إيسابيلا فيوريلا إليترا جيوفانا روسوليني  (18 يونيو 1952) - ممثلة ومنتجة ومؤلفة وعارضة أزياء إيطالية، ولعل أحد أهم عوامل شهرتها العالمية هو العقد المبرم بينها وبين شركة المستحضرات التجميلية «لانكوم» والذي امتد لفترة 14 عاماً قامت على أثره إيسابيلا بالترويج لمستحضرات الشركة.وهي ابنة الممثلة الشهيرة الراحلة إنغريد بيرغمان.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بلبورت
أمريكيون متجنسون
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
أمريكيون من أصل سويدي
إيطاليون من أصل ألماني
إيطاليون من أصل سويدي
توائم
توائم أمريكيون
توائم إيطاليون
خريجو كلية فينش
عارضات أزياء إيطاليات
ممثلات أداء صوتي إيطاليات
ممثلات أفلام إيطاليات
ممثلات إيطاليات في القرن 20
ممثلات إيطاليات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون إيطاليات
ممثلات من أصل ألماني
ممثلات من أصل إيطالي
ممثلات من روما
مهاجرون إيطاليون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1952
مواليد في روما

إيسابيلا روسوليني


Koza Mostra er en græsk musikgruppe. De repræsenterede Grækenland i Eurovision Song Contest 2013 med sangen "Alcohol Is Free"

Musikgrupper fra Grækenland
Grækenlands Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2013

Koza Mostra


Sadovi  es un jútor del raión de Mostovskói del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla derecha del río Jodz, afluente del Labá, de la cuenca del Kubán, en el límite septentrional del Gran Cáucaso, 5 km al sudoeste de Mostovskói y 157 km al sudeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 93 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Mostovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Садовый (Мостовский район Краснодарского края).
 Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net.

Localidades del raión de Mostovskói del krai de Krasnodar

Sadovi (Mostovskói, Krasnodar)


Norte Grande peut faire référence à :

 Norte Grande, la région du « Grand Nord » chilien ;
 Norte Grande, une entreprise chilienne ;

Norte Grande (homonymie)


Vejetaryenlik ya da etyemezlik, çeşitli nedenlerle et, balık, deniz ürünleri, kümes hayvanları, çift toynaklılar tüketmemeye denir. Ayrıca, hayvan kesiminin tüm yan ürünlerini yemekten kaçınmayı da içerebilir. Et tüketmemenin yanında ayrıca hayvanların ürettiği yumurta, süt, bal vb. ürünleri de yemeyenlere ise veganlar denir. Vejetaryenlik ve veganlığın farkı; vejetaryenlikte bal ve kimine göre süt ile yumurta tüketilirken; veganlar, hiçbir hayvansal ürünü kullanmamaktadırlar. Bunlara istisnâ olarak süt ve süt ürünlerini kullanan lakto-ovo vejetaryenler, ilâveten yumurta yiyip süt ürünlerini tüketmeyen ovo vejetaryenler, diyet süt ürünlerini tüketen, ancak yumurtaları tüketmeyen lakto vejetaryenler vardır.

Vejetaryenlik dinsel, ahlaki ve beslenmeye ilişkin nedenlere dayanır. Etyemezlerin çoğu, hayvansal maddelerden yapılan ya da hayvanlarda denendiğini bildikleri temizlik ve güzellik ürünlerini de kullanmazlar. İlk kez 1842'de kullanılmaya başlanan vejetaryen sözcüğü, Latincede "sağlam, canlı, yaşam dolu" anlamına gelen vegetus sözcüğünden gelir.

Bazı insanlar hayvanları yemek için beslemenin ve öldürmenin yanlış olduğunu düşünürler ve bundan dolayı et yemezler. Öte yandan, etsiz beslenmenin daha sağlıklı olduğu gerekçesiyle etyemez olanlar da vardır. Beslenme uzmanları da yağ, tuz ve şeker içeren yiyecekler yerine, bol selüloz içeren bitkisel liflere, kepekli tahıllara, çiğ sebze ve meyvelere daha çok yer verilmesinin sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenme için gerekli olduğunu ileri sürerler. Çoğu Budizm, Hinduizm, Caynacılık ve Hristiyanlığın bazı mezheplerine bağlı olan kimseler ise, canlılara zarar vererek elde edilen besinin yenmemesi gerektiğine inanırlar. Bazıları da vejetaryenliği doğal çevrenin korunmasına dayandırırlar. Çiftlik hayvanları için ayrılan alandan daha az alanda yeterli sebze yetiştirmenin mümkün olduğunu, insanların yiyecek gereksinimini sebzeyle karşılamanın daha kolay bir yol olduğunu savunurlar. Bazı insanlarınsa mideleri et ve türevlerini kaldırmayabilir.

Vejetaryen Sınıfları
 Lacto vejetaryenlik: Her türlü et ve et ürünleri ile birlikte yumurta tüketmeyi de reddeder. Süt ve süt ürünlerini tüketiminde esnektir.
 Ovo vejetaryenlik: Her türlü et ve et ürünüyle birlikte süt ve süt ürünlerini tüketmeyi de redderler. Yumurta tüketiminde esnektir.
 Lakto-ovo vejetaryenlik: Her türlü et ve et ürünlerini tüketmeyi reddederler. Yumurta, süt ve süt ürünlerini tüketiminde esnektir.
 Pesketaryenlik (Su vejetaryenlik): Et ürünü olarak sadece balık tüketimini içeren diyettir.
 Veganlık: Her türlü hayvansal ürünü tüketmeyi reddedemekle kalmayan veganlar, hayvanların kullanımını imkân dâhilinde reddederler. Birçok vegan, aynı zamanda hayvanlar üzerinde test edilmiş veya hayvansal katkı maddesi içeren makyaj ürünleri ile birlikte, kürk, deri, yün ve ipek gibi giyim eşyalarını kullanmazlar.

Sağlık
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlıklı Beslenme ve Hareket Hayat Dairesi, Amerikan Diyet Derneği (American Dietetic Association) ve Kanada Diyetisyenler (Dietitians of Canada) Birliğinin açıklamasına göre, doğru bir şekilde planlanmış bir vejetaryen diyet, sağlıklı, besleyici olduğu gibi, kimi hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavisinde de faydalı olur. Yapılan araştırmalar, iskemik kalp rahatsızlıklarına vejetaryen erkeklerde vejetaryen olmayanlara göre %30, vejetaryen kadınlarda ise %20 daha az rastlanıldığını ortaya koymuştur. Bedenin ihtiyaç duyduğu besinler, proteinler ve amino asitler sebzelerden, tahıllardan, yemişler, soya sütü, yumurta ve süt ürünlerinden alınabilir. vejetaryen diyetler doymuş yağ, kolesterol ve hayvani protein açısından düşük, karbonhidratlar, lif, magnezyum, potasyum, folik asit, vitamin C ve E benzeri antioksidanlar, phyto-kimyasallar açısından zengindir.

Vejetaryenlerde vücut kitle indeksi, kolestrol seviyesi ve kan basıncı  düşük görülürken, kalp hastalıkları, yüksek tansiyon, şeker (tip 2), böbrek, osteoporoz ve Alzheimer gibi bunama hastalık ve rahatsızlıklarına daha az rastlanmaktadır. Özellikle yağlı kırmızı et tüketiminin çeşitli kanser türlerine (yutak, karaciğer, kolon, akciğer) yakalanma riskini arttırdığı görülmüştür. Yapılan araştırmalarda serebrovasküler hastalıklar, mide kanseri, kolorektal kanser, göğüs kanseri ve prostat kanserinden ölümlerde vejetaryen ve vejetaryen olmayanlar arasında dikkate değer bir fark kaydedilmemiştir. 2010 yılında vejetaryenler ile bir grup vejetaryen olmayan Adventist kilisesi üyesi arasında yapılan bir araştırmaya göre, depresyon testinde vejetaryenler daha düşük dereceler aldığı ve daha olumlu bir ruh hali profili ortaya koydukları kaydedilmiştir.

Beslenme

Tipik vejetaryen diyetler karotenoid açısından zengin, fakat Omega-3 yağ asitleri ve B12 vitamini açısından fakir olabilmektedir. Veganlar kara lahana, ıspanak, soya, tofu benzeri besinleri yeteri kadar tüketmediklerinde, B vitamini ve kalsiyum eksikliği çekebilmektedirler. Yüksek oranda lifli besin, folik asit, magnezyum, C ve E vitamini tüketimine karşılık, düşük doymuş yağ seviyesi vejetaryen beslenmenin faydalı bir yönü olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Protein
Vejetaryen diyetlerde protein alımı, etli diyetlere göre küçük bir miktar düşüktür; buna rağmen sporcular ve vücut geliştiriciler dahil her tür insanın günlük gereksinimini karşılıyacak düzeydedir. Yapılan pek çok araştırma, bol çeşitli bitkisel besinler alındığı sürece, vejetaryen beslenmenin yeterli protein sağladığını kanıtlamıştır.

Protein gereksiniminin temel olarak etle karşılanabileceği düşüncesi doğru değildir. Çünkü ceviz, fındık gibi kabuklu yemişlerde, bazı bitkilerin tohumlarında, baklagiller, tahıllar, yumurta, süt ve süt ürünlerinde, soya ürünlerinde de bol miktarda protein vardır. Eskiden bitkisel proteinlerin hayvansal proteinlerde bulunan bazı aminoasitleri içerdiği bilinmiyordu ve bu yüzden de besin değerinin düşük olduğu sanılıyordu. Oysa bitkisel protein içeren bazı yiyecek maddeleri karıştırılarak yendiğinde bu tür aminoasitler alınabilir. Örneğin baklagillerdeki aminoasit eksikliği, tahıllarda çok miktarda bulunan aminoasitle dengelenebilir. Fasulye, pirinç, mercimek, bezelye, arpa, yulaf ve kabuklu yemiş gibi bitkisel besinler bitkisel protein açısından zengindir.

Demir
Vejetaryen beslenme genel olarak, vejetaryen olmayan beslemeyle aynı oranda demir içerir; ancak bitkilerden demir emilimi kimi zaman ete göre daha düşük olabilir. Demir açısından zengin vejetaryen besinler, barbunya, börülce, kaju, keten tohumu, mercimek, yulaf ezmesi, kuru üzüm, soya, mısır gevreği, ay çekideği, nohut, domates suyu, tempeh, pekmez, kekik ve kepek ekmeği olarak sayılabilir. Vegan beslenme çeşitleri genellikle vejetaryene göre daha yüksek demir içerir, bunun nedeni süt ürünlerinin az demir içermesidir. Vejetaryenlerde, vejetaryen olmayanlara oranla daha sık demir eksikliğine rastlandığına dair raporlar mevcuttur. Ancak Amerikan Diyet Derneğinin açıklamasına göre, demir eksikliği sorunu son yıllarda vejetaryenlerde çok nadir görülmeye başlanmıştır.

B12 Vitamini
Bitkilerde kayda değer oranda B12 vitaminine rastlanmaz. Ancak, lacto-ovo vejetaryenler süt ürünleri ve yumurtadan B12 elde edebilir, veganlar ise bu vitamini zenginleştirilmiş besinlerden veya tabletlerden alabilir. İnsan bedeni B12 depolayıp bozmadan tekrar kullandığından, klinik olarak B12 eksikliğinin kanıtlanması zordur. Beden bu vitamini 30 yıla kadar saklayabilir.

