Pan Am Flight 73 was a Pan American World Airways flight from Bombay, India, to New York, United States with scheduled stops in Karachi, Pakistan and Frankfurt, West Germany.

On September 5, 1986, the Boeing 747-121 serving the flight was hijacked while on the ground at Karachi by four armed Palestinian men of the Abu Nidal Organization. The aircraft, with 360 passengers on board, had just arrived from Bombay. A grand jury later concluded that the militants were planning to use the hijacked airliner to pick up Palestinian prisoners in both Cyprus and Israel.

More than twenty passengers were killed during the hijacking, including nationals from India, the United States, Pakistan, and Mexico. All the hijackers were arrested and sentenced to death in Pakistan. However, the sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Neerja Bhanot, head attendant on the flight, was shot dead and posthumously received the highest civil award Tamgha-e-Pakistan from Pakistan as well as India's highest peacetime award for bravery, the Ashok Chakra Award, for her efforts to save passengers' lives.

Hijacking at Karachi
Pan Am Flight 73 originated in Mumbai and stopped at the Karachi airport for a scheduled stopover at 4:30a.m. It was carrying 394 passengers and 9 infants, an American flight crew and 13 Indian flight attendants. A total of 109 passengers disembarked at Karachi. The first busload of fresh passengers from Karachi had barely reached the aircraft standing on the tarmac when the hijacking began to unfold.

Two hijackers dressed in the sky-blue uniforms of the Pakistan Airport Security Force drove up to the aircraft in a van fitted with a siren and flashing lights. They rushed up the ramp, firing shots into the air. Another two hijackers joined the first two men, one of them dressed in Pakistani shalwar kameez and carrying a briefcase full of grenades. There was also gunfire outside the aircraft reported around this time, which killed two Kuwait Airlines staff members working on an aircraft nearby. The hijackers fired shots at the feet of a flight attendant forcing him to close the door. Another flight attendant, Neerja Bhanot, was out of sight of the hijackers and relayed the hijack code to the cockpit crew, who subsequently exited the aircraft through the overhead emergency hatch, via the Inertial Reel Escape Device.
After about 40 minutes from the landing of Flight 73, the airliner came under the control of the hijackers. The exit of the pilots immobilised the aircraft.

The four hijackers were dressed as Karachi airport security guards and were armed with assault rifles, pistols, grenades, and plastic explosive belts. The hijackers drove a van that had been modified to look like an airport security vehicle through a security checkpoint up to one of the boarding stairways to Pan Am Flight 73.

The four hijackers were later identified as Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini (Safarini, alias "Mustafa"), Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim (alias "Fahad"), Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal ("Khalil"), and Muhammad Ahmed Al-Munawar (alias "Mansoor"). Pakistani authorities also identified another accomplice Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki ("Hafiz") and arrested him a week later.

Demand for pilot
Within a short time after seizing control of the aircraft, the lead hijacker Safarini realized that the cockpit crew had escaped and therefore he would be forced to negotiate with officials. First and business class passengers were ordered to go towards the back of the plane. At the same time, passengers at the back of the plane were ordered forward. Since the aircraft was nearly full, passengers sat down in the aisles, galleys and door exits.

At approximately 10:00, Safarini went through the plane and arrived at the seat of Rajesh Kumar, a 29-year-old Kenya-born Indian resident of Huntington Beach, California, who had recently been naturalized as an American citizen. Safarini ordered Kumar to come to the front of the aircraft, to kneel at the front doorway of the aircraft, and to face the front of the aircraft with his hands behind his head. Safarini negotiated with officials, in particular Viraf Daroga, the head of Pan Am's Pakistan operation, stating that if the crew was not sent on the plane within 30 minutes, then Kumar would be shot.

Shortly thereafter, Safarini became impatient with the officials and grabbed Kumar and shot him in the head in front of witnesses both on and off the aircraft. Safarini heaved Kumar out of the door onto the ramp below. Pakistani personnel on the ramp reported that Kumar was still breathing when he was placed in an ambulance, but he was pronounced dead on the way to the hospital in Karachi.

Safarini joined the hijackers and ordered flight attendants Bhanot, Sunshine Vesuwala, and Madhvi Bahuguna to begin collecting passports. They complied with this request. During the collection of the passports, believing passengers with American passports would be singled out by the hijackers, the flight attendants proceeded to hide some of the American passports under seats, and dumped the rest down a rubbish chute.

After the passports had been collected, Bhanot came onto the intercom and asked for Michael John Thexton, a British citizen, to come to the front of the plane. Thexton was returning home to England after visiting Pakistan for a personal pilgrimage to Broad Peak, where his brother, a keen mountaineer, had died of altitude sickness in 1983, and boarded the flight in Karachi to disembark at the Frankfurt stop and connect to another Pan Am flight for London. He went through the curtain into the front of the plane where he came face to face with Safarini, who was holding Thexton's passport. He asked Thexton if he was a soldier and if he had a gun, Thexton replied "No". He ordered Thexton onto his knees. Safarini told the officials that if anyone came near the plane that he would go on to kill another passenger.

Viraf Daroga told Safarini that there was a crew member on board who was able to use the cockpit radio and asked him to negotiate through radio. Safarini went back to Thexton and asked him whether he would like a drink of water, to which Thexton replied "Yes." Safarini also asked Thexton if he was married, and claimed he did not like all this violence and killing and said that the Americans and Israelis had taken over his country and left him unable to lead a proper life. One of the hijackers ordered Thexton to return to his seat.

Thexton had the opportunity to ask his hijacker about this experience forty years later, and ask why he had not been shot. The hijacker explained that when Thexton had told him that his brother had died and he didn't want to leave his mother childless that the hijacker had sympathy for him and let him go.

The hijack stalemate continued on into the night. During the stalemate, Dick Melhart was positioned by the door and was able to unlock it when the firing started. About 21:00 the auxiliary power unit shut down, all lighting turned off, and emergency lights came on. Passengers at the front were ordered toward the back, while passengers at the back were ordered forward. Since the aisles were already full of passengers, those passengers standing just sat down.

With the plane out of power and sitting in near darkness, a hijacker at the L1 door said a prayer and then aimed to shoot at the explosive belt worn by another hijacker near the door. The intent was to cause an explosion massive enough to kill all passengers and crew on board, as well as themselves. Since the cabin was dark, the hijacker missed, causing only a small detonation. Immediately the hijackers began shooting their weapons into the cabin at passengers and attempted to throw their grenades.

Yet again the lack of light caused them to not pull pins fully and to create only small explosions. Ultimately it was the bullets that created the most damage since each bullet would bounce off aircraft cabin surfaces and create crippling shrapnel. An air hostess at the L3  door opened the door; although the slide did not deploy, several passengers and crew jumped down the fifteen feet or 6m/20 ft. to the ramp.

Dick Melhart was able to unlatch the door at R3 which was the exit over the wing, passengers jumped out from this exit. A grounds staff trapped on board during the ordeal was responsible for opening the R4 door, which was the only door armed to deploy the emergency slide. Ultimately this slide allowed for more passengers to evacuate safely and without injuries. Bhanot and the other crew members bravely escorted as many passengers as they could first and then evacuated themselves afterwards.

Rescue assault

The Pakistani unit responsible for taking the plane was the Special Service Group (SSG) which was led by Brig. Tariq Mehmood. The SSG Commandos closed in on the aircraft after the power unit went out but didn't begin storming the plane until they heard shots fired from within the plane. By the time the commandos reached the plane, many passengers had already begun escaping.

There are some inconsistencies regarding the Pakistani Army's reported response to the generator dying. This confusion was later attributed to a rush by officials to take credit for a successful assault on the hijackers followed by a walking-back of statements once the death toll of the tragedy became clear.

Passengers
The 365 total passengers plus crew on Pan Am 73 were citizens of 14 different countries. Citizens of India represented roughly 27% of the people on board the flight, and 24% of those killed. Citizens of three India, Italy, and the United together represented the bulk (71%) of those killed.

Nationalities

Cockpit crew
 Captain William Allen "Bill" Kianka (born June 1, 1934), Age 52, He served in the U.S. Navy from 1952 to 1954 and fought in one tour in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a Captain since 1954.
 First Officer Conway Tehan Dodge Sr. (born May 30, 1933), Age 53, He served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1951 to 1955 and fought in two tours in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a First Officer since 1955.
 Flight Engineer John Joseph Ridgway (born September 25, 1940), Age 45, He was serving with Pan Am as a Flight Engineer since 1962.

Aftermath

Trial and sentencing
On July 6, 1988, the five Palestinian men were convicted in Pakistan for their roles in the hijacking and murders and sentenced to death: Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini, Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal, and Muhammad Ahmed al-Munawar. The sentences were later commuted to life in prison.

According to a CNN report, Safarini was handed over to the FBI from a prison in Pakistan in September 2001. He was taken to the United States where on May 13, 2005, he was sentenced to a 160-year prison term. At the plea proceeding, Safarini admitted that he and his fellow hijackers committed the offences as members of the Abu Nidal Organization, also called the ANO, a designated terrorist organization.

The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008.

Libyan involvement and legal action
Libya has been accused of sponsoring the hijacking, as well as carrying out the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and UTA Flight 772 in 1989.

In August 2003, Libya accepted responsibility for "the actions of its officials" for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, but was silent on the question of the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking. Libya offered US$2.7 billion in compensation to the families of the 270 victims of Pan Am Flight 103 and, in January 2004, agreed to pay $170 million to the families of the 170 victims of UTA Flight 772. The seven American UTA victims' families refused the offer and instead filed a claim for $2.2 billion against Libya. From 2004 to 2006 the US and the UK jointly opened up relations with Libya, leading to the removal of sanctions imposed and of Libya's inclusion on the list of countries that sponsor terrorism.

In June 2004, a volunteer group of families and victims from the incident, Families from Pan Am Flight 73, was formed to work toward a memorial for those killed in the incident, to seek the truth behind this terrorist attack, and to hold those responsible for it accountable. On April 5, 2006, the law firm of Crowell & Moring LLP, representing the surviving passengers, estates and family members of the hijacking victims, announced it was filing a civil suit in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking $10 billion in compensatory damages, plus unspecified punitive damages, from Libya, Muammar al-Gaddafi and the five convicted hijackers. The lawsuit alleged Libya provided the Abu Nidal Organization with material support and also ordered the attack as part of a Libyan-sponsored terrorist campaign against American, European and Israeli interests.

British media that was critical of normalisation of relations between Gaddafi and the West reported in March 2004 (days after Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Tripoli) that Libya was behind the hijacking.

As of September 2015 about $700 million of funds that Libya gave the US to settle claims related to Libyan sponsored terrorism has not been distributed to families of victims who were Indian passport holders.

Reward and reported killing of accused
Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini was extradited to the U.S. by the Government of Pakistan. He is serving his 160-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana.

The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008. On December 3, 2009, the FBI, in coordination with the State Department, announced a $5M reward for information that leads to the capture of each of the four remaining hijackers of Pan Am 73.

