Julia O'Hara Stiles (born March 28, 1981) is an American actress. Born and raised in New York City, Stiles began acting at the age of 11 as part of New York's La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. Her film debut was a small role in I Love You, I Love You Not (1996), followed by a lead role in Wicked (1998) for which she received the Karlovy Vary Film Festival Award for Best Actress. She rose to prominence with leading roles in teen films such as 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), Down to You (2000), and Save the Last Dance (2001). Her accolades include a Teen Choice Award and two MTV Movie Awards, as well as nominations for a Golden Globe Award, and Primetime Emmy Award.

Stiles added to her list of credits with films such as The Business of Strangers (2001), Mona Lisa Smile (2003), and The Omen (2006), and became known to audiences worldwide with her portrayal of Nicky Parsons in the Bourne franchise (2002–2016). Her other notable film credits include Hamlet, State and Main (both 2000), O (2001), A Guy Thing (2002), Carolina (2003), The Prince & Me (2004), Edmond, A Little Trip to Heaven (both 2005), The Cry of the Owl (2009), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), Out of the Dark (2014), Blackway (2015), 11:55 (2016), Hustlers (2019) and Orphan: First Kill (2022).

Outside of film, Stiles played Lumen Pierce on the fifth season of Dexter (2010), earning nominations for the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress and the Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress. From 2012–14 she appeared as the titular character in the web series Blue, for which she earned two IAWTV Awards for Best Actress. From 2017 to 2020 she starred as Georgina Ryland on the Sky Atlantic series Riviera. She currently stars in the Amazon series The Lake (2022–present).

Early life and education
Stiles was born in New York City to parents Judith Newcomb Stiles, a Greenwich Village artist, and John O'Hara, a businessman. She is the oldest of three children; her siblings are John Junior and Jane (also an actress). Stiles is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. She started acting at age 11, performing with New York's La MaMa Theatre Company.

Career

Film career
Stiles's first film role was in I Love You, I Love You Not (1996), with Claire Danes and Jude Law. She also had small roles as Harrison Ford's character's daughter in Alan J. Pakula's The Devil's Own (1997) and in M. Night Shyamalan's Wide Awake (1998). Her first lead was in Wicked (1998), playing a teenage girl who might have murdered her mother so she could have her father all to herself. Critic Joe Baltake wrote she was "the darling of the 1998 Sundance Film Festival." She next starred in the TV miniseries The '60s in 1999.

Later that year, she portrayed Kat Stratford, opposite Heath Ledger in Gil Junger's 10 Things I Hate About You, an adaptation of The Taming of the Shrew set in a high school in Tacoma, Washington. She won an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance for the role. The Chicago Film Critics voted her the most promising new actress of the year. Her next starring role was in Down to You (2000), which was panned by critics, but earned both her and her co-star Freddie Prinze, Jr. a Teen Choice Award nomination for their on-screen chemistry. She subsequently appeared in two more Shakespearean adaptations. The first was as Ophelia in Michael Almereyda's Hamlet (2000), with Ethan Hawke in the lead. The second was in the Desdemona role, opposite Mekhi Phifer, in Tim Blake Nelson's O (2001), a version of Othello set at a boarding school. Neither film was a great success; O was subject to many delays and a change of distributors, and Hamlet was an art house film shot on a minimal budget.

Stiles next commercial success was in Save the Last Dance (2001) as an aspiring ballerina forced to leave her small town in downstate Illinois to live with her struggling musician father in Chicago after her mother dies in a car accident. At her new, nearly all-black school, she falls in love with the character played by Sean Patrick Thomas who teaches her hip-hop dance steps that help get her into the Juilliard School. The role won her two more MTV awards for Best Kiss and Best Female Performance and a Teen Choice Award for best fight scene for her battle with Bianca Lawson. Rolling Stone named her "the coolest co-ed" and put her on the cover of its April 12, 2001, issue. She told Rolling Stone that she performed all her own dancing in the film, except for some closeups of the feet.

In David Mamet's State and Main (2000), about a film shooting on location in a small town in Vermont, she played a teenage girl who seduces a film actor (Alec Baldwin) with a weakness for teen girls. Stiles also appeared opposite Stockard Channing in the dark art house film The Business of Strangers (2001) as a conniving, amoral secretary who exacts revenge on her boss. Channing was impressed by her co-star: "In addition to her talent, she has a quality that is almost feral, something that can make people uneasy. She has an effect on people." Stiles also had a small role as Treadstone operative Nicolette "Nicky" Parsons in The Bourne Identity (2002), a role that was enlarged in The Bourne Supremacy (2004), then greatly expanded in The Bourne Ultimatum (2007).

Between the Bourne films, she appeared in Mona Lisa Smile (2003) as Joan, a student at Wellesley College in 1953, whose art professor (Julia Roberts) encourages her to pursue a career in law rather than become a wife and mother. Critic Stephen Holden called her one of cinema's "brightest young stars", but the film met with generally unfavorable reviews. Stiles played a Wisconsin college student who is swept off her feet by a Danish prince, played by Luke Mably, in The Prince and Me (2004), directed by Martha Coolidge. Stiles told an interviewer that she was very similar to her character Paige Morgan. Critic Scott Foundas said she was "irrepressibly engaging" and the film was a "strange career choice for Stiles". This echoed criticism in reviews of A Guy Thing (2003), a romantic comedy with Jason Lee and Selma Blair. Critic Dennis Harvey wrote that Stiles was "wasted" and Holden called her "a serious actress from whom comedy does not seem to flow naturally". In 2005, Stiles was cast opposite her Hamlet co-star Liev Schreiber in The Omen, a remake of the 1976 horror film. The film was released on June 6, 2006. She returned to the Bourne series with a much larger role in The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), her highest-grossing film to date.

Stiles began filming Between Us in May 2011 with co-stars Taye Diggs, David Harbour, and Melissa George. Between Us is the screen adaptation of the off-Broadway play of the same name by Joe Hortua. In 2012, Stiles starred alongside David Cross and America Ferrera in the dark comedy It's a Disaster. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival and was picked up by Oscilloscope Laboratories and received a commercial release in April 2013. Stiles had a small but pivotal role as a reporter in the 2013 British-American film Closed Circuit. In April 2013, it was announced that Stiles would be starring in the indie supernatural thriller Out of the Dark alongside Scott Speedman and Stephen Rea. Filming began in Bogotá, Colombia.

In 2015, Stiles signed on to reprise her role as Nicky Parsons in Jason Bourne, the fifth installment of the Bourne franchise. She also featured as Courtney, the wayward mother of Sophie Nélisse, in The Great Gilly Hopkins, which premiered in U.S. cinemas on October 7, 2016.

In 2019, Stiles appeared in the movie Hustlers as the journalist, Elizabeth. The film opened on September 13, 2019, and became a box office success.

Stage career
Stiles's first theatrical roles were in works by author/composer John Moran with the group Ridge Theater in Manhattan's Lower East Side from 1993 to 1998. From July to August 2002, she performed on stage in Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues, and appeared as Viola, the lead role in Shakespeare in the Park's production of Twelfth Night with Jimmy Smits.

In 2004, she made her London stage debut opposite Aaron Eckhart in a revival of David Mamet's play Oleanna at the Garrick Theatre. She reprised the role of Carol in a 2009 production of Oleanna, directed by Doug Hughes and co-starring Bill Pullman at the Mark Taper Forum. The production moved to Broadway's John Golden Theatre for October 11 opening night.

Stiles was to play Jeannie in a production of Neil LaBute's Fat Pig directed by the playwright beginning in April 2011, but the show was postponed indefinitely.

Other work
Stiles appeared in the video for Cyndi Lauper's single "Sally's Pigeons" in 1993. On March 17, 2001, she hosted Saturday Night Live and eight days later she was a presenter at the 73rd Academy Awards. She returned to Saturday Night Live on May 5 appearing as then-President George W. Bush's daughter Jenna Bush in a skit that poked fun at the two first daughters for being arrested for underage drinking. MTV profiled her in its Diary series in 2003, and she was Punk'd by Ashton Kutcher at a Washington, D.C., museum in 2004.

Stiles made her writing and directorial debut with Elle magazine's short Raving starring Zooey Deschanel. It premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival.

In May 2010, Stiles was cast in a major role in the Showtime series Dexter and signed for 10 episodes. For this role, she received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film, as well as a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.

In June 2012, the web series Blue premiered. It stars Stiles as a single mother with a 13-year-old son. She works at an office and also as a call girl to make ends meet on an otherwise meager income fighting to protect her son from the collision between her complicated past and tenuous present. For her work on Blue, Stiles won two IAWTV Awards, in 2013 and 2014. The actress during the recordings shared set with artists like Michelle Forbes, JC Gonzalez, and Uriah Shelton.

In 2021, it was announced that Stiles was cast as Maisy-May in the Canadian Amazon Prime series The Lake. Maisy-May is the "picture-perfect" stepdaughter/stepsister who was given the family cottage by her stepfather, to the dismay of her stepbrother Justin. The series was shot in North Bay, Ontario in August and September 2021. Season 1 was released on June 17, 2022.

Personal life
Stiles graduated from Columbia University with a degree in English literature in 2005. In college, she dated actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt and the two lived in John Jay Hall. She and actor David Harbour were in a relationship between 2011 and 2015. In 2010, she received a John Jay Award, an annual honorary award given to five alumni by the Columbia College Alumni Association for professional achievements.

Stiles has also worked for Habitat for Humanity, building housing in Costa Rica, and has worked with Amnesty International to raise awareness of the harsh conditions of immigration detention of unaccompanied juveniles. In January 2004, Marie Claire featured Stiles's trip to see conditions at the Berks County Youth Center in Leesport, Pennsylvania.

Stiles is a former vegan, occasionally eating red meat. She says she gave up veganism after she developed anemia and found it difficult to get proper nutrition while traveling. She has described herself as a feminist and wrote about the subject in The Guardian.

She is a fan of baseball and the New York Mets. She threw the ceremonial first pitch before their May 29, 2006 game.

In September 2017 Stiles married camera assistant Preston J. Cook with whom she worked on Blackway. They have two children.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theme park

Internet

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Julia Stiles on Instagram

1981 births
Living people
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American Shakespearean actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Feminist artists
Actresses from Manhattan
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

Julia Stiles


අනිරුධ් රවිචන්දර් (උපත 1990 ඔක්තෝබර් 26) යනු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටවල කටයුතු කරන ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට ස්වරනිර්මාපකයකු සහ ගායකයෙකි. අනිරුධ් විසින් 3 දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නිර්මාණය කළ "වයි දිස් කොලවෙරි ඩි" ගීතය වෛරසයක් මෙන් යූටියුබ් තුළ ව්‍යාප්ත විය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

චෙන්නායි ලොයොලා විද්‍යාලයේ ආධිශිෂ්‍යයෝ
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට ස්වරමාලා නිර්මාපකයෝ
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
චෙන්නායිහි සංගීතඥයෝ
1990 උපත්
දෙමළ චිත්‍රපට ස්වරමාලා නිර්මාපකයෝ

අනිරුධ් රවිචන්දර්


Vorimholz bezeichnet:
 Dorf der Gemeinde Grossaffoltern, 1967 eingemeindet
 Aussensiedlung der Gemeinde Limpach BE

Vorimholz


El apellido Hamilton tuvo su origen a partir del nombre de un lugar, muy probablemente, el pueblo de Hamilton en el Leicestershire de Inglaterra, sin embargo los portadores de ese nombre en el  se establecieron en el Lanarkshire de Escocia por lo cual -pese a su probable origen inicial inglés- el apellido resulta muy frecuente en Escocia : la ciudad de Hamilton del condado escocés del Lanarkshire Sur llevó el nombre (apellido) de esa familia ya algún tiempo antes de 1445. Las personas contemporáneas de apellido Hamilton pueden entonces ser descendientes de la familia de la "nobleza" original, o a partir de algunos descendientes de la gente de la ciudad con ese nombre o, en el caso de afroamericanos haber obtenido el apellido de las familias "blancas" que les habían tenido como esclavos.