Yağ asitleri
Bitkisel bazlı Omega 3 yağ asit kaynakları arasında soya, ceviz, kabak çekirdeği, kanola yağı, kivi meyvesi ve kenevir tohumu, keten tohumu ve semizotu sayılabilir. Semizotu sebzeler arasında bilinen en yüksek Omega 3 ihtivasına sahiptir. Bitkiler alfa-linolenik asit kaynağıdır; ancak süt ürünleri ve yumurtada az miktarda bulunan EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) veiyenlere göre düşük EPA ve DHA seviyeleri görülür. Düşük EPA ve DHA seviyelerinin sağlığa etkileri bilinmemekle birlikte, alfa-linolenik asit takviyelerinin seviyeyi kayda değer şekilde arttırdığı söylenemez. Son zamanlarda bazı şirketler yosun ekstresi içeren DHA takviyelerini piyasaya sürmüştür.

Kalsiyum
Vejetaryenlerde Kalsiyum alımı vejetaryen olmayanlarla aynıdır. Yeterli miktarda yapraklı yeşil sebze tüketmeyen veganlarda kalsiyum eksikliğine raslanmaktadır. Ancak bu sorun lacto-ovo vejetaryenlerde görülmez. Bazı zengin kalsiyum kaynakları arasında kara lahana, kıvırcık lahana ve turp otu sayılabilir. Ispanak, pazı ve pancar otu da bol kalsiyum içerir; ancak kalsiyum oksalat tuzuna bağlı olduğu için emilimi zayıftır. Bunlara ek olarak soya sütü, badem sütü, fındık sütü gibi hayvansal kaynaklı olmayan sütlerde veganlar tarafından tüketilmektedir.

Demografik veriler

Hindistan'da 399 milyonu bulan vejetaryen nüfus, dünyanın geriye kalan ülkelerinde yaşayan vejetaryenlerin toplam sayısından fazladır. Halkın çoğunluğu lakto vejetaryendir, süt ürünleri yaygın olarak tüketilir.

1992'de yapılan bir araştırmaya göre ABD'de 12,4 milyon kişi kendini vejetaryen olarak adlandırmaktaydı; bunların %68'inin kadın olduğu iddia edilmiştir.

Vejetaryen kadınların daha çok kız bebek doğurduğuna ilişkin bir araştırma vardır. 1998'de Birleşik Krallık'da yapılan bir araştırmaya göre, ülke genelinde her 100 kıza karşılık 106 oğlan doğarken, vejetaryenlerde bu oran 100 kıza 85 oğlan olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Budist vejetaryenlik
 Vejetaryenler listesi
 Ekonomik vejetaryenlik
 Çevresel vejetaryenlik
 Şiddetsiz direniş
 Et yeme etiği
 Adolf Hitler'in vejetaryenliği

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Goveg - PETA
 Happy Cow
 International Vegetarian Union
 Vejetaryen Kulübü
 Türkiye Vejetaryenler Derneği
 Vejetaryen Olmak İsteyenler İçin Bilgiler - HAYTAP
 Vegetarianlıq və veqanlıq

Şiddetsizlik

Diyetler
Etik teorileri
Uygulamalı etik
Hayvan hakları
Sebzeler

Vejetaryenlik


Sveti Mario Nikola Antonio Daveluy, francuski katolički misionar, mučenik i svetac, žrtva protukatoličkih progona dinastije Joseon u Koreji. Spomendan mu prema Rimskom maritologiju pada na 30. ožujka, ali se spominje 20. rujna zajedno s 103 Korejska mučenika, koje je kanonizirao papa Ivan Pavao II. u Seoulu 1984. godine.

Rođen u ožujku 1818. u francuskom gradu Amiensu u pobožnoj katoličkoj obitelji. Otac mu je bio tvorničar, gradski vijećnik i vladin dužnosnik, dok su dvojica braće postala svećenicima. Antonio je odlučio krenuti njihovim stopama, pa je 1834. stupio u sjemenište u Issyu, danas predgrađu Pariza te je za svećenika zaređen sedam godina kasnije. Pridruživši se Pariškoj misijskoj školi, 1844. odlazi u Makao gdje je imenovan apostolskim vikarom Koreje. U misionarskoj službi pridružio mu se sjemeništarac Andrija Kim Taegon, koji je ubrzo zaređen u Šangaju.

Otac Daveluy usvojio je mjesni jezik te napisao korejsko-francuski rječnik i preveo katoličku literaturu na korejski. Papa Pio IX. imenuje ga koadjutorom biskupa Simeona Franje Berneuxa, također pitomca Pariške misijske škole. Nakon što su korejske vlasti pogubile biskupa Berneuxa, Daveluy je imenovan apostolskim vikara, također pitomca Pariške misijske škole. Nakon što su korejske vlasti pogubile biskupa Berneuxa, Daveluy je imenovan apostolskim vikarom 8. ožujka 1866. Samo tri dana kasnije uhićen je i mučen te na vlastitu želju pogubljen na Veliki petak 30. ožujka, s dva svećenika i dva kateheta.

Sva petorica pogubljenih kasnije su kanonizirana zajedno s drugim Korejskim mučenicima.

Relikvije oca Daveluya izložene su u Amienskoj katedrali.

Izvori
 Životi 103 Korejskih svetih mučenika: Biskup Mario Nikola Antonio Daveluy (1818. – 1866.), Glasilo Biskupske konferencije Koreje, br. 47 (ljeto 2004.)
 Paul Le Gall. Mgr Antoine Daveluy: témoin du Christ en Corée, 1818-1866. Les Auxiliaires du clergé, Saint-Riquier, 1966.
 Charles Salmon. Vie de Mgr Daveluy: évêque d'Acônes, vicaire apostolique de Corée. Bray et Retaux, Pariz, 1883.

Francuski katolički svećenici
Francuski sveci
Korejski mučenici
Francuski katolički misionari

Mario Nikola Antonio Daveluy


John Fante () a fost un scriitor italo-american, nuvelist și romancier. E cunoscut pentru romanul său autobiografic Ask The Dust (Întreabă praful), în care alter-egoul său, Arturo Bandini, se familiarizează cu o proaspătă viață de scriitor. Este considerat "romanul Los Angelesului" și face parte din tetralogia lui Bandini.

De-a lungul vieții, Fante a publicat 6 romane, o nuvelă și o colecție de povestiri scurte, iar postum au fost publicate numeroase alte lucrări.

Viața
Fante s-a născut pe 8 aprilie 1909. Se înscrie la mai multe școli catolice din Boulder, Colorado, iar în cele din urmă la University of Colorado. Se lasă de studii în aprilie 1929 și se mută în Sudul Californiei pentru a se dedica scrisului.

Fante se întâlnește cu Joyce pe 30 ianuarie 1937, urmând ca pe 31 iulie să se mărite.

Moartea
A fost diagnosticat cu diabet în 1955, boală care l-a costat vederea, iar în 1977 i-au fost amputate degetele și labele picioarelor. Ulterior boala s-a răspândit și a fost nevoie de o amputare totală a ambelor picioare.

A continuat activitatea literară dictându-i soției sale Joyce (romanul "Vise de pe Bunker Hill" este în întregime dictat).

Pe 8 mai 1983 moare la 73 de ani.

Moștenirea
John Fante este cunoscut ca fiind printre primii autori care a reușit să portretizeze imaginea adevărată a scriitorului din Los Angeles. La 60 de ani de la publicare, romanul "Ask The Dust" a stat săptămâni întregi pe lista celor mai vândute cărți, diverse personalități complimentându-i întreaga operă.

Charles Bukowski spunea că "Fante este zeul lui" în introducerea scrisă pentru romanul simbol al L.A.-ului și îi va scrie pe tot parcursul vieții poeme și scrisori. În romanul Femei, alter ego-ul lui Bukowski va admite că autorul lui preferat e Fante.

Note

Nașteri în 1909
Decese în 1983
Romancieri americani

John Fante


Baron Glentoran, of Ballyalloly in the County of Down, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 July 1939 for the Unionist politician Herbert Dixon. In 1950 he also succeeded his elder brother as third Baronet, of Ballymenock (see below). His son, the second Baron, was also a politician and served as the last Speaker of the Senate of Northern Ireland.  the titles are held by the latter's son,  the third Baron, who succeeded in 1995. He is a former Olympic bobsleigh gold medallist as well as a soldier, businessman and politician. Lord Glentoran was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers who remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Conservative benches until his June 2018 retirement under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014.

The Dixon baronetcy, of Ballymenock in the County of Antrim, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1903 for Daniel Dixon. He served as Lord Mayor of Belfast and also represented Belfast North in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the second Baronet, was a member of the Senate of Northern Ireland and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Belfast. On his death in 1950 the title passed to his younger brother, the aforementioned Herbert Dixon, who had already been raised to the peerage as Baron Glentoran.

The family seat is Drumadarragh House, near Ballyclare, County Antrim.

Dixon baronets, of Ballymenock (1903)
Sir Daniel Dixon, 1st Baronet (1844–1907)
Sir Thomas James Dixon, 2nd Baronet (1868–1950)
Sir Herbert Dixon, 3rd Baronet (1880–1950) (had already been created Baron Glentoran in 1939)

Barons Glentoran (1939)
Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran (1880–1950)
Daniel Stewart Thomas Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran (1912–1995)
(Thomas) Robin Valerian Dixon, 3rd Baron Glentoran (b. 1935)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, the Hon. Daniel George Dixon (b. 1959).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Anthony Thomas Dixon (b. 1987).

Line of succession

  Rt. Hon. Sir Daniel Dixon of Ballymenock, 1st Baronet (1844–1907)
  Sir Thomas James Dixon, 2nd Baronet (1868–1950)
  Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran (1880–1950)
  Col. Daniel Stewart Thomas Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran (1912–1995)
  Maj. (Thomas) Robin Valerian Dixon, 3rd Baron Glentoran (born 1935)
 (1) Hon. Daniel George Dixon (b. 1959)
 (2) Anthony Thomas Dixon (b. 1987)
 (3) Marcus Hope Dixon (b. 1989)
 (4) Hon. Andrew Wynne Valerian Dixon (b. 1961)
 (5) Rory Hugh Thomas Dixon (b. 1999)
 (6) Hon. Patrick Anthony Dixon (b. 1963)
 (7) Hon. Peter Herbert Dixon (b. 1948)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1939
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Glentoran


{{Titre mis en forme|KD Tunku Abdul Rahman}}

Le KD Tunku Abdul Rahman est un sous-marin de classe Scorpène construit pour la Marine royale malaisienne par DCNS à Cherbourg en France et Navantia à Carthagène, en Espagne. Il porte le nom de l'ancien premier ministre Tunku Abdul Rahman.

 Développement et conception
La section avant a été construite à DCNS et jointe à la section arrière, qui a été construite par Navantia.

Le 3 septembre 2009, Tunku Abdul Rahman'' est arrivé en Malaisie 54 jours après avoir quitté Toulon pour sa nouvelle base navale. Selon un rapport de septembre 2009 paru dans The Sun en anglais en Malaisie, le sous-marin devait être officiellement mis en service dans la marine royale malaisienne en octobre 2009.

Sa principale mission est la surveillance des eaux territoriales, du détroit  de Malacca, de la Mer de Chine méridionale, de la Mer de Sulu et de la Mer des Célèbes.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Liste des navires de la marine royale malaisienne
Liste des sous-marins construits à Cherbourg
KD Tun Abdul Razak

Liens externes
  Scorpène-class  submarine - Site navyrecognition.com
  Scorpene-class - Site Naval Technology

Sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel
Marine royale malaisienne
Tunku Abdul Rahman
Navire construit en France
Navire construit en Espagne

KD Tunku Abdul Rahman


Le Scaled Flight Demonstrator (SFD) ou « démonstrateur en vol à échelle réduite » est un modèle réduit d'avion de ligne de taille moyenne réalisé dans le cadre du programme de recherche européen Clean Sky 2 pour les futurs gros porteurs qui a volé en 2022.