One of the four, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, was allegedly killed in a drone strike in Pakistan on January 9, 2010. His death was never confirmed and he remains on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list and the State Department's Rewards for Justice list.

In hopes of generating new leads for the alleged hijackers the FBI released new age-progressed images on January 11, 2018. The case is still under investigation by the Washington Field Office of the Bureau.

Aircraft
The aircraft was a four-engined Boeing 747-121 delivered to Pan Am on June 18, 1971, with registration  and named Clipper Live Yankee by the airline. It was later renamed and at the time of the incident was named Clipper Empress of the Seas. After the incident the aircraft was renamed Clipper New Horizons. Pan Am sold the aircraft to Evergreen International in 1988 and then leased it back. The aircraft was returned by Pan Am to Evergreen in April 1991. Evergreen scrapped the aircraft the next month.

In popular culture
The film Neerja was released on February 19, 2016 depicting the hijacking and the actions of all the flight attendants on the aircraft. Neerja Bhanot was the Senior Flight Purser and the youngest recipient of the highest Indian bravery award, Ashoka Chakra. She also received the United States Special Courage award and the Pakistani Nishan-e-Pakistan.

A documentary about the hijacking, called Hijacked: Flight 73, was released in 2023. (IMDb).

See also

 1986 Bombing of Libya
 List of Pan American World Airways accidents and incidents

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Stettler, Jeremaiah. "25 years later, experiencing Pan Am hijacking still haunts Utahn." The Salt Lake Tribune. August 7, 2014.
 "New Security Measures for Pan Am Airlines ." ABC News. December 6, 1986. Getty Images Clip #450000364

External links

Hijacking of Pan AM Flight 73: Significant Events, The United States Attorney's Office, US Department of Justice, 25 February 2016.
 U.S. Department of Justice Attorney's Office For the District of Columbia Information on court proceedings of Pan Am Flight 73
 "UNITED STATES ARRESTS KNOWN HIGHJACKER FROM PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS FLIGHT 73" ( ). U.S. Department of Justice. Monday October 1, 2001.
 U.S. Department of Justice May 13, 2004, press release on the Pan Am Flight 73 criminal case
 Crowell & Moring Pan Am Flight 73 civil suit  against Libya, Gaddafi and the five hijackers
 Naqvi, Jawed. "This Karachi nightmare and that." Dawn. July 1, 2014.
 For the book by Mike Thexton about his experience on Pan Am Flight 73, 'What happened to the Hippy Man?', see the book's web page
 Photos of the airliner at airliners.net
 "Karachi hijack ends in bloodshed." bbc.co.uk.
 Pan Am Flight 73 September 1986 Karachi ABC News Nightline, September 6, 1986. YouTube video. uploaded December 26, 2017.
Macneil, Robert, & Lehrer, Lim. "Flight 073: What Happened? What Next?" The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. September 5, 1986
Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew
Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help

1986 in Pakistan
1986 in India
September 1986 events in Asia
20th century in Karachi
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986
Mass murder in 1986
Terrorist incidents in Pakistan in 1986
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747
Aircraft hijackings
Aircraft hijackings in Pakistan
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Indian people murdered abroad
Operations involving Pakistani special forces
Abu Nidal attacks
Terrorist incidents in Karachi
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Jinnah International Airport
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Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups

Pan Am Flight 73


The City of Manchester Stadium (currently known as the Etihad Stadium for sponsorship reasons) is the home of Premier League club Manchester City, with a domestic football capacity of 53,400, making it the 6th-largest football stadium in England and ninth-largest in the United Kingdom.

Built to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games, the stadium has since staged the 2008 UEFA Cup final, England football internationals, rugby league matches, a boxing world title fight, the England rugby union team's final group match of the 2015 Rugby World Cup and summer music concerts during the football off-season.

The stadium, originally proposed as an athletics arena in Manchester's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, was converted after the 2002 Commonwealth Games from a 38,000 capacity arena to a 48,000 seat football stadium at a cost to the city council of £22 million and to Manchester City of £20 million. Manchester City F.C. agreed to lease the stadium from Manchester City Council and moved there from Maine Road in the summer of 2003.

The stadium was built by Laing Construction at a cost of £112 million and was designed and engineered by Arup, whose design incorporated a cable-stayed roof structure and supported entirely by twelve exterior masts and cables. The stadium design has received much praise and many accolades, including an award from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2004 for its innovative inclusive building design and a special award in 2003 from the Institution of Structural Engineers for its unique structural design.

In August 2015, a 7,000 seat third tier on the South Stand was completed, in time for the start of the 2015–16 football season. The expansion was designed to be in keeping with the existing roof design. A £300 million redevelopment programme of the existing North Stand entailing the construction of a new hotel with 400 rooms, covered fan park for 3,000 people and increased net capacity to 61,474 commenced in July 2023 and will be completed by the end of 2026.

History

Background

Plans to build a new stadium in Manchester were formulated before 1989 as part of the city's bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics. Manchester City Council submitted a bid that included a design for an 80,000-capacity stadium on a greenfield site west of Manchester city centre. The bid failed and Atlanta hosted the Games. Four years later the city council bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, but this time focusing on a brownfield site  east of the city centre on derelict land that was the site of Bradford Colliery, known colloquially as Eastlands. The council's shift in focus was driven by emerging government legislation on urban renewal, promising vital support funding for such projects; the government became involved in funding the purchase and clearance of the Eastlands site in 1992.

For the February 1993 bid the city council submitted another 80,000-capacity stadium design produced by design consultants Arup, the firm that helped select the Eastlands site. On 23 September 1993, the games were awarded to Sydney, but the following year Manchester submitted the same scheme design to the Millennium Commission as a "Millennium Stadium", only to have this proposal rejected. Undeterred, Manchester City Council subsequently bid to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games, once again proposing the same site along with downsized stadium plans derived from the 2000 Olympics bid, and this time were successful. In 1996, this same planned stadium competed with Wembley Stadium to gain funding to become the new national stadium, but the money was used to redevelop Wembley.

After successful athletics events at the Commonwealth Games, conversion into a football venue was criticised by athletics figures such as Jonathan Edwards and Sebastian Coe as, at the time, the United Kingdom still lacked plans for a large athletics venue due to the capability of installing an athletics track having been dropped from the designs for a rebuilt Wembley Stadium. Had either of the two larger stadium proposals developed by Arup been agreed for funding, then Manchester would have had a venue capable of being adapted to hosting large-scale athletics events through the use of movable seating.

Sport England wished to avoid creating a white elephant, so they insisted that the City Council agree to undertake and fund extensive work to convert CoMS from a track and field arena to a football stadium, thereby ensuring its long-term financial viability. Sport England hoped either Manchester City Council or Manchester City F.C. would provide the extra £50 million required to convert the stadium to a 65,000 seater athletics and footballing venue with movable seating. However, Manchester City Council did not have the money to facilitate movable seating and Manchester City were lukewarm about the idea. Stadium architects Arup believed history demonstrated that maintaining a rarely used athletics track often does not work with football – and cited examples such as the Stadio delle Alpi and the Olympic Stadium with both Juventus and Bayern Munich moving to new stadiums less than 40 years after inheriting them.

2002 Commonwealth Games

The stadium's foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister Tony Blair in December 1999, and construction began in January 2000. The stadium was designed by Arup and constructed by Laing Construction at a cost of approximately £112 million, £77 million of which was provided by Sport England, with the remainder funded by Manchester City Council. For the Commonwealth Games, the stadium featured a single lower tier of seating running around three sides of the athletics track, and second tiers to the two sides, with an open-air temporary stand at the northern end; initially providing a seating capacity for the Games of 38,000, subsequently extended to 41,000 through the installation of additional temporary trackside seating along the east and south stands.

The first public event at the stadium was the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games on 25 July 2002. Among the dignitaries present was Queen Elizabeth II who made a speech, delivered to her in an electronic baton, and 'declared the Commonwealth Games open'. During the following ten days of competition, the stadium hosted the track and field events and all the rugby sevens matches. Sixteen new Commonwealth Games track and field records (six men's and ten women's) were set in the stadium. Prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London, the 2002 Games was the largest multi-sport event ever to be staged in the United Kingdom, eclipsing the earlier London 1948 Summer Olympics in numbers of teams and competing athletes (3,679), and it was the world's first multi-sport tournament to include a limited number of full medal events for elite athletes with a disability (EAD). In terms of number of participating nations, it is still the largest Commonwealth Games in history, featuring 72 nations competing in 281 events across seventeen (fourteen individual and three team) sports.

Stadium conversion

Sections of the track were removed and relaid at other athletics venues, and the internal ground level was lowered to make way for an additional tier of seating, on terracing already constructed then buried for the original configuration. The three temporary stands with a total capacity of 16,000 were dismantled, and replaced with a permanent structure of similar design to the existing one at the southern end. This work took nearly a year to complete and added 23,000 permanent seats, increasing the capacity of the converted stadium by 7,000 to approximately 48,000. Manchester City F.C. moved to the ground in time for the start of the 2003–04 season. The total cost of this conversion was in excess of £40 million, with the track, pitch and seating conversion being funded by the city council at a cost of £22 million; and the installation of bars, restaurants and corporate entertainment areas throughout the stadium being funded by the football club at a cost of £20 million. The Games had made a small operating surplus, and Sport England agreed that this could be reinvested in converting the athletics warm-up track adjacent to the main stadium into the 6,000 seat Manchester Regional Arena at a cost of £3.5 million.

Stadium expansion
The stadium is owned by Manchester City Council and leased by the football club on a 'fully repairing' basis. All operating, maintenance and future capital costs are borne by the club; who consequently receive all revenues from stadium users. The 2008 takeover made the football club one of the wealthiest in the world, prompting suggestions that it could consider buying the stadium outright. Manchester City signed an agreement with Manchester City Council in March 2010 to allow a £1 billion redevelopment led by architect Rafael Viñoly.

During the 2010 closed season the football pitch and hospitality areas were renovated, with a £1 million investment being made in the playing surface so that it is better able to tolerate concerts and other events without damage. In October 2010, Manchester City renegotiated the stadium lease, obtaining the naming rights to the stadium in return for agreeing to now pay the City Council an annual fixed sum of £3 million where previously it had only paid half of the ticket sales revenue from match attendances exceeding 35,000. This new agreement occurred as part of a standard five-year review of the original lease and it amounts to an approximate £1 million annual increase in council revenues from the stadium.
During 2011–14, the club sold all 36,000 of its allocated season tickets each season and experienced an average match attendance that is very close to its maximum seating capacity (see table in subsequent section). Consequently, during the 2014–15 season, an expansion of the stadium was undertaken. The South Stand was extended with the addition of a third tier which, in conjunction with an additional three rows of pitch side seating, increased stadium capacity to approximately 55,000. Construction commenced on the South Stand in April 2014 and was completed by the start of the 2015–16 season.