Apellidos

Hamilton (apellido)


Moș Uroș Totorean  () a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Uroș Totorean a studiat la Preparandia Română din Arad, fiind învățător în Nădlac.

Activitatea politică
Uroș Totorean a fost membru al Partidului Național Român. Ca deputat în Marea Adunare Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a reprezentat ca delegat supleant al Cercului electoral Nădlac, județul Cenad.

Note

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1874
Decese în 1934
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Învățători români

Uroș Totorean


10702 Arizorcas este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10702 Arizorcas este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Flagstaff de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,43 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 2,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

10702 Arizorcas


Das Verkehrswegeplanungsbeschleunigungsgesetz ist ein deutsches Gesetz zur Vereinfachung der Planungsverfahren von großen Verkehrsinfrastruktur-Projekten in den Neuen Bundesländern.

Regelungen
Das Gesetz ermöglicht es, in den neuen Bundesländern auf ein Raumordnungsverfahren zu verzichten. Wird ein Raumordnungsverfahren durchgeführt, ist es binnen sechs Monaten abzuschließen. Die Auslegung der Planunterlagen hatte spätestens drei Wochen nach deren Eingang bei der entsprechenden Behörde zu erfolgen. Drei Monate Zeit blieben anschließend für Erörterung und Stellungnahme. Anfechtungsklagen gegen einen Planfeststellungsbeschluss wurden in erster und einziger Instanz am Bundesverwaltungsgericht entschieden.

Geschichte
Das Gesetz wurde im Mai 1991 durch den Bundesverkehrsminister Günther Krause dem Bundeskabinett vorgelegt und stieß auf dessen Zustimmung. Gegen das Gesetz richtete sich ein weitreichender Widerstand, der bis vor das Bundesverfassungsgericht reichte. Das Gesetz wurde 1991 beschlossen. Der im ursprünglichen Entwurf vorgesehene generelle Verzicht auf ein förmliches Raumordnungsverfahren wurde abgemildert und die Entscheidung darüber den Ländern übertragen. Am 1. Dezember 1993 trat das erste von mehreren Investitionsmaßnahmegesetzen, mit denen in Teilabschnitten der VDE-Projekte ein Planfeststellungsverfahren vermieden werden sollte, in Kraft.

Das zunächst bis Dezember 1996 befristete Gesetz wurde auf Antrag einiger Bundesländer bis Ende 1999 verlängert. Die Erfahrungen aus dem Gesetz führten zu dem 1993 beschlossenen Verkehrswegeplanungsvereinfachungsgesetz, das auch in den alten Bundesländern zu verkürzten Planungszeiten führen sollte. Umweltschutzverbände kritisierten, dass im Zuge der beschleunigten Verfahren der Bürger den Eindruck erhalte, dass große Verkehrsprojekte ohnehin nicht mehr geändert oder verhindert werden könnten. Mit dem Genehmigungsbeschleunigungsgesetz vom Dezember 1996 wurden die Vereinfachungen im Verwaltungsverfahrensrecht des Bundes und der Länder nachvollzogen.

Die durchschnittliche Verfahrensdauer von Straßen- und Schienenverkehrswegeprojekten hätte sich, im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Verfahren in den alten Bundesländern, von je zwei auf rund ein Jahr halbiert.

1995 wurden nach dem Gesetz 141 Klagen vor dem Bundesverwaltungsgericht erhoben, im Jahr 1996 108 Klagen. 1996 wurden 88 Klagen entschieden. Bis zu Entscheidung vergingen 1996 im Durchschnitt zehn Monate. Revisionsverfahren nach dem Gesetz dauerten durchschnittlich 14 Monate.

Das Gesetz war bei Inkrafttreten in seinem § 1 ursprünglich bis zum 31. Dezember 1995 (Verkehrswege der Bundeseisenbahnen bis 31. Dezember 1999) befristet. Diese Frist wurde mehrfach verlängert, zuletzt durch Artikel 13 des Gesetzes zur Beschleunigung von Planungsverfahren für Infrastrukturvorhaben und dessen Berichtigung auf den Ablauf des 16. Dezember 2006.

Siehe auch
Der Schweizer Bundesrat erließ mit dem Bundesgesetz über die Koordination und Vereinfachung von Plangenehmigungsverfahren ein ähnliches Gesetz.

Der im Bau befindliche Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg (BER) wurde nach diesem Gesetz vereinfacht genehmigt, die Verhandlungen vor dem Bundesverwaltungsgericht dazu fanden Anfang 2006 statt, am 16. März 2006 erging das Urteil.

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsquelle (Deutschland)
Rechtsquelle (20. Jahrhundert)
Verkehrsrecht (Deutschland)
Raumordnung (Deutschland)


Hernán Menosse Acosta (San Carlos, 28 de abril de 1987) es un futbolista uruguayo. Juega de defensa y actualmente milita en el Club Atlético Peñarol de la Primera División de Uruguay.

Hernán Menosse debutó a sus 16 años en Peñarol de San Carlos y debutó con un gol a Neptuno de cabeza en el primer tiempo. Luego de pasar por Club Atlético Libertad de Uruguay se marcha al Club Atlético Atenas para jugar la Primera División de Uruguay. En la temporada 2009-10 desciende de categoría. A inicios de 2012 se marcha al Montevideo Wanderers de la Primera División. Fue dirigido por Alfredo Arias quien lo hizo debutar en Wanderers, logró clasificar a la Copa Sudamericana 2014, compartió la defensa con Maximiliano Olivera.

Trayectoria

Recreativo de Huelva
Debido a sus buenas actuaciones y su constante regularidad fue visto por el Delfino Pescara y Recreativo de Huelva, finalmente fichando por Recreativo, va a préstamo por un año a Recreativo de Huelva club de la Segunda División de España. Con el equipo hizo una buena campaña quedándose afuera de los play-off por diferencia de goles. Jugó al lado del chileno Felipe Gallegos y su compatriota Javier Cabrera. Con Recreativo descendió a la Segunda División B de España 2015/16.

Once Caldas
Luego de su descenso con Recreativo se marcha a Colombia para jugar por Once Caldas. Perdió el Torneo Finalización 2015 en cuartos de final con Deportes Tolima.

Rosario Central
Debido a sus buenas actuaciones en Colombia varios equipos de Sudamérica mostraron interés por el defensor, equipos como Peñarol y Flamengo. Sin embargo, el jugador terminó fichando por Rosario Central, firmó a préstamo por un año con opción de compra. Jugó al lado de su compatriota Sebastián Sosa y los argentinos Franco Cervi, Giovani Lo Celso y Marco Ruben.

Granada
En julio de 2017 firma con por 2 temporadas con el Granada, de la Segunda División de España, con ánimo de luchar para conseguir el ascenso.

Belgrano

En julio de 2018 se marcha al Club Atlético Belgrano para disputar la Primera División de Argentina.

Deportivo Cali

Para el año 2020   rescinde contrato con el belgrano y vuelve a Colombia por segunda vez esta vez el deportivo Cali que lo contrata por pedido expreso del director técnico Alfredo Arias , firmando hasta final de temporada en donde se destacó por ser buen pilar defensivo.

Finalizando la temporada 2020 el técnico Alfredo Arias hizo su renovación y continuó hasta final de temporada en donde convierte 2 goles, uno de ellos al América de Cali y otro a Millonarios. Tras la destitución del técnico Alfredo Arias y la llegada de Rafael Dudamel sigue siendo titular en donde se coronó campeón del Torneo Clausura 2021 enfrentando al Deportes Tolima.

Tras quedar campeón en el 2021 con el Deportivo Cali, el 29 de diciembre del 2021 se confirma que hace su renovación de contrato hasta diciembre del 2022.

Club Atlético Peñarol
Tras haber renovado con el Deportivo Cali dio a conocer sus intenciones al profesor Rafael Dudamel de abandonar el equipo, llegando una oferta desde el Club Atlético Peñarol, aceptó la oferta y firmó contrato por un año con opción de extender un año más, hasta la fecha ha conquistado dos títulos, la Supercopa Uruguaya 2022 y el Torneo Apertura 2023.

Clubes

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Nacidos en San Carlos (Uruguay)
Futbolistas de Uruguay
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Libertad (San Carlos)
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Atenas (San Carlos)
Futbolistas del Montevideo Wanderers Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Real Club Recreativo de Huelva en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Once Caldas
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Rosario Central en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Granada Club de Fútbol en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Belgrano
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Lugo
Futbolistas del Defensor Sporting Club
Futbolistas del Deportivo Cali
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Peñarol
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Peñarol en los años 2020

Hernán Menosse


ArcView 3.x fue un software Sistema de Información Geográfica del inglés Geographic Information System producido por ESRI.

Historia
ArcView se inició como un programa gráfico para datos espaciales y mapas realizados con otros productos de software de ESRI. Con el tiempo se incorporaron más funcionalidad al software y se convirtió en un programa de SIG real, capaz de realizar gestión de datos y análisis complejos.

Véase también
 ArcInfo
 Shapefile
 ArcView

Enlaces externos
 Basic tutorial for ArcView 3.x on Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access
 Introduction to ArcView GIS 3.x

Software SIG

ar:أرك فيو
pl:ArcView
ta:ஆர்க்வியூ

ArcView 3.x


Captal de Buch (later Buché; from Latin capitalis, "first", "chief") was a medieval feudal title in Gascony held by Jean III de Grailly among others.

According to Du Cange, the designation captal (capital, captau, capitau) was applied loosely to the more illustrious nobles of Aquitaine, counts, viscounts, &c., probably as capitales domini, "principal lords", though he quotes more fanciful explanations. As an actual title, the word was used only by the seigneurs of Trene, Puychagut, Epernon and Buch.

Buch was a strategically located town and port on the Atlantic, in the bay of Arcachon.

When Pierre, the seigneur of Grailly (ca 1285 – 1356) married Asalide (the captaline de Buch), the heiress of Pierre-Amanieu de Bordeaux, captal de Buch, in 1307, the title passed into the Grailly family, a line of fighting seigneurs with origins in Savoy.

The title is best known in connexion with the famous soldier Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch (r. 1343–1376), the "captal de Buch" par excellence, immortalized by Jean Froissart as the confidant of the Black Prince and the champion of the English cause against France during the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. He played a decisive role as a cavalry leader in the Battle of Poitiers (1356). In 1364, he ravaged the country between Paris and Rouen, but was beaten by Bertrand du Guesclin at the Battle of Cocherel (1364) and taken prisoner. Released next year, he received the seigniory of Nemours and took the oath of fealty to the French king, Charles V, but soon resigned his new fief and returned to his allegiance to the English king. In 1367, he took part in the Battle of Navarrete (1367) in which Du Guesclin was taken prisoner, the captal being entrusted with his safe-keeping. In 1371, Jean de Grailly was appointed constable of Aquitaine, but was taken prisoner next year and interned in the Temple in Paris where, resisting all the tempting offers of the French king, he remained until his death five years later.