Basé sur l'Airbus A320 à l'échelle 1/8,5, il fait 4 mètres d'envergure, 140 kg et vole en croisière à 85 kt (près de 160 km/h), il peut aussi bien faire l'objet d'essais en soufflerie que d'essais en vol, et vise à valider l'utilisation de modèles réduits pour réduire l'écart entre les simulations numériques et les essais en vol à taille réelle.

Projet
Le projet de Scaled Flight Demonstrator a été développé en partenariat par les organismes de recherche européens suivants :
 le  néerlandais, qui a conçu, fabriqué, intégré et testé le système complet ainsi que l'instrumentation d'essais, et conduit les essais en vol ;
 l'ONERA français, qui effectue avec le soutien d'Airbus l'analyse du comportement dynamique du SFD par rapport à un avion de référence à échelle 1 en prenant en compte les effets d'échelle et les lois de transposition ;
 le CIRA italien, qui a conçu, fabriqué et intégré le système de guidage, de navigation et de contrôle du SFD et la station de pilotage au sol ;
 Airbus.
La société néerlandaise Orange Aerospace a soutenu le développement de l'avion.

Le but du Scaled Flight Demonstrator est de tester et de développer des technologies de rupture qui permettent des réductions significatives de la consommation d'énergie des avions. Un autre enjeu est de réaliser un système de transport aérien climatiquement neutre d'ici 2050.

Il peut être considéré comme un complément à l'application de simulations numériques, à la réalisation d'essais en soufflerie et à l'utilisation d'autres outils de test réguliers pour la recherche expérimentale.

Il sera également utile pour les algorithmes qui convertissent les commandes manuelles du pilote en déplacements de gouvernes correspondants aux mouvements souhaités de l'avion.

Essais en vol
Le Scaled Flight Demonstrator a fait son premier vol fin mars 2022 à la  aux Pays-Bas. Après une campagne d'essais en vol de qualification en avril 2022, il a été transféré à l' en Italie pour y réaliser 19 vols d'essais pour un total de 8 heures de vol consacrés à l'acquisition de données, du 17 au 31 octobre 2022.

Evolution
Une nouvelle version du SFD est envisagée en 2023 pour évaluer et mûrir la technologie de propulsion électrique distribuée.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe

 Initiative technologique conjointe Clean Sky

Liens externes
 Air et Cosmos
 Simple Fying
 Aerospace International

Avionique

Scaled Flight Demonstrator


Les Ensiculiferaceae sont une famille d'algues dinoflagellées de l'ordre des Peridiniales.

Le genre type Ensiculifera a été découvert en 1967 dans les eaux du Golfe du Mexique.

Systématique
La famille des Ensiculiferaceae a été créée en 2020 par , , ,  et .

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Ensiculifera, dérivé du latin ensiculus, « épée ; épine », et du suffixe -fera, « qui porte » en référence à la présence d'une épine interne (« ensiculum ») attachée à la première plaque ceinturant l'organisme. Balech, descripteur du genre, donne les précisions suivantes .

Cependant, bien que le nom du genre soit basé sur la présence d'une épine sur Ensiculifera, Li Zhun et ses collaborateurs précisent, dans leur étude de 2020, que : .

Liste des genres et espèces
Selon
 Ensiculifera, Balech, 1967
 Ensiculifera angulata, Balech
 Ensiculifera carinata, Matsuoka, Kobayashi & Gains
 Ensiculifera jinhaensis, (Zhun Li, M.S.Han & H.H.Shin) Zhun Li, K.N.Mert., Gottschling, H.Gu & H.H.Shin
 Ensiculifera mexicana, Balech  espèce type
 Ensiculifera tyrrhenica, (Balech) Zhun Li, K.N.Mertens, Gottschling, H.Gu & H.H.Shin
 Matsuokaea, Zhun Li, K.N.Mertens, H.Gu & H.H.Shin
 Matsuokaea loeblichii, (El.R.Cox & H.J.Arnott) Zhun Li, K.N.Mertens, H.Gu & H.H.Shin
 Pentapharsodinium, Indelicato & A.R.Loeblich
 Pentapharsodinium dalei, Indelicato & A.R.Loeblich
 Pentapharsodinium imariense, (S.Kobayashi & Matsuoka) Zhun Li, K.N.Mertens, Gottschling, H.Gu & H.H.Shin

Publication originale

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Dinophyta
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Ensiculiferaceae


بختة بن ويس  ممثلة وفنانة فكاهية جزائرية تعود أصولها لولاية وهران. بدأت التمثيل في لمسرح منذ سن الـ13.

بداياتها
كانت بدايتها في المسرح حين قررت المدرسة إقامة حفل نهاية السنة، عمد أستاذها لكتابة نص مسرحي كوميدي من 30 دقيقة، واختيرت هي للتمثيل كان عمرها آنذاك 13 سنة وتعتبر فرقة التضامن أول فرقة مسرحية تنضم اليها. أما على شاشة التلفزيون فأول سلسلة لها هي ثلاثي الامجاد.

أعمالها
 عمارة الحاج لخضر 1 2007
 عمارة الحاج لخضر 2 2008
 واش رايكم juillet 2008
 لخضر والبيروقراطية 2008 novembre
 عمارة الحاج لخضر 3 2009 février
 يوميات الزربوط 2008 décembre
 سوق الحاج لخضر juillet 2009
 هيدو و ميدو 2011
الفيرمة 2018

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

كوميديون جزائريون
ممثلات جزائريات

بختة بن ويس


Catalina Notaras (principios del s. XV? - c. 1444) es un personaje histórico del que se tiene muy poca información. Probablemente nació a comienzos del , y murió alrededor de 1444.

Biografía
Perteneció a la importante familia de los Notaras de Constantinopla, de los cuales el representante más importante fue Lucas Notaras, megaduque del imperio bizantino.

Catalina es recordada por haberse casado en 1443 con el déspota de Morea Constantino Paleólogo, futuro emperador bizantino Constantino XI. Probablemente murió al año siguiente, dejando al déspota viudo por tercera vez.

Referencias

Fuentes

Mujeres del Imperio bizantino del siglo XV

Catalina Notaras


L'expression « caractère sexuel » peut faire référence aux :
 caractères sexuels primaires ;
 caractères sexuels secondaires ;
 caractères sexuels tertiaires.

Caractère sexuel


Margherita Sarfatti (née Grassini; 8 April 1880 – 30 October 1961) was an Italian journalist, art critic, patron, collector, socialite, and prominent propaganda adviser of the National Fascist Party. She was Benito Mussolini's biographer as well as one of his mistresses.

Biography
Sarfatti was born in Venice, the daughter of Amedeo Grassini and Emma Levi (whose cousin Giuseppe Levi was the father of Natalia Ginzburg). Amedeo was a wealthy Jewish lawyer and businessman. He was a fiscal attorney for the Venetian government and a close friend of Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, later Pope Pius X. He would later be made a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.

Sarfatti grew up in a palazzo situated at the Canal Grande in Venice and was educated by private tutors. However, she was soon attracted by socialist ideas and escaped her parents' home at age 18 to marry Cesare Sarfatti, a Jewish lawyer from Padua. He was 13 years her senior, but shared her socialist beliefs. In 1902, the couple moved to Milan. There, they became prominent in the city's artistic life, hosting weekly Salons that became the centre of the Futurist and Novecento Italiano artistic movements. The Salons took place at the number 93 of Corso Venezia. Present at these gatherings were Mussolini, Massimo Bontempelli, Ada Negri, and the sculptors Medardo Rosso and Arturo Martini. Margherita Sarfatti and her husband had several children. Their eldest son, Robert, enlisted in the Italian army during World War I, and was killed in action on Monte Baldo in January 1918, aged 18.

Personal friend and private collector of the right-wing avanguardist Umberto Boccioni, in 1911 Sarfatti met Benito Mussolini (three years her junior) and started a relationship with him. During this time she was working as an art critic at the newspaper Avanti! After losing her husband in 1924, she wrote a biography of Mussolini. This was first published in 1925 in Britain under the title The Life of Benito Mussolini; it was published the following year in Italy with the title Dux. Because of the fame of Mussolini and the author's familiarity with the dictator, the book was a success. Seventeen editions were printed and it was translated into 18 languages.

Sarfatti is memorialized in Guido Cadorin frescoes in the (now called) Grand Hotel Palace, Via Veneto No. 70, Rome.  "Fiammetta and I wanted to pass into immortality in the salon's frescoes," she remarked, referring to her daughter, who is portrayed with her in the frescoes.

Sarfatti had an influence over Mussolini's policies from 1922 until 1938, when Mussolini bowed to German pressure and enacted racial legislation through the Manifesto of Race; until then, the fascist government's politics were not anti-semitic, and the party's membership rolls were open to Jews. From 1927 she contributed to the Heidelberg-based magazine Italien which had been established with the support of Mussolini. In 1922, the group Novecento was enlarged to Anselmo Bucci, Leonardo Dudreville, Achille Funi, Gian Emilio Malerba, Pietro Marussig, Ubaldo Oppi, and Mario Sironi. Probably in reaction to the changing circumstances in Italy, Sarfatti left Italy in 1938 for Argentina and Uruguay; she worked as a journalist for the newspaper El Diario of Montevideo. After the war, in 1947, Sarfatti returned to her home country and once again became an influential force in Italian art. She had contacts and personal knowledge of more exponents of the Italian Freemasonry, which Mussolini affirmed to badly tolerate.

In popular culture
Actress Susan Sarandon portrayed Sarfatti in the 1999 movie Cradle Will Rock, written and directed by Sarandon's then longtime companion, Tim Robbins. Sarandon discussed her role, saying:
Margherita is someone who is a legitimate historical figure. She really existed. She really was Mussolini's mistress and was very involved in the cultural shaping of Italy's art movements. She was a patron of new painters in Italy. She came over to the United States to sell Mussolini to the American people, and she did that by using Hearst's column. She wrote a column, and that was how they prepared the United States people for the concept of entering the war on the side of Mussolini, I suppose. And also, she was trying to fund the war.

And the complication of this was the fact that she was Jewish, and she in fact supported thus her own crisis, which eventually would make her flee Italy to Argentina and Uruguay for several years until it was safe for her to return. Whether or not she was just in complete denial or she really truly believed that there was a way to sleep with Mussolini and not be held accountable, I don't know. But she ended up in an awkward position. She was hobnobbing with all these rich American people. I think in the context of the film, she's somebody who has a job to do and because she loved art, she sometimes finds herself to be giving all this art away to people she feels don't really appreciate it.

Bibliography
 Sarfatti, Margherita (2004) [1925]. The Life of Benito Mussolini.
 Sarfatti, Margherita. My Fault: Mussolini As I Knew Him, New York City: Enigma Books, 2014, (edited and annotated with commentary by Brian R. Sullivan)

References

Further reading
 Cannistraro, Philip, and Brian R. Sullivan (1993). Il Duce's Other Woman: The Untold Story of Margherita Sarfatti, Mussolini's Jewish Mistress.
 Gutman, Daniel (2006). El amor judío de Mussolini.
 Liffran, Françoise (2009). Margherita Sarfatti, L'égérie du duce, Biography.
 Urso, Simona (2003). Margherita Sarfatti. Dal mito del Dux al mito americano.
 Wieland, Karin (2004). Die Geliebte des Duce. Das Leben der Margherita Sarfatti und die Erfindung des Faschismus.