Future plans
A final phase of expansion, which received planning approval at the same time as the others, would have added a matching third tier of seats to the North Stand. In November 2018, the club consulted with season ticket holders on possible alternative configurations for this expansion, including proposals for a still larger two-tier North Stand without executive boxes or corporate hospitality lounges, and possibly with areas convertible to safe standing. The full length of the second tiers in the East and West stands would then be reconfigured as premium seating associated with new hospitality bar areas. This final phase would bring the stadium's total seating capacity up to approximately 62,000, making the Etihad Stadium the nation's fourth largest capacity club ground, after Old Trafford, the London Stadium and the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium.

Eventually, a £300 million redevelopment programme of the existing North Stand was approved. It entails the construction of a new hotel, covered fan park for 6,000 people and increased net capacity to 61,474 (allowing for seats blocked off for fan separation), with construction expected to commence in 2023 and be completed by the end of 2026. The second tier at the north end of the stadium will be extended with a further 7,900 seats; while a 'Skybar', linked to the hotel and with premium seating for 450, will surmount the whole. The renovations are hoped to be completed by UEFA Euro 2028.

Architecture

When planning the development, Manchester City Council required a sustainable landmark structure that would be an icon for the regeneration of the once heavily industrialised site surrounding Bradford Colliery, as well as providing spectators with good sightlines in an "atmospheric" arena. Arup designed the stadium to be "an intimate, even intimidating, gladiatorial arena embodying the atmosphere of a football club" with the pitch six metres below ground level, a feature of Roman gladiatorial arenas and amphitheatres. The attention to detail, often absent in stadium design, has been remarked upon, including the cigar-shaped roof supports with blue lighting beacons, sculpted rainwater gutters, poly-carbonate perimeter roof edging and openable louvres to aid pitch grass growth with similarities also made to high-tech architecture.

Roof design
The toroidal-shaped stadium roof is held together by a tensioned system, which has been described as "ground-breaking" by New Steel Construction magazine. The stadium's architectural focal point is the sweeping roof and support masts which are separate from the concrete bowl. A catenary cable is situated around the inner perimeter of the roof structure which is tied to the masts via forestay cables. Backstay cables and corner ties from the masts are connected to the ground to support the structure. With the expansion of the South Stand in 2015 to accommodate a third tier of seating, the original south end roof was dismantled; but with the southern masts and corner ties remaining, so as to continue to tie the catenary cable which now runs below the new roof. The new higher South Stand roof is a separate structure, with its own set of braced masts and cables; and it is expected that a counterpart arrangement will be adopted for the proposed North Stand expansion.

Cables are attached to the twelve masts circling the stadium with rafters and purlins for additional rigid support. The cigar-shaped masts double as visual features, with the highest at . Access to the upper tiers of seats is provided by eight circular ramps with conical roofs resembling turrets above which eight of the twelve masts rise up providing the support structure for the roof.

The roof of the south, east and west stands built for the athletics stadium configuration was supported by the cable net system. The temporary open stand at the north end was built around the masts and tie down cables that would ultimately support the roof of the North Stand. After the games the track and field were excavated. The temporary bleachers at the north end were removed and the North Stand and lower tier of seats constructed on the prepared excavation. The North Stand roof was completed by adding rafters, purlins and cladding.

Facilities and pitch
The stadium has facilities for players and match officials in a basement area below the west stand, which also contains a kitchen providing meals for up to 6,000 people on match days, press rooms, ground staff storage, and a prison cell. The stadium also has conference facilities and is licensed for marriage ceremonies. Fitting out of the hospitality suites, kitchens, offices, and concourse concessions was accomplished by KSS Architects, and included the installation of the communications cabling and automatic access control system.

The stadium's interior comprises a continuous oval bowl, with three tiers of seating at the sides, and two tiers at each end. Entry by patrons is gained by contactless smart card rather than traditional staffed turnstiles. The system can admit up to 1,200 people per minute through all entrances. A service tunnel under the stadium provides access for emergency vehicles and the visiting team's coach to enter the stadium directly. Once inside the stadium patrons have access to six themed restaurants, two of which have views of the pitch, and there are 70 executive boxes above the second tier of seating in the north, west and east stands. The stadium is equipped with stand-by generators should there be an electrical mains failure. These are capable of keeping the stadium electrics running as well as the floodlights at 800 lux, the minimum level stipulated by FIFA to continue to broadcast live football.

To create the optimum grass playing surface in the stadium bowl, the roof was designed to maximise sunlight by using a ten-metre band of translucent polycarbonate at its periphery. Additionally, each of the corners of the stadium without seating have perforated walls with moveable louvres that can be adjusted to provide ventilation of the grass and general airflow through the stadium. Drainage and under-pitch heating were installed to provide optimum growing conditions for the grass. The pitch has a UEFA standard dimension of . and is covered with natural grass reinforced by artificial fibres made by Desso. The field of play is lit by 218 2000-watt floodlights, consuming a total of 436,000 watts. The grass playing surface is recognised as being one of the best in English football, and has been nominated five times in the last nine seasons for best Premier League pitch, an accolade it won in 2010–11 among other awards.

Names

The stadium was named the City of Manchester Stadium by Manchester City Council before construction began in December 1999, but has a number of commonly used alternatives. City of Manchester Stadium is abbreviated to CoMS when written and spoken. Eastlands refers to the site and the stadium before they were named SportCity and CoMS respectively, and remains in common usage for both the stadium and the whole complex, as does SportCity but with less frequency. The stadium was also officially referred to as Manchester City Stadium for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The football club, under its new ownership, renegotiated its 250-year lease with the city council in October 2010, gaining the naming rights in return for a substantial increase in rent. The stadium was renamed the Etihad Stadium by the club in July 2011 as part of a ten-year agreement with the team kit sponsors Etihad Airways. The agreement encompasses sponsorship of the stadium's name, extends the team kit sponsorship for ten years, and relocated the club's youth academy and training facilities to the City Football Academy onto the Etihad Campus development across the road from the stadium.

Despite being a continuous oval bowl, each side of the stadium is named in the manner of a traditional football ground. All sides were initially named by compass direction (North Stand and South Stand for the ends, East Stand and West Stand for the sides). In February 2004, after a vote by fans, the West Stand was renamed the Colin Bell Stand in honour of the former player. The vote was almost cancelled (and the stand instead named after Joe Mercer) due to suspicions it had been hijacked by rival fans who wished to dub the renamed stand The Bell End. However, core supporters of the club made it clear they still wished the stand named after their hero. The East Stand is unofficially known by fans as the Kippax as a tribute to the very vocal east stand at the club's Maine Road ground.

The North Stand is the only part of the stadium built after the Commonwealth Games, during the stadium's conversion. The temporary unroofed north stand it replaced had been dubbed the New Gene Kelly Stand by supporters, a reference to the unroofed corner between the Kippax and the North Stand at the club's former Maine Road home, because, being exposed to the elements, they frequently found themselves "singing in the rain". Commencing season 2010–11, seating in the North Stand has been restricted to only supporters accompanied by children, resulting in this end of the ground now being commonly referred to as the Family Stand. Although the North Stand has never been officially renamed and is still frequently referenced that way, most external ticketing offices and stadium guides, in addition to the club itself, now preferentially label and refer to this section of the ground as the Family Stand when discussing seating and ticket sales. Supporters initially dubbed the South Stand the Scoreboard End (the former name of the North Stand at Maine Road), and it houses the majority of City's more vocal fans. Supporters of visiting teams are also normally allocated seats in this stand, as it has ready access from the visitor supporter coach park. From 2003 to 2006, the South Stand was renamed the Key 103 Stand for sponsorship reasons, though this was largely ignored by regular patrons. The November 2018 consultation exercise on further expansion options envisages the North Stand then becoming the Home End, with no corporate hospitality areas, a greatly extended second tier, "affordable" ticket prices and possible areas capable of conversion to safe standing. The singing area would then be in the North Stand, and the Family Stand would be relocated elsewhere in the Stadium.

SportCity

The stadium is the centrepiece of SportCity, which includes several other nationally important sporting venues. Adjacent to the stadium is the Manchester Regional Arena, which served as a warm-up track during the Commonwealth Games and is now a 6,178-capacity venue that hosts national athletics trials, but has previously also hosted the home games of both the Manchester City women's team and the club's under-21 reserve team. The Regional Arena has regularly hosted the AAA Championships and Paralympic World Cup, and is currently the home ground of amateur rugby league side Manchester Rangers.

The National Squash Centre and the National Cycling Centre, which includes both the Manchester Velodrome and the National Indoor BMX Arena, are all a short distance from the stadium. The Squash Centre, which has hosted the British National Squash Championships since 2003 was added to the SportCity complex for the Commonwealth Games along with CoMS. The Velodrome, another showpiece venue used to stage all the track cycling events for the Games, was already in place and had been home to British Cycling, the governing body for cycling in Britain, since it was built in 1994, as part of Manchester's unsuccessful 2000 Olympics bid. Prior to the completion of the Lee Valley VeloPark for the 2012 Summer Olympics, the Velodrome had been the only indoor Olympic-standard track in the United Kingdom. The collocated BMX Arena houses the United Kingdom's only permanent indoor BMX track and provides seating for up two thousand spectators. It was added to the National Cycling Centre at SportCity in 2011.

Other major sporting and sport-related venues located in SportCity in the immediate vicinity of the Etihad Stadium, all legacies of the 2002 Commonwealth Games are the English Institute of Sport, west of the stadium, adjacent to the southwest corner of the Regional Arena; the Manchester Regional Tennis Centre, adjacent to the north end of the stadium; and the Manchester Tennis & Football Centre, also adjacent to the stadium, which is operated and administered by the Manchester Sport and Leisure Trust.

Public sculpture

Between 11 March (Commonwealth Day) and 10 August 2002, as part of the preparations for the upcoming Commonwealth Games and to celebrate Her Majesty the Queen's Golden Jubilee, a national Spirit of Friendship Festival was organised. On 9 July, a few weeks before the Games began, a sculpture outside the new national headquarters of the English Institute of Sport at SportCity was unveiled by the middle-distance runner Steve Cram. This sculpture, commissioned in late 2001, was created in a little over eight weeks by Altrincham-based artist, Colin Spofforth, who had submitted to Manchester City Council his idea for a heroic-sized sculpture of a sprinter as a means of celebrating the beauty, power and determination of the competing athletes. Reaching thirty feet high, weighing seven tonnes, and titled The Runner, this unique larger-than-life bronze statue of a male sprinter surmounting a bronze globe was, at the time, the United Kingdom's largest sporting sculpture. It depicts the very moment the runner leaves the blocks once the starter's gun has fired.

From 2005 to 2009 a Thomas Heatherwick sculpture, B of the Bang, was situated to the southeast of the stadium at the junction of Ashton New Road and Alan Turing Way. Built after the Commonwealth Games to commemorate them, it was the tallest sculpture in the United Kingdom. However, numerous structural problems led to the 184 ft. sculpture being dismantled in 2009 for safety reasons. In 2014, money recovered by the Manchester City Council as a result of lengthy legal battles consequent to this debacle was used to fund a new £341,000 public sculpture a few hundred yards further south.

