultado el 18 de septiembre de 2011
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos Samara en "Our Airports" (en inglés) Consultado el 31 de marzo de 2012

Samara-Kriazh
Samara-Kriazh
Bases militares de la Unión Soviética

Aeródromo de Samara-Kriazh


Sérgio Henrique Saboia Bernardes (født 18. maj 1973) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Verdy Kawasaki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Sérgio Henrique Saboia Bernardes


Laketon bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Laketon (Indiana)
 Laketon (Kentucky)
 Laketon (Michigan)
 Laketon (Pennsylvania)
 Laketon (Texas)

in Kanada:
 Laketon (British Columbia)

Siehe auch:
 Laketon Township

Laketon


Fides Velasco Ibarra es una productora mexicana, conocida principalmente por sus telenovelas que se transmiten por TV Azteca.

Biografía
Fides Velasco comenzó su trayectoria profesional como productora asociada de las telenovelas producidas por el productor mexicano Luis de Llano Macedo, entre las que se cuentan Agujetas de color de rosa en 1994 y Confidente de secundaria en 1996. Después ingresó a TV Azteca en 2001 con la telenovela Cuando seas mía.

Trayectoria

Productora ejecutiva
Telenovelas
 Nada personal (2017)
 Así en el barrio como en el cielo (2015)
 Vivir a destiempo (2013)
 Emperatriz (2011)
 Segunda parte de Vidas robadas (2010) (con Georgina Castro)
 Pobre diabla (2009/10)
 Secretos del alma (2008/09)
 Mirada de mujer, el regreso (2003/04) (con Elisa Salinas)
 Un nuevo amor (2003)
 La duda (2002/03)
 Por ti (2002) (con Rafael Gutiérrez)

Unitarios
 Un día cualquiera (2016)
 Noche eterna (2008)

Productora asociada
 Cuando seas mía (2001/02)
 Confidente de secundaria (1996)
 Agujetas de color de rosa (1994/95)

Productora general
 Caminos de Guanajuato (2015)
 Las Juanas (2004/05)

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Productores de México
Productores de telenovelas

Fides Velasco


La cascade de Soulou est une cascade située dans le nord-ouest de Mayotte, sur le territoire de la commune de Tsingoni.

Description

Géographie

Voir aussi
 Baie de Soulou
 Liste de chutes d'eau de France

Notes et références

Chute d'eau en France

Cascade de Soulou


Machi, upravna jedinica u Japanu
Machi (računalna igra)
Asuka Machi, japanski stolnotenisač
Carmen Machi, španjolska glumica
oznaka po ISO-3166-2 za marokansku provinciju Chichaouu
Machy

Machi (razdvojba)


Takeaway eller take-way (i Storbritannien og Danmark) eller (i Nordamerika og Filippinerne); carry-out (på nogle dialekter i USA og Skotland); parcel (i indisk og pakistansk engelsk), refererer til færdigtilberedte måltider eller mad, der bliver købt på en restaurant, som køberen planlægger at spise andre steder. Konceptet findes i mange oldtidskulturer, og takeaway er i dag almindeligt over hele verden, og mange forskellige køkkener og retter tilbydes.

Se også
 Drive thru-restaurant

Referencer

Restauranter

Takeaway


La Estación de Vale de Santarém es una estación de la línea del Norte perteneciente a la red de convoyes regionales de la CP. Se localiza en la localidad de Vale de Santarém.

Características

Localización y accesos
Se encuentra junto a la localidad de Santarém, teniendo acceso de transporte por la calle de la Estación.

Servicios
Esta plataforma es utilizada por los servicios regionales de la línea del Norte, de la red de convoyes de Portugal de la operadora Comboios de Portugal.

Referencias

Valle Santarém
Valle Santarém
Santarém

Estación de Vale de Santarém


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

 U krilu Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora kao Komisija za znanstveno-istraživački rad Glavnog odbora Hrvatskog liječničkog zbora osnovana Akademija medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske.

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Medicina u 1961.


La Malle de San Antonio () est un western spaghetti hispano-italien réalisé par Umberto Lenzi et sorti en 1968.

Synopsis
Jim Slade est soldat, mais aussi Témoin de Jéhovah et refuse donc de se servir d'armes. Il est alors condamné à deux ans de travaux forcés. Lorsqu'il retourne dans sa ville natale de Tucson après avoir été gracié et libéré sans honneur, il trouve ses parents assassinés. Grâce à son ami Cassidy, il apprend l'identité des quatre bandits coupables : Jeff Logan, les frères Butcher et le Texan Corbett. Jim apprend rapidement à se servir des armes et se lance à la poursuite des criminels. Corbett lui apprend que Slade a déménagé à Gulberstone, où il travaille avec le prédicateur laïc Douglas.

Corbett lui-même prépare une attaque contre la banque de la ville, qui attend des fonds mensuels, et a pour cette raison préparé des embuscades sur chaque route qui mène à la banque ; Slade parvient malgré tout à sortir de la ville et à organiser la lutte contre les bandits, tandis que dans un asile d'aliénés voisin, certains pensionnaires s'échappent à la suite d'un incendie catastrophique et apportent désormais d'autres malheurs à la ville. Le Texan, seul survivant de la bande, révèle à Slade que Douglas, jusque-là insoupçonné, est le financier des gangsters. Jim parvient à arrêter le faux prêtre dans un cimetière, où s'est également retranché l'un des fous, et à le vaincre en duel.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : La Malle de San Antonio ou Un pistolet pour cent cercueils ou Pistolet pour un massacre
 Titre original italien :
 Titre espagnol :
 Réalisation : Umberto Lenzi
 Scénario : Marco Leto d'après une histoire originale d'Eduardo Manzanos Brochero
 Photographie : Alejandro Ulloa
 Montage :
 Musique : Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
 Décors : Galicia et Cubero
 Costumes :
 Maquillage : Raul Ranieri, Vincente Vasquez
 Production : Salvatore Alabiso, Eduardo Manzanos-Brochero
 Société de production : Tritone Cinematografica, Copercines
 Pays de production :  •
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Couleur • 2,35:1 • Son mono • 35 mm
 Durée : 86 minutes ()
 Genre : Western spaghetti
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 Espagne :  (Barcelone) ;  (Madrid)
 France :

Distribution

Accueil critique
Selon le Lexikon des internationalen Films, le film est un « western italien invraisemblable et violent, réalisé selon le schéma habituel ». « C'est un western assez conventionnel », a également jugé le critique dans Il Resto del Carlino, ajoutant : « Lenzi a cependant une mise en scène dynamique ». Le critique  fait également remarquer que « Lenzi n'avait pas de talent particulier pour le western. On le remarque à la désinvolture de sa caractérisation, qui rend les personnages non seulement bidimensionnels, mais hautement invraisemblables ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film réalisé par Umberto Lenzi
Film italien sorti en 1968
Film espagnol sorti en 1968
Film en italien
Film espagnol tourné en italien
Western italien
Western espagnol
Western spaghetti
Film avec une musique composée par Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
Témoins de Jéhovah

La Malle de San Antonio


Allanblackia floribunda, do 30 metara visoko korisno zimzeleno drvo iz porodice kluzijevki. Rasprostranjeno je po tropskoj Africi, od Gvineje na istok do DR Konga.

Od sjemenki se proizvodi kvaliteno ulje koje se prodaje na lokalnim tržnicama, a koristi se i za proizvodnju margarina.

Ima i ljekovita svojstva. Dekokt unutarnje kore koristi se za liječenje proljeva, dizenterije i stomačnih bolova.

Sinonimi
 Allanblackia klainei Pierre ex A.Chev.
 Allanblackia parviflora A.Chev.

Izvori

Garcinieae

Allanblackia floribunda


Radyatör, ısı eşanjörlerinin bazı tipleri için kullanılan genel bir terimdir. Radyatörler otomobil, binalar ve elektronikte kullanılırlar.

Motor soğutma

Radyatörler, özellikle otomobillerde ve aynı zamanda piston motorlu uçaklarda, demiryolu lokomotifilerinde, motosikletlerde, sabit jeneratör tesislerlerinde ve ısı motorlarının kullanıldığı diğer yerlerde içten yanmalı motorları soğutmak için kullanılır.

Isı motorunu soğutmak için, motordan ısıyı emdiği motor bloğu içinden soğutma sıvısı geçirilir. Sıcak soğutucu daha sonra radyatörün giriş tankına beslenir (radyatörün üstünde veya bir tarafında bulunur), buradan radyatör göbeği boyunca borular yoluyla radyatörün karşı ucundaki başka bir tanka dağıtılır. Soğutucu, karşı tanka giderken radyatör borularından geçerken, ısısının çoğunu borulara aktarır, bu da ısıyı her bir boru sırası aralarında bulunan kanatlara aktarır. Kanatlar daha sonra ısıyı ortam havasına bırakır. Kanatçıklar, boruların hava ile temas yüzeyini büyük ölçüde artırmak için kullanılır, böylece değişim verimliliği artar. Soğutulan sıvı motora geri verilir ve döngü tekrarlanır. Normalde radyatör, soğutma sıvısının sıcaklığını ortam hava sıcaklığına kadar indirmez ancak motorun aşırı ısınmasını önlemek için yine de soğutma sıvısını yeterince soğutur.

Bu soğutucu genellikle su esaslıdır ve donmayı önlemek için etilen glikol (antifriz)  ve korozyon, erozyon ve kavitasyonu sınırlamak için diğer katkı maddeleri eklenir. Bununla birlikte, soğutucu aynı zamanda bir yağ da olabilir. İlk motorlarda, soğutucuyu dolaştırmak için termosifonlar kullanıldı; bugün ise, en küçük motorlar dışında hepsi pompa kullanır.

1980'lere kadar, radyatör petekleri genellikle bakır (kanatlar için) ve pirinç'den (borular, başlıklar ve yan plakalar için) yapılırken, tanklar pirinç veya plastik genellikle de poliamid) kullanıldı. 1970'lerden başlayarak, alüminyum kullanımı arttı ve sonunda araç radyatör parçalarının çoğu alüminyum oldu. Alüminyum için ana teşvikler, azalan ağırlık ve maliyettir.

Hava, sıvı soğutuculardan daha az ısı kapasitesi ve yoğunluğu olduğundan radyatörden gelen ısıyı yakalamak için radyatör peteğinden oldukça büyük bir hacim debili (soğutucuya göre) hava üflenmelidir. Radyatörlerde genellikle radyatörden hava üfleyen bir veya daha çok fan bulunur. Araçlarda fan gücü tüketiminden tasarruf etmek için radyatörler genellikle aracın önündeki ızgaranın arkasındadır. Ram havası, soğutma suyu sıcaklığı sistemin tasarlanan maksimum sıcaklığının altında kaldığında ve fan devre dışı kaldığında gerekli soğutma havası akışının bir kısmını veya tamamını verebilir.

Binalarda kullanılan radyatörler

Binalarda, ısıtma aleti olarak kullanılan radyatörlere kalorifer denir. Bir kazanda ısıtılarak pompalanan sıcak sudan aldığı ısıyı ortama iletir. Radyatörler, ısı transferini konveksiyon yolu ile yaparlar.

Elektronikte kullanılan radyatörler
Elektronikte, radyatör bir yayınım elemanı olarak bilinir. Yayınım elemanı, bir antenin basit bir parçasıdır. Yayınım elemanları, elektromanyetik enerjiyi alma veya yayma yeteneğine sahiptir.