External links
 A caricature by David Levine

 Mussolinis Femme-Fatale, New York Review of Books, 15 July 1993

Italian art critics
Italian women art critics
Italian fascists
1880 births
1961 deaths
Mistresses of Benito Mussolini
Italian Sephardi Jews
Venetian Jews
1930s in Italy
20th-century Italian writers
20th-century Italian women writers
Jewish fascists
Italian Freemasons
20th-century Italian journalists
Italian salon-holders

Margherita Sarfatti


El Castillo Squire es un pequeño fortín localizado en la reserva de North Chagrin Metroparks, Cleveland, en las colinas de Willoughby, Ohio (visible desde el camino del río), Estados Unidos. Fue construido en la década de 1890 por Feargus B. Squire. Squire, fundador de la Standard Oil Company, compró 525 acres pero nunca completó el proyecto. Squire vendió la propiedad en 1922 y el Metroparks de Cleveland lo adquirió en 1925.

El castillo Squire está abierta al público en general. En 2008, la estructura todavía presentaba un techo, el interior estaba vacío y abierto a todos los elementos y objetos, y el segundo piso estaba deteriorado. La Biblioteca Pública de Willoughby Hills anualmente organiza un seminario de historia allí. El parque que rodea ofrece un sendero, y un campo de hierba de gran tamaño. En una de las paredes del castillo se encuentran varias placas con el nombre del castillo, así como también, el nombre su constructor.

La segunda edición de la Enciclopedia de Historia de Cleveland describe el castillo Squire como "una ruina pintoresca con almenas y torreones". La edificación ha adquirido un sentido misterioso. Es supuestamente perseguido por la esposa del hacendado, Rebecca.

Galería

Véase también
 Castillo
 Palacio

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Van Tassel, David. D. and John J. Grabowski, eds. "Squire's Castle". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History 2nd. ed. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press in association with Case Western Reserve University and the Western Reserve Historical Society, 1996. (p. 953).

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web con información sobre el castillo

Squire

Castillo de Squire


Nikita Bekov (en , et en ), né le  à Kiev, est un joueur  international russe de rugby à XV, de nationalité civile franco-ukrainienne, qui évolue au poste de deuxième ligne.

Biographie
Nikita Bekov naît à Kiev d'un père russe et d'une mère ukrainienne. Enfant il grandit dans les deux pays de ses parents, et arrive en France à l'âge de 7 ans. Là il débute le rugby au sein du RC Vincennes. En 2011, alors en catégorie cadets, il rejoint le RC Massy. Il y reste jusqu'en espoirs, avant de rejoindre le RC Suresnes en Fédérale 1.

Encore espoir à Massy, il débute en sélection internationale avec la Russie, à l'occasion . En club, après une saison riche en temps de jeu à Suresnes, il retourne dans son club formateur, le RC Massy. Malgré un faible temps de jeu, il retrouve la sélection russe en 2020. Mais la pandémie de Covid-19 interrompt le championnat d'Europe alors qu'il devait affronter la Géorgie. Il décroche sa deuxième sélection en juillet 2021, à l'occasion d'un déplacement au Portugal.

À l'intersaison 2021, il quitte pour la première fois la région parisienne pour rejoindre Blagnac rugby. En 2022, il se retrouve pris au cœur de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022 de par ses origines. Une partie de sa famille maternelle vit toujours en Ukraine, autour de Kiev et Poltava, tandis que son père vit à proximité de Rostov-sur-le-Don en Russie. Sportivement, il faisait partie du groupe russe qui devait aller défier la Géorgie, mais dont le match fut annulé par Rugby Europe.

Statistiques

En sélection

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur international russe de rugby à XV
Joueur français de rugby à XV
Joueur ukrainien de rugby à XV
Joueur du RC Suresnes
Joueur du RC Massy
Joueur du Blagnac rugby
Deuxième ligne (rugby à XV)
Naissance en mars 1996
Naissance à Kiev

Nikita Bekov


Triangle is a fraternity for male students majoring in engineering, architecture, and the physical, mathematical, biological, and computer sciences. It is the only member of the North American Interfraternity Conference to limit its membership recruitment to these majors.

Triangle Fraternity organized at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the fall of 1906 and was incorporated by the state of Illinois on 15 April 1907, which is celebrated each year as Founders' Day.

As of February 2020 there are 39 chapters and six colonies of Triangle Fraternity active in the U.S. The headquarters is located in Plainfield, Indiana in a historic building erected as a Carnegie library in 1912.

Triangle Fraternity is one of three active national fraternities not to use Greek letters for its name, the others being Acacia and FarmHouse.

History

Triangle was formed in the fall of 1906 by sixteen civil engineering juniors at the University of Illinois. It was formally incorporated on 15 April 1907. The date of incorporation has been designated as Founders' Day, and Triangle celebrates it every year at each chapter.

Triangle's mission statement reads, "The purpose of Triangle shall be to maintain a fraternity of engineers, architects and scientists.  It shall carry out its purpose by establishing chapters that develop balanced men who cultivate high moral character, foster lifelong friendships, and live their lives with integrity."

Symbols
 Colors: Old Rose and Gray
 Coat of Arms: The crest consists of a rising sun beneath a Triangle T. Beneath is an esquire helmet in profile. At the center of the Coat of Arms is the fraternity's shield and a ribbon containing the organization's motto "Veritas Omnia Vincit" (Truth Conquers All). Surrounding the shield is a mantling.
 Flower: White Chrysanthemum
 Flag: The Coat of Arms on a Yellow T with Gray field.

Code of Ethics
Triangle Fraternity was founded on high ethical and moral ideals, and expects the men of the fraternity to follow a set Code of Ethics, which is as follows:

As a member of Triangle, I recognize my obligation to:

 Observe the precepts of the Fraternity as set forth in the Ritual;
 Accept cheerfully my full share of any task, however menial, involved in maintaining a chapter home;
 Preserve and promote the chosen ideals of my Fraternity;
 Pay all personal bills promptly, and always live within my means;
 Help create in my chapter home an environment in which enduring friendships may be formed;
 Maintain a creditable scholastic record;
 Promote the welfare of my profession;
 Maintain my self-respect by proper conduct at all times;
 Uphold faithfully the traditions and program of my Alma Mater;
 Pay the price of success in honest effort.

Notable members

Chapter list

See also
 List of social fraternities and sororities
 Professional fraternities and sororities

References

External links
 Triangle Education Foundation

Student organizations established in 1907
North American Interfraternity Conference
1907 establishments in Illinois

Triangle Fraternity


The German word  may refer to:

 The Piano Sonata No. 29 in B flat major, Op. 106 by Ludwig van Beethoven
 A German word for early pianos
 A novel by Yasmina Reza

Hammerklavier


Arcade ist eine nordostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Treviso in Venetien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 12,5 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Treviso.

Geschichte
Arcade war ein Lehen der Familie Collalto, bis es an die Republik Venedig kam.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Venetien

Arcade (Venetien)


Palača Marulić je palača u Hrvatskoj, u Splitu, u Papalićevoj ulici, u istočnom dijelu Dioklecijanove palače.

Palača datira iz druge polovice 15. stoljeća. Stilski pripada kasnoj gotici. Prema predaji, u ovoj se palači rodio otac hrvatske književnosti Marko Marulić. Projekt i izvedba se pripisuje se majstorskoj radionici Jurja Dalmatinca. Znatno je preinačena u 19. stoljeću, a dograđeno joj je i dvorište. Očuvan je dvorišni portal s lunetom u kojoj je grb obitelji Marulića.

Izvori

Barokne palače u Hrvatskoj
Marulić

Palača Marulić u Splitu


Deprotonisering er inden for kemi betegnelsen for fjernelsen af en hydron (proton eller hydrogenion, H+) fra en Brønsted-syre. Herved dannes syrens korresponderende base ("syreresten"). Den modsatte proces, hvori en proton overføres til en Brønsted-base, betegnes protonisering. Ved protonisering af en base omdannes basen til sin korresponderende syre.

Et molekyle, der både kan modtage og afgive en hydron, kaldes en amfolyt. Vand (H2O) er et eksempel på en amfolyt, idet vand enten kan protoniseres til hydronium (H3O+) eller deprotoniseres til hydroxid (OH−).

Et molekyles relative evne til at afgive en hydron er bestemt af dets syrestyrkeeksponent (pKa-værdi). En lav pKa-værdi indikerer, at molekylet er surt og let vil afgive en hydron for at omdannes til sin korresponderende base. pKa-værdien er bestemt af flere ting, men først og fremmest stabiliteten af den korresponderende base. Stabiliteten af den korresponderende base bestemmes primært af dens evne til at stabilisere negativ ladning. En af de vigtigste måder, hvorpå den korresponderende base kan stabilisere negativ ladning, er ved hjælp af resonans. Tilstedeværelsen af elektrontiltrækkende funktionelle grupper (der stabiliserer den korresponderende base ved at øge spredningen af den elektriske ladning) og elektrondonerende funktionelle grupper (der mindsker stabiliteten ved at mindske spredningen af elektrisk ladning) er med til at bestemme pKa-værdien af et molekyle. Opløsningsmidlet kan også bidrage til at stabilisere den korresponderende bases negative ladning.

pKa-værdien af et molekyle bestemmer også, hvilke baser der egner sig til at deprotonisere molekylet. Hvis molekylet ikke er tilstrækkeligt surt og derfor ikke afgiver en hydron villigt, kræver det stærke baser at deprotonisere det. Hydrider hører til nogle af de stærkeste kendte baser. Almindeligt anvendte hydrider tæller natriumhydrid og kaliumhydrid. Disse hydrider danner brint (H2) ved reaktion med en hydron fra det andet molekyle. Brint er en brandfarlig gas og kan antændes af ilten i atmosfærisk luft, så reaktionen bør foregå i en inert atmosfære, f.eks. bestående af kvælstof.

Referencer

Syre-base-kemi

Deprotonisering


Bucătăria kosovară este bucătăria regională a statului Kosovo. Este influențată de grupurile etnice din țară (albanezi, sârbi, turci, romi, bosniaci, gorani). Bucătăria kosovară se bazează pe trei ingrediente principale: carne roșie, carne de pasăre și mirodenii. Specialitățile kosovare includ Gjyveç, Burek, Flia și Kebap.

Produsele lactate joacă un rol important în alimentația kosovară: brânza Sharr, brânza de vaci, laptele de vacă, laptele de capră și brânza de capră sunt produse lactate utilizate pe scară largă. În plus, pâinea de cereale este foarte bine cunoscută, se numește Leqenik și este de obicei umplută cu spanac sau brânză.

Tradiția lungă a viticulturii a fost întreruptă de turbulențele de război.

Literatură

 Susanne Dell, isbn 978-3839191798
 Peter Giefer, isbn 978-3897941410

Legături externe

 Ghidul de călătorie: Mâncare și băutură în Kosovo.

Note

Bucătăria europeană
Pages with unreviewed translations

Bucătăria kosovară


In J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Old Forest was a daunting and ancient woodland just beyond the eastern borders of the Shire. Its first and main appearance in print was in the chapter of the 1954 The Fellowship of the Ring titled "The Old Forest". The hobbits of the Shire found the forest hostile and dangerous; the nearest, the Bucklanders, planted a great hedge to border the forest and cleared a strip of land next to it. A malign tree-spirit, Old Man Willow, grew beside the River Withywindle in the centre of the forest, controlling most of it.

The scholar Verlyn Flieger has observed that the hostility of the Old Forest and of Old Man Willow contradicts Tolkien's otherwise protective stance for wild nature. Scholars have discussed the symbolism of the Old Forest, likening it to "Old England", and, given that the protagonist Frodo Baggins calls it "the shadowed land", to Death.