References

External links

Buch, Captal de
House of Grailly
Grailly
Medieval titles

Captal de Buch


Nils van der Poel, né le , est un patineur de vitesse suédois.

Biographie
Lors des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 disputés à Pékin, Nils van der Poel remporte tout d'abord le 6 février le titre en 5 000 mètres. En 6 min 8 s 84, il bat le record olympique que détenait avant l'épreuve le Néerlandais Sven Kramer puis pendant l'épreuve par un autre Néerlandais, Patrick Roest. 5 jours plus tard, il remporte le 10 000 mètres, cette fois en battant le record du monde de la distance.

Lors de cette compétition, van der Poel critique la trop forte influence, selon lui, de la délégation néerlandaise. Les Pays-Bas, nation majeure de la discipline, ont dans leur encadrement un scientifique qui conseille directement le Canadien Mark Messer, le responsable des officiels chargé de la maintenance de la patinoire olympique, ce qui permettrait ainsi aux patineurs néerlandais de bénéficier de conditions de température de glace favorables.

Van der Poel arrête sa carrière à l'issue de la saison 2021-2022.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques d'hiver

Légende :
  : première place, médaille d'or
  : deuxième place, médaille d'argent
  : troisième place, médaille de bronze
  : pas d'épreuve
 — : Non disputée par le patineur
 DSQ : disqualifiée

Championnats du monde simple distance
 Thialf 2021
  Médaille d'or sur
  Médaille d'or sur

Championnats du monde toutes épreuves
  Médaille d'or en 2022 à Hamar

Engagement
Brillant lors des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022, Nils van der Poel s'est engagé auprès d'Amesty International pour dénoncer les violations des droits humains par Pékin.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Patineur de vitesse suédois
Champion olympique suédois
Champion olympique de patinage de vitesse
Médaillé aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Patineur de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Patineur de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en avril 1996
Naissance à Trollhättan
Champion du monde de patinage de vitesse

Nils van der Poel


Sonda ist ein Dorf (estnisch alevik) in der gleichnamigen Landgemeinde Sonda (Sonda vald). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Das Dorf hat 531 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2009).

Eisenbahn
Der Ort liegt an der 1870 eröffneten Bahnstrecke zwischen der estnischen Hauptstadt Tallinn und der damaligen russischen Hauptstadt Sankt Petersburg. 1897 wurde der Bahnhof von Sonda eingeweiht. Das Dorf erlebte dadurch einen rasanten wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung. Vor allem die Forstwirtschaft siedelte sich in und um Sonda an. Die Firma Stakelberg & Dehn eröffnete das erste Sägewerk, weitere Betriebe folgten.

Am 1. August 1926 wurde eine Nebenstrecke feierlich in Betrieb genommen. Eine 62,6 Kilometer lange Schmalspurbahn verband Sonda mit der Stadt Mustvee am Ufer des Peipussees. Der Betrieb auf der nicht elektrifizierten Bahntrasse mit insgesamt 16 Haltepunkten wurde 1971 endgültig eingestellt.

Eine weitere Eisenbahnverbindung verlief von Sonda zum Zementwerk in Aseri.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Sonda
Geographie (Lüganuse)

Sonda (Dorf)


Illinois station or Illinois Avenue station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood on Denley Drive, north of Illinois Avenue. It opened on June 14, 1996, and is a station on the DART , serving nearby residences and businesses, featuring bus service to Mountain View College, Fair Park, the Dallas VA Medical Center, and Paul Quinn College.  This was the initial southern terminus for the Blue Line until it was extended to Ledbetter in May 1997.

Outbound, this is the last stop for Blue Line trains on grade-separated tracks. South of this station, the tracks swing onto a viaduct and the line then runs in the middle of Lancaster Road for the journey to Ledbetter after Ledbetter trains run grade separated again to UNT Dallas

References

External links
 DART - Illinois Station

Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail stations in Dallas
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1996
1996 establishments in Texas
Railway stations in Dallas County, Texas

Illinois station (DART)


Izi Dorot, născut ca Isidore Roth, () a fost un militar israelian, director al Șin Bet între 1952 și 1953.

Biografie
Izi Dorot s-a născut în Polonia în 1916. În 1936 a emigrat în Palestina și a făcut parte din Jewish Settlement Police. În timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial s-a înrolat ca voluntar în Armata Britanică. După ce a părăsit armata, a fost recrutat de Serviciul de informații Hagana. După războiul arabo-israelian din 1948 și fondarea Statului Israel, Dorot a fost transferat la Serviciul de Securitate Generală (Șin Bet). După un an ca director al Șin Bet, în octombrie 1953, Dorot l-a urmat pe Isser Harel la Mossad, unde a îndeplinit funcția de director adjunct. După plecarea lui Izi Dorot, Amos Manor a fost numit director al Șin Bet. Izi Dorot a fost director adjunct al Mossad până în 1963.

Deces
Izi Dorot a murit în 1980, la vârsta de 64 de ani.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1916
Decese în 1980
Șefi ai serviciilor secrete
Servicii de informații din Israel
Directori Șin Bet
Evrei polonezi
Imigranți polonezi în Palestina

Izi Dorot


Aaron Scott Moorhead (3 de março de 1987) é um cineasta, produtor, diretor de fotografia, editor e ator americano.

Ele é mais conhecido por seu trabalho com o parceiro criativo Justin Benson.

Vida e carreira
Moorhead cresceu em Tarpon Springs (Flórida, Estados Unidos), e frequentou a Palm Harbor University High School.

Sua parceria com o escritor e produtor Justin Benson gerou dois longas-metragens aclamados pela crítica, o terror Resolution, de 2012, e Primavera, um body horror romântico de 2014, que estreou no Festival Internacional de Cinema de Toronto de 2014. Em ambos, Moorhead atua como codiretor, produtor e diretor de fotografia.

Seu trabalho com Benson também pode ser encontrado no segmento Bonestorm da antologia americana de terror V/H/S: Viral.

O filme The Endless, da dupla, estreou em competição no Tribeca Film Festival em 2017 e foi adquirido para distribuição em 2018 pela Well Go USA Entertainment.

Filmografia

Filmes

Televisão

Ligações externas

Alunos da Universidade do Estado da Flórida
Diretores de fotografia dos Estados Unidos

Aaron Moorhead


Johnny Eliasen (født 12. juni 1949) er en dansk balletdanser og -instruktør.

Livet ved balletten startede, da Johnny Eliasen som syv-årig blev optaget på Det Kongelige Teaters Balletskole. Efter endt uddannelse var han rundt om Den Skandinaviske Ballet, inden han i 1965 blev aspirant hos Den Kongelige Ballet, hvor han i 1972 blev udnævnt til solodanser. Med sin udstråling og maskulinitet, passede han perfekt til Flemming Flindts repertoire og vakte stor opmærksomhed, da han i 1973 i Flindts opsigtsvækkende værk Felix Luna kom ned splitternøgen fra sofitterne som Leonardo da Vincis muskelmand i cirklen.

Udover moderne balletter af koreografer som Flemming Flindt, Eske Holm og Ann-Kristin Hauge dansede Johnny Eliasen et meget stort antal klassiske og neoklassiske partier i sine 20 år som solodanser, hvor han var en af Den Kgl. Ballets mest benyttede dansere. Repertoiret spændte fra Bournonville og Balanchine til Tetley, Cranko, Neumeier og van Manen.

Medvirken i to spillefilm er det også blevet til. I Violer er blå fra 1975 spillede han en ung jurist, og i 1981 kunne han opleves som Morten Lakaj i Jeppe på bjerget.

I 1987 tog Johnny Eliasen orlov for at være instruktør og lærer hos Peter Schaufuss ved English National Ballet, og i 1990 fulgte han med Schaufuss til Deutsche Oper i Berlin. Tilbage i København var han et stabilt element i Den Kgl. Ballets turbulente år, da han 1994-2000 var viceballetmester for både Peter Schaufuss, Maina Gielgud og Aage Thordal Christensen. Og da Peter Schaufuss forlod balletmesterposten reddede Johnny Eliasen situationen ved at springe ind som konstitueret balletmester 1995-97.

I 2001 besluttede Johnny Eliasen at stoppe på Det Kgl. Teater og var en kort periode, til 2004, lærer og instruktør ved Peter Schaufuss Balletten. Derpå blev han en internationalt efterspurgt balletpædagog og instruktør, der ni måneder om året rejser rundt i verden, hvor han bl.a. arbejder med Royal Ballet i London, Houston Ballet, Dallas Ballet, National Ballet of Canada, Columbus Ballet, Colorado College, Den Finske Nationalballet, Basel Ballet, The Australian Ballet og Bolsjoj Balletten.

Han har i dag sin faste base i Holstebro, hvor hustruen Theresa Jarvis Eliasen leder Det Kgl. Teaters Balletskole, og sammen har de døtrene Emily og Eloise.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Johnny Eliasen i Den Store Danske

Balletdansere fra Danmark
Det Kongelige Teaters balletmestre
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Johnny Eliasen


Mittal Steel Company, Dünya'nın en büyük çelik üreticisidir ve hacim olarak da en büyük şirkettir.

CEO Lakshmi Mittal, ailesi sahip olurken şirketin %88 Mittal Steel, Rotterdam'da kurulur. Fakat yönetim Londra'dan yapılır. 25 Temmuz 2006'da yapılan açıklamaya göre Arcelor Steel, Mittal Steel Company'ya %59 hissesini 32 Milyar $'ra satın aldı. Yeni adıyla Arcelor Mittal

Tarih
 1989: Iron & Steel Company of Trinidad and Tobago (ISCOTT)'ı satın aldı.
 1992: Sibalsa'yı satın aldı.
 1994: Sidbec-Dosco'yu satın aldı.
 1995: Hamburger Stahlwerke'yi satın aldı Ispat International Ltd. ve Ispat Shipping kuruldu, ayrıca Kazak Karmet Steel'i satın aldı.
 1997: Walzdraht Hochfeld GmbH ve Stahlwerk Ruhrort'u satın aldı, Ispat International NV adı altında halka açıldı.
 1998:  Inland Steel Company'i satın aldı.
 1999: Unimétal'i satın aldı.
 2001: ALFASID ve Sidex'i satın aldı.
 2002: Iscor'un çoğunluk hissesini satın aldı
 2003: Nowa Huta'yı satın aldı
 2004: Polskie Huty Stali, BH Steel ve Balkan Steel'in bazı Makedonya tesislerini satın aldı
 2005: Deloitte'i ana denetçi olarak belirledi.
 2005: International Steel Group'ı satın aldı.
 2005: Kryvorizhstal'ı satın aldı.
 2005:  Jharkhand, Hindistan'da 9 milyar dolarlık yatırım duyurdu.
 2006: Birçok ihtilafa rağmen Arcelor ile şirket birleşmesine gitti.
 2006:  Odisha, Hindistan'da 12 milyar dolarlık çelik tesisi duyurusu yaptı.