Across 2021 and 2022, Manchester City unveiled outside the stadium three statues designed by Andy Scott of players crucial to the team's first Premier League title in 2011–12. First came a pair of defender Vincent Kompany and striker David Silva, and one year later one of striker Sergio Agüero recreating his celebration after scoring the "93:20" goal.

Stadium firsts

The first public football match at the stadium was a friendly between Manchester City and Barcelona on 10 August 2003. Manchester City won the game 2–1, with Nicolas Anelka scoring the first ever goal in the stadium.

The first competitive match followed four days later, a UEFA Cup match between Manchester City and Welsh Premier League side Total Network Solutions, which City won 5–0 with Trevor Sinclair scoring the first competitive goal in the stadium. Having started the Premier League season with an away match, Manchester City's first home league fixture in the new stadium was on 23 August, a game drawn 1–1 with Portsmouth, with Pompey's Yakubu scoring the first league goal in the stadium, and David Sommeil being the first City player to score here in the league.

2011–12 saw the Etihad Stadium play host to the setting of a number of new club and Premier League footballing records, such as the club becoming the first ever team to win eleven of its opening twelve games in a Premier League season, and going on to remain unbeaten at the Etihad Stadium in all nineteen of the Premier League games played there. The club's record of 55 home points out of a possible 57 at the stadium is a joint best Premier League record, and the club's record of twenty consecutive home wins at the stadium (going back to the end of the previous season) also set a new Premier League record in March 2012.

The record football attendance at the stadium not involving its host team Manchester City is 43,878, which was set at the 2008 UEFA Cup final game between Zenit Saint Petersburg and Rangers on 14 May 2008. As is customary for such games, the then 47,715 maximum physical capacity of the stadium had been reduced by UEFA to around 44,000 for this final. However, neither limit would have been able to accommodate the vast number of supporters of the Scottish club, estimated to be in excess of 130,000, that travelled down from Glasgow to Manchester on the day of the game, despite the club's official ticket allocation being just 13,000 and police requests for fans without tickets to stay home. This order of magnitude mismatch between the numbers of travelling fans and those holding tickets ultimately led to a serious public disorder incident in the centre of the city now inextricably associated with this final, despite the fact that the 44,000 or so crowd who watched the game inside the stadium were perfectly well-behaved.

Reception

The 2002 Commonwealth Games were deemed a success and the stadium gained critical acclaim for its atmosphere and architectural design. It has won a number of design awards, including the 2004 Royal Institute of British Architects Inclusive Design Award for inclusive building design, the 2003 Institution of Structural Engineers Structural Special Award, and in 2002 a BCI Major Project high commendation was awarded by the British Construction Industry. In July 2014, the stadium was declared one of the United Kingdom's five most iconic structures by the Construction Industry Training Board.

In 2003, initial reception by Manchester City supporters was polarised, with some lukewarm about moving from Maine Road which had a reputation for being one of English football's most atmospheric grounds, whilst others were enthusiastic about the bigger stadium and move back to East Manchester where the club was formed. Since 2010, the club has boasted more than 36,000 season ticket holders each season, which is more than the 35,150 maximum capacity of Maine Road just before the club moved homes.

In a 2007 Premier League survey of fans of each club, the proportion of Manchester City fans assessing their sight lines as 'very good' was the second highest in the Premier League, after the Emirates Stadium.
Opposition fans have generally given positive feedback, with CoMS coming second to Old Trafford in a 2005 poll to find the United Kingdom's favourite football ground. In 2010, the City of Manchester Stadium was the third most visited stadium after Old Trafford and Anfield by overseas visitors.

In the early years of Manchester City's tenure, the stadium suffered from a poor atmosphere, a common problem with newly-opened stadia when compared with traditional football grounds such as Maine Road. In the 2007 Premier League survey, the proportion of Manchester City fans assessing match atmosphere as 'very good' was the second lowest in the Premier League, better only than Middlesbrough's Riverside stadium. The more recent expansion of capacity has been designed with improved atmosphere as a specific objective. Though not based on facts, the stadium is nicknamed 'Emptyhad' by rival fans in reference to poor game-day attendance and atmosphere.

In October 2014, the club received two national VisitFootball awards for the quality of its customer care of Premier League fans visiting the Etihad Stadium during the previous season. VisitFootball, a joint venture between the Premier League and the national tourism board's VisitEngland, has been assessing the care that patrons receive at football grounds since August 2010, and presents annual awards for those clubs who deliver outstanding customer service. Manchester City had been one of the first four clubs to receive an inaugural VisitFootball award in 2011, but in 2014 it was the recipient of both the Club of the Year and Warmest Welcome awards. According to the panel of experts from the football and customer service industries that assess the services and facilities provided at each of the twenty Premier League club stadia, "Manchester City are the gold standard in providing fans with the best matchday experience."

Etihad Campus

Etihad Campus and CFA

In July 2011, CoMS was renamed the Etihad Stadium, sponsored by Etihad Airways who fought off competition from Ferrostaal and Aabar to gain the stadium naming rights. The lucrative ten-year sponsorship deal included not just the naming rights to the stadium itself but to the whole £200 million complex of football-related facilities into which it was soon to be incorporated. In mid-September 2011, development plans were duly announced for a new state-of-the-art youth academy and training facility, now known as the City Football Academy (CFA) to be built on derelict land adjacent to the stadium and which would include a 7,000 capacity mini-stadium plus fifteen additional outdoor football pitches, six swimming pools and three gyms. The planned CFA facility was not only to become the new home base of the Manchester City first team squad, reserve (under-21 youth) team squad, and all of the Academy younger age group squads, but also the new home of the prior loosely affiliated Manchester City Ladies team (which was re-branded in 2012 as Manchester City Women's F.C. and more formally merged into the Manchester City family of affiliated football teams). Also fully integrated into the new CFA facility would be the parent club's world headquarters.

At the beginning of March 2014, the structural framework for a new pedestrian walkway/footbridge over the junction of Alan Turing Way and Ashton New Road connecting the CFA with the Etihad Stadium was lowered into place. With sponsor Suisse Power & Gas SA having subsequently secured the naming rights, the completed SuisseGas Bridge was officially opened and turned over to Manchester City Council for general public access on 26 November 2014. Twelve days later, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, presided over the official opening of the CFA.

Community outreach/Urban regeneration
As part of Manchester City's commitment to community outreach in their redevelopment plans for the areas of East Manchester adjacent to the Etihad Stadium, other urban regeneration plans incorporated into the overall Etihad Campus development project include the new £43 million Beswick Community Hub, that includes Connell Sixth Form College; a community leisure centre (with swimming pool, dance studio, health and fitness gym, rugby pitch, and grass sports pitches); and a planned Manchester Institute of Health and Performance. On 26 November 2014, the same day the SuisseGas Bridge was officially opened, a "globally admired" grouping of stainless steel sculptures, consisting of three towering metallic chess pieces called Dad's Halo Effect by its internationally acclaimed creator, Ryan Gander, was likewise unveiled to the public. Commissioned by the Manchester City Council to represent both the past industrial and current sporting heritage of this area of east Manchester, the public artwork is located in front of the Connell Sixth Form College, close to the central circus of the Beswick Community Hub, and only a few hundred yards south from where the area's last public sculpture, B of the Bang, had been situated.

Transport

The stadium is 2.5 km east of Manchester city centre. Manchester Piccadilly railway station, which serves mainline trains, is a twenty-minute walk away along a well-lit signposted route that is supervised by stewards close to the ground. Piccadilly station also has a Metrolink tram stop (in the undercroft); from which regular trams along the East Manchester Line to Ashton-under-Lyne serve the stadium and Etihad Campus, with enhanced service frequencies and doubled tram units on matchdays. The Etihad Campus tram stop close to Joe Mercer Way to the immediate north of the stadium opened in February 2013, and handles several thousand travellers each matchday; spectators travelling by tram from Manchester city centre being able to board services at Piccadilly Gardens, the journey taking approximately 10 minutes. The Velopark tram stop also opened in February 2013 and provides access to the southeastern approach to the stadium, as well as closer access to other areas of SportCity such as the Manchester Velodrome and the City Football Academy.

There are many bus routes from the city centre and all other directions which stop at, or close to, SportCity. On match and event days special bus services from the city centre serve the stadium. The site has 2,000 parking spaces, with another 8,000 spaces in the surrounding area provided by local businesses and schools.

Other uses

Under the terms of its lease, the stadium is able to host non-football events such as concerts, boxing and rugby fixtures at Manchester City's prerogative. Manchester City applied for a permanent entertainment licence in 2012 in a bid to expand the number of non-footballing events at the stadium.

Concerts
Outside the football season, the stadium hosts annual summer concerts, and is one of the United Kingdom's largest music venues, having a maximum capacity of 60,000 for performances. It was the largest stadium concert venue in England before the new Wembley Stadium was built.

The first concert was a performance by the Red Hot Chili Peppers supported by James Brown in 2004. An Oasis concert at the ground was featured on the DVD, Lord Don't Slow Me Down and the band's concert in 2005 set the attendance record of 60,000. Take That released a DVD of their 2006 performance at the stadium, Take That: The Ultimate Tour. Other artists who have played the stadium are U2, Beyoncé, Jay-Z, George Michael, Rod Stewart, Foo Fighters, Pet Shop Boys, Manic Street Preachers, Bastille, Dizzee Rascal, The Futureheads, the Sugababes, Taylor Swift, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Coldplay, Bruce Springsteen, Muse, Bon Jovi (three times), Robbie Williams, One Direction, The Stone Roses and the Spice Girls. It also hosted Liam Gallagher for his homecoming gig in 2022.

Concerts and boxing matches eventually took their toll on the pitch. In 2008, late post-concert pitch renovation, combined with an early start to the football season, led to the pitch not being ready for the first home fixture, causing the club to play its UEFA Cup first round qualifying match at Barnsley's Oakwell Stadium and a moratorium to be imposed on the staging of non-football events at Eastlands. In May 2010, the club invested in a new pitch and summer concerts resumed in 2011 when Take That played eight nights, with ticket sales totalling approximately 400,000.

Other football events
CoMS is rated a category 4 stadium by UEFA and has hosted several major football matches in addition to Manchester City's home fixtures. It became the fiftieth stadium to host an England international football match when the English and Japanese national teams played on 1 June 2004. In June 2005, the stadium hosted England's opening game in the UEFA Women's Championship, setting an attendance record of 29,092 for the competition. The stadium also hosted the 2008 UEFA Cup final, in which Zenit Saint Petersburg defeated Rangers 2–0.

In May 2011, the stadium hosted the Conference National play-off final between AFC Wimbledon and Luton Town; Wimbledon gained promotion to the Football League after beating Luton in a penalty shoot-out. The stadium was used for the play-offs because the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final was due to take place at Wembley on 28 May 2011 and UEFA regulations stipulate the stadium hosting the Champions League final must not be used for other matches during the previous two weeks.