Fictional role

Overview

The Old Forest lay near the centre of Eriador, a large region of north-west Middle-earth. It was one of the few survivors of the primordial forests which had covered much of Eriador before the Second Age. Indeed, it had once been but the northern edge of one immense forest which reached all the way to Fangorn forest, hundreds of miles to the south-east.

The vicinity of the Old Forest was the domain of three nature-spirits: Tom Bombadil, Goldberry, and Old Man Willow. The powers of these beings doubtless contributed to its survival when other forests were destroyed.

Old Man Willow, along with the Barrow-wight and Tom Bombadil himself, first appeared in Tolkien's narrative poem The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, where Old Man Willow trapped Bombadil himself briefly. Willow is portrayed as a sentient and evil willow tree with powers including hypnosis and the ability to move his roots and trunk. Some characters of the story speculate that he may have been related to the Ents, or possibly the Huorns. However, unlike Ents or Huorns, he is portrayed more like a tree, with roots in the ground, and without the ability to move from place to place. Tom Bombadil had power over Old Man Willow, and checked the evil as much as he could, or was willing.

According to Tom Bombadil, at the dawn of time, long before even the Awakening of the Elves, trees were the only inhabitants of vast stretches of the world. Because the Elves awoke far in the East, it was still a considerable time before any other beings spread into the vast primeval forests of western Middle-earth. A handful of trees survived from this time until the present day, who are angered at the encroachment of Elves and Men and their dominion over the earth; trees who bitterly remember a time long ago when they were as Lords of vast regions of the world. Bombadil relates that of the corrupted trees of the Old Forest, "none were more dangerous than the Great Willow; his heart was rotten, but his strength was green; and he was cunning, and a master of winds, and his song and thought ran through the woods on both sides of the river. His grey thirsty spirit drew power out of the earth and spread like fine root-threads in the ground, and invisible twig-fingers in the air, till it had under its dominion nearly all the trees of the Forest from the Hedge to the Downs."

In the First Age, Tom Bombadil "was here before the river and the trees". In the Spring of Arda, plants emerge, possibly including Old Man Willow. In the Years of the Trees, Elves skirted the forest on their primeval migration to Beleriand and the West; they were observed by Bombadil.

By the time Sauron had been defeated and driven from Eriador, most of its old forests had already been destroyed, leaving remnants such as the Old Forest. (Other vestiges included Woody End in the Shire, Chetwood in Bree-land, and Eryn Vorn in Minhiriath.) The Old Forest was now "hostile to two legged creatures because of the memory of many injuries."

Geography, flora and fauna

The Old Forest was about 1,000 square miles in area (some 2,600 km²). It was bordered on the east by the Barrow-downs, a hilly area dotted with ancient burial mounds, where Frodo's party encountered the Barrow-wight. In the north it reached towards the Great East Road, and in the west and south it approached the Brandywine river. The Withywindle, a tributary of the Brandywine, ran through the heart of the forest, which covered most of the Withywindle's drainage basin.

This was also a 'catchment area' in another sense. The landscape, trees and bushes were aligned so that if any strangers attempted to traverse the forest, then they were funnelled towards the Withywindle, and into the clutches of Old Man Willow in particular. The valley of the Withywindle within the Old Forest was known as the Dingle.

The Old Forest was a type of woodland nowadays described as temperate broadleaf and mixed forest. The west and south of the forest was dominated by "oaks and ashes and other strange trees", which were generally replaced by pines and firs in the north. Beeches and alders were found here and there in the forest, and willows were dominant along the Withywindle.

Many of the trees were covered "with moss and slimy, shaggy growths". The understorey was congested with bushes and other undergrowth, including brambles. A variety of plants grew in the forest's occasional glades: grass, hemlocks, wood-parsley, fire-weed, nettles and thistles.

Hobbits and the Old Forest

In one of his letters, Tolkien explained that "the Old Forest was hostile to two-legged creatures because of the memory of many injuries." When Gorhendad Oldbuck and his clan of Hobbits settled Buckland, they began to encroach upon the Old Forest, thus re-awakening the hostility that had first been aroused back in the Second Age. The settlers soon found themselves under threat from the forest. They felt that the trees of the Old Forest were in some manner 'awake', and were hostile. The trees swayed when there was no wind and whispered at night, and they daunted intruding hobbits by tripping them, dropping branches, and driving them deeper into the forest. Deep within the Old Forest was the Withywindle Valley, the root of all the terrors of the forest; it could be a dark, evil and malevolent place.

The Bucklanders therefore planted and maintained a great Hedge (also known as the High Hay) all the way along Buckland's eastern border, which ran right along the edge of the forest. This had occurred "many generations" before the War of the Ring.

However at length (but still "long ago" before the War of the Ring), the Bucklanders found that the Hedge was under "attack" by the forest. Trees began to plant themselves against the Hedge and lean over it. To counter this attack, the hobbits cleared a narrow strip of land on the outside of the Hedge, felling and burning many trees. They cleared a space some way inside the forest; this later became known as the Bonfire Glade.

The ruling family of Buckland, the Brandybucks, owned a private gate in the Hedge, through which they occasionally dared the threshold of the Old Forest. They also went in to maintain the cleared strip, which was still in existence during the War of the Ring. At least one non-Brandybuck visited the Old Forest: Farmer Maggot.

The heir of the Brandybucks during the War of the Ring was Merry Brandybuck: a member of the Fellowship of the Ring. He had been into the Old Forest "several times", and had a key to the gate. On Merry's advice, Frodo Baggins (the bearer of the One Ring) decided to attempt a traversal of the dreadful forest in order to evade the pursuit of Black Riders.

Old Man Willow

Old Man Willow is a malign tree-spirit of great age in Tom Bombadil's Old Forest, appearing physically as a large willow tree beside the River Withywindle, but spreading his influence throughout the forest. He casts a spell on the hobbits, trapping two of them; they are rescued by Tom Bombadil. Bombadil explains that the tree was wholly evil, and had grown to control most of the Old Forest. Tolkien made a drawing of Old Man Willow, from an unpollarded tree by the river in Oxford, to support his writing. The evil tree has puzzled critics, as it does not fit with Tolkien's image as an environmentalist "tree-hugger"; others have noted that trees too are seen by Christians as affected by the Biblical Fall of Man.

Analysis

Turning to evil

The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger has observed that the Old Forest contradicts Tolkien's protective stance for wild nature and his positive views of trees in particular. Indeed, although the Hobbits in The Lord of the Rings had close shaves with the Black Riders, the first real antagonist which they encountered directly is Old Man Willow. She writes also that the Bucklanders cutting and burning of hundreds of trees along the Hedge is not different from the destruction caused by Saruman's orcs in the woods around Orthanc.
She notes further that Old Man Willow first appears as "a predatory tree" in the 1934 poem "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", and that the character is developed in The Lord of the Rings, as documented in The Return of the Shadow. In an early draft from 1938, she writes, the "Willow" tree and the "Old Man" character had not yet become a single "indivisible being". Instead, Tolkien writes of "how that grey thirsty earth-bound spirit had become imprisoned in the greatest Willow of the [Old] Forest." Flieger writes that in this draft and in the 1943 "Manuscript B", Tolkien links "a tree and a spirit, a 'non-incarnate mind'" which is "imprisoned" in an individual tree. She comments that Tolkien solved the problem of how a spirit might become trapped in this way by turning them into a single being, at once a tree and a malevolent spirit. Old Man Willow is accompanied in the Old Forest, she writes, by "trees" that do what ordinary trees do – "dropping branches, sticking up roots", but which appear to be reacting to the presence of the hobbits, "giving an impression of motivation and intent that is enhanced by the ominous crowding that herds the hobbits 'eastwards and southwards, into the heart of the forest'", exactly where they do not wish to go.

Tolkien wrote that all inhabitants of Ea can be corrupted, and even "trees may 'go bad'". Matthew Dickerson notes in the J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that Old Man Willow is a prime example.

Other symbolism

Tolkien's Old Forest has been compared to "Old England" in John Buchan's 1931 The Blanket of the Dark, where the protagonist Peter Bohun disappears in the English Midlands around Evesham. The West Midlands were beloved by Tolkien because the maternal part of his family, the Suffields, were from this area.

Tom Shippey has proposed that the Old Forest contains a more fundamental symbolism. Frodo, the central protagonist of The Lord of the Rings, describes the forest as "the shadowed land"; Shippey draws on the context to suggest that the forest could be an allusion to Death.

John Garth writes that the name "Old Forest" seems plain, but is "pregnant" with meaning: "Forest" derives from medieval Latin forestem silvam, "the outside wood", in turn from Latin foris, "out of doors". He glosses this as meaning unfenced woodland, noting that the Old Forest is "very emphatically fenced out by a strip of scorched earth and a high hedge, to deter the seemingly mobile trees from invading Buckland".

Adaptations

The forest appears in the video game The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. In the MMORPG Lord of the Rings Online, a quest to gather lilies for Goldberry at the foot of Old Man Willow is given to the player by Bombadil, who warns that the tree will "sing you right to sleep". Along with the adventure in Crickhollow, Tom Bombadil, and the Barrow-downs, the Old Forest is omitted from Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings.

See also

 Treebeard, an inhabitant of Fangorn forest.
 Lothlórien, the forest of Galadriel and her elves
 Mirkwood, the forest of the giant spiders

References

Primary

Secondary

Sources

Fictional elements introduced in 1954
Middle-earth forests

pl:Lista lasów Śródziemia#Stary Las

Old Forest


Gibson County may refer to:

Gibson County, Indiana
Gibson County, Tennessee

See also
 Gibson County Courthouse (disambiguation)

Gibson County


Heinrich Aschoff (* 9. August 1893; † 10. Dezember 1958) war ein deutscher Landwirt. Er wurde postum 1965 wegen der  Rettung von Juden als Gerechter unter den Völkern ausgezeichnet.

Leben
Heinrich Aschoff war Großbauer in Herbern. Die Familie war römisch-katholisch, ein Bruder wurde Priester.  Während des Ersten Weltkriegs war er Soldat  und wurde schwer verletzt, auf einem Auge war er durch eine Kriegsverletzung blind. Er war mit Maria Aschoff (1899–1953) verheiratet. Das Ehepaar hatte acht Kinder, die es streng erzog. Auf dem Hof wurden während des Zweiten Weltkriegs auch Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt, die in einem Nebengebäude untergebracht waren. Unter ihnen waren zwei Russen und ein Pole.

Zwischen 1943 und Ostern 1945 versteckte die Familie Aschoff auf ihrem Hof die Jüdin Marga Spiegel und deren Tochter Karin (* 1938), wobei diese mehrfach das Versteck wechseln mussten und auch bei anderen Bauernfamilien im Münsterland unterkamen. Sie trugen den Decknamen "Krone". Als einziges der Kinder der Familie Aschoff wusste die älteste Tochter Anni (* 1923; † 2011; 1948 ⚭ Karl Richter), dass die beiden "Krones" Juden waren.

Marga Spiegel und ihre Tochter blieben nach Kriegsende mit der Familie in Kontakt. Marga Spiegel und ihr Mann Siegmund, der ebenfalls den Holocaust überlebt hatte, setzten sich früh dafür ein, dass die Verdienste ihrer Retter gewürdigt wurden.

Heinrich Aschoff wurde 1965 als Gerechter unter den Völkern ausgezeichnet. Gleichzeitig erhielten weitere Bauern, die der Familie geholfen hatten, die Auszeichnung. Dies waren Hubert Pentrop, Hermann Südfeld, Heinrich Silkenbömer und Bernhard Sickmann. Anni Richter wurde am 12. Juli 1971 für ihren Einsatz zur Rettung jüdischer Mitbürger mit dem Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande ausgezeichnet.