Rotterdam
Steel Company
Hollanda merkezli eski şirketler
Endonezya merkezli çelik şirketleri
Hollanda merkezli çelik şirketleri
1989'da Asya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1989'da kurulan şirketler
2006'da kapanan şirketler

Mittal Steel Company


Tröndel er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Lütjenburg i den nordøstlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Tröndel er beliggende omkring 5 km nordvest for Lütjenburg. I kommunen ligger ud over Tröndel, landsbyerne Emkendorf, Gleschendorf og Stubbenrade. Bækken Weddelbek løber gennem kommunen. Østersøen ligger ca. 4 km mod nord.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Tröndel


Lindleya, monotipski rod ružovki iz podtribusa Lindleyinae, dio tribusa Maleae. Jedina vrsta je manje drvo iz Meksika, L. mespiloides.

Sinonimi
 Lindleyella Rydb.
 Neolindleyella Fedde
 Lindleyella mespiloides (Kunth) Rydb.
 Lindleyella schiedeana Rydb.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Maleae

Lindleya


جوسيب فوستي ، من مواليد 15 ابريل 1941 ، لاعب كرة قدم إسباني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو أوساسونا
لاعبو برشلونة
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم كتلونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من لاردة (مقاطعة)
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم الرديف للرجال
لاعبو نادي إيركوليس
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مواليد 1941

جوسيب فوستي


WW International, Inc., formerly Weight Watchers International, Inc., is a global company headquartered in the U.S. that offers weight loss and maintenance, fitness, and mindset services such as the Weight Watchers comprehensive diet program. Founded in 1963 by Queens, New York City homemaker Jean Nidetch, WW's program has three options as of 2019: online via its mobile app and website, coaching online or by phone, or in-person meetings.

In 2018, the company rebranded to "WW" to reflect "its development from focusing on weight loss to overall health and wellness."

Company history

Inception
Weight Watchers was conceived by Jean Nidetch, a housewife and mother living in Queens, New York City, who had been overweight most of her life and had tried pills, hypnosis, and numerous fad diets, all of which only led to regained weight. In 1961, at the age of 38, she weighed 214 pounds and an acquaintance mistook her for being pregnant. She entered a free 10-week weight-loss program sponsored by the New York City Board of Health's obesity clinic. The program was called the "Prudent Diet" and had been developed in the 1950s by Dr. Norman Jolliffe, head of the board's Bureau of Nutrition. The plan included the dictums "No skipping meals. Fish five times a week. Two pieces of bread and two glasses of skim milk a day. More fruits and vegetables." and eating liver once a week. It prohibited alcohol, sweets, and fatty foods, included a list of allowed foods and the quantities allowed, and encouraged weighing portions.

Although Nidetch lost 20 pounds on the ten-week program, she did not like the way the clinic's leader imparted information at the weekly meetings. Discussion was discouraged; in addition, Nidetch's motivation was threatened by her urge to binge on Mallomar cookies. She therefore began a weekly support group in her apartment, initially inviting six overweight friends, which within two months grew to 40 women each week. She introduced the "Prudent Diet", a single page from the New York City Board of Health, to her fellow weight-loss seekers, and the group provided empathy, rapport, mutual understanding, support, and sharing of stories and ideas. The meetings also included a weekly weigh-in, and Nidetch developed a rewards system including prizes for weight-loss milestones. In October 1962, Nidetch achieved her target weight of 142 pounds, and maintained the weight loss; according to her she never exceeded 150 pounds thereafter.

As interest grew, Nidetch coached groups in other neighborhoods. One group was at the home of Al and Felice Lippert, and after the Lipperts successfully lost weight, Al, who was a businessman in the garment industry, talked Nidetch into making a business out of her endeavor.

Launch, IPO, and sale to Heinz
Nidetch and the Lipperts launched Weight Watchers Inc. in Queens in 1963 with Nidetch as president and evangelist. They rented public meeting venues and charged participants $2 per weekly meeting; the first official meeting, in May 1963, attracted 400 attendees. Nidetch led groups and trained others to lead groups as well.

Al Lippert, in charge of the business end of the company, franchised it in 1964, using a razor/razorblade model of an inexpensive franchise fee offered to graduates from the company's programs who had kept the weight off, with 10% of gross earnings as royalties to the parent company. By 1967, the company was international, with 102 franchises in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Great Britain, and Israel.

Felice Lippert was in charge of recipe development, nutrition, and food research; the first Weight Watchers cookbook, published in 1966, sold more than 1.5 million copies. By January 1968, the company had more than one million members worldwide, and Weight Watchers Magazine was launched, publishing 300,000 copies of its first issue.

By 1968, the company had 91 franchises in 43 states, and to expand further overseas Al Lippert took the company public as Weight Watchers International Inc.; the initial 225,000 shares, offered at $11.25 a share, began trading enthusiastically, rising to over $30 by the end of the first day. Lippert also initiated lines of Weight Watchers prepared food, spas, camps for overweight kids, and weight-loss products such as scales and travel kits.

Nidetch, with her slim, well-dressed image, charisma, and flair for motivational speaking, remained the public face of the company. In 1970 she published The Memoir of a Successful Loser: The Story of Weight Watchers, which documented the original Weight Watchers plan.  In 1973 she resigned as president of the company to devote herself to public relations – traveling, being interviewed, and speaking to large audiences about the program's success.

In the mid 1970s, the company moved away from simply dieting and more toward "eating management", developing tailored options to meet the varying needs of its members, including a specialized food plan for the management of weight-loss plateaus, and a maintenance plan.

By the late 1970s, the company and its operations and divisions had grown too large and complex for Lippert to manage, and it was sold, along with its food licensees, to the H. J. Heinz Company in 1978 for $72 million. Lippert remained chairman and signed on to remain CEO for a few years, and Nidetch remained in her role as consultant. In the late 1980s, the company's three divisions – support-group meetings division, food line, and publications and media – were still increasingly profitable year-over-year.

Private-equity acquisition and second IPO

In 1990, with competition from Jenny Craig, Slim-Fast, Healthy Choice, and Nutrisystem, earnings began to decline. The Heinz parent company competed by introducing newly developed Weight Watchers "Smart Ones" frozen meals. In 1997, to replace its previous system of counting and weighing food, Weight Watchers introduced the POINTS system, an algorithmic formula which quantifies a food portion for the purposes of healthy weight loss based on carbohydrates, fat, and fiber content.

In 1999, Heinz, while retaining the rights to the Weight Watchers name for use in certain
food categories, sold the company to the private equity firm Artal Luxembourg, for $735 million in a leveraged buyout led by the Invus Group, which manages Artal and which is run by Raymond Debbane. Artal put up $224 million and Weight Watchers financed the rest of the buyout with debt. Debbane became chairman of Weight Watchers. In 2001 Debbane organized an initial public offering for Weight Watchers and took it public again. As of 2018, Artal remains the company's largest shareholder.

In 2000, the new owners reacquired the license to publish Weight Watchers Magazine from Time Inc., where Heinz had offloaded it in 1996 and where it had performed poorly; circulation recovered quickly, and the magazine was redesigned in 2003.

In 2001, the company launched WeightWatchers.com. In 2007, it launched Weight Watchers Online for Men. Competitor Nutrisystem, Inc. also had a men's line.

In late 2010 Weight Watchers overhauled its POINTS system and replaced it with PointsPlus (ProPoints outside the U.S.); under the new system, fruits and non-starchy vegetables were zero points, and processed foods had higher points than they did before.

From 2012 to 2015, although it had its own app and e-tools since 2009, the company faced stiff competition from free smartphone fitness apps, many of which included a social-media group-support system, and from wearable fitness monitors such as Fitbit.

2014-18
In April of 2014, Tech Crunch leaked Weight Watchers was in talks to acquire virtual fitness training startup Wello. Weight Watchers confirmed the acquisition the following month, which spurred a series of acquisitions in the digital therapeutics space. One year later, in April and May of 2015, Weight Watchers also acquired 5 minute fitness app Hot 5 and the online community and "selfie startup" Weilos. Features of Weilos would later be relaunched as Weight Watcher's Connect product, an online community in-app and on the web.

In October 2015, Oprah Winfrey partnered with Weight Watchers.  Winfrey bought a 10% stake in the company, became its spokesperson, joined its board of directors, and lost weight on the program, plus she helped launch a new holistic lifestyle and fitness program called "Beyond the Scale". The late-2015 Oprah effect did not prevent a subsequent downward trend in 2016, largely attributed to challenges from Nutrisystem and the proliferation of free apps and websites aimed at helping people manage their weight, but linked also by some, to a faulty initial tech rollout of the new program's app. CEO James Chambers resigned on September 30, 2016. He was replaced as CEO in July 2017 by Mindy Grossman, who had played a role in growing digital sales revenue for HSN.

In December 2017, the company introduced WW Freestyle (called WW Flex outside the U.S.), which allows people to carry over unused "SmartPoints" through the week, and lists more than 200 zero-points foods, including various lean proteins, that do not need to be tracked.  In February 2018 CEO Grossman announced a new direction and purpose for the company: to move beyond mere dieting to being a "partner in health and wellness" and inspiring healthy habits for real life.  Subscriptions to Weight Watchers rebounded significantly by mid 2018, credited to Winfrey's influence and to Grossman's tri-fold efforts of revamping the program, improving tech offerings, and giving the company a more broad-based appeal.

In September 2018, the company re-branded itself WW International, Inc., as it shifted its focus more broadly to overall health and wellness, including fitness. It adopted a new tagline, "Wellness that Works". The company stopped requiring users to have a weight loss goal in order to join and renamed its in-person meetings to Wellness Workshops.

As part of the rebrand, WW introduced a new program, WellnessWins, that rewarded members for behaviors that encourage healthier habits, which were redeemable for products, services, and experiences. The company also announced Connect, a digital community, which would include micro-community Groups.

In August 2018, the company acquired Kurbo, Inc, rebranding the free mobile app directed at children and teenagers as Kurbo by WW.

WW's app was configured to help people track health-related goals. Its FitPoints system has been marketed as allowing individuals to choose activities which have the biggest impact on their health. The updated WW app is also integrated with Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. The company has partnered with the meditation app Headspace to offer customized mindfulness content for members.

Business model
Weight Watchers' business model is one of a subscription-based program of support, plus a variety of purchasable products, media, services, and technologies. Its brand identity has been framed around Weight Watchers being a community, and its website is intrinsic to its effectiveness. Particularly in the 21st century, the company has increasingly marketed itself as a health and wellness brand rather than a weight-loss brand, and its dietary plans emphasize fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and foods high in whole grains and low in trans fats. Also in the 21st century, the company has increasingly tried to effectively and competitively balance its digital and offline offerings. As of 2019, the program offered weight-loss support via the app and website, in-person workshops and personal coaching.

Products and services
Weight Watchers' primary sources of income are subscriptions to the program.

The company provides a weight-management program (myWW+) and a food plan (SmartPoints); customers can participate in the program via in-person group meetings and/or digitally, and are provided with individualized information, support, and coaching.

It also receives income from Weight Watchers–branded services and products, which include publications such as Weight Watchers magazines, Weight Watchers cookbooks, and food guides and restaurant guides with points values. It sells its own bars and snacks, and licenses the Weight Watchers trademark to a variety of prepared foods, beverages, and other products and services.