Other sports
In October 2004, the stadium played host to a rugby league international match between Great Britain and Australia in the Tri-Nations series in front of nearly 40,000 spectators.
The stadium also hosted the Magic Weekend for three consecutive seasons (2012–2014). After a record attendance in 2012 – both for a single day (32,953) and the aggregate for the whole weekend (63,716) – the Etihad Stadium became the venue of choice for this annual rugby league event, setting another attendance record (36,339/64,552) for it in May 2014. However, construction work involved with the expansion of the South Stand caused it to be relocated to St. James' Park, Newcastle, for summer 2015.

On 24 May 2008, Stockport born and twice IBF and IBO light welterweight champion boxer Ricky Hatton defeated Juan Lazcano in a contest billed as "Hatton's Homecoming". The fight was held in front of 56,337 fans, setting a record attendance for a British boxing event post World War II.

On 10 October 2015, the stadium hosted a 2015 Rugby World Cup Pool A match between hosts nation England and Uruguay. England won 60–3 with 50,778 in attendance.

England national football games

See also

List of Commonwealth Games venues

Notes

References
Specific

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

City of Manchester Stadium official website
Manchester City Football Club official website
Images tagged City of Manchester Stadium at Flickr
Arup Associates PDF format article about the original design of the stadium
Arup Associates PDF format article about the transformation of the stadium after the 2002 Games
Modern Steel Construction PDF format article about the innovative construction of the stadium's roof
YouTube video depicting MCFC's vision for planned Etihad Campus / CFA development
YouTube video depicting sequential construction steps required to expand stadium's South Stand
YouTube video depicting hub circus location of Dad's Halo Effect public sculpture

Etihad Airways
Premier League venues
Football venues in Manchester
Manchester City F.C.
2002 Commonwealth Games venues
Music venues in Manchester
Commonwealth Games rugby union venues
Rugby union stadiums in England
Sports venues completed in 2002
2002 establishments in England
High-tech architecture
Ove Arup buildings and structures

City of Manchester Stadium


Henry Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea (6 July 1821 – 28 November 1894), known between May 1882 and June 1893 as Sir Hussey Vivian, 1st Baronet, was a Welsh industrialist and politician from the Vivian family.

Biography

Born at Singleton Abbey, Swansea, Henry was the eldest son of industrialist and MP John Henry Vivian and his wife Sarah, daughter of Arthur Jones, of Reigate. His younger brothers were Arthur Vivian (who would become an industrialist and MP), Richard Glynn Vivian (afterwards an art collector and philanthropist) and Graham Vivian. His uncle was Richard Hussey Vivian, first baron Vivian. He was educated at Eton and studied metallurgy in Germany and France from 1838 before entering Trinity College, Cambridge in 1839.

After two years he became manager of the Liverpool branch of the copper-smelting business founded by his grandfather, Vivian & Sons.  Three years later he became a partner of the firm before coming to Swansea to manage the Hafod Works during the last ten years of his father's life (1845–1855).  He developed a range of by-products from copper-smelting and diversified into other metallurgical activities.  He is credited with originating the "sliding scale" of miners' wages after the strike of 1889, though other authorities attribute the idea to William Thomas Lewis, afterwards Lord Merthyr.  He was one of the chief promoters of the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway, helped to further extend the harbour facilities of the town and championed the merits of Welsh coal in Parliamentary debates.  It was largely due to his efforts that Swansea became a major industrial centre.

He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Truro (1852–57), Glamorganshire (1857–85), and Swansea District, 1885–93.

In 1889, he became the first chairman of the Glamorgan County Council. He was also a Justice of the Peace, Deputy Lieutenant for Glamorgan and for some years first Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th Glamorgan Rifle Volunteers.

He was created a baronet of Singleton, in the Parish of Swansea in the County of Glamorgan, on 13 May 1882, and Baron Swansea, of Singleton in the County of Glamorgan, on 9 June 1893.

After his death on 28 November 1894, probate was granted to his sons Henry Hussey Vivian and Odo Richard Vivian valuing his estate at £163,707 1s 9d, he was buried in the churchyard of St Paul's Church in Sketty. There is a bronze statue of Henry wearing a frock coat and gown in St. David's Shopping Centre, Swansea, created by Italian sculptor Mario Raggi. There is also a plaque at St John's Church in Hafod. It was erected by his widow and contains the words 'Life's race well run. Life's work well done. Life's crown well won. Then comes rest'.

Lord Swansea's younger brother Sir Arthur Vivian was also a Liberal politician.

Marriages and children
Lord Swansea married, on 15 April 1847, to Jessie Dalrymple Goddard (c. 1825 – 28 February 1848), the daughter of Ambrose Goddard, of the Lawn, Swindon. His wife died of childbed fever a few weeks after the birth of their only child.

 Ernest Ambrose Vivian, 2nd Baron Swansea (11 February 1848 – 17 July 1922); died unmarried

On 14 July 1853, he married Lady Flora Caroline Elizabeth Cholmeley (died 25 January 1868), daughter of Sir Montague Cholmeley, 2nd Baronet. They had one son;

 The Hon. John Aubrey Vivian (23 July 1854 – 1 March 1898); died unmarried

Lord Swansea took as his third wife, on 10 November 1870, Averil Beaumont (1841 – 14 January 1934), daughter of Capt. Richard Beaumont, R.N., and granddaughter of the 3rd Baron Macdonald of Slate. He and his third wife had seven children;

 Violet Averil Margaret Vivian (3 December 1871 – 30 March 1943)
 Henry Hussey Vivian (5 February 1873 – 11 December 1898); died unmarried
 Odo Richard Vivian, 3rd Baron Swansea (22 April 1875 – 16 November 1934)
 Averil Vivian (4 December 1876 – 1 February 1959); married George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon
 Alexandra Gladys Vivian (c. 1879 – 17 July 1966)
 Alberta Diana Vivian (10 February 1883 – 1968)
 a daughter (10 February 1883)

References

Further reading

External links

Swansea, Henry Vivian, 1st Baron
Swansea, Henry Vivian, 1st Baron
People educated at Eton College
British industrialists
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Welsh constituencies
Leaders of local authorities of Wales
Politicians from Swansea
Swansea, Henry Vivian, 1st Baron
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
History of Swansea
Politicians from Cornwall
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Members of Glamorgan County Council
Henry
Welsh justices of the peace
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Swansea constituencies
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria
19th-century British businesspeople

Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea


Balard () is the southwestern terminus of line 8 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. Since 16 December 2006, it has also been a stop on tramway T3a as part of the initial section of the line between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry. The station is named after Place Balard, itself named after Antoine-Jérôme Balard (1802-1876), a French chemist and the discoverer of bromine. Among the stations serving the Boulevards des Maréchaux along the former gates of Paris, it is the only one not called Porte de…, though it serves the Porte de Sèvres.

History
The station opened on 27 July 1937 as part of the extension of line 8 from La Motte-Picquet - Grenelle, serving as its new south-western terminus terminus.

On 3 September 1943, the Royal Air Force bombarded the area and destroyed the accesses to the station, causing the deaths of 22 people, including 2 CMP agents.

To facilitate a connection to tramway T2 via Suzanne Lenglen tram station (opened on 21 November 2009), an additional access (access 6) was constructed during the first phase of works between March and December 2012. In the second phase, three new lifts were added to improve the accessibility of the station between January 2014 and June 2015 for people with impaired mobility. This was to minimise disruption to traffic on line 8 and to coordinate with the construction of the Hexagone Balard, the new headquarters of the Ministry of Defense.The cost of the project, estimated to be approximately 16.4 million euros, was included in the budget for the extension of T2 from Issy–Val de Seine to Porte de Versailles which opened on 21 November 2009.

In 2019, the station was used by 5,626,040 passengers, making it the 68th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,643,639 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 71st busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,236,801 passengers, making it the 95th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Passenger services

Access
The station has 6 accesses:

 Access 1: Boulevard Victor
 Access 2: Boulevard du Général Martial Valin Ministère de la Défense
 Access 3: rue Balard Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou
 Access 4: avenue Félix Faure
 Access 5: avenue de la Porte de Sèvres (an ascending escalator)
 Access 6: rue Louis Armand Centre Aquatique Aquaboulevard (with an ascending escalator)

Station layout

Platforms
The station has, as does Pointe du Lac located on the same line, a particular arrangement specific to the stations serving or had served as a terminus. It has three tracks and two platforms. The side platform serves as the arrival platform while the island platform serves as the departure platform. The walls of the western side of the platform are tiled with bevelled white tiles, with the name of the station written in earthenware and the advertising frames with plant motifs, also in earthenware, are honey-coloured. The rest of the station, however, is simply painted white, except for the parts below platform level which is painted grey with the station names written on enamel plates.

Other connections

RER
A remote connection with line C of the RER via Pont du Garigliano station is possible, although not shown today on RATP's métro maps, it was previously shown in 1998 and 2000.  The connection is occasionally depicted in station locality maps but not on the line maps inside its trains.

Tramway
The station has been served by tramway T3a since 16 December 2006 via Balard tram station and by tramway T2 since 21 November 2009 via Suzanne Lenglen tram station about 140 metres away. It is one of four métro stations on the network that are located at one of the former gates of Paris and are served by two tram lines; the other three are Porte de Choisy (line 7), Porte de Versailles (line 12), and Porte de Vincennes (line 1).  Basilique de Saint-Denis (line 13) is the only station served by two tram lines not located at one of the gates of Paris.

Bus
The station is also served by the following bus networks:

 RATP bus network: lines 30, 39,42, 88, and 169
 Noctilien: lines N13, N62, and N145
 Sénart bus network: line 54

Popular culture
The station appeared in Monsieur Klein, a 1976 French film set in 1942 with Alain Delon as the titular role. He plays a short scene where he waits at the one of the station's accesses.

Nearby

 Aquaboulevard
 Directorate General for Civil Aviation
 Grand Pavois de Paris
 Héliport de Paris - Issy-les-Moulineaux - Valérie-André
 Hexagone Balard
 Parc omnisports Suzanne-Lenglen

Gallery

References

Paris Métro stations in the 15th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1937
Paris Métro line 8

Balard station


Chennai (), Madras olarak da bilinen, Hindistan'ın dördüncü büyük metropol şehri ve Tamil Nadu eyâletinin başkentidir.

Coğrafi konum olarak Bengal Körfezi'nin Coromandel sahilinde ve Hindistan'ın güneydoğusundadır. Tahmini 6.91 milyonluk nüfusuyla, 368 yıllık bu şehir, dünyanın en yüksek nüfuslu 34. metropolitan yerleşim merkezidir.