Isı eşanjörü
İçten yanmalı motor parçaları
Rus icatları

Radyatör


A ground proximity warning system (GPWS) is a system designed to alert pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines GPWS as a type of terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS). More advanced systems, introduced in 1996, are known as enhanced ground proximity warning systems  (EGPWS), a modern type of TAWS.

History

In the late 1960s, a series of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) accidents took the lives of hundreds of people. A CFIT accident is one where a properly functioning airplane under the control of a fully qualified and certified crew is flown into terrain, water or obstacles with no apparent awareness on the part of the crew.

Beginning in the early 1970s, a number of studies examined the occurrence of CFIT accidents. Findings from these studies indicated that many such accidents could have been avoided if a warning device called a ground proximity warning system (GPWS) had been used.  As a result of these studies and recommendations from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), in 1974, the FAA required all large turbine and turbojet airplanes to install TSO-approved GPWS equipment.

The UN International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), recommended the installation of GPWS in 1979.

C. Donald Bateman, a Canadian-born engineer, developed and is credited with the invention of GPWS.

In March 2000, the U.S. FAA amended operating rules to require that all U.S. registered turbine-powered airplanes with six or more passenger seats (exclusive of pilot and copilot seating) be equipped with an FAA-approved TAWS. The mandate affects aircraft manufactured after March 29, 2002.

Effects and statistics
Prior to the development of GPWS, large passenger aircraft were involved in 3.5 fatal CFIT accidents per year, falling to 2 per year in the mid-1970s. A 2006 report stated that from 1974, when the U.S. FAA made it a requirement for large aircraft to carry such equipment, until the time of the report, there had not been a single passenger fatality in a CFIT crash by a large jet in U.S. airspace.

After 1974, there were still some CFIT accidents that GPWS was unable to help prevent, due to the "blind spot" of those early GPWS systems.  More advanced systems were developed.

Older TAWS, or deactivation of the EGPWS, or ignoring its warnings when an airport is not in its database, still leave aircraft vulnerable to possible CFIT incidents. In April 2010, a Polish Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft crashed near Smolensk, Russia, in a possible CFIT accident killing all passengers and crew, including the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński. The aircraft was equipped with TAWS made by Universal Avionics Systems of Tucson. According to the Russian Interstate Aviation Committee, the TAWS was turned on. However, the airport where the aircraft was going to land (Smolensk (XUBS)) is not in the TAWS database. In January 2008 a Polish Air Force Casa C-295M crashed in a CFIT accident near Mirosławiec, Poland, despite being equipped with EGPWS; the EGPWS warning sounds had been disabled, and the pilot-in-command was not properly trained with EGPWS.

Commercial aircraft

The system monitors an aircraft's height above ground as determined by a radar altimeter. A computer then keeps track of these readings, calculates trends, and will warn the flight crew with visual and audio messages if the aircraft is in certain defined flying configurations ("modes").

The modes are:
Excessive descent rate ("SINK RATE" "PULL UP")
Excessive terrain closure rate ("TERRAIN" "PULL UP")
Altitude loss after takeoff or with a high power setting ("DON'T SINK")
Unsafe terrain clearance ("TOO LOW – TERRAIN" "TOO LOW – GEAR" "TOO LOW – FLAPS")
Excessive deviation below glideslope ("GLIDESLOPE")
Excessively steep bank angle ("BANK ANGLE")
Windshear protection ("WINDSHEAR")

The traditional GPWS does have a blind spot. Since it can only gather data from directly below the aircraft, it must predict future terrain features. If there is a dramatic change in terrain, such as a steep slope, GPWS will not detect the aircraft closure rate until it is too late for evasive action.

In the late 1990s, improvements were developed and the system is now named "Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System" (EGPWS/TAWS). The system is combined with a worldwide digital terrain database and relies on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. On-board computers compare current location with a database of the Earth's terrain. The Terrain Display gives pilots a visual orientation to high and low points near the aircraft.

EGPWS software improvements are focused on solving two common problems: no warning at all, and late or improper response.

No warning
The primary cause of CFIT occurrences with no GPWS warning is landing short. When the landing gear is down and landing flaps are deployed, the GPWS expects the airplane to land and therefore, issues no warning. However, the GPWS can also malfunction because of a short circuit. On September 26, 1997, Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed into a hilly area, killing all 222 passengers and 12 crew on board. Despite the fact that the plane was nearing terrain, the GPWS did not activate, even though the landing gear and landing flaps were not deployed. EGPWS introduces the Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) function, which provides GPWS protection even in the landing configuration.

Late warning or improper response
The occurrence of a GPWS alert typically happens at a time of high workload and nearly always surprises the flight crew. Almost certainly, the aircraft is not where the pilot thinks it should be, and the response to a GPWS warning can be late in these circumstances. Warning time can also be short if the aircraft is flying into steep terrain since the downward-looking radio altimeter is the primary sensor used for the warning calculation. The EGPWS improves terrain awareness and warning times by introducing the Terrain Display and the Terrain Data Base Look Ahead protection.

Incidents
In commercial and airline operations, there are legally mandated procedures that must be followed should an EGPWS caution or warning occur. Both pilots must respond and act accordingly once the alert has been issued. An Indonesian captain has been charged with manslaughter for not adhering to these procedures.

In 2015, Air France Flight 953 (a Boeing 777-200ER aircraft) avoided controlled flight into terrain after the EGPWS detected Mount Cameroon in the aircraft's flight path. The pilot flying immediately responded to the initial warning from the EGPWS.

General aviation

TAWS equipment is not required by the U.S. FAA in piston-engined aircraft, but optional equipment categorised as TAWS Type C may be installed. Depending on the type of operation, TAWS is only required to be installed into turbine-powered aircraft with six or more passenger seats.

A smaller and less expensive version of EGPWS was developed by AlliedSignal (now merged with Honeywell) for general aviation and private aircraft.

Fast military aircraft
For fast military aircraft, the high speed and low altitude that may frequently be flown make traditional GPWS systems unsuitable, as the blind spot becomes the critical part. Thus, an enhanced system is required, taking inputs not only from the radar altimeter, but also from inertial navigation system (INS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and flight control system (FCS), using these to accurately predict the flight path of the aircraft up to  ahead. Digital maps of terrain and obstacle features are then used to determine whether a collision is likely if the aircraft does not pull up at a given pre-set g-level. If a collision is predicted, a cockpit warning may be provided. This is the type of system deployed on aircraft such as the Eurofighter Typhoon.  The U.S. FAA has also conducted a study about adapting 3-D military thrust vectoring to recover civil jetliners from catastrophes.

On May 5, 2016, a military GPWS called Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (Auto-GCAS) equipped aboard an F-16 made a dramatic save after a trainee pilot lost consciousness from excessive G forces during basic fighter manoeuvre training. In an approximately 55 degree nose down attitude at  and 652 KIAS (), the Auto-GCAS detected the aircraft was going to strike the terrain and executed an automatic recovery, saving the pilot's life.

See also

 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 Air New Zealand Flight 901
 Airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS)
 Airport surveillance and broadcast systems
 American Airlines Flight 965
 Ansett New Zealand Flight 703, a CFIT accident associated with GPWS malfunction
 Fly-by-wire control systems
 Santa Barbara Airlines Flight 518
 South African Airways Flight 228
 TERPROM
 Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
 TWA Flight 514
 Voice warning system

Notes

References

External links
 C. Donald Bateman at the National Inventors Hall of Fame
Garuda Captain ignores EGPWS warnings
AeroWorldNet – 1999 EGPWS costs
Downward Pressure on the Accident Rate—speech delivered by Nicholas A. Sabanti, FAA Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety
Eurofighter Typhoon – BAE SYSTEMS delivers first Eurofighter Typhoon Ground Proximity Warning
 EGPWS Video Clips —Several professional video clips demonstrating enhanced GPWS.
 FlitePartners page on EGPWS installations by STC
 Boeing 727 GPWS explained with clear diagrams
 Honeywell Aerospace EGPWS Website
 Cockpit Warning Sounds—planecrashinfo.com

Avionics
Aircraft collision avoidance systems
Warning systems

Ground proximity warning system


(12609) Apollodore, internationalement (12609) Apollodoros, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12609 Apollodoros este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld și Tom Gehrels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,12 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 0,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1960
Centura de asteroizi

12609 Apollodoros


Walther Killy (né le  à Bonn et mort le  à Kampen (Sylt)) est un littéraire allemand. Il s'est fait connaître grâce à la publication du  et de la Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie (DBE).

Biographie
Pendant son temps de soldat dans la Wehrmacht, qu'il passe principalement en France, Killy et son père  incitent  et  - à l'époque aux  à Weimar - à organiser une édition critique historique de Hölderlin durant l'hiver 1940-1941. À cette époque, Killy travaille sur sa thèse de doctorat La Tradition des poèmes de Hölderlin avec Petersen. Réhabilité à Tübingen en automne 1942, Beißner commence le travail à temps pour l'année du jubilé 1943. Comme Hölderlin est apprécié à l'époque du national-socialisme, cette entreprise bénéficie d'un large soutien de l'État.

Après avoir été prisonnier de guerre à Trinidad, il obtient son doctorat le  à l'Université Eberhard Karl de Tübingen avec une thèse intitulée image et mythe dans les poèmes de Hölderlin. Trois ans plus tard, il termine son habilitation à l'Université libre de Berlin avec une critique textuelle d'Hyperion d'Hölderlin. En 1955, il reçoit une chaire d'études allemandes à la FU. En 1961, il est transféré à l'Université Georges-Auguste de Göttingen. Élu recteur pour l'année académique 1967/68, il évoque les poèmes du jeune Bertolt Brecht dans son discours de rectorat. En 1966, il est élu membre à part entière de l'Académie des sciences de Göttingen.

De 1968 à 1970, il est président du comité fondateur de l'Université de Brême (recteur fondateur). En 1969, il est professeur invité à l'Université de Californie et à l'Université Harvard. En 1971, il est parti à l'Université de Berne, ce qui est présenté comme une fuite « du chaudron des problèmes universitaires en Allemagne » vers la Suisse. De 1978 à 1985, il est directeur du programme de recherche à la bibliothèque duc Auguste à Wolfenbüttel. Depuis 1979, il est membre à part entière de la . Il reçoit le  (1983) et le prix Sigmund-Freud pour la prose scientifique (1990).

Killy décède à Sylt à l'âge de 78 ans.

La  a acquis la bibliothèque privée de Killy en 1996. Cette collection spéciale comprend  titres des années 1557-1995. Une partie de la bibliothèque Killy est l'une des collections Paul Celan les plus précieuses en Europe avec de nombreux exemplaires dédicatoires et un exemplaire de la première édition Poetic Woods (1698) de . Toutes les publications de cette bibliothèque peuvent être consultées dans le catalogue de la Bibliothèque universitaire de Magdebourg.

Éditeur
Walther Killy est l'éditeur de nombreux recueils et anthologies ainsi que l'initiateur et l'organisateur d'encyclopédies, y compris le dictionnaire littéraire de Bertelsmann, connu sous le nom de « Der Killy ». Une nouvelle édition entièrement revue est publiée par Walter de Gruyter depuis 2008. Killy travaille également sur l'édition Stuttgart Hölderlin publiée par  et co-édite les œuvres de Georg Trakl.