Weight-loss plans and formats
The original Weight Watchers dietary plan in the 1960s was roughly based on the "Prudent Diet", developed by Dr. Norman Jolliffe at the New York City Board of Health. It was based around lean meat, fish, skim milk, and fruits and vegetables, and it banned alcohol, sweets, and fatty foods. It had lists of allowed and prohibited foods, and was more structured than subsequent versions of the Weight Watchers program.  It recommended weighing food portions, and prohibited skipping meals or counting calories.

The company has regularly changed and updated its diet plans and formats, to reflect current nutritional and obesity science and to accommodate consumer awareness and demand.

In 1979 Weight Watchers introduced PepStep (or Personal Exercise Plan), a walking or stair-climbing exercise program to benefit members' weight loss, developed by a doctor specializing in exercise and cardiac rehabilitation. With this additional element Weight Watchers became one of the first weight-loss companies, along with the Pritikin program, to promote the importance of regular exercise.
By 1980, the company expanded its dietary plan to allow for substitutions and more flexibility. It introduced three routines: a "full choice" plan with the most options; a "limited choice" plan with fewer options and less leeway; and a "no choice" plan with no substitutions and no options, which was the most calorie-restrictive and was to be followed for no more than two weeks.
In 1984 the company added Quick Start, which was a more spartan, temporary eating plan designed to produce faster, motivation-boosting weight loss in the first few weeks of the program. It was the company's first exchange-based diet, where foods within categories could be exchanged for each other. This was expanded in 1986 to Quick Start Plus, with higher-fat options and Personal Choice options.
 In 1984 Weight Watchers also launched its At Work program, held for groups of 15 or more in office places, for people who were otherwise unable to attend community meetings. The meetings are held either before work, during the lunch break, or after work, and the fees are usually subsidized by the employer.
In 1988, Weight Watchers launched the Quick Success program, a plan that was easier and more flexible, particularly for working women. It also allowed for a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, and increased the minimum daily vegetable intake from two to three.
 In 1997 Weight Watchers completely replaced its exchange-based diets with the POINTS system (also originally called 1-2-3 Success), a proprietary algorithmic formula which quantifies a food portion for the purposes of healthy weight loss based on carbohydrates, fat, and fiber content.
In 2000 the company rolled out Winning Points, a more personalized version of the POINTS system, which encompassed self-observation, behavior modification, and fitness and activity, and which did not have any food exclusions.
In 2004, Weight Watchers launched the Turn Around program, which gave people two plans to choose from, and aimed to teach participants how to eat normal food, in sensible portions, and to increase their exercise. The Flex Plan option allowed dieters to eat anything they wanted as long as they stayed within their points allowance; activity points could be earned by exercise. The Core Plan option (later known as "Simply Filling") dispensed with points entirely and included a list of foods that could be eaten "until satisfied", and a list of foods to be avoided.
In December 2008, Weight Watchers eliminated the Core Plan and introduced the Momentum Plan, designed to help members understand how consuming certain filling foods helped them to eat less and prevent overeating.
In late 2010 Weight Watchers overhauled its POINTS system and replaced it with PointsPlus (ProPoints outside the U.S.); under the new system, fruits and non-starchy vegetables are zero points, and processed foods have higher points than they did before.
 In December 2012 the company rolled out Weight Watchers 360, which did not change its PointsPlus plan but added behavioral modification and support, mindfulness, control of and planning for one's eating environment, and new apps, and also added an optional wearable fitness monitor to purchase called ActiveLink.
In September 2014, Weight Watchers began syncing its apps with wearable fitness monitors such as Fitbit and Jawbone, so that the activity of members who own those devices is instantly uploaded and tracked and converted to points.
In December 2014, Weight Watchers launched two new services: Personal Coaching and 24/7 Expert Chat. Personal Coaching provides individuals with a Weight Watchers-certified coach who helps them develop an individualized weight management plan and is available via phone, text, and email for subsequent consultations. 24/7 Expert Chat allows members all-hours access to Weight Watchers-certified coaches who can offer instant advice when users encounter weight-loss or dieting crises.
In December 2015 the company rolled out a new holistic lifestyle and fitness program called "Beyond the Scale". The program uses SmartPoints, an updating of the points system which takes into consideration the nutritional value of a food, and helps steer people away from junk foods, sugar, and saturated fat. That same month, the company launched Connect, a social-media platform via its app where members receive support from other members.
In December 2017, Weight Watchers introduced WW Freestyle (called WW Flex outside the U.S.), which allows people to carry over unused points through the week, and lists more than 200 zero-points foods, including various lean proteins, that do not need to be tracked.
In November 2021, WW introduced a new program called PersonalPoints which now uses AI to adjust your points and zero-point food list based on individual preferences. In addition, extra points can now be earned for drinking at least 60 fl oz of water daily and for every cup of non-starchy vegetables.

Reception
As of July 2018, Weight Watchers was the most widely used commercial diet in the world. In addition to the U.S., as of 2018 it had operations in countries including Canada, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Its main long-term competitors in the commercial weight-loss company genre are Jenny Craig and Nutrisystem. Weight Watchers has been included in U.S. News & World Reports rankings for 40 most popular diets and has also been listed as No.1 for weight loss and best commercial diets.

For Weight Watchers customers who choose to attend meetings, in addition to supplying information and lifestyle tips, meetings operate as support groups that provide empathy, rapport, and mutual understanding, as well as positive reinforcement.

Some therapists have said that focusing on counting calories or points, as promoted by WW, can lead to a disordered relationship with food and hunger. Previously the company's prepared foods had been criticized as containing preservatives and other additives; as of late 2018 Weight Watchers has removed all artificial sweeteners, flavors, colors, and preservatives from products carrying the company's name, and dropped or reformulated most of the food products it once produced.

In August 2019, WW released Kurbo by WW, a weight management and health app directed at children and teenagers. It has been criticized by some experts on nutrition and eating disorders for encouraging dieting in children as young as 8. Christy Harrison, a registered dietician, wrote in the New York Times, "programs like this are fertile ground for disordered eating" and that efforts to lose weight "are especially troubling when imposed on children who aren't in a position to make their own choices and who haven't had the opportunity to develop a peaceful relationship with food and their bodies." However, an article in the journal Childhood Obesity concluded that it could be "part of the piece of the puzzle to improving health in youth", despite the authors' concerns with the marketing of the app emphasizing weight loss. An uncontrolled three-month study of the app used by children between 8 and 17 said that it was "highly effective" based on an average reduction in  of 0.26, and a survey of weight management apps published in JMIR mHealth and  noted that of their list, only Kurbo involved health care professionals in its development.

As a result of the release of Kurbo by WW,  WW's corporate headquarters in New York City were protested on September 13, 2019, and as of September 2019 a change.org petition asking Weight Watchers to "remove your weight loss app for kids" had over 110,000 signatures.

Leadership and spokespersons

Corporate governance
Weight Watchers' founder Jean Nidetch was the company's President from 1963–1973.

Al Lippert was CEO of Weight Watchers from 1963–1981. From 1978–1999, Weight Watchers was a subsidiary of Heinz. Charles M. Berger was CEO of Weight Watchers from 1982–1994, having previously been its President. Since 1999, the CEOs of Weight Watchers have been: Linda Huett 2000–2006; David Kirchhoff 2007–2013; Jim Chambers 2013–2016; and Mindy Grossman 2017–present.

Grossman also serves as President and on the board of directors. Since 1999, the chairman of the company has been Raymond Debbane, co-founder and CEO of The Invus Group.

In 2015, Oprah Winfrey purchased a 10 percent ownership stake in WW International and serves as a member of the board of directors.

Spokespersons
Founder Jean Nidetch was the company's public face and spokesperson from its launch in 1963 through 1983. Subsequent spokespersons have included: Lynn Redgrave (1983–1992), Kathleen Sullivan (1994–1995), Sarah, Duchess of York (1997–2007), Greg Grunberg (2007), Tamela Mann (2008–present) Jenny McCarthy (2009), Jennifer Hudson (2010–2014), Charles Barkley (2011–2014), Jessica Simpson (2012–2014), Ana Gasteyer (2013), Oprah Winfrey (2015–present), DJ Khaled (2018–present), Kate Hudson (2018–present),  Kevin Smith (2018–present), and James Corden (2021–present).  Russell Grant (1985-Present)

See also
 List of diets

References

External links

Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Brand name diet products
American companies established in 1963
1978 mergers and acquisitions
1999 mergers and acquisitions
1960s initial public offerings
2001 initial public offerings
Franchises
Weight loss companies
Companies based in New York City
1963 establishments in New York City

WW International


Nazımiye, Tunceli ilinin en az nüfuslu ilçesi.

Tarihçe
Eski adı Kızılkilise (Osmanlıca: قزيل کليسا)'dir. 1514 yılında yaşanan Çaldıran Muharebesinden sonra Osmanlı hakimiyetine giren yerleşim, önce Çemişgezek Sancağına daha sonra da Mazgirt Sancağına bağlanmıştır. 1521-1523 dönemi tahririnde yerleşim Kızılkilise adıyla köy statüsünde olup, bu tarihte Dersimlü aşireti üyelerinin yaşadığı yerleşimde 23 hane bulunmaktaydı. 1847'de Erzincan'a bağlanan yerleşim, 1876 yılında kaza statüsüne yükselmiştir. 1880 yılı kayıtlarında yerleşim, Dersim Vilayeti Mazgirt Sancağının kazalarından biri olarak görülürken, 1892'de Dersim Vilayeti kaldırılınca bu sefer Dersim Sancağı'na bağlı olarak kaza statüsünü sürdürmüştür. 1894 yılında 24 hane bulunan yerleşimde 6'sı Ermeni geri kalanı Müslüman olmak üzere 228 kişi yaşamaktaydı. 1911 yılında yerleşimin adının, V. Mehmed'in 1910 yılında doğan torunu Mehmet Nazım Efendi'ye izafeten değiştirilmesi talebinin aynı yıl içerisinde uygun görülmesiyle de Nazımiye adını almıştır. 14 Nisan 1929'da Erzincan'dan ayrılarak Elazığ'a bağlanan Nazımiye  1947 yılından itibaren Tunceli'den yönetilmeye başlandı.

Nüfus

Görülecek yerler
İlçenin, Dereova Şelalesi ile Harik Kaplıcaları turistik öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca Bezik Ormanları Tunceli'nin ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin en sığ korunmuş ormanlarıdır. "Düzgün Baba"yı ziyaret etmek halkın geleneklerindendir.

Tanınan Kişiler
 Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (CHP Genel Başkanı)
 Kamer Genç (Eski Milletvekili)
 Hüseyin Aygün (Eski Milletvekili, Avukat)
 Alican Önlü (Milletvekili)
 Edibe Şahin (Eski Milletvekili, Eski Tunceli Belediye Başkanı)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Nazımiye Kaymakamlığı
 Nazımiye Belediyesi

Nazımiye


Pastorano ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Caserta in Kampanien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 16,5 Kilometer nordwestlich von Caserta an den Monti Trebulani auf dem Agro Caleno.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führen die Autostrada A1 von Rom kommend Richtung Neapel und Süditalien sowie die Staatsstraße 7.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in Kampanien

Pastorano


فيلم الحادثة هو فيلم تونسي أول عرض له كان في مدينة تونس ابتداء من 10 مارس 2008.