Chennai, Hindistan'ın üçüncü en büyük endüstriyel ve ticari merkezidir.  Otomotiv endüstrisinin üslerinden birisi olması ve Hindistan'da üretilen otomobillerin büyük kısmının burada imal edilmesi nedeniyle, Chennai şehri Hindistan'ın otomobil başkenti olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle Güney Asya'nın Detroit'i olarak da anılmaktadır.

Aynı zamanda kültürel mirası ve tapınak mimarisiyle de bilinir. Güney Hindistan klasik müziği ve dans performansları açısından da bir merkezdir.

İklimi

Nüfus

Kardeş şehirler

Chennai belediyesinin şu yabancı şehirlerle resmî kardeş şehir ilişkileri bulunmaktadır:

Ayrıca bakınız

 Hindistan'daki şehirler listesi
 Tamil Nadu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Official website of Chennai District (ilçe) resmi websitesi
 Chennai belediye idaresi resmi websitesi

Hindistan'daki şehirler

Tamil Nadu'daki şehirler

Chennai


Centrul istoric al Mediașului este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Mediaș.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Mediaș
Clădiri și structuri din secolul al XVIII-lea

Centrul istoric al Mediașului


Die Scottish Open 1989 im Badminton fanden vom 23. bis zum 26. November 1989 im Meadowbank in Edinburgh statt. Mit einem Preisgeld von 20.000 US-Dollar wurde das Turnier als 1-Sterne-Turnier in der Grand-Prix-Wertung eingestuft.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=C090913E-45AE-4810-9851-865EF63FC9C5
 https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11968544.frost-returns-to-bid-for-record-badminton-purse/

1989
World Badminton Grand Prix 1989
Badmintonwettbewerb in Edinburgh

Scottish Open 1989


Bernd Hüttemann (8 de diciembre de 1970 en Paderborn) es el Secretario general del Movimiento Europeo Alemania.

Bernd Hüttemann creció en Paderborn y estudió ciencias políticas, historia y derecho europeo en la universidad de Bonn. Después de sus estudios, trabajó para la Fundación Robert Bosch. Posteriormente, trabajó como consultor de relaciones públicas y asistente de investigación para el Instituto de Política Europea (IEP) en Berlín. Durante el período 2000-2003 Hüttemann colaboró en programas de facilitación de acceso a la Unión Europea de Eslovaquia y Croacia para el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Alemania en calidad de consultor del Gobierno eslovaco en Bratislava.

Bernd Hüttemann empezó su carrera política afiliándose a los Jóvenes Europeos Federalistas (JEF). Comenzó siendo dirigente de la oficina de Bonn y Bruselas. Más adelante, Hüttemann pasó a ser Secretario General voluntario de la Unión de Federalistas Europeos en Alemania.

Desde 2003, Bernd Hüttemann es Secretario General del Movimiento Europeo Alemania, una red suprapartidista que engloba organismos y grupos de interés que trabajan en el sector de la política europea y que está financiado por el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Alemania. Bernd Hüttemann centra su trabajo en la representación de intereses a nivel europeo, la comunicación política y la coordinación de la política europea en Alemania.

Desde finales de 2011, Bernd Hüttemann es profesor asociado en la Universidad de Passau (Departamento Estudios europeos).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web EBD
 Página web
 Profesor asociado en la universidad de Passau
 Entrevista con TV Berlin (alemán)
 Entrevista con BlogactivTV (en inglés)

Políticos de Alemania del siglo XXI

Bernd Hüttemann


القوانين التطور الاجتماعي هي القواعد المعربة بكلمات أو برموز رياضية التي تشرح معطيات اجتماعية معروفة بصورة مقبولة والتي قد اكدتها الاختبارات العلمية السابقة والتي تعتبرها المجموعة الأكاديمية صحيحة.

إنّ المجتمع البشري عبارة عن منظومة معقّّدة غير متوازنة تتغيّر وتتطوّر باستمرار، حيث تدفع تعقيدات وتناقضات التطور الاجتماعي الباحثين إلی الاستنتاج المنطقي التالي: إنّ أي تبسيط أو تقليل أو تجاهل تعدّدية العوامل الاجتماعية يؤدي حتماً إلی تكاثر الأخطاء وعدم فهم العمليات المبحوثة. وقد استقرّ الرأي على أنّ اكتشاف القوانين العلمية العامة مستحيل في مجال دراسات التطوّر الاجتماعي مسيطراً سيطرةً شاملةً علی المجموعة الأكاديمية وخاصة بين الذين يتخصّصون في الإنسانيّات ويواجهون بشكل مباشر في بحثهم كل تعقيدات وتركيبات العمليات الاجتماعية. فطريقة بحث المجتمع البشري كمنظومة بالغة التعقيد هي أن نعترف بمستويات مختلفة من التجريد ومقاييس الزمن. فالمهمة الأساسية للتحليل العلمي هي إيجاد القوی الرئيسية التي تؤثّر علی أنظمة معينة لاكتشاف القوانين العلمية المبدئية عن طريق التجرّد من التفاصيل وانحرافات القواعد. طبعاً المجتمع البشري عبارة عن منظومة بالغة التعقيد بالفعل. فهل يمكننا وصفها بقوانين علمية بسيطة؟ إنّ المنجزات الحديثة في مجال النمذجة الرياضية تمكّننا أن نجيب علی هذا السؤال جواباً إيجابياً محدّدأ - من الممكن وصف التطوّر الاجتماعي بواسطة ماكروقوانين دقيقة وبسيطة بشكل مقبول.

ومن تلك القوانين قانون تحول الكم إلى كيف.

مراجع

 مقدّمة الماكروديناميكا الاجتماعية: النمذجة الرياضية لتطوّر المنظومة العالمية قبل سبعينيّات القرن الماضي "مجلة كلية الآداب لجامعة القاهرة"٬ مجلد 68 ٬ سنة 2008 ٬ الجزء الثاني ٬ صفحات 148–181. (بالعربية).
 أندريه كاراطائف - مقدمة المكروديناميكا الاجتماعية. النمذجة الرياضية لتطور المنظومة العالمية. ISBN 5-484-00414-4(بالإنجليزية)
 فريدريك أنجلس - أصل العائلة والملكية الخاصة والدولة.

تغير اجتماعي
قوائم علمية
قوانين
نظرية التطور الثقافي الاجتماعي

قوانين التطور الاجتماعي


Muzaffer Sarısözen (1899, Sivas - 4 Ocak 1963, Ankara), Türk folklorcusu, Türk halk müziği sanatçısı ve derleyicisidir. Asıl adı Muzaffereddin Mazhar olup soyadı kanunundan önce Muzaffereddin, Muzaffer Sözen gibi isimleri kullanmıştır. Babası Nakşibendî şeyhi Hüseyin Hüsnü Efendi, annesi Zeliha Hanım'dır.

Yaşamı
Muzaffer Sarısözen, 1899 yılında Sivas'ta doğdu. Doğduğu yerde öğrenim gördü. Bir süre ilkokul öğretmenliği yaptı. Sivas ili hesabına İstanbul Konservatuvarı'na gönderildi. İki yıl burada okuduktan sonra Sivas'a döndü. Öğretmen okulu ve lisede müzik öğretmenliği yaptı. Sarısözen, derleme gezileri sırasında merakıyla topladığı bağlama, cura, ney, çifte kaval, kemençe, kaval, tulum, davul, zurna, tef, darbuka gibi birçok halk sazından koleksiyon oluşturmuştur.
Neriman Altındağ'la 1951 yılında evlendi. Bu evlilikten 1952 yılında oğlu Memil Sarısözen dünyaya geldi. 1962 senesinde yaşadığı prostat sebebiyle ameliyat oldu ancak ameliyat sonrası rahatsızlanması sonrası 4 Ocak 1963 tarihinde öldü.

Sanat hayatı
1930 yılında Milli Eğitim Müdürü olan Ahmet Kutsi Tecer ile tanıştı ve Tecer'in 1930'da "Halk Şairlerini Koruma Derneği"ni kurmasına vesile oldu. İlk Halk Şairleri Bayramı 1930'da yapılır ve Aşık Veysel bu etkinlikler vesilesiyle ortaya çıkarılır.

1936 yılında Ankara'ya çağrılarak Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'nın kuruluş günlerinde planlanan derleme gezilerini gerçekleştirecek heyet üyeleri arasında yer aldı. Bu sırada Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün emriyle Mûsiki Muallim Mektebi'nden iki sınıf alınıp Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'nın kuruluşu gerçekleştirildi. 1938'de Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Folklor arşivi şefliğine getirildi. Konservatuvarın bünyesindeki müzik arşivinin başına getirilmiş olsa bile tayini hemen yapılmayan Sarısözen, Sivas'tan başlatılan ilk derleme gezilerini gerçekleştirecek heyete derleyici sıfatıyla dahil edildi. Türk  müziği tarihinde Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Derleme Gezileri olarak anılan ve 1937-1953 yılları arasında sürdürülen bu faaliyet, cumhuriyet döneminde yapılan ikinci ve en büyük organizasyondur.

Türkiye'nin birçok yöresinde, Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal, Ahmet Adnan Saygun, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Halil Bedii Yönetken, Nurullah Taşkıran ve Rıza Yetişen'den oluşan derleme ekibiyle birlikte on binlerce türkü ve öykü derledi ve bunlar notaya alınarak TRT arşivlerine geçirildi. Ankara Radyosu'nda "Yurttan Sesler" programını yönetti. Makaleleri ve çeşitli dergilerde çıkan notalı halk türküleri derlemeleri vardır. Vefatı sonrası Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından "Muzaffer Sarısözen ( Hayatı, Eserleri ve Çalışmaları )" adında bir eser hazırlanmıştır. PTT ise Muzaffer Sarısözen'in resmini 100.000'lik pullarına koymuştur.

1937 ile 1957 seneleri arasındaki Türkiye'nin farklı illerine haftalar veya aylar süren, toplamda 18 tane büyük derleme gezileri düzenlemiştir. Derlediği eserler ve oyun havaları arasında "İzmir'in Kavakları", "Bülbülüm Altın Kafeste", "Gesi Bağları", "Çayda Çıra", "Bulut Gelir Seher İle", "İnce Giyerim İnce", "Misket", "Çayır Çimen Geze Geze", "Kolbastı", "Allı Turnam", "Burçak Tarlası", "Bir Of Çeksem Karşıki Dağlar Yıkılır", "İhtiyatlar Silah Çatmış Yolun Üstüne", "Kekliğimin Kafesi", "Yabandan Gel (Kostak Yörü)", "Iğdırın Al Alması", "Suya Düştü Gülümüz", "Süpürgesi Yoncadan", "Bülbül Havalanmış", "Keklik İdim Vurdular", "Süt İçtim Dilim Yandı" gibi farklı yörelerin türküleri, bozlakları, karşılamaları, ağıtları, Pir Sultan Abdal'dan, Karacaoğlan'dan türküler ve oyun havaları bulunmaktadır. Ortak derlemelerle birlikte derlediği ve derlenmesine ön ayak olduğu 10 bin civarında eser vardır.