Travaux
Monographies
 Erinnerungen an Frankreich in den Kriegsjahren 1942-44 / Walther Killy; Anton Lüpkes; Wilhelmine Siefkes; maschinenschriftliches Manuskript
 Über des späteren Hölderlin Ansicht von der Geschichte. Handschrift. Trinidad (Colorado) 1945 (Umfang: 39 S.)
 Bild und Mythe <Variante: Mythos> in Hölderlins Gedichten. Phil. Diss. Tübingen [Maschinenschr.] 1948
 Studium Generale und studentisches Gemeinschaftsleben. Ein Bericht erstattet unter Benutzung örtlicher Erhebungen von Rolf Hildebrandt und Hans Lades. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1952.
 Wandlungen des lyrischen Bildes. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1956 (spätere Aufl.: ).
 Über Georg Trakl. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1960.
 Deutscher Kitsch. Ein Versuch mit Beispielen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1961 (spätere Aufl.: ).
 Wirklichkeit und Kunstcharakter. 9 Romane des 19. Jahrhunderts. Beck, München 1963.
 Über Gedichte des jungen Brecht (= Göttinger Universitätsreden. Heft 51). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1967.
 Bildungsfragen. Beck, München 1971 .
 Elemente der Lyrik. Zweite, durchgesehene Auflage. Beck, München 1972  [erste Auflage 1972; Neuausgabe: München: dtv, 1983 ].
 Schreibweisen – Leseweisen. Beck, München 1982 .
 Von Berlin bis Wandsbek. Zwölf Kapitel deutscher Bürgerkultur um 1800. Beck, München 1996 .

Éditions
 Zeichen der Zeit. Ein deutsches Lesebuch in 4 Bänden. Frankfurt a. M.; Hamburg: Fischer Bücherei, 1958–1962.
 zusammen mit : Das Fischer-Lexikon. Teil 34: Literatur 1. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl., 1964.
 zusammen mit Hans Szklenar: Georg Trakl: Dichtungen und Briefe. Salzburg: O. Müller, 1970.
 Deutsches Lesebuch: Ein Lesebuch in 5 Bänden. Frankfurt a. M., Hamburg: Fischer-Bücherei, 1970.
 Epochen der deutschen Lyrik (10 Bände). München: dtv, 1974–1977.
 Die deutsche Literatur. Texte und Zeugnisse (7 Bände). München: Beck, 1967–1988.
 Literaturlexikon. Autoren und Werke deutscher Sprache (15 Bände). Gütersloh, München: Bertelsmann-Lexikon-Verl., 1988–1991 (CD-ROM: Berlin 1998 ).
 zusammen (ab Band 4) mit Rudolf Vierhaus: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie. 13 Bände, München u. a.: Saur, 1995–2003 .

Bibliographie
 Ernst-Peter Wieckenberg: Killy, (Hans) Walther (Theodor Maria). In: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie. Band 5: Hitz – Kozub. Saur, München 2006, S. 626.
 Wolfgang Adam: Bibliothek als Organismus. Die Killy-Bibliothek und die Ute und Wolframm Neumann-Stiftung in der Universitätsbibliothek Magdeburg, in: Magdeburger Wissenschaftsjournal 9 (2004), H. 2, S. 55–65, siehe hier.

Liens externes

 Bibliothèque Killy dans la bibliothèque universitaire de Magdebourg

Références

Germaniste
Encyclopédiste du XXe siècle
Professeur à l'université libre de Berlin
Professeur à l'université de Berne
Étudiant de l'université de Tübingen
Membre de l'Académie des sciences de Göttingen
Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite de la République fédérale d'Allemagne
Naissance en août 1917
Naissance à Bonn
Naissance dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès en décembre 1995
Décès à Kampen (Sylt)
Décès à 78 ans

Walther Killy


الرمال العربية فيلم سينمائي أخرجه المخرج الإماراتي - مجيد عبد الرزاق. يحكي الفيلم قصة الرحالة البريطاني السير ولفرد ثيسغر مبارك بن لندن الذي عبر الربع الخالي 1945-1950 تلك الصحراء القاسية مساحتها نصف مليون ميل مربع

الإنتاج
أنتج الفيلم من نسختين واحدة بالعربية وأخرى ترجمت بالإنجليزية وكانت من بطولة مجيد عبد الرزاق في دور ولفرد ثيسغر ووالممثل الكويتي عبد الله الطراروه في دور سالم بن غبيشة والممثل العماني عمر البصراوي في دور سالم بن كبينة

طاقم العمل
عمل على كتابة السيناريو المؤلف الإماراتي عبد الجليل السعد
و قد لعب عدد من الممثلين العمانيين والإماراتيين ادواراً الفنان عبيد بن صندل، الفنان سعيد الحداد والفنان

الممثلون الإماراتيون
 مجيد عبد الرزاق
 عبيد بن صندل
 سعيد الحداد

الممثلون الكويتيون
 عبد الله الطراروه

الممثلون العمانيون
 عمر البصراوي
 قابوس

الجوائز والترشيحات

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مواقع خارجية

أفلام إماراتية
أفلام إنتاج 2008

الرمال العربية (فيلم)


Christopher Edward Daly (born August 13, 1972) is a former San Francisco Board of Supervisors member He represented District 6, serving from 2001 to 2011. He now lives in Fairfield, California, but commutes to Las Vegas, Nevada and Carson City, Nevada, where he works for the Nevada State Education Association.

Background
Daly grew up in Gaithersburg, Maryland and went to Laytonsville Elementary School and Gaithersburg Middle and High Schools; his father was a federal employee and consultant, and his mother was an accountant. Daly was valedictorian of his high school class and was drawn to service as a teenager through the 4-H club. He attended Duke University, where he and other activists convinced the school to spend $3 million on affordable housing. He did not graduate. He moved to San Francisco in 1993, where he became involved in local politics through an advocacy group for homeless people called Mission Agenda.

Daly is married to Sarah Low Daly, whom he met at the World Youth Festival in Havana, Cuba; they have two children.

Political career
Daly was first elected to office in 2000 in a near sweep for progressive candidates in supervisorial races. He ran on his credentials as a housing advocate in the Mission District. Daly was re-elected in 2002 and 2006. Daly received 8,472, 6,642, and 8,968 votes respectively in the three contested elections.

Housing and homelessness
Daly's legislative record focused primarily on housing and homelessness. He sponsored legislation to help low-income tenants of Single Room Occupancy (SRO) residential hotels, many of whom were located in his district. In 2005, Daly negotiated a planned development on Rincon Hill, where the property was rezoned to allow for high-rise development in exchange for a higher percentage of affordable housing units and "community benefits" to non-profits in the area.  Daly also received unanimous support for a plan to demolish and rebuild an apartment complex at Trinity Plaza in exchange for 590 affordable units.  This was the first time in California history that a housing developer voluntarily allowed new construction to be covered by rent control.

Critics of Daly's housing policies point to his attempt to ban tenancy-in-common apartment conversions, which they believe allow middle-income people to buy property in San Francisco.

In June 2006, Daly sponsored the Eviction Disclosure Ordinance, which required real estate agents to inform buyers whether a tenant was evicted from a property they wished to purchase. The ballot proposition won with 52 percent of the vote.

In March 2007, Daly, chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee, introduced a proposal that would appropriate $28 million for affordable housing. In April 2007, Daly introduced another proposal that would appropriate an additional $15 million in services for seniors and families. Eight members of the Board of Supervisors passed the affordable housing measure, but Mayor Gavin Newsom refused to spend the money.

Progressive convention
In June 2007, Daly organized a "Progressive Convention" to find a candidate to run against popular Mayor Gavin Newsom. Daly stated that if the convention could not choose a candidate, he himself would run. But when the Progressive Convention did not nominate anyone, Daly declined to run himself. He said that he wanted to spend time with his family and that his wife was due to give birth shortly before the mayoral election.

Elimination of Police Chief post
Daly suggested putting a charter amendment before voters in the November 2007 municipal election calling for elimination of the police chief post. Instead, the elected sheriff would oversee all law enforcement in the city and county of San Francisco. The suggestion arose from Daly's disagreements with Police Chief Heather Fong about the placement and use of police patrols. "If they keep the attacks on me, I'll keep moving forward what I think is good public policy," Daly said. "What they fear is the end of their reign of terror in San Francisco."

Opposition to the Blue Angels
In June 2007, Daly announced that he was working with anti-war activist organizations such as Code Pink, Global Exchange and Veterans for Peace and considering introducing a proposal to ban the Blue Angels from flying during San Francisco's Fleet Week. Following significant negative public response and media inquiries, Daly announced that he had decided against making this proposal, blaming reporters at the San Francisco Examiner for his inability to move forward with this controversial proposal.

Removal from Budget Committee chairmanship
On June 15, 2007, Board President Aaron Peskin removed Daly as chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee shortly before it was to finalize the $6.06 billion budget proposed by Mayor Gavin Newsom. Explaining why he removed Daly, Peskin cited Daly's bitter public conflict with the mayor over budget priorities. "Fundamentally," he said, "the budget process is about public policy and not about personality and it is important that we stay committed to having an outcome that ensures we have a budget that reflects the values of the people of San Francisco."

Canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix
Daly, along with Aaron Peskin, was instrumental in the canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix, a world-class bicycle race held from 2001 to 2005, because of disagreements over the amount to be paid for traffic and crowd control and because the race's backers owed the city $89,924. In 2001 Mayor Willie Brown, who supported the race, allowed its organizers to incur a $350,000 debt and later ordered city officials to forgive that debt. Critics alleged that the race was canceled for political reasons including pressure from Peskin's constituents over parking issues. In Daly's personal blog, he referred to one of the chief backers of the race, San Francisco banker Thom Weisel, as a "multi-millionaire Republican politico". The race, which was organized as a 1.HC event and in 2005 was part of the UCI America Tour attracted hundreds of thousands of spectators as well as world-class athletes such as seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong, and was regarded as one of the country's most challenging, particularly for its famously difficult 18% grade Fillmore and Taylor street climbs. Mayor Gavin Newsom, who also supported the race, said it provided cultural, social, and economic benefit to San Francisco. A 2005 study commissioned by the San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau found the Labor Day weekend race generated $10.2 million for city businesses that year.

Olympic torch resolution
On March 20, 2008, Daly introduced a resolution which criticized the human rights record of China and urged officials representing San Francisco during the upcoming Olympic torch ceremonies (scheduled for April 9, 2008) to "make publicly known that the 2008 Summer Games torch is received with alarm and protest." Daly's resolution was covered extensively by the local media and elevated the issues of treatment of protests in relation to the Olympics being held in China, the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay and the torch ceremonies being held in San Francisco, the only North American stop. The torch relay will be the first time in Olympics history that protests will accompany the torch as it passes through a U.S. city. Daly stated, "[T]he magnitude of attention paid to the Olympic Games and the torch relay makes the event the appropriate platform to discuss human rights. If someone can look you in the face and tell you the Olympics are limited to the individual competitions that take place, well, that's a good poker player." Daly also criticized the rare decision to set up designated "free-speech zones" stating, "I don't see why we should break from our pattern of how we handle mass protests or demonstrations for China." San Francisco mayor, Gavin Newsom, said he has "very serious concerns" about the situation in Tibet but added San Francisco is "privileged" to be the torch's only stop in North America and that the event should rise above political concerns and that the Games should be a time "to focus on the things that unite us and not divide us." In a later committee meeting supervisors Carmen Chu and Sean Elsbernd amended the resolution to welcome the Global Human Rights Torch Relay on April 5 and the Tibetan Freedom Torch on April 8 and commend "their efforts to raise awareness regarding human rights violations in China and urging the San Francisco City Representatives ... to welcome the Torch in the explicit spirit of Olympism, consistent with the United Nations Charter ... and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights."

Appointments to Public Utilities Commission
On October 22, 2003, during his one-day shift as Acting Mayor, while Mayor Willie Brown traveled to Tibet, Daly appointed two members to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission without Brown's consent, having consulted with the City Attorney who had advised him that as acting mayor he had the legal authority to make appointments in Mayor Brown's absence.  Brown, who had his own people in mind for the assignments, had a different opinion, stating that "[The appointments] were made by a person who was supposed to be operating in a ceremonial capacity... [It was] a conspiracy to... move away from the traditions, the rules, the customs and the conduct that has been the hallmark of this city, long before I became mayor of this city." Brown also compared Daly to a stalker and suicide bomber, stating that, "When you conspire and calculate what you intend to do several days before you're designated as the acting mayor, you really are venal, you really are violative of all the protocols. It's like stalking. You knew exactly what you were intending to do. You concealed all your steps. You carefully plotted, then you did it behind closed doors, and then you laughed about it." Brown said he found out about Daly's actions when his chief of staff called him in Tibet. Brown was sleeping at the time but with the assistance of Chinese officials, was on a plane home within hours, cutting short his trade and promotion trip to China—reportedly explaining the matter to his hosts simply as a "coup."

Nonetheless, the City Attorney stood behind its legal opinion and environmentalist and former Sierra Club president Adam Werbach was later sworn in. The second appointee, architect Robin Chiang, was rescinded because Brown had already made one appointment, Andrew Lee, son of one of Brown's fund-raiser Julie Lee, who was convicted of mail fraud and witness tampering on July 12, 2008. Daly and his allies on the board said Andrew Lee represented political patronage at its worst. According to John Rizzo, vice chairman of the Bay chapter of the Sierra Club, Daly's appointments would add "expertise to the SFPUC that was greatly lacking and is a great improvement" Brown said that Daly's action went beyond betrayal and that he considers his relationship with Daly, who he had praised in recent months, over. The custom of assigning the acting mayor position to supervisors on a round-robin basis was discontinued as a result of Daly's appointments. Daly said by way of explanation for his actions, "I'm an activist. I had an opportunity, and I took it. I stand by what I did. It was the right thing."<ref>Gordon, Rachel (November 13, 2003) "Brown cries political foul: He calls Daly's move to make PUC appointments unethical."  San Francisco Chronicle."</ref>

Controversies
Daly has a reputation for having a fiery demeanor. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, Daly is "either a hothead or a passionate advocate—depending on whose side you are on."

In 2001, Daly nearly came to blows with Mayor Willie Brown after Daly brought homeless activists to a meeting that was supposed to be "private." Asked to apologize, Daly replied, "I will apologize that I was lured into the mayor's finger-pointing politics." In November 2004, fellow supervisor Michela Alioto-Pier lodged a petition for censure against Daly after he told a landlord advocate to "fuck off" at a tenants' rights hearing (the petition failed by a vote of 8-2).

In 2001, Daly famously told his colleagues at a Supervisors' meeting, "I'm not feeling the love," when they rejected his proposals for balancing the budget, as he stormed out of the room. In 2002, Daly was arrested after a confrontation with police over a land use dispute concerning Hastings Law School, and reportedly told the arresting officer that he would have him fired; no charges were filed.Koopman, John (June 8, 2002) "Supervisor clashes with S.F. police."  San Francisco Chronicle.

In June 2007, after learning that an attempted budget maneuver would be unsuccessful, Daly, according to San Francisco Chronicle columnists Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, "went ballistic — singling out fellow progressive leader Ross Mirkarimi for a tongue lashing so heated that fellow supervisors joked about calling in the SWAT team to cool things down".

On June 19, 2007, during a Board of Supervisors meeting, Daly suggested that Mayor Gavin Newsom uses cocaine and is a hypocrite for proposing public health cuts for substance abuse treatment for the poor. Daly stated that it was ironic of Newsom to propose cuts to a drug treatment program, "while the mayor of San Francisco artfully dodges every question about allegations of his own cocaine use." The mayor's press secretary said Daly's remarks were "sleazy politics of personal destruction." The Board of Supervisors President stated that "Supervisor Daly's comments were conduct unbecoming and do not represent the position of the Board of Supervisors or its president." The editorial board of the San Francisco Chronicle recommended censuring Daly.

During an August 7, 2008, Rules Committee hearing after Daly had presented his resolution to turn the San Francisco Zoo into a rescue facility and when he was out of the room, a student from Lowell High School who had waited two hours for her chance to speak in support of the zoo, began to cry at the podium, because she, like the other speakers, was only allowed one minute to speak.  Normally at Board of Supervisors hearings, speakers have 2–3 minutes to speak, but time is limited by the discretion of the chair often to shorter periods of time, especially if there are a large number of speakers.  This was the second time the item had been heard in committee, and Chris Daly chose to limit public comment to one minute, so that another item regarding black flight from the City could be heard at that same hearing. Carl Friedman, the Director of the San Francisco Department of Animal Care and Control, said, "There were a lot of young people there who have never been to a government meeting. For this to be their first experience was embarrassing." When asked about the situation, the student responded, "I didn't mean to cry, I just kind of lost it. I thought they were supposed to listen to us."

On April 21, 2009, at a Democratic Party fundraising lunch, members of the Building and Construction Trades Council called on Party Chairman Aaron Peskin and Daly to resign over their support for the voter-approved Historic Preservation Commission.

In 2009, questions began to arise whether Chris Daly actually lived in San Francisco. He purchased a home in Fairfield, California, and sent his family to live there. San Francisco law requires supervisors to live in the district which they represent. . On January 8, 2010, Daly announced to the Board of Supervisors' Rules Committee, "I vow to use the word fuck in each of my remaining Board of Supervisors meetings."

On July 27, 2010, Daly called for at least 50 percent of proposed new Hunters Point housing be affordable. He stated that although it would be impossible for Lennar (the project's Miami-based developer) to meet this expanded affordability requirement, that nevertheless shouldn't be a concern. If the project becomes too expensive for local residents to move in, "there's going to be a pretty new neighborhood, with lots of white folks living in the Bayview," Daly said. Michael Cohen, head of the mayor's Office of Economic and Workforce Development, stated that Daly's amendment was a deal-killer, because "the project is not financially viable at 50 percent affordable."

Susan King, a past spokesperson for San Francisco's Green Party, said about Daly, "At the end of the day, I totally appreciate the fact that he is out there in the trenches. It's not 100 percent that I agree with him, but you know where his heart is and where his values are." Nathan Nayman, executive director of the Committee on Jobs (a pro-business PAC that receives contributions from corporate donors and promotes economic development
), said "Chris Daly has given the Board of Supervisors a black eye that refuses to heal. He's maniacal and he's been given to outbursts on a regular basis."  The San Francisco Bay Guardian'' says that "Daly's a hard worker, has a solid record...is popular in his district...is more than a good supervisor.... He's part of the class of 2000, one of a crew of activists who swept into power in the first district elections as a rebellion against the developer-driven politics of then-mayor Willie Brown."
The Berkeley Planet said "Chris Daly [has] a strong progressive record in [his] legislative bod[y]... first elected because [he] engaged [his] district's most disenfranchised population."

Post-electoral career
After leaving the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Daly moved to Fairfield, California. He purchased Buck Tavern, a bar on Market Street in San Francisco. He operated the bar until October 2012, when the lease expired and he chose not to renew. In February 2012, Daly took a job with Local 1021 of the Service Employees International Union in San Francisco. He left that job in September 2014. In 2016, he started working for the Nevada State Education Association, the state teacher union based in Las Vegas.

See also
 Redstone Building

References

External links
 Daly's legislative record
 News articles about Supervisor Daly and relevant legislation

1972 births
Living people
People from Bowie, Maryland
People from Gaithersburg, Maryland
San Francisco Board of Supervisors members
Mission District, San Francisco
People from Silver Spring, Maryland

Chris Daly


La Comisión para la investigación del abuso infántil (CICA por sus siglas en inglés) consiste en un conjunto de acciones iniciadas por el gobierno de Irlanda para investigar la extensión y efectos del abuso en niños desde 1936 en adelante. Se conoce popularmente en Irlanda como la comisión Ryan (y anteriormente como la "comisión Laffoy"), por su responsable, Seán Ryan (juez irlandés). El trabajo de la comisión comenzó en 1999 e hizo público su informe el 20 de mayo de 2009.

La competencia de la comisión abarcaba la investigación de todas las formas de abuso infantil en las instituciones irlandesas para niños. La mayoría de las alegaciones que se investigaron fueron en relación con el sistema de sesenta internados operados por órdenes de la Iglesia Católica y supervisados por el ministerio de educación irlandés.

El informe de la comisión concluye que los testimonios demuestran más allá de cualquier duda que el sistema entero trató a los niños más como prisioneros y esclavos que como personas con derechos legales y potencial humano; que los encargados religiosos apoyaron las palizas rituales y protegieron sus órdenes con una cultura de servidumbre y secretismo; y que los inspectores del gobierno fueron incapaces de parar los abusos.

Entre las alegaciones más brutales se encontraban palizas y violaciones, sometimiento a apaleamientos desnudos en público, sexo oral forzado e incluso palizas como represalia ante intentos fallidos de violación por parte de los hermanos religiosos. Estos abusos han merecido el calificativo de el holocausto irlandés.

El abuso se describe como endémico en las instituciones de niños varones. El periódico británico The Guardian describió los abusos como "la sustancia de las pesadillas", citando los adjetivos usados en el informe: abusos "sistémicos, omnipresentes, crónicos, excesivos, arbitrarios y endémicos".

Las conclusiones del informe (capítulo 6º) apoya el tono global de las acusaciones sin excepción. Sin embargo, las recomendaciones posibles de la comisión estaban limitadas por dos normas impuestas por el gobierno irlandés y en consecuencia no incluyen peticiones de persecución o sanción para ninguna de las partes involucradas en los abusos.

Trasfondo
El segundo capítulo del informe traza la historia de la asistencia institucional a niños en irlanda.

Las actas del parlamento del Reino Unido habían instituido:
 Reformatorios para criminales jóvenes en 1858
 Escuelas industriales para niños pobres y huérfanos en 1868

Allí podrían aprender habilidades para vivir, alimentarse y ser educados. Esto se consideró una mejora respecto al sistema anterior de casas de trabajo. El duro sistema mejoró a lo largo de las décadas, en particular en el acta infantil de 1908 (Children Act) presentada por el gobierno liberal (1905-1915). El informe de 2009 trata cada tipo de escuela separadamente aunque se refiere a todas ellas en general con el término "instituciones residenciales" (residential institutions)

Cuando los niños provenían de familias católicas, la Iglesia católica insistía en supervisas su cuidado y educación y operó la mayoría de estas instituciones en Irlanda. Algunos autores católicos irlandeses durante el periodo 1900-1910 como Michael McCarthy (abogado) y Frank Hugh O'Donnell criticaron el sistema de financiación público sin audición del que disfrutaba la Iglesia; así como la supervisión inadecuada de las instituciones. Estas críticas fueron desoídas por el creciente movimiento nacionalista irlandés, que recibía firme apoyo por la Iglesia, y por la administración británica en Dublín.

Sucesión por el Estado libre irlandés

Tras el establecimiento del Estado libre irlandés en 1922, apenas se hizo nada por mejorar el acta de 1908 y asegurar el cumplimiento de sus normas, en particular las de castigo físico. El propósito del acta era humanizar las escuelas industriales, reformatorios y orfanatos así como reducir el castigo físico. Las regulaciones del acta de 1908 permanecieron en vigor en Irlanda casi sin cambios hasta los años setenta mientras que en el resto de Europa se adoptaron sistemas más desarrollados, sobre todo a partir de 1945. En contraste, el acta infantil de 1941, esbozada en el breve tiempo en que Éamon de Valera fue ministro de educación, redujo la edad mínima de los internos por debajo de los seis años, permitiendo así que niños pequeños fueran separados de sus padres aludiendo pobreza.

Desde la década de 1850 la gestión cotidiana había pasado a varias órdenes afiliadas a la Iglesia católica, debido a las insistencias por parte de esta de educar a sus miembros más jóvenes. La tarea de la administración británica en Irlanda y posteriormente (1922) del ministerio de educación irlandés era la de mirar hacia otro lado. También hubo cinco escuelas anglicanas, la última cerró en 1917. Los gastos de mantenimiento corrían a cargo del ministerio según el número de internos sin que las cuentas de cada escuela fueran jamás publicadas. Con el tiempo las órdenes religiosas acostumbraron a replicar cualquier queja oficial apuntando sencillamente al bajo coste por interno.

Thomas Derrig revisó el sistema durante 1933-36 pero no lo modificó, como sí hizo el acta infantil de 1941. La fuerte posición antibritánica durante el proceso de independencia irlandés (1916-23) puede estar detrás de la negativa de Derrig de adoptar reformas similares a las operadas en Gran Bretaña en 1923 y 1933. El informe Cussen (1936), crítico con el sistema y el del sacerdote Flanagan (1946-48) fueron silenciados. El arzobisco McQuaid en Dublín inició una investigación privada en 1962 pero esta también fue silenciada.

Otras organizaciones como la Sociedad Irlandesa para la Prevención de Crueldad hacia la Infancia (SIPCI, conocida antes de 1956 como la Sociedad Nacional para la Prevención de Crueldad hacia la Infancia SNPCI) estuvieron involucradas también en el internamiento de niños, a falta de alternativas. En torno al 60% de los casos eran iniciados por los padres. En la década de 1940 SIPCI declaró que el pago de mejores ayudas sociales a las familias era más económico que aumentar el pago per cápita a los reformatorios y escuelas.

El número de internos alcanzó el máximo en el primer lustro de 1940. El númbero disminuyó después de aprobar las asignaciones por hijo en la década de 1940. El acta de adopción de 1952, la mejora económica del país y otras medidas sociales redujeron el número de niños necesitados en la década de 1950. La vergüenza de la familia empujó con frecuencia a madres solteras a ingresar en asilos de las Magdalenas.

Informe público

El informe de la comisión se publicó el 20 de mayo de 2009 en cinco volúmenes con un resumen ejecutivo de 43 conclusiones y 20 recomendaciones.

Conclusiones
Las conclusiones incluyen:

Global. El abuso físico y emocional y el abandono fueron característica de las instituciones. En muchas instituciones, sobre todo las masculinas, hubo abusos sexuales. Las escuelas se regían a la forma de un regimiento que imponía disciplina opresiva y más allá de lo razonable en los niños e incluso en los empleados.

Abuso físico. Los reformatorios y las escuelas industriales ejercían el control rígido de los internos a través de severos castigos corporales y del miedo a dichos castigos. Un clima de miedo, creado por el arbitrario, excesivo y omnipresente castigo penetraba en la mayoría de las instituciones y en todas las operadas para niños varones. Los niños vivían con el terror permanente de no saber dónde ocurriría la siguiente paliza.

Abuso sexual. El abuso sexual era endémico en las instituciones para niños varones. Las escuelas investigadas revelaron un nivel sustancioso de abuso sexual de los niños a su cargo que se extendía desde tocamientos y caricias inadecuadas hasta la violación con palizas. Los perpetradores de abusos eran capaces de operar sin ser detectados durante largos periodos en el mismo corazón de las instituciones. Cuando las autoridades religiosas eran enfrentas a la evidencia del abuso sexual, la respuesta consistía en transferir al agresor a otra institución donde, en muchos casos, podía continuar con los abusos tranquilamente. La seguridad general de los niños no se tomaba en consideración. La situación en las instituciones de niñas era diferente. A pesar de que las niñas sufrían acoso sexual por parte de los empleados y visitantes masculinos o durante los trabajos en el exterior, el abuso sexual no llegó al grado de sistémico en las escuelas femeninas.

Abandono. La mayoría de denunciantes, tanto masculinos como femeninos, informó de bajos niveles de atención material. Los niños estaban a menudo hambrientos a causa de alimentos inadecuados, poco nutritivos y mal preparados en muchas escuelas. Las estancias eran frías, espartanas y desoladoras. Las instalaciones sanitarias eran primitivas en la mayoría de escuelas masculinas y los baños y aseos eran también deficientes.

Abuso emocional. Los testigos relataron ser despreciados y ridiculizados a diario. Los asuntos privados, como las necesidades fisiológicas y la higiene personal, se usaban como oportunidades para degradar y humillar. La denigración personal y familiar estaba ampliamente extendida. Había constantes críticas y abuso verbal y los niños tenían que escuchar que no valían para nada.

Supervisión por el ministerio de educación. El sistema de inspección del ministerio fallaba a un nivel básico y era incapaz de ser efectivo. Las quejas que los padres y otras personas hicieron al ministerio no se investigaron adecuadamente. El ministerio no aplicó la normativa y sus propias reglas cuando investigó las quejas, sino que buscó proteger y defender a las congregaciones religiosas y las escuelas. El ministerio trató inadecuadamente las quejas sobre abuso sexual, que fueron generalmente rechazadas o ignoradas.

Irlanda en 2009

Informe Cica


Antonio Canevari (Rim, 1681. — Napulj, 1764.), bio je talijanski arhitekt rokokoa i neoklasike, učitelj Nicole Salvija.

Canevari je bio učenik malo poznatog arhitekta Antonia Valerija. Canevari postaje poznat široj javnosti kada je između ostalih zajedno s Filippom Juvarrom i Nicolo Michettijem sudjelovau u artitetskom natjecanju za novu sakristiju Bazilike sv. Petra.

Canvari postaje član Accademie dell'Arcadia 1715, koja je osnovana 1690. Kralj Portugala, Ivan V. donirao je mali vrt akademiji. Vrt se nalazi u podnožju proplanka Janiculuma, i bio je zamišljen kao mjesto susreta članova Akademije. Canavari je dobio zadatak projektirati Bosco Parrasio.

Canevari odlazi u Lisabon 1732. gdje je nacrtao skice za nekoliko zgrada, koje su se kasnije urušile u potresu 1755. Canavari se vratio u Italiju 1732. gdje mu kralj Karlo III. daje zadatak uljepšti panoramu Napulja.

Talijanski arhitekti

Antonio Canevari


Olaylar
 1260 - Memlük Sultanı Seyfeddin Kutuz, siyasi rakibi Baybars tarafından katledildi.
 1857 - İlk futbol kulübü Sheffield FC kuruldu.
 1882 - Alman bilim insanı Robert Koch, verem mikrobunu keşfetti.
 1911 - Orville Wright, Kuzey Carolina'da hava aracı ile 9 dakika 45 saniye havada kalarak yeni bir Dünya rekoru kırdı. Bu rekor 10 yıl süresince kırılamıyacaktır.
 1912 - Birinci Balkan Savaşı'nda Osmanlı ve Sırp Orduları arasındaki Kumanova Muharebesi Sırpların galibiyeti ile sonlandı.
 1914 - I. Dünya Savaşı: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Rus İmparatorluğu arasında Kafkasya Cephesi başladı.
 1926 - Ünlü illüzyonist Harry Houdini Detroit, Michigan'daki Garrick Tiyatrosu'nda son gösterisine çıktı.
 1929 - New York Borsasında hisse senetleri düştü. Bu çöküş sürecini izleyen bunalım, dünya dış ticaretinde ciddi bir daralma yarattı.
 1935 - İtalya Etiyopya'yı işgal etti.
 1935 - I. Belediyeler Kongresi başladı.
 1939 - Naylon çoraplar, ilk kez Wilmington'da satışa sunuldu.
 1944 - Tarihte inşa edilmiş en ağır savaş gemisi olan 71.000 tonluk "Musashi", Leyte Körfezi Muharebesi sırasında Amerikan uçak gemilerinden kalkan uçaklar tarafından batırıldı. 2399 kişilik mürettebattın 1076'sı hayatını kaybetti.
 1945 - Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması yayınlandı ve BM kuruldu.
 1945 - II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında, Nazilerin Norveç'i işgal etmesine yardım eden, daha sonra Hitler'in Norveç Başbakanı yaptığı Faşist Parti lideri Vidkun Quisling kurşuna dizildi.
 1947 - Walt Disney, Amerikan Aleyhtarı Faaliyetler Komitesi (HUAC)'nde ifade vererek Komünist olduklarına inandığı bazı çalışanlarının isimlerini komiteye verdi.
 1949 - Minik Vali olarak tanınan Ordinaryüs Prof. Dr. Fahrettin Kerim Gökay, İstanbul Valiliği ve Belediye Başkanlığı görevine başladı.
 1956 - Gazeteci Bedii Faik, Cumhurbaşkanına hakaretten 6 ay hapse mahkûm edildi.
 1964 - Amerikalı insan hakları savunucusu Martin Luther King'e, Nobel Barış Ödülü verildi.
 1965 - Nüfus sayımı yapıldı. Türkiye'nin nüfusu: 31.391.207
 1975 - Türkiye'nin Paris Büyükelçisi İsmail Erez ve makam şoförü Talip Yener katledildi. Saldırıyı 'Ermeni Soykırımı Adalet Komandoları' adlı örgüt üstlendi.
 1980 - Polonya hükûmeti, Solidarność (Dayanışma Sendikası) adlı işçi sendikasını yasal olarak kabul etti.
 1991 - Kripto davasında gazeteci Uluç Gürkan ile Dışişleri Bakanlığı memuru Hande Mumcu beraat etti.
 1992 - Türkiye'nin ilk özel havaalanı olan Hezarfen, İstanbul Büyükçekmece'de hizmete girdi.
 1992 - Aachen Tebliği, Ulum el-hikme okulu
 1996 - I. Avrasya İslam Şurası Türkiye'de toplandı.
 1996 - Osmaniye Türkiye'nin 80. ili oldu.
 2000 - Amerikalı rock grubu Linkin Park ilk stüdyo albümleri Hybrid Theory'yi yayınladı. Albüm, 25 milyonluk satış yakaladı.
 2003 - Concorde'un son uçuşu New York ile Londra arasında yapıldı.

Doğumlar
 15 - Vitellius, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 69)
 51 - Domitian, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 96)
 1632 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Hollandalı bilim insanı (ö. 1723)
 1775 - Bahadır Şah II, Son Babür hükümdarı, şair, müzisyen ve hattat (ö. 1862)
 1798 - Massimo d'Azeglio, İtalyan devlet adamı, yazar ve ressam (ö. 1866)
 1804 - Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Alman fizikçi (ö. 1891)
 1855 - James S. Sherman, Amerikalı siyasetçi (ö. 1912)
 1886 - Grigol Orconikidze, SSCB Politbüro üyesi komünist lider (ö. 1937)
 1891 - Rafael Trujillo, 1930-1961 arası Dominik Cumhuriyeti'ni yöneten diktatör (ö. 1961)
 1910 - Cahit Arf, Türk matematikçi ve TÜBİTAK Bilim Kolu Başkanı (ö. 1997)
 1913 -Tito Gobbi, İtalyan opera baritonu (ö. 1984)
 1915 - Bob Kane, Amerikalı çizgi roman yazarı ve çizeri (ö. 1915)
 1921 - R. K. Laxman, Hint yazar ve karikatürist (ö. 2015)
 1922 - Mao Anying, Mao Zedong'un Kore Savaşı'nda hayatını kaybeden oğlu (ö. 1950)
 1924 - Fuat Sezgin, Türk akademisyen ve İslam bilimcisi (ö. 2018)
 1925 - Bob Azzam, Lübnan asıllı Mısır doğumlu Fransız şarkıcı (ö. 2004)
 1925 - Luciano Berio, İtalyan avangart besteci, orkestra şefi, kuramcı ve öğretmen (ö. 2003)
 1926 - İlhan Ayverdi, Türk dil bilimci (ö. 2009)
 1927 - Gilbert Bécaud, Fransız şarkıcı, besteci ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2001)
 1927 - Jean-Claude Pascal, Fransız şarkıcı ve aktör (ö. 1992)
 1929 - George Crumb, 20. yüzyıl klasik müzik bestecisi (ö. 2022)
 1930 - Johan Galtung, Norveçli sosyolog
 1930 - Sultan Ahmed Şah, Malezya Pahang Eyaleti Sultanı (ö. 2019)
 1931 - Sofiya Gubaidulina, Tatar besteci
 1932 - Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Fransız fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2007)
 1932 - Robert Alexander Mundell, Kanadalı ekonomist ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2021)
 1933 - Suna Pekuysal, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 2008)
 1936 - David Nelson, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2011)
 1938 - Stephen Resnick, Kuzey Amerikalı ekonomist (ö. 2013)
 1939 - F. Murray Abraham, Amerikalı Süryani oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1942 - Maggie Blye, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1947 - Kevin Kline, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu ve En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1949 - Keith Rowley, Trinidad ve Tobago'nun mevcut Başbakanı
 1953 - Christoph Daum, Alman teknik direktör
 1954 - Malcolm Turnbull, Avustralya'nın 29. Başbakanı olarak 2015 ile 2018 yılları arasında görev yapan Avustralyalı siyasetçi
 1958 - Hasan Cihat Örter, Türk müzisyen, besteci ve yazar
 1959 - Levent Gök, Türk avukat ve siyasetçi
 1964 - Grant Gee, Britanyalı film ve video klip yönetmeni
 1964 - Serhat, Türk şarkıcı, yapımcı ve sunucu
 1965 - Kiriakos Velopulos, Yunan politikacı
 1966 - Roman Abramoviç, Rus iş insanı
 1966 - Andrea Bonelli, Arjantinli aktris
 1966 - Merav Michaeli, İsrailli politikacı ve gazeteci
 1966 - Ragıp Savaş, Türk tiyatro ve dizi oyuncusu
 1967 - Jacqueline McKenzie, Avustralyalı oyuncu
 1970 - Fernanda Venturini, Brezilyalı voleybolcu
 1971 - Caprice Bourret, Amerikalı iş insanı, model, oyuncu ve televizyon kişiliği
 1973 - Kurt Kuenne, Amerikalı sinemacı ve besteci
 1973 - Jackie McNamara, İskoç millî futbolcu
 1975 - Juan Pablo Ángel, Kolombiyalı futbolcu
 1976 - Carlos Almeida, Angolalı basketbolcu
 1977 - Iván Kaviedes, Ekvadorlu millî futbolcu
 1979 - Ayşe Özyılmazel, Türk şarkıcı ve köşe yazarı
 1980 - Matthew Amoah, Ganalı futbolcu
 1980 - Monica, Amerikalı şarkıcı, şarkı sözü yazarı, kayıt yapımcısı ve aktris
 1981 - Kemal Aslan, Türk futbolcu
 1981 - Tila Nguyen, Vietnam asıllı Amerikalı model, şarkıcı ve sunucu
 1982 - Adil Abbas, Bahreynli futbolcu
 1983 - Adrienne Bailon, Amerikalı şarkıcı, oyuncu ve televizyon sunucusu
 1983 - Özgürcan Çevik, Türk oyuncu
 1984 - Antonio Ferreira, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1985 - Wayne Rooney, İngiliz futbolcu
 1985 - Oscar Wendt, İsveçli futbolcu
 1986 - Aubrey Graham, Kanadalı rapçi, şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1986 - John Ruddy, İngiliz millî futbolcu
 1986 - Tila Tequila, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve manken
 1987 - Anthony Vanden Borre, Belçikalı millî futbolcu
 1987 - Charlie White, Amerikalı buz patenci
 1989 - PewDiePie, İsveçli YouTuber
 1989 - Eliza Taylor, Avustralyalı oyuncu
 1990 - İlkay Gündoğan, Türk asıllı Alman millî futbolcu
 1991 - Bojan Dubljevic, Karadağlı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1992 - Ding Liren, Çinli satranç büyükustası
 1992 - Emel Sığırcı, Türk kadın basketbolcu
 1993 - Imoh Ezekiel, Nijeryalı milli futbolcu
 1994 - Chrystal Soo Jung, Güney Kore merkezli Koreli-Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1997 - Claudia Fragapane, İngiliz artistik jimnastikçi

Ölümler
 996 - Hugues Capet, Fransa Kralı (d. 939)
 1260 - Kutuz, Türk kökenli asker ve devlet adamı
 1537 - Jane Seymour, VIII. Henry'nin Anne Boleyn'in idam edilmesinden sonra evlendiği 3. karısı (d. 1507)
 1601 - Tycho Brahe, Danimarkalı astronom (d. 1546)
 1655 - Pierre Gassendi, Fransız düşünür, matematikçi ve Katolik rahip (d. 1592)
 1725 - Alessandro Scarlatti, İtalyan besteci (d. 1660)
 1799 - Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Avusturyalı besteci ve kemancı (d. 1738)
 1842 - Bernardo O'Higgins, Şilili asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1778)
 1870 - Charles Joseph Minard, Fransız inşaat mühendisi (d. 1781)
 1886 - Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, Alman ve Avusturyalı devlet adamı (d. 1809)
 1914 - Colin H. Campbell, Kanadalı politikacı (d. 1914)
 1918 - César Ritz, İsviçreli bir otelci (d. 1850)
 1938 - Ernst Barlach, Alman dışavurumcu heykeltıraş ve yazar (d. 1870)
 1939 - Salih Hulusi Kezrak, Türk asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1864)
 1944 - Louis Renault, Renault şirketini kuran Fransız iş insanı (d. 1877)
 1945 - Vidkun Quisling, Norveçli politikacı ve Norveç Faşist Partisi genel başkanı (d. 1887)
 1948 - Franz Lehár, Avusturyalı besteci (d. 1870)
 1958 - George Edward Moore, İngiliz filozof (d. 1873)
 1961 - Clem Stephenson, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1890)
 1966 - Sofya Yanovskaya, Rus matematikçi ve tarihçi (d. 1896)
 1969 - Behçet Kemal Çağlar, Türk şair (d. 1908)
 1971 - Jo Siffert, İsviçreli otomobil yarışı pilotu (d. 1936)
 1972 - Jackie Robinson, ilk Afrikalı Amerikalı profesyonel beyzbol oyuncusu (d. 1919)
 1974 - David Oistrakh, Ukraynalı kemancı (d. 1908)
 1975 - İsmail Erez, Türk diplomat ve Türkiye'nin Paris eski Büyük Elçisi (d. 1919)
 1976 - Sevinç Tevs, Türk ses sanatçısı (d. 1930)
 1989 - Jerzy Kukuczka, Polonyalı dağcı (d. 1948)
 1991 - Gene Roddenberry, Amerikalı yazar ve senarist (d. 1921)
 1994 - Raúl Juliá, Porto Rikolu sinema oyuncusu (d. 1940)
 2001 - Jaromil Jireš, Çekoslovak Yeni Dalga hareketiyle bağlantılı yönetmen (d. 1935)
 2002 - Hernán Gaviria, Kolombiyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1969)
 2002 - Harry Hay, Amerikalı LGBT hakları eylemcisi (d. 1912)
 2005 - Rosa Parks, Amerikalı insan hakları savunucusu (d. 1913)
 2006 - William Montgomery Watt, İskoç tarihçi, oryantalist, Anglikan din adamı ve akademisyen (d. 1909)
 2011 - John McCarthy, Amerikalı bilgisayar bilimci (d. 1927)
 2013 - Antonia Jane Bird, İngiliz dizi ve film yönetmeni (d. 1951)
 2014 - Mbulaeni Tongai Mulaudzi, Güney Afrikalı orta mesafe koşucusu (d. 1980)
 2014 - Marcia A. Strassman, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (d. 1948)
 2015 - Maureen O'Hara, İrlanda kökenli Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (d. 1920)
 2016 - Jorge Luis Batlle Ibáñez, Uruguaylı devlet ve siyaset adamı, avukat ve gazeteci (d. 1927)
 2016 - Robert Thomas Velline, Amerikalı pop-rock şarkıcısı (d. 1943)
 2017 - İbrahim Aştiyani, İranlı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1942)
 2017 - Inga Borg, İsveçli sanatçı ve çocuk kitapları yazarı (d. 1925)
 2017 - Robert "Bob" Guillaume, Amerikalı sahne ve televizyon oyuncusu (d. 1927)
 2017 - Antoine Dominique "Fats" Domino, Amerikalı siyahi rock and roll, reggae müziği sanatçısı (d. 1928)
 2018 - Carmen Alborch, İspanyol siyasetçi (d. 1947)
 2018 - Anatoli Gladilin, Sovyet-Rus şair ve yazar (d. 1935)
 2018 - Wah Wah Watson, Amerikalı soul-caz-funk-dans müziği sanatçısı (d. 1950)
 2018 - Tony Joe White, Amerikalı rock-funk-blues müzisyeni, söz yazarı ve şarkıcı (d. 1943)
 2019 - Walter Franco, Brezilyalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, besteci ve müzisyen (d. 1945)
 2020 - Brunei Prensi Azim, Bruneyli prens ve film yapımcısı (d. 1982)
 2020 - Joel Molina Ramírez, Meksikalı siyasetçi ve eğitimci (d. 1942)
 2020 - Krisztián Veréb, Macar sürat kanocusu (d. 1977)
 2021 - Fredrik Andersson Hed, İsveçli profesyonel golfçü ve gazeteci (d. 1972)
 2021 - Arved Birnbaum, Alman sinema oyuncusu (d. 1962)
 2021 - Mamat Khalid, Malezyalı senarist, film yönetmeni ve aktör (d. 1963)
 2021 - Krzysztof Kiersznowski, Polonyalı aktör (d. 1950)
 2021 - Sonny Osborne, Amerikalı bluegrass müzisyeni ve banjo çalgıcısı (d. 1937)
 2022 - Ashton Carter, Amerikalı fizikçi, siyasetçi ve 24. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Savunma Bakanı (d. 1954)
 2022 - Myer Horowitz, Kanadalı bilim insanı (d. 1932)
 2022 - Leslie Jordan, Amerikalı aktör, stand-up komedyen ve yazar (d. 1955)
 2022 - Tomasz Wójtowicz, Polonyalı eski voleybolcu (d. 1953)
 2023 - Richard Roundtree, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1942)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Birleşmiş Milletler Günü
 Dünya Bilgi Geliştirme Günü
 Dünya Polio Günü

1024
24

24 Ekim


الإعلاء  هو عبارة عن شعور ينشأ من خلال مشاهدة أعمال فاضلة من الخير الأخلاقي الملحوظ.  حيث   إنه مُجّرب كشعور مميز بالدفء ويُرافقه تقديرٌ ومودةٌ للفردِ الذي تتم ملاحظة سلوكه الاستثنائي.

يُحَفِزُ الإعلاء أولئكَ الذينَ يُجَرِبونهُ على الانفِتاحِ على الآخرين والانتسابِ إليهم ومساعدتهم.

الإعلاء يجعل الفرد يَشعُر بالارتياح والتفاؤل تجاه البشر.

نظرة عامة
يُعرّف الإعلاء على أنّه شعورٌ وجداني بالجمال الأخلاقي. يضمّ كلاً مِن الأحاسيس الجسدية والآثار التحفيزية التي يمرّ بها الفرد الذي يشهد أفعال العطف والفضيلة. يقترح عالم النفس «جوناثان هايدت» أنّ الإعلاء يضادّ شعور الاشمئزاز الاجتماعي الذي يأتي كردة فعل على قراءة أو مشاهدة «أي فعلٍ قبيح». يرتبط الإعلاء بالمَهابة والدهشة ولم يتطرّق له سابقاً حقلُ علم النفس التقليدي. يصرّ هايدت على أن الإعلاء يستأهل الدراسة إذ لا يمكننا كبشر أن نفهم الفضيلة الإنسانية بشكل وافٍ حتى نتمكّن من شرح الكيفية والأسباب التي تجعل البشر يتأثرون بدرجة كبيرة بمنظر عون الغرباء لبعضهم بعضاً.

يهدف علم النفس الإيجابي إلى تحقيقِ إعادةِ تقييمٍ متوازنة للطبيعة والإمكانيات البشرية. يهتمّ علماء النفس الإيجابي بفهم الحوافز خلف السلوك المحبّ للمجتمع للوقوف على طرقٍ لتشجيع الأفراد على مساعدة ورعاية بعضهم الآخر. لهذا، يسعى هذا المجال حثيثاً للتعرّف على ما يدفع الأفراد للتصرّف بشكلٍ إيثاريّ.

رغم وجود العديد من الأبحاث على التصرفات الإيثاريّة الفردية، ثمّة نقص واضح في الأبحاث على ردة فعل الفرد على إيثار الآخرين. وهو الأمر الذي كافح هايدت وغيره من العلماء لتلافيه.

النظريات الرئيسية

نظرية هايدت: البُعد الثالث للمعرفة الاجتماعية
يُعد البروفيسور جوناثان هايدت باحثاً متميزاً في مجال دراسة الإعلاء وغيره من الانفعالات الأخلاقية. يعرّف الإعلاء على أنه متأتٍّ من مشاهدة أفعال الخير أو مناقب الجمال الأخلاقي. يؤكّد هايدت على أن الإعلاء يستحضر أحاسيس دافئة ومحبّبة في الصدر، كما يحفّز الأفراد أنفسهم الذين يشهدون فِعل الخير على تبنّي سلوكٍ أكثر أخلاقية. في شرحه للإعلاء، يصف هايدت ثلاثة أبعادٍ للمعرفة الاجتماعية. البُعد الأفقي للتضامن، يعني حقيقة أنّ الناس مختلفون في المسافة التي يضعونها من الذات فيما يتعلق بالتأثّر والالتزام المتبادل. على سبيل المثال، في الثقافات المختلفة، يتصرف الأفراد بطرق مختلفة تجاه أصدقائهم مقابل الغرباء.

البُعد الثاني هو البُعد العمودي، ويعني الهيكيليّة، أو المكانة، أو السُلطة. يعدّل الأفراد تعاملاتهم الاجتماعية لتتناسب وَالمكانة الاجتماعية للذين يتعاملون معهم.

يؤكّد هايدت على أن الأفراد يتفاوتون في البُعد الثالث، الذي يسمّيه «الإعلاء مقابل التحقير» أو «النقاء مقابل الدناسة». يُشير هذا البُعد إلى حقيقة أنّ الأفراد يتفاوتون في حالاتهم وسِماتهم الشخصية فيما يتعلق بالنقاء الروحي. عندما يتملّك الأفراد الشعور بالاشمئزاز بسبب بعض الأفعال، يُنبئهم هذا الشعور بأنّ أحداً ما ينحطّ في سلوكه المتعلق بالبُعد الثالث. يُعرّف هايدت الإعلاء على أنه مضادّ للاشمئزاز لأن مشاهدة الآخرين يرتفعون في البُعد الثالث يسبّب للشاهِد ارتفاعاً معنوياً في نفس البُعد، وهذا هو الإعلاء.

فريدريكسون: نظرية التوسيع والبناء
يعطي الإعلاء مثالاً على نظرية باربرا فريدريكسون (1998)، نظرية التوسيع والبناء للمشاعر الإيجابية، التي تشدد على أنّ المشاعر الإيجابية توسّع مدى انتباه الفرد ومعرفته في نفس الآن مع بنائها مصادراً للمستقبل. يدفع الإعلاء الفردَ للشعور بالإعجاب بالشخص المُؤْثِر للغير، ما يحفزه شخصياً لمساعدة الآخرين.

الإعلاء كشعور الإشادة بالآخرين
تزعم «سارة آلجو» وجوناثان هايدت على أنّ الإعلاء جزءٌ من عائلة مشاعر الإشادة بالآخرين، مثل العِرفان والإعجاب. هذه المشاعر الثلاثة هي عبارةٌ عن ردات فعل إيجابية لمشاهدة أفرادٍ مثاليين يؤدّون أعمالاً خيّرة. والناتج المستهدف عن جميع هذه المشاعر هو الآخرون، لا النفس. يقدّم العالمان أدلة إمبريقية تدعم نظريتهما. أجريا دراسةً طُلب فيها من المشاركين أن يتذكروا مرورهم بتجربةٍ دفعتهم للشعور بالإعلاء، والعِرفان، والإعجاب، أو البهجة. ثمّ عبّأ المشاركون استبيانات. تشير النتائج إلى أنّ مشاعر الإشادة بالآخرين تختلف عن الشعور بالسعادة وتختلف عن بعضها بعضاً وفقاً للدوافع التحفيزية لكلّ مشترك. يحفّز الإعلاء الفردَ إلى الانفتاح على الآخرين والتعاطف معهم. مقارنةً بمشاعر البهجة أو المتعة، فأولئك الذين شعروا بالإعلاء كانوا أكثر استعداداً للتعبير عن رغبتهم في القيام بأعمال الخير أو العون للآخرين، وأن يحسنوا من أنفسهم، وأن يحاكوا الأفراد المتميّزين أخلاقياً.

الإعلاء كشعور إيجابيّ متجاوزٍ للذات
تؤكّد ميشيل شيوتا وآخرون أن الإعلاء هو عبارةٌ عن شعورٍ إيجابي متجاوزٍ للذات يوجّه الاهتمام بعيداً عن النفس لتقدير الأفعال الإنسانية الاستثنائية أو الجوانب اللافتة للنظر في العالم الطبيعي. من خلال هذا الفعل، يشجّع الإعلاء الأفراد على تجاوز حياة الروتين اليومي، والحدود، والعوائق المتخيّلة. تصف شيوتا وزملاؤها كيفية عمل الإعلاء كشعور عادي، حيث يصرف اهتمام الفرد عن إطلاق الأحكام الأخلاقية على الآخرين. قد يكون للإعلاء وظيفة تواؤميّة في تحفيز الناس إلى مساعدة الآخرين، وفي النفس الوقت يتمّ فِعل المساعدة للشخص نفسه الذي يمرّ بالشعور. على سبيل المثال، عندما يشهدُ فردٌ في الجماعة مساعدةَ فردٍ آخر للغير، على الأغلب سيشعر الفردُ بالإعلاء ويتحفّز لمساعدة الآخرين في نفس الجماعة.

التطبيقات

الإعلاء في مكان العمل
في دراسة من العام 2010، لكلّ من مايكل آنجيلو فيانيلو، إليسا ماريا جالياني، وجوناثن هايدت وجد أنّ قدرة ربّ العمل على تحفيز شعور الإعلاء لدى موظّفيه يقوّي أواصر العلاقات الإيجابية ويعزز السلوك التنظيمي المستقيم. يبدو أنّ الموظفين يهتمون اهتماماً كبيراً بالسلوكيات الأخلاقية لمَن هم أعلى منهم منصباً ويتجاوبون بشكل إيجابيّ مع مظاهر الإنصاف والنزاهة الأخلاقية. تُلهِم هذه السلوكيات الإعلاء الأخلاقي وتؤدي إلى مشاعر إيجابية عميقة. وفقاً لهذه الدراسة، يمكن لأرباب العمل أن يستفيدوا من هذه النتائج الإيجابية المرتبطة بالإعلاء ويجب عليهم أن يسعوا جادّين لتحفيزها لدى موظفيهم.

استخدام الإعلاء لتعزيز السلوكيات الإيثاريّة
أظهرت دراسةٌ أُجريت في جامعة كيمبريدج أنّ الإعلاء يؤدّي إلى زيادة في الإيثار. في هذه الدراسة، كان الأفراد الذين شعروا بالإعلاء مستعدين أكثر من غيرهم للتطوّع بالمشاركة في دراسةٍ دون مقابلٍ مادي، وأمضوا وقتاً أطول مرتين في مساعدة الباحث في تأدية وظائف روتينية مملّة، مقارنةً بأولئك الذين كانوا يمرّون بمشاعر البهجة أو بالذين كانوا في حالةٍ عاطفيّة حيادية. خلص الباحثون إلى أنّ مشاهدة الآخرين يقومون بأعمال إيثار يحفّز شعور الإعلاء لدى الشخص، الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى ارتفاعٍ ملموسٍ في السلوك الإيثاري. وفقاً لهذه الدراسة، فإنّ أفضل الطرق لتحفيز السلوك الإيثاري هو القدوة الحسنة بكل بساطة.

يزيد الإعلاء من الروحانيات
وجد الباحثون على أنّ الإعلاء وغيره من المشاعر المتجاوزة للذات تؤدي بالناس إلى تصوّر العالم والآخرين بمنظورٍ مطبوع على الخير. يؤدي هذا التصور إلى ارتفاع نسبة الروحانية، لأنّ تصوّر الشخص أو العمل الفاضل أكبر من النفس يؤدي إلى إيمان أعمق بخيريّة الناس والعالم؛ وقد يؤدي هذا الشعور بأولئك الذين يمرّون به إلى النظر إلى الحياة على أنّها ذات معنى أعمق الآن. لاحظ الباحثون أن أعظم آثار الإعلاء تجلّت على الروحانية لدى الأفراد غير المتدينين أو غير الملتزمين دينياً.

قد تؤدي النظرة الإيجابية نحو العالم بالفرد إلى مساعدة الآخرين أكثر فأكثر، الأمر الذي يقود إلى تفاعلاتٍ اجتماعية إيجابية؛ وبالتالي تزداد سعادة الفرد ذاته نفسياً وصحياً، بدلاً من الدوران في حلقة مفرغة من الروتين اليومي والسلبية. يساعد هذا الأفرادَ على تحديد وصقل الجوانب الإيجابية في حياتهم.

خلاف
تدور نقاشات في الأوساط العلمية بخصوص الإعلاء وفيما إذا كان ميزة بشرية. تجادل عالمة الثدييات الرئيسية «جين جودال» بأنّ الحيوانات قادرةٌ على الشعور بالمهابة، والإعلاء، والدهشة. تشتهر الدكتورة جودال بإجرائها أطول الدراسات المستمرة على مجموعة من الحيوانات، حيث عاشت مع قردة الشامبانزي البرية في تانزانيا لمراقبتها لمدة 45 عاماً. في عدة مناسبات، لاحظت الدكتورة جودال دلالات استثارةٍ متزايدة لدى القردة عند مشاهدتها للشلالات الخلابة أو العواصف المطرية. في كل مرة، يؤدي القرد عرضاً بديعاً، كالاهتزاز المنتظم من قدمٍ إلى قدم، الضرب بالأقدام في الماء، وإلقاء الحجارة. تفترض الدكتورة جودال بأنّ هذه السلوكيات هي مقدمات الطقوس الدينية لدى البشر، ويحفّزها مشاعر شبيهة بالإعلاء أو المهابة.

الخلاصة
تؤكّد معظم الأبحاث التي أُجريت على الإعلاء تؤكّد على آثاره على التفاعلات والسلوكيات الاجتماعية. على أي حال، ما زال العمل البحثي جارياً لتحديد الميكانزمات النفسية الخاصة الكامنة خلف المشاعر الدافئة والمنفتحة التي يستثيرها الإعلاء في الصدر.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، بدأ الباحثون في التحقيق بشأن المزاعم أنّ الشعور العميق بالإعلاء قد يكون تجربة ذروةٍ بإمكانها تغيير هويّات الأفراد وحياتهم الروحانية. رغم أنّ التطوّر الأخلاقي يُنظر إليه على أنّه عملية تمتد طوال الحياة، يقترح هايدت فرضية «الإلهام وإعادة التوصيل» لوصف تجارب الإعلاء الآنيّة والتي قد تعمل كـ«زرّ إعادة ضبط» من خلال محوِ المشاعر السوداوية والمتشائمة واستبدالها بمشاعر الأمل، والحبُ، وأحاسيس الإلهام الأخلاقي.

المراجع

شعور
صحة نفسية
علم النفس الأخلاقي
علم النفس الإيجابي

إعلاء


An Telipogon smaragdinus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Franco Pupulin ngan Mario Alberto Blanco, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norris Hagan Williams och Robert Louis Dressler. An Telipogon smaragdinus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon smaragdinus


فضة قلبها أبيض، مسلسل تلفزيوني كويتي من 30 حلقة، كتبتها هبة مشاري حمادة وأخرجها غافل فاضل. قام ببطولة المسلسل سعاد عبد الله، أسمهان توفيق، هدى حسين وحسين المنصور. يتناول المسلسل قصة امرأة بعمر الخمسين توقف مخها وعمرها 10 سنوات وطمع المقربين منها بمالها وظلمهم لها.

ملخص القصة
فضة امرأة في الخمسين من عمرها لكن توقف ذهنها عند العشر سنوات وقد أثر عليها من حيث التصرف والتفكير فهي طيبة وحنونة، تتعامل مع الآخرين بنية صافية.. ولكنها تخوض تجارب عديدة مع عائلتها والمحيطين بها حيث يعاملها الكثير بانتهازية..

تمثيل

الراوية بصوت سميحة أيوب

مصادر

مسلسلات عبير الجندي
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كويتية بدأ عرضها في 2008
مسلسلات كويتية عن الطمع
مسلسلات كويتية عن الفتاة

فضة قلبها أبيض (مسلسل)


.ml Mali için internet ülke kodu üst seviye alan adıdır. (CcTLD)

Point ML, Bamako, Mali'deki Agence des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication'ın (AGETIC) bir girişimidir.

Point ML Registry, .ML alan adlarının Mali'deki ve yurt dışındaki insanların yaşamları üzerinde önemli bir sosyal etkiye sahip olabileceğini kabul eder. Hem AGETIC'in hem de Point ML Registry'nin misyonu, Mali'de internet kullanımını ve dünyada Mali'nin bilinirliğini artırmaktır.

Point ML, AGETIC'in nüfusun internete erişimini iyileştirme çabalarını doğrudan finanse eder. Altyapı ve Teknoloji AGETIC, ML alanını istikrarlı ve otomatik bir şekilde çalıştırmak için Freenom'un altyapısını ve uzmanlığını kullanıyor.

Dağıtımı Point.ml tarafından yapılmaktadır.

Mali
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Albertus Martin "Bert" Smaak (* 12. Februar 1960 in Den Haag) ist ein niederländischer Schlagzeuger.

Biografie
Smaak spielt seit seinem zehnten Lebensjahr Schlagzeug. Er zog 1983 nach Köln, wo er als gefragter Studio- und Live-Musiker neben zahlreichen Tonträgerproduktionen und Fernsehauftritten mit namhaften nationalen und internationalen Künstlern und Bands regelmäßig Konzerte und Tourneen spielte. Hierzu gehören unter anderem die Gebrüder Engel, Anne Haigis, Ina Deter, Miguel Ríos, Udo Schild, Pe Werner, Nashville Music Company, Phil Carmen, Lothar Krell, Edo Zanki, Charlie Mariano, Purple Schulz, Jon Lord oder Mike Herting.

Mit der Grammy nominierten Band Acoustic Alchemy aus Großbritannien tourte er mehrere Jahre durch die USA und nahm mit ihnen mehrere CDs auf. Ihre 2005 erschienene Produktion "American English" war längere Zeit in den US-amerikanischen Top Ten.

2002 wird er festes Mitglied der reformierten niederländischen Rockband Focus und spielt mit ihnen die CD "Focus 8" ein. Sie touren durch Europa, Nord- und Südamerika, sowie Kanada und Japan.

Im August 2004 steigt er bei Ex-Deep Purple-Organist Jon Lord und dessen Gemini Orchestra ein, mit denen er auf der – live in Köln aufgenommen – DVD "Beyond the Notes" spielte, gefolgt von weiteren Konzerten in Deutschland und Europa.

Smaak ist auf der Bühne in mehreren Theaterstücken zu sehen, zudem bei der Roncalli Show oder Fernsehshows wie DSDS`s Big Band Staffel und spielt auf verschiedensten Produktionen vieler weiterer Künstler.

Diskografie

Aufnahmen als Sideman (Auszug)

 1983: (Gebr.Engel) Die Wahrheit
 1986: (Playing games) Playing games
 1987: (Acoustic Alchemy) Red dust and spanisch lace
 1987: (Phil Carmen) City Walls
 1988: (Acoustic Alchemy) Natural Elements
 1989: (Acoustic Alchemy) Blue chip
 1990: (Edo Zanki) Und wir kriegen uns doch
 1990: (Acoustic Alchemy) Reference point
 1991: (Billy Myer) Only a vision
 1991: (Acoustic Alchemy) Back on the case
 1993: (Mac Dowell & Krell) Echnaton`s return
 1994: (Acoustic Alchemy) Against the grain
 1995: (Joe Smoke) Blue
 1997: (Udo Schild) Morning
 1999: (Purple Schulz) Mit dem Rucken an der Wand
 2004: (Focus) Focus 8
 2004: (Jon Lord & Gemini Orchestra) Beyond the Notes (live)
 2005: (Sabine van Baaren) Whatever comes
 2005: (Acoustic Alchemy) American english
 2005: (Rainald Grebe & Die Kapelle Der Versöhnung) ICE
 2007: (Acoustic Alchemy) This way
 2008: (Sascha Bendiks) Die halbe Wahrheit
 2009: (A WA KE, van Baaren & Joggerst) Remember who you are
 2010: (Rolf Zacher) Latest Hits
 2011: (Mike Herting) Brotherhood
 2011: (Hans Süper)
 2012: (Purple Schulz) So und nicht anders

Video (VHS/DVD)
 2004: Beyond the notes (Jon Lord and the gemini Orchestra), Live Concert Köln DVD

Weblinks
 Interview mit Bert Smaak Deutsch
 Verve Music
Small World Studio
 Bert Smaak auf www.discogs.com

Einzelnachweise

Schlagzeuger
Musiker (Niederlande)
Niederländer
Geboren 1960
Mann

Bert Smaak


İdeal gaz, moleküllerin özhacimlerinin moleküllerin serbestçe dolaştıkları tüm hacim oranı çok küçük olan (yani tüm hacim yanında ihmal edilebilecek kadar küçük kalan), moleküllerinin arasında çekme ve itme kuvvetleri bulunmayan, molekülleri arası çarpışmaların esnek olduğu (enerji kaybı olmayan çarpışma) gaz modelidir. Gerçek durum ele alındığında, hiçbir gaz ideal değildir. Fakat çoğu gaz düşük basınç ve yüksek sıcaklıklarda ideal gaz modeline uyarlar.

İdeal gaz tanımı ve kabulü gazlarla ilgili temel denklemleri oluşturabilmek ve matematiksel formülasyona gidebilmek için yapılmıştır.

İdeal gaz


Picardie Manevraları (Fransızca: Les manœuvres de Picardie), 12-18 Eylül 1910'de Fransa'nın Pikardi bölgesinde yapılan bir tatbikattır.

I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Britanyalı ve Fransız ordularına başkomutanlık yapan Mareşal Foch komutasında yapılmıştır.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu bu manevralara Binbaşı Selahaddin Bey ve Kolağası Mustafa Kemal'i gözlemci olarak göndermişti.

Mustafa Kemal'in tatbikat sonrasındaki sözleri ve yorumları Fransız Mareşal Ferdinand Foch'un dikkatini çekmiş, prokotole aykırı olarak rütbesi albaydan küçük olduğu halde kendisini düzenlediği bir yemeğe davet etmişti.

İlgili filmler
 'French Army Manoeuvres at Picardie', (1910)

Dış bağlantılar
Les Manoeuvres de Picardie (1910)

Manevra
1910

Picardie Manevraları