قصة الفيلم
البطل بالفيلم هو سائق تاكسي متزوج و لديه ولد حديث الولادة يعيش حياة بسيطة مع عائلته في منزل بعمارة رغم عمله كسائق تاكسي الا انه ذو شهائد و متعلم لكنه لم يجد عملا في تخصصه لذلك اضطر إلى العمل على التاكسي ليعيش. في يوم ما و كعادته على التاكسي تستوقفه امرأة جميلة و تطلب منه اخذها إلى البحر فيأخذها لكنها تحاول الانتحار فينقذها و يتمشى معها على الشاطئ ثم يأخذها إلى التاكسي و يضل يدور و يدور بها في الطرقات يسألها ان كانت جائعة و يذهب إلى صاحبه
الذي يعمل بمطعم فيحضر لها الطعام و يقرر دعوتها إلى منزله كي تأكل فزوجته و ابنه عند والدته فتذهب معه تتصل به زوجته فيقرر ان يذهب إليها و يترك المراة في المنزل بعد أن يتفقا على على كيفية فتح الباب و في طريقه يقوم بحادث مرور و يمسك به في  مركز الشرطة و كان خوفه الوحيد المراة التي تركها في المنزل يتوسل الشرطي ان يخلي سبيله لبضع من الوقت و يلح لكن الشرطي يرفض فيضطر باخباره بما حدث و يتوسله ان يذهب و يخلصه من هذه «المصيبة» و يخبره بما اتفقا به يضن فوافق الشرطي و ذهب و لكن يا للمفاجأة المراة هي زوجته و هربت من بطشه فيقتلها و في مركز الشرطة يخلى سبيل السائق فيهرول إلى منزله  و يتفاجى بما رأى و لكن الشرطي يقتله أيضا ضانا انهما خاناه.

الممثلون

مواضيع ذات علاقة

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 ملخص الفيلم

أفلام تونسية
أفلام مصورة في تونس

الحادثة (فيلم)


A Igreja de Santa Bárbara, igualmente conhecida como Ermida de Santa Bárbara, foi uma igreja na cidade de Lagos, na região do Algarve, em Portugal.

Descrição e história
A igreja situava-se sobre o arco na Porta de São Gonçalo, nas muralhas. O local onde se encontrava a igreja está ocupado por uma estrutura militar, que faz parte do quartel situado mesmo ao lado. Neste arco encontra-se um oratório dedicado a São Gonçalo, que foi aqui instalado por, segundo a tradição popular, o santo ter nascido numa casa situada perto deste local, em 1360.

O edifício foi provavelmente construído durante o reinado de D. João I (1357-1433). Foi alvo de obras de reconstrução em 1726, por ordem do Governador do Reino do Algarve, o Conde de Unhão. Foi destruída pelo Sismo de 1755, mas não chegou a ser reconstruída, tendo o local sido ocupado em 1795 pelo Quartel do Regimento de Infantaria 2, que fazia parte do complexo militar do Trem de Artilharia. Na década de 1940 foi instalado o oratório no Arco de São Gonçalo. O edifício militar que foi construído no antigo sítio da igreja foi recuperado nos finais do século XX.

Ver também
Lista de património edificado em Lagos
Armazém do Espingardeiro
Castelo de Lagos
Forte da Ponta da Bandeira
Igreja Paroquial de Santa Maria de Lagos
Igreja de Santo António (Lagos)
Messe Militar de Lagos
Trem de Artilharia de Lagos

Bibliografia

Santa Bárbara
Igrejas destruídas

Igreja de Santa Bárbara (Lagos)


Se conoce como Muelle de las Esfinges el tramo del muelle de la Universidad  de San Petersburgo (Rusia), famoso por las dos esculturas de esfinges originarias del antiguo Egipto e instaladas en el muelle entre el 1832 y el 1834.

Historia
El Muelle de las Esfinges se construyó en San Petersburgo durante el período en que había una gran fascinación en Europa por la cultura y la historia del antiguo Egipto.

La adquisición de las esfinges del muelle de la Universidad, ante la Academia de Artes de San Petersburgo, se debe a Andrei Muraviov, que en 1830 hizo una peregrinación por Tierra Santa. En Alejandría vio las esfinges, donde las habían llevado para venderlas. Las antiguas esculturas le impresionaron tanto que inmediatamente escribió al embajador ruso para que las adquiriera. Desde la embajada, la carta la enviaron a San Petersburgo, donde llegó a manos de  Nicolás I, que la dirigió a la Academia Imperial de las Artes. Los trámites burocráticos fueron largos, y cuando la cuestión ya estaba resuelta y la compra se podía llevar a cabo, el propietario de las esfinges ya las había vendido a Francia. Pero, debido a la Revolución Francesa, al final acabaron yendo a San Petersburgo en 1832.

Los primeros dos años estuvieron instaladas en el patio de la Academia de las Artes, mientras se creaba el muelle junto al río Nevá para el que estaban destinadas, obra del arquitecto Konstantín Ton. Las esfinges se colocaron en 1834.

Descripción
Las esfinges de San Petersburgo tienen unos 3.500 años de antigüedad. Están hechas de sienita y originariamente estaban ante un templo majestuoso cerca de  Tebas dedicado al faraón Amenofis III. Las caras de las esfinges representan a este faraón y la forma de su  corona (pan-sekhemti) indica que gobernaba sobre los dos reinos: el Alto Egipto y el Bajo Egipto.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Patrimonio cultural de Rusia, monumento #7810705002, Пристань со сфинксами фараона Аменхотепа III

Edificios y estructuras de San Petersburgo
Muelles
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XIX
Edificios y estructuras terminadas en 1834
Obras de Konstantín Ton

Muelle de las Esfinges


Bilgisayarların genellikle geniş coğrafi alanlarda birbirleriyle bağlanmalarında kullanılan teknik kurallar topluluğundan birisi. Bu kuralları uygulayarak oluşturulan bilgisayar ağlarına "X.25 ağları" ya da "Kutu Yönlendirmeli Ağlar" denir..

X.25 tanımlaması Uluslararası Uziletişim Birliği (ITU - International Telecommunication Union)tarafından OSI (Open Systems Interconnection -Açık Dizge Bağlantısı) tanımlamasının en alttaki üç katmanı kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur.

X.25 ağının içindeki her bir ağ bilgisayarına "Düğüm" adı verilir. Bu düğümler iletileri diğer düğümlere aktararak kaynak bilgisayardan varış bilgisayarına ulaşmalarını sağlarlar. X.25 ağlarında iletiler bir bütün olarak değil, belirli uzunluklardaki parçalara ("Kutu") bölünerek gönderirlirler. Bu kutular sonra varış bilgisayarında sıralanıp, birleştirilirler.

X.25 ağlarının en büyük yararı, güvenli olmalarıdır. Bunun nedeni, ağdaki her bir düğüm birden çok düğüme bağlı olduğu için, iki düğüm arasındaki bağlantı kopsa bile kutuların öteki düğümler üzerinden yollarını bulmalarıdır. O yüzden ilk uygulama alanları askeri ağlar ile hava yollarının yer ayırtma dizge ağlarıdır. Türkiye'de ilk bilinen uygulaması (olası NATO ağları dışında) "TURPAK" adı verilen Türk Telekom'ca işletilen ağdır.

Bu standart, fiziksel katman, bağlantı katmanı ve paket katmanı olmak üzere 3 düzeyli bir protokol gerektirir.

Fiziksel katman  paket anahtarlamalı düğüm ile ona iliştirilen bilgisayar arasındaki fiziksel bağlantıyla ilgilidir. X.21 ve EIA-232 standartlarını kullanır. Kullanıcı ağ arabirimi (user network ınterface- UNI) ile ağ arasındaki gerçek veri bağlantısını tanımlar.

 Bağlantı katmanı, veriyi bir çerçeve dizisi şeklinde gönderirken verinin güvenli aktarımını da sağlar. Bağlantı katmanı standartları LAP-B (Link Access Protocol Blanced) adıyla anılır. Bu yazılım protokolleri, çerçevelerin çözümlenmesini ya da ikili bilgilerinin alınmasını sağlar.

 Paket katmanı'nda Paket katmanı protokolü (Packet Layer Protocol- PLP) kullanır. Bu protokol, ikinci katmandan gelen çerçevelerin bir araya getirilip paketlenmesini sağlar. Paketin önüne ve arkasına denetim bilgileri eklenir. Denetim amaçlı ek ikiller şu amaçla kullanılır. Paket içinde hata denetimi yapmak; paketleri numaralandırıp sıralamak; gelen pakette bir hata olduğunu bildirmek. Bu amaçlarla kullanılan ek ikiller, iletim hızını önemli ölçüde düşürür. Başka bir deyişle, X.25'in her düzeyde denetim uygulaması, fazladan çok sayıda ikilin de gönderilmesine neden olur.

X.25, bilgisayarların, gelen verinin hatalı olup olmadığını anlayacak kadar gelişkin olmadıkları ve telefon hatları düşük kaliteli olduğu için hatalı gönderme olasılığının yüksek olduğu varsayımlarına dayanmaktadır. Bu varsayımlar, günümüzde pek geçerli değildir.

Bu varsayımlara dayanarak X.25, bir paketin hatasız iletilmesi sorumluğunu üzerine alır. Her X.25 düğümü, hata denetimi uygular. Pakette herhangi bir hata varsa,  bir önceki düğüme olumsuz doğrulama (NAK) gönderir ve paket doğru olarak iletilene kadar gönderim tekrarlanır. X.25'te paketler sırayla  iletildiğinden,  hatalı gönderilen paketten sonra gelen paketler de beklemeye alır. Bu hata  ve  akış denetimi mekanizmaları ise X.25'in iletim hızını önemli ölçüde düşürür.

X.25 sanal devre yaklaşımı kullanır. Bilgisayarlar arasındaki paket gelişimini sağlayan bu sanal devre,  dahili sanal devre'ye karşılık gelir. Dahili sanal devre, paketlerin ağ üzerinde aldığı  gerçek yoldur.

X.25 Uygulama örnekleri

X.25 için en tipik uygulama, veritabanın tutulduğu ana bilgisayara(host, mainframe) uzaktaki terminallerden veya terminal emülasyonu yapan PC'lerden erişimlerin yapılmasını sağlamaktır. Uzaktan sipariş verme, kredi kartı ile alış veriş, çevrimiçi bilgi hizmetleri uygulaması vb. birçok uygulamada kullanılmıştır. Aralarında yoğun trafik olmayan LAN'ların birbirine bağlanması içinde kullanılabilir.

X.25, tek bir fiziksel hat üzerinden aynı anda birden çok sanal kanal oluşturulmasını destekler. Bu durum aynı anda birden fazla kullanıcı tarafından erişilmek istenen ana bilgisayara bağlanmak için iyi bir çözüm sunar .

Dış bağlantılar
   Çanakkale OnSekiz Mart Üniversitesi
  Çanakkale OnSekiz Mart Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendisliği

Ağ katmanı protokolleri
Geniş alan ağları
OSI protokolleri

X.25


Opuntia dillenii (également appelé en français uno indien, nopal côtier ou raquette à fleurs jaunes) est une espèce de plante de la famille des Cactaceae, originaire du Mexique.

Cette espèce appartient à la sous-famille des Opuntioideae, tribu des Opuntieae. Elle est considérée comme une variante dopuntia stricta.