Eserleri
Seçme Köy Türküleri, (1941)
Yurttan Sesler, (1952)
Türk Halk Musikisi Usulleri, (1288)
Gaypoptan iyi bir müziği vardır

Hakkında yayımlanan kitaplar
 Alparslan Ayral, Muzaffer Sarısözen (Sivas 1995)
 Niyazi Yılmaz, Türk Halk Müziğinin Kurucu Hocası Muzaffer Sarısözen (Ankara 1996)
 Armağan Coşkun Elçi, Muzaffer Sarısözen: Hayatı, Eserleri ve Çalışmaları (Ankara 1997)
 Süleyman Şenel, Muzaffer Sarısözen (Türk Halk Müziği ve Oyunları Hakkında Yazılar Röportajlar-Anılar-Ardından Yazılanlar Belgeler-Notalar

Ayrıca bakınız
Aman Aman Nalbandım

Kaynakça

Sivas doğumlular
1899 doğumlular
1963 yılında ölenler
Türk halk müziği sanatçıları
Ankara'da ölenler
Cebeci Asri Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Derlemeciler

Muzaffer Sarısözen


El Museo de Arte Ibérico «El Cigarralejo» está situado en Mula, Murcia, España. Alberga una amplia e importantísima colección de materiales arqueológicos del periodo ibérico (siglos IV-I a. C.), provenientes todos ellos del complejo ibérico de El Cigarralejo, un paradigma para la arqueología ibérica en cuanto a sus restos y conservación se refiere. La colección de materiales iberos fue donada por el investigador y arqueólogo D. Emeterio Cuadrado Díaz el 21 de abril de 1989 y conservado por la directora Doña Virginia Page del Pozo desde su inauguración en el año 1993. El museo de El Cigarralejo se convirtió así en un museo monográfico, es decir, un museo que como cometido tiene la divulgación y el estudio de los aspectos socioculturales de la cultura ibérica en el territorio de la ciudad de Mula.

Fundación
El Museo de Arte Ibérico «El Cigarralejo» se creó para albergar una colección de materiales arqueológicos provenientes del yacimiento homónimo que el arqueólogo Emeterio Cuadrado descubrió en su finca particular, dedicándole a esta tarea 40 años para exhumar 547 tumbas entre 1948 y 1988. La mayoría de los restos conservados provienen de la necrópolis que excavó en este periodo, 547 tumbas de incineración ibéricas con sus respectivos ajuares funerarios, es decir, los objetos personales del difunto que sus allegados colocaron en la fosa para que le sirvieran en el más allá. Los ajuares funerarios varían según sexo, oficio, poder adquisitivo y condición social del fallecido y abarcan un periodo cronológico bastante extenso; entre los inicios del  y los primeros años del

Cuadrado sufragó gran parte de las intervenciones arqueológicas, tan solo las últimas campañas fueron sufragadas con dinero público, de ahí que gran parte de los materiales rescatados entre 1948 y 1984 fueran privados. Las últimas intervenciones llevadas a cabo entre 1981 y 1983 fueron costeadas por el Estado, y entre 1984 y 1988 se realizaron con permiso y subvenciones de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia. Con respecto a la necrópolis, hay dos colecciones: una estatal, tumbas 1 a 478, y otra autonómica, 479-547. El 1 de junio de 1986, Cuadrado donó su colección al Estado, motivo por el cual se decidió rehabilitar en el pueblo una antigua casa solariega del  para albergar la colección. La importancia histórica y cultural que suponían los ajuares aconsejaron la aceptación, por parte del Estado, de dicha donación, haciéndose efectiva por Orden de 21 de abril de 1989.

El Ministerio de Cultura aceptó la donación con la condición de disponer de un edificio propio en la ciudad de Mula y así proyectar las obras de rehabilitación y adecuación de la futura sede.

El proyecto se ejecutó en dos fases: la primera, llevada a cabo entre los años 1983 y 1984, consistió en la consolidación y restauración de la sede. La segunda fase se llevó a cabo con la dirección de Virginia Page del Pozo, tras un lapso de tiempo, se retomó en el año 1992 y se realizó el proyecto de instalación museográfica, el programa de cartelería y señalización, así como, la restauración de los objetos a exponer.

Palacio de los Marqueses de Menahermosa
El palacio es una típica construcción del barroco murciano. En el lugar donde se construyó existía desde finales del  una casa de menor tamaño situada en la zona que da a la actual calle de González, propiedad de la familia Guillén; y otra que, en ese momento, estaba dividida en dos, perteneciente a los hermanos Valcárcel Melgarejo, Juan Diego y Fernando. Al primero pertenecía la porción de la calle del Marqués, y de Fernando era la fachada que da a la del Grifo, hoy Patricio Moya.

Juan Diego Valcárcel, nacido en Mula en el año 1696, vivió en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, a donde llevó su grado de general. Allí enlazó amistad con el marqués de Menahermosa, José Antonio de Llamas y Estrada, a quien vendió diversas propiedades en los campos y huerta de Mula y su parte de casa. A su muerte en diciembre de 1745, y al carecer de herederos forzosos por ser soltero, lo designó heredero universal, algo que no gustó a los parientes de su villa natal. El abuelo del primer poseedor del título, Diego de Llamas, era natural de Mula y hubo de alistarse en el ejército y pasar a la zona de Almería. Su hijo Cristóbal nació en Rioja, pequeño pueblo de la provincia de Almería, donde contrajo matrimonio con Damiana Estrada, del que nacieron varios hijos, uno de los cuales fue José Antonio, bautizado el 27 de mayo de 1687.

Asentó plaza en la milicia en 1696, en el Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera, destino de su familia. Durante la Guerra de Sucesión Española formó en las filas de Felipe V, en las que derrochó valor y astucia, señales de identidad que le sirvieron para ascender en el escalón hasta ser nombrado Segundo Teniente de las Reales Guardias Españolas en 1711.

Ocho años más tarde conoció a Ana Magdalena de Mena Ferrari, nacida en Alejandría, cerca de Milán. Su primer hijo, José Antonio, nació en Madrid en diciembre de 1721. Trasladados a Barcelona, allí tuvieron a sus dos hijas, María Josefa y Ana Magdalena, en 1723 y 1726, respectivamente. Vueltos a Madrid en 1728, en la capital de España, nació su último vástago, Antonio, muerto en la frustrada expedición contra Argel de 1775. Hombre de confianza de la monarquía borbónica, en 1729 fue designado Cabo Principal de las Armas de Tierra del Perú, en cuyo cargo se subrogaba el de general del puerto de El Callao y conllevaba el título de Teniente de Capitán General del Reino del Perú. Embarcó para el Nuevo Mundo al año siguiente con dos criados y en Perú permaneció veintisiete años. En América adquirió su marquesado, en agosto de 1745, por la suma de 20.000 pesos. Regresó en 1757 para ser nombrado corregidor de Tarragona. En aquella ciudad se jubiló con el grado de Teniente General de los Ejércitos y pasó a Mula, donde falleció en 1772.

Ana Magdalena de Mena Ferrari residió en Mula desde finales de la década de 1730 con sus hijos. A partir de 1746, al recibir la copia del testamento del general Valcárcel, decidió construir su vivienda en la parte de casa que le legaba en una de las mandas.

En torno a 1750, el edificio fue concluido. Hecho a base de ladrillo visto, material barato de adquirir, es de una austeridad y sobriedad evidentes, si se hace abstracción de la gola pintada con motivos militares y del escudo marquesal, colocado en la gran fachada sur. Está dotado de planta baja, primero y de desvanes. En éstos, a los que da luz una torre a cuatro aguas con amplias ventanas, se almacenaban los cereales de la cosecha, los embutidos de la matanza y dormían los criados. El bajo estaba destinado, igualmente, al servicio. En él se situaban las cocinas, el pozo, la bodega de aceite y la del vino, las cuadras y cocheras. El principal quedaba reservado para los propietarios, que se asomaban al exterior por amplios balcones. En este espacio se hallaban el comedor, al que se accedía por la puerta central del rellano de la escalera; los dormitorios y el gran salón de baile.

A la muerte del primer marqués, su hijo, José Antonio Llamas y Mena, amplió el palacio por el norte una vez que adquirió la parte de casa que pertenecía a los herederos de don Fernando Valcárcel. La obra se ejecutó entre 1778 y 1780 y consistió en el añadido de un gran cuerpo con fachada de ladrillo perfectamente trabada con la preexistente. Por la calle, se advierte el acrecentamiento en el trozo de gola no pintado e, interiormente, en el cambio de las puertas de los diversos cuartos, más recargadas que las primitivas.

Las novedades más importantes de esta fase, llevada a cabo por el alarife mulero Rodrigo Lentisco, consistieron en la creación del oratorio a costa de cerrar el último balcón del lado sur de la fachada principal, que fue decorado con sencillas pinturas y yeserías por un anónimo artista, quien también realizó los escudos heráldicos del matrimonio en el frente de la mesa del altar; y en la ornamentación de la entrada principal con una portada de mármol de las cercanas canteras de Cehegín, que importó, junto con la bien trabajada piedra de la esquina norte, 2000 reales.

En 1927 se acometió la última remodelación del palacio, centrada en derribar parte de las cuadras y de las cocinas para hacer el jardín que hoy existe.

Salas

El Museo de Arte Ibérico exhibe en sus 10 salas más de 80 ajuares funerarios procedentes de la necrópolis de El Cigarralejo. Cada una de las salas está dedicada a un tema sociocultural del mundo ibérico.

Introducción a la necrópolis
Esta sala introduce al visitante a la historiografía del yacimiento con fotografías de las primeras campañas arqueológicas, el plano de la necrópolis con sus 547 tumbas y documentos que recogen los 40 años del trabajo realizado por Cuadrado.

Selección de las tumbas más antiguas
En la segunda sala se muestran las tumbas más antiguas (s. IV a. C.), algunas con un rico ajuar, por lo que Cuadrado las denominó «Tumbas Principescas». En las tumbas 200 y 277 abundan cerámicas del Ática griega y objetos de lujo de la tipología de vasos griegos, como la crátera ática del pintor del «Tirso Negro» procedente de la tumba 47.

Agricultura
La principal actividad económica ibérica fue la agricultura, de la que resultan numerosos vestigios bien conservados. En esta tercera sala se puede apreciar la conservación del ajuar de un agricultor, con útiles de labranza (hoz, podadera, refuerzo de un arado), semillas y huesos de diversos frutos (uva, bellota, almendras). También se puede ver la conservación de cordajes de esparto y cestos.

Ganadería
La ganadería es otra actividad económica en el mundo íbero, estudiada en la sala cuarta. Entre los objetos del ajuar funerario aparecen huesos de animales domésticos (vaca, caballo, asno, oveja, cabra, cerdo y perro) y de caza. Se exhibe un ajuar que pudo pertenecer a un curtidor, dado los utensilios empleados para tratar las pieles.