Nachwirkung
In dem Film Unter Bauern – Retter in der Nacht (2009) verkörperte Martin Horn Heinrich Aschoff, seine Frau wurde von Margarita Broich und Anni Richter von Lia Hoensbroech dargestellt.

Literatur
 Marga Spiegel: Bauern als Retter. Wie eine jüdische Familie überlebte. Köln 1987 ISBN 3-87682-830-9

Weblinks
 Wo kommst weg. In: Der Spiegel, Ausgabe 42/1966 vom 10. Oktober 1966, S. 88–90 (Digitalisat)

Einzelnachweise

Landwirt (Deutschland)
Gerechter unter den Völkern (Deutschland)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Deutscher
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1958
Mann
Ascheberg (Westfalen)

Heinrich Aschoff


මහානාහිමිවරු

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත
අස්ගිරි රජ මහා විහාරය, ගම්පහ
සියම් මහ නිකාය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෞද්ධ නිකායන් සහ පාර්ශව

සියම් නිකායේ අස්ගිරි පාර්ශවය


"Exile" (stilizirana malim slovima) pjesma je američkie kantautorice Taylor Swift, u kojoj također nastupa američki indi-folk bend Bon Iver. To je četvrta pjesma na Swiftinom osmom studijskom albumu Folklore (2020), objavljenom 24. srpnja 2020., u izdanju Republic Recordsa. Pjesmu su napisali Swift, Joe Alwyn (pod pseudonimom William Bowery) i Justin Vernon, a producirao Aaron Dessner. 3. kolovoza pjesma je postala singl.

Pjesma govori o dvije osobe, svaka priča iz svoje perspektive, koje su završile s vezom zbog loše komunikacije. Jedno drugog nadovikuju i pokušavaju objasniti svoju stranu priče. Citat iz pjesme "mislim da sam vidio/vidjela ovaj film prije, i nisam volio/voljela kraj" nam govori o tome kako su oba lika već bili u sličnim situacijama u prijašnjim vezama.

Glazbeni kritičari pjesmu su proglasili jednim od najboljih dosadašnjih suradnji Swift s nekim drugim izvođačem. "Exile" nominiran je za najbolji pop duo/grupnu izvedbu na 63. dodjeli Grammy. "Exile" je debitirao na šestom mjestu Billboard Hot 100, dajući Swift dvadeset i osmi hit među 10 i osamnaesti debi u Sjedinjenim Državama. Globalno je dospjela na prvo mjesto, uvrstivši se među prvih pet u Australiji, Irskoj i Novom Zelandu; prvih deset u Kanadi, Maleziji, Singapuru i Velikoj Britaniji; top 20 u Izraelu i Škotskoj; i prvih 40 u Belgiji, Portugalu i Švedskoj. "Exile" je označio ili najvišu pjesmu Bon Ivera ili njihov prvi top 10 hit u zemljama u kojima je zacrtao.

Ljestvice

Izvori

Američke skladbe, Skladbe Taylor Swift

Exile (pjesma Taylor Swift)


Les Commatiidae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta  de la classe des Raphidophyceae et de l'ordre des Commatiida.

Le  genre Commation semble omniprésent dans les eaux de l'océan Antarctique. Deux espèces, Commation eposianum (précédemment appelée « amibe en forme de virgule ») et Commation cryoporinum, ont été décrites dans les eaux antarctiques.

Étymologie

Le nom vient du genre type Commation.

Description
Commation est un genre de protiste unicellulaire planctonique caractérisé par un corps cellulaire circulaire à ovale (parfois aplati) et une trompe. Les cellules se déplacent principalement par glissement.

Les mitochondries sont tubulo-cristées et les deux corps basaux flagellaires sont munis de racines microtubulaires ainsi que d'un rhizoplaste.
Le flagelle émergeant unique, difficile à observer, semble porteur de poils tripartites.

Liste des genres et espèces
Selon  et  :
 Commation Thomsen & Larsen, 1993
 Commation cryoporinum Thomsen & Larsen, 1993

Systématique
La famille des Commatiidae a été créée en 2013 par Thomas Cavalier-Smith (1942-2021).

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Références biologiques

Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)
Raphidophyceae

Commatiidae


බදුල්ල හා මොනරාගල ඌව පලාතේ දිසත්‍රික්කයි. අතීතයේ ඌව වෙල්ලස්ස නමින් හදුන්වන ලද්දේ මෙම පලාතයි.

ඌව පලාත


Í blóði og anda (islandski: "U krvi i duhu") debitantski je studijski album islandskog post-metal sastava Sólstafir. Album je 8. siječnja 2002. godine objavila diskografska kuća Ars Metalli. Izdavač je propao ubrzo nakon njegove objave te je album već nakon samo par mjeseci postao raritetom.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge
Sólstafir
Aðalbjörn Tryggvason – klavijature (na pjesmi 9), vokali, gitara
Guðmundur Óli Pálmason – bubnjevi
Svavar Austman – bas-gitara
Dodatni glazbenici
Sigurður Harðarsson – prateći vokali (na pjesmi 4)
Sigurgrímur Jónsson – prateći vokali (na pjesmi 4)
G. Falk – solo gitara (na pjesmi 4)
Hulda "Dula" – vokali (na pjesmi 9)
Hörður Óttarsson – klavir (na pjesmama 6 i 8)
Kola Krauze – vokali (na pjesmi 7)
Svabbi – prateći vriskovi (na pjesmi 6)
Pjúddi G. – prateći vriskovi (na pjesmi 6)
Ostalo osoblje
Finnur Hákonarson – miksanje, mastering
Hörður Óttarsson – inženjer zvuka
Sigvaldi Jónsson – omot albuma
Verner Wellsandt – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi iz 2002.
Albumi sastava Sólstafir

Í blóði og anda


Indantronska plava (indatren je kratica za indigo od antracena) je organsko bojilo proizvedeno iz 2-aminoantrakinona tretiranog s kalijevim hidroksidom u prisustvu kalijeve soli. To je pigment koji se može koristiti u sljedećim sredstvima: akril, alkalid, kazein, enkaustika, freska, gvaš, laneno ulje, tempera, pastel i akvarel. Koristi se za bojenje sirovog pamuka i kao pigment u kvalitetnim bojama i emajlima. Kao bojilo za hranu ima broj E130, ali nije odobren za upotrebu u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama ili Europskoj uniji.

Antrapirimidinski žuti pigment
Antrapirimidinski žuti pigment (C.I. PY 108, 68 420) zelenkastožutog je tona, vrlo dobre otpornosti prema svjetlu i atmosferilijama. Sličan mu je po svojstvima i flavantronski žuti pigment (C.I. PY 24, 70 600), koji se često upotrebljava za pigmentiranje lakova. Indantronski plavi pigment (C.I. PB 60, 69 800) skoro je po svojoj postojanosti na svjetlu, prema otapalima i toplini ravan ftalocijaninskim pigmentima, ali je od njih skuplji. Upotrebljava se u visokovrijednim lakovima i za bojenje nekih plastičnih masa, u prvom redu poliolefina.

Polikarbociklički antrakinonski pigmenti sadrže kondenzirane antrakinonske strukturne jedinice bez dušikovih atoma. Poznati su antantronski i pirantronski pigmenti. Od antantronskih važan je 4,10-dibromantantron (C.I. PR 168, 59 300), žućkastocrveni pigment dobre postojanosti na svjetlu i prema atmosferilijama. Zbog svoje veće cijene upotrebljava se uglavnom samo u visokovrijednim lakovima. Pirantronski narančasti pigment (C.I. PO 40, 59 700) strukturno je jednak flavantronskom žutom, u kojemu su dušikovi atomi zamijenjeni ugljikovima. I taj se pigment najčešće primjenjuje u visokovrijednim lakovima, često u kombinaciji s anorganskim pigmentima.

Organski obojeni pigmenti
Za razliku od anorganskih pigmenata, koji su poznati od davnine, organski su se pigmenti u posljednjih stotinjak godina veoma razvili, zahvaljujući velikim dostignućima kemije sintetskih materijala, te razvoju grafičke industrije i sve većoj upotrebi raznobojnog tiska. Organski su pigmenti, kao i bojila, obojene čvrste tvari, koje se prema svom sastavu ubrajaju u organske spojeve. Međutim, od bojila se bitno razlikuju po tome što su praktički netopljivi u mediju u kojemu se primjenjuju, pa se upotrebljavaju u obliku sitne suspenzije.

U usporedbi s anorganskim pigmentima, u organskim je pigmentima šira paleta boja i veći izbor prijelaznih nijansi, veća jakost i svjetloća boje, čišći ton, izdašniji su i veće gustoće. Organski pigmenti nisu toliko postojani na povišenim temperaturama, zbog topljivosti, iako slabe, neotporni su prema organskim otapalima, a osim toga, mnogo su skuplji od anorganskih pigmenata. Njihova je pokrivna moć slabija od moći pokrivanja anorganskih pigmenata, ali su stoga prozirni (transparentni), što je njihova posebna odlika, osobito cijenjena u tiskarstvu. To se ogleda i u pregledu njihove potrošnje: 45% organskih pigmenata troši se za pripravu tiskarskih boja, 36% za pigmentiranje sredstava za ličenje, 15% za bojenje sintetskih materijala, a ostatak od 4% u različite druge svrhe.

Za razlikovanje velikog mnoštva sintetskih organskih pigmenata od velike je pomoći njihova podjela prema oznakama navedenim u međunarodno priznatom indeksu (eng. Colour Index). Oznaka se za svaki pojedini pigment sastoji od slova i brojaka, a opisuje vrstu tvari, boju, redni broj i pripadnost nekoj od grupa kemijskih spojeva. Tako na primjer, oznaka C.I. PR 177, 65 300 označuje da je to prema Colour Index (C.I.) pigment (P) crvene (R) boje, rednog broja 177, koji pripada grupi antrakinonskih (od 58 000 do 72 999) pigmenata.

Organski su pigmenti sintetski spojevi koji se prema svojoj kemijskoj strukturi mogu višestruko razvrstati. Obično se razlikuju dvije glavne grupe organskih pigmenata: azo pigmenti i ostali organski pigmenti. Iako je zajedničko strukturno svojstvo druge grupe što su to policiklički spojevi s kondenziranim prstenima, ta grupa organskih pigmenata obuhvaća vrlo različite organske spojeve, od kojih su najvažniji ftalocijanini, dioksazini i karbonilni policiklički spojevi.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pigmenti

Indantronska plava


Laarbeek () er en kommune og en by i den sydlige provins Noord-Brabant i Nederlandene.

Sangeren Guus Meeuwis (født 1972) er født i denne kommune.

Externe links

 Kommunens hjemmeside
 Google maps

Byer i Nord-Brabant
Kommuner i Nord-Brabant

Laarbeek


Yinam Leef (født 1953 i Jerusalem, Israel) er en israelsk komponist, dirigent, lærer og rektor.

Leef studerede komposition på Rubin Academy for Music and Dance, derefter på Pennsylvania University hos George Crumb og George Rochberg. Han tog sin doktorgrad  i komposition i Tanglewood hos Luciano Berio. Leef var lærer og rektor på bl.a. New School of Music og Philadelphia of Performing Arts.

Han har skrevet 2 symfonier, orkesterværker, kammermusik, korværker og instrumentalmusik for mange instrumenter.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 (1981) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 "Fra spejle af stenbyen" (1995) - for orkester
 Violinkoncert (1983) - for violin og orkester

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Om Yinam Leef på musicweb-international

Komponister fra Israel
Dirigenter
Lærere
Rektorer

Yinam Leef


Epidendrum caldense, é uma espécie de  planta do grupo Epidendrum.

Taxonomia
Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:

 Epidendrum hatschbachii  Schltr.
 Epidendrum paulense  Cogn.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo. A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de mata ciliar e floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Epidendrum
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Epidendrum caldense


قطمون هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء بنت جبيل في محافظة النبطية.

سكنها الرومان منذ حوالي 2000 عام وحولوها إلى مركز عسكري ما زالت بعض آثاره موجودة حتى اليوم وهي عبارة عن سور طوله 55 قدماً وعرضه 77 قدماً بالإضافة إلى قلعة وكنيسة وعشرة منازل. مساحتها 1000 دونم.

المراجع

قرى جبل عامل
مدن لبنان

قطمون


بنسالم حميش والمعروف في المشرق بسالم حميش (مواليد 1948، مكناس) هو روائي وشاعر وأستاذ فلسفة مغربي، يكتب باللغتين العربية والفرنسية. عرف برواياته التي تعيد صياغة شخصيات تاريخية أهمها شخصية ابن خلدون في رواية العلامة وابن سبعين في هذا الأندلسي والحاكم بأمر الله الفاطمي في مجنون الحكم. في 29 يوليو 2009 عين بنسالم كوزير ثقافة في حكومة عباس الفاسي.

مسيرته
ولد بمكناس، وتابع دراسته العليا بالرباط ثم التحق بالمدرسة التطبيقية العليا بالسوربون بباريس. حصل على الإجازة في الفلسفة وعلى الإجازة في علم الاجتماع سنة 1970، ثم على دكتوراه السلك الثالث سنة 1974، وعلى دكتوراه الدولة سنة 1983. اشتغل أستاذا مساعدا بالمدرسة العليا للأساتذة بالرباط. يعمل حاليا أستاذا بكلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية شعبة الفلسفة بالمدينة نفسها.
التحق باتحاد كتاب المغرب سنة 1968.

ساهم في تحرير «المجلة المغربية للاقتصاد والاجتماع»، وأصدر سنة 1971 مجلة «البديل» التي تم توقيفها سنة 1984. وفي سنة 1990 حصل على جائزة الناقد عن روايته «مجنون الحكم»، وعلى جائزة «الأطلس» للترجمة من السفارة الفرنسية بالمغرب سنة 2000 عن روايته «العلامة».

مؤلفاته
له كتابات بعدة مجلات: الوحدة، الفكر العربي المعاصر، المستقبل العربي، الناقد.

روايات
 مجنون الحكم - 1990 (أدرجت الرواية ضمن أهم 105 رواية في القرن العشرين من اتحاد الكتاب العرب بسورية) كما حصلت على جائزة الناقد1990
 محن الفتى زين شامه - 1993
 سماسرة السراب - 1995
 العلامة - 1997 حصلت على على جائزة «الأطلس» للترجمة (السفارة الفرنسية بالمغرب)
 بروطابوراس.. يا ناس - 1998
 فتنة الرؤوس والنسوة 2000
 أنا المتوغل وقصص فكرية أخرى - 2004
 زهرة الجاهلية - 2004
 هذا الأندلسي - 2007 (كانت على القائمة الطويلة لبوكر 2009)
 معذبتي ـ الشروق ـ 2010 (وصلت للقائمة القصيرة بوكر 2011)
 جرحى الحياة، المركز الثقافي للكتاب، 2018

أعمال فكرية
 في نقد الحاجة إلى ماركس - 1983
 كتاب الجرح والحكمة (الفلسفة بالفعل)- 1986
 معهم حيث هم - حوارات 1987
 التشكلات الايديولوجية في الإسلام - 1988
 الاستشراق في أفق انسداده- 1991
 في الغمة المغربية - 1997
 الخلدونية في ضوء فلسفة التاريخ - 1998
 عن قراء ابن خلدون - 1999

أعمال شعرية
 كناش ايش تقول - 1979
 ثورة الشتاء والصيف - 1982
 أبيات سكنتها وأخرى -1997
 ديوان الانتفاض - 2000

سيرة ذاتية
 الذات بين الوجود والإبجاد، المركز الثقافي للكتاب، 2019

أعمال بالفرنسية
 الانطلاق من ابن خلدون - 1987
 التشكلات الايديولوجية في الإسلام - 1990
 في بلاد أزماتنا - 1997
 Si la très grande ne s'opère : poème 1980
 De la formation idéologique en Islam 1981.
 Partant d'Ibn Khaldûn, penser la dépression, 1987.
 Le livre de fièvre et des sagesses, 1992.
 Au pays de nos crises: Essais sur el mal marocain, 1997.

مراجع

مصادر
بنسالم حميش من مكناس في برنامج المشاء

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مكناس
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة محمد الخامس
أكاديميون مغاربة
حاصلون على جائزة نجيب محفوظ للرواية العربية
خريجو جامعة السوربون من المغرب
خريجو جامعة السوربون
روائيون مغاربة
روائيون
سياسيو حزب الاتحاد الاشتراكي للقوات الشعبية
شعراء مغاربة في القرن 20
شعراء مغاربة في القرن 21
فلاسفة مغاربة
كتاب مغاربة فرانكفونيون
كتاب مغاربة في القرن 20
كتاب مغاربة في القرن 21
كتاب مغاربة
مواليد 1367 هـ
مواليد 1947
مواليد 1949
مواليد في مكناس
وزراء ثقافة المغرب
حائزو جائزة الشيخ زايد للكتاب
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 20
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 21

بنسالم حميش


The basset clarinet is member of the clarinet family similar to the usual soprano clarinet but longer and with additional keys to enable playing several additional lower notes. Typically a basset clarinet has keywork going to a low (written) C or B, as opposed to the standard clarinet's E or E. The basset clarinet is most commonly a transposing instrument in A, although basset clarinets in C and B and very seldom in G also exist. The similarly named basset horn is also a clarinet with extended lower range, but is in a lower pitch (typically F); the basset horn predates, and undoubtedly inspired, the basset clarinet.

History

The earliest surviving instruments in Paris and London museums date from 1770. The basset clarinet was most notably associated with the clarinet virtuoso Anton Stadler (1753–1812), a contemporary and good friend of Mozart. The instrument used by Stadler was invented and built by the Vienna K.K. court instrument maker Theodor Lotz around 1788. It has long been unclear how this instrument might have looked. In a library in Riga in 1992 programmes were found of concerts which Anton Stadler played there in 1794. Two of those programmes show an engraving of Stadler's instrument (see picture on the right). The term "basset clarinet" was in use by 1796, though it may originally have referred to the basset horn.

Mozart wrote his Clarinet Quintet in A major, K.581 and Clarinet Concerto in A Major, K.622 for this instrument; the concerto is partly based on an earlier fragment of a Concerto for Basset Horn in G, K.584b. In his last opera La clemenza di Tito, Mozart assigned a basset clarinet in B in the aria Parto parto, ma tu ben mio, meco ritorna in pace by Sesto (mezzo-soprano) an outstanding solo role in an approximately 8-minute dialogue with the singer, the musical climax of this act, if not the whole opera.

Because Mozart's clarinet concerto is so important, the basset clarinet is quite an interesting instrument in spite of its small applicability. For the concerto the extension must be chromatic and the shape of the Viennese basset horn is not suitable for this. On period instruments following the Riga design a low B may be obtained by closing a keyless hole on the "L" joint with the knee or thigh. Editions demonstrating and advocating the use of this note in the Clarinet Concerto KV 622 and Quintet KV 581 have been published by Craig Hill.

Despite Stadler's advocacy the instrument did not become a regular member of the orchestra. During the 19th and early 20th centuries only a few basset clarinets were produced, for performances of Mozart pieces, and no further music was written for the instrument (see under External links: Mozarts's lost clarinet).  However, beginning in the mid 20th century, interest in performing on original instruments prompted the basset clarinet's revival. A few modern composers, among them Thomas Adès, Bill Sweeney, Harrison Birtwistle, Alan Hacker, Hannes Pohlit and Franklin Stover, have written works featuring basset clarinet; Joan Tower's 1988 Clarinet Concerto is written to be played on either basset or standard clarinet.

Construction

The construction of a modern basset clarinet can be rectilinear, like a normal clarinet (see the two photos below right). However, the clarinet can have a bell, which is slightly upwards and forwards aligned via an angled intermediate piece (see photo above in the infobox). Charles Neidich has had a basset clarinet with modern mechanics built by Schwenk & Seggelke, which, like the Stadler clarinet, has an angled barrel and as a bell has a , which he turns backwards, although one can turn it forward. The different types and directions of the bell have an influence on the sound.

Fingering of the basset notes

A basset clarinet is most commonly an A-clarinet with an extension of a major third or perfect fourth down. In the case of historical instruments as well as those of the German system, the additional deep tones C, C sharp, D and E flat are fingered with the right thumb, likewise in the case of instruments of the French system made by German manufacturers (e.g. Herbert Wurlitzer and Leitner & Kraus). On the other hand, the basset clarinets of the French system of other manufacturers are equipped with two additional pushers for the small right finger for the notes D and E flat as well as two thumb pushers for the notes C and C sharp (standard). The German manufacturer Schwenk & Seggelke offers a choice of both tuners for the French system and, as additional to the standard a pusher for the small left finger for the note D, which can then be fingered twice, see the photos below. On instruments by the Canadian manufacturer Stephen Fox, D is also pressed with the small left finger and, if available, the low B (big octave) with the small right finger, while the three other basset notes are pressed with the right thumb, see description and illustration. In 2021 the German manufacturer F. Arthur Uebel, together with the American clarinettist Ricardo Morales, developed a new Boehm basset clarinet in which the two additional pushers for the little finger on the right are not, as usual, for D and E flat, but for C sharp and e flat. For the D there is an additional pusher for the little finger on the left (as with Seggelke) and for the C a thumb key (the only one).

Particularly innovative in the German system are the four thumb pushers of the basset keys made by the Austrian manufacturer Gerold-Klarinetten, supplemented by a fifth pusher for improving the intonation of low F and E.

Compositions

From Mozart to the present there are hardly more than 60 compositions for this instrument. The most significant are the compositions already mentioned:

 W. A. Mozart: Serenade for 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (Bb), 2 basset horns (F), 2 French horns(F and Bb), 2 bassoons and 1 bass bassoon or double basse, in Bb Major, K.361
 W. A. Mozart: Quintet for basset clarinet, 2 violins, viola and cello in A major, K 581
 W. A. Mozart: Concerto for basset clarinet and orchestra in A major, K 622
 W. A. Mozart: Opera La Clemenza di Tito, No. 9, aria from Sesto "Parto, parto, ma tu ben mio", for mezzo-soprano, basset clarinet in B obbligato and orchestra.

Most of the other compositions were created after 1950. It refers to
 Concerts with solo basset clarinet: amongst others by Joan Tower (born 1938 US), Manfred Trojahn (born 1949 Germany),  (born 1955 Germany),
 Pieces for basset clarinet solo: amongst others by Michiko Kawagoe (Japan), Aribert Reimann (born 1936 Germany), Ondreij Sarek (Czech Republic), Christopher M. Wicks (born 1975, US),
 Duos with basset clarinet: amongst others by Harrison Birtwistle (born 1934 England), Istvan Bozicevik (Croatia), Erika Fox (born 1936 Austria / GB), Patrick Nunn (born 1969 GB),  (born 1935, Germany), William Sweeney (born 1950 GB) and Gary Carpenter (born 1951 GB)
 Trios with basset clarinet: amongst others by François Devienne (1759–1803 France),  (born 1955 Germany),
 Quintets with basset clarinet: amongst others by Harrison Birtwistle (born 1934 GB), Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904 Austria / Hungary)
 Larger chamber music ensembles with basset clarinet: amongst others by Klaus Huber (1924–2017 Swiss)
 Orchestral music and operas with basset clarinet: amongst others by Thomas Adés (born 1971 GB), W. A. Mozart (1756–1791), opera "Cosi fan tutte" aria by Ferrando (No. 24) "Ah! Io veggio" and Ferdinando Paer (1771–1839 Italy), opera "Sargino" (1803), aria "Una voca al cor mi parla".
Suter, Paul: Erika Wedekind, in: Kotte, Andreas (Hg.): Theaterlexikon der Schweiz, Chronos Verlag Zürich 2005, Band 3, S. 2055–2056.

Makers

Some clarinet makers now produce basset clarinets, or extended lower joints which will convert a standard clarinet to a basset clarinet.  Among makers of basset clarinets using the French (Boehm) system are Buffet Crampon, Stephen Fox, Backun Musical Services,  and Selmer.

Some makers of both French and German (Oehler) systems: Herbert Wurlitzer, Schwenk & Seggelke and Leitner & Kraus. A maker of the German system only: Hüyng. Makers of basset lower joints include Fox.

Performers

Classical clarinetists who have recorded albums using basset clarinet include Colin Lawson, David Shifrin, Antony Pay, Sabine Meyer, Richard Haynes and Kari Kriikku. Also Martin Fröst, Sharon Kam, Shirley Brill, and Annelien Van Wauwe play the Mozart-concerto on a basset clarinet. The German clarinetist Theo Jörgensmann plays free jazz on a basset clarinet as does Los Angeles based performer Vinny Golia (who also uses the basset horn in his music).  The British clarinetist Thea King recorded Mozart's Quintet and Concerto, both on the basset clarinet, for Hyperion Records, coupled together on one CD.  Michael Collins, who studied with Thea King, has recorded the Mozart Concerto playing a basset clarinet (Deutsche Grammophon, along with a transcription for clarinet of Beethoven's Violin Concerto).  With the North Carolina Symphony on April 10, 2008, Collins premiered Elena Kats-Chernin's Ornamental Air, which takes the form of a concerto for basset clarinet. Another British player, Joy Farrall, has also recorded Mozart's Concerto and Quintet (BMG and Meridian) using a basset clarinet, alongside the Kegelstatt Trio for clarinet, viola and piano. On period instruments, Jane Booth has recorded the Mozart Quintet with the Eybler Quartet (Analekta, 2010). Working in both practice and theory, Colin Lawson's celebrated recording of Mozart's Clarinet Concerto K. 622 with the Hanover Band for Nimbus, released in 1990, complements his Cambridge Handbook to Mozart's Clarinet Concerto published in 1996.

The American clarinetist Charles Neidich, the Italian Luca Lucchetta, the Dutch Vlad Weverbergh and the Swedish Stefan Harg, all committed to historical performance practice, play Mozart on replicas of Stadler's basset clarinet. Also in performances of Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, Sesto's aria "Parto, ma tu ben mio" increasingly uses the prescribed prominent basset clarinet in B instead of a normal clarinet, as well as in concert performances of this aria at the performances of the 2017 Opera in Salzburg and 2018 in Amsterdam with the German clarinetist Florian Schuele. Australian clarinetist Richard Haynes performs on a basset clarinet d'amore (see clarinet d'amore) in G and commissions new solo and chamber works for this instrument.

References

External links

 Video: modern basset clarinet (Buffet/Fox), sound samples from the Allegro and the Adagio of the Mozart Concerto (2:06 min.)
 Video: modern basset clarinet (Backun), sound sample from the Adagio of the Mozart Concerto (53 sec.)
 Video: Mozart's lost Clarinet (58 min.)

Clarinets

Basset clarinet


Lazar iz Betanije, poznat i kao Sveti Lazar ili Lazar od četiri dana, sudionik je u istaknutom Isusovom čudu, gdje ga Isus vraća u život, četiri dana nakon Lazarove smrti. Katolička i pravoslavna predaja donese različite prikaze kasnijih događanja u njegovu životu.

U kontekstu sedam čudesa u Evanđelju po Ivanu, Lazarovo je uskrisenje vrhunac u slijedu: služeći kao primjer moći Isusove "nad posljednjim i najotpornijim neprijateljem čovječanstva - smrti. Iz tog mu je razloga dano istaknuto mjesto u Evanđelju."

Osoba po imenu Lazar (latinizirano iz aramejskoga: אלעזר, Elʿāzār, usp. heb. Eleazar — "Bog je moja pomoć") također se spominje u Evanđelju po Luki. Dva biblijska lika po imenu "Lazar" ponekad su povijesno spajana, ali se općenito smatra da su to dvije nepovezane osobe.

Ime Lazar često se pojavljuje u znanosti i popularnoj kulturi kao oznaka za očitu obnovu života; na primjer znanstveni izraz Lazarov takson označava organizme koji se pojavljuju u fosilnom zapisu nakon razdoblja očitoga izumrća. Brojne su i književne uporabe imena.

Lazarovo uskrisenje

Biblijski prikaz

Biblijski prikaz Lazarova uskrisenja nalazi se u 11. poglavlju Evanđelja po Ivanu.Lazar je prikazan kao Isusov učenik, koji živi u gradu Betaniji, blizu Jeruzalema. Njegove dvije sestre Marija i Marta poruče Isusu da je Lazar, "onaj koga ljubiš", bolestan. Isus, međutim, ne putuje odmah u Betanije, nego namjerno ostaje još dva dana, prije nego što je krenuo na put.

Po dolasku u Betaniju, Isus zatiče da je Lazar već četiri dana u grobu. Susreće se sa sestrama Martom i Marijom. Marta oplakuje što Isus nije došao ranije kako bi izliječio njezina brata, a Isus odgovara poznatom rečenicom: "Ja sam uskrsnuće i život: tko u mene vjeruje, ako i umre, živjet će. I tko god živi i vjeruje u mene, neće umrijeti nikada. Kasnije slijedi poznata kratka fraza, "I zaplaka Isus".

Ispred židovskoga mnoštva, Isus zatim dolazi pred grob. Unatoč Martinim primjedbama, Isus nalaže da se otkotrlja stijena s ulaza u grob, te izriče molitvu. Zatim poziva Lazara da iziđe ("Lazare, izlazi!"), što on i čini, još uvijek u povojima. Isus zatim poziva da mu se uklone povoji i pušta ga da ode. Prikaz završava izjavom da su mnogi svjedoci toga događaja "povjerovali u njega". Drugi su prenijeli vijest vjerskim poglavarima u Jeruzalemu.

Evanđelje po Ivanu spominje Lazara ponovno u poglavlju 12. Šest dana prije Pashe, kada je Isus raspet, Isus se vraća u Betaniju i Lazar je prisutan na večeri koju poslužuje njegova sestra Marta. Isus i Lazar privlače pozornost mnogih Židova i pripovjedač naglašava da su glavari svećenički odlučili ubiti i Lazara, jer je mnoštvo ljudi povjerovalo u Isusa zbog toga čuda.

Čudo Lazarova uskrisenja, najduži povezani prikaz u Ivanovu Evanđelju osim Muke, vrhunac je Ivanovih "znakova". Objašnjava zašto je mnoštvo tražilo Isusa na Nedjelju palmi i dovelo do Kajfine i Sanhedrinove odluke da se Isusa ubije.

Prikaz u umjetnosti

Lazarovo je uskrisenje popularna tema u vjerskoj umjetnosti. Dvije najpoznatije slike naslikali su Caravaggio (c. 1609.) i Sebastiano del Piombo (1516.).

Druge istaknute prikaze Lazara slikali su Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Ivor Williams i Walter Sickert.

Daljnje predaje o Lazaru iz Betanije
Iako se Lazar više ne spominje u Bibliji, katolička i pravoslavna predaja imaju različite prikaze o njegovu daljnjem životu. Najčešće se povezuje s Ciprom, gdje se tvrdi da je bio prvi biskup u Kitionu (Larnaka) i Provansi gdje se tvrdi da je bio prvi biskup u Marseilleu.

Biskup u Kitionu

Prema pravoslavnoj predaji, nakon Kristova uskrsnića, Lazar je bio prisiljen pobjeći iz Judeje, zbog govora o zavjerama da ga se ubije, te je došao na Cipar. Tamo su ga Pavao iz Tarza i Barnaba postavili za prvoga biskupa i Kitionu (današnja Larnaka). Tamo je živio još trideset godina, te je nakon smrti tamo pokopan, drugi i posljednji put.

Prema predaji, Lazar se nikad nije smijao za trideset godina nakon što je bio uskrišen, zabrinut viđenjem neotkupljenih duša koje je vidio tijekom četiri dana boravka u podzemlju. Jedina je iznimka bila kad je vidio nekoga kako krade kotao, dodao je uz smijeh: Glina krade glinu.

Godine 890., u Larnaci je pronađen grob s natpisom Lazar prijatelj Kristov. Bizantski car Leon VI. Mudri dao je Lazarove relikvije prenijeti u Konstantinopol, 898. Pravoslavna crkva obilježava prijenos relikvija 17. listopada. Kao nadoknadu gradu, car je dao iznad Lazarova groba podići crkvu njemu u čast, koji stoji i danas. Unutar crkve može se vidjeti mramorni sarkofag.

Nakon opsade Konstantinopola 1204., za vrijeme Drugoga križarskog rata, križari su prenijeli svečeve relikvije u Marseilles u Francusku, kao dio ratnoga plijena. Tamo su nestale, i do danas nisu nađene.

U XVI. stoljeću, ruski monah iz samostana u Pskovu posjetio je Lazarov grob u Larnaci i ponio sa sobom malo dio relikvija. Taj je djelić vjerojatno doveo do izgradnje kapele sv. Lazara u samostanu Pskov, gdje se čuva i danas.

Bishop u Marseilleu

Na Zapadu, prema drugoj srednjovjekovnoj predaji iz Provanse, Lazara, Mariju i Martu su "Židovi, protivni kršćanstvu, stavili na brod bez jedara, vesala ili kormila, te su oni nakon čudesnoga putovanja, pristali u Provanci, na mjestu koje se zove Saintes-Maries." Obitelj se potom razdvojila i pošla propovijedati u različite dijelove jugoistočne Galije; Lazar je pošao u Marseille. Obrativši tamo mnoge na kršćanstvo, postao je prvi biskup u Marseilleu. Tijekom Domicijanova progona, bio je utamničen te mu je odsječena glava u spilji ispod zatvora koji se danas zove Saint-Lazare. Tijelo mu je kasnije preneseno u Autun, gdje je izgrađena katedrala posvećena njemu u čast. Međutim, stanovnici Marseillea tvrde da posjeduju relikviju njegove glave, koju časte i danas.

Hodočasnici posjećuju još jedan navodni Lazarov grob u Opatiji Vézelay u Burgundiji. U Opatiji Presv. Trojstva u Vendômeu, relikvijar čuva suzu koju je Isus isplakao kod Lazarova groba. Zlatna legenda, sastavljena u XIII. stoljeću, također donosi provansalsku predaju.

Izvori

Biblijski likovi
Sveci

Lazar iz Betanije


Eugnamptus nigriventris é uma espécie de gorgulho da família dos besouros Attelabidae. É encontrado na América do Norte.

Referências

Leitura adicional

Attelabidae
Coleópteros descritos em 1905

Eugnamptus nigriventris