Historique et étymologie
Le nom dopunti dillenii lui vient de Johann Jacob Dillenius, qui étudie en 1732 cette espèce de cactus dans le jardin d'Eltham Palace ; Carl von Linné l'avait pour sa part ignoré. Des observations ultérieures de John Bellenden Ker Gawler, en 1817, poursuivent la classification de la plante, que Ker Gawler nomme d'après son prédécesseur ; deux ans plus tard, enfin, Adrian Hardy  Haworth assigne le taxon au genre opuntia.

En 1969,  considère opuntia dillenii comme une variété dopuntia stricta, classement qui est repris notamment dans les nomenclatures nord-américaines, comme la Flora of North America.

Description
C'est une plante arborescente qui peut atteindre de  de hauteur pour une largeur équivalente. Ses cladodes (« feuilles ») aplaties ont des fonctions photosynthétiques. La caractéristique des épines dopuntia dillenii est qu'elles sont particulièrement longues, mesurant jusqu'à six centimètres de longueur ; leur couleur va du jaune au brun. Les fleurs sont jaunes, parfois avec des tons orangés ou rougeâtres, présentant un diamètre de sept à huit centimètres. Les fruits, mesurant entre quatre et sept centimètres de longueur pour un diamètre de trois, sont de couleur rose ou rouge et comestibles.

Distribution
La plante est originaire d'Amérique centrale, et a principalement essaimé au Mexique, en Floride, dans le nord de l'Amérique du Sud, dans de nombreuses îles des Antilles. Mais elle a également été importée dans l'espace méditerranéen, les Canaries, en Afrique occidentale et orientale, sur les îles de l'océan Indien , au Yémen, en Inde, en Asie du Sud-Est et sur le côte occidentale de l'Australie.

Physiologie et culture
Opuntia dillenii est une plante qui pousse mieux sur des sols sableux, pauvres et acides. Le pH généralement observé est autour de 5. Les sols lourds ou les climats pluvieux ne lui sont pas favorables, car elle se contente, sous un climat chaud, de 150 à 250 millimètres de précipitations annuelles. Toutefois, dans les cas où la température moyenne annuelle est relativement basse, entre 10° et 20°C, opuntia dillenii s'adapte à une pluviosité plus importante, de l'ordre de . Par ailleurs, le cactus résiste mal aux températures négatives.

En Espagne, la culture de ce cactus est interdite, la plante ayant été intégrée au répertoire des espèces invasives depuis le décret royal 630/2013 du

Variétés

Utilisation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Cactaceae

Références taxonomiques

Bibliographie

dillenii
Espèce de Cactaceae (nom scientifique)
Flore originaire du Mexique
Plante fruitière
Fruit alimentaire

Opuntia dillenii


Furtei (sardinski: Futèi) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 90 metara i ima populaciju od 1 629 stanovnika. Prostire se na teritoriju od 26,11 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 62 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Guasila, Samassi, Sanluri, Segariu, Serrenti i Villamar.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Furtei


Petronas Kuleleri (Malay: Menara Petronas veya Menara Berkembar Petronas), Malezya'nın başkenti Kuala Lumpur'da bulunan ikiz kuleler. 1998 ve 2004 arasında dünyanın en yüksek ikiz gökdeleni olan Petronas İkiz Kuleleri, Petronas Petrol Holdingin de yönetim binasıdır.

452 metre yüksekliğindeki gökdelen, 2004 yılında Taipei 101 binasının inşasının bitmesiyle dünyanın en yüksek gökdeleni olma unvanını kaybetti.

170 metre yükseklikte 41 ve 42. katlar arasındaki çelik köprü ile kuleler birbirine bağlıdır. Köprü, 2000 yılında kullanıma açılmıştır. Uzunluğu 58 metre olan bu köprü 750 ton ağırlığındadır. Köprünün ziyareti için ücretsiz verilen 1700 bilet o günün sabahı 8.30'da dağıtılır ve genelde 2 saat içinde hepsi tükenir. Kulelerin en uç çatısı ziyarete açık değildir.

Kuleler, birçok alış veriş merkezi, doğal bilimler müzesi "Petrosains", bir senfoni orkestrası, bir sanat galerisi ve birçok büro için alan sağlamaktadır.

Kulelerden her biri 76 asansöre sahip olup, bunların 29 tanesi her seferinde 26 kişi taşıyan çift katlı asansörlerdir. İnşaat için 37.000 ton çelik kullanılan yapıda 32.000 adet pencere vardır.

Mimari tasarımı "César Pelli & Associates Architects" mimarlık bürosu yapmıştır. Büro bu işinde, daha önce yaptıkları kule projelerindeki tecrübelerini kullanmıştır. Bunlardan biri, inşası gerçekleşmeyen Chicago'daki "Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle" projesidir. Her iki kule de eşit karakteristik özellikler göstermektedir. Mimar César Antonio Pelli, çelik, beton ve camdan İslam mimarisini temel alan bir yapı meydana getirmiştir.

Petronas kuleleri öncelikli olarak iş binası olarak tasarlanmış olup, geleneksel ikiz konseptiyle, New York'taki Dünya Ticaret Merkezi'ne (World Trade Center) benzetilebilir.

Kuleleri en güzel gören manzara, 421 m yükseklikteki Menara Kuala Lumpur'dendir (Manera Kuala Lumpur TV kulesi). Menara KL, bir tepenin üzerinde bulunduğundan, Petronas Kuleleri'nin de üstünden yükselir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur
 Structurae: Petronas Towers
 Petronas Kuleleri

Kaynakça

Kuala Lumpur'daki yapılar
Malezya'daki gökdelenler
Dünyanın eski en yüksek yapıları
350 metrenin üzerindeki gökdelenler

Petronas İkiz Kuleleri


اللدونة (عكس المرونة) هي خاصية توجد في كثير من المواد ومنها في التربة أو الطين وهي عند تعرضها إلى ضغوط خارجية لا تعود إلى حالتها الطبيعية عند زوال المؤثر الخارجي كما في اللدائن المعروفة حيث عندما نضغط عليها باداة حادة سوف يؤثر فيها ولكن بعد زوال ذلك المؤثر لا تعود إلى حالتها الطبيعية. .

اللدونة(هندسيا)
 في مجال الهندسة وصناعة الصلب تعدّ اللدونة من أهم خواص المعدن والتي يُعتمَد عليها في تحديد القوى الواجب تأثيرها على المعدن لإنتاجه بمواصفات وأبعاد معينة ومن أهم العمليات المنتجة للمعادن عموما والصلب خصوصا والتي تحتاج لخاصية اللدونة في المعادن عملية الدرفلة, البثق, الكبس والسحب العميق.
 يعتمد تشكيل المعدن سواء كان طريا كالقصدير أو صلبا كالحديد على خاصية اللدونة حيث يحتفظ بالأبعاد والشكل الذي تم ضغطه إليه بإحدى عمليات تشكيل المعادن وذلك ليتم استخدامه بمواصفاته النهائية في إحدى عمليات الصناعة.
 ولأن لكل مادة معدنية نصيب في خواص أخرى بجوار اللدونة ومن أهمها المرونة فإن القوى الضاغطة على المعدن تكون أكبر بقليلا من المراد تطبيقها للحصول على الشكل المطلوب وذلك لأن خاصية المرونة تعمل على إرجاع المعدن لشكله الأصلي ولكن بدرجة صغيرة يمكن حسابها ووضعها في حسابات القوى للوصول في النهاية للشكل المطلوب.
 تتمتع بعض المواد بدرجة لدونة مناسبة ليتم تطبيق القوى عليها مباشرة من خلال عمليات تشكيل المعادن وتكون في بعض المواد بدرجة صغيرة بحيث يجب تعريضها للحرارة أولا لإكسابها درجة اللدنة المناسبة ومن ثم يتم تشكيلها.

انظر أيضا
 لدائن
 حقن اللدائن
 اختبار انسياب الخرسانة
 لدونة فائقة

مراجع

انفعال (علم المواد)
ميكانيكا المواد الصلبة

لدونة


A real-time clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that measures the passage of time.

Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day.

Terminology
The term real-time clock is used to avoid confusion with ordinary hardware clocks which are only signals that govern digital electronics, and do not count time in human units. RTC should not be confused with real-time computing, which shares its three-letter acronym but does not directly relate to time of day.

Purpose
Although keeping time can be done without an RTC, using one has benefits:
 Low power consumption  (important when running from alternate power)
 Frees the main system for time-critical tasks
 Sometimes more accurate than other methods

A GPS receiver can shorten its startup time by comparing the current time, according to its RTC, with the time at which it last had a valid signal. If it has been less than a few hours, then the previous ephemeris is still usable.

Some motherboards are made without real time clocks. The real time clock is omitted either out of the desire to save money.

Power source

RTCs often have an alternate source of power, so they can continue to keep time while the primary source of power is off or unavailable. This alternate source of power is normally a lithium battery in older systems, but some newer systems use a supercapacitor, because they are rechargeable and can be soldered. The alternate power source can also supply power to battery backed RAM.

Timing
Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator, but some have the option of using the power line frequency. The crystal frequency is usually 32.768 kHz, the same frequency used in quartz clocks and watches. Being exactly 215 cycles per second, it is a convenient rate to use with simple binary counter circuits. The low frequency saves power, while remaining above human hearing range.  The quartz tuning fork of these crystals does not change size much from temperature, so temperature does not change its frequency much.

Some RTCs use a micromechanical resonator on the silicon chip of the RTC. This reduces the size and cost of an RTC by reducing its parts count. Micromechanical resonators are much more sensitive to temperature than quartz resonators. So, these compensate for temperature changes using an electronic thermometer and electronic logic.

Typical crystal RTC accuracy specifications are from ±100 to ±20 parts per million (8.6 to 1.7 seconds per day), but temperature-compensated RTC ICs are available accurate to less than 5 parts per million. In practical terms, this is good enough to perform celestial navigation, the classic task of a chronometer. In 2011, chip-scale atomic clocks became available. Although vastly more expensive and power-hungry (120 mW vs. <1 μW), they keep time within 50 parts per trillion ().

Examples

Many integrated circuit manufacturers make RTCs, including Epson, Intersil, IDT, Maxim, NXP Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics and Ricoh. A common RTC used in single-board computers is the Maxim Integrated DS1307.

The RTC was introduced to PC compatibles by the IBM PC/AT in 1984, which used a Motorola MC146818 RTC. Later, Dallas Semiconductor made compatible RTCs, which were often used in older personal computers, and are easily found on motherboards because of their distinctive black battery cap and silkscreened logo. A standard CMOS interface is available for the PC RTC.

In newer computer systems, the RTC is integrated into the southbridge chip.

Some microcontrollers have a real-time clock built in, generally only the ones with many other features and peripherals.

Radio-based RTCs
Some modern computers receive clock information by digital radio and use it to promote time-standards. There are two common methods: Most cell phone protocols (e.g. LTE) directly provide the current local time.  If an internet radio is available, a computer may use the network time protocol. Computers used as local time servers occasionally use GPS or ultra-low frequency radio transmissions broadcast by a national standards organization (i.e. a radio clock).