Cerámica
La abundancia y variedad de recipientes cerámicos ofrece datos para el estudio de la alfarería, una actividad que alcanzó un gran desarrollo en esta cultura. En la sala quinta hay vajillas de mesa, vajillas de cocina, vasitos de tocador, urnas. En estos recipientes predominan los motivos geométricos y los motivos vegetales. La cerámica ibérica se realizó con arcilla depurada, a torno y se coció en hornos. Se exhibe el ajuar de un posible alfarero, destacando los cantos rodados para moler pigmentos minerales, usados como pinturas, bruñidores de cuarcita, y pequeños recipientes contenedores de colorantes.

Industria textil
La industria textil también fue una actividad propia del mundo íbero, en concreto, una actividad eminentemente femenina y que no se consideró un oficio. En la sala se aprecia numerosos objetos utilizados en el proceso del hilado como fusayolas (contrapeso del huso), agujas de hierro, bronce y hueso. En los materiales se conserva pequeños fragmentos, carbonizados en la pira, de tejidos de lana, lino y diferentes trenzados del esparto (cuerda, guita, recincho).

Comercio y transporte
Los objetos dan testimonio de las relaciones comerciales habidas entre los íberos y los diferentes pueblos Mediterráneos, especialmente con Grecia a principios del  En la sala séptima se exhibe un amplio repertorio de vasos áticos, campanienses (área Lacial-Italia), de Rosas (Costa Catalana) y del Norte de África. Igualmente, se trata de los medios de transporte marítimos y terrestres utilizados en esta época. Una pieza significativa es la talla en piedra de un carro ibérico tirado por dos mulas.

Mujer ibérica
Esta sala octava está dedicada a la mujer ibérica por su relevante papel a nivel cotidiano, religioso, festivo y funerario, evidente en la iconografía. En los pedestales se muestra fragmentos escultóricos femeninos. El más representativo es la Dama del Cigarralejo, que aparece entronizada y ricamente ataviada. Se exhibe objetos femeninos como cuentas de collar, agujas, punzones, fusayolas, anillos de bronce o vasitos de tocador. Se muestra también el plomo del Cigarralejo, soporte en el que se registra una inscripción ibérica, escrita con caracteres griegos, por los que se denomina escritura grecoibérica, aún por descifrar.

El guerrero y su caballo
En la sala novena se expone un atuendo militar. El máximo exponente se encuentra en la panoplia Ibérica del Cigarralejo, un conjunto de armas en excelente estado de conservación. Atuendo y armamento usado por un pueblo, en el que es fácil distinguir entre armas defensivas y ofensivas. Entre las defensivas, está el escudo. Las ofensivas son la falcata (espada curva del Ibérico Pleno), diferentes tipos de lanza, ya sean completas de hierro, como el soliferrum, o fabricada la punta de metal y el astil de madera. También son apreciables los adornos personales como pendientes o hebillas de cinturón que completan la vestimenta del guerrero. Finalmente, hay fragmentos escultóricos que representan a équidos y una cabeza de guerrero. En esta sala, destaca el vaso de Los Guerreros y los Músicos

Arquitectura funeraria ibérica
La última sala del museo está dedicada a la arquitectura funeraria ibérica. Los paneles muestran las diferentes cubiertas de tumbas o «encachados tumulares» de El Cigarralejo. También hay restos de pilares-estela, grupo escultórico presente en algunas tumbas relevantes de inicios del  Corona el monumento la escultura de un animal que ejercía de guardián o protector de la tumba. Se expone el pie calado de un vaso, usado posiblemente para quemar perfumes.

En abril de 2023 se inauguró una nueva exposición permanente sobre El Santuario del Cigarralejo. En ella se exponen los exvotos o piezas religiosas del Santuario, al igual que más de doscientos caballitos de piedra arenisca.

Está parte completamente moderna cuenta, además de con las piezas arqueológicas originales con reproducciones que pueden tocarse para que los visitantes puedan vivir la historia, con modernos materiales audiovisuales, esculturas, mapas y maquetas.

Galería de imágenes

Véase también
 Complejo ibérico de El Cigarralejo
 Museo
 Tipología de vasos griegos
 Cerámica griega
 Cerámica campaniense
 Alfabeto greco-ibérico
 Guerrero ibero

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Iberico
Museos de España inaugurados en 1989
Mula (Murcia)
Arte ibérico
Arqueología ibérica
Palacios barrocos de España
Palacios de España del siglo XVIII
Palacios de la Región de Murcia
Arquitectura barroca en la Región de Murcia
Arquitectura en la Región de Murcia en el siglo XVIII

Museo de Arte Ibérico El Cigarralejo


An Tillandsia plumosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Tillandsia plumosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tillandsia

Tillandsia plumosa


ISO 10642 er en ISO standard for en Skrue.

En Stålskrue ISO 10642 er en af de mest brugte skruer inden for befæstelse området.

Reference
 bolte.dk

10642

ISO 10642


Claude Dambury (født 30. juli 1971) er en tidligere fodboldspiller fra Fransk Guyana.

Fransk Guyanas fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere
Fransk Guyana

Claude Dambury


Michael Dunn (født 20. oktober 1934, død 30. august 1973) var en amerikansk skuespiller og sanger. Han inspirerede en række skuespillere, der var mindre og lavere end de fleste "gennemsnitlige" mennesker, herunder Zelda Rubinstein, Mark Povinelli og Ricardo Gil.

Eksgerne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Oklahoma
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Michael Dunn


Nely Carla Alberto (født 2. juli 1983 i San Sebastián) er en spansk tidligere håndboldspiller, som spillede en række spanske og franske klubber og Spaniens kvindelandshold.

Hun var med til at vinde bronze ved VM 2011. Hun var desuden med for Spanien ved OL 2012 i London, hvor holdet i semifinalen tabte til , men efterfølgende sikrede sig bronzen med sejr over , mens Makedonien fik sølv efter finalenederlag til . Ved OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro blev spanierne med Alberto nummer seks.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Spanien
Deltagere for Spanien ved sommer-OL 2012
Deltagere for Spanien ved sommer-OL 2016
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Spanien

Nely Carla Alberto


Moore Adası Kanada'nın Hudson Körfezi'ndeki Belcher Adalar grubunda küçük bir adadır.

Belcher Adaları
Issız adalar

Moore Adası


Le château de Hillsborough est une résidence officielle du gouvernement d'Irlande du Nord. C'est la résidence officielle du secrétaire d'État pour l'Irlande du Nord  et la résidence officielle en Irlande du Nord du roi Charles III et d'autres membres de la famille royale britannique en visite dans la région, ainsi qu'une maison d'hôtes pour les éminents visiteurs internationaux.

De 1924, et jusqu'à la suppression du poste en 1973, c'est la résidence officielle du gouverneur d'Irlande du Nord. Depuis avril 2014, il est géré par l'organisme appelé "Historic Royal Palaces" et est ouvert au public à certaines dates .

Histoire ancienne

Le château de Hillsborough, qui est situé dans le village de Hillsborough au nord-ouest du comté de Down, n'est pas un vrai Château fort. Il s'agit d'une maison de campagne géorgienne construite au  pour la famille Hill, marquis de Downshire, qui en est propriétaire jusqu'en 1922, lorsque le  marquis de Downshire vend le manoir et ses terrains au gouvernement britannique. En l'achetant, le gouvernement résout un problème pratique. En vertu de la Loi sur le gouvernement de l'Irlande de 1920, une nouvelle région distincte du Royaume-Uni appelée Irlande du Nord est créée dans la province traditionnelle d'Ulster, moins trois comtés - Cavan, Donegal et Monaghan - qui deviennent partie intégrante de l'État libre d'Irlande. L'autorité exécutive est confiée à la fois à l'Irlande du Nord et à sa région sœur, l'Irlande du Sud, au Lord-lieutenant d'Irlande, qui est censé être l'une des deux fonctions de toute l'Irlande (avec le Conseil d'Irlande) dans la nouvelle structure du gouvernement autonome. Cependant, ce poste est supprimé par une loi, à la suite du traité anglo-irlandais de 1921, qui voit la naissance mort-née de l'Irlande du Sud (qui n'existait en réalité que sur papier) et établit l'État libre d'Irlande .

Un nouveau poste pour la seule Irlande du Nord est créé, celui de gouverneur d'Irlande du Nord. Comme le Viceregal Lodge à Dublin est indisponible, une nouvelle résidence est nécessaire. Le château de Hillsborough, bien qu'en dehors de la plus grande ville d'Irlande du Nord, Belfast, est considéré comme l'emplacement approprié. Après quelques rénovations, le premier gouverneur, James Hamilton (3e duc d'Abercorn), emménage en 1925. Devenu la résidence officielle du gouverneur, le bâtiment est officiellement rebaptisé Government House .

Dans l'enceinte du château se trouvent un certain nombre d'arbres plantés par les résidents et les visiteurs du domaine. Il s'agit notamment d'un arbre () planté par le duc d'Abercorn, le premier gouverneur d'Irlande du Nord, en octobre 1925 .

Histoire récente

À la suite de la décision de supprimer le gouvernement décentralisé de l'Irlande du Nord et d'instituer le gouvernement direct depuis Londres en mars 1972, tous les postes gouvernementaux d'Irlande du Nord, notamment celui de gouverneur et de premier ministre d'Irlande du Nord, sont supprimés. Ces deux postes sont combinés pour créer le poste de Secrétaire d'État pour l'Irlande du Nord. En tant que représentant de la reine, le secrétaire d'État emménage au château de Hillsborough à cette époque .

Le château de Hillsborough continue à être utilisé pour d'importantes réunions et conférences : c'est le lieu de la signature de l'accord anglo-irlandais le 15 novembre 1985  et Mo Mowlam innove en ouvrant le vaste terrain du château au public en avril 1999 .

La reine Elizabeth II et le duc d'Édimbourg séjournent au château de Hillsborough lors de leur visite en Irlande du Nord dans le cadre de la tournée du Jubilé d'or du Royaume-Uni en 2002 et le président des États-Unis de l'époque, George W. Bush, visite le château en 2003 .

La maison est également utilisée en janvier 2010 pour des entretiens entre le Premier ministre britannique Gordon Brown, le Taoiseach irlandais Brian Cowen et des représentants du Parti unioniste démocratique (DUP) et du Sinn Féin sur la crise de la police nord-irlandaise qui menaçait de faire dérailler le partage du pouvoir et de effondrement de l'exécutif d'Irlande du Nord. Puis, en avril 2014, le prince de Galles organise une investiture au château de Hillsborough, la première à se tenir en Irlande du Nord depuis que le lieu est devenu un palais royal .

Galerie

Références

Bibliographie

 Cornforth, John, 'Château de Hillsborough, comté de Down'. Country Life (28 juillet et 4 août 1994)
 'Hillsborough Castle, Co Down: Construit pour la paix avec une restauration opportune', Country Life, 20 octobre 2019

Liens externes

Résidence royale au Royaume-Uni
Château en Irlande du Nord

Château de Hillsborough