Software-based RTCs
The following system is well-known to embedded systems programmers, who sometimes must construct RTCs in systems that lack them. Most computers have one or more hardware timers that use timing signals from quartz crystals or ceramic resonators. These have inaccurate absolute timing (more than 100 parts per million) that is yet very repeatable (often less than 1 ppm). Software can do the math to make these into accurate RTCs. The hardware timer can produce a periodic interrupt, e.g. 50 Hz, to mimic a historic RTC (see below).  However, it uses math to adjust the timing chain for accuracy:

time = time + rate.

When the "time" variable exceeds a constant, usually a power of two, the nominal, calculated clock time (say, for 1/50 of a second) is subtracted from "time", and the clock's timing-chain software is invoked to count fractions of seconds, seconds, etc. With 32-bit variables for time and rate, the mathematical resolution of "rate" can exceed one part per billion. The clock remains accurate because it will occasionally skip a fraction of a second, or increment by two fractions. The tiny skip ("jitter") is imperceptible for almost all real uses of an RTC.

The complexity with this system is determining the instantaneous corrected value for the variable "rate".  The simplest system tracks RTC time and reference time between two settings of the clock, and divides reference time by RTC time to find "rate". Internet time is often accurate to less than 20 milliseconds, so 8000 or more seconds (2.2 or more hours) of separation between settings can usually divide the forty milliseconds (or less) of error to less than 5 parts per million to get chronometer-like accuracy. The main complexity with this system is converting dates and times to counts of seconds, but methods are well known.

If the RTC runs when a unit is off, usually the RTC will run at two rates, one when the unit is on and another when off. This is because the temperature and power-supply voltage in each state is consistent. To adjust for these states, the software calculates two rates. First, software records the RTC time, reference time, on seconds and off seconds for the two intervals between the last three times that the clock is set. Using this, it can measure the accuracy of the two intervals, with each interval having a different distribution of on and off seconds. The rate math solves two linear equations to calculate two rates, one for on and the other for off.

Another approach measures the temperature of the oscillator with an electronic thermometer, (e.g. a thermistor and analog-to-digital converter) and uses a polynomial to calculate "rate" about once per minute. These require a calibration that measures the frequency at several temperatures, and then a linear regression to find the equation of temperature. The most common quartz crystals in a system are SC-cut crystals, and their rates over temperature can be characterized with a 3rd-degree polynomial. So, to calibrate these, the frequency is measured at four temperatures. The common tuning-fork-style crystals used in watches and many RTC components have parabolic (2nd-degree) equations of temperature, and can be calibrated with only 3 measurements. MEMS oscillators vary, from 3rd degree to fifth degree polynomials, depending on their mechanical design, and so need from four to six calibration measurements. Something like this approach might be used in commercial RTC ICs, but the actual methods of efficient high-speed manufacturing are proprietary.

Historic RTCs
Some computer designs such as smaller IBM System/360s,
PDP-8s and Novas used a real-time clock that was accurate, simple and low cost. In Europe, North America and some other grids, the frequency of the AC mains is adjusted to the long-term frequency accuracy of the national standards. In those grids, clocks using AC mains can keep perfect time without adjustment. Such clocks are not practical in portable computers or grids (e.g. in South Asia) that do not regulate the frequency of AC mains.

These computers' power supplies use a transformer or resistor divider to produce a sine wave at logic voltages. This signal is conditioned by a zero crossing detector, either using a linear amplifier, or a schmitt trigger. The result is a square wave with single, fast edges at the mains frequency. This logic signal triggers an interrupt. The interrupt handler software usually counts cycles, seconds, etc. In this way, it can provide an entire clock and calendar. In the IBM 360, the interrupt updates a 64-bit count of microseconds utilized by standardized systems software. The clock's jitter error is half if the clock interrupts for each zero crossing, instead of each cycle.

The clock also usually formed the basis of computers' software timing chains; e.g. it was usually the timer used to switch tasks in an operating system. Counting timers used in modern computers provide similar features at lower precision, and may trace their requirements to this type of clock. (e.g. in the PDP-8, the mains-based clock, model DK8EA, came first, and was later followed by a crystal-based clock, DK8EC.)

A software-based clock must be set each time its computer is turned on. Originally this was done by computer operators. When the Internet became commonplace, network time protocols were used to automatically set clocks of this type.

See also
 Crystal oscillator frequencies
 High Precision Event Timer
 IRQ 8
 Real-time clock alarm
 System time
 Time formatting and storage bugs
 Timer
 Wall-clock time

References

External links

Clocks
Integrated circuits

Real-time clock


Leite cozido (, , ) é uma variedade de leite fervido que tem sido particularmente popular na Rússia, Ucrânia e Bielorrússia. É feito fervendo o leite em fogo baixo por oito horas ou mais.

História
O leite cozido também era relativamente popular fora da Rússia. Foi julgado como mais palatável do que o leite fervido e foi descrito na literatura médica como provavelmente mais digerível. A receita mais simples sugerida pelos livros de receitas do século 19 para a produção de leite cozido era deixar o leite no forno durante a noite; receitas mais elaboradas também poderiam ter sido encontradas.

Nas áreas rurais, o leite cozido é produzido deixando um jarro de leite fervido no forno por um dia ou uma noite até que fique coberto com uma crosta marrom. A exposição prolongada ao calor provoca reações entre os aminoácidos e os açúcares do leite, resultando na formação de compostos de melanoidina que lhe conferem uma cor cremosa e sabor de caramelo. Uma grande quantidade de umidade evapora, resultando em uma mudança de consistência. O fogão em uma tradicional casa de madeira russa (izba) sustenta "variantes temperaturas de cozimento com base na colocação dos alimentos dentro do forno".

Hoje, o leite cozido é produzido em escala industrial. Assim como o leite escaldado, é livre de bactérias e enzimas e pode ser armazenado com segurança em temperatura ambiente por até quarenta horas. O leite cozido caseiro é usado para preparar uma variedade de bolos, tortas e biscoitos.

O consumo prolongado de leite cozido pode ajudar na resolução da alergia ao leite. No entanto, em alguns casos, a tolerância adquirida reverte para uma alergia não resolvida.

Leite fermentado cozido
Ryazhenka e varenets são lácteos fermentados, uma espécie de iogurte tradicional. É uma bebida comum no café da manhã na Ucrânia, Bielorrússia e Rússia.

Nas comunidades camponesas, os varenets foram feitos no tradicional forno eslavo oriental "cozendo leite azedo até uma cor marrom dourada". Na era soviética, o nome "ryazhenka" passou a ser aplicado à bebida de cor creme produzida pelo governo sem a pele.

Ligações externas

Culinária da Bielorrússia
Culinária da Ucrânia
Bebidas à base de leite

Leite cozido


Malé Kosihy este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nové Zámky din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 389 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Malé Kosihy este atestată documentar din 1254.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Malé Kosihy


في علم التعمية، المُعمَّى أو المِحرَف المُرمَّز  ويشار له أيضاً باسم النص المُعمَّى  هي عبارة عن خوارزمية لتنفيذ التعمية وفك التعمية، وغالباً ما تكون عبارة عن سلسلة من الخطوات التي يمكن اتباعها لتنفيذ هذه العمليات.

المصطلح المرادف لهذه الكلمة هو تشفير. في الاستعمالات اللاتقنية يشير السايفر إلى ذات الشيء الذي يشير له الكود  إلا أن الاستخدام يختلف في علم التعمية. في علم التعمية التقليدي، كان عمل السايفر يتميز عن عمل الكود. حيث أن الكود يعمل على القيام بعملية التعمية (أو الاستبدال) وفقاً لكتاب الكود والذي يربط رمزاً عشوائياً أو رقماً بعبارة معينة أو كلمة. على سبيل المثال "UQJHSE" من الممكن أن تكون كود للعبارة "Proceed to the following coordinates". عند استخدام السايفر يعرف النص الأصلي باسم النص العادي بينما النص الذي شفر فيطلق عليه اسم نص الشيفرة. يحتوي نص الشيفرة جميع المعلومات التي يحتويها النص العادي ولكن بصيغة لا يمكن قرائتها من قبل شخص عادي أو حاسب بدون استخدام الآلية المناسبة لفك تعميتها، وتكون بمثابة خربشات عشوائية بالنسبة لأولئك الذين لا يستطيعون قرائتها.

أصل الكلمة

كلمة cipher الإنكليزية أصلها من الكلمة العربية للرقم «صفر». حيث أنها في الماضي كانت تستخدم كلمة سايفر على اعتبارها الرقم صفر العادي، إلا أنه يوجد عدة روايات عن سبب تحول استخدام كلمة سايفر من معنى الرقم صفر إلى معنى الشيفرة السرية وهذه الروايات هي:
 التعمية غالباً ما تتضمن استخدام الأرقام.
 لم يكن رقم صفر العربي موجوداً في نظام الأرقام الرومانية، فعند إدخال مفهوم الصفر العربي (الأمر الذي نعتبره من البديهيات اليوم) في العصور الوسطى إلى أوروبا كان مبهماً جداً وغامضاً بالنسبة للكثير من الناس، حتى أن بعضهم كان يقول «تكلم بوضوح، وليس بشكل مبهم كالصفر»، ومن هنا جاء استخدام كلمة سايفر للإشارة إلى الرسائل المبهمة أو المعماة.

مراجع

برمجيات أمن الحاسوب
تعمية
شيفرات سرية
مصطلحات عسكرية

معمى


A città universitaria di Roma é um campus universitário em Roma, no distrito de Tiburtino (área urbana da "Universidade"), sede principal da Universidade de Roma "La Sapienza".

Foi construída na década de 1930, no auge do período fascista, por uma série de arquitetos racionalistas sob a direção do arquiteto mais tradicional Marcello Piacentini, que foi responsável pelo projeto e pelo prédio da Reitoria e teve o direito de fazer alterações nos outros projetos.

A obra, fortemente desejada por Mussolini para que a capital italiana também tivesse o seu centro universitário e até então considerada "a maior obra de construção promovida pelo Regime Fascista", fazia parte das obras de restauro que envolveram a cidade até depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A cidade foi inaugurada em 31 de março de 1935 na presença do rei Vittorio Emanuele III.

Prédios
 Ingresso monumentale, de Arnaldo Foschini
 Palazzo del Rettorato (1936), de Marcello Piacentini
 Istituto di Igiene e Batteriologia, de Arnaldo Foschini
 Clinica ortopedica e Traumatologia, de Arnaldo Foschini
 Istituto di Fisica (1934), de Giuseppe Pagano
 Istituto di Chimica (1934), de Pietro Aschieri
 Facoltà Giuridica e Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, de Gaetano Rapisardi
 Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, de Gaetano Rapisardi
 Istituto di Mineralogia, Geologia e Paleontologia (1933), de Giovanni Michelucci
 Istituto di Matematica (1934), de Gio Ponti
 Istituto di Fisiologia generale, de Giovanni Michelucci
 Istituti di Botanica e Chimica farmaceutica (1932-1935), de Giuseppe Capponi
 Casermetta per la Milizia, de Gaetano Minnucci e Eugenio Montuori
 Casa dello studente (1933-1935), de Saverio Muratori, Giorgio Calza Bini e Francesco Fariello
 Dopolavoro e Circolo del Littorio, de Gaetano Minnucci
 Edificio della Centrale termica, de Eugenio Montuori
 Chiesa della Divina Sapienza (1947-1952), de Marcello Piacentini

Ligações externas

Roma Q. VI Tiburtino
Construções de Roma
Arquitetura racionalista

Città universitaria di